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= Improbable ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Improbable " is 13th episode of the ninth season and the 195th episode overall of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . The episode first aired in the United States and Canada on April 7 , 2002 on Fox , and subsequently aired in the United Kingdom . It was written and directed by series creator and executive producer Chris Carter . The episode is a " monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ week " episode , a stand @-@ alone plot which is unconnected to the mythology , or overarching fictional history , of The X @-@ Files . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 5 @.@ 1 and was viewed by 9 @.@ 1 million viewers . The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics .
The show centers on FBI special agents who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files ; this season focuses on the investigations of John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) , Monica Reyes ( Annabeth Gish ) , and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) . In this episode , Reyes and her fellow agents investigate a serial killer who uses numerology to choose his victims . Soon , Reyes and Scully meet an unusual man who may prove more of a hindrance than a help .
" Improbable " features Burt Reynolds playing God . Reynolds was chosen after he expressed his desire to appear in an episode of The X @-@ Files to Robert Patrick . Carter approved the idea and Reynolds thoroughly enjoyed filming the episode . " Improbable " contains several elaborate effects , such as a cityscape rendered to look like Reynolds ' head . Furthermore , the episode contains themes pertaining to fate , free will , and numerology . The tagline for this episode is " Dio Ti Ama " , meaning " God loves you " in Italian , replacing the usual phrase " The Truth is Out There . "
= = Plot = =
Agent Monica Reyes ( Annabeth Gish ) is investigating a series of cases that she believes are linked by numerology . While explaining the case to Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) , Scully spots another possible link - a mark made by the killer 's ring on the victims ' faces . On consulting a numerologist , Reyes ties the murders together . However , the killer also finds the numerologist , murdering her .
Meanwhile , the killer is shown meeting up with a mysterious man ( Burt Reynolds ) who seems to know a lot about him and his murderous ways . He speaks in an enigmatic way , but his words do not seem to make any difference to the killer . Reyes ' numerology theories do not go down well at the FBI , but the pattern of the killings , when viewed on a map , seem to show a spiral . Scully and Reyes revisit the murdered numerologist 's office and meet the killer in the elevator . Scully recognizes the ring on the killer 's hand as the agents exit the elevator , and draws her gun on him . The killer slips back into the elevator and gets to the parking lot first . Reyes and Scully arrive only to see a car fleeing the garage and the gate closing behind it .
They meet another person hiding in a car and demand that he come out . It is the strange man . To pass the time , Burt engages Reyes and Scully in a game of checkers , whose colors ( red & black ) are surrogates for Scully ( a redhead ) and Reyes ( a brunette ) . These are the anticipated hair @-@ colors of the next two victims . The exiting car was assumed to contain the killer , but realizing the killer might still be inside , they search the garage and are surprised by the killer . However , John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) arrives in the nick of time to shoot him . The mysterious man has completely disappeared . In a nearby Italian neighborhood , a party is in progress . Two men sing a jovial song and lead a crowd through the streets . The camera zooms out to reveal that the entire neighborhood , when viewed from above , suggests the appearance of Burt 's face , hinting to the fact that he might be God .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Carter later explained that humorous episodes were important to the show , especially during the " pitch @-@ black " ninth season . He reasoned " there are the downbeats , and then you need the relief in the tension . " The name Vicki Burdick came from a high school student Chris Carter knew . Carter felt that he needed to kill the character " all out of fondness . " Before casting Ellen Greene , Carter had first spotted her on the movie , The Little Shop of Horrors both in " New York and Los Angeles . " The first scene shot for Greene 's character took a " long day " . Carter called her a " trouper " and said she was open to the direction he gave her . She had a lot of information to remember , which made the scene even more difficult . The set for that scene was created by Tim Stepeck who was the set decorator during the ninth season . Annabeth Gish later revealed that her lines were difficult to remember . She explained , " I remember learning my lines and thinking , ' Oh my God . I 've got to memorize this . It 's scary . Like physics united theory , all of that . "
This was the last episode filmed by Carter to feature Scully in the FBI autopsy scene at 20th Century Fox . The different numbers seen in this scene was used to " conceit , this idea that numerology is an important part of our life and plays a part , but it really is just used here to illustrate the idea of patterns , patterns of behavior , of the ways in which numbers rule both the universe and our lives and our ability to solve things , to solve our mysteries of life , to solve these cases , which will lead them , as we 'll see as the act comes to a close here , they are both [ Scully and Reyes ] believers of the numerological episode . " The tagline for this episode is " Dio Ti Ama " , meaning " God loves you " in Italian , replacing the usual phrase " The Truth is Out There . " The normal line " Executive Producer : Chris Carter " is also rendered in Italian , reading , " Produttore Esecutivo : Chris Carter " .
= = = Casting = = =
Burt Reynolds was chosen for " Improbable " after he expressed his desire to appear in an episode of The X @-@ Files to Robert Patrick . Carter approved the idea and told Patrick that he would " write something good " . He later noted that " as a young man , [ Reynolds ] meant something to me " and that the opportunity to work with him was " surreal " . After Carter had written the script , he presented it to Reynolds for his approval ; Reynolds approved of the script and agreed to be in the episode . Robert Patrick later noted that Reynolds " had a great time , and he loved working with everybody . " Ray McKinnon ( Dead Man 's Walk , The Missing , Needful Things ) plays the role of the gambling serial killer Mad Wayno .
= = = Effects and music = = =
The final scene , featuring Burt 's face superimposed onto the cityscape , was created by special effects supervisor Mat Beck . The only actual footage in the scene is a pull @-@ back shot of the carnival that was filmed 110 feet in the air via crane . A CGI cityscape was then created that resembled Burt Reynolds ' head . The two shots were sewn together , and a blur effect was added to " [ make ] it sell " . An alternate version of the scene was created that featured Chris Carter 's head instead of Reynolds ' . This version was included as a bonus feature on the season nine DVD set . The score for the episode , like the rest of the series , was composed by Mark Snow . Snow based much of the music in the episode on records made by Karl Zéro , on the request of Carter . Carter later noted that " I had heard his music and it was so far out and it fit with exactly what I wanted to do because I wanted to recreate [ the yearly celebration in ] Little Italy . [ ... ] I wanted to create that festival . "
= = Themes = =
According to Chris Carter , the whole idea behind the episode was about numbers and that the " significance of numbers in our lives starts here on the card table where the players are being dealt a hand each . " He continued with " the idea is that we 're all dealt hands , genetic hands , and maybe even numerological hands that give us basically the tools with which we deal and / or use for our lives . " He further stated that the idea was that it was " free will " and " fate " , continued with that fate was determined by our own genetics .
The villain in the story , Mad Wayne , had been dealt a bad hand in life . Because of his situation , he acts on his bad impulses . Carter elaborated , " Is it fate that Wayne is about , the character , this is what I was interested in exploring here . As we 'll see with the introduction in a moment of a character who throws all of this into question – God – we 're going to see what his place is in all of this , or at least explore what Burt Reynolds , playing God here , has to do with the character Wayne . " The main idea behind the episode , was that God knows all the numbers , because they are his numbers and he is laying them down and is in " charge of the big game " . Being that God is trying to show us the game , as it was a " game " to be " won or lost " , and Wayne has lost this game .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Improbable " first aired in the United States on April 14 , 2002 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 5 @.@ 1 , meaning that it was seen by an estimated 5 @.@ 1 % of the nation 's households . The episode was viewed by 5 @.@ 38 million households and 9 @.@ 1 million viewers " Improbable " was the 57th most watched episode of television that aired during the week ending April 14 .
= = = Reviews = = =
" Improbable " received mostly positive reviews from critics . Jessica Morgan of Television Without Pity awarded the episode a " B + " . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode four stars out of five , and called the script " very witty " . The two wrote that " the brilliance of Chris Carter 's direction " allowed the viewer of the episode to see it " from God 's point of view " . Shearman and Pearson concluded that the episode " is not as smart as it thinks it is . But it 's still pretty smart . " John Keegan , writing for Critical Myth , on the other hand , gave the episode a more mixed review and gave it a 6 out of 10 rating . He wrote that " overall , this episode was amusing enough , but there was nothing about it that would prompt me to rank it as highly as the more inspired " lite " episodes of previous seasons . And considering that the sixth and seventh seasons suffered tremendously from too many episodes like this , it 's a shame to see them do it again . " M.A. Crang , in his book Denying the Truth : Revisiting The X @-@ Files after 9 / 11 , called the episode " bizarre yet amusing " and said that the central numerology story " doesn 't feel like it 's enough to sustain an entire episode " .
The Guardian listed " Improbable " as one of the " 13 best X @-@ Files episodes ever " . UGO named God / Mr. Burt as one of the " Top 11 X @-@ Files Monsters " , noting that " as [ series creator Chris Carter ] imagines him , [ God ] is a benevolent deity , constantly prodding his creatures to look at the patterns before them , to see the overall plan that he 's laid out . He 's doomed to failure , and he knows it , though it doesn 't stop him from trying " .
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= Hugh Cloberry Christian =
Sir Hugh Cloberry Christian KB ( 1747 – 23 November 1798 ) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the American War of Independence , and the French Revolutionary Wars .
Details of his early life are obscure , but he appears to have served initially in the English Channel and the Mediterranean , before obtaining the rank of captain and going out to North America with Commodore Joshua Rowley . Christian was Rowley 's flag @-@ captain on HMS Suffolk for several years , and saw action in several of the naval engagements of the American War of Independence .
Returning to Britain at the end of the war , he spent a period without active employment , before receiving a post as second captain aboard Lord Howe 's flagship , the 100 @-@ gun HMS Queen Charlotte , during the Spanish Armament . He temporarily left her when the crisis abated , but the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars led to his return to Queen Charlotte . Christian stepped down from her in 1794 to join the Transport Board , and in 1795 was promoted to rear @-@ admiral .
He was made commander @-@ in @-@ chief in the West Indies and given the task of transporting a large troop convoy . Twice he attempted the crossing of the Atlantic , and twice he was forced back by severe gales which ravaged his fleet and wrecked a number of the merchant ships in the convoy . He made a third attempt in 1796 , and succeeded in shepherding the fleet to its destination . He was then active in using the troops and his naval forces to capture the islands of Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent and Grenada , before returning to England . He was made second in command at the Cape of Good Hope in 1797 , succeeding to commander @-@ in @-@ chief the following year , and he died while in command there in November 1798 .
= = Family and early life = =
Christian , descended from residents of the Isle of Man , was born at Hook Norton , Oxfordshire in 1747 . His father , Thomas Christian , was a captain with his own privateer , whilst his mother , Anne Penny was a poet . He followed his father into the navy in 1761 , spending time in the English Channel and the Mediterranean , but few details of his early service survive , other than that he took his lieutenant 's examination in 1767 , and received his commission on 21 January 1771 . He married Ann Leigh , resident of the Isle of Wight on 6 March 1775 , and was promoted to master and commander in 1778 .
= = American War of Independence = =
Christian received a further promotion to flag @-@ captain on 8 December 1778 and took command of the 74 @-@ gun HMS Suffolk , flying the broad pennant of Commodore Joshua Rowley . Rowley sailed from Spithead on 25 December in command of a squadron of seven ships of the line , which was part of the fleet under the overall command of Lord Shuldham escorting the trade convoys to the colonies . Rowley and the Suffolk were assigned to the West Indies @-@ bound convoy . The Suffolk arrived in the Leeward Islands on 12 February 1779 , and Christian remained with Rowley in the West Indies , serving with Vice @-@ Admiral John Byron at the Battle of Grenada on 6 July 1779 . Christian led the van of the British attack , and the Suffolk lost seven killed and 25 wounded . Byron returned to England after this , being replaced by Rear @-@ Admiral Hyde Parker , with Rowley retaining Suffolk as his flagship . Towards the end of 1779 intelligence reached Parker that three French ships had been sighted from Morne Fortune , sailing northward . Parker sent Rowley to intercept them , and after chasing them for several hours , all three were captured . They were revealed to be the 42 @-@ gun Fortunée , the 36 @-@ gun Blanche and the 28 @-@ gun Ellis , with all three being added to the Royal Navy .
Christian was again in action on 18 December , helping to capture and destroy a large French convoy off Martinique , and took part in the engagements off Martinique under Admiral George Rodney in April 1780 . Over the three engagements that took place , Suffolk lost one man killed , and 33 wounded . Rowley shifted his flag to the 74 @-@ gun HMS Conqueror after these clashes , and Christian was transferred to command the 38 @-@ gun HMS Fortunee , the frigate he had helped to capture in 1779 . He was present at the Battle of the Chesapeake on 5 September 1781 , after which he returned to the West Indies . He and Fortunee formed part of Sir Samuel Hood 's fleet , with Christian being present at the Battle of St. Kitts on 25 and 26 January 1782 , attached to the centre division . He was still with Rodney 's fleet when the Battle of the Saintes was fought against the Comte de Grasse on 9 to 12 April 1782 .
= = End of the war = =
Christian sailed north from Jamaica on 21 July 1782 with Admiral Hugh Pigot 's fleet , arriving at New York on 5 September . Returning to Port Royal with Hood 's fleet in February the following year , he spent several months cruising in the area . He returned to England with Hood in April 1783 , and left active service following the end of the war with the signing of the Treaty of Paris . He presumably did not receive any further employment until the Spanish Armament in 1790 , when he is recorded as being appointed as second captain aboard Lord Howe 's flagship , the 100 @-@ gun HMS Queen Charlotte . The easing of tensions meant that Queen Charlotte was paid off at the end of the year , and Christian again found himself without a ship .
= = French Revolutionary Wars = =
The outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in early 1793 provided Christian with further employment . Queen Charlotte was recommissioned , and he again became her second captain , still under Lord Howe . He stepped down from his post in August the following year , becoming a commissioner of the Transport Board , and on 1 June 1795 he was advanced to rear @-@ admiral of the blue . He was then appointed commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the West Indies station , and was instructed to take a fleet out with a convoy of transports , carrying soldiers for operations against the French and Dutch colonies there . He duly hoisted his flag aboard the 98 @-@ gun HMS Prince George and assembled his squadron and the transports , numbering over two hundred merchants carrying 16 @,@ 000 men , and making up the largest troop convoy to leave England to that date .
= = = Attempts to cross the Atlantic = = =
The fleet did not leave Spithead until 16 November , the departure having been delayed until late in the season . The delay proved disastrous : two days after departing , a westerly gale blew up , dispersing the fleet and driving the ships back to port . Several of the merchants were wrecked with heavy loss of life ; over 200 bodies were washed up on the coastline between Portland and Bridport .
Christian shifted his flag to the 90 @-@ gun HMS Glory , after deeming the Prince George to be too badly damaged to take to sea , and after gathering his fleet again , set sail on another attempt to cross the Atlantic on 9 December . Again the ships encountered severe gales that caused considerable damage , forcing nine of the warships and fifty of the merchants to struggle back to port on 29 January . Some of the convoy successfully made the crossing , while others were wrecked , or captured by enemy ships . The storms were afterwards alluded to as ' Christian 's Gales ' . Christian again shifted his flag , this time to the 74 @-@ gun HMS Thunderer while he waited for repairs to his ships to be completed , and the merchants gathered to make a third attempt to reach the West Indies . While ashore he was invested as a Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath on 17 February 1796 , and on 20 March he left Spithead again , bound for the West Indies . The third voyage was successful , and he arrived at Carlisle Bay , Barbados on 21 April . He joined with the forces of the station 's current commander , Sir John Laforey several days later , and took over the command from him . Christian assembled his forces , and on 26 April sailed to invade St Lucia , with a detachment of troops under Lieutenant @-@ General Sir Ralph Abercromby . The invasion was successful and the island was surrendered to the British on 25 May . Christian went on to use his naval forces to support the reduction and capture of the islands of Saint Vincent and Grenada .
= = Later years = =
Christian was succeeded as commander in the West Indies by Rear @-@ Admiral Henry Harvey , who had arrived in late June , and Christian returned to England in October aboard HMS Beaulieu . He was advanced to rear @-@ admiral of the white on 20 February 1797 , and was appointed as second in command of the Cape of Good Hope station later in the year and duly sailed to take up the post on the 44 @-@ gun HMS Virginie . He succeeded Admiral Thomas Pringle as the station commander in 1798 , but died on 23 November that year at the age of 51 . His wife , who had been seriously ill for sometime , died two months later , without having heard of her husband 's death . Hugh Cloberry Christian had been created a peer , and chose the title of Lord Ronaldsway to honour his ancestor , Manx politician Illiam Dhone , but died before the patent reached him . He was buried at the Cape . Of the two sons and three daughters he had had with his wife , one became a rear @-@ admiral , Hood Hanway Christian .
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= Sheffield =
Sheffield ( / ˈʃɛfiːld / ) is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire , England . Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire , its name derives from the River Sheaf , which runs through the city . With some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire , the city has grown from its largely industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base . The population of the City of Sheffield is 563 @,@ 749 ( mid @-@ 2014 est . ) and it is one of the eight largest regional English cities that make up the Core Cities Group . Sheffield is the third largest English district by population . The metropolitan population of Sheffield is 1 @,@ 569 @,@ 000 .
In the 19th century , Sheffield gained an international reputation for steel production . Many innovations were developed locally , including crucible and stainless steel , fuelling an almost tenfold increase in the population in the Industrial Revolution . Sheffield received its municipal charter in 1843 , becoming the City of Sheffield in 1893 . International competition in iron and steel caused a decline in these industries in the 1970s and 1980s , coinciding with the collapse of coal mining in the area .
The 21st century has seen extensive redevelopment in Sheffield along with other British cities . Sheffield 's gross value added ( GVA ) has increased by 60 % since 1997 , standing at £ 9 @.@ 2 billion in 2007 . The economy has experienced steady growth averaging around 5 % annually , greater than that of the broader region of Yorkshire and the Humber .
The city is in the valleys of the River Don and its four tributaries , the Loxley , the Porter Brook , the Rivelin and the Sheaf . 61 % of Sheffield 's entire area is green space , and a third of the city lies within the Peak District national park . There are more than 250 parks , woodlands and gardens in the city , and an estimated 2 million trees , giving Sheffield the highest ratio of trees to people of any city in Europe . The city has a long sporting heritage , and is home to the world 's oldest football club .
= = History = =
The area now occupied by the City of Sheffield is believed to have been inhabited since at least the late Upper Palaeolithic period , about 12 @,@ 800 years ago . The earliest evidence of human occupation in the Sheffield area was found at Creswell Crags to the east of the city . In the Iron Age the area became the southernmost territory of the Pennine tribe called the Brigantes . It is this tribe who are thought to have constructed several hill forts in and around Sheffield . Following the departure of the Romans , the Sheffield area may have been the southern part of the Celtic kingdom of Elmet , with the rivers Sheaf and Don forming part of the boundary between this kingdom and the kingdom of Mercia . Gradually , Anglian settlers pushed west from the kingdom of Deira . A Celtic presence within the Sheffield area is evidenced by two settlements called Wales and Waleswood close to Sheffield . The settlements that grew and merged to form Sheffield , however , date from the second half of the first millennium , and are of Anglo @-@ Saxon and Danish origin . In Anglo @-@ Saxon times , the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria . The Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle reports that King Eanred of Northumbria submitted to King Egbert of Wessex at the hamlet of Dore ( now a suburb of Sheffield ) in 829 , a key event in the unification of the kingdom of England under the House of Wessex . After the Norman conquest , Sheffield Castle was built to protect the local settlements , and a small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city .
By 1296 , a market had been established at what is now known as Castle Square , and Sheffield subsequently grew into a small market town . In the 14th century , Sheffield was already noted for the production of knives , as mentioned in Geoffrey Chaucer 's The Canterbury Tales , and by the early 1600s it had become the main centre of cutlery manufacture in England outside London , overseen by the Company of Cutlers in Hallamshire . From 1570 to 1584 , Mary , Queen of Scots , was imprisoned in Sheffield Castle and Sheffield Manor .
During the 1740s , a form of the crucible steel process was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been possible . In about the same period , a technique was developed for fusing a thin sheet of silver onto a copper ingot to produce silver plating , which became widely known as Sheffield plate . These innovations spurred Sheffield 's growth as an industrial town , but the loss of some important export markets led to a recession in the late 18th and early 19th century . The resulting poor conditions culminated in a cholera epidemic that killed 402 people in 1832 . The population of the town grew rapidly throughout the 19th century ; increasing from 60 @,@ 095 in 1801 to 451 @,@ 195 by 1901 . The town was incorporated as a borough in 1842 and was granted a city charter in 1893 . The influx of people also led to demand for better water supplies , and a number of new reservoirs were constructed on the outskirts of the town . The collapse of the dam wall of one of these reservoirs in 1864 resulted in the Great Sheffield Flood , which killed 270 people and devastated large parts of the town . The growing population led to the construction of many back @-@ to @-@ back dwellings that , along with severe pollution from the factories , inspired George Orwell in 1937 to write : " Sheffield , I suppose , could justly claim to be called the ugliest town in the Old World " .
A recession in the 1930s was halted by increasing international tensions as the Second World War loomed ; Sheffield 's steel factories were set to work manufacturing weapons and ammunition for the war effort . As a result , the city became a target for bombing raids , the heaviest of which occurred on the nights of 12 and 15 December 1940 , now known as the Sheffield Blitz . More than 660 lives were lost and many buildings destroyed .
In the 1950s and 1960s , many of the city 's slums were demolished , and replaced with housing schemes such as the Park Hill flats . Large parts of the city centre were also cleared to make way for a new system of roads . Increased automation and competition from abroad resulted in the closure of many steel mills . The 1980s saw the worst of this run @-@ down of Sheffield 's industries , along with those of many other areas of the UK . The building of the Meadowhall Centre on the site of a former steelworks in 1990 was a mixed blessing , creating much needed jobs but hastening the decline of the city centre . Attempts to regenerate the city were kick @-@ started when the city hosted the 1991 World Student Games , which saw the construction of new sporting facilities such as the Sheffield Arena , Don Valley Stadium and the Ponds Forge complex .
Sheffield is changing rapidly as new projects regenerate some of the more run @-@ down parts of the city . One such , the Heart of the City Project , has initiated a number of public works in the city centre : the Peace Gardens were renovated in 1998 , the Millennium Galleries opened in April 2001 , the Winter Gardens were opened in May 2003 , and a public space to link these two areas , the Millennium Square , was opened in May 2006 . Additional developments included the remodelling of Sheaf Square , in front of the recently refurbished railway station . The new square contains " The Cutting Edge " , a sculpture designed by Si Applied Ltd and made from Sheffield steel .
Sheffield was particularly hard @-@ hit during the 2007 United Kingdom floods and the 2010 Big Freeze . Many landmark buildings such as Meadowhall and the Sheffield Wednesday grounds flooded due to being close to nearby rivers that flow through the city .
= = Government = =
Sheffield is governed at the local level by Sheffield City Council . It consists of 84 councillors elected to represent 28 wards : three councillors per ward . Following the 2016 local elections , the distribution of council seats is Labour 57 , Liberal Democrats 19 , the Green Party 4 and UKIP 4 . The city also has a Lord Mayor ; though now simply a ceremonial position , in the past the office carried considerable authority , with executive powers over the finances and affairs of the city council .
For much of its history the council was controlled by the Labour Party , and was noted for its leftist sympathies ; during the 1980s , when Sheffield City Council was led by David Blunkett , the area gained the epithet the " Socialist Republic of South Yorkshire " . However , the Liberal Democrats controlled the Council between 1999 and 2001 and took control again from 2008 to 2011 .
The majority of council @-@ owned facilities are operated by independent charitable trusts . Sheffield International Venues runs many of the city 's sporting and leisure facilities , including Sheffield Arena and the English Institute of Sport . Museums Sheffield and the Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust take care of galleries and museums owned by the council .
The city returns five members of parliament to the House of Commons , with a sixth , the Member of Parliament for Penistone and Stocksbridge representing parts of Sheffield and Barnsley . The former Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg is also an MP for Sheffield , representing Sheffield Hallam .
= = Geography = =
Sheffield is located at 53 ° 23 ′ N 1 ° 28 ′ W. It lies directly beside Rotherham , from which it is separated largely by the M1 motorway . Although Barnsley Metropolitan Borough also borders Sheffield to the north , the town itself is a few miles further away . The southern and western borders of the city are shared with Derbyshire ; in the first half of the 20th century Sheffield extended its borders south into Derbyshire , annexing a number of villages , including Totley , Dore and the area now known as Mosborough Townships . Directly to the west of the city are the Peak District National Park and the Pennine hill range , while the South Yorkshire Coalfield lies to the east .
Sheffield is a geographically diverse city . The city nestles in a natural amphitheatre created by several hills forming the eastern foothills of the Pennines , and the confluence of five rivers : Don , Sheaf , Rivelin , Loxley and Porter . As such , much of the city is built on hillsides with views into the city centre or out to the countryside . The city 's lowest point is just 29 metres ( 95 ft ) above sea level near Blackburn Meadows , while some parts of the city are at over 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 640 ft ) ; the highest point being 548 metres ( 1 @,@ 798 ft ) at High Stones , near Margery Hill . However , 79 % of the housing in the city is between 100 and 200 metres ( 330 and 660 ft ) above sea level .
Estimated to contain over two million trees , Sheffield has more trees per person than any other city in Europe , and according to Sheffield City Council , it is England 's greenest city , a claim that was reinforced when it won the 2005 Entente Florale competition . It has over 170 woodlands ( covering 10 @.@ 91 sq mi or 28 @.@ 3 km2 ) , 78 public parks ( covering 7 @.@ 07 sq mi or 18 @.@ 3 km2 ) and 10 public gardens . Added to the 52 @.@ 0 square miles ( 134 @.@ 7 km2 ) of national park and 4 @.@ 20 square miles ( 10 @.@ 9 km2 ) of water this means that 61 % of the city is greenspace . Despite this , about 64 % of Sheffield householders live further than 300 metres ( 328 yd ) from their nearest greenspace , although access is better in less affluent neighbourhoods across the city . Since 2012 there have been disputes between the city council and residents over the fate of the city 's 36 @,@ 000 highway trees , with 2000 having been felled by October 2015 as part of the £ 2 billion Streets Ahead road improvement scheme .
Sheffield also has a very wide variety of habitat , comparing favourably with any city in the United Kingdom : urban , parkland and woodland , agricultural and arable land , moors , meadows and freshwater @-@ based habitats . There are six areas within the city that are designated as sites of special scientific interest .
The present city boundaries were set in 1974 ( with slight modification in 1994 ) , when the former county borough of Sheffield merged with Stocksbridge Urban District and two parishes from the Wortley Rural District . This area includes a significant part of the countryside surrounding the main urban region . Roughly a third of Sheffield lies in the Peak District National Park . No other English city included parts of a national park within its boundary , until the creation in March 2010 of the South Downs National Park , part of which lies within Brighton and Hove .
= = = Climate = = =
Like the rest of the United Kingdom , the climate in Sheffield is generally temperate . The Pennines to the west of the city can create a cool , gloomy and wet environment , but they also provide shelter from the prevailing westerly winds , casting a " rain shadow " across the area . Between 1971 and 2000 Sheffield averaged 824 @.@ 7 millimetres ( 32 @.@ 47 in ) of rain per year ; December was the wettest month with 91 @.@ 9 millimetres ( 3 @.@ 62 in ) and July the driest with 51 @.@ 0 millimetres ( 2 @.@ 01 in ) . July was also the hottest month , with an average maximum temperature of 20 @.@ 8 ° C ( 69 @.@ 4 ° F ) . The average minimum temperature in January and February was 1 @.@ 6 ° C ( 34 @.@ 9 ° F ) , though the lowest temperatures recorded in these months can be between − 10 and − 15 ° C ( 14 and 5 ° F ) , although since 1960 , the temperature has never fallen below − 9 @.@ 2 ° C ( 15 @.@ 4 ° F ) , suggesting that urbanisation around the Weston Park site during the second half of the 20th century may prevent temperatures below − 10 ° C ( 14 ° F ) occurring .
The coldest temperature to be recorded in recent years was − 8 @.@ 2 ° C ( 17 @.@ 2 ° F ) . ( Note : The official Weston Park Weather Station statistics , which can also be viewed at Sheffield Central Library , has the temperature at − 8 @.@ 7 ° C ( 16 @.@ 3 ° F ) , recorded on 20 December , and states that to be the lowest December temperature since 1981 . )
The coldest temperature ever recorded in the city of Sheffield at Weston Park , since records began in 1882 , is − 14 @.@ 5 ° C ( 5 @.@ 9 ° F ) , registered in February 1895 . The lowest daytime maximum temperature in the city since records began is − 5 @.@ 6 ° C ( 21 @.@ 9 ° F ) , also recorded in February 1895 .
More recently , a − 4 @.@ 4 ° C ( 24 @.@ 1 ° F ) was recorded as a daytime maximum at Weston Park , on 20 December 2010 . ( from the Weston Park Weather Station statistics , which also can be viewed at Sheffield Central Library . )
On average , through the winter months of December to March , there are 67 days during which ground frost occurs .
The Weston Park Weather station , established in 1882 , is one of the longest running weather stations in the United Kingdom . It has recorded weather for more than 125 years , and a 2008 report showed that the climate of Sheffield is warming faster than it has at any time during this period , with 1990 and 2006 being the hottest years on record . In collaboration with the Stockholm Environment Institute , Sheffield developed a carbon footprint ( based on 2004 / 05 consumption figures ) of 5 @,@ 798 @,@ 361 tonnes per year . This compares to the UK 's total carbon footprint of 698 @,@ 568 @,@ 010 tonnes per year . The factors with the greatest impact are housing ( 34 % ) , transport ( 25 % ) , consumer ( 11 % ) , private services ( 9 % ) , public services ( 8 % ) , food ( 8 % ) and capital investment ( 5 % ) . Sheffield City Council has signed up to the 10 : 10 campaign .
= = = Subdivisions = = =
Sheffield is made up of many suburbs and neighbourhoods , many of which developed from villages or hamlets that were absorbed into Sheffield as the city grew . These historical areas are largely ignored by the modern administrative and political divisions of the city ; instead it is divided into 28 electoral wards , with each ward generally covering 4 – 6 areas . These electoral wards are grouped into six parliamentary constituencies . Sheffield is largely unparished , but Bradfield and Ecclesfield have parish councils , and Stocksbridge has a town council .
= = Demography = =
The United Kingdom Census 2001 reported a resident population for Sheffield of 513 @,@ 234 , a 2 % decline from the 1991 census . The city is part of the wider Sheffield urban area , which had a population of 640 @,@ 720 . In 2011 the racial composition of Sheffield 's population was 84 % White ( 81 % White British , 0 @.@ 5 % White Irish , 0 @.@ 1 % Gypsy or Irish Traveller , 2 @.@ 3 % Other White ) , 2 @.@ 4 % of mixed race ( 1 @.@ 0 % White and Black Caribbean , 0 @.@ 2 % White and Black African , 0 @.@ 6 % White and Asian , 0 @.@ 6 % Other Mixed ) , 8 % Asian ( 1 @.@ 1 % Indian , 4 % Pakistani , 0 @.@ 6 % Bangladeshi , 1 @.@ 3 % Chinese , 1 @.@ 0 % Other Asian ) , 3 @.@ 6 % Black ( 2 @.@ 1 % African , 1 % Caribbean , 0 @.@ 5 % Other Black ) , 1 @.@ 5 % Arab and 0 @.@ 7 % of other ethnic heritage . In terms of religion , 53 % of the population are Christian , 6 % are Muslim , 0 @.@ 6 % are Hindu , 0 @.@ 4 % are Buddhist , 0 @.@ 2 % are Sikh , 0 @.@ 1 % are Jewish , 0 @.@ 4 % belong to another religion , 31 % have no religion and 7 % did not state their religion . The largest quinary group is 20- to 24 @-@ year @-@ olds ( 9 % ) because of the large university student population .
The population of Sheffield peaked in 1951 at 577 @,@ 050 , and has since declined steadily . However , the mid @-@ 2007 population estimate was 530 @,@ 300 , representing an increase of about 17 @,@ 000 residents since 2001 .
Although a city , Sheffield is informally known as " the largest village in England " , because of a combination of topographical isolation and demographic stability . It is relatively geographically isolated , being cut off from other places by a ring of hills . ( Local folklore insists that , like Rome , Sheffield was built " on seven hills " . ) The land surrounding Sheffield was unsuitable for industrial use , and now includes several protected green belt areas . These topographical factors have served to restrict urban spread , resulting in a relatively stable population size and a low degree of mobility .
= = Economy = =
After many years of decline , the Sheffield economy is going through a strong revival . The 2004 Barclays Bank Financial Planning study revealed that , in 2003 , the Sheffield district of Hallam was the highest ranking area outside London for overall wealth , the proportion of people earning over £ 60 @,@ 000 a year standing at almost 12 % . A survey by Knight Frank revealed that Sheffield was the fastest @-@ growing city outside London for office and residential space and rents during the second half of 2004 . This can be seen by the current surge of redevelopments , including the City Lofts Tower and accompanying St Paul 's Place , Velocity Living and the Moor redevelopment , the forthcoming NRQ and the recently completed Winter Gardens , Peace Gardens , Millennium Galleries and many projects under the Sheffield One redevelopment agency . The Sheffield economy grew from £ 5 @.@ 6 billion in 1997 ( 1997 GVA ) to £ 9 @.@ 2 billion in 2007 ( 2007 GVA ) .
The " UK Cities Monitor 2008 " placed Sheffield among the top ten " best cities to locate a business today " , the city occupying third and fourth places respectively for best office location and best new call centre location . The same report places Sheffield in third place regarding " greenest reputation " and second in terms of the availability of financial incentives .
Sheffield has an international reputation for metallurgy and steel @-@ making . Many innovations in these fields have been made in Sheffield , for example Benjamin Huntsman discovered the crucible technique in the 1740s at his workshop in Handsworth . This process was rendered obsolete in 1856 by Henry Bessemer 's invention of the Bessemer converter . Thomas Boulsover invented Sheffield Plate ( silver @-@ plated copper ) in the early 18th century . Stainless steel was invented by Harry Brearley in 1912 , and the work of F. B. Pickering and T. Gladman throughout the 1960s , 1970s and 1980s was fundamental to the development of modern high @-@ strength low @-@ alloy steels . Further innovations continue , with new advanced manufacturing technologies and techniques being developed on the Advanced Manufacturing Park by Sheffield 's universities and other independent research organisations . Organisations located on the AMP include the Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre ( AMRC , a research partnership between the Boeing Company and the University of Sheffield ) , Castings Technology International ( CTI ) , The Welding Institute ( TWI ) , and William Cook Group .
Forgemasters , founded in 1805 , is the sole remaining independent steel works in the world and dominates the north east of Sheffield around the Lower Don Valley . The firm has a global reputation for producing the largest and most complex steel forgings and castings and is certified to produce critical nuclear components , with recent projects including the Royal Navy 's Astute class submarines . The firm also has the capacity for pouring the largest single ingot ( 570 tonnes ) in Europe and is currently in the process of expanding its capabilities .
While iron and steel have long been the main industries of Sheffield , coal mining has also been a major industry , particularly in the outlying areas , and the Palace of Westminster in London was built using limestone from quarries in the nearby village of Anston . Other areas of employment include call centres , the City Council , universities and hospitals .
Sheffield is a major retail centre , and is home to many High Street and department stores as well as designer boutiques . The main shopping areas in the city centre are on The Moor precinct , Fargate , Orchard Square and the Devonshire Quarter . Department stores in the city centre include John Lewis , Marks and Spencer , Atkinsons and Debenhams . Sheffield 's main market was once Castle Market , built above the remains of the castle . This is due to be demolished . Sheffield Moor market opened in 2013 . Shopping areas outside the city centre include the Meadowhall shopping centre and retail park , Ecclesall Road , London Road , Hillsborough , Firth Park and the Crystal Peaks shopping centre . In a 2010 survey of forecast expenditure at retail centres in the United Kingdom , Meadowhall was ranked 12th and Sheffield City Centre 19th .
Sheffield has a District Energy system that exploits the city 's domestic waste , by incinerating it and converting the energy from it to electricity . It also provides hot water , which is distributed through over 25 miles ( 40 km ) of pipes under the city , via two networks . These networks supply heat and hot water for many buildings throughout the city . These include not only cinemas , hospitals , shops and offices , but also universities ( Sheffield Hallam University and the University of Sheffield ) , and residential properties . Energy generated in a waste plant produces 60 megawatts of thermal energy and up to 19 megawatts of electrical energy from 225 @,@ 000 tonnes of waste .
In 2012 , Sheffield City Region Enterprise Zone was launched to promote development in a number of sites in Sheffield and across the wider region . In March 2014 additional sites were added to the zone .
= = Transport = =
= = = National and international travel = = =
= = = = Road = = = =
Sheffield is linked into the national motorway network via the M1 and M18 motorways . The M1 skirts the north @-@ east of the city , linking Sheffield with London to the south and Leeds to the north , and crosses Tinsley Viaduct near Rotherham ; the M18 branches from the M1 close to Sheffield , linking the city with Doncaster , Robin Hood Doncaster Sheffield Airport , and the Humber ports . The Sheffield Parkway connects the city centre with the motorways .
= = = = Rail = = = =
Major railway routes through Sheffield railway station include the Midland Main Line , which links the city to London via the East Midlands , the Cross Country Route which links the East of Scotland and Northeast of England with the West Midlands and the Southwest , and the lines linking Liverpool and Manchester with Hull and East Anglia . With the redevelopment of London St Pancras station ( now St Pancras International ) complete , Sheffield has a direct connection to continental Europe . East Midlands Trains run services to St Pancras International and Eurostar run services from there to France and Belgium . The Master Cutler , a named passenger express train running from Sheffield railway station to London St Pancras , provides a direct connection to the capital .
The coalition government announced in October 2010 that Sheffield would be included in the proposed High Speed Rail network connecting the North of England with London . The plan will see Sheffield and Leeds served by the same line which will connect with another to Manchester just south of Birmingham , with London Euston station being the probable London terminus . Construction of the Yorkshire / East Midlands High Speed line is likely to begin 2025 and services begin operation in 2032 .
Other trains serving Sheffield ( apart from East Midland Trains ) are provided by CrossCountry , TransPennine Express and Northern . Aside from the main railway station there are five other stations in Sheffield . Meadowhall , a bus , rail and tram interchange , is the second largest station and accommodates a number of services including the long distance CrossCountry service . Dore and Totley , Woodhouse , Chapeltown and Darnall stations serve as commuter stations for suburban communities but are also connected to the national rail network .
= = = = Coach = = = =
Coach services running through Sheffield are operated by National Express and to a lesser extent Megabus , part of the Stagecoach Group . National Express services call at Sheffield Interchange , Meadowhall Interchange and Meadowhead Bus Stop . Megabus services only call at Meadowhall . National Express services 564 , 560 , 350 , 320 , 310 and 240 call at Sheffield , as do others on a less frequent basis . The 560 / 564 service is a direct connection to London Victoria Coach Station via Chesterfield and Milton Keynes , operating 12 times a day in both directions . The 350 and 240 services connect Sheffield to Manchester Airport and Heathrow / Gatwick Airports respectively . Two Megabus services , the M12 and M20 , call at Sheffield en route to London from Newcastle upon Tyne and Inverness respectively .
= = = = Canal = = = =
The Sheffield and South Yorkshire Navigation ( S & SY ) is a system of navigable inland waterways ( canals and canalised rivers ) in Yorkshire and Lincolnshire . Chiefly based on the River Don , it runs for a length of 43 miles ( 69 km ) and has 29 locks . It connects Sheffield , Rotherham and Doncaster with the River Trent at Keadby and ( via the New Junction Canal ) the Aire and Calder Navigation .
= = = = Air = = = =
Following the closure of Sheffield City Airport in 2008 , the closest international airport to Sheffield is Doncaster Sheffield Airport , which is located 18 miles ( 29 km ) less than 40 minutes from the city centre . It operates on the site of the former RAF Finningley . DSA airport opened on 28 April 2005 and is served mainly by charter and budget airlines . It handles about one million passengers a year .
A new link road , due to open in January 2016 , will connect Doncaster Sheffield Airport to the M18 motorway , reducing the journey time from Sheffield city centre from 40 to 25 minutes .
East Midlands Airport is within one hour 's drive of the city , and Manchester Airport is connected directly to Sheffield by a direct train every hour .
= = = Local travel = = =
The A57 and A61 roads are the major trunk roads through Sheffield . These run east – west and north – south respectively , crossing in the city centre , from where the other major roads generally radiate spoke @-@ like . An inner ring road , mostly constructed in the 1970s and extended in 2007 to form a complete ring , allows traffic to avoid the city centre , and an outer ring road runs to the east , south east and north , nearer the edge of the city , but does not serve the western side of Sheffield .
Sheffield does not have as extensive a suburban and inter @-@ urban railway network as other comparable British cities . However , there are several local rail routes running along the city 's valleys and beyond , connecting it with other parts of South Yorkshire , West Yorkshire , Nottinghamshire , Lincolnshire and Derbyshire . These local routes include the Penistone Line , the Dearne Valley Line , the Hope Valley Line and the Hallam Line . As well as the main stations of Sheffield and Meadowhall , there are five suburban stations , at Chapeltown , Darnall , Woodhouse , Dronfield and Dore .
The Sheffield Supertram ( not derived from the previous tramways ) , operated by Stagecoach , opened in 1994 , shortly after the similar Metrolink scheme in Manchester . Its network consists of 37 miles ( 60 km ) of track and three lines , from Halfway to Malin Bridge ( Blue Line ) , from Meadowhall to Middlewood ( Yellow Line ) , and from Meadowhall to Herdings Park ( Purple Line ) , with all three lines running via the city centre . The system contains both on @-@ street and segregated running , depending upon the section and line .
The Supertram serves as an important connection between areas in the North East of Sheffield ( namely Meadowhall and Valley Centertainment ) and the city centre . Because it is operated by the Stagecoach Group , the ticketing system for the Supertram is integrated with Stagecoach buses in Sheffield , meaning passengers can switch between the two modes of transport without having to buy a separate ticket . The network is due to be extended to Rotherham Parkgate by 2017 , with a fleet of new " train @-@ trams " sharing a conventional rail line between Sheffield and Rotherham .
Sheffield 's local bus infrastructure has its main hub at Sheffield Interchange . Other bus stations lie at Halfway , Hillsborough and Meadowhall . A flurry of new operators was created after deregulation in 1986 , though a series of mergers has reduced the number .
There are numerous bus operators within Sheffield : First South Yorkshire , Stagecoach Yorkshire , TM Travel , Hulleys of Baslow , Powells , G & J Holmes and Sheffield Community Transport . First South Yorkshire , became by far the largest bus operator and in recent years implemented a series of fare rises and service cuts which saw bus ridership drop . Recent developments have seen Stagecoach Sheffield taking over Yorkshire Terrier , Andrews and parent company Yorkshire Traction , thus forming one company and in the process expanding their bus services in the city . This has resulted in increased competition , and price drops on certain routes . A zero @-@ fare bus service , the FreeBee ( Operated by First South Yorkshire ) , operated a circular route around the city centre from the Sheffield Interchange . The FreeBee buses stopped in 2014 and is due to save £ 8 million .
In 2008 , the Bus Rapid Transit Scheme between Sheffield and Rotherham was approved by the Yorkshire and Humber Assembly 's Regional Transport Board . There are plans for two routes ; one ( the Northern route ) via Meadowhall and Templeborough , and the other via the developing employment centre and Waverley .
= = = = Cycling = = = =
For cycling , although hilly , Sheffield is compact and has few major trunk roads . It is on the Trans @-@ Pennine Trail , a National Cycle Network route running from West to East from Southport in Merseyside to Hornsea in the East Riding of Yorkshire and North to South from Leeds in West Yorkshire to Chesterfield in Derbyshire . There are many cycle routes going along country paths in the woods surrounding the city .
= = Education = =
= = = Universities and colleges = = =
Sheffield has two universities , the University of Sheffield and Sheffield Hallam University . The two combined bring about 65 @,@ 000 students to the city every year . Sheffield University was established in 1897 as University College Sheffield and became the University of Sheffield in 1905 .
Sheffield Hallam University ( SHU ) is a university on two sites in Sheffield . City Campus is located in the city centre , close to Sheffield railway station , and Collegiate Crescent Campus is about two miles away , adjacent to Ecclesall Road in south @-@ west Sheffield . The university is the third largest in the UK , with more than 37 @,@ 000 students ( of whom over 4 @,@ 000 are international students ) , 4 @,@ 170 staff and 747 courses . Sheffield Hallam University 's history goes back to 1843 with the establishment of the Sheffield School of Design . During the 1960s several independent colleges ( including the School of Design ) joined to become Sheffield Polytechnic ( Sheffield City Polytechnic from 1976 ) and was finally renamed Sheffield Hallam University in 1992 .
Sheffield has three main further education providers , The Sheffield College , Longley Park Sixth Form College and Chapeltown Academy . The Sheffield College is organised on a federal basis and was originally created from the merger of six colleges around the city , since reduced to just four : Sheffield City ( formerly Castle ) near the city centre , Hillsborough , serving the north of the city and Norton and Peaks to the south .
= = = Secondary , primary and pre @-@ school education = = =
There are 137 primary schools , 26 secondary schools – of which 9 have sixth forms : ( High Storrs , King Ecgberts , King Edward VII , Silverdale , Meadowhead , Tapton , UTC Sheffield , Notre Dame Catholic High and All Saints Catholic High ) – and a sixth @-@ form college , Longley Park Sixth Form College . The city 's five independent private schools include Birkdale School and the Sheffield High School . There are also 12 special schools and a number of Integrated Resource Units in mainstream schools which are , along with all other schools , managed by Sheffield City Council . All schools are non @-@ selective , mixed sex schools ( apart from Sheffield High School which is an all @-@ girls school ) . The Early Years Education and Childcare Service of Sheffield City Council manages 32 nurseries and children 's centres in the city .
= = Sport = =
Sheffield has a long sporting heritage . In 1857 a collective of cricketers formed the world 's first @-@ ever official football club , Sheffield F.C. , and the world 's second @-@ ever , Hallam F.C. , who also play at the world 's oldest football ground in the suburb of Crosspool . Sheffield and Hallam are today Sheffield 's two major non @-@ league sides , although Sheffield now play just outside the city in nearby Dronfield , Derbyshire . Sheffield and Hallam contest what has become known as the Sheffield derby . By 1860 there were 15 football clubs in Sheffield , with the first ever amateur league and cup competitions taking place in the city .
Sheffield is best known for its two professional football teams , Sheffield United , known locally as The Blades , and Sheffield Wednesday , known locally as The Owls . United , who play at Bramall Lane south of the city centre , compete in the Football League One , whilst Wednesday , who play at Hillsborough in the north west of the city , compete in the Football League Championship . The two clubs contest the Steel City Derby , which is considered by many to be one of the most fierce football rivalries in English Football . In the pre @-@ war era , both Wednesday and United enjoyed large amounts of success and found themselves two of the country 's top clubs ; Sheffield Wednesday became champions of the Football League consecutively in 1902 – 03 and 1903 – 04 , then again in 1928 – 29 , whilst Sheffield United had won it in 1897 – 98 . In the FA Cup the teams were also two of the forerunners , United winning it on 4 occasions and Wednesday on 3 . Post war , and Wednesday were beaten finalists in the 1966 FA cup . During the 1970s and early 1980s the two sides fell from grace , with Wednesday finding themselves in the Third Division by the mid 70s and United as far as the Fourth Division in 1981 . Wednesday once again became one of England 's high @-@ flying clubs following promotion back to the First Division in 1984 , winning the League Cup in 1991 , competing in the UEFA Cup in 1992 – 93 , and reaching the final of both the League Cup and FA Cup in the same season . United and Wednesday were both founding members of the Premier League in 1992 , but The Blades were relegated in 1994 . The Owls remained until 2000 . Both clubs have gone into decline in the 21st Century , Wednesday twice relegated to League One and United suffering the same fate in 2011 , despite a brief spell in the Premier League in 2006 – 07 . Sheffield Wednesday 's new owner Dejphon Chansiri is aiming for promotion back to the Premier League by 2017 .
Rotherham United , who play in the Championship , did play their home games in the city between 2008 and 2012 , having moved to play at Sheffield 's Don Valley Stadium in 2008 following a dispute with their previous landlord at their traditional home ground of Millmoor , Rotherham . However , in July 2012 , the club moved to the new 12 @,@ 000 seat New York Stadium in Rotherham , whilst United and Wednesday contest the Steel City derby . There are also facilities for golf , climbing and bowling , as well as a newly inaugurated national ice @-@ skating arena ( IceSheffield ) .
Sheffield Eagles RLFC are the city 's professional Rugby league team who play their matches at Owlerton Stadium . They currently play in the second tier of the professional league , the Championship and are current champions , having won back to back titles in 2012 and 2013 . Their most successful moment came in 1998 , when , against all the odds they defeated Wigan Warriors in the Challenge Cup final , despite being huge underdogs . The team then hit troubled times before reforming in 2003 . Since then they have played their rugby in the Championship ( second tier ) . In 2011 , they made the playoffs finishing in fifth place . They made the Grand Final , by defeating Leigh , who were huge favourites in a playoff semi final . In the final , they were comprehensively beaten by Featherstone . Sheffield also put in a bid to be a host city for the 2013 Rugby League World Cup , but their bid was unsuccessful .
Sheffield is also home to the Sheffield Steelers ice hockey team who play out of the 8 @,@ 500 seater Sheffield Arena . They play in the 10 team professional Elite Ice Hockey League . Many of Sheffield 's sporting facilities were built for the World Student Games , which the city hosted in 1991 , including Sheffield Arena and the Ponds Forge international diving and swimming complex . Ponds Forge is also the home of Sheffield City Swimming Club , a local swimming club competing in the Speedo league . The former Don Valley International Athletics Stadium , once the largest athletics stadium in the UK , was also constructed for the Universiade games . The Sheffield Ski Village was the largest artificial ski resort in Europe , before being destroyed in a series of suspected arson attacks in 2012 and 2013 . The city also has two indoor climbing centres . Sheffield was the UK 's first National City of Sport and is now home to the English Institute of Sport – Sheffield , where British athletes trained for the 2012 Olympics .
Sheffield also has close ties with snooker , with the city 's Crucible Theatre being the venue for the World Snooker Championships . The English Institute of Sport hosts most of the top fencing competitions each year , including the National Championships for Seniors , Juniors ( U20 's ) and Cadets ( U17 's ) as well as the 2011 Senior European Fencing Championships . The English squash open is also held in the city every year . The International Open and World Matchplay Championship bowls tournaments have both been held at Ponds Forge . The city also hosts the Sheffield Tigers rugby union , Sheffield Sharks basketball , Sheffield University Bankers hockey , Sheffield Steelers ice hockey and Sheffield Tigers speedway teams . Sheffield also has many golf courses all around the city .
Sheffield was selected as a candidate host city by the Football Association ( FA ) as part of the English 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cup bid on 16 December 2009 . Hillsborough Stadium was chosen as the proposed venue for matches in Sheffield . The bid failed .
The National Hockey League 's Stanley Cup was made in Sheffield in 1892 . Sheffield is also home to the Sheffield Steel Rollergirls , a roller derby team .
Sheffield hosted the finish of Stage 2 of the 2014 Tour de France . Within the City limits and located just 4 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) from the finish , was the ninth and final climb of the stage , the Category 4 Côte de Jenkin Road . The one point in the King of the Mountains Competition was claimed by Chris Froome of Team Sky . The climb was just 0 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 50 mi ) long at an average gradient of 10 @.@ 8 % . The stage was won by the eventual overall winner , Vincenzo Nibali of Astana Pro Team .
= = Culture and attractions = =
Sheffield made the shortlist for the first city to be designated UK City of Culture , but in July 2010 it was announced that Derry had been selected .
= = = Attractions = = =
The Sheffield Walk of Fame in the City Centre honours famous Sheffield residents past and present in a similar way to the Hollywood version . Sheffield also had its own Ferris Wheel known as the Wheel of Sheffield , located atop Fargate shopping precinct . The Wheel was dismantled in October 2010 and moved to London 's Hyde Park . Heeley City Farm and Graves Park are home to Sheffield 's two farm animal collections , both of which are fully open to the public .
There are about 1 @,@ 100 listed buildings in Sheffield ( including the whole of the Sheffield postal district ) . Of these , only five are Grade I listed . Fifty @-@ nine are Grade II * , but the overwhelming majority are listed as Grade II . Compared to other English cities , Sheffield has few buildings with the highest Grade I listing : Liverpool , for example , has 26 Grade I listed buildings . This situation led the noted architecture historian Nikolaus Pevsner , writing in 1959 , to comment that the city was " architecturally a miserable disappointment " , with no pre @-@ 19th @-@ century buildings of any distinction . By contrast , in November 2007 , Sheffield 's Peace and Winter Gardens beat London 's South Bank to gain the Royal Institute of British Architects ' Academy of Urbanism " Great Place " Award , as an " outstanding example of how cities can be improved , to make urban spaces as attractive and accessible as possible " .
= = = Music = = =
Sheffield has been home to several well @-@ known bands and musicians , with a notably large number of synthpop and other electronic bands originating from the city . These include The Human League , Heaven 17 , ABC and the more industrially inclined Cabaret Voltaire & Clock DVA . This electronic tradition has continued : techno label Warp Records was a central pillar of the Yorkshire Bleeps and Bass scene of the early 1990s , and has gone on to become one of the UK 's oldest and best @-@ loved dance music labels . More recently , other popular genres of electronic music such as bassline house have originated in the city . Sheffield was once home to a number of historically important nightclubs in the early dance music scene of the 1980s and 90s , Gatecrasher One was one of the most popular clubs in the North of England until its destruction by fire on 18 June 2007 .
A number of major music acts , including Joe Cocker , Def Leppard , Paul Carrack ( of Mike + The Mechanics ) , Arctic Monkeys , Bring Me the Horizon , Pulp and Moloko , hail from the city . Indie band The Long Blondes originated from the city , as part of what the NME dubbed the New Yorkshire scene .
In 1999 , the National Centre for Popular Music , a museum dedicated to the subject of popular music , was opened in the city . It was not as successful as was hoped , however , and later evolved to become a live music venue ; then in February 2005 , the unusual steel @-@ covered building became the students ' union for Sheffield Hallam University . Live music venues in the city include the Harley Hotel , Leadmill , West Street Live , the Boardwalk , Dove & Rainbow , The Casbah , The Cremorne , Corporation , New Barrack Tavern , The Broadfield Hotel , Redstone bar and nightclub , the City Hall , the University of Sheffield Students ' Union , the Studio Theatre at the Crucible Theatre , the O2 Academy Sheffield and The Grapes .
Sheffield hosts a number of festivals , the Grin Up North Sheffield Comedy Festival , the Sensoria Music & Film Festival and the Tramlines Festival . The Tramlines Festival was launched as an annual music festival in 2009 , it is held throughout venues in Sheffield City Centre , and features local and national artists . The city is also home to several local orchestras and choirs , such as the Sheffield Symphony Orchestra , the Sheffield Philharmonic Orchestra , the Sheffield Chamber Orchestra , the City of Sheffield Youth Orchestra , the Sheffield Philharmonic Chorus and the Chorus UK community choir .
= = = Theatres = = =
Sheffield has two large theatres , the Lyceum Theatre and the Crucible Theatre , which together with the smaller Studio Theatre make up the largest theatre complex outside London , located in Tudor Square . The Crucible Theatre is the home ( since 1977 ) of the World Snooker Championships and hosts many well @-@ known stage productions throughout the year . The Lyceum , which opened in 1897 , serves as a venue for touring West End productions and operas by Opera North , as well as locally produced shows . Sheffield also has the Montgomery Theatre , a small 420 seater theatre located a short distance from Tudor Square , opposite the town hall on Surrey Street . There are also a large number of smaller amateur theatres scattered throughout the city .
= = = Museums = = =
Sheffield 's museums are managed by two distinct organisations . Museums Sheffield manages the Weston Park Museum ( a Grade II * listed Building ) , Millennium Galleries and Graves Art Gallery . Sheffield Industrial Museums Trust manages the museums dedicated to Sheffield 's industrial heritage of which there are three . Kelham Island Museum ( located just to the North of the city centre ) showcases the city 's history of steel manufacturing . Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet ( in the south of the city ) is a Grade I Listed building and a Scheduled Ancient Monument . Shepherd Wheel ( in the south @-@ East of the city ) is a former water @-@ powered grinding workshop , Grade II listed and a Scheduled Ancient Monument .
= = = Greenspace = = =
Sheffield has a reputed 2 million trees and is known as the greenest city in Europe . Consequently , there are many parks and woods throughout the city and beyond . There are 83 parks in Sheffield ( 13 ' City ' Parks , 20 ' District ' Parks and 50 ' Local ' Parks ) which are located throughout the city . Included in the city parks category are 3 of Sheffield 's 6 public gardens ( The Sheffield Botanical Gardens , The Peace Gardens and Hillsborough Walled Gardens , with the Sheffield Winter Gardens , Beauchief Gardens and Lynwood Gardens being the separate entities ) .
The Sheffield Botanical Gardens are on a 19 @-@ acre site located to the south west of the city centre and date back to 1836 . The site includes a large , Grade II listed , Victorian era glasshouse . The Peace Gardens , neighboured next to the Town Hall and forming part of the Heart of the City project , occupy a 0 @.@ 67 hectare site in the centre of the city . The site is dominated by its water features , principle among which is the Goodwin Fountain . Made up of 89 individual jets of water , this fountain lies at the corner of the quarter @-@ circle shaped Peace Gardens and is named after a notable Sheffield industrialist . Since their redevelopment in 1998 , the Peace gardens have received a number of regional and national accolades . Hillsborough Walled Garden is located in Hillsborough Park , to the north west of the city centre . The gardens date back to 1779 and have been dedicated to the victims of the Hillsborough Disaster since the redevelopment of the gardens in the early 1990s . The Winter Garden , lying within the Heart of the City , is a large wood framed , glass skinned greenhouse housing some 2 @,@ 500 plants from around the world .
Also within the city there are a number of nature reserves which when combined occupy 1 @,@ 600 acres ( 6 @.@ 5 km2 ) of land . There are also 170 woodland areas within the city , 80 of which are classed as ancient .
The South West boundary of the city overlaps with the Peak District National Park , the first national park in England ( est . 1951 ) . As a consequence , several communities actually reside within both entities . The Peak District is home to many notable , natural , features and also man @-@ made features such as Chatsworth House , the setting for the BBC series Pride and Prejudice .
Sheffield City Council has created a new chain of parks spanning the hill side behind Sheffield Station . The park , known as Sheaf Valley Park , has an open @-@ air amphitheatre and will include an arboretum . The site was once home to a medieval deer park , latterly owned by the Duke of Norfolk .
= = = Entertainment = = =
Sheffield has five cinema complexes , three of which are in the city centre and a further two in the Lower Don Valley . One of these complexes is located at Valley Centertainment , a leisure and entertainment complex in the Don Valley . It was built on land previously occupied by steel mills near what is now Meadowhall and the Sheffield Arena . It is home to several restaurants , bars , a cinema multiplex and a bowling alley . It is also the largest Cineworld complex in the United Kingdom , containing 20 screens in one building . Odeon Sheffield , situated on Arundel Gate in the city Centre and Vue , located within Meadowhall Shopping Centre , are the two other mainstream cinemas in the city . The Showroom , an independent cinema showing non @-@ mainstream productions , is located in Sheaf Square , close to Sheffield station . In 2002 the Showroom was voted as the best Independent cinema in the country by Guardian readers . A Curzon Cinemas complex has also recently opened in the city centre , close to the existing Odeon complex . The cinema is based in the former Sheffield Banking Company building , located just off Arundel Gate . The cinema features 4K resolution projectors and was opened in January 2015 .
Owing to its long history , Sheffield has a large number of pubs throughout the city . West Street , running through the heart of the West End district of the city centre , is home to many pubs , bars and clubs and attracts many student visitors . A recent addition to the city 's nightlife is Leopold Square , situated just off the northern end of West Street . Aagrah , an Indian restaurant in the square which serves Kashmiri cuisine , has recently been voted " Best Restaurant Group in the UK " at the prestigious British Curry Awards .
= = = Media and film = = =
Sheffield has two commercial newspapers , The Star and Sheffield Telegraph , both published by Johnston Press PLC . The Star has been published daily since 1897 ; the Sheffield Telegraph , now a weekly publication , originated in 1855 .
Sheffield has its own TV station ; Sheffield Live TV , a not @-@ for @-@ profit company which began broadcasting on 23 September 2014 . [ 2 ] SLTV has been awarded a 12 @-@ year licence to provide the digital terrestrial broadcasting service . Regional broadcasters BBC Yorkshire and Yorkshire Television also cover the city . Five local radio stations broadcast in the city . The professional services are BBC Radio Sheffield , the independent Hallam FM and its sister station Magic AM . Sheffield is also home to two FM licensed community radio stations : Sheffield Live 93 @.@ 2 , and Burngreave Community Radio on 103 @.@ 1 .
HBS Radio ( Hospital Broadcasting Sheffield ) broadcasts a 24 @-@ hour service to the Royal Hallamshire , Jessop Wing , Northern General and Weston Park Hospitals . HBS is operated by volunteers from studios at the Royal Hallamshire Hospital and is provided free to bedside terminals via Hospedia and on medium wave 1431am from a transmitter at the Northern General Hospital .
The films and plays The Full Monty , Threads , Looks and Smiles , When Saturday Comes , Whatever Happened to Harold Smith ? , The History Boys and Four Lions are set in the city . F.I.S.T. and Kill List also include several scenes filmed in Sheffield and a substantial part of Among Giants was filmed in the city . The documentary festival Sheffield Doc / Fest has been run annually since 1994 at the Showroom Cinema , and in 2007 Sheffield hosted the Awards of the International Indian Film Academy .
= = Public services = =
Sheffield is policed by South Yorkshire Police ( a territorial police force ) whose headquarters are in the city . Sheffield constitutes one of its four Basic Command Units ( Barnsley , Doncaster and Rotherham being the other three ) . The force polices an area of approximately 1 @,@ 554 square kilometres and is the 13th largest force in England , Wales and Northern Ireland . The force has in its possession one Police helicopter , known as Sierra Yankee 99 .
Medical services in Sheffield are provided by three NHS Foundation Trusts . Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust provides healthcare to people ( primarily adults ) throughout Sheffield and South Yorkshire . The trusts title includes the word ' teaching ' because it undertakes training of medical students at the University of Sheffield and has strong links to Sheffield Hallam University as well . The trust has two campuses : The West Campus containing the Royal Hallamshire Hospital , the Jessop Wing ( maternity wing ) , Weston Park Hospital ( specialist cancer treatment ) and Charles Clifford Dental Hospital . The Northern General Hospital is the second ' campus ' and is a large facility in the northern suburbs of Sheffield , containing the city 's A & E department . Sheffield Children 's NHS Foundation Trust provides healthcare for children within the city of Sheffield , South Yorkshire and the UK as a whole .
Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation Trust provides mental health services , services for people with learning disabilities , substance misuse services , long term neurological conditions , as well as a consortium of GP practises . The Sheffield Institute for Motor Neurone Disease ( also known as Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience – SITraN ) has been developed by the University of Sheffield .
Ambulances are provided by the Yorkshire Ambulance Service , which itself is an NHS trust . Fire services in Sheffield are provided by South Yorkshire Fire and Rescue Service . For the purposes of fire @-@ fighting and rescue , Sheffield is divided into East and West sub @-@ divisions .
Domestic waste services in Sheffield are provided by Veolia Environmental Services under contract from and on behalf of the council . Domestic recycling services were recently improved with the addition of glass recycling bins for each home .
Council owned / run buildings are maintained by Kier Group Sheffield in partnership with the council .
= = Sister cities = =
The " Sheffield International Linking Committee " promotes Sheffield overseas , especially with five sister cities :
Chengdu , People 's Republic of China
Anshan , People 's Republic of China
Bochum , Germany
Donetsk , Ukraine
Estelí , Nicaragua
A further four cities have a Friendship Agreement with Sheffield :
Kawasaki , Japan
Kitwe , Zambia
Kotli , Pakistan @-@ administered Kashmir
Pittsburgh , United States
Two roads in Sheffield have been named after sister cities ; a section of the A6102 in Norton is named Bochum Parkway , and a road in Hackenthorpe is named Donetsk Way . Likewise in Bochum , Germany there is a major road called the Sheffield @-@ Ring .
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= Colorado Ranger =
The Colorado Ranger is a horse breed from the Colorado High Plains in the United States . The breed is descended from two stallions imported from Turkey to the US state of Virginia in the late 1800s . These stallions were then bred to ranch horses in Nebraska and Colorado , and in the early 1900s the two stallions who every registered Colorado Ranger traces to , Patches # 1 and Max # 2 , were foaled . The breed was championed by rancher Mike Ruby , who founded the Colorado Ranger Horse Association in 1935 . Original registry membership limits resulted in many Colorado Ranger horses being registered instead as Appaloosas , but pedigree research is ongoing to discover additional horses who trace their ancestry back to the original stallions .
By 2005 , more than 6 @,@ 000 Colorado Ranger horses had been registered . Colorado Rangers may be any solid color or carry leopard spotting patterns . Pinto coloration and American Paint Horse breeding are not allowed , nor are draft horse and pony breeding . Colorado Ranger horses may be dual registered with the Appaloosa Horse Club , and approximately 90 percent are .
= = Characteristics and registration = =
Colorado Ranger horses may be of any color except pinto , and pinto or American Paint Horse breeding is not allowed within five generations of any registered horse 's pedigree . They stand 14 @.@ 2 to 16 hands ( 58 to 64 inches , 147 to 163 cm ) high . The breed has a straight facial profile , long , muscular neck and deep chest . The shoulders and croup are sloping , connected by a short back . Colorado Ranger horses are still used for their original purpose as ranch horses . They are also shown , both in Western and English disciplines , although mainly the former , and used for trail and pleasure riding . They are known for their athleticism , good disposition and abilities as stock horses .
All registered Colorado Ranger Horses trace directly to one of two foundation sires in their pedigree . The first is Patches # 1 and the second is Max # 2 , a son of another horse named Max born in 1918 . Registered Colorado Rangerbreds may be bred to registered Thoroughbreds , American Quarter Horses , Appaloosas , Arabians and AraAppaloosas , and the resulting progeny registered as purebred Colorado Rangerbreds . Horses with draft horse or pony blood may not be registered . Colorado Ranger Horses may be double @-@ registered with the Appaloosa Horse Club , but Appaloosas may not be registered with the CRHA unless they have the proper bloodlines . Approximately 90 percent of Colorado Ranger horses are dual @-@ registered .
= = History = =
The original foundation ancestors of the Colorado Ranger were two stallions brought to the United States and given to US president Ulysses S. Grant by the Turkish Sultan Abdul Hamid II in 1878 . The first horse was a gray Barb named Linden Tree , foaled in 1874 . The second was a desertbred Arabian , also gray , named Leopard , foaled in 1873 . The two stallions reached Virginia in 1879 , after their voyage from Turkey . Upon reaching Virginia , they spent 14 years in the breeding herds of Randolph Huntington , a noted breeder of trotting and roadster horses . In 1896 , Randolph leased Leopard and Linden Tree to a friend of Grant 's , named General Colby , who used to stallions to breed a number of mares on his ranch in Nebraska . These breedings were successful at producing high @-@ quality ranch horses , and a few years later several ranches in Colorado collaborated to buy a group of horses , including one stallion , from the Colby Ranch . All of the mares were sired by one of the two imported sires , and the stallion , a few @-@ spot leopard Appaloosa , was a grandson of Leopard on both sides of his pedigree . The influence of Linden Tree and Leopard on American horse breeding was such that they are now listed in the studbooks for the Arabian Horse Association and the Jockey Club ( which registers Thoroughbreds ) , both major breed associations in the United States .
= = = 20th century = = =
The Colorado ranchers used the horses purchased from Colby to improve their existing ranch stock , and the progeny of these crossings became the Colorado Ranger Horse . Although leopard coloration was not originally an aim of the breeding program , many of the resulting horses bore spotted coat patterns , and breeders began to include the patterning as one of their goals . Two other stallions also became influential foundation sires of the breed . One was a Colorado @-@ born leopard @-@ spot colt named Max , foaled in 1918 . The second was a Barb stallion named Spotte , imported from North Africa in 1918 by the owner of the W.R. Thompson Cattle Company as a wedding gift for his daughter . This stallion provided another important infusion of Barb blood , which had been diluted in the breed since Linden Tree had been imported from Turkey .
Mike Ruby , a horseman from the Colorado High Plains , became interested in the breed and acquired Max and Patches , a son of the original Colby Ranch stallion . During his time breeding Colorado Ranger horses , he kept complete records of every horse that he bred , which became the initial pedigree record for the breed association . Ruby was invited to bring two stallions to the Denver Stock Show in 1934 , and chose to take Leopard # 3 and Fox # 10 . The names Colorado Rangers and Colorado Rangerbreds were coined during this show by members of the now @-@ Colorado State University faculty , in reference to the horses having been bred on the ranges of Colorado . Although " Colorado Ranger " is the official name of the breed , the nickname of " Rangerbreds " is still commonly used .
Ruby was influential in saving some of the highest @-@ quality Ranger stock during the severe drought of the 1930s , by driving them over 300 miles ( 480 km ) to better pasture in a history @-@ making journey . When the rains returned to eastern Colorado , he again made the drive to return the horses to their original pasture . After re @-@ establishing his herd , Ruby developed a practice of leasing groups of his Rangerbred horses to other ranchers throughout the western United States for use as breeding stock . Through this practice , Colorado Ranger horses influenced , and were in return influenced by , the Quarter Horse , Appaloosa and other western stock horse breeds .
In 1935 , Ruby founded the Colorado Ranger Horse Association ( CRHA ) , and was granted a corporate charter for the association in 1938 . Ruby remained president of the organization from 1935 until his death in 1942 . The registry initially imposed a 50 @-@ member limit , and many Ranger horses , whose breeders were not allowed to become members , were instead registered with the Appaloosa Horse Club . The member limit was lifted in 1964 , and since then pedigree research has continued to find and register horses with Ranger breeding that are un @-@ registered or registered as Appaloosas . During the 1980s , some Lusitano blood was allowed into the breed , but this practice has been discontinued . The CRHA states that up to 1 in 8 registered Appaloosas may have Colorado Ranger blood , and as such be eligible for registry with the CRHA . As of 2005 , there were more than 6 @,@ 000 horses registered with the CRHA , with between 100 and 125 new horses registered annually . While originally bred in the western US , today many Colorado Rangers are found in the midwest and eastern parts of the country , including the states of Michigan , Ohio and Pennsylvania . They are also found in Canada , where there is at least one large breeding farm .
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= Mycena acicula =
Mycena acicula , commonly known as the orange bonnet , or the coral spring Mycena , is a species of fungus in the Mycenaceae family . It is found in Asia , the Caribbean , North America and Europe . The fruit bodies , or mushrooms , of the fungus grow on dead twigs and other woody debris of forest floors , especially along streams and other wet places . They have small orange @-@ red caps , up to 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 in ) in diameter , held by slender yellowish stems up to 6 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) long . The gills are pale yellow with a whitish edge . Several other Mycena species look similar , but may be distinguished by differences in size and / or microscopic characteristics . M. acicula is considered inedible because of its small size .
= = Taxonomy = =
First named Agaricus acicula by the German scientist Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1774 , the species was also referred to as Agaricus miniatus by another German , naturalist August Batsch . It was given its current name in 1871 by Paul Kummer . Rolf Singer transferred the species to the genera Hemimycena and Marasmiellus , but the binomials resulting from these transfers are now considered synonyms . The fungus is classified in the section Aciculae of the genus Mycena .
The specific epithet acicula is derived from the Latin word meaning " small needle " . The mushroom is commonly known as the " orange bonnet " , or the " coral spring Mycena " .
= = Description = =
The cap is initially convex , but as it matures , it expands to a bell @-@ shape , typically reaching 0 @.@ 3 to 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 1 to 0 @.@ 4 in ) in diameter . The cap sometimes has a small abrupt umbo ( a central bump ) , and the cap margin is pressed closely against the stem when young , often flaring or curving slightly inward . As the cap expands , a narrow sterile ( i.e. , without any reproductive cells typical of the hymenium ) band which frequently becomes lobed or irregularly @-@ jagged often forms at the extreme margin . The cap surface is smooth , faintly translucent @-@ striate when moist , at first pruinose but soon naked . The color is red when young , soon becoming yellowish toward the margin , and slowly fading to bright orange @-@ yellow . The flesh is thin , brittle , yellow , and has no distinctive odor or taste .
The gills are adnate ( with gills broadly attached to the stem , slightly above the bottom of the gill , with most of the gill fused to the stem ) or slightly rounded next to the stem . The individual gills are close to subdistant , with between 10 – 14 reaching the stem , and two or three tiers of lamellulae ( short gills that do not reach the stem ) . The gills are moderately broad , pale orange to whitish , often yellowish at the base and whitish along the edges . The stem is 1 to 6 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 2 @.@ 4 in ) long , and up to 1 mm thick ; flexuous ( winding from side to side ) , brittle , with the base covered with sharp , straight , and stiff white hairs . The surface is densely white @-@ pruinose initially , but soon becomes naked with a subsequent color shift to orange @-@ yellow or lemon yellow . This species has been described as " a delight to behold " , but " one usually has to get down on hands and knees to find it ! "
The fruit bodies of Mycena acicula are considered inedible , as they are too small and insubstantial to be considered for consumption .
= = = Microscopic characteristics = = =
The spores are roughly spindle @-@ shaped ( i.e. , tapering at each end ) , with dimensions of 9 – 11 by 3 @.@ 5 – 4 @.@ 5 µm . They are nonamyloid , meaning they do not take up iodine when stained with Melzer 's reagent . The spore @-@ bearing cells , the basidia , are club @-@ shaped , four @-@ spored and measure 20 – 22 by 5 – 6 µm . The cheilocystidium and pleurocystidia ( cystidia found on the edge and face , respectively , of a gill ) are similar , club @-@ shaped to spindle @-@ shaped or egg @-@ shaped , and have apices that are often covered with a resinous secretion . The hyphae that comprise the cap cuticle are up to 3 @.@ 5 µm wide , clamped , and covered with cylindrical excrescences that measure 2 – 9 by 1 – 3 µm . The hyphae of the cortical layer of the stem are up to 4 @.@ 5 µm wide , clamped , and densely covered with simple to somewhat branched , cylindrical to inflated excrescences that are up to 20 by 5 µm . These latter excrescences are embedded in gelatinous matter .
= = = Similar species = = =
Mycena adonis , M. floridula , and M. leptophylla are larger species belonging to the section Adonidae of the genus Mycena . In that section , among other differences , the hyphae of the cortical layer ( the outer layer of tissue ) of the stem are smooth . M. oregonensis is similar in appearance to M. acicula , but the cap is yellower , the gills are broadly adnate or decurrent with a short tooth , the gill edge is orange to bright yellow , and the stem is dry , not sticky . The hyphae of the cortical layer of the stem are smooth and not embedded in gelatinous matter , and in European collections the basidia are two @-@ spored and do not have clamps . M. strobilinoides , a North American and European species , looks similar with its orange cap , but may be distinguished microscopically by the cheilocystidia which are densely covered by excrescences ; it also has a larger cap , up to 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) . M. aurantiidisca can be distinguished by the reddish @-@ orange cap which tends to become paler at the margin . Mycena specialist Alexander H. Smith further noted of M. acicula that it could readily be mistaken for a Hygrophorus .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
The fruit bodies of Mycena acicula grow singly , in groups , or somewhat clustered on debris in wet places , especially along streams or the borders of swamps . The appearance of the fruit bodies is not significantly influenced by the effect of rainfall , perhaps because " such minute fungi are largely determined by the microenvironment prevailing under dense vegetation , etc . , which is no doubt less affected by recent rain than more exposed situations . " The fungus is widely distributed throughout the eastern United States and Canada and occurs in Washington , Oregon , and California along the Pacific Coast . It has also been reported from Trinidad , Britain , Norway , Spain , Korea , and the Ussuri River Valley in the northeast of China .
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= Arthur Jackson ( sport shooter ) =
Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Charles Jackson ( May 15 , 1918 – January 6 , 2015 ) was an American competitive sport shooter . In his international career , he captured numerous medals across three Summer Olympic Games , three ISSF World Shooting Championships , and two editions of the Pan American Games . He began shooting in the seventh grade and joined the rifle team at Brooklyn Technical High School in 1934 . He competed in local and regional tournaments prior to World War II , during which he worked at the Sperry Corporation and later served as a bombardier in the Pacific Theater of Operations . His first international tournament was the 1948 Summer Olympics and his last was the 1956 edition , at which point he began a career in public service with the Central Intelligence Agency in Europe , Asia , and Latin America . He stopped competing at the international level in 1957 and retired from the CIA at the end of 1974 . After several years as an instructor and coach , he continued participating in smaller tournaments through the 1990s .
= = Early life = =
Jackson was born on May 15 , 1918 in Brooklyn . He first started shooting during the seventh grade , when his hobby of shooting marbles cost him his job at a dry cleaning and tailoring shop . He attended Brooklyn Technical High School , where he joined the rifle team after saving for a year to afford the fifteen cent ammunition fee for the tryouts . He won his first team event in 1934 at a tournament in New Haven , Connecticut , obtaining individual honors in the process , and followed it up in 1936 with a group trophy and another individual accolade at a competition held at his high school and sponsored by the New York Stock Exchange . Following graduation , he briefly worked at General Motors prior to taking up a position at an engineering firm that specialized in diesel engines .
Jackson also followed his sporting pursuits after graduation and soon joined the Woodhaven American Legion Auxiliary Rifle Club , where his coach was Morris Fisher , a five @-@ time Olympic gold medalist . After taking part in several regional tournaments , with varying degrees of success , he enrolled in the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn ( now the Polytechnic Institute of New York University ) in 1939 and began competing in the collegiate league . His success in local and state events grew and he continued participating in these and regional tournaments prior to the United States ' entry into World War II .
= = World War II and competitive career = =
By 1942 Jackson had held a job at the Sperry Corporation for several years and his work was considered essential to the war effort . With a brother serving overseas , he was not permitted to train for combat until June 1944 , at which point he signed up for the Air Corps branch of the United States Army . He trained to be a bombardier at what is now Webb Air Force Base in Big Spring , Texas and graduated with the rank of second lieutenant . He served briefly as an instructor and then a combatant in the Pacific Theater of Operations until the surrender of Japan . He left the army in 1946 with the rank of First Lieutenant .
Upon his return to New York , Jackson joined the Long Island Antlers Club and resumed competitive sport shooting , as well as his career at Sperry 's . He was admitted into St. John 's University on a shooting scholarship , but declined , and instead entered the Clarence H. White School of Modern Photography . During his studies he earned a spot on the United States ' delegation to shooting at the 1948 Summer Olympics , where he finished 16th in a field of 36 competitors in the 300 metre rifle three positions event . He then took up a job at the Pratt Institute in the photography department and began training for the 1949 ISSF World Shooting Championships , where he won gold in the 50 + 100 m rifle prone position individual event and silver in the team version . In 1950 he turned down a position as head of promotions at the Winchester Repeating Arms Company so that he could continue competing , with his next international stop being the 1951 Pan American Games . Here he captured the only two gold medals not won by the Argentinians in individual events , the three positions and prone rifle competitions at 50 meters , as well as silver in the high power rifle , three positions at 50 meters tournament . Upon his return , he was ordered to Lowry Air Force Base in Denver , Colorado to join the Radar Photo Interpreters ' School . Following graduation , he reported to Strategic Air Command in Roswell , New Mexico .
Jackson was eventually sent to Selfridge Air National Guard Base in Michigan to help form the first Air Force Rifle Team and trained at Palm Beach Air Force Base in West Palm Beach , Florida during the winter months . His next international stop was the 1952 ISSF World Shooting Championships , where he took home gold in the 50 m rifle prone position with 60 ( individual and team ) and 40 shots ( individual ) and the bronze in the 300 m standard rifle ( individual ) and 50 m rifle prone position with 40 shots ( team ) . He then traveled to the 1952 Summer Olympics , where he won a bronze medal in the 50 metre rifle prone event and finished 12th in a field of 44 competitors in the 50 m rifle three positions tournament . Upon his return to the United States , he discovered that he had been promoted to the rank of Captain .
The 1954 ISSF World Shooting Championships were dominated by the Soviet Union , but Jackson still managed to take home a gold medal as a member of the United States ' 50 + 100 m rifle prone position team . He fared better at the 1955 Pan American Games , taking home gold medals in both the individual and team versions of the rifle , three positions and prone at 50 meters , as well as the team high power rifle , three positions at 50 meters . He married Nancy Ord in 1956 and began training for that year 's Summer Olympics , where he again finished 12th in a field of 44 competitors in the 50 m rifle three positions event and 31st in among 44 participants in the 50 metre rifle prone tournament .
= = Later life = =
Following the 1956 Games Jackson began working overseas with the Central Intelligence Agency , first in Germany where he joined the Rhein @-@ Main Gun Club . He participated in the 1957 Swiss National Championships and temporarily retired shortly thereafter . He was soon offered a chance to be a judge at the 1958 ISSF World Shooting Championships , but was forced to decline due to his obligations with the CIA . Following his activities in Europe , he settled down in Annandale , Virginia , resumed his CIA duties in Washington , D.C. , and became a member of the Fairfax Gun Club . He was sent to the Republic of China in 1962 , and then Japan the following year , before he was able to return to Virginia in 1965 , but by 1968 he was back in Japan for a four @-@ year stint . He next spent two years in the Panama Canal Zone before retiring from the CIA and the Air Force with the rank of Lieutenant colonel at the end of 1974 and soon moved to Wolfeboro , New Hampshire . From 1978 through 1983 he took up work as a shooting instructor and coach around New England and continued competing in tournaments through the 1990s . In 2011 was the presenter for the National Rifle Association 's Henry Fulton Trophy , awarded to the highest scorer in the team match of their Palma Championship . He was made a member of the Connecticut State Rifle and Revolver Association Shooters Hall of Fame in 1985 and the United States International Shooting Hall of Fame in 1999 . The Arthur C. Jackson Trophy , awarded by the NRA to the highest scorer at the World Black Powder Long Range International Championships , is named in his honor . He died at the age of 96 on January 6 , 2015 in Concord , New Hampshire .
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= Doro ( musician ) =
Dorothee Pesch ( born 3 June 1964 ) , popularly known as Doro Pesch or Doro , is a German hard rock singer @-@ songwriter , formerly front @-@ woman of the heavy metal band Warlock . The name Doro has also been associated with the touring band accompanying the singer , whose members have continuously changed in more than twenty years of uninterrupted activity , the most stable presences guaranteed by bassist Nick Douglas and drummer Johnny Dee .
Doro started her career in garage bands in native Düsseldorf underground scene and achieved media visibility and some commercial success with Warlock in the 1980s . Warlock were starting to have an opening in the US market , when they went through many line @-@ up changes and Pesch was left the only original member of the band . She started a solo career under the name Doro , in order to avoid legal battles between her record label PolyGram and her former manager . She released two albums in the US with producers Joey Balin and Gene Simmons , but they were not the breakthrough that she hoped .
During the rise of grunge and alternative rock in the 1990s , her record label relegated her productions only to the European region , where she continued to tour extensively . She remained a successful charting artist in Germany , despite living and producing her albums in the US . When classic heavy metal found again the favour of the public , she returned to tour all over the world and her popularity as a veteran singer grew considerably , inspiring many new female metal artists . Doro is also known for her duets performed both live and in studio with other singers and musicians of the metal scene , whom she has befriended in her long career .
To this date , she has released sixteen studio albums , the latest being Raise Your Fist in 2012 . Doro continues her recording career and is prolific touring artist all over the world . When not on tour , she resides in New York City .
= = Biography = =
= = = Beginnings = = =
Dorothee Pesch was born in Düsseldorf , Germany on 3 June 1964 , the only child of Walter , a truck driver , and Barbara Pesch . Doro 's first memory of rock music is the song " Lucille " by Little Richard , which she sang when she was three years old . She learned to play piano and started singing at the age of ten years , when she was exposed to the glam rock of bands like T. Rex , Sweet and Slade . When she was sixteen and after a life @-@ threatening form of tuberculosis , she decided to dedicate more of her time and energy to singing , without giving up her study of graphic design . In 1980 , she was accepted in her first band called Snakebite , which was playing rock music in a Düsseldorf basement used as rehearsal space by many other underground groups . The first recording with Doro on vocals was a cheap 7 @-@ track demo released by Snakebite for promotion . When Snakebite disbanded in 1981 , Doro went on to sing for the garage bands Beast and Attack , before forming Warlock with Peter Szigeti , Rudy Graf , Thomas Studier , and Michael Eurich in 1982 .
= = = The Warlock years ( 1982 – 1988 ) = = =
Warlock signed their first recording contract with Mausoleum Records and released their debut album Burning the Witches in 1984 . Doro attracted immediately the attention of fans and press , becoming the spokesperson and the main means of promotion for the band . The mix of traditional heavy metal and power ballads , together with her voice and stage presence led Warlock to success , an exception in the 80s ' metal scene dominated by male @-@ fronted metal bands . Warlock signed a new contract with the major label Phonogram and released the albums Hellbound in 1985 and True as Steel in 1986 , sharing the stage of European rock festivals with some of the best hard rock and heavy metal bands of the period . On 16 August 1986 , Doro was the first woman to front a metal band at the Monsters of Rock festival in Castle Donington , England , the most important European rock meeting of the 80s . Warlock 's long tours in Europe , supporting W.A.S.P. and Judas Priest , pushed Doro to give up her day job as a graphic designer to devote her life to music . In this period she also received vocal coaching .
After the completion of the tour in support of True as Steel , Doro took charge of business and went to live in New York City , USA , where Warlock recorded their fourth and last studio album Triumph and Agony . The album was their most successful , going Gold in Germany and reaching No. 80 in the Billboard 200 US album chart . It includes the songs " All We Are " and " Für immer " ( Forever ) , Warlock 's best known tracks , also because of the intense rotation of their videos on MTV . Warlock opened for Dio in Europe and embarked on their only US tour , supporting Megadeth . At the end of the US tour , Doro remained the sole German in the band after all the other original members had quit , replaced by American musicians . In 1989 , while writing material for a new album , she lost a legal cause with the band 's former manager for the rights to the name and merchandise of Warlock . Her record label forced her to accept the publication of new albums under the name Doro , in order to continue her career . Doro persevered in the legal battle for the Warlock name and eventually regained the rights in 2011 .
= = = Doro in the US ( 1989 – 1990 ) = = =
What should have been the fifth Warlock release became Force Majeure , the first Doro album , published in February 1989 . It was recorded in the US by Joey Balin , and is the natural successor of Triumph and Agony , continuing the band 's drift towards radio @-@ friendly pop metal in contrast with the European power metal of Warlock ’ s earlier works . The album sold quite well in Europe , but it had limited success in the US , lurking at the bottom of the Billboard 200 chart .
Following the tour to promote Force Majeure , the final Warlock line @-@ up disbanded and Doro concentrated on her solo career . She decided to keep her Swiss manager Alex Grob , but renounced to be part of a band with whom to share songwriting duties and career decisions . She contacted KISS bassist and childhood idol Gene Simmons , who was taking a second career as talent scout and record producer . Simmons was willing to start a collaboration and produced the album Doro , with the help of Black ' n Blue guitarist Tommy Thayer and Pat Regan . Doro was recorded in California with large use of writers and session musicians from the KISS entourage . Doro recently declared that Simmons " was the best producer we ever had ! "
A band formed by the American musicians Thomas Jude on guitars , Paul Morris on keyboards , Nick Douglas on bass and Tom Coombs on drums was assembled for the supporting tour . Doro was a more commercial offering than the previous album , but resulted in a flop in the US . On the contrary , it sold well in Europe , accelerating PolyGram 's decision to interrupt the publication of Doro 's albums in America , where the commercial appeal of glam metal and classic rock acts was rapidly declining in favor of grunge and alternative rock . Doro concluded 1990 playing some dates in Germany , opening for Scorpions .
= = = Doro in Europe ( 1991 – 1999 ) = = =
The German singer experimented a new direction for her music in 1991 , when she recorded the album True at Heart in country music haven Nashville , Tennessee , with local musicians and mainstream producer Barry Beckett . Dann Huff of the melodic hard rock band Giant contributed his lead guitar work to the album . New band members Michael Tyrrell on guitar , Jeff Bruno on guitar and keyboards , and Tony Mac on drums were recruited for the following European tour .
Despite living in the US and losing visibility in the English @-@ spoken media , Doro remained very popular in Germany , where her albums always charted and where in 1991 she sang on a charity song by the " German Rock Project " called " Let Love Conquer the World " .
Returning in the US after the European tour , Doro was put in contact with Jack Ponti , a mainstream songwriter and producer from New Jersey , to work on her next two albums . Ponti at the time was the producer of some minor glam metal acts and the A & R manager of Skid Row and Nelson . The album Angels Never Die , released in 1993 , was produced and largely written and performed by Ponti himself and Vic Pepe with the help of various session musicians . It contains a mix of melodic hard rock songs and power ballads , typical of the commercial pop metal albums of the period . The album had limited success in Europe , but the video for the song " Bad Blood " was voted Best Anti @-@ Racism Video during the first MTV Europe Music Awards ceremony in 1994 . The tour in support of Angels Never Die introduced in the line @-@ up of Doro 's band the American musicians Joe Taylor ( ex @-@ Lita Ford Band ) on lead guitar , Jimmy DiLella ( ex @-@ Waysted , Mariah and Tyketto ) on guitar and keyboards , and Chris Branco on drums ; Branco was soon replaced by Johnny Dee ( ex @-@ Waysted and Britny Fox ) and this line @-@ up recorded in 1993 the live album Doro Live , released also in VHS . Doro headlined her first Wacken Open Air festival on 20 August 1993 .
Machine II Machine , the second album produced by Jack Ponti , was created through the collaborative efforts of musicians with very different musical backgrounds . The result is an album that explores new grounds for Doro , bringing her sound closer to mainstream rock music . Machine II Machine was mixed by Kevin Shirley and released in 1995 . It was her last studio album published by PolyGram / Vertigo , finally fulfilling the ten @-@ year contract with the label that Warlock had signed in 1985 . PolyGram did not renovate her contract and Doro entered in negotiations with other record labels . Russ Irwin and Frank Ferrer replaced respectively DiLella and Dee for the following tour . In a pause of her touring schedule in October 1995 , Doro made her acting debut as a guest star on the German television soap opera Verbotene Liebe ( Forbidden Love ) . In various interviews Doro remembered how " it was pretty difficult to carry on " as a heavy metal musician in those years and how she was sometimes reduced to odd jobs like singing at weddings and private parties .
Doro signed a worldwide contract with the major record label WEA ( now Warner Music Group ) at the end of 1995 and started writing new material with Jürgen Engler and Chris Lietz of the German industrial metal and EBM band Die Krupps , who she had met while working on remixes of songs from Machine II Machine . Doro also worked on other songs with Jimmy Harry and Fred Maher in the US . The resulting album , titled Love Me in Black , took three years to be completed and features a massive use of electronics and drum machines , along with a heavier sound than its predecessors . WEA judged the album unsuitable for the US market and published it only in Germany . American guitarist Mario Parrillo ( ex @-@ Detente and Fear of God ) joined Taylor , Douglas and the returning Johnny Dee in Doro 's band for the following tour , which included another participation at the Wacken Open Air festival .
After the " Love Me in Black " tour in 1998 , Doro parted ways with WEA , unsatisfied of the scarce promotion that the album had received , and signed with the German label SPV / Steamhammer . Through the decisive action of her American fan club , she also received and accepted a proposal from Koch Records for a US deal .
= = = The return ( 2000 – 2003 ) = = =
In 2000 , the album Calling the Wild was published in two different versions in Europe and in the US , with the latter containing also re @-@ recorded and remixed versions of songs from Love Me in Black . The tracks of Calling the Wild are played by a large number of session musicians and feature contributions from Bob Kulick , Slash , Al Pitrelli and Eric Singer . The album includes the songs " Love Me Forever " and " Alone Again " , recorded in California with the leader of the English band Motörhead Ian ' Lemmy ' Kilminster , starting a tradition of singing duets that Doro maintained for all the 2000s and beyond . The music of Calling the Wild is straight hard rock and heavy metal , in Doro 's words going " from super heavy to super sensitive with good messages " , and leaves behind the experimental twists of her works of the 1990s . The song " Burn It Up " was written to be the anthem of the Düsseldorf – based NFL Europe football team Rhein Fire .
At the beginning of the century heavy metal was regaining the favors of the public worldwide and Doro made her comeback in the US with a date at New Jersey Metal Meltdown II festival in March . She then started her first US tour in ten years supporting Dio and Yngwie Malmsteen , and received a very warm welcome from the audience . Doro 's band toured also in Europe , visiting Russia for the first time , and Pesch made a guest appearance at Wacken Open Air 2001 for a duet with Sabina Classen of the German thrash metal band Holy Moses on the song " Too Drunk to Fuck " .
While touring with Dio in the US in late 2000 , Mario Parrillo fell ill and died a short time later from an undiagnosed form of cancer . Oliver Palotai , a young German @-@ Hungarian classically trained musician , took his place on guitar and keyboards in Doro 's band after the end of the tour .
Doro was again in a recording studio to produce her eighth studio album , titled Fight , in 2002 . Before the album release , she played , among others , at the two largest German metal festivals , Wacken Open Air and Bang Your Head ! ! ! . The new album was the first to feature the creative contribution of all the members of her touring band , who played in all the tracks . Guest musicians on the album were Jean Beauvoir , Chris Caffery , Russ Ballard and Type O Negative singer Peter Steele , who sang in a duet with Doro on " Descent " . The song " Always Live to Win " replaced " Burn It Up " as Rhein Fire 's anthem , while the song " Fight " was the first of four anthems composed by Doro and used to introduce the fights of her friend and German female boxing champion Regina Halmich ( the others are " She 's Like Thunder " , " The Queen " and a new version of " All We Are " ) . Because of her friendship with Halmich , Doro was involved in an exhibition match on German RTL Television , which opposed her to Michaela Schaffrath .
= = = Metal Queen ( 2003 – present ) = = =
By this time , both fans , press and internet community often referred to Doro with the moniker Metal Queen , to show their respect and deference for the uninterrupted career of the German singer on the heavy metal scene . During her European tour with Saxon , Bonfire and Circle II Circle , Doro organized a special concert at Phillips Halle in Düsseldorf to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the release of her first album , Burning the Witches , and invited many musicians that she had befriended and collaborated with in her career . On 13 December 2003 , she performed in front of more than 6 @,@ 000 people with guests Blaze Bayley , Udo Dirkschneider , Lemmy , Mikkey Dee , Jean Beauvoir , Claus Lessmann and members of Saxon and Circle II Circle . During the show , Doro played three songs with her former bandmates of Warlock , in their line @-@ up of 1986 . The concert was released on a double DVD in 2006 with the title 20 Years – A Warrior Soul .
The long world tour to promote Fight brought Doro for the first time in some countries of Eastern Europe , in Australia and Thailand . Live footage from that tour was published in the double DVD Für Immer of 2003 , which went Gold in Germany . She also held two concerts in Germany with a full symphonic orchestra , where she converted her rock songs to new acoustic and classical versions . These new live experiences pushed her to experiment the recording of a full acoustic and symphonic album , containing both new and re @-@ arranged songs . The production of Classic Diamonds took eight months , requiring a thirty @-@ elements symphonic orchestra and the arranging abilities of Oliver Palotai and producer Torsten Sickert to be completed . The album was released by AFM Records in September 2004 , and Doro went on tour in Europe with her usual touring band and elements of the orchestra to offer semi @-@ acoustic shows . The tour had started with a live performance of Doro and the Classic Night Orchestra at Wacken Open Air 2004 , the first time ever of a full symphonic orchestra at the renowned German metal festival . Her acoustic performance included also a duet with Blaze Bayley on the Iron Maiden song " Fear of the Dark " . In the same night , Doro was reunited again with her bandmates of Warlock to perform their old songs .
The EP Let Love Rain on Me , containing single versions of songs from Classic Diamonds , was an unexpected hit in Spain , where it reached No. 7 in the Singles chart .
In 2004 , Doro recorded with actor Dirk Bach a metal version of the song " Gimme Gimme Gimme " and performed it live on stage on the ABBA Mania Show of German RTL Television .
Doro Pesch was cast as the warrior Meha in the prehistoric action movie Anuk @-@ Der Weg des Kriegers ( Anuk @-@ The Way of the Warrior ) , written , directed and interpreted by Luke Gasser and shot in Switzerland in 2005 . The film was released in 2006 and features also Marc Storace , lead singer of the Swiss hard rock band Krokus . During the period of shooting , she wrote and recorded new songs in Switzerland with local session musicians and the production of Gasser , who used three of those songs for the soundtrack of the movie . More songs were recorded in Germany in the spare time between tours with her band and usual collaborators , and released in 2006 in the album Warrior Soul . The screenplay for a second movie with the same cast was written in the following years and Gasser finally found the funding to start production in 2012 .
In the same year , Doro Pesch contributed to the benefit CD for the museum association of Borussia Dortmund the song entitled " Tief in meinem Herzen " ( Deep in My Heart ) , a modified version of her classic " Für Immer " re @-@ written for this purpose . She also did a live performance at the Westfalen Stadium before a game of Borussia Dortmund and was one of the first visitors in Borusseum , when it opened . Her father was a fan of Borussia , she said in an interview with the spokesperson of the BVB .
In the following tour Doro was present at various festivals around the world . Among them , the band headlined the very first female @-@ fronted metal US festival Flight of the Valkyries on 27 June 2007 in Saint Paul , Minnesota . They were also at the Summer Breeze Open Air festival in Dinkelsbühl , Bavaria in August 2007 , at the fifth edition of the Metal Female Voices Fest in Wieze , Belgium on 19 October 2007 , where she dueted with Sabina Classen on " All We Are " , and at the Heavy Christmas Meeting on 15 December 2007 in Düsseldorf . On July 2008 , they were at the Magic Circle Festival in Bad Arolsen , Germany and at Hard Rock Hell in Prestatyn , Wales on 5 December 2008 . Doro 's band visited for the first time China in November 2008 . Chris Caffery replaced Joe Taylor on lead guitar for some US dates in 2007 , and also Oliver Palotai had to be replaced in various tour dates by Italian guitarist Luca Princiotta , because of his multiple commitments with Blaze , Kamelot and Sons of Seasons .
Both Taylor and Palotai were in the band on 13 December 2008 at the more than three @-@ hour special concert that Doro held at ISS Dome in Düsseldorf to celebrate her 25th anniversary of activity in front of 9 @,@ 000 spectators . The show was introduced by performances of the bands Holy Moses , Leaves ' Eyes and Arch Enemy . The main part began with songs from Doro 's career , including duets with Bobby Ellsworth ( Overkill ) , Jean Beauvoir , Chris Boltendahl ( Grave Digger ) , Axel Rudi Pell , Klaus Meine and Rudolf Schenker ( Scorpions ) , Tarja Turunen ( ex @-@ Nightwish ) , Warrel Dane ( Nevermore ) , Liv Kristine , Floor Jansen , Ji @-@ In Cho , Girlschool and other female singers who had sung in the single " Celebrate " , issued a few months before the show . The show included another reunion of the 1986 formation of Warlock and culminated with all the guests , other musicians ( like Alexander Krull , Tom Angelripper , members of Saltatio Mortis ) and friends of the German singer on stage to sing " All We Are " . The event was recorded and released in 2010 in the double DVD 25 Years in Rock ... and Still Going Strong by Nuclear Blast , Doro 's new record label .
A few days after the show and despite a precarious health state due to strong eye inflammation , Doro was in Tilburg , the Netherlands , to participate at the first edition of Christmas Metal Symphony , where she sang accompanied by a band of Dutch metal musicians and by a symphonic orchestra .
Doro 's album Fear No Evil was released in January 2009 and entered in many charts all over Europe . It was her last collaboration with guitarist Joe Taylor , who left to join Cycle of Pain . His place in the band was taken by the Dutch guitarist Bas Maas ( ex @-@ After Forever ) . The line @-@ up of Pesch , Maas , Princiotta , Douglas and Dee went on a world tour for most of 2009 and 2010 , reaching North and South America , Russia , China and , for the first time , Japan . Doro supported Saxon in their 2009 UK tour and Motörhead in Germany in 2010 . During this prolonged time on the road , guitarist Princiotta was sometimes substituted by Robert Katrikh or by Harrison Young . Doro 's band appeared at festivals all over the world , including Wacken Open Air and Metal Female Voices Fest 7 ( where she dueted again with Tarja Turunen ) in 2009 , Hellfest in France , Bang Your Head ! ! ! in Germany and Bloodstock Open Air in Great Britain in 2010 .
In 2009 , she wrote the Wacken anthem " We Are the Metalheads " for the 20th anniversary of Wacken Open Air festival . The song was released as single on 30 July 2009 and was performed by Doro Pesch and Wacken @-@ organizer Thomas Jensen 's ex @-@ band Skyline .
On 13 March 2010 , Doro celebrated her 2500th live show with a special concert in Düsseldorf with guests Krypteria , Luke Gasser , Marc Storace , Schmier ( from the band Destruction ) , Sabina and Andy Classen . Always in 2010 , Doro , Schmier , Mille Petrozza ( Kreator ) and Alf Ator ( Knorkator ) lent their voices to the German version of Metalocalypse , the US animated show about Dethklok , the world 's most popular death metal band .
Doro was again on tour in 2011 and participated at Metal Female Voices Fest 9 . She also toured Spain and Italy as guest vocalist for the tribute band Dio Disciples , formed by musicians of the band Dio which performed songs taken from the long career of the late Ronnie James Dio . In 2010 , she had already participated in Germany to a tribute benefit concert for the Stand Up and Shout Cancer foundation for cancer research , which celebrated the life and work of Dio .
In 2012 she recorded in the US , Germany and Scandinavia songs for a new album titled Raise Your Fist , released in October . The first single " Raise Your Fist in the Air " was released in August 2012 .
In June 2013 , the music magazine Metal Hammer assigned Doro the Golden God Legend award .
To celebrate her 30th stage anniversary , Doro held a two @-@ day concert at CCD Stadthalle in her hometown of Düsseldorf on 2 and 3 May 2014 . She was accompanied by the Classic Night Orchestra for the first show . Guest singers included Biff Byford , Chris Caffery , Udo Dirkshneider , Blaze Bailey , Marc Storace , Tom Angelripper , Mr Lordi and Hansi Kürsch . Also the Lordi @-@ guitarist Amen was featured on the show on May 2 .
= = Duets = =
Doro Pesch is well known in the metal scene for her many duets with both expert singers and new artists . The duets started to indulge the wish of the German singer to work with artists that she admired and that had influenced her . She found the amicable availability of many musicians she had met in her career to contribute to her albums and live performances and , as an exchange of favors between singers , she appeared both in live shows and in studio albums of those same artists . This happened , for example , with Udo Dirkschneider in the rock ballad " Dancing with an Angel " and with Twisted Sister on the song " White Christmas " on their album A Twisted Christmas of 2004 .
Also new bands and artists requested Doro 's vocals to enhance their productions , usually with the same mechanism of reciprocity , like After Forever on the song " Who I Am " and Tarja Turunen on the song " The Seer " . Both After Forever 's singer Floor Jansen and Turunen appeared also as guest singers in Doro 's albums and live shows . The band Krypteria , which had opened for Doro in the tours of 2009 and 2010 , obtained a duet with Ji @-@ In Cho on their song " Victoria " in a similar way .
Frequent occasions for live duets happen during tours , such as the 2010 European tour with Motörhead , when Doro sang on stage with Lemmy their classic tunes " Killed by Death " and " Born to Raise Hell " , or with Saxon in 2011 on " Denim & Leather " .
More recently , Doro has contributed to the song " A Dream That Cannot Be " by Swedish melodic death metal band Amon Amarth , on their album Jomsviking , released in 2016 .
= = Reception and legacy = =
In the 1980s the presence of women in rock , and in particular in heavy metal bands , was usually considered by press and fans more for glamour and sexual exploitation than for the musicianship showed . Doro Pesch was one of the few exceptions ; her qualities as vocalist and songwriter in Warlock , her commitment in promoting their music and her avoidance of posturing as a sex symbol won the respect of a solid fan base in the expanding European metal scene of that period , ensuring a long string of favorable articles and covers on the principal European metal magazines . In an interview in 2006 Doro remembered how " we lived in paradise and had not noticed it , ( ... ) we thought at the time , that now it goes on and on and the success would continue automatically , ( ... ) then came the great awakening " .
Warlock were starting to make a solid reputation in the US , when the taste of the audience for classic metal acts shifted in favor of grunge , leaving the singer 's mission to conquer the American market incomplete . On the contrary , in her home country fans and press remained always loyal and favorable to Doro , who received in her career five nominations for the German Echo music award , which she won in 1994 as Best National Female Artist .
Her frequent European tours in the 1990s maintained her visibility in the eyes of the fans and granted her enough income to survive the bleak period . She became so popular in Spain that she was voted for 13 times Best International Singer by the readers of the music magazine Heavy Rock in their annual polls . She often declared to live and tour for the fans and said that she " would never cancel a tour and everybody knows that about me " . Lemmy , in a 2003 interview , testified how nice and professional Doro is .
With the return of heavy metal in the charts worldwide and the diffusion on the internet of hundreds of webzines and fanzines dedicated to hard rock , Doro became again a star of the metal scene , highly requested all over the world and treated by the media as a revered veteran and inspiration for new female singers . Her career and commitment are held in high esteem by the new generation of female heavy metal singers . As Floor Jansen of After Forever stated in a 2007 interview , to duet with Doro " was a huge honor and we chose her because she was a pioneer of the female fronted scene " . Doro herself was apparently aware early in her career to have the role " to give other women self @-@ confidence " in the metal world , acting as a pioneer for female fans and musicians .
As further evidence of her influence on the heavy metal scene , in December 2008 Pure Steel Records released Tribute to Steel : A Tribute to Warlock , the first official tribute album to Warlock and Doro ; the album includes contributions from bands like Custard , Crystal Viper , Sabaton and Lonewolf , paying homage to the songs of Doro 's first four albums with the participation of Warlock 's original members .
= = Personal life = =
Doro Pesch has always been very reserved and careful in protecting her privacy off @-@ stage . She consciously renounced a family and children in order to dedicate all of her time to her musical career and her fans . The lyrics of the song " You Are My Family " , which opens the album Warrior Soul , exemplify this decision . After the death of her father in 2000 , her mother Barbara manages the Doro fan club .
She has homes in Düsseldorf , Germany and in Long Island , New York , where she usually resided when not on tour , until her house was destroyed by Hurricane Irene in August 2011 . She received her green card to live and work in the USA in 1991 . Doro owns , together with former Die Krupps members Chris Lietz and Jürgen Engler , Atom H recording studios in Düsseldorf , where she has recorded some of her albums .
Doro 's stage clothes are handmade , following models she designs and using synthetic materials which imitate leather after the singer 's adhesion to PETA . She also supports the no @-@ profit organization Terre des Femmes , which helps women and girls in need all over the world . Doro has been a trained Thai boxer , sport that she started practicing in 1995 . She still enjoys graphic arts and painting in her limited free time .
= = Touring band = =
Current line @-@ up
Doro Pesch ( 1988 – present ) – vocals
Nick Douglas ( 1990 – present ) – bass , keyboards , backing vocals
Johnny Dee ( 1993 – 1995 , 1998 – present ) – drums , percussion , backing vocals
Bas Maas ( 2008 – present ) – guitars , backing vocals
Luca Princiotta ( 2009 – present ) – guitar , keyboards , backing vocals
Former
Jon Levin ( 1988 – 1989 ) – guitars
Tommy Henriksen ( 1988 – 1989 ) – bass
Bobby Rondinelli ( 1988 – 1989 ) – drums
Paul Morris ( 1989 – 1990 ) – keyboards
Thomas Jude ( 1990 ) – guitars
Tom Coombs ( 1990 ) – drums
Michael Tyrrell aka Michael Shawn ( 1991 – 1992 ) – guitars
Jeff Bruno ( 1991 – 1992 ) – guitar , keyboards
Tony Mac ( 1991 – 1992 ) – drums
Chris Branco ( 1993 ) – drums
Jimmy DiLella ( 1993 – 1995 ) – guitar , keyboards
Joe Taylor ( 1993 – 2009 ) – guitars
Russ Irwin ( 1995 – 1996 ) – guitar , keyboards
Frank Ferrer ( 1995 – 1996 ) – drums
Mario Parillo ( 1998 – 2001 ) – guitar , keyboards
Oliver Palotai ( 2001 – 2011 ) – guitar , keyboards
Robert Katrikh ( 2008 ) – guitars
Harrison Young ( 2009 – 2015 ) – guitar , keyboards , backing vocals
= = Discography = =
= = = With Warlock = = =
Burning the Witches ( 1984 )
Hellbound ( 1985 )
True as Steel ( 1986 )
Triumph and Agony ( 1987 )
= = = Solo albums = = =
Force Majeure ( 1989 )
Doro ( 1990 )
True at Heart ( 1991 )
Angels Never Die ( 1993 )
Machine II Machine ( 1995 )
Love Me in Black ( 1998 )
Calling the Wild ( 2000 )
Fight ( 2002 )
Classic Diamonds ( 2004 )
Warrior Soul ( 2006 )
Fear No Evil ( 2009 )
Raise Your Fist ( 2012 )
Strong and Proud ( 2016 )
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= Eric Nystrom =
Eric Thore Nystrom ( born February 14 , 1983 ) is an American professional ice hockey left winger who is currently an unrestricted free agent of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . He was a first round selection of the Calgary Flames , taken 10th overall in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft , and made his NHL debut with Calgary in 2005 . Nystrom has also played for the Minnesota Wild , Dallas Stars and Nashville Predators . He played four seasons of college hockey with the Michigan Wolverines before he turned professional . On four occasions , Nystrom has played with the United States national team , most recently at the 2010 World Championship . He is the son of former NHL player Bob Nystrom .
= = Early life = =
Nystrom was born and raised in Syosset , New York , where his father , Bob , was an NHL player for the New York Islanders . Bob , who was himself born in Sweden but grew up in Hinton , Alberta , won four consecutive Stanley Cups between 1980 and 1983 . Bob coached his son during his formative years in hockey . Nystrom is Jewish as is his mother , and became a Bar Mitzvah . He attended high school at Portledge School in Locust Valley , New York . He has an older sister , Marissa .
Nystrom grew up playing several sports , including soccer and baseball , and only seriously considered a hockey career in his mid @-@ teens . While Eric was regarded as an NHL prospect himself , his father encouraged him to seek an education first , which the younger Nystrom did upon earning a scholarship to play for the University of Michigan Wolverines in 2000 . He spent four years at Michigan where he earned a degree in liberal arts .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Junior and college = = =
Nystrom established a hard @-@ working style similar to his father 's , which helped earn him an invite to play with the US National Development Program ( USDP ) . He played 55 games for USDP in the North American Hockey League in 1999 – 2000 , scoring seven goals and 23 points . He split the 2000 – 01 season with the national under @-@ 18 program and the junior team in the United States Hockey League , also representing the United States at the 2001 IIHF World U18 Championships . He later represented the United States at the 2002 and 2003 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships .
He moved onto the University of Michigan , earning a place on the Central Collegiate Hockey Association ( CCHA ) All @-@ Rookie team in 2002 after scoring 18 goals and 31 points . On the strength of that season , the Calgary Flames selected him with their first pick , 10th overall , at the 2002 NHL Entry Draft . Before turning professional , Nystrom completed his final three seasons of college eligibility , finishing with 111 points in 160 career games , and serving as the Wolverines ' captain in his senior year of 2004 – 05 .
= = = Calgary Flames = = =
Upon turning professional in 2005 , Nystrom was assigned to the Omaha Ak @-@ Sar @-@ Ben Knights of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) . He was recalled by the Flames at the start of the 2005 – 06 season and made his NHL debut against the Colorado Avalanche on October 10 , 2005 . He played two games with the Flames before being returned to the AHL to complete the season . Nystrom missed most of the 2006 – 07 after suffering a tear in his right shoulder during a pre @-@ season game . He attempted to rehab the injury and then play , before opting on surgery . The injury limited Nystrom to just 12 regular season games for Omaha , but he returned in time to play five playoff games for the Knights .
Nystrom split the 2007 – 08 season between the Calgary and the Quad City Flames . He appeared in 44 regular season games for Calgary , and scored his first NHL goal on October 30 , 2007 , against the Nashville Predators . He scored a career @-@ high four points , two goals and two assists , in the Flames final game of the regular season , a 7 – 1 victory over the Vancouver Canucks . Following the season , he signed a two @-@ year contract extension with the Flames .
Nystrom played his first full NHL season with the Flames in 2008 – 09 , playing in 76 games and scoring five goals , three of them game @-@ winning . He added a fourth game @-@ winning goal in the 2009 Stanley Cup Playoffs against the Chicago Blackhawks . He more than doubled his career high in 2009 – 10 , scoring 11 goals despite struggling through a groin injury for a large part of the season . He was invited to play with the American team at the 2010 IIHF World Championships .
= = = Minnesota and Dallas = = =
Nystrom chose to leave Calgary as a free agent , signing a three @-@ year , $ 4 @.@ 2 million contract with the Minnesota Wild on July 1 , 2010 . He scored four goals and eight assists in his first season with the Wild , a season which Nystrom admitted was not good , and " snowballed negatively " for him . The 2011 – 12 season posed early challenges for Nystrom . In a pre @-@ season game against the Edmonton Oilers , his attempt to avoid an icing call resulted in his stick getting caught up in the skates of Edmonton 's Taylor Fedun , sending the latter player crashing into the boards at high speed . Fedun suffered a broken leg and the play renewed calls for the NHL to move to no @-@ touch icing to avoid similar incidents in the future . He was waived by Minnesota prior to the season 's start , but went unclaimed by any other team and was demoted to the AHL 's Houston Aeros , with whom he appeared in one game .
On October 12 , 2011 , the Wild dealt him to the Dallas Stars . Minnesota had to place him through re @-@ entry waivers first , and while Dallas could have claimed him at that point and been responsible for only half of his $ 1 @.@ 4 million salary , they took on his full salary via trade so as to meet the league 's minimum payroll rules . Dallas general manager Joe Nieuwendyk praised Nystrom as being an effective penalty killer who would add depth to his team . Though he was anticipated to play in a defensive checking role , Nystrom added an offensive touch for Dallas , scoring 10 goals in his first 21 games with the team . His 12th goal of the season set a new career high , and he finished the year with 16 .
Due to the 2012 – 13 NHL lockout , Nystrom signed with Stavanger Oilers late November and made his debut in the Norwegian GET @-@ ligaen in a match against Vålerenga on December 20 . Nystrom had four goals and three assists in his first game . He played only six games with the team , but recorded 14 points . Returning to the NHL once the lockout was resolved , Nystrom scored 11 points in 48 games with Dallas .
= = = Nashville Predators = = =
Nystrom left the Stars as a free agent following the 2012 – 13 NHL season and signed a four @-@ year deal with the Nashville Predators worth $ 10 million . He recorded the first hat trick of his NHL career on January 24 , 2014 , against the Calgary Flames and finished with a franchise record four goals . The Predators lost the game , however , 5 – 4 in a shootout .
On June 29 , 2016 , Nystrom 's three @-@ year tenure with the Predators was brought to an end , as he was placed on waivers for the intent to buy @-@ out the remaining year of his contract .
= = Off the ice = =
Nystrom has frequently involved himself with charitable endeavors throughout his career . While with Quad City , he performed an on @-@ ice striptease that mimicked the one performed by the character Ned Braden in the movie Slap Shot as part of a team jersey auction . The event raised $ 30 @,@ 000 . He served as a player ambassador for the Reading ... Give it a Shot ! program as a member of the Flames and visited local schools as part of the team 's campaign to increase literacy among students . Nystrom is active with Garth Brooks ' Teammates for Kids Foundation .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Regular season and playoffs = = =
= = = International = = =
= = Awards and honours = =
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= M @-@ 61 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 61 is a state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan that runs between Marion and Standish . The highway runs along the boundary area between Northern Michigan and Central Michigan in the Lower Peninsula . M @-@ 61 runs through rural forestland connecting several smaller communities together as it connects M @-@ 115 , US Highway 127 ( US 127 ) , Interstate 75 ( I @-@ 75 ) and US 23 . Less than 10 @,@ 000 vehicles a day use various segments of the roadway on average .
The trunkline was first designated along a portion of its current alignment by 1919 . M @-@ 61 was extended in segments through 1940 , with a truncation at the end of the 1950s . One change in routing in the 1970s resulted in the current routing of the highway .
= = Route description = =
M @-@ 61 starts in eastern Osceola County south of Marion at an intersection with M @-@ 115 . It runs eastward and meets M @-@ 66 before crossing into Clare County . The highway runs along the boundary between the regions of Northern and Central Michigan through forest land and crosses the Muskegon River en route to Harrison . There it follows Main Street into town to an intersection with 1st Street near Budd Lake . M @-@ 61 turns south at the intersection and joins the business loop of US 127 ( Bus . US 127 ) through town . Bus . US 127 / M @-@ 61 follows Clare Avenue south of the city to exit 170 on the US 127 freeway . The business loop ends , and M @-@ 61 turns east along Gladwin Road .
The highway passes south of Wiggins Lake as it approaches the junction with M @-@ 18 in Gladwin . The two highways run concurrently on Cedar Avenue for approximately ten blocks through downtown . M @-@ 61 leaves town on the east side near the airport . The highway continues eastward to a junction with M @-@ 30 ( Meridian Road ) in White Star on the west banks of the Smallwood Lake section of the Tittabawassee River . The highway crosses the river and runs through Wooden Shoe Village as it continues through the Au Sable State Forest , crossing extreme northern Bay County . The trunkline crosses into Arenac County before meeting I @-@ 75 and US 23 in Arenac County near Standish .
The Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) maintains M @-@ 61 like all other state trunkline highways in the state . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic along its roadways using a metric called average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) . This is a measurement of the traffic along a segment of roadway for any average day of the year . The highest traffic level for M @-@ 61 in MDOT 's 2009 surveys was 9 @,@ 257 vehicles per day along the Harrison business loop . The lowest AADT was 981 vehicles daily between the Osceola – Clare county line and the Muskegon River crossing . No section of M @-@ 61 has been added to the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's defense , economy and mobility .
= = History = =
On July 1 , 1919 , when the rest of the state highway system was first signed , M @-@ 61 ran between M @-@ 18 at Gladwin to M @-@ 30 at White Star . A decade later in 1929 , M @-@ 61 was extended south to Winegars along M @-@ 30 and then northeasterly zig @-@ zagging through Highwood and Bentley to Standish . This eastern extension was straightened in 1932 , bypassing the route south through Winegars and Bentley to use a direct course between White Star and Standish . At the same time , a second , discontinuous section of M @-@ 61 was created when a section of the contemporary M @-@ 63 was redesignated M @-@ 61 between US 131 at Tustin and M @-@ 115 near Marion . At the same time , additional county roads were upgraded to state highways , extending the western M @-@ 61 to US 127 in Harrison . The gap between Harrison and Gladwin was eliminated in 1940 when the roadway was built between the two towns . At the end of the 1950s , M @-@ 61 's designation was removed between M @-@ 115 and US 131 . The western end was realigned in 1974 to bypass Marion , shortening the route of M @-@ 61 .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Gospel of the Hebrews =
The Gospel of the Hebrews ( Greek : τὸ καθ ' Ἑβραίους εὐαγγέλιον ) , or Gospel according to the Hebrews , was a syncretic Jewish – Christian gospel , the text of which is lost ; only fragments of it survive as brief quotations by the early Church Fathers and apocryphal writings such as reference table in The Lost Books of the Bible in Table 1 ( as The Gospel According to the Hebrews ) . The fragments contain traditions of Jesus ' pre @-@ existence , incarnation , baptism , and probable temptation , along with some of his sayings . Distinctive features include a Christology characterized by the belief that the Holy Spirit is Jesus ' Divine Mother and a first resurrection appearance to James , the brother of Jesus , showing a high regard for James as the leader of the Jewish Christian church in Jerusalem . It was probably composed in Greek in the first decades of the 2nd century , and is believed to have been used by Greek @-@ speaking Jewish Christians in Egypt during that century .
It is the only Jewish – Christian gospel which the Church Fathers referred to by name , believing there was only one Hebrew Gospel , perhaps in different versions . Passages from the gospel were quoted or summarized by three Alexandrian Fathers – Clement , Origen and Didymus the Blind ; it was also quoted by Jerome , either directly or through the commentaries of Origen . The gospel was used as a supplement to the canonical gospels to provide source material for their commentaries based on scripture . Eusebius included it in his list of disputed writings known as the Antilegomena , noting that it was used by " Hebrews " within the Church ; it fell out of use when the New Testament canon was codified at the end of the 4th century .
Modern scholars classify the Gospel of the Hebrews as one of the three Jewish – Christian gospels , along with the Gospel of the Nazarenes and the Gospel of the Ebionites . All are known today only from fragments preserved in quotations by the early Church Fathers . The relationship between the Jewish – Christian gospels and a hypothetical original Hebrew Gospel remains a speculation .
= = Origin and characteristics = =
The Gospel of the Hebrews is the only Jewish – Christian gospel which the Church Fathers refer to by name . The language of composition is thought to be Greek . The provenance has been associated with Egypt ; it probably began circulating in Alexandria , Egypt in the first decades of the 2nd century and was used by Greek @-@ speaking Jewish – Christian communities there . The communities to which they belonged were traditional , conservative Christians who followed the teaching of the primitive Christian church in Jerusalem , integrating their understanding of Jesus with strict observance of Jewish customs and law , which they regarded as essential to salvation . Despite this , the gospel displays no connection with other Jewish – Christian literature , nor does it appear to be based on the Gospel of Matthew or the other canonical gospels of what is now orthodox Christianity . Instead , it seems to be taken from alternative oral forms of the same underlying traditions . Some of the fragments suggest a syncretic gnostic influence , while others support close ties to traditional Jewish Wisdom literature .
= = Content = =
The Gospel of the Hebrews is preserved in fragments quoted or summarized by various early Church Fathers . The full extent of the original gospel is unknown ; according to a list of canonical and apocryphal works drawn up in the 9th century known as the Stichometry of Nicephorus , the gospel was 2200 lines , just 300 lines shorter than Matthew . Based on the surviving fragments , the overall structure of the gospel appears to have been similar to the canonical ones . It consisted of a narrative of the life of Jesus which included his baptism , temptation , transfiguration , last supper , crucifixion , and resurrection . The gospel also contained sayings of Jesus . The events in the life of Jesus have been interpreted in a way that reflects Jewish ideas present in a Hellenistic cultural environment .
There is wide agreement about seven quotations cited by Philipp Vielhauer in the critical 3rd German edition of Wilhelm Schneemelcher 's New Testament Apocrypha , translated by George Ogg . The translations below follow Vielhauer 's order :
1 . When Christ wished to come upon the earth to men , the good Father summoned a mighty power in heaven , which was called Michael , and entrusted Christ to the care thereof . And the power came into the world and was called Mary , and Christ was in her womb seven months . ( Cyril of Jerusalem , Discourse on Mary Theotokos 12 )
Fragment 1 identifies Jesus as the son of the Holy Spirit ; this idea is found also in the Egyptian Coptic Epistle of James , another indication of the Egyptian origin of the gospel .
2 . And it came to pass when the Lord was come up out of the water , the whole fount of the Holy Spirit descended upon him and rested on him and said to him : My Son , in all the prophets was I waiting for thee that thou shouldest come and I might rest in thee . For thou art my rest ; thou art my first @-@ begotten Son that reignest for ever . ( Jerome , Commentary on Isaiah 4 )
Fragment 2 uses the language of Jewish Wisdom literature , but applies it to the Holy Spirit : the Spirit has waited in vain through all the prophets for the Son . The " rest " that the Holy Spirit finds in the Son belongs to the Christian gnostic idea of the pre @-@ existent Redeemer who finally becomes incarnate in Jesus .
3 . Even so did my mother , the Holy Spirit , take me by one of my hairs and carry me away on to the great mountain Tabor . ( Origen , Commentary on John 2 @.@ 12 @.@ 87 )
Fragments 2 and 3 , giving accounts of Jesus ' baptism and temptation or transfiguration , spring from the widespread Greco @-@ Roman myth of the descent of divine Wisdom ; this underlies the parallel passages in the gospels of Matthew ( 11 @.@ 25 – 30 ) , Luke ( 7 @.@ 18 – 35 and 11 @.@ 49 – 51 ) and John ( 1 @.@ 1 – 18 ) , as well as the Gospel of Thomas . The differences between fragment 3 and the orthodox canonical gospels are considerable : their third @-@ person narrative has become an account by Jesus himself , Satan is replaced by the Holy Spirit , and the Holy Spirit is identified as Jesus ' mother .
4a . He that marvels shall reign , and he that has reigned shall rest . ( Clement , Stromateis 2 @.@ 9 @.@ 45 @.@ 5 )
4b . He that seeks will not rest till he finds ; and he that has found shall marvel ; and he that has marveled shall reign ; and he that has reigned shall rest . ( Clement , Stromateis 5 @.@ 14 @.@ 96 @.@ 3 )
Fragment 4 is a " chain @-@ saying " , seek – find – marvel – reign – rest , describing the steps towards salvation , where " rest " equals the state of salvation . The saying is similar to themes found in Jewish Wisdom literature , and the similarity to a saying in the Gospel of Thomas suggests that the text may have been influenced by gnostic Wisdom teaching .
5 . And never be ye joyful , save when ye behold your brother with love . ( Jerome , Commentary on Ephesians 3 )
6 . In the Gospel according to the Hebrews ... there is counted among the most grievous offenses : He that has grieved the spirit of his brother . ( Jerome , Commentary on Ezekiel 6 )
Fragments 5 ( on Ephesians 5 @.@ 4 ) and 6 ( on Ezekiel 18 @.@ 7 ) are ethical saying of Jesus , suggesting that such teachings formed a significant part of the gospel .
7 . The Gospel according to the Hebrews ... records after the resurrection of the Savior : And when the Lord had given the linen cloth to the servant of the priest , he went to James and appeared to him . For James had sworn that he would not eat bread from that hour in which he had drunk the cup of the Lord until he should see him risen from among them that sleep . And shortly thereafter the Lord said : Bring a table and bread ! And immediately it is added : He took the bread , blessed it and brake it and gave it to James the Just and said to him : My brother , eat thy bread , for the Son of man is risen from among them that sleep . ( Jerome , De viris inlustribus 2 )
Fragment 7 emphasizes the importance of James , the brother of Jesus and head of the Jewish – Christian movement in Jerusalem after Jesus ' death , thereby testifying to the Jewish character of the community of the gospel .
In addition to direct quotations , other gospel stories were summarized or cited by the Church Fathers . The translations below are from Vielhauer & Strecker ( 1991 ) , except " b2 " which is from Klauck ( 2003 ) :
a . ( Scripture ) seems to call Matthew " Levi " in the Gospel of Luke . Yet it is not a question of one and the same person . Rather Matthias , who was installed ( as apostle ) in place of Judas , and Levi are the same person with a double name . This is clear from the Gospel of the Hebrews . ( Didymus the Blind , Commentary on the Psalms 184 @.@ 9 – 10 )
The summary of a gospel passage identifies Mattias , rather than Matthew , as the name of the tax @-@ collector who was called to follow Jesus .
b1 . And he ( Papias ) has adduced another story of a woman who was accused of many sins before the Lord , which is contained in the Gospel according to the Hebrews . ( Eusebius , Historia ecclesiastica 3 @.@ 39 @.@ 17 )
The citation by Eusebius of a story he found in the writings of Papias is believed to refer to an alternate version of the account in John 's gospel of Jesus and the woman taken in adultery .
b2 . It is related in some gospels that a woman was condemned by the Jews because of a sin and was taken to the customary place of stoning , in order that she might be stoned . We are told that when the Savior caught sight of her and saw that they were ready to stone her , he said to those who wanted to throw stones at her : Let the one who has not sinned , lift a stone and throw it . If someone is certain that he has not sinned , let him take a stone and hit her . And no one dared to do so . When they examined themselves and they recognized that they too bore responsibility for certain actions , they did not dare to stone her . ( Didymus the Blind , Commentary on Ecclesiastes 4 @.@ 223 @.@ 6 – 13 )
Although Didymus does not name his source , he found this independent tradition of the story of the sinful woman in a non @-@ canonical gospel in Alexandria which may have been the Gospel of the Hebrews .
= = Christology = =
The theology of the gospel is strongly influenced by Jewish – Christian wisdom teaching . The Holy Spirit is represented as a manifestation of Divine Wisdom who is called " Mother " . The feminine aspect of the Spirit is an indication of Semitic influence on the language of the gospel . The Spirit takes Jesus to Mount Tabor by a single hair , echoing Old Testament themes in the stories of Ezekiel ( Ezk . 8 @.@ 3 ) and Habbakuk ( Dan . 14 @.@ 36 LXX ) . The gospel emphasizes the fulfillment of the prophecy of Isaiah 11 @.@ 2 in Jesus ' baptism , but also adopts elements of Jewish Wisdom theology . The Spirit has been gathered in one place at the moment of Jesus ' baptism , so that he has become the only Son of the Spirit in which he has found eternal " rest " and reigns forever . The " seek – find " and " rule – rest " language also comes from Jewish Wisdom tradition as stages on the way to salvation during which the believer is encouraged to emulate divine Wisdom .
The " rest " that the Holy Spirit waits for and finally finds in the Son is also found in gnostic speculations . The wisdom chain @-@ saying which describes the progression of seeking , marveling , and finding salvation , is similar to the Hermetic conception of salvation found in the Alexandrian Corpus Hermetica . " Rest " is not only to be understood as the ultimate goal of the seeker after truth , which leads to salvation ; it is also descriptive of a unity with the wisdom which lies at the heart of the Godhead . The " resting " of the Holy Spirit at the moment of Jesus ' Baptism may also be understood in this timeless sense , as the union and rest of the pre @-@ existent Son with his Father , in keeping with the gnostic conception of " rest " as the highest gift of salvation .
= = Reception = =
Eusebius listed the Gospel of the Hebrews in his Antilegomena as one of the disputed writings of the early Church . Despite this , the Church Fathers occasionally used it , with reservations , as a source to support their exegetical arguments . Eusebius reports that the 2nd century Church Father Hegesippus used the gospel as a source for writing his Hypomneumata ( " Memoranda " ) in Rome ( c . 175 – 180 ) . The Alexandrian Fathers – Clement , Origen , and Didymus the Blind – relied directly on the gospel to provide prooftexts as a supplement to the canonical gospels . Clement quoted from the gospel as part of a discourse on divine Wisdom . Origen used it to compare differing views of the relationship between the Word and the Holy Spirit . Jerome claimed to have used the gospel as a prooftext , although he may have relied in part on excerpts from the commentaries of Origen . He quoted from it as a proof from prophecy based on Isaiah 11 @.@ 2 to explain how Jesus was the fulfillment of messianic expectations . The Gospel of the Hebrews was excluded from the canon by the Catholic Church with the closing of the New Testament canon at the end of the 4th century , and was no longer cited as a source in Church literature .
Subsequent to the closing of the canon , the gospel is mentioned in a homily " On the Virgin Mary " attributed to Cyril of Jerusalem in a collection of apocryphal stories believed to have been written in Coptic in the first half of the 6th century . The author ( known to scholars as Pseudo @-@ Cyril ) refers to the Gospel of the Hebrews in a polemical dialogue between a monk and Cyril over the nature of Mary , whom the monk contends was a divine Power sent from heaven . Cyril condemns the monk 's teaching as a heresy , which the author attributes to Carpocrates , Satornilus , and Ebionites . Not all later mentions of the gospel were polemical ; Bede ( c . 673 – 735 ) , after listing some apocryphal gospels rejected by the Church , includes the Gospel of the Hebrews among the " ecclesiastical histories " and refers to its usage by Jerome .
= = Relationship to other texts = =
The early Church Fathers believed there was only one Jewish – Christian gospel , perhaps in different versions ; however , scholars have long recognized the possibility there were at least two or three . Jerome 's references to a Gospel of the Hebrews , or variants of that name , are particularly problematic because it is unclear which gospel he is referring to as the source of his quotations . Hegesippus , Eusebius , and Jerome all used an Aramaic gospel , which Jerome referred to as the gospel used by a Jewish Christian sect known as the Nazarenes . Gospel of the Nazarenes is the name adopted by scholars to describe the fragments of quotations believed to originate from an Aramaic gospel that was based on traditions similar to the Gospel of Matthew . A third gospel was known only to Epiphanius of Salamis , which he attributed to a second Jewish Christian group known as the Ebionites . Scholars have conventionally referred to seven fragments of a Greek gospel harmony preserved in quotations by Epiphanius as the Gospel of the Ebionites . The existence of three independent Jewish – Christian gospels with distinct characteristics has been regarded as an established consensus . However , that conclusion has recently been challenged with respect to the composition of the gospel known to the Nazarenes and its relationship to the Gospel of the Hebrews . The relationship between the Gospel of the Hebrews and the other Jewish – Christian gospels , as well as a hypothetical original Hebrew Gospel , is uncertain and has been an ongoing subject of scholarly investigation .
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= Indiana General Assembly =
The Indiana General Assembly is the state legislature , or legislative branch , of the state of Indiana . It is a bicameral legislature that consists of a lower house , the Indiana House of Representatives , and an upper house , the Indiana Senate . The General Assembly meets annually at the Indiana Statehouse in Indianapolis .
Members of the General Assembly are elected from districts that are realigned every ten years . Representatives serve terms of two years and senators serve terms of four years . Both houses can create bills , but bills must pass both houses before it can be submitted to the governor and enacted into law .
= = Structure = =
The Indiana General Assembly is made up of two houses , the House of Representatives and the Senate . Indiana has a part @-@ time legislature that does not meet year @-@ round . The General Assembly convenes on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January . During odd @-@ numbered years the legislature meets for 61 days ( not necessarily consecutively ) and must be adjourned by April 30 . During even @-@ numbered years the legislature meets for 30 days ( not necessarily consecutively ) and must be adjourned by March 15 . The General Assembly may not adjourn for more than three days without a resolution approving adjournment being passed in both houses . The governor has the authority to call on the General Assembly to convene a special session if legislators are unable to complete necessary work within time allotted by the regular sessions . Special sessions of the General Assembly were rarely called in the state 's early history , but have become more commonplace in modern times .
The General Assembly delegates are elected from districts . Every ten years the districts are realigned by the General Assembly using information from the U.S. Census Bureau to ensure that each district is roughly equal in population . The districting is maintained to comply with the United States Supreme Court ruling in Reynolds v. Sims .
The Indiana Senate and House of Representatives each have several committees that are charged with overseeing certain areas of the state . Committees vary in size , from three to eleven members . The committees are chaired by senior members of the majority party . Senators and representatives can be members of multiple committees . Most legislation begins within the committees who have responsibility for the area that the bill will affect . Once approved by a committee , a bill can be entered into the agenda for debate and vote in the full chamber . Although not common , bills can be voted on by the full house without going through the committee process .
Indiana legislators make a base annual salary of $ 22 @,@ 616 , plus $ 155 for each day in session or at a committee hearing and $ 62 in expense pay every other day .
= = = Terms and qualifications = = =
Article 4 , Section 7 , of the Indiana Constitution states the qualifications to become a Senator or Representative . The candidate must have been a U.S. citizen for a minimum of two years prior to his candidacy and must have been resident of the district that he seeks to represent for one year . Senators must be at least twenty @-@ five years of age and representatives must be twenty @-@ one when sworn into office . The candidate cannot hold any other public office in the state or federal government during their term . The candidate must also be a registered voter within the district they seek to represent . Candidates are required to file papers stating their economic interests .
Article 4 , Section 3 , of the state constitution places several limitation on the size and composition of the General Assembly . The Senate can contain no more than fifty members , and the senators serve for term of four years . The House of Representatives can contain no more than one hundred members , and the representatives serve terms of two years . There is no limit to how many terms a state senator or representative may serve .
= = = Checks and balances = = =
There are several checks and balances built into the state constitution that limit the power of the General Assembly . Other clauses allow the General Assembly to balance and limit the authority of the other branches of the government . Among these checks and balances is the governor 's authority to veto any bill passed by the General Assembly . The General Assembly may in turn override his veto by simple majority vote in both houses . Bills passed by a super majority automatically become law without requiring the signature of the governor . Once the bill is made law , it can be challenged in the state courts which may rule the law to be unconstitutional , effectively repealing the law . The General Assembly could then override the court 's decision by amending the state constitution to include the law . The General Assembly has historically been the most powerful branch of the state government , dominating a weak governor 's office . Although the governor has gained more power in the past fifty years , the General Assembly still retains the power to remove much of that authority .
= = = Powers = = =
The authority and powers of the Indiana General Assembly are established in the state constitution . The General Assembly has sole legislative power within the state government . Each house can initiate legislation , with the exception that the Senate is not permitted to initiate legislation that will affect revenue . Bills are debated and passed separately in each house , but must be passed by both houses before they can submitted to the governor . Each law passed by the General Assembly must be applied uniformly to the entire state ; the General Assembly has no authority to create legislation that targets only a particular community .
The General Assembly is empowered to regulate the state 's judiciary system by setting the size of the courts and the bounds of their districts . The body also has the authority to monitor the activities of the executive branch of the state government , has limited power to regulate the county governments within the state , and has sole power to initiate the process to amend the state constitution .
Under Indiana law , legislators cannot be arrested while the General Assembly is in session unless the crime they commit is treason , a felony , or breach of the peace .
= = = Indiana Senate = = =
The Indiana Senate consists of 50 members elected to four @-@ year terms . Eric Holcomb , the Lieutenant Governor of Indiana , presides over the Senate while it is in session and casts the deciding vote in the event of a tie . The Senate President Pro Tempore is Senator David C. Long of Fort Wayne . The 2015 – 2016 Senate has a Republican super @-@ majority , with Republicans holding 40 out of 50 seats . The Senate offices are located in the west wing of the second floor of the Indiana Statehouse , and the Senate chambers are on the west wing of the third floor .
= = = Indiana House of Representatives = = =
The Indiana House of Representatives consists of 100 members elected to two @-@ year terms . The Speaker of the House for the 2015 – 2016 term is Representative Brian C. Bosma . In 2015 , the House of Representatives has a Republican majority of 71 seats , while the Democrats have 29 seats . The House offices are located in the east wing of the second floor of the Indiana Statehouse and the House chambers are on the third floor .
= = History = =
= = = 1816 Constitution = = =
Indiana 's first constitution was ratified on June 10 , 1816 , and the election of the first General Assembly took place on August 5 of that year . They convened in the original three @-@ room statehouse located in Corydon . The body consisted of ten senators and twenty @-@ nine representatives , sixteen of whom had been signers of the Indiana state constitution . There , the General Assembly began its development into the institution it is today . The original constitution provided that representatives served terms of one year and senators served terms of three years , and permitted an annual meeting of the assembly from December until March .
At first , there was only one political party of any consequence in Indiana , the Democratic @-@ Republicans . The party was , however , broken into three divisions that would later split off into their own parties . The divisions were mainly over the issue of slavery , but they would develop more differences in later years . The Jennings party , made up of abolitionists , was dominant in the beginning . The Noble party was in favor of slavery , and the Hendricks party was generally neutral , although Hendricks himself was openly anti @-@ slavery . In 1818 , the Noble party tried to impeach Governor Jennings over his role in the negotiations of the Treaty of St. Mary 's . After two months of debate in the House , and Jennings having destroyed the evidence of his role , the House of Representatives dropped the investigation and issued a resolution that confirmed Jennings in his position as governor .
In its first two decades , the General Assembly laid the foundation of the state . They created the framework for the state 's public school system , began construction on the State Seminary and of roads in the southern part of the state . Initially , the General Assembly was faced with low tax revenues . In response to the problem , they created the Bank of Indiana and sold nine million acres ( 36 @,@ 000 km ² ) of public lands to finance their projects . The General Assembly relocated the capitol to Indianapolis in 1824 , and in 1831 they authorized the construction of the first dedicated statehouse .
In the 1830s , the Whigs split from the Democratic @-@ Republicans in response to national policies . The Whigs held a strong majority in the General Assembly in that decade . In 1843 , the remnants of the old slavery party had strengthened into the Democratic Party and swept into power , the Whigs never regained their majority and the Democrats maintained power until the middle of the American Civil War . In 1836 the General Assembly passed the Mammoth Internal Improvement Act and set plans into motion to modernize the state 's infrastructure . The wilderness of northern and central Indiana was slowly developed as the General Assembly approved the construction of roads , canals , railroads , and numerous other infrastructure projects . This led the state to near bankruptcy in the late 1830s , but it was avoided when the General Assembly spun off the failing canals , and half of their debts , to private companies in 1841 . The failure of the projects was the main factor in the Whig 's loss of power .
The state constitution had come under considerable criticism beginning in the 1840s because it allowed most government positions to be filled by appointment . The problem with this method of filling positions did not manifest itself until the advent of the state 's political parties . Once in power , a party could stack the government with its own members , making it difficult for the minority to regain power . Another problem was that the authority for many trivial issues were not delegated to other authorities . For example , if a man was to divorce his wife , the divorce bill had to be approved by the General Assembly before he or she could legally remarry .
= = = 1851 Constitution = = =
In 1851 , a new state constitution was created and ratified . Among the constitution 's new clauses was an extension of the terms of representatives to two years and senators to four years . It also made many of the previously appointed positions open to public election . The new constitution delegated many minor tasks to newly created elected offices . With its workload considerably decreased , instead of meeting annually , the General Assembly only convened a session every two years . The new constitution also placed new limits on the General Assembly 's power to create local laws , the General Assembly having become notorious for creating state level laws that were only applied to one town or county .
The new constitution led to the gradual erosion of the Democratic majority . In 1854 , the Republican Party was established and drew in many of the former Whigs . That year the General Assembly was split with no party attaining a majority . The Democrats held the most seats , but the Whigs and Republicans caucused to form a majority and control the assembly . The result was deadlock on most issues because Republicans and Whigs could not agree on most major issues . By 1858 , the Whigs were almost completely disempowered and the Republicans gained enough seats to become the largest party , but not enough to form a majority on their own . That year Governor Ashbel P. Willard called the first special session of the General Assembly because they had been unable to pass an appropriations bill . Democrats regained a small majority by gaining the votes of the disaffected Whigs in the 1860 election .
During the 1860s and the American Civil War , the legislature was the scene of intense debate . At the beginning of the war , the General Assembly was controlled by the southern sympathetic Democrats . Governor Oliver Morton and the Republican minority were able to prevent the General Assembly from meeting in 1862 and 1863 by denying the body quorum . Morton even had some members of the body arrested or detained on suspicions of disloyalty . The lack of funding created by this crisis again led to the near bankruptcy of the state . In 1864 , the Republicans gained a majority and convened the General Assembly to remedy the state 's funding problems .
During the 1880s and 1890s , Indiana industry began to grow rapidly because of the Indiana Gas Boom , leading to the creation of many labor unions and a return to Democratic control of the General Assembly . One of the events to occur during the period was the Black Day of the General Assembly , a situation arising from Governor Isaac P. Gray 's desire to be elected to the United States Senate . Beginning with the state senate 's refusal to seat a new lieutenant governor , fighting broke out in the chamber and spread throughout the statehouse . Shots were fired , and Democrats and Republicans threatened to kill each other before police could bring the situation under control . A second bout of violence broke out in the 1894 regular session when Republicans locked the doors of the House chambers preventing Governor Claude Matthews from delivering a veto of a bill that repealed over a decade of Democratic legislation . The governor personally led fellow party members in beating down the door and unsuccessfully attempting to fight their way to the podium to deliver the vetoed bill ; one newspaper said Democrats and Republicans " fought like beasts of the forest . " During those decades , the General Assembly enacted a series of laws to protect the rights of workers and encourage more industrial growth . The women 's suffrage movement also began in the state and rallies were held in Indianapolis to support the female suffrage legislation that was ultimately voted down in the General Assembly .
During 1907 , the General Assembly made Indiana the first state to enact eugenics legislation , and the law remained in effect until 1921 . The law led to the forced sterilization of thousands of criminals until it was ruled unconstitutional by the Indiana Supreme Court in 1921 . Scandal erupted in 1925 when it was discovered that the Indiana Branch of the Ku Klux Klan controlled over half the seats in the General Assembly . During the session , Grand Dragon D. C. Stephenson boasted " I am the law in Indiana " . During the next two years , the federal government intervened , Stephenson was convicted of murder . After the governor refused to pardon him , Stephenson indicted his co @-@ conspirators , leading to many of the state government being charged with various crimes and removing much of the Klan 's power .
In the 1930s , the General Assembly established the state 's first general welfare programs to help the poor affected by the Great Depression . The General Assembly passed the nation 's first DUI laws in 1939 , establishing a blood alcohol level of .15 as the legal limit . The 1940s led to the first African American being elected to the Indiana Senate and legislation that desegregated the public schools in 1949 .
The General Assembly established the state 's first sales tax at two percent in 1962 . The revenues from the tax led to a host of new projects across the state . The General Assembly also passed the Indiana Civil Rights bill in 1963 , granting equal protection to minorities in seeking employment . In 1970 a series of constitutional amendments were passed . Among them was one that authorized the General Assembly to meet annually instead of biennially .
During the 1988 session , the Indiana House of Representatives was split evenly between both parties for the first time in Indiana 's history . After a period of negotiations , both parties agreed to share majority powers , alternating which party controlled the position of speaker each day . The same General Assembly legalized horse racing in the state in 1989 .
Governor Evan Bayh called a special session of the General Assembly in 1992 because no budget had been passed in the regular session . During the special session , the General Assembly passed the budget and also legalized the operation of riverboat casinos in the state , overriding the governor 's veto to prevent it .
The General Assembly passed property tax reform legislation in 2008 , capping property taxes at one percent , making Indiana one of the lowest property tax locations in the nation .
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= More popular than Jesus =
" More popular than Jesus " ( or " Bigger than Jesus " ) was a controversial remark made by the Beatles ' John Lennon in 1966 . Lennon said that Christianity was in decline and that the Beatles had become more popular than Jesus Christ . The comment drew no controversy when originally published in the United Kingdom , but angry reactions flared up in Christian communities when it was republished in the United States five months later .
Lennon had originally made the remark in March 1966 during an interview with Maureen Cleave for the London Evening Standard , which drew no public reaction . When Datebook , a US teen magazine , quoted Lennon 's comments in August , five months later , extensive protests broke out in the Southern United States . Some radio stations stopped playing Beatles songs , their records were publicly burned , press conferences were cancelled , and threats were made . The controversy coincided with the group 's US tour in August 1966 , and Lennon and Brian Epstein attempted to quell the dispute at a series of press conferences . Some tour events experienced disruption and intimidation , including a picketing by the Ku Klux Klan . The controversy contributed to the Beatles ' lack of interest in public live performances , and the US tour was the last they undertook , after which they became a studio @-@ only band .
= = Background = =
In March 1966 , the London Evening Standard ran a weekly series of articles entitled " How Does a Beatle Live ? " which featured John Lennon , Ringo Starr , George Harrison , and Paul McCartney respectively . The articles were completed by journalist Maureen Cleave , who knew the group well and had interviewed them regularly since the start of Beatlemania in the UK . Three years previously she had written they were " the darlings of Merseyside " , and had accompanied them on the plane on the group 's first US tour in February 1964 . For her lifestyle series in March 1966 , she chose to interview the group individually , rather than all together , as was the norm .
Cleave interviewed Lennon on 4 March 1966 . At his home , Kenwood , in Weybridge , she found a full @-@ size crucifix , a gorilla costume , a medieval suit of armour and a well @-@ organised library , with works by Alfred , Lord Tennyson , Jonathan Swift , Oscar Wilde , George Orwell , Aldous Huxley , and The Passover Plot , by Hugh J. Schonfield , which had influenced Lennon 's ideas about Christianity . Cleave 's article mentioned that Lennon was " reading extensively about religion " , and quoted a comment he made :
Christianity will go . It will vanish and shrink . I needn 't argue about that ; I 'm right and I 'll be proved right . We 're more popular than Jesus now ; I don 't know which will go first — rock ' n ' roll or Christianity . Jesus was all right but his disciples were thick and ordinary . It 's them twisting it that ruins it for me .
Cleave 's interview with Lennon was published in the Evening Standard in March 1966 and provoked no public reaction in the UK . Church attendance there was in decline and the Christian churches were making no secret of their efforts to transform their image into something more relevant to modern times . Music historian Jonathan Gould wrote , " The satire comedians had had a field day with the increasingly desperate attempts of the Church to make itself seem more relevant ( ' Don 't call me vicar , call me Dick ... ' ) . " In 1963 , the Anglican Bishop of Woolwich , John A. T. Robinson , published a controversial but popular book , Honest to God , urging the nation to reject traditional church teachings on morality and the concept of God as an " old man in the sky " , and instead embrace a universal ethic of love . Bryan R. Wilson 's 1966 text Religion in Secular Society explained that increasing secularization led to British churches being abandoned . However , in the US , churches remained popular .
Both McCartney and Harrison had been baptised in the Roman Catholic Church , but neither of them followed Christianity . At the start of Beatlemania , the group came into contact with the Revd Ronald Gibbons , who told reporters that a Beatles version of " O Come All Ye Faithful " might provide the Church of England with " the very shot in the arm it needs " .
= = Response in the US = =
The day after Cleave 's article appeared in the Evening Standard , Beatles press officer Tony Barrow offered Datebook , a US teen magazine , rights to all four interviews . Barrow believed the pieces were important to show fans that the Beatles were progressing beyond simple pop music and producing more intellectually challenging work . As Datebook had already run pieces on fashion designer Mary Quant and on the effects of LSD , it seemed like a suitable vehicle to carry this information .
In late July 1966 , nearly five months after UK publication , Datebook republished the interviews . However , art editor Art Unger decided to deliberately put Lennon 's quote about Christianity on its front cover , cutting the prose before it . In Birmingham , Alabama , WAQY DJ Tommy Charles heard about the quotation from his coworker Doug Layton , and was immediately incensed , saying " That does it for me . I am not going to play the Beatles any more " . Charles and Layton asked for listeners ' views on Lennon 's comment and the response was overwhelmingly negative . Charles later stated , " We just felt it was so absurd and sacrilegious that something ought to be done to show them that they can 't get away with this sort of thing " . Al Benn , who was the Bureau Manager for United Press International News , heard the WAQY show and immediately filed a news report in New York City , culminating in a major news story in The New York Times on 5 August . Around two dozen other stations followed WAQY 's lead with similar announcements . Some stations in the Deep South went further , organising demonstrations with bonfires , drawing hordes of teenagers to publicly burn their Beatles records and other memorabilia .
Epstein was so concerned by the reaction that he considered cancelling the group 's upcoming US tour , believing they would be seriously harmed in some way . He then flew to the US and held a press conference in New York City , where he publicly criticised Datebook , saying the magazine had taken Lennon 's words out of context , and expressed regret on behalf of the group that " people with certain religious beliefs should have been offended in any way " . Epstein 's efforts had little effect , as the controversy quickly spread beyond the borders of the US . In Mexico City there were demonstrations against the group , and a number of countries , including South Africa and Spain , made the decision to ban the Beatles ' music on national radio stations . The Vatican issued a public denouncement of Lennon 's comments .
The Beatles left for their US tour on 11 August 1966 . According to Lennon 's wife , Cynthia , he was nervous and upset that he had made people angry simply by expressing his opinion . The Beatles attended a press conference in Chicago , Illinois ; Lennon did not want to apologise but was advised by Epstein and Barrow that he should . Lennon quipped that " if I had said television was more popular than Jesus , I might have got away with it " but stressed that he was simply remarking on how other people viewed and popularised the band . He described his own belief in God by quoting the Bishop of Woolwich , saying , " ... not as an old man in the sky . I believe that what people call God is something in all of us . " Adamant that he was not comparing himself with Christ , he tried to explain the decline of Christianity in the UK . Pressed for an apology by a reporter , he said " if you want me to apologise , if that will make you happy , then OK , I 'm sorry . " Journalists gave a sympathetic response , and told Lennon that the Bible Belt were " quite notorious for their Christian attitude . "
When the tour began , it was marred by protests and disturbances . Telephone threats were received , and concerts were picketed by the Ku Klux Klan . Daily Express writer Robert Pitman , responding to the US outcry , wrote , " It seems a nerve for Americans to hold up shocked hands , when week in , week out , America is exporting to us a subculture that makes the Beatles seem like four stern old churchwardens . " The reaction was also criticised in the US ; a Kentucky radio station declared that it would give the Beatles ' music airplay to show its " contempt for hypocrisy personified " , and the Jesuit magazine America wrote : " Lennon was simply stating what many a Christian educator would readily admit " .
The Memphis city council , aware that a Beatles concert was scheduled at the Mid @-@ South Coliseum during the tour , voted to cancel it rather than have " municipal facilities be used as a forum to ridicule anyone 's religion " , and also saying , " the Beatles are not welcome in Memphis " . The Ku Klux Klan nailed a Beatles album to a wooden cross , vowing " vengeance " , with conservative groups staging further public burnings of Beatles records . The Reverend Jimmy Stroad stated that a Christian rally in Memphis " would give the youth of the mid @-@ South an opportunity to show Jesus Christ is more popular than the Beatles " . The Memphis shows did take place on 19 August ; the afternoon show went as planned , but there was a minor panic when a firecracker was set off on stage during the evening performance , which led the group to believe they were the target of gunfire .
The group hated the tour , partly due to the controversy and adverse reaction from Lennon 's comments , and were unhappy about Epstein continuing to organise live performances that were increasingly at odds with their studio work . Harrison seriously contemplated leaving the band , but was persuaded to stay on the condition that the Beatles would from now on be a studio @-@ only group . After a break , they reconvened to record Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band , which drew strong commercial success and critical praise when released in June 1967 .
= = Aftermath = =
Lennon was asked about the controversy three years later during a trip to Canada , in 1969 . He repeated his opinion that the Beatles were more influential on young people than Christ , adding that some ministers had agreed with him . He called the protestors in the US " fascist Christians " , saying he was " very big on Christ . I 've always fancied him . He was right . " In 1978 , he thanked Jesus for an end to the Beatles ' touring , saying " if I hadn 't said [ that ] and upset the very Christian Ku Klux Klan , well , Lord , I might still be up there with all the other performing fleas ! God bless America . Thank you , Jesus . "
In 1993 , Michael Medved wrote in The Sunday Times that " today , comments like Lennon 's could never cause controversy ; a contemptuous attitude to religion is all but expected from all mainstream pop performers . " In 1997 , Noel Gallagher claimed that his band Oasis were " bigger than God " , but reaction was minimal .
In a 2008 article marking the 40th anniversary of the Beatles ' double album The Beatles ( also known as the " White Album " ) , the Vatican newspaper , L 'Osservatore Romano , issued the statement :
" The remark by John Lennon , which triggered deep indignation , mainly in the United States , after many years sounds only like a ' boast ' by a young working @-@ class Englishman faced with unexpected success , after growing up in the legend of Elvis and rock and roll . The fact remains that 38 years after breaking up , the songs of the Lennon @-@ McCartney brand have shown an extraordinary resistance to the passage of time , becoming a source of inspiration for more than one generation of pop musicians . "
In response to the statement , Starr said " Didn 't the Vatican say we were Satanic or possibly Satanic , and they 've still forgiven us ? I think the Vatican 's got more to talk about than the Beatles . " In its 14 April 2010 edition , L 'Osservatore Romano responded to Starr 's comments , stating that " John Lennon had no need of forgiveness from the Vatican , L 'Osservatore Romano reprinted its 1966 article on John Lennon 's comments . The 1966 L 'Osservatore Romano article noted that Lennon had apologised for his comments and that fellow Beatle Paul McCartney had criticized them . " In 2010 , Starr said that he had now found religion , adding , " For me , God is in my life ... I think the search has been on since the 1960s . "
In 2012 , the Houston Press music blog compared several aspects of popular media and concluded Jesus is more popular than the Beatles .
In 2015 , The Philippine Star said that almost half a century , Lennon 's statement proved half @-@ wrong : Rock ‘ n roll is dead but Christianity expanded with Catholicism experiencing exceptional growth through Pope Francis ’ lead .
= = Other mentions = =
On 18 May 1968 , Lennon summoned the other Beatles to a meeting at Apple Corps to announce that he was the living reincarnation of Jesus : " I have something very important to tell you all . I am Jesus Christ . I 'm back again . " The meeting was adjourned for lunch and Lennon never mentioned the subject again . In May 1969 , Lennon and McCartney recorded " The Ballad of John and Yoko " , with Lennon singing the lines , " Christ , you know it ain 't easy , You know how hard it can be , The way things are going , They 're gonna crucify me . " In a BBC interview a few months later , Lennon called himself " One of Christ 's biggest fans " , talked about the Church of England , his vision of heaven , and unhappiness over being unable to marry Yoko Ono in church .
On 3 December 1969 , Andrew Lloyd Webber and Tim Rice asked Lennon to play the part of Jesus in the stage production of Jesus Christ Superstar , which he declined , although he said he would have been interested if Ono could play the part of Mary Magdalene . Lennon mentioned Jesus again in his 1970 song , " God " , singing , " I don 't believe in Jesus " , but also sang that he did not believe in the Bible , Buddha , Gita , and the Beatles . While living in Los Angeles with May Pang , Lennon once said to DJ Wolfman Jack , " To boogie or not to boogie , that is the Christian . " Critics of Lennon 's lyrics also focused the line " Imagine there 's no heaven " on Lennon 's 1971 song , " Imagine " .
Lennon was murdered on 8 December 1980 by Mark David Chapman , who had become a born @-@ again Christian in 1970 and was incensed by Lennon 's " more popular than Jesus " remark , calling it blasphemy . He later stated that he was further enraged by the songs " God " and " Imagine " — even singing the latter with the altered lyric : " Imagine John Lennon dead " .
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= Cleomenean War =
The Cleomenean War ( 229 / 228 – 222 BC ) was fought by Sparta and its ally , Elis , against the Achaean League and Macedon . The war ended in a Macedonian and Achaean victory .
In 235 BC , Cleomenes III ( r . 235 – 222 BC ) ascended the throne of Sparta and began a program of reform aimed at restoring traditional Spartan discipline while weakening the influence of the ephors , elected officials who wielded extraordinary political power , although they had sworn to uphold the rule of Sparta 's kings . When , in 229 BC , the ephors sent Cleomenes to seize a town on the border with Megalopolis , the Achaeans declared war . Cleomenes responded by ravaging Achaea . At Mount Lycaeum he defeated an army under Aratus of Sicyon , the strategos of the Achaean League , that had been sent to attack Elis , and then routed a second army near Megalopolis .
In quick succession , Cleomenes cleared the cities of Arcadia of their Achaean garrisons , before crushing another Achaean force at Dyme . Facing Spartan domination of the League , Aratus was forced to turn to Antigonus III Doson ( r . 229 – 221 BC ) of Macedon and request that he assist the Achaeans ' efforts to defeat the Spartans . In return for Macedonian assistance , the Achaeans were obliged to surrender the citadel overlooking Corinth to Antigonus . Cleomenes eventually invaded Achaea , seizing control of Corinth and Argos . But Cleomenes was forced to retreat to Laconia when Antigonus arrived in the Peloponnese . Cleomenes fought the Achaeans and the Macedonians at Sellasia , where the Spartans were routed . He then fled to the court of his ally , Ptolemy III of Egypt ( r . 246 – 222 BC ) , where he ultimately committed suicide in the wake of a failed revolt against the new Pharaoh , Ptolemy IV ( r . 221 – 205 BC ) .
= = Prelude = =
Cleomenes III ascended the throne of Sparta in 236 BC or 235 BC , after deposing his father , Leonidas II . His accession to power ended a decade @-@ long period of heightened conflict between the two royal families . Sparta 's ancient dual kingship was explained by the founding legend , that the original conquerors of Sparta were twin brothers and their descendants shared Sparta . During the turmoil , Leonidas II had executed his rival king , the reformist Agis IV .
In 229 BC , Cleomenes took the important cities Tegea , Mantineia , Caphyae and Orchomenus in Arcadia , who had by then allied themselves with the Aetolian League , a powerful Greek confederation of city states in central Greece . Historians Polybius and Sir William Smith claim that Cleomenes seized the cities by treachery ; however , Richard Talbert , who translated Plutarch 's account of Sparta , and historian N. G. L. Hammond say Cleomenes occupied them at their own request . Later that year , the ephors sent Cleomenes to seize the Athenaeum , near Belbina . Belbina was one of the entrance points into Laconia and was disputed at the time between Sparta and Megalopolis . Meanwhile , the Achaean League summoned a meeting of her assembly and declared war against Sparta . Cleomenes in return fortified his position .
Aratus of Sicyon , the strategos of the Achaean League , tried to re @-@ take Tegea and Orchomenus in a night attack . Efforts from inside the city failed , though , and Aratus quietly retreated , hoping to remain unnoticed . Cleomenes nonetheless discovered the plan and sent a message to Aratus asking about the goal of his expedition . Aratus replied that he had come to stop Cleomenes from fortifying Belbina . Cleomenes responded to this by saying : " If it 's all the same to you , write and tell me why you brought along those torches and ladders . "
= = Early years and Spartan success = =
After fortifying Belbina , Cleomenes advanced into Arcadia with 3 @,@ 000 infantry and a few cavalry . However , he was called back by the ephors , and this retreat allowed Aratus to seize Caphyae as soon as Cleomenes returned to Laconia . Once this news reached Sparta , the ephors sent Cleomenes out again ; he managed to capture the Megalopian city Methydrium before ravaging the territory surrounding Argos .
Around this time , the Achaean League sent an army under a new strategos — Aristomachos of Argos , who had been elected in May 228 BC — to meet Cleomenes in battle . The Achaean army of 20 @,@ 000 infantry and 1 @,@ 000 cavalry advanced on the 5 @,@ 000 @-@ strong Spartan army at Pallantium . Aratus , who had accompanied Aristomachos , advised him to retreat because even 20 @,@ 000 Achaeans were no match for 5 @,@ 000 Spartans . Aristomachos , listening to Aratus ' advice , retreated with the Achaean army .
Meanwhile , Ptolemy III of Egypt , who had been an ally of the Achaean League in their wars against Macedon , shifted his financial support to Sparta . Ptolemy made this decision after calculating that a resurgent Sparta would be a more valuable ally against Macedon than a failing Achaean League .
In May 227 BC , Aratus was once again elected strategos and attacked Elis . The Elians appealed to Sparta for aid ; as the Achaeans were returning from Elis , Cleomenes attacked and routed their entire army near Mount Lycaeum . Taking advantage of a rumour that he had been killed during the fighting , Aratus attacked and seized Mantinea .
Meanwhile , the Eurypontid King of Sparta Eudamidas III , son of Agis IV , died . Pausanias , the Greek writer , claims that Cleomenes had him poisoned . In order to strengthen his position against the ephors , who were opposed to his expansionist policy , Cleomenes recalled his uncle Archidamus V from his exile in Messene to ascend the Eurypontid throne , but as soon as Archidamus returned to the city , he was assassinated . Cleomenes ' involvement in the plot is unclear , since ancient sources contradict each other : Polybius claims that Cleomenes ordered the murder , but Plutarch disagrees .
= = Battle of Ladoceia and reforms = =
Later in 227 BC , Cleomenes bribed the ephors to allow him to continue his campaign against the Achaeans . Having succeeded with his bribe , Cleomenes advanced into the territory of Megalopolis and captured the village of Leuctra . In response , an Achaean army arrived , relieved the city and inflicted a minor defeat on the Spartan army based nearest the city walls . Cleomenes was therefore obliged to retreat with his troops across a series of ravines . Aratus ordered the Achaeans not to pursue the Spartans across the ravine , but Lydiadas of Megalopolis disobeyed the order and charged with the cavalry in pursuit of the Spartans . Taking advantage of the difficult terrain and the scattered cavalry , Cleomenes sent his Cretan and Tarentine soldiers against Lydiadas . They routed the cavalry , and Lydiadas was amongst the dead . The Spartans , encouraged by these events , charged against the main Achaean forces and defeated the entire army . The Achaeans were so outraged and demoralized by Aratus ' failure to support Lydiadas that they made no further attacks in that year .
Cleomenes , who was now confident of the strength of his position , began plotting against the ephors . He first recruited his stepfather , persuading him of the need to do away with the ephors . Cleomenes contended they could then make the ephors ' property common to all citizens and work toward the achievement of Spartan supremacy in Greece . Having won over his stepfather , Cleomenes started preparing his revolution . Employing the men he considered most likely to oppose him ( probably in an attempt to get them killed ) , he captured Heraea and Asea . He also brought in food for the citizens of Orchomenus — which the Achaeans were besieging — before camping outside Mantinea . This campaign exhausted his opponents , who asked to remain in Arcadia so they could rest . Cleomenes then advanced upon Sparta with his mercenaries and sent some loyal followers to slay the ephors . Four of the five ephors were killed ; the sole survivor was Agylaeus , who managed to escape and sought sanctuary in a temple .
With the ephors vanquished , Cleomenes initiated his reforms . First , he handed over his land to the state ; he was soon followed by his stepfather and his friends , and then by the rest of the citizens . He divided up all of the Spartan land , awarding an equal lot to each citizen . He increased the citizen population by granting citizenship to some perioeci , who constituted the Spartan middle class , but did not at that time have Spartan citizenship . Expanding the citizen population meant that Cleomenes could build a larger army ; he trained 4 @,@ 000 hoplites and restored the old Spartan social and military discipline . He also strengthened his army by introducing the Macedonian sarissa ( pike ) . Cleomenes completed his reforms by placing his brother , Eucleidas , in charge , making him the first Agiad king on the Eurypontid throne .
= = Domination of the Peloponnese = =
Ptolemy III of Egypt offered continued assistance to Cleomenes on the condition that the Spartan king would offer his mother and children as hostages . Cleomenes hesitated but his mother , after learning of Ptolemy 's offer , went voluntarily to Egypt .
In 226 BC , the citizens of Mantinea appealed to Cleomenes to expel the Achaean garrison from the city . One night , he and his troops crept into the city and removed the Achaean garrison before marching off to nearby Tegea . From Tegea , the Spartans advanced into Achaea , where Cleomenes hoped to force the League to face him in a pitched battle . Cleomenes advanced with his army to Dyme and was met by the entire Achaean army . In the battle , the Spartans routed the Achaean phalanx , killing many of the Achaeans and capturing others . Following this victory , Cleomenes captured the city of Lasium and presented it to the Elians .
The Achaean League was demoralized by this battle ; Aratus declined the generalship , and when both Athens and the Aetolian League turned down their appeals , they sued Cleomenes for peace . Initially , Cleomenes made only minor requests of the Achaean delegates , but as the talks progressed , Cleomenes ' demands became greater and he eventually insisted that leadership of the League be surrendered to him . In exchange , he would return to the Achaeans the prisoners and strongholds he had seized . The Achaeans invited Cleomenes to Lerna , where they were holding council . While marching there , Cleomenes drank too much water , which caused him to lose his voice and cough up blood — a situation that forced him to return to Sparta .
Aratus took advantage of this incident , and began plotting against Cleomenes with King Antigonus III Doson of Macedon . Previously , in 227 BC , two ambassadors from Megalopolis were sent to Macedon to request help . Antigonus showed little interest at the time , and these efforts failed . Aratus wanted the Macedonian king to come to the Peloponnese and defeat Cleomenes , in return for control of Acrocorinth . This was not a sacrifice that the League was willing to make , however , and they declined to seek help from Macedon .
When the Achaeans arrived at Argos for an assembly , Cleomenes came down from Tegea to meet them . However , Aratus — who had reached an agreement with Antigonus — demanded that Cleomenes present 300 hostages to the Achaeans and enter the city alone , or approach the city with all his forces . When this message reached Cleomenes , he declared that he had been wronged and once again declared war on the Achaeans .
Achaea was now in turmoil , and some cities were close to revolt ; many residents were angered at Aratus ' decision to invite the Macedonians into the Peloponnese . Some also hoped that Cleomenes would introduce constitutional changes in their cities . Encouraged by this development , Cleomenes invaded Achaea and seized the cities of Pellene , Pheneus and Penteleium , effectively splitting the Achaean League in half . The Achaeans , concerned about developing treachery in Corinth and Sicyon , dispatched their mercenaries to garrison the cities and then went to Argos to celebrate the Nemean Games .
Cleomenes estimated that Argos would be easier to capture while filled with festival @-@ goers and spectators to cause panic . During the night , he seized the rugged area above the city 's theatre . The people of the city were too terrified to offer resistance . They accepted a garrison , delivered twenty hostages to Cleomenes and became Spartan allies . The capture of Argos gave Cleomenes ' reputation a massive boost , since no Spartan king had ever managed to seize Argos . Even Pyrrhus of Epirus , one of the most famous generals of the age , had been killed while trying to take the city .
Soon after the seizure of Argos , Cleonae and Phlius surrendered themselves to Cleomenes . Meanwhile , Aratus was in Corinth investigating those suspected of supporting Sparta . When he heard what had happened at Argos , Aratus expected the city to fall to Sparta . He summoned an assembly and , with all the citizens present , he took his horse and fled to Sicyon . The Corinthians did surrender the city to Cleomenes , but the Spartan king criticized them for failing to arrest Aratus . Cleomenes sent his stepfather Megistonous to Aratus , asking for the surrender of Acrocorinth — the citadel of Corinth , which had an Achaean garrison — in return for a large amount of money .
In quick succession , Hermione , Troezen and Epidaurus surrendered to Cleomenes , who went from Argos to Corinth and started besieging the citadel . He sent a messenger to Aratus proposing that Acrocorinth should be garrisoned jointly by both the Spartans and the Achaeans , and that he would deliver a twelve talent pension . Aratus faced the hard decision of whether to give the city to Antigonus or to let it fall to Cleomenes . He chose to conclude an alliance with Antigonus and sent his son as a hostage to Macedon . Cleomenes invaded the territory of Sicyon and blockaded Aratus inside the city for three months before Aratus was able to escape to attend the Achaean council at Aegium .
= = Macedonian intervention = =
Antigonus , who had brought with him a large force of 20 @,@ 000 infantry and 1 @,@ 300 cavalry , was marching through Euboea towards the Peloponnese . The hostile Aetolian League occupying parts of Thessaly had threatened to oppose him if he went further south than Thermopylae , despite their neutrality at that point in the war . Aratus met Antigonus at Pagae , where he was pressured by Antigonus into giving Megara to Boeotia . When Cleomenes heard of the Macedonian advance through Euboea , he abandoned his siege of Sicyon and constructed a trench and palisade running from Acrocorinth to the Isthmus . He chose this location to avoid facing the Macedonian phalanx head @-@ on .
Despite numerous attempts to break through the defensive line and reach Lechaeum , Antigonus ' force failed and suffered considerable losses . These defeats took such a toll on Antigonus that he considered abandoning his attack of the palisade and moving his army to Sicyon . However , Aratus was visited one evening by some friends from Argos who invited Antigonus to come to their city . The Argives were ready to revolt under the command of Aristoteles , as they were irritated that Cleomenes had not made any reforms in the city . Antigonus sent 1 @,@ 500 men under the command of Aratus to sail to Epidaurus and , from there , march to Argos . At the same time the Achaean strategos for the year , Timoxenos , advanced with more men from Sicyon . When the Achaean reinforcements arrived , the entire city except for the citadel was in the hands of the Argives .
When Cleomenes heard about the revolt at Argos , he sent his stepfather with 2 @,@ 000 men to try and save the situation . Megistonous was killed while assaulting the city , however , and the relief force retreated , leaving the Spartans in the citadel to continue resistance . Cleomenes abandoned his much stronger position at the Isthmus for fear of being encircled and left Corinth to fall into the hands of Antigonus . Cleomenes advanced his troops upon Argos and forced his way into the city , rescuing the men stuck in the citadel . He retreated to Mantinea when he saw Antigonus ' army on the plain outside the city .
After retreating into Arcadia and receiving news of his wife 's death , Cleomenes returned to Sparta . This left Antigonus free to advance through Arcadia and on the towns that Cleomenes had fortified , including Athenaeum — which he gave to Megalopolis . He continued to Aegium , where the Achaeans were holding their council . He gave a report on his operations and was made chief @-@ in @-@ command of all the allied forces .
Antigonus took the opportunity to revive the Hellenic League of Philip II of Macedon , under the name League of Leagues . Most of the Greek city states took part in the league . These included Macedon , Achaea , Boeotia , Thessaly , Phocis , Locris , Acarnania , Euboea and Epiros . Peter Green claims that for Antigonus , the League was just a way to further Macedon 's power .
In the early spring of 223 BC , Antigonus advanced upon Tegea . He was joined there by the Achaeans and together they laid siege to it . The Tegeans held out for a few days before being forced to surrender by the Macedonians ' siege weapons . After the capture of Tegea , Antigonus advanced to Laconia , where he found Cleomenes ' army waiting for him . When his scouts brought news that the garrison of Orchomenus was marching to meet Cleomenes , however , Antigonus broke camp and ordered a forced march ; this caught the city by surprise and forced it to surrender . Antigonus proceeded to capture Mantinea , Heraea and Telphusa , which confined Cleomenes to Laconia . Antigonus then returned to Aegium , where he gave another report about his operations before dismissing the Macedonian troops to winter at home .
Knowing that Cleomenes got the money to pay for his mercenaries from Ptolemy , Antigonus , according to Peter Green , seems to have ceded some territory in Asia Minor to Ptolemy in return for Ptolemy withdrawing his financial support of Sparta . Whether this assumption is accurate or not , Ptolemy certainly withdrew his support , which left Cleomenes without money to pay for his mercenaries . Desperate , Cleomenes freed all helots able to pay five Attic minae ; in this way he accumulated 500 talents of silver . He also armed 2 @,@ 000 of the ex @-@ helots in Macedonian style to counter the White Shields , the Macedonian crack troops , before planning a major initiative .
Cleomenes noted that Antigonus had dismissed his Macedonian troops and only traveled with his mercenaries . At the time Antigonus was in Aegium , a three @-@ day march from Megalopolis . Most of the Achaeans of military age had been killed at Mount Lycaeum and Ladoceia . Cleomenes ordered his army to take five days ' worth of rations and sent his troops toward Sellasia , to give the appearance of raiding the territory of Argos . From there he went to the territory of Megalopolis ; during the night he ordered one of his friends , Panteus , to capture the weakest section of the walls , while Cleomenes and the rest of the army followed . Panteus managed to capture that section of the wall after killing the sentries . This allowed Cleomenes and the rest of the Spartan army to enter the city .
When dawn came , the Megalopolitans realised that the Spartans had entered the city ; some of them fled , while others stood and fought against the invaders . Cleomenes ' superior numbers forced the defenders to retreat , but their rearguard action allowed most of the population to escape — only 1 @,@ 000 were captured . Cleomenes sent a message to Messene , where the exiles had gathered , offering to give back their city if they became his allies . The Megalopolitans refused ; in retaliation the Spartans ransacked the city and burnt it to the ground . Nicholas Hammond estimated that Cleomenes managed to accumulate around 300 talents of loot from the city .
= = Battle of Sellasia = =
The destruction of Megalopolis shook the Achaean League . Cleomenes set off with his army to raid the territory of Argos , knowing that Antigonus would not resist him due to a lack of men . Cleomenes also hoped that his raid would cause the Argives to lose confidence in Antigonus because of his failure to protect their territory . Walbank describes this raid as being " an impressive demonstration , but it had no effect other than to make it even more clear that Cleomenes had to be defeated in a pitched battle . "
In the summer of 222 BC , Antigonus summoned his troops from Macedon , who arrived together with other allied forces . According to Polybius , the Macedonian army consisted of 10 @,@ 000 Macedonian infantry , most of them armed as phalangites , 3 @,@ 000 peltasts , 1 @,@ 200 cavalry , 3 @,@ 000 mercenaries , 8 @,@ 600 Greek allies , and 3 @,@ 000 Achaean infantry , making a total of 29 @,@ 200 men .
Cleomenes had fortified all the passes into Laconia with barricades and trenches before setting off with his army of 20 @,@ 000 men to the pass at Sellasia , on the northern border of Laconia . Overlooking the pass at Sellasia were two hills , Evas and Olympus . Cleomenes positioned his brother , Eucleidas , with the allied troops and the Perioeci on Evas ; he stationed himself on Olympus with 6 @,@ 000 Spartan hoplites and 5 @,@ 000 mercenaries .
When Antigonus reached Sellasia with his army , he found it well guarded and decided against storming the strong position . Instead he pitched camp near Sellasia and waited for several days . During this time , he sent scouts to reconnoiter the areas and feign attacks on Cleomenes ' position .
Unable to force a move from Cleomenes , Antigonus decided to risk a pitched battle . He positioned some of his Macedonian infantry and Illyrians facing the Evas hill in an articulated phalanx . The Epirots , the Acarnanians and 2 @,@ 000 Achaean infantry stood behind them as reinforcements . The cavalry took a position opposite Cleomenes ' cavalry , with 1 @,@ 000 Achaean and Megalopolitan infantry in reserve . Together with the rest of his Macedonian infantry and mercenaries Antigonus took his position opposite that of Cleomenes .
The battle started when the Illyrian troops on the Macedonian right wing attacked the Spartan force on Evas . The Spartan light infantry and cavalry , noticing that the Achaean infantry was not protected at the rear , launched an assault on the back of the Macedonian right wing , and threatened to rout it . However , at the critical moment , Philopoemon of Megalopolis ( who later became one of the greatest heroes of the Achaean League , eventually conquering Sparta ) , tried to point out the danger to the senior cavalry commanders . When they did not take notice of him , Philopoemon gathered a few other cavalrymen and charged the Spartan cavalry . The Spartans attacking from the rear broke off their engagement with the enemy , which encouraged the Macedonians to charge at the Spartan positions . The Spartans ' left flank was eventually forced back and thrown from their position and their commander , Eucleidas , killed ; they fled the field .
Meanwhile , the Macedonian phalanx on the left flank engaged the Spartan phalanx and mercenaries . During the initial assault , the Macedonian phalanx gave a considerable amount of ground before its weight drove back the Spartan phalanx . The Spartans , overwhelmed by the deeper ranks of Macedonian phalanx , were routed , but Cleomenes managed to escape with a small group of men . The battle was very costly for the Spartans ; most of their army was routed with only 200 of the 6 @,@ 000 Spartans that fought surviving the battle .
= = Aftermath = =
Following his defeat at Sellasia , Cleomenes briefly returned to Sparta and urged the citizens to accept Antigonus ' terms . Under cover of darkness , he fled from Sparta with some friends and went to the city 's port of Gythium , where he boarded a ship heading to Egypt .
Antigonus entered Sparta triumphantly , its first foreign conqueror . Nevertheless , he treated the population generously and humanely . He ordered that the reforms of Cleomenes be revoked , and restored the ephors , although he did not force Sparta to join the League . However , Antigonus ' failure to restore the Spartan Kings suggests to historian Graham Shipley that this restoration of laws was a sham . Within three days , he left Sparta and returned to Macedon to deal with a Dardanii invasion , leaving a garrison in Acrocorinth and Orchomenos . With Cleomenes ' defeat , Sparta 's power collapsed and it fell into the hands of successive tyrants .
On his arrival at Alexandria , Cleomenes was greeted by Ptolemy , who welcomed him with smiles and promises . At first Ptolemy was guarded towards Cleomenes , but soon came to respect him and promised to send him back to Greece with an army and a fleet . He also promised to provide Cleomenes with an annual income of twenty @-@ four talents . However , before he could fulfill his promise , Ptolemy died — and with him any hope for Cleomenes to return to Greece , as the weak Ptolemy IV ascended the throne .
Ptolemy IV began treating Cleomenes with neglect and soon his chief minister , Sosibius , had Cleomenes put under house arrest after he was falsely accused of plotting against the king . In 219 BC , Cleomenes and his friends escaped from house arrest and ran through the streets of Alexandria , trying to encourage an uprising against Ptolemy . When this failed , Cleomenes and all of his friends committed suicide .
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= Virtual Theatre =
The Virtual Theatre is a computer game engine designed by Revolution Software to produce adventure games for computer platforms . The engine allowed their team to script events , and move animated sprites against a drawn background with moving elements using a point @-@ and @-@ click style interface . Upon its first release , it rivaled competing engines like LucasArts ' SCUMM and Sierra 's Creative Interpreter , due to its then high level of artificial intelligence . The engine was first proposed in 1989 , while the first game to use it , Lure of the Temptress , was released in 1992 , followed by Beneath a Steel Sky ( 1994 ) , Broken Sword : The Shadow of the Templars ( 1996 ) and Broken Sword II : The Smoking Mirror ( 1997 ) .
It allowed in @-@ game characters to wander around the gameworld independently of each other , performing " everyday life " actions , which was not previously possible , and all characters and objects occupied space , and consequently , non @-@ player characters had to side @-@ step the player 's protogonist and any other object they came across , as well as the player had to side step them , achieving a more realistic game world than previous engines were unable to provide , though non @-@ player characters could unwittingly block a path as the player was traversing the game scene . Non @-@ player characters performed much simpler tasks with each release due to size constraints .
Two games ( Broken Sword : The Shadow of the Templars and Broken Sword II : The Smoking Mirror ) that use a Virtual Theatre variant engine can now be played on modern hardware using ScummVM , which as a result allows the engine to run on platforms where the titles were not officially released . In 2012 , it was confirmed that the engine will be revived as " Virtual Theatre 7 " for the upcoming fifth Broken Sword titled Broken Sword : The Serpent 's Curse ( 2013 ) .
= = Development = =
Charles Cecil and Tony Warriner had worked together at Artic Computing , an English video game development company . In 1990 , they decided that they would set up their own video game development company , together with David Sykes and Noirin Carmody . For their debut adventure game , Lure of the Temptress , released in 1992 for Amiga , Atari ST and PC , Cecil , Warriner , Sykes and Dan Marchant created the concept of the game engine titled Virtual Theatre , which Warriner wrote .
For Beneath a Steel Sky , released in 1994 for Amiga , and PC , Revolution used an updated version of Virtual Theatre , Virtual Theatre 2 @.@ 0 , written by Warriner and Sykes . However , because the game was six times the size of Lure of the Temptress , non @-@ player characters had to perform much simpler tasks than in its predecessor . Broken Sword : The Shadow of the Templars , released in 1996 for PC , Mac and PlayStation , and its sequel , Broken Sword II : The Smoking Mirror , released in 1997 for PC and PlayStation , also used modified versions of the Virtual Theatre engine . The engine got various updates since then . For Broken Sword : The Serpent 's Curse a brand new engine ( VT7 ) was developed in order to deal with multiple platforms and , in particular screen resolution ( The system is built on C + + and OpenGL , and a custom scripting language to implement the game itself ) .
= = Features = =
Traditionally in adventure game engines , non @-@ player characters were static awaiting the player to interact with them to trigger an event . However , Virtual Theatre allowed non @-@ player characters to traverse the world in seemingly random patterns , interacting with their environment . Upon the engine 's first release , it rivaled competing engines such as LucasArts ' SCUMM engine , and Sierra 's Creative Interpreter , due to its then high level of artificial intelligence .
Another advantage of the engine is that it is a cross @-@ platform engine . It was also faster on the Amiga than the C code that was used by many USA programmers at that time . Compared to the Sierra titles , the engine became in this respect more sophisticated , a reason why Revolution did the conversion of King 's Quest VI to the Amiga .
All of the in @-@ game objects ( including non @-@ player characters ) in Virtual Theatre occupied space , which was a unique feature for an engine at the time . Consequently , non @-@ player characters had to side @-@ step the player 's protogonist and any other object they came across , as well as the player had to side step them . When a non @-@ player character bypassed the protagonist , he or she uttered a comment ( like " Excuse me , Sir " ) . As the result , the engine achieved a more realistic game world than previous engines were able to provide , though non @-@ player characters could unwittingly block a path as the player was traversing the game scene . This was remedied with the release of Broken Sword : The Shadow of the Templars , where the protagonist , if found his way blocked by another character , could simply walk through him .
Two games ( Broken Sword : The Shadow of the Templars and Broken Sword II : The Smoking Mirror ) that use a Virtual Theatre variant engine can now be played on modern hardware using ScummVM . Consequently , those games using the engine may run on the platforms the titles were not officially released on .
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= Greg Young =
Gregory James " Greg " Young ( born 25 April 1983 ) is an English semi @-@ professional footballer who plays as a defender for Northern Premier League Premier Division club Buxton .
Young started his career with the Sheffield Wednesday youth system and after being released in 2002 he joined Grimsby Town of the First Division . He made his first team debut on the last day of the 2002 – 03 season with the team having already been relegated and he suffered a second relegation the following season , during which he made 19 appearances . During the 2004 – 05 season he spent two periods on loan at Conference National team Northwich Victoria before joining Halifax Town in 2005 .
He made 35 appearances for Halifax during the 2005 – 06 season and started in the 2006 Conference National play @-@ off Final at the Walkers Stadium , which was lost to Hereford United . Following loans with former club Northwich and Conference North team Alfreton Town he joined Altrincham in early 2008 . He played for Altrincham as a semi @-@ professional and after making over 100 appearances in two and a half seasons he joined York City in 2010 . After a season at the club he returned to Alfreton .
= = Career = =
= = = Grimsby Town = = =
Born in Doncaster , South Yorkshire , Young started his career with the Sheffield Wednesday youth system , where he also played in the reserve team . He was released at the end of the 2001 – 02 season , and was signed by fellow First Division team Grimsby Town in July 2002 following a trial , initially playing in the reserves . He eventually made his first team debut by starting in a 2 – 1 defeat to Reading on 26 April 2003 , the last day of the 2002 – 03 season , with Grimsby having already been relegated to the Second Division . He signed a new contract with Grimsby on 3 June 2003 , with manager Paul Groves saying " Greg has improved since he arrived at the club . He did well on his debut at Reading , but it did show that there is a big step up from the reserves for him to make . "
His first appearance of the 2003 – 04 season came as a half @-@ time substitute in a 1 – 0 victory at Blackpool on 30 September 2003 . The season saw him initially used as a stand @-@ in left back as cover for injuries , but after the arrival of Nicky Law as manager , he became a regular starter as a central defender . Young was described as the " stand @-@ out performer " in a 4 – 4 draw at Chesterfield on 27 March 2004 , despite suffering a dislocated shoulder during the match . He made a " brave " return in the final game of the season on 8 May 2004 , a 2 – 1 defeat at Tranmere Rovers , which condemned Grimsby to relegation to League Two . He finished the season with 19 appearances for Grimsby and he signed a new two @-@ year contract with the club in June 2004 .
He was still suffering from the shoulder injury in June and under new manager Russell Slade Young endured a frustrating spell . A cold Young was suffering from in August required treatment from physio Dave Moore as it put him out of action . He joined Conference National team Northwich Victoria on a one @-@ month loan on 7 October 2004 , after having made five appearances for Grimsby up to that point during the 2004 – 05 season . He made his debut two days later in a 0 – 0 draw with Crawley Town and in his third game scored in a 3 – 1 victory over Forest Green Rovers . He was recalled by Grimsby later that month due to injuries after making three appearances for Northwich . He rejoined Northwich on another one @-@ month loan on 3 December 2004 , with injury restricting him to three appearances before returning to Grimsby on 6 January 2005 .
= = = Halifax Town = = =
Young moved to Conference National team Halifax Town on a free transfer on 25 February 2005 after signing a one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ year contract . He made his debut as a 57th @-@ minute substitute in a 2 – 2 draw with former club Northwich the following day . His first goal for the club came on his sixth appearance against Tamworth after heading in a Martin Foster corner kick , with the game ending in a 3 – 3 draw . He finished the season with 13 appearances and two goals for Halifax . Young suffered an injury in August 2005 and he made his return in a 4 – 0 victory over Tamworth on 10 September 2005 . His only goal of the 2005 – 06 season came after he headed in from a Matt Doughty corner for the opening goal in a 1 – 1 draw with Stevenage Borough on 14 April 2006 . He played in both legs of Halifax 's play @-@ off semi @-@ final victory over Grays Athletic , which the team won 5 – 4 on aggregate . He started in the 2006 Conference National play @-@ off Final at the Walkers Stadium on 20 May , being substituted on 61 minutes , which was lost 3 – 2 to Hereford United after extra time . He finished the season with 35 appearances and one goal .
He was affected by a shoulder injury towards the end of the season and he had a successful operation on this in May 2006 . After recovering from this operation he made his return in a 2 – 1 victory at Cambridge United on 29 August 2006 . He joined Northwich for the third time after signing a one @-@ month loan in November 2006 , after having made eight appearances for Halifax up to that point during the 2006 – 07 season . He made three appearances for Northwich before being recalled by Halifax on 18 December 2006 . He made three appearances after returning and his season was ended due to a knee injury sustained on 1 January 2007 in a 1 – 1 draw with Altrincham , after having made 11 appearances for Halifax that season .
He joined Conference North team Alfreton Town on a one @-@ month loan in August 2007 , making his debut and return from injury in a 2 – 1 defeat to Southport on 18 August . He made six appearances before returning to Halifax on 18 September 2007 . He made an immediate return to the team after coming on as a substitute on 88 minutes in a 1 – 1 draw with Rushden & Diamonds on 22 September 2007 .
= = = Altrincham = = =
Young was released by Halifax while they were enduring financial difficulties and he signed for Altrincham as a semi @-@ professional on a contract until the end of the 2007 – 08 season shortly afterwards on 4 January 2008 . He made his debut a day later as a 60th @-@ minute substitute in a 4 – 0 defeat to Oxford United and his full debut came after starting in a 2 – 1 victory over Kidderminster Harriers . His only goal of the season came from the edge of the box in a 2 – 1 defeat at Burton Albion on 8 April 2008 . He finished the season with 22 appearances and one goal for Altrincham and he signed a new two @-@ year contract in the summer of 2008 .
Young featured for Altrincham in their FA Cup first round game and first round replay against League Two team Luton Town , with the latter being lost 4 – 2 in a penalty shoot @-@ out . His first goal of the 2008 – 09 season came after he scored from close range in a 1 – 0 victory over Northwich Victoria on 26 December 2008 . His second goal of the season was the winner in a 1 – 0 victory at Wrexham on 13 April 2009 , a result that ensured Altrincham would not finish the season in the relegation zone . He finished the season with 51 appearances and two goals .
He contracted mumps in September 2009 and made his return to action against Rushden on 3 October . Young 's first goal of the 2009 – 10 season came with the winner in a 1 – 0 victory over Wrexham in an FA Trophy first round replay . His first league goal of the season came after scoring the winning goal in a 2 – 1 victory at Ebbsfleet United after heading in a Doughty corner on 16 January 2010 . Young 's fourth goal of the season came against Wrexham came after he scored an 82nd @-@ minute equaliser on 9 March 2010 . He scored the winning goal in a 3 – 2 victory over Kidderminster after shooting from 12 yards on 3 April 2010 . He finished the season with 44 appearances and six goals .
= = = York City = = =
Young joined fellow Conference Premier team York City on a one @-@ year contract on 24 May 2010 and so returned to playing full @-@ time . He made his debut in a 2 – 1 defeat at Fleetwood Town on 30 August 2010 and he scored York 's only goal in the 87th minute with a header from an Alex Lawless cross . After initially being used as an outfield substitute Young played in goal for the second half of York 's 5 – 0 defeat at Luton Town on 18 January 2011 , conceding one goal , after Michael Ingham was sent off in the 15th minute .
Young returned to former club Altrincham on an emergency loan until the end of the 2010 – 11 season on 7 February 2011 . His first appearance after returning to the club came in a 2 – 1 defeat at Kidderminster on 12 February 2011 . After making 11 appearances and scoring one goal for Altrincham , Young returned to York after being recalled on 20 April 2011 due to an injury to Danny Parslow . He did not play following his return and finished the season with 12 appearances and one goal for York .
= = = Alfreton Town = = =
Young signed a two @-@ year contract with former club Alfreton Town , who had recently been promoted to the Conference Premier , on 1 June 2011 . He finished the 2011 – 12 season with 35 appearances for Alfreton .
= = = Gainsborough Trinity = = =
On 14 June 2012 , Young signed for Conference North side Gainsborough Trinity and made his debut in their 2012 – 13 opening day 1 – 0 defeat at home to Gloucester City on 18 August .
= = = Buxton = = =
Young signed with Buxton of the Northern Premier League Premier Division in July 2014 . He made 47 appearances and scored six goals as Buxton finished tenth in the table in the 2014 – 15 season .
= = Style of play = =
Young primarily plays as a left @-@ footed centre @-@ back and is also able to play at left @-@ back . While at Altrincham , he was also deployed as an auxiliary striker . While being a " classy centre @-@ half " , he is an " aggressive player who likes to win the ball " and his play has been described as " shackling " . On his goalscoring record , Young said " It ’ s something I have worked on in my own game during the last couple of years . I made a point of improving my scoring record and I ’ ve done that slightly " in 2010 .
= = Personal life = =
Young studied for a degree in sport and exercise science at university while playing part @-@ time for Altrincham .
= = Career statistics = =
As of match played 26 April 2014 .
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= Climate =
Climate is the statistics ( usually , mean or variability ) of weather , usually over a 30 @-@ year interval . It is measured by assessing the patterns of variation in temperature , humidity , atmospheric pressure , wind , precipitation , atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time . Climate differs from weather , in that weather only describes the short @-@ term conditions of these variables in a given region .
A region 's climate is generated by the climate system , which has five components : atmosphere , hydrosphere , cryosphere , lithosphere , and biosphere .
The climate of a location is affected by its latitude , terrain , and altitude , as well as nearby water bodies and their currents . Climates can be classified according to the average and the typical ranges of different variables , most commonly temperature and precipitation . The most commonly used classification scheme was Köppen climate classification originally developed by Wladimir Köppen . The Thornthwaite system , in use since 1948 , incorporates evapotranspiration along with temperature and precipitation information and is used in studying biological diversity and the potential effects on it of climate changes . The Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic Classification systems focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region .
Paleoclimatology is the study of ancient climates . Since direct observations of climate are not available before the 19th century , paleoclimates are inferred from proxy variables that include non @-@ biotic evidence such as sediments found in lake beds and ice cores , and biotic evidence such as tree rings and coral . Climate models are mathematical models of past , present and future climates . Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors ; recent warming is discussed in global warming .
= = Definition = =
Climate ( from Ancient Greek klima , meaning inclination ) is commonly defined as the weather averaged over a long period . The standard averaging period is 30 years , but other periods may be used depending on the purpose . Climate also includes statistics other than the average , such as the magnitudes of day @-@ to @-@ day or year @-@ to @-@ year variations . The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( IPCC ) 2001 glossary definition is as follows :
Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the " average weather , " or more rigorously , as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period ranging from months to thousands or millions of years . The classical period is 30 years , as defined by the World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) . These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature , precipitation , and wind . Climate in a wider sense is the state , including a statistical description , of the climate system .
The World Meteorological Organization ( WMO ) describes climate " normals " as " reference points used by climatologists to compare current climatological trends to that of the past or what is considered ' normal ' . A Normal is defined as the arithmetic average of a climate element ( e.g. temperature ) over a 30 @-@ year period . A 30 year period is used , as it is long enough to filter out any interannual variation or anomalies , but also short enough to be able to show longer climatic trends . " The WMO originated from the International Meteorological Organization which set up a technical commission for climatology in 1929 . At its 1934 Wiesbaden meeting the technical commission designated the thirty @-@ year period from 1901 to 1930 as the reference time frame for climatological standard normals . In 1982 the WMO agreed to update climate normals , and in these were subsequently completed on the basis of climate data from 1 January 1961 to 31 December 1990 .
The difference between climate and weather is usefully summarized by the popular phrase " Climate is what you expect , weather is what you get . " Over historical time spans there are a number of nearly constant variables that determine climate , including latitude , altitude , proportion of land to water , and proximity to oceans and mountains . These change only over periods of millions of years due to processes such as plate tectonics . Other climate determinants are more dynamic : the thermohaline circulation of the ocean leads to a 5 ° C ( 9 ° F ) warming of the northern Atlantic Ocean compared to other ocean basins . Other ocean currents redistribute heat between land and water on a more regional scale . The density and type of vegetation coverage affects solar heat absorption , water retention , and rainfall on a regional level . Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric greenhouse gases determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet , leading to global warming or global cooling . The variables which determine climate are numerous and the interactions complex , but there is general agreement that the broad outlines are understood , at least insofar as the determinants of historical climate change are concerned .
= = Climate classification = =
There are several ways to classify climates into similar regimes . Originally , climes were defined in Ancient Greece to describe the weather depending upon a location 's latitude . Modern climate classification methods can be broadly divided into genetic methods , which focus on the causes of climate , and empiric methods , which focus on the effects of climate . Examples of genetic classification include methods based on the relative frequency of different air mass types or locations within synoptic weather disturbances . Examples of empiric classifications include climate zones defined by plant hardiness , evapotranspiration , or more generally the Köppen climate classification which was originally designed to identify the climates associated with certain biomes . A common shortcoming of these classification schemes is that they produce distinct boundaries between the zones they define , rather than the gradual transition of climate properties more common in nature .
= = = Bergeron and Spatial Synoptic = = =
The simplest classification is that involving air masses . The Bergeron classification is the most widely accepted form of air mass classification . Air mass classification involves three letters . The first letter describes its moisture properties , with c used for continental air masses ( dry ) and m for maritime air masses ( moist ) . The second letter describes the thermal characteristic of its source region : T for tropical , P for polar , A for Arctic or Antarctic , M for monsoon , E for equatorial , and S for superior air ( dry air formed by significant downward motion in the atmosphere ) . The third letter is used to designate the stability of the atmosphere . If the air mass is colder than the ground below it , it is labeled k . If the air mass is warmer than the ground below it , it is labeled w . While air mass identification was originally used in weather forecasting during the 1950s , climatologists began to establish synoptic climatologies based on this idea in 1973 .
Based upon the Bergeron classification scheme is the Spatial Synoptic Classification system ( SSC ) . There are six categories within the SSC scheme : Dry Polar ( similar to continental polar ) , Dry Moderate ( similar to maritime superior ) , Dry Tropical ( similar to continental tropical ) , Moist Polar ( similar to maritime polar ) , Moist Moderate ( a hybrid between maritime polar and maritime tropical ) , and Moist Tropical ( similar to maritime tropical , maritime monsoon , or maritime equatorial ) .
= = = Köppen = = =
The Köppen classification depends on average monthly values of temperature and precipitation . The most commonly used form of the Köppen classification has five primary types labeled A through E. These primary types are A , tropical ; B , dry ; C , mild mid @-@ latitude ; D , cold mid @-@ latitude ; and E , polar . The five primary classifications can be further divided into secondary classifications such as rain forest , monsoon , tropical savanna , humid subtropical , humid continental , oceanic climate , Mediterranean climate , steppe , subarctic climate , tundra , polar ice cap , and desert .
Rain forests are characterized by high rainfall , with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1 @,@ 750 millimetres ( 69 in ) and 2 @,@ 000 millimetres ( 79 in ) . Mean monthly temperatures exceed 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) during all months of the year .
A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months , ushering in a region 's rainy season . Regions within North America , South America , Sub @-@ Saharan Africa , Australia and East Asia are monsoon regimes .
A tropical savanna is a grassland biome located in semiarid to semi @-@ humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes , with average temperatures remain at or above 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) year round and rainfall between 750 millimetres ( 30 in ) and 1 @,@ 270 millimetres ( 50 in ) a year . They are widespread on Africa , and are found in India , the northern parts of South America , Malaysia , and Australia .
The humid subtropical climate zone where winter rainfall ( and sometimes snowfall ) is associated with large storms that the westerlies steer from west to east . Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms and from occasional tropical cyclones . Humid subtropical climates lie on the east side continents , roughly between latitudes 20 ° and 40 ° degrees away from the equator .
A humid continental climate is marked by variable weather patterns and a large seasonal temperature variance . Places with more than three months of average daily temperatures above 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) and a coldest month temperature below − 3 ° C ( 27 ° F ) and which do not meet the criteria for an arid or semiarid climate , are classified as continental .
An oceanic climate is typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes of all the world 's continents , and in southeastern Australia , and is accompanied by plentiful precipitation year round .
The Mediterranean climate regime resembles the climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin , parts of western North America , parts of Western and South Australia , in southwestern South Africa and in parts of central Chile . The climate is characterized by hot , dry summers and cool , wet winters .
A steppe is a dry grassland with an annual temperature range in the summer of up to 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) and during the winter down to − 40 ° C ( − 40 ° F ) .
A subarctic climate has little precipitation , and monthly temperatures which are above 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) for one to three months of the year , with permafrost in large parts of the area due to the cold winters . Winters within subarctic climates usually include up to six months of temperatures averaging below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) .
Tundra occurs in the far Northern Hemisphere , north of the taiga belt , including vast areas of northern Russia and Canada .
A polar ice cap , or polar ice sheet , is a high @-@ latitude region of a planet or moon that is covered in ice . Ice caps form because high @-@ latitude regions receive less energy as solar radiation from the sun than equatorial regions , resulting in lower surface temperatures .
A desert is a landscape form or region that receives very little precipitation . Deserts usually have a large diurnal and seasonal temperature range , with high or low , depending on location daytime temperatures ( in summer up to 45 ° C or 113 ° F ) , and low nighttime temperatures ( in winter down to 0 ° C or 32 ° F ) due to extremely low humidity . Many deserts are formed by rain shadows , as mountains block the path of moisture and precipitation to the desert .
= = = Thornthwaite = = =
Devised by the American climatologist and geographer C. W. Thornthwaite , this climate classification method monitors the soil water budget using evapotranspiration . It monitors the portion of total precipitation used to nourish vegetation over a certain area . It uses indices such as a humidity index and an aridity index to determine an area 's moisture regime based upon its average temperature , average rainfall , and average vegetation type . The lower the value of the index in any given area , the drier the area is .
The moisture classification includes climatic classes with descriptors such as hyperhumid , humid , subhumid , subarid , semi @-@ arid ( values of − 20 to − 40 ) , and arid ( values below − 40 ) . Humid regions experience more precipitation than evaporation each year , while arid regions experience greater evaporation than precipitation on an annual basis . A total of 33 percent of the Earth 's landmass is considered either arid of semi @-@ arid , including southwest North America , southwest South America , most of northern and a small part of southern Africa , southwest and portions of eastern Asia , as well as much of Australia . Studies suggest that precipitation effectiveness ( PE ) within the Thornthwaite moisture index is overestimated in the summer and underestimated in the winter . This index can be effectively used to determine the number of herbivore and mammal species numbers within a given area . The index is also used in studies of climate change .
Thermal classifications within the Thornthwaite scheme include microthermal , mesothermal , and megathermal regimes . A microthermal climate is one of low annual mean temperatures , generally between 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) and 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) which experiences short summers and has a potential evaporation between 14 centimetres ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) and 43 centimetres ( 17 in ) . A mesothermal climate lacks persistent heat or persistent cold , with potential evaporation between 57 centimetres ( 22 in ) and 114 centimetres ( 45 in ) . A megathermal climate is one with persistent high temperatures and abundant rainfall , with potential annual evaporation in excess of 114 centimetres ( 45 in ) .
= = Record = =
= = = Modern = = =
Details of the modern climate record are known through the taking of measurements from such weather instruments as thermometers , barometers , and anemometers during the past few centuries . The instruments used to study weather over the modern time scale , their known error , their immediate environment , and their exposure have changed over the years , which must be considered when studying the climate of centuries past .
= = = Paleoclimatology = = =
Paleoclimatology is the study of past climate over a great period of the Earth 's history . It uses evidence from ice sheets , tree rings , sediments , coral , and rocks to determine the past state of the climate . It demonstrates periods of stability and periods of change and can indicate whether changes follow patterns such as regular cycles .
= = Climate change = =
Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time . It reflects changes in the variability or average state of the atmosphere over time scales ranging from decades to millions of years . These changes can be caused by processes internal to the Earth , external forces ( e.g. variations in sunlight intensity ) or , more recently , human activities .
In recent usage , especially in the context of environmental policy , the term " climate change " often refers only to changes in modern climate , including the rise in average surface temperature known as global warming . In some cases , the term is also used with a presumption of human causation , as in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change ( UNFCCC ) . The UNFCCC uses " climate variability " for non @-@ human caused variations .
Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past , including four major ice ages . These consisting of glacial periods where conditions are colder than normal , separated by interglacial periods . The accumulation of snow and ice during a glacial period increases the surface albedo , reflecting more of the Sun 's energy into space and maintaining a lower atmospheric temperature . Increases in greenhouse gases , such as by volcanic activity , can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period . Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the continents , variations in the Earth 's orbit , changes in the solar output , and volcanism .
= = = Climate models = = =
Climate models use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions of the atmosphere , oceans , land surface and ice . They are used for a variety of purposes ; from the study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system , to projections of future climate . All climate models balance , or very nearly balance , incoming energy as short wave ( including visible ) electromagnetic radiation to the earth with outgoing energy as long wave ( infrared ) electromagnetic radiation from the earth . Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the earth .
The most talked @-@ about applications of these models in recent years have been their use to infer the consequences of increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere , primarily carbon dioxide ( see greenhouse gas ) . These models predict an upward trend in the global mean surface temperature , with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere .
Models can range from relatively simple to quite complex :
Simple radiant heat transfer model that treats the earth as a single point and averages outgoing energy
this can be expanded vertically ( radiative @-@ convective models ) , or horizontally
finally , ( coupled ) atmosphere – ocean – sea ice global climate models discretise and solve the full equations for mass and energy transfer and radiant exchange .
Climate forecasting is a way by some scientists are using to predict climate change . In 1997 the prediction division of the International Research Institute for Climate and Society at Columbia University began generating seasonal climate forecasts on a real @-@ time basis . To produce these forecasts an extensive suite of forecasting tools was developed , including a multimodel ensemble approach that required thorough validation of each model 's accuracy level in simulating interannual climate variability .
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= Metric system =
The metric system is an internationally agreed decimal system of measurement . It was originally based on the mètre des Archives and the kilogramme des Archives introduced by the First French Republic in 1799 , but over the years the definitions of the metre and the kilogram have been refined , and the metric system has been extended to incorporate many more units . Although a number of variants of the metric system emerged in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries , the term is now often used as a synonym for " SI " or the " International System of Units " — the official system of measurement in almost every country in the world .
The metric system has been officially sanctioned for use in the United States since 1866 , but the US remains the only industrialised country that has not adopted the metric system as its official system of measurement . Many sources also cite Liberia and Myanmar as the only other countries not to have done so . Although the United Kingdom uses the metric system for most administrative and trade purposes , Imperial units are widely used by the public and are permitted or obligatory for some purposes , such as road signs .
Although the originators intended to devise a system that was equally accessible to all , it proved necessary to use prototype units in the custody of national or local authorities as standards . Control of the prototype units of measure was maintained by the French government until 1875 , when it was passed to an intergovernmental organisation , the General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) .
From its beginning , the main features of the metric system were the standard set of interrelated base units and a standard set of prefixes in powers of ten . These base units are used to derive larger and smaller units that could replace a huge number of other units of measure in existence . Although the system was first developed for commercial use , the development of coherent units of measure made it particularly suitable for science and engineering .
The uncoordinated use of the metric system by different scientific and engineering disciplines , particularly in the late 19th century , resulted in different choices of base units even though all were based on the same definitions of the metre and the kilogram . During the 20th century , efforts were made to rationalise these units , and in 1960 , the CGPM published the International System of Units , which has since then been the internationally recognised standard metric system .
= = Features = =
Although the metric system has changed and developed since its inception , its basic concepts have hardly changed . Designed for transnational use , it consisted of a basic set of units of measurement , now known as base units . Derived units were built up from the base units using logical rather than empirical relationships while multiples and submultiples of both base and derived units were decimal @-@ based and identified by a standard set of prefixes .
= = = Universality = = =
At the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789 , most countries and even some cities had their own system of measurement . Although different countries might have used units of measure with the same name , such as the foot , or local language equivalents such as pied , Fuß and voet , there was no consistency in the magnitude of those units , nor in the relationships with their multiples and submultiples , much like the modern @-@ day differences between the US and the UK pints and gallons .
The metric system was designed to be universal — in the words of the French philosopher Marquis de Condorcet it was to be " for all people for all time " . It was designed for ordinary people , for engineers who worked in human @-@ related measurements and for astronomers and physicists who worked with numbers both small and large , hence the huge range of the prefixes that have been defined in SI .
When the French Government first investigated the idea of overhauling their system of measurement , the concept of universality was put into practice in 1789 : Maurice de Talleyrand , acting on Condorcet 's advice , invited John Riggs Miller , a British parliamentarian and Thomas Jefferson , the American Secretary of State to George Washington , to work with the French in producing an international standard by promoting legislation in their respective legislative bodies . However , these early overtures failed and the custody of the metric system remained in the hands of the French government until 1875 .
In languages where the distinction is made , unit names are common nouns ( i.e. not proper nouns ) . They use the character set and follow the grammatical rules of the language concerned , for example " kilometre " , " kilómetro " , but each unit has a symbol that is independent of language , for example " km " for " kilometre " , " V " for " volts " etc .
= = = Decimal multiples = = =
In the metric system , multiples and submultiples of units follow a decimal pattern , a concept identified as a possibility in 1586 by Simon Stevin , the Flemish mathematician who had introduced decimal fractions into Europe . This is done at the cost of losing the simplicity associated with many traditional systems of units where division by 3 does not result in awkward fractions ; for example one third of a foot is four inches , a simplicity that in 1790 was debated , but rejected by the originators of the metric system . In 1854 , in the introduction to the proceedings of the [ British ] Decimal Association , the mathematician Augustus de Morgan summarised the advantages of a decimal @-@ based system over a non @-@ decimal system thus : " In the simple rules of arithmetic , we practice a pure decimal system , nowhere interrupted by the entrance of any other system : from column to column we never carry anything but tens " .
A common set of decimal @-@ based prefixes that have the effect of multiplication or division by an integer power of ten can be applied to units which are themselves too large or too small for practical use . The concept of using consistent classical ( Latin or Greek ) names for the prefixes was first proposed in a report by the [ French Revolutionary ] Commission on Weights and Measures in May 1793 . The prefix kilo , for example , is used to multiply the unit by 1000 , and the prefix milli is to indicate a one @-@ thousandth part of the unit . Thus the kilogram and kilometre are a thousand grams and metres respectively , and a milligram and millimetre are one thousandth of a gram and metre respectively . These relations can be written symbolically as :
1 mg
= 0 @.@ 001 g
1 km =
1000 m
In the early days , multipliers that were positive powers of ten were given Greek @-@ derived prefixes such as kilo- and mega- , and those that were negative powers of ten were given Latin @-@ derived prefixes such as centi- and milli- . However , 1935 extensions to the prefix system did not follow this convention : the prefixes nano- and micro- , for example have Greek roots . During the 19th century the prefix myria- , derived from the Greek word μύριοι ( mýrioi ) , was used as a multiplier for 10000 .
When applying prefixes to derived units of area and volume that are expressed in terms of units of length squared or cubed , the square and cube operators are applied to the unit of length including the prefix , as illustrated below .
Prefixes are not usually used to indicate multiples of a second greater than 1 ; the non @-@ SI units of minute , hour and day are used instead . On the other hand , prefixes are used for multiples of the non @-@ SI unit of volume , the litre ( l , L ) such as millilitres ( ml ) .
= = = Realisability and replicable prototypes = = =
The base units used in the metric system must be realisable , ideally with reference to natural phenomena rather than unique artefacts . Each of the base units in SI is accompanied by a mise en pratique [ practical realisation ] published by the BIPM that describes in detail at least one way in which the base unit can be measured . Where possible , definitions of the base units were developed so that any laboratory equipped with proper instruments would be able to realise a standard without reliance on an artefact held by another country . In practice , such realisation is done under the auspices of a mutual acceptance arrangement ( MAA ) .
= = = = Metre and kilogram = = = =
In the original version of the metric system the base units could be derived from a specified length ( the metre ) and the weight [ mass ] of a specified volume ( 1 ⁄ 1000 of a cubic metre ) of pure water . Initially the de facto French Government of the day , the Assemblée nationale constituante , considered defining the metre as the length of a pendulum that has a period of one second at 45 ° N and an altitude equal to sea level . The altitude and latitude were specified to accommodate variations in gravity ; the specified latitude was a compromise between the latitude of London ( 51 ° 30'N ) , Paris ( 48 ° 50'N ) and the median parallel of the United States ( 38 ° N ) to accommodate variations . However the mathematician Borda persuaded the assembly that a survey having its ends at sea level and based on a meridian that spanned at least 10 % of the earth 's quadrant would be more appropriate for such a basis .
The available technology of the 1790s made it impracticable to use these definitions as the basis of the kilogram and the metre , so prototypes that represented these quantities insofar as was practicable were manufactured . On 22 June 1799 these prototypes were adopted as the definitive reference pieces , deposited in the Archives nationales and became known as the mètre des Archives and the kilogramme des Archives . Copies were made and distributed around France . These artefacts were replaced in 1889 by the new prototypes manufactured under international supervision . Insofar as was possible , the new prototypes were exact copies of the original prototypes , but used a later technology to ensure better stability . One of each of the kilogram and metre prototypes were chosen by lot to serve as the definitive international reference piece with the remainder being distributed to signatories of the Metre Convention . In 1889 there was no generally accepted theory regarding the nature of light but by 1960 the wavelength of specific light spectra could give a more accurate and reproducible value than a prototype metre . In that year the prototype metre was replaced by a formal definition which defines the metre in terms of the wavelength of specified light spectra . By 1983 it was accepted that the speed of light in vacuum was constant and that this constant provided a more reproducible procedure for measuring length . Therefore , the metre was redefined in terms of the speed of light . These definitions give a much better reproducibility and also allow anyone , anywhere with a suitably equipped laboratory , to make a standard metre .
= = = = Other base units = = = =
None of the other base units rely on a prototype – all are based on phenomena that are directly observable and had been in use for many years before formally becoming part of the metric system .
The second first became a de facto base unit within the metric system when , in 1832 , Carl Friedrich Gauss used it , the centimetre and the gram to derive the units associated with values of absolute measurements of the Earth 's magnetic field . The second , if based on the Earth 's rotation , is not a constant as the Earth 's rotation is slowing down — in 2008 the solar day was 0 @.@ 002 s longer than in 1820 . This had been known for many years ; consequently in 1952 the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) defined the second in terms of the Earth 's rotation in the year 1900 . Measurements of time were made using extrapolation from readings based on astronomy . With the launch of SI in 1960 , the 11th CGPM adopted the IAU definition . In the years that followed , atomic clocks became significantly more reliable and precise ; and in 1968 the 13th CGPM redefined the second in terms of a specific frequency from the emission spectrum of the caesium 133 atom , a component of atomic clocks . This provided the means to measure the time associated with astronomical phenomena rather than using astronomical phenomena as the basis from which time measurements were made .
The CGS absolute unit of electric current , the abampere , had been defined in terms of the force between two parallel current @-@ carrying wires in 1881 . In the 1940s , the International Electrotechnical Commission adopted an MKS variant of this definition for the ampere which was adopted in 1948 by the CGPM .
Temperature has always been based on observable phenomena — in 1744 the degree Centigrade was based on the freezing and boiling points of water . In 1948 the CGPM adopted the Centigrade scale , renamed it the " Celsius " temperature scale name and defined it in terms of the triple point of water .
When the mole and the candela were accepted by the CGPM in 1971 and 1975 respectively , both had been defined by third parties by reference to phenomena rather than artefacts .
= = = Coherence = = =
Each variant of the metric system has a degree of coherence — the various derived units are directly related to the base units without the need for intermediate conversion factors . For example , in a coherent system the units of force , energy and power are chosen so that the equations
hold without the introduction of unit conversion factors . Once a set of coherent units have been defined , other relationships in physics that use those units will automatically be true . Therefore , Einstein 's mass @-@ energy equation , E = mc2 , does not require extraneous constants when expressed in coherent units .
The CGS system had two units of energy , the erg that was related to mechanics and the calorie that was related to thermal energy ; so only one of them ( the erg ) could bear a coherent relationship to the base units . Coherence was a design aim of SI resulting in only one unit of energy being defined – the joule .
In SI , which is a coherent system , the unit of power is the " watt " which is defined as " one joule per second " . In the US customary system of measurement , which is non @-@ coherent , the unit of power is the " horsepower " which is defined as " 550 foot @-@ pounds per second " ( the pound in this context being the pound @-@ force ) . Similarly , neither the US gallon nor the imperial gallon is one cubic foot or one cubic yard — the US gallon is 231 cubic inches and the imperial gallon is 277 @.@ 42 cubic inches .
The concept of coherence was only introduced into the metric system in the third quarter of the 19th century ; in its original form the metric system was non @-@ coherent — in particular the litre was 0 @.@ 001 m3 and the are ( from which the hectare derives ) was 100 m2 . However the units of mass and length were related to each other through the physical properties of water , the gram having been designed as being the mass of one cubic centimetre of water at its freezing point .
= = History = =
In 1586 the Flemish mathematician Simon Stevin published a small pamphlet called De Thiende ( " the tenth " ) . Decimal fractions had been employed for the extraction of square roots some five centuries before his time , but nobody used decimal numbers in daily life . Stevin declared that using decimals was so important that the universal introduction of decimal weights , measures and coinage was only a matter of time .
One of the earliest proposals for a decimal system in which length , area , volume and mass were linked to each other was made by John Wilkins , first secretary of the Royal Society of London in his 1668 essay " An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language " . His proposal used a pendulum that had a beat of one second as the basis of the unit of length . Two years later , in 1670 , Gabriel Mouton , a French abbot and scientist , proposed a decimal system of length based on the circumference of the Earth . His suggestion was that a unit , the milliare , be defined as a minute of arc along a meridian . He then suggested a system of sub @-@ units , dividing successively by factors of ten into the centuria , decuria , virga , virgula , decima , centesima , and millesima . His ideas attracted interest at the time , and were supported by both Jean Picard and Christiaan Huygens in 1673 , and also studied at the Royal Society in London . In the same year , Gottfried Leibniz independently made proposals similar to those of Mouton .
In pre @-@ revolutionary Europe , each state had its own system of units of measure . Some countries , such as Spain and Russia , saw the advantages of harmonising their units of measure with those of their trading partners . However , vested interests who profited from variations in units of measure opposed this . This was particularly prevalent in France where the huge inconsistency in the size of units of measure was one of the causes that , in 1789 , led to the outbreak of the French Revolution . During the early years of the revolution , savants including the Marquis de Condorcet , Pierre @-@ Simon Laplace , Adrien @-@ Marie Legendre , Antoine Lavoisier and Jean @-@ Charles de Borda set up a Commission of Weights and Measures . The commission was of the opinion that the country should adopt a completely new system of measure based on the principles of logic and natural phenomena . Logic dictated that such a system should be based on the radix used for counting . Their report of March 1791 to the Assemblée nationale constituante considered but rejected the view of Laplace that a duodecimal system of counting should replace the existing decimal system ; the view such a system was bound to fail prevailed . The commission 's final recommendation was that the assembly should promote a decimal @-@ based system of measurement . The leaders of the assembly accepted the views of the commission .
Initially France attempted to work with other countries towards the adoption of a common set of units of measure . Among the supporters of such an international system of units was Thomas Jefferson who , in 1790 , presented a document Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage , Weights , and Measures of the United States to Congress in which he advocated a decimal system that used traditional names for units ( such as ten inches per foot ) . The report was considered but not adopted by Congress .
= = = Original metric system = = =
The French law of 18 Germinal , Year III ( 7 April 1795 ) defined five units of measure :
The mètre for length
The are ( 100 m2 ) for area [ of land ]
The stère ( 1 m3 ) for volume of stacked firewood
The litre ( 1 dm3 ) for volumes of liquid
The gramme for mass .
This system continued the tradition of having separate base units for geometrically related dimensions , e.g. , mètre for lengths , are ( 100 m2 ) for areas , stère ( 1 m3 ) for dry capacities , and litre ( 1 dm3 ) for liquid capacities . The hectare , equal to a hundred ares , the area of a square 100 metres on a side ( about 2 @.@ 47 acres ) , is still in use . The early metric system included only a few prefixes from milli ( one thousandth ) to myria ( ten thousand ) .
Originally the kilogramme , defined as being one pinte ( later renamed the litre ) of water at the melting point of ice , was called the grave ; the gramme being an alternative name for a thousandth of a grave . However , the word grave , being a synonym for the title " count " , had aristocratic connotations and was renamed the kilogramme . The name mètre was suggested by Auguste @-@ Savinien Leblond in May 1790 .
France officially adopted the metric system on 10 December 1799 . Although it was decreed that its use was to be mandatory in Paris that year and across the provinces the following year , the decree was not universally observed across France .
= = = International adoption = = =
Areas annexed by France during the Napoleonic era were the first to inherit the metric system . In 1812 Napoleon introduced a system known as mesures usuelles which used the names of pre @-@ metric units of measure , but defined them in terms of metric units – for example , the livre metrique ( metric pound ) was 500 g and the toise metrique ( metric fathom ) was 2 metres . After the Congress of Vienna in 1815 , France lost the territories that she had annexed ; some , such as the Papal States reverted to their pre @-@ revolutionary units of measure , others such as Baden adopted a modified version of the mesures usuelles , but France kept her system of measurement intact .
In 1817 the Netherlands reintroduced the metric system , but used pre @-@ revolutionary names — for example 1 centimetre became the duim ( thumb ) , the ons ( ounce ) became 100 g and so on . Certain German states adopted similar systems and in 1852 the German Zollverein ( customs union ) adopted the zollpfund ( customs pound ) of 500 g for intrastate commerce . In 1872 the newly formed German Empire adopted the metric system as its official system of weights and measures and the newly formed Kingdom of Italy likewise , following the lead given by Piedmont , adopted the metric system in 1861 .
The Exposition Universelle ( 1867 ) ( Paris Exhibition ) devoted a stand to the metric system and by 1875 two thirds of the European population and close to half the world 's population had adopted the metric system . By 1872 the only principal European countries not to have adopted the metric system were Russia and the United Kingdom .
By 1920 countries comprising 22 % of the world 's population , mainly English @-@ speaking , used the imperial system ; 25 % used mainly the metric system and the remaining 53 % used neither .
In 1927 several million people in the United States sent over 100 @,@ 000 petitions backed by the Metric Association and The General Federation of Women 's Clubs urging Congress to adopt the metric system . The petition was opposed by the manufacturing industry , citing the cost of the conversion .
= = = International standards = = =
In 1861 a committee of the British Association for Advancement of Science ( BAAS ) including William Thomson ( later Lord Kelvin ) , James Clerk Maxwell and James Prescott Joule introduced the concept of a coherent system of units based on the metre , gram and second which , in 1873 , was extended to include electrical units .
On 20 May 1875 an international treaty known as the Convention du Mètre ( Metre Convention ) was signed by 17 states . This treaty established the following organisations to conduct international activities relating to a uniform system for measurements :
General Conference on Weights and Measures ( CGPM ) , an intergovernmental conference of official delegates of member nations and the supreme authority for all actions ;
International Committee for Weights and Measures ( CIPM ) , consisting of selected scientists and metrologists , which prepares and executes the decisions of the CGPM and is responsible for the supervision of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) ;
International Bureau of Weights and Measures ( BIPM ) , a permanent laboratory and world centre of scientific metrology , the activities of which include the establishment of the basic standards and scales of the principal physical quantities and maintenance of the international prototype standards .
In 1881 first International Electrical Congress adopted the BAAS recommendations on electrical units , followed by a series of congresses in which further units of measure were defined and the International Electrotechnical Commission ( IEC ) was set up with the specific task of overseeing electrical units of measure . This was followed by the International Congress of Radiology ( ISR ) who , at their inaugural meeting in 1926 , initiated the definition of radiological @-@ related units of measure . In 1921 the Metre Convention was extended to cover all units of measure , not just length and mass and in 1933 the 8th CGPM resolved to work with other international bodies to agree standards for electrical units that could be related back to the international prototypes . Since 1954 the CIPM committee that oversees the definition of units of measurement , the Consultative Committee for Units , has representatives from many international organisations including the ISR , IEC and ISO under the chairmanship of the CIPM .
= = Variants = =
A number of variants of the metric system evolved , all using the Mètre des Archives and Kilogramme des Archives ( or their descendants ) as their base units , but differing in the definitions of the various derived units .
= = = Centimetre @-@ gram @-@ second systems = = =
The centimetre gram second system of units ( CGS ) was the first coherent metric system , having been developed in the 1860s and promoted by Maxwell and Thomson . In 1874 , this system was formally promoted by the British Association for the Advancement of Science ( BAAS ) . The system 's characteristics are that density is expressed in g / cm3 , force expressed in dynes and mechanical energy in ergs . Thermal energy was defined in calories , one calorie being the energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of water from 15 @.@ 5 ° C to 16 @.@ 5 ° C. The meeting also proposed two sets of units for electrical and magnetic properties – the electrostatic set of units and the electromagnetic set of units .
= = = Metre @-@ kilogram @-@ second systems = = =
The CGS units of electricity were cumbersome to work with . This was remedied at the 1893 International Electrical Congress held in Chicago by defining the " international " ampere and ohm using definitions based on the metre , kilogram and second . In 1901 , Giovanni Giorgi showed that by adding an electrical unit as a fourth base unit , the various anomalies in electromagnetic systems could be resolved . The metre @-@ kilogram @-@ second @-@ coulomb ( MKSC ) and metre @-@ kilogram @-@ second @-@ ampere ( MKSA ) systems are examples of such systems .
The International System of Units ( Système international d 'unités or SI ) is the current international standard metric system and is also the system most widely used around the world . It is an extension of Giorgi 's MKSA system — its base units are the metre , kilogram , second , ampere , kelvin , candela and mole .
= = = Metre @-@ tonne @-@ second systems = = =
The metre @-@ tonne @-@ second system of units ( MTS ) was based on the metre , tonne and second – the unit of force was the sthène and the unit of pressure was the pièze . It was invented in France for industrial use and from 1933 to 1955 was used both in France and in the Soviet Union .
= = = Gravitational systems = = =
Gravitational metric systems use the kilogram @-@ force ( kilopond ) as a base unit of force , with mass measured in a unit known as the hyl , Technische Mass Einheit ( TME ) , mug or metric slug . Although the CGPM passed a resolution in 1901 defining the standard value of acceleration due to gravity to be 980 @.@ 665 cm / s2 , gravitational units are not part of the International System of Units ( SI ) .
= = = International System of Units = = =
The 9th CGPM met in 1948 , three years after the end of the Second World War and fifteen years after the 8th CGPM . In response to formal requests made by the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics and by the French Government to establish a practical system of units of measure , the CGPM requested the CIPM to prepare recommendations for such a system , suitable for adoption by all countries adhering to the Metre Convention . The recommendation also catalogued symbols for the most important MKS and CGS units of measure and for the first time the CGPM made recommendations concerning derived units . At the same time the CGPM formally adopted a recommendation for the writing and printing of unit symbols and of numbers .
The CIPM 's draft proposal , which was an extensive revision and simplification of the metric unit definitions , symbols and terminology based on the MKS system of units , was put to the 10th CGPM in 1954 . In accordance with Giorgi 's proposals of 1901 , the CIPM also recommended that the ampere be the base unit from which electromechanical units would be derived . The definitions for the ohm and volt that had previously been in use were discarded and these units became derived units based on the metre , ampere , second and kilogram . After negotiations with the International Commission on Illumination ( CIE ) and IUPAP , two further base units , the degree kelvin and the candela were also proposed as base units . The full system and name " Système International d 'Unités " were adopted at the 11th CGPM in October 1960 . During the years that followed the definitions of the base units and particularly the methods of applying these definitions have been refined .
The formal definition of International System of Units ( SI ) along with the associated resolutions passed by the CGPM and the CIPM are published by the BIPM in brochure form at regular intervals . The eighth edition of the brochure Le Système International d 'Unités — The International System of Units was published in 2006 and is available on the internet . In October 2011 , at the 24th CGPM proposals were made to change the definitions of four of the base units . These changes should not affect the average person .
= = Relating SI to the real world = =
Although SI , as published by the CGPM , should , in theory , meet all the requirements of commerce , science and technology , certain units of measure have acquired such a position within the world community that it is likely they will be used for many years to come . In order that such units are used consistently around the world , the CGPM catalogued such units in Tables 6 to 9 of the SI brochure . These categories are :
Non @-@ SI units accepted for use with the International System of Units ( Table 6 ) . This list includes the hour and minute , the angular measures ( degree , minute and second of arc ) and the historic [ non @-@ coherent ] metric units , the litre , tonne and hectare ( originally agreed by the CGPM in 1879 )
Non @-@ SI units whose values in SI units must be obtained experimentally ( Table 7 ) . This list includes various units of measure used in atomic and nuclear physics and in astronomy such as the dalton , the electron mass , the electron volt , the astronomical unit , the solar mass , and a number of other units of measure that are well @-@ established , but dependent on experimentally @-@ determined physical quantities .
Other non @-@ SI units ( Table 8 ) . This list catalogues a number of units of measure that have been used internationally in certain well @-@ defined spheres including the bar for pressure , the ångström for atomic physics , the nautical mile and the knot in navigation .
Non @-@ SI units associated with the CGS and the CGS @-@ Gaussian system of units ( Table 9 ) . This table catalogues a number of units of measure based on the CGS system and dating from the nineteenth century . They appear frequently in the literature , but their continued use is discouraged by the CGPM .
= = Usage around the world = =
The usage of the metric system varies around the world . According to the US Central Intelligence Agency 's Factbook ( 2007 ) , the International System of Units has been adopted as the official system of weights and measures by all nations in the world except for Myanmar ( Burma ) , Liberia and the United States , while the NIST has identified the United States as the only industrialised country where the metric system is not the predominant system of units . However , reports published since 2007 hold this is no longer true of Myanmar or Liberia . An Agence France @-@ Presse report from 2010 stated that Sierra Leone had passed a law to replace the imperial system with the metric system thereby aligning its system of measurement with that used by its Mano River Union ( MRU ) neighbours Guinea and Liberia . Reports from Myanmar suggest that the country is also planning to adopt the metric system .
In the United States metric units , authorised by Congress in 1866 , are widely used in science , medicine , military , and partially in industry , but customary units predominate in household use . At retail stores the litre is a commonly used unit for volume , especially on bottles of beverages , and milligrams are used to denominate the amounts of medications , rather than grains . On the other hand , non @-@ metric units are used in certain regulated environments such as nautical miles and knots in international aviation . Resistance to metrication , particularly in the UK and the US , has been connected to the perceived cost involved , a sense of patriotism and lack of desire to conform internationally .
In the countries of the Commonwealth of Nations the metric system has replaced the imperial system by varying degrees : Australia , New Zealand and Commonwealth countries in Africa are almost totally metric , India is mostly metric while Canada is partly metric . In the United Kingdom , the metric system , the use of which was first permitted for trade in 1864 , is used in much government business , in most industries including building , health and engineering and for pricing by measure or weight in most trading situations , both wholesale and retail . However the imperial system is widely used by the British public , such as feet and inches as a measurement of height , weight in stone and pounds , and is legally mandated in various cases , such as road @-@ sign distances , which must be given in yards and miles . In 2007 , the European Commission announced that it was to abandon the requirement for metric @-@ only labelling on packaged goods in the UK , and to allow dual metric – imperial marking to continue indefinitely .
Some other jurisdictions , such as Hong Kong , have laws mandating or permitting other systems of measurement in parallel with the metric system in some or all contexts .
= = = Variations in spelling = = =
The SI symbols for the metric units are intended to be identical , regardless of the language used but unit names are ordinary nouns and use the character set and follow the grammatical rules of the language concerned . For example , the SI unit symbol for kilometre is " km " everywhere in the world , even though the local language word for the unit name may vary . Language variants for the kilometre unit name include : chilometro ( Italian ) , Kilometer ( German ) , kilometer ( Dutch ) , kilomètre ( French ) , χιλιόμετρο ( Greek ) , quilómetro / quilômetro ( Portuguese ) , kilómetro ( Spanish ) and километр ( Russian ) .
Variations are also found with the spelling of unit names in countries using the same language , including differences in American English and British spelling . For example , meter and liter are used in the United States whereas metre and litre are used in other English @-@ speaking countries . In addition , the official US spelling for the rarely used SI prefix for ten is deka . In American English the term metric ton is the normal usage whereas in other varieties of English tonne is common . Gram is also sometimes spelled gramme in English @-@ speaking countries other than the United States , though this older usage is declining .
= = = Conversion and calculation incidents = = =
The dual usage of or confusion between metric and non @-@ metric units has resulted in a number of serious incidents . These include :
Flying an overloaded American International Airways aircraft from Miami , Florida to Maiquetia , Venezuela on 26 May 1994 . The degree of overloading was consistent with ground crew reading the kilogram markings on the cargo as pounds .
In 1999 the Institute for Safe Medication Practices reported that confusion between grains and grams led to a patient receiving phenobarbital 0 @.@ 5 grams instead of 0 @.@ 5 grains ( 0 @.@ 03 grams ) after the practitioner misread the prescription .
The Canadian " Gimli Glider " accident in 1983 , when a Boeing 767 jet ran out of fuel in mid @-@ flight because of two mistakes made when calculating the fuel supply of Air Canada 's first aircraft to use metric measurements : mechanics miscalculated the amount of fuel required by the aircraft as a result of their unfamiliarity with metric units .
The root cause of the loss in 1999 of NASA 's US $ 125 million Mars Climate Orbiter was a mismatch of units – the spacecraft engineers calculated the thrust forces required for velocity changes using US customary units ( lbf · s ) whereas the team who built the thrusters were expecting a value in metric units ( N · s ) as per the agreed specification .
= = Conversion between SI and legacy units = =
During its evolution , the metric system has adopted many units of measure . The introduction of SI rationalised both the way in which units of measure were defined and also the list of units in use . These are now catalogued in the official SI Brochure . The table below lists the units of measure in this catalogue and shows the conversion factors connecting them with the equivalent units that were in use on the eve of the adoption of SI .
The SI Brochure also catalogues certain non @-@ SI units that are widely used with the SI in matters of everyday life or units that are exactly defined values in terms of SI units and are used in particular circumstances to satisfy the needs of commercial , legal , or specialised scientific interests . These units include :
= = Future developments = =
After the metre was redefined in 1960 , the kilogram was the only SI base unit that relied on a specific artefact . After the 1996 – 1998 recalibrations a clear divergence between the international and various national prototype kilograms was observed .
At the 23rd CGPM ( 2007 ) , the CIPM was mandated to investigate the use of natural constants as the basis for all units of measure rather than the artefacts that were then in use . At a meeting of the CCU held in Reading , United Kingdom in September 2010 , a resolution and draft changes to the SI brochure that were to be presented to the next meeting of the CIPM in October 2010 were agreed to in principle . The CCU proposed to
in addition to the speed of light , define four constants of nature — Planck 's constant , an elementary charge , Boltzmann constant and Avogadro constant – to have exact values
retire the international prototype kilogram
revise the current definitions of the kilogram , ampere , kelvin and mole to make use of the above four constants of nature
tighten the wording of the definitions of all the base units
The CIPM meeting of October 2010 found that " the conditions set by the General Conference at its 23rd meeting have not yet been fully met . For this reason the CIPM does not propose a revision of the SI at the present time " . The CIPM did however sponsor a resolution at the 24th CGPM in which the changes were agreed in principle and which were expected to be finalised at the 25th CGPM in 2014 .
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= 1982 British Army Gazelle friendly fire incident =
On 6 June 1982 , during the Falklands War , the British Royal Navy Type 42 destroyer HMS Cardiff engaged and destroyed a British Army Gazelle helicopter , serial number XX377 , in a friendly fire incident , killing all four occupants . Cardiff , on the lookout for aircraft flying supplies to the Argentine forces occupying the Falkland Islands , had misidentified the helicopter as an enemy C @-@ 130 Hercules . Although the helicopter 's loss was initially blamed on enemy action , a subsequent inquiry found Cardiff 's missiles to be the cause .
On the night of 5 June , HMS Cardiff was stationed to the east of the islands to provide gunfire support to the land forces and intercept enemy aircraft . At around 02 : 00 a radar contact was detected ; a British Army Air Corps Gazelle helicopter was making a routine delivery of personnel and equipment to a radio rebroadcast station on East Falkland . From the contact 's speed and course , Cardiff 's operations room crew assumed it to be hostile . Two Sea Dart missiles were fired , destroying the target . The Gazelle 's wreckage and crew were discovered the next morning , and the loss was attributed to enemy fire . Although Cardiff was suspected , later scientific tests on the wreckage proved inconclusive .
No formal inquiry was held until four years later . Defending their claim that the helicopter had been lost in action , the United Kingdom 's Ministry of Defence ( MoD ) stated that they had not wanted to " cause further anguish to relatives " while they were still trying to ascertain how the Gazelle had been shot down . The board of inquiry finally confirmed that the soldiers fell due to friendly fire . It recommended that " neither negligence nor blame should be attributed to any individual " , but identified several factors . A lack of communication between the army and the navy meant that 5th Infantry Brigade had not notified anyone of the helicopter 's flight . The navy had not informed the land forces that Cardiff had changed position to set up an ambush for Argentine aircraft travelling over the area . The helicopter 's identification friend or foe ( IFF ) transmitter was turned off , because it caused interference with the army 's Rapier anti @-@ aircraft missile system . The board of inquiry 's findings prompted criticism of the MoD 's initial response to the incident .
= = Background = =
On 2 April 1982 , the British overseas territory of the Falkland Islands was invaded by neighbouring Argentina . The United Kingdom , nearly 8 @,@ 000 miles ( 13 @,@ 000 km ) away , assembled and dispatched a naval task force of 28 @,@ 000 troops to recapture the islands . The conflict ended that June with the surrender of the Argentine forces ; the battles fought on land , at sea , and in the air had cost the lives of some 900 British and Argentine servicemen .
In early May , British troops landed at San Carlos on the western side of East Falkland , and from there moved overland towards the islands ' capital of Stanley . To support the advance , logistical supplies were ferried to the troops by helicopter from San Carlos . The Argentine forces occupying Stanley were supplied throughout the war by C @-@ 130 Hercules aircraft from the Argentine mainland . These " milk @-@ runs " , as the British termed them , were a source of concern to the Royal Navy , and various attempts were made to intercept them .
= = Incident = =
On the night of 5 June , the British Type 42 destroyer HMS Cardiff took up station on the " Bluff Cove Gunline " to the east of the islands . Tasked with a dual mission , Cardiff was to provide fire support to the marines of 3 Commando Brigade , and to interdict any Argentine aircraft attempting to fly into Stanley . The destroyer had performed a similar role four nights previously , when she unsuccessfully attempted to shoot down a re @-@ supply aircraft as it landed , and again as it took off .
Meanwhile , pilots Staff Sergeant Christopher Griffin and Lance Corporal Simon Cockton , of 656 Squadron Army Air Corps , had been ordered to fly equipment and personnel to a malfunctioning radio re @-@ broadcast station on top of Pleasant Peak . The station had been established the previous day to provide a communications link between the 5th Infantry Brigade headquarters at Darwin , and the 2nd Battalion , Parachute Regiment at Fitzroy . Night flying conditions were excellent , with a clear sky , a prominent moon and a wind speed of 20 kn ( 37 km / h ) . The crew departed from Goose Green in Gazelle serial number XX377 and collected the replacement equipment from the headquarters at Darwin . They also took on board two passengers ; Major Michael Forge , the OC of 205 Signal Squadron , and one of his technicians , Staff Sergeant John Baker . Griffin was an experienced pilot ; the flight to the re @-@ broadcast station was expected to take ten minutes .
At 02 : 00 local time , Cardiff 's operations room detected XX377 on her surface plot radar at a range of 25 nautical miles ( 46 km ) . The helicopter 's identification friend or foe ( IFF ) system was turned off , so receiving no friendly transmissions and with the contact apparently heading towards Stanley , the operations room crew assumed it to be hostile . After calculating its speed they believed they were tracking an Argentine fixed @-@ wing aircraft — either a Hercules conducting a resupply mission , or a FMA IA 58 Pucará ground @-@ attack aircraft sent to retaliate for Cardiff 's shelling . Cardiff fired two of her Sea Dart missiles . 5th Infantry Brigade lost radio contact with the Gazelle , and simultaneously the exploding missile warheads were seen and heard by the re @-@ broadcast station 's personnel atop Pleasant Peak . Cardiff 's crew were able to see the fireball , but only with the aid of night vision goggles .
The helicopter 's loss caused the British to suspect that Argentine forces were still operating in the area , so patrols were mounted by Gurkha soldiers . When the Gurkhas came across the personnel manning the Pleasant Peak station there was potential for another friendly fire incident to occur . At first light a proper search was carried out , and the Gazelle 's wreckage was found along with the dead aircrew and passengers ; 5th Infantry Brigade 's first casualties of the war . Immediately there were suspicions that Cardiff had been responsible for the shootdown , and later that evening Rear Admiral " Sandy " Woodward declared a " Weapons Tight " order , forbidding the engagement of any aircraft not positively identified as hostile , for all contacts detected flying over East Falkland at less than 200 kn ( 370 km / h ) and under 610 m ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) .
= = Investigations = =
The crew 's bodies were initially examined by senior medical officer , Surgeon @-@ Captain Richard " Rick " Jolly of the Royal Navy . The helicopter 's wreckage was inspected on @-@ site , but the British were unable to determine if it had been destroyed by Cardiff 's missiles or by Argentine fire . This uncertainty prompted the decision not to hold a board of inquiry , and XX377 was declared " lost in action " . It was surmised that , if the relatives of the deceased were told that the Gazelle might have been lost to friendly fire , it would add to their grief . After the war , missile fragments found in the wreckage were taken to the British government 's aviation research facility at RAE Farnborough for analysis . The scientific tests concluded that the fragments were not from a British Sea Dart missile , despite a Sea Dart casing later being found " several hundred yards " away from the wreckage .
In December 1982 an inquest was held by a Southampton coroner into the death of Lance Corporal Cockton after his body was repatriated to the UK . Based on RAE Farnborough 's test results , the Army Air Corps submitted evidence stating that the analysis of the warhead fragments found in the wreckage indicated that the helicopter had been destroyed by a type of anti @-@ aircraft missile " known to have been in the possession of the enemy " . The test results were reviewed in November 1985 and determined that there could be " no definitive conclusion as to the exact source of the missile fragments recovered from the crash site " . In June 1986 , John Stanley , the Minister of State for the Armed Forces , announced in his written answers to the House of Commons : " the [ Southampton ] coroner has been informed accordingly . "
In October 1986 , partly due to pressure from Cockton 's mother and the anti @-@ war politician Tam Dalyell , an official board of inquiry was finally opened . The board took a month to reach the conclusion that XX377 was shot down by Cardiff . Historian Hugh Bicheno remarks : " It took [ the ] MoD four years and two investigations , the first either incompetent or a deliberate cover @-@ up , even to admit the Gazelle blue @-@ on @-@ blue . " The board 's findings were made public by a Freedom of Information Act request in July 2008 , although Paragraph 13 of the report was redacted under Section 26 of the act as it " contains operational details of the Royal Navy 's activities , which , even with the passage of time since the Falklands campaign , would be of use to potential enemies . "
The board of inquiry found that standard operating procedure dictated that the commanders of 5th Infantry Brigade were not required to declare the helicopter 's mission to any other authority , as the flight was to occur in brigade airspace on a brigade task . Gazelle XX377 was equipped with an IFF transmitter , but this was turned off . In the opinion of the board , " had IFF been in use there is little doubt that Cardiff would not have engaged the aircraft that night . " At the time , less than half of the land force 's helicopters were fitted with IFF transmitters , and those that were had been ordered not to use them because they inhibited the tracking systems of the British ground @-@ based Rapier anti @-@ aircraft missile batteries . A misconception about the Royal Navy 's ability to engage air targets over land led to the navy not being informed that the army 's helicopters were not using IFF . The board of inquiry concluded that it was this failure to communicate , together with the navy 's assumption that all helicopters would be operating IFF , which " had a cumulative effect [ and ] was a major cause of [ the ] accident . " However , the board recommended that " neither negligence nor blame should be attributed to any individual " .
= = Effects = =
Given that the role of helicopters in land force operations was increasing , as was the integration of guided missile destroyers for coastal defence , the board of inquiry recommended an amendment to NATO procedures for amphibious warfare and naval gunfire support , to alert other armed forces to the danger of underestimating a ship 's missile engagement zone over land . During the late 1980s , the British government placed more emphasis on joint warfare training , with exercises , such as Purple Warrior , taking place in Oman and Scotland . The board noted the establishment of the Permanent Joint Headquarters , designed to put an end to the " ad hoc and reactive way " in which operations had been carried out while under single service control . IFF transmitters were fitted to all Army Air Corps and Royal Marine Gazelle and Lynx helicopters , and the problem of operating IFF in the vicinity of Rapier batteries was successfully addressed . The board supported a recommendation that the responsibilities of naval gunfire @-@ support liaison officers could be broadened to include the interpretation of air defence problems during inshore joint warfare operations .
A memorial cross was installed on Pleasant Peak , and the number " 205 " was painted at the crash site by the soldiers of 205 Signal Squadron . The number is approximately 40 m ( 130 ft ) wide and can be seen from the air ( 51 @.@ 783600 ° S 58 @.@ 467786 ° W / -51.783600 ; -58.467786 ) .
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= Thespis ( opera ) =
Thespis , or The Gods Grown Old , is an operatic extravaganza that was the first collaboration between dramatist W. S. Gilbert and composer Arthur Sullivan . No musical score of Thespis was ever published , and most of the music has been lost . Gilbert and Sullivan went on to become the most famous and successful artistic partnership in Victorian England , creating a string of comic opera hits , including H.M.S. Pinafore , The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado , which continue to be popular .
Thespis premièred in London at the Gaiety Theatre on 26 December 1871 . Like many productions at that theatre , it was written in a broad , burlesque style , considerably different from Gilbert and Sullivan 's later works . It was a success , for a Christmas entertainment of the time , and closed on 8 March 1872 , after a run of 63 performances . It was advertised as " An entirely original Grotesque Opera in Two Acts " .
The story follows an acting troupe headed by Thespis , the legendary Greek father of the drama , who temporarily trade places with the gods on Mount Olympus , who have grown elderly and ignored . The actors turn out to be comically inept rulers . Having seen the ensuing mayhem down below , the angry gods return , sending the actors back to Earth as " eminent tragedians , whom no one ever goes to see " . Gilbert would return to this theme twenty @-@ five years later in his last opera with Sullivan , The Grand Duke , in which a theatre company temporarily replaces the ruler of a small country and decides to " revive the classic memories of Athens at its best " .
Seasonal works like Thespis were not normally expected to endure , and apart from a benefit performance shortly after the original staging , Thespis was not performed again during its creators ' lifetimes . A renewed interest in the piece began in the 1950s , and numerous productions have been performed since , either with music taken from Sullivan 's other works , or with original music .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Act I = = =
Scene : A Ruined Temple on the Summit of Mount Olympus
On Mount Olympus , the elderly deities complain of feeling old and lament their waning influence on Earth . Mercury complains that the older gods are lazy and leave all their duties to him , while he gets no credit for all his drudgery . Jupiter says that matters have reached a crisis , but he is unsure what can be done about it . Just then , the gods see a swarm of mortals ascending the mountain and withdraw to observe them from a distance .
Thespis 's acting company enters for a picnic celebrating the marriage of two of its members , Sparkeion and Nicemis . The actors , being cheap , have failed to contribute substantial food items to the picnic . Sparkeion flirts with his former fiancée , Daphne , which annoys Nicemis . In retaliation , Nicemis flirts with her old suitor , Thespis , but he declines to flirt back . Thespis explains to his troupe that a successful manager must be aloof from those he manages , or he will lose his authority .
Jupiter , Mars and Apollo enter . All of the actors flee in terror , except for Thespis . Jupiter asks Thespis whether he is impressed with the father of the gods . Thespis replies that the gods are unimpressive and suggests that they go down to earth in disguise to " mingle " and judge for themselves what people think of them . They agree to invest the actors with their powers , as they take a merry holiday below on Earth . Thespis agrees that he and his company will keep things running on Mount Olympus during the gods ' absence . Each actor takes the place of one of the gods , with Thespis himself replacing Jupiter . Mercury stays behind to offer any advice the actors may need .
= = = Act II = = =
The Same Scene , One Year Later , with the Ruins Restored
Under Thespis 's direction , Olympus has been restored to its former splendour , and the Thespians enjoy ambrosia and nectar . Thespis 's rule is very liberal , and he has advised his troupe not to " be hampered by routine and red tape and precedent " . The celestial assignments , however , have caused some difficulties , as the romantic entanglements of the actors in real life conflict with those of the gods that they are playing . Venus , played by Pretteia , is supposed to be married to Mars , but the actor playing Mars is her father . A possible solution is discovered in Venus having actually married Vulcan , but Vulcan is her grandfather . Sparkeion , who took on the role of Apollo , accompanies his wife , Nicemis , who plays Diana , on her nightly duties , so that the sun is up during the night .
Mercury informs Thespis that the substitute gods have received many complaints from mortals because some are not performing their functions , and others ' ill @-@ judged experiments have wreaked havoc in the world below . For instance , Timidon , the replacement for Mars , is a pacifist and a coward ; the substitute for Hymen refuses to marry anyone ; and the ersatz Pluto is too tenderhearted to let anyone die . Daphne , who plays the muse Calliope , comes to Thespis and claims , based on a bowdlerised edition of the Greek myths , that Calliope was married to Apollo . She points out that Apollo , played by Sparkeion , is the brother of Diana ( played by Sparkeion 's wife , Nicemis ) . Thespis decides that Sparkeion is married to Daphne while they are gods , but his marriage to Nicemis will resume when they are mortals once again .
When the gods return , they are furious and tell Thespis that he has " deranged the whole scheme of society " . Thespis says that they should calm down , as the list of mortals ' complaints is about to be read . The gods watch incognito as Mercury presents the complaints : The actors have ruined the weather ; caused strife among the nations ; and there is no wine , since Bacchus is a teetotaller . After listening to these grievances , the gods angrily shed their disguises . The actors beg to stay on Olympus , but Jupiter punishes them for their folly by sending them back to earth cursed as " eminent tragedians , whom no one ever goes to see " .
= = Roles and original cast = =
Gods
Jupiter , Aged Deity – John Maclean
Apollo , Aged Deity – Fred Sullivan
Mars , Aged Deity – Frank Wood
Diana , Aged Deity – Mrs. Henry Leigh
Venus , Aged Deity [ uncredited ] – ( Miss Jolly )
Mercury – Ellen " Nellie " Farren
Thespians
Thespis , Manager of a Travelling Theatrical Co . – J. L. Toole
Sillimon , his Stage Manager – J. G. Taylor
Timidon – Mr. Marshall
Tipseion – Robert Soutar ( Nellie Farren 's husband )
Preposteros – Harry Payne
Stupidas – Fred Payne
Sparkeion – Mlle. Clary ( Real name : Mlle. Poirel @-@ Tardieu )
Nicemis – Constance Loseby
Pretteia – Rose Berend
Daphne – Annie Tremaine
Cymon – Miss L. Wilson
Principal dancers : Mlle. Esta , Misses Lizzie Wright and Smithers
Chorus of aged deities and thespians ; Gaiety Corps de Ballet
The first performance was conducted by Arthur Sullivan . Subsequent performances were conducted by Meyer Lutz , the theatre 's musical director . In addition to playing Tipseion , the theatre 's stage manager , Robert Soutar , stage managed the piece . The Ballet Master was W. H. Payne
= = Background = =
= = = Genesis = = =
Impresario and author John Hollingshead , the lessee of London 's Gaiety Theatre since 1868 , had produced a number of successful musical burlesques and operettas there . Indeed , Hollingshead " boasted that he kept alight ' the sacred lamp of burlesque . ' " Gilbert and Sullivan were each well acquainted with the Gaiety and its house artistes . Gilbert 's Robert the Devil ( a burlesque of the opera Robert le Diable ) had been on the programme on the theatre 's opening night on 21 December 1868 , with Nellie Farren in the title role , and played successfully for over 100 nights . Constance Loseby and Annie Tremaine ( both of whom had roles in Thespis ) were also in the cast of Robert , and Arthur Sullivan was in the audience on that opening night as one of Hollingshead 's guests . It was a great success , " received with a storm of approbation " . Less successfully , Gilbert had also written a play for the theatre in 1869 called An Old Score . Hollingshead would later say that the piece was " too true to nature " . By late September or early October 1871 , Gaiety programmes announced that " The Christmas Operatic Extravaganza will be written by W. S. Gilbert , with original music by Arthur Sullivan . " There would be prominent roles for the popular comedian J. L. Toole , as well as Farren , the theatre 's star " principal boy " in all of its burlesques .
How and when the pair came to collaborate on Thespis is uncertain . Gilbert was a logical choice for the assignment . With seven operas and plays premièring that year and over a dozen other burlesques , farces and extravaganzas under his belt , he was well known to London theatregoers as a comic dramatist . Sullivan , however , was at this point mainly known for his serious music . His completed music that year included the choral cantata On Shore and Sea , a suite of incidental music for Shakespeare 's The Merchant of Venice , and numerous hymns , including " Onward , Christian Soldiers " . He did have two comic operas to his credit , Cox and Box ( 1866 ) and The Contrabandista ( 1867 ) , but the latter was four years in the past and had been unsuccessful . In September 1871 , Sullivan had been engaged to conduct at The Royal National Opera , but it failed abruptly , leaving him unexpectedly without commitments . Hollingshead 's offer of a role to his brother , Fred Sullivan , may have encouraged him to write the music for Thespis .
The production " aroused a great deal of interest and speculation " . Ironically , it had " probably the largest audience " of any Gilbert and Sullivan première , as the Gaiety was the largest of the five London theatres at which their joint works premièred .
= = = Composition = = =
Gilbert had a busy autumn . His play On Guard had an unsuccessful run at the Court Theatre , opening on 28 October 1871 , while his most successful play to date , Pygmalion and Galatea , opened on 9 December , only a few days before rehearsals for Thespis were to begin . Sullivan , however , had more time on his hands after a Manchester production of The Merchant of Venice , for which he supplied incidental music , had its première on 9 September .
Both Gilbert and Sullivan recalled that Thespis was written in some haste . Sullivan recalled , simply , that " both music and libretto were very hurriedly written " . In his 1883 autobiography , Gilbert wrote :
Soon after the production of Pygmalion and Galatea I wrote the first of many libretti , in collaboration with Mr Arthur Sullivan . This was called Thespis ; or , the Gods Grown Old . It was put together in less than three weeks , and was produced at the Gaiety theatre after a week 's rehearsal . It ran eighty nights , but it was a crude and ineffective work , as might be expected , taking into consideration the circumstances of its rapid composition .
By 1902 , Gilbert 's recollection of the time frame had expanded to five weeks :
I may state that " Thespis " was in no sense a failure although it achieved no considerable success . I believe it ran about seven [ ty ] nights — a fair run in those days . The piece was produced under stress of tremendous hurry . It was invented , written , composed , rehearsed , and produced within five weeks .
Gilbert 's five @-@ week estimate is " in conflict with other apparently incontrovertible facts " . Sullivan 's nephew , Herbert Sullivan , wrote that the libretto was already in existence before his uncle became involved in the project : " Gilbert showed [ Hollingshead ] the libretto of an operatic Extravaganza Thespis , and Hollingshead forthwith sent it to Sullivan to set . " Gilbert generally sketched out his libretti some months in advance of a production but did not write a finished libretto until he had a firm commitment to produce it . At the very least , a " rough draft of the plot " must have existed by 30 October , in light of a letter on that date from Gilbert 's agent to R. M. Field of the Boston Museum Theatre , which reads :
At Xmas will be produced at the Gaiety Theatre , a new and original Opera Bouffe in English , by W. S. Gilbert , Esq . , & Arthur Sullivan , Esq. does the new music . It is expected to be a Big Thing — and the purport of my present letter to you is — first — to send you ( this day ) rough sketch of the piece for your own reading , and secondly to ask you — if you care and will cause the piece to be rightly protected — with a view to sale in all places possible in the United States . ... Messrs. G. & S. are now hard at work on said piece .
Gilbert did , in fact , conclude an agreement with Field , and the first published libretto advised : " Caution to American Pirates . — The Copyright of the Dialogue and Music of this Piece , for the United States and Canada , has been assigned to Mr. Field , of the Boston Museum , by agreement , dated 7th December , 1871 . " If Field mounted the work , however , the production has not been traced . Gilbert 's concern about American copyright pirates foreshadowed the difficulties he and Sullivan would later encounter with unauthorised " pirated " productions of H.M.S. Pinafore , The Mikado and their other popular works . In any case , the libretto was " published and circulated " in London in mid @-@ December .
= = = Production = = =
With the piece set to open on 26 December , Gilbert first read the libretto to the cast on 14 December , but Toole , who was playing the central role of Thespis , did not return from a tour of the British provinces until 18 December . He then appeared in nine performances at the Gaiety in the six days immediately after his return , and other actors had similar commitments . In addition , Hollingshead had committed the company to perform a pantomime at The Crystal Palace on 21 December , which included many of the performers who would be in Thespis . Lastly , Thespis was to play as the afterpiece to an H. J. Byron comedy , Dearer than Life , which shared many of its actors , including Toole and Fred Sullivan , and had to be rehearsed at the same time .
Despite the short time available for rehearsals , Sullivan recalled that Gilbert insisted that the chorus play a major role , as it would do in their later Savoy operas :
Until Gilbert took the matter in hand choruses were dummy concerns , and were practically nothing more than a part of the stage setting . It was in ' Thespis ' that Gilbert began to carry out his expressed determination to get the chorus to play its proper part in the performance . At this moment it seems difficult to realise that the idea of the chorus being anything more than a sort of stage audience was , at that time , a tremendous novelty . In consequence of this innovation , some of the incidents at the rehearsal of ' Thespis ' were rather amusing . I remember that , on one occasion , one of the principals became quite indignant and said , ' Really , Mr. Gilbert , why should I stand here ? I am not a chorus @-@ girl ! ' to which Gilbert replied curtly , ' No , madam , your voice is not strong enough , or no doubt you would be.'
= = Reception = =
= = = Opening night = = =
The première was under rehearsed , as several critics noted , and the work was also evidently in need of cutting : Gaiety management had advised that carriages should be called for 11 : 00 p.m. , but Thespis was still playing past midnight . The Orchestra reported that " scarcely one player ... was more than ' rough perfect ' in his part . " The Observer commented that " the acting , as well as the business , will want working up before it can be fairly criticized ... the opera ... was not ready " . The Daily Telegraph suggested that " It is more satisfactory for many reasons to look upon the performance last evening as a full dress rehearsal .... When Thespis ends at the orthodox Gaiety closing hour , and the opera has been energetically rehearsed , few happier entertainments will be found . "
Some critics could not see past the production 's state of disarray . The Hornet captioned its review , " Thespis ; or , the Gods Grown Old and WEARISOME ! " The Morning Advertiser found it " a dreary , tedious two @-@ act rigmarole of a plot ... grotesque without wit , and the music thin without liveliness ... however , not entirely devoid of melody .... The curtain falls before a yawning and weary audience . " But others found much to admire in the work , despite the poor opening performance . The Illustrated Times wrote :
It is terribly severe on Mr. W. S. Gilbert and Arthur Sullivan , the joint authors of Thespis , that their work was produced in such a crude and unsatisfactory state . Thespis on its own merits — merits of literary worth , merits of fun , merits of song writing deserves to succeed ; but the management has crippled a good play by insufficiency of rehearsals and a want of that requisite polish and aplomb without which these merry operas are useless . I must state , however , that Thespis is well worth seeing ; and when it has been corrected and attracts the proper Gaiety audience , it will hold its own bravely . It is a pity , indeed , that such a play , so rich in humour and so delicate in music , was produced for the edification of a Boxing @-@ Night audience . Anything would have done for such an occasion .... Unless I am very much mistaken , and despite the hisses of Boxing @-@ Night ... the ballads and wit of Mr. Gilbert [ and ] the pretty strains of Mr. Arthur Sullivan ... will carry Thespis through and make it — as it deserves to be — the most praiseworthy piece of the Christmas season .
Clement Scott , writing in the Daily Telegraph , had a mostly favourable reaction :
Possibly a holiday audience is disinclined to dive into the mysteries of heathen mythology , and does not care to exercise the requisite intellect to unravel an amusing , and by no means intricate , plot .... Certain it is , however , that the greeting which awaited Thespis , or The Gods Grown Old , was not so cordial as might have been expected . The story , written by Mr. W. S. Gilbert in his liveliest manner , is so original , and the music contributed by Mr. Arthur Sullivan so pretty and fascinating , that we are inclined to be disappointed when we find the applause fitful , the laughter scarcely spontaneous , and the curtain falling not without sounds of disapprobation . Such a fate as this was certainly not deserved , and the verdict of last evening cannot be taken as final . Thespis is too good to be put on one side and cold @-@ shouldered in this fashion : and we anticipate that judicious curtailment and constant rehearsal will enable us shortly to tell a very different tale .
The Observer commented , " ... we have authors and musicians quite as talented as [ the French ] .... The subject of Thespis is unquestionably funny .... Mr. Arthur Sullivan has entered with heart into the spirit of Mr. Gilbert 's fun , he has brightened it up with the most fanciful and delightful music " .
= = = Subsequent performances = = =
Many writers in the early 20th century perpetuated a myth that Thespis ran only a month and was considered a failure . In fact , it remained open until 8 March . Of the nine London pantomimes that appeared during the 1871 – 72 holiday season , five closed before Thespis did . By its nature , the genre did not lend itself to long runs , and all nine had closed by the end of March . Moreover , the Gaiety normally only ran productions for two or three weeks ; the run of Thespis was extraordinary for the theatre .
As they would do with all their operas , Gilbert and Sullivan made cuts and alterations after the first performance . Two days after the opening , Sullivan wrote to his mother , " I have rarely seen anything so beautiful put upon the stage . The first night I had a great reception , but the music went badly , and the singer sang half a tone sharp , so that the enthusiasm of the audience did not sustain itself towards me . Last night I cut out the song , the music went very well , and consequently I had a hearty call before the curtain at the end of Act II . " The piece eventually settled into a respectable state , and later critics were much more enthusiastic than those on opening night .
By the third night , the London Figaro could report : " I must say that not a single hitch in the performance is now to be perceived , and that the applause and evident delight of the audience from beginning to end , the piece occupying a space of time within two hours . " On 6 January 1872 , the Penny Illustrated Paper commented that " Mr. Gilbert 's Gaiety extravaganza grows in public favour and deservedly so " . On 9 January , the Daily Telegraph reported a visit by His Royal Highness , the Duke of Edinburgh . By 27 January , the Illustrated Times noted that " a chance playgoer will certainly not find a seat at the Gaiety .... Thespis can , after all , boast the success which was predicted " . Land and Water reported on 3 February that " Thespis is now in capital working order . "
Performances of Thespis were interrupted on 14 February 1872 , Ash Wednesday , since London theatres refrained from presenting costumed performances out of respect for the religious holiday . Instead , a " miscellaneous entertainment " was given at the Gaiety , consisting of ventriloquists , performing dogs and , coincidentally , a sketch parodying a penny reading by the young George Grossmith , who , several years later , became Gilbert and Sullivan 's principal comedian .
On 17 February , Henry Sutherland Edwards wrote in the Musical World : " In almost all conjunctions of music and words , there is a sacrifice of one to the other ; but in Thespis ... Sufficient opportunities have been given for music ; and the music serves only to adorn the piece . " Similar reports continued to appear through early March , when Thespis closed . The final performance during the authors ' lifetimes was given less than two months later , on 27 April , at a matinée for the benefit of Mlle. Clary , the original Sparkeion . On such an occasion , a performer would normally choose a piece likely to sell well , as the beneficiary was entitled to the income ( after expenses ) , and tickets were generally offered at " inflated prices " . The actress was a Gaiety favourite , " not only in respect of her voice but also her delicious French accent and , of course , her figure . " Others recalled " the charm of Mlle. Clary , with her pretty face and piquant broken English " . She had been particularly successful as Sparkeion , and her song in Act II , " Little Maid of Arcadee " , was the only one chosen for publication .
= = = Aftermath = = =
After the production of Thespis , Gilbert and Sullivan went their separate ways , reuniting three years later , with Richard D 'Oyly Carte as their manager , to produce Trial by Jury in 1875 . When that work was a surprise success , there were discussions of quickly reviving Thespis for the 1875 Christmas season . Gilbert wrote to Sullivan :
They seem very anxious to have it and wanted me to name definite terms . Of course I couldn 't answer for you , but they pressed me so much to give them an idea of what our terms would be likely to be that I suggested that possibly we might be disposed to accept two guineas a night each with a guarantee of 100 nights minimum . Does this meet your views , & if so , could you get it done in time . I am going to re @-@ write a considerable portion of the dialogue .
The proposed revival was mentioned in several more letters throughout the autumn of 1875 , until on 23 November Gilbert wrote , " I have heard no more about Thespis . It is astonishing how quickly these capitalists dry up under the magic influence of the words ' cash down ' . " In 1895 , with Richard D 'Oyly Carte struggling to rediscover success at the Savoy , he once again proposed a revival of Thespis , but the idea was not pursued . No mention of the whereabouts of the music of Thespis exists since 1897 , and scholars have searched for it among many of the extant collections . Except for two songs and some ballet music , it is presumed lost .
The reasons why Thespis went unrevived are not known . Some commentators speculate that Sullivan used the music in his other operas . If this were true , then " for this reason alone a revival would have become impossible " . However , evidence that Sullivan did so has eluded discovery . Another possible explanation is that Gilbert and Sullivan came to regard Thespis , with its " brazen girls in tights and short skirts " , and broad burlesque @-@ style humour , as " the kind of work they wished to avoid " . They later renounced travesti roles and revealing dresses on their actresses , and made publicly known their disapproval of them . In 1885 , Hollingshead wrote to the Pall Mall Gazette , " Mr. Gilbert is somewhat severe on a style of burlesque which he did much to popularise in the old days before he invented what I may call burlesque in long clothes . … Mr Gilbert never objected to the dresses in Robert the Devil nor to the dresses in Thespis . "
In 1879 , Sullivan , Gilbert and Carte were in the midst of a legal battle with the former directors of the Comedy Opera Company , which had produced H.M.S. Pinafore . Sullivan wrote to Hollingshead , saying : " You once settled a precedent for me which may just at present be of great importance to me . I asked you for the band parts of the Merry Wives of Windsor ... and [ you ] said , ' They are yours , as our run is over .... ' Now will you please let me have them , and the parts of Thespis also at once . I am detaining the parts of Pinafore , so that the directors shall not take them away from the Comique tomorrow , and I base my claim on the precedent you set . "
= = = Modern productions = = =
After its last performance at the Gaiety in 1872 , Thespis appears to have remained unperformed until 1953 , although an attempted reconstruction from the 1940s has been discovered . Tillett and Spencer , who discovered the ballet music , identified twenty separate reconstructions of Thespis between 1953 and 2002 . About half of these use music adapted from Sullivan 's other works ; the others use new music for all but the surviving songs , or , in a few cases , re @-@ compose those as well . No version has become predominant in recent productions .
Theatre historian Terence Rees developed a version of the libretto that attempts to correct the many errors noted in the surviving libretto . Rees also prepared a performance version , based on the libretto , which included a few interpolated lyrics from Gilbert 's non @-@ Sullivan operas in an attempt to replace the missing songs . A score was supplied by Garth Morton , based on music from lesser @-@ known Sullivan operas , and this version has been recorded . A version with a score by Bruce Montgomery has been performed several times , including in 2000 at the International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival . In 1996 , a version with new music by Quade Winter was produced by the Ohio Light Opera .
In 2008 , a Sullivan pastiche score ( with some Offenbach added ) , arranged by Timothy Henty , was first used with Gilbert 's libretto adapted by Anthony Baker , at the Normansfield Theatre in Teddington , Middlesex , England , the first professional British production since 1872 . This was performed several times subsequently , including at the 2014 International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival . Also in 2008 , an original score by Thomas Z. Shepard was first performed in concert by the Blue Hill Troupe in New York City and was finally given a fully staged amateur production in 2014 .
= = Assessment = =
= = = More than the usual burlesque = = =
Thespis was an advance on the types of burlesques to which Gaiety audiences were accustomed . François Cellier recalled much later :
I retain a dim recollection of witnessing the piece and being impressed with the freshness of Gilbert 's libretto , especially as regards the lyrics , which were , indeed , a treat to read after the vapid , futile jingle of rhymes without reason which had hitherto passed muster on those degenerate days . To all play @-@ goers it was a new " sensation " in musical plays . As for Arthur Sullivan 's music , need I say how every number charmed and charmed again ?
Several critics suggested that the piece may have been too sophisticated for its audience — or at least , the audience that greeted its first performance on Boxing Night . The Times wrote : " The dialogue throughout is superior in ability and point to that with which ordinary burlesque and extravaganza have familiarized us ; so much so , in fact , that it was a daring experiment to produce such a piece on such a night . It met , however , with an excellent reception , and on any other occasion than Boxing Night the numerous merits of the piece cannot fail to secure for it in the public estimation a high place among the novelties of the season . " Other reviews of the first night took up a similar theme : Sporting Life suggested that " It may be that they looked for something less polished than Mr. Gilbert 's verse , and went for something broader and coarser than that delightful author 's humour . It may be , too , that Thespis was a little — I only say , just a little — ' over their heads ' . " The Orchestra carried a similar sentiment : " In fact , both music and idea were somewhat over the heads of the audience . "
= = = Libretto = = =
The plot of Thespis , with its elderly gods tired of their life in Olympus , is similar to some of Offenbach 's operas , notably Orphée aux Enfers ( Orpheus in the Underworld ) . In Orphée aux Enfers , like Thespis , classical mythology , particularly the Olympian gods , are ruthlessly parodied . In Thespis , the gods swap places with the actors and descend to Earth ; in Orphée aux Enfers , the gods head to hell for a pleasant holiday away from too much boring perfection . Offenbach 's plot – for although Crémieux and Halévy wrote the libretto , the idea was Offenbach 's – places Orpheus , the great musician , in the centre ; however , Gilbert 's plot focuses on Thespis , the Father of the Drama . While this may be a coincidence , it could also be seen as a response to Offenbach , as his plot places music at the centre of his operetta , but Gilbert 's elevates the dramatist .
The libretto has been praised by several biographers and historians . One said that " The dialogue contains many an authentic Gilbertian touch . " Another found it " a gay , sparkling libretto " . Sidney Dark and Rowland Gray wrote that " the book of Thespis is genuine Gilbert , the Gilbert whom nowadays all the world loves .... Thespis once more emphasizes the fact that Gilbert 's artistry was hardly affected with the passing of the years . Many of its songs might well have appeared in the later operas . " They point out Mercury 's " I 'm the celestial drudge " , which anticipates Giuseppe 's " Rising early in the morning " in The Gondoliers , and find the " real brand of Gilbertian topsy @-@ turvydom " in the song about the former head of a railway company , " I once knew a chap who discharged a function " . Isaac Goldberg thought that " Thespis looks forward far more often than it glances backward : " It forecasts the characteristic methods , and now and then a character , of the later series . Its dialogue is comical , and , if anything , somewhat above the heads of the Gaiety audiences of 1871 . "
Goldberg wrote in 1929 that the libretto " seems to have no specific ancestry .... neither in his burlesques nor in his ballads ... had Gilbert played with the gods and goddesses of Greek mythology . " However , Gilbert did write a series of humorous sketches parodying the Greek myths , mainly the heroes of the Iliad , for the illustrated magazine Fun in 1864 , and Pygmalion and Galatea , which he produced just before Thespis , was a more serious treatment of Greek mythology . Jane W. Stedman points out that Thespis " looks backward to French opéra bouffe " , but it is " fundamentally a Gilbertian invasion plot in which outsiders penetrate and affect a given society , often for the worse . " She compares the theatrical company in Thespis to the politicians that remodel fairyland in Gilbert 's 1873 play The Happy Land and the Englishmen who reform the island nation of Utopia in Utopia , Limited ( 1893 ) . Elements of Thespis also appear in Gilbert and Sullivan 's last opera together , The Grand Duke ( 1896 ) , where a theatre company replaces the ruler and decides to " revive the classic memories of Athens at its best " .
= = = The music = = =
Sullivan 's score generally came in for praise , though critics carped — as they would throughout his life — that theatrical scores were beneath his ability . In the Standard , A. E. T. Watson wrote :
" Mr. John Hollingshead ... has judiciously called on Mr. W. S. Gilbert to furnish him with an original opera @-@ extravaganza , and entrusted its musical setting to Mr. Arthur Sullivan . From the association of these two names the most pleasing result has for some weeks past been anticipated , which the success of last evening fully justified .... Mr. Gilbert in ' Thespis ' has happily provided the composer with everything he could desire , mastering the character of opera @-@ extravaganza , which precludes the exercise of the highest flights of genius of which a musician is capable and sets a limit to the exercise of his talents .
Clement Scott in The Daily Telegraph found the opera " not marred by ambitious music " . But he added , " Tuneful throughout , always pretty , frequently suggestive , the songs and dances are quite in character with the author 's design .... Some of the numbers will certainly live , and the impression caused by the music as a whole is that it will have far more than a passing interest . "
Many critics praised the originality of the title character 's song in the first act about the head of a railway company , which may have been a joke about the Duke of Sutherland , " who was fond of running railway engines " . Scott called the song a " ludicrous ballad " , but " quite in the spirit of the well @-@ known compositions of ' Bab , ' and , as it has been fitted with a lively tune and a rattling chorus , a hearty encore was inevitable . Though the ditty was long , the audience would have been well content to hear it all over again . " The Pall Mall Gazette found the orchestration " very novel , including , as it does , the employment of a railway bell , a railway whistle , and some new instrument of music imitating the agreeable sound of a train in motion . " Similarly The Sunday Times noted , " The entire company join in the chorus , the music of which admirably expresses the whirl and thunder of a railway train at express speed . " The Era called it " a screaming , whistling and shouting chorus [ that ] fairly brings down the house " .
The similarity to French models was much commented upon . Vanity Fair thought that " the music in the piece itself is charming throughout , and promises for the first time a rival to Offenbach .... Thespis is quite as good as Orphée aux Enfers . " Another wrote :
Mr. W. S. Gilbert and Mr. Arthur Sullivan have attempted , with not a little success , to imitate French comic opera , concerning which we have heard so much for the last half @-@ dozen years .... In these days — when the French critics are savagely turning round on us , and calling us pickpockets — it is not disagreeable to find that we have authors and musicians quite as talented as our neighbours .... Mr. Sullivan has certainly persuaded us of one thing — that a musician can write to any metre .
The Morning Advertiser thought that " There is an evident attempt to copy the creations of a foreign composer who is so popular at the present time , and who has written some charming music for the gods and goddesses en bouffes . " Others accused Sullivan of blatant copying . The Athenaeum wrote that the music " was arranged and composed by Mr A. S. Sullivan ( the first verb was not in the bills as it ought to have been ) " . One critic thought that the duet for Sparkeion and Nicemis , " Here far away from all the world " , was one of the " single best items of the piece " . In 1873 , the arranger Joseph Rummell ( who had arranged Sullivan 's Merchant of Venice score for the piano ) wrote to Sullivan , asking about the song , with a view to publication . The composer replied , " Thespis is not published but if you like I will send you the Full Score of the Duet in question " , but nothing came of it .
= = Surviving music = =
Only three musical passages from Thespis are known to survive : the ballad " Little maid of Arcadee " , the chorus " Climbing over rocky mountain " , and the ballet music . The fate of Sullivan 's score has long been a subject for speculation . In 1978 , Isaac Asimov wrote a time travel story , " Fair Exchange ? " , which focused on a character travelling back to 1871 to rescue the score to Thespis before Sullivan could destroy it . But Sullivan is not known to have destroyed it , and the ballet , at least , was still available to be reused in 1897 .
= = = Little maid of Arcadee = = =
Sparkeion 's song in Act II , " Little maid of Arcadee " , was the only number from the opera to achieve contemporaneous publication . It was one of four numbers to be encored on the first night . The Daily Telegraph wrote : " With the public no doubt the musical gem will be a ballad called ' Cousin Robin ' — pathetic and tender words , with a dreamy and somewhat Gounodish air . So sweetly was this sung by Mdlle . Clary that another encore was inevitable . " The Observer agreed that the song " ... will cause most delight on account of the quaint simplicity and tenderness of the words , the charming singing of Mdlle . Clary , and the really exquisite setting by Mr. Sullivan .... This is a musical gem " .
The song enjoyed long @-@ standing popularity . Wyndham writes , " Little maid of Arcadee " was " popular for a quarter of a century " . Sullivan 's first biographer suggested that " Thespis will be best remembered by the exquisite musical setting to the simple little Gilbertian ballad " . Several later commentators write favourably of the song . Walbrook finds it " one of the neatest of Gilbert 's ditties , packed with cynicism and slyness , expressed in terms of sentimental tenderness . " Goldberg says that it is " dainty , simple and quite in the vein of Gilbert 's words , to which , as in almost every later instance , Sullivan 's setting provides an original rhythmic piquancy . " Fitz @-@ Gerald considers it " quite a forerunner of Gilbert at his easiest " , while Dark and Gray call it " a typically dainty Gilbertian love @-@ song worthy to be compared to the best that he ever wrote . " Jacobs dissents : " As music it is as trivial as Sullivan ever wrote . "
The separately published version had several significant wording differences from the theatrical version , owing to " the contrast between the Gaiety Theatre 's suggestiveness and the prudery expected in the drawing room " . In the drawing room version , the song 's little maid sat by Cousin Robin 's knee , not on it . Rather than weary of his lover 's play , he became fickle as the month of May . And rather than Cousin Richard came to woo , it was till another came to woo .
= = = Climbing over rocky mountain = = =
" Climbing over rocky mountain " is the best known piece from Thespis , as it was transplanted in 1879 into one of Gilbert and Sullivan 's most successful operas , The Pirates of Penzance . In 1902 , Gilbert told a correspondent that this had happened accidentally . He and Sullivan had arrived in New York to produce the new opera , but the composer discovered that he had left his sketches behind in England . Fortunately , the entrance chorus from Thespis fitted the situation almost exactly , so it was substituted instead .
Several scholars have doubted that explanation . In Sullivan 's autograph score for the later work , the first part of " Climbing over rocky mountain " is actually taken from a Thespis copyist score , with the Thespis words cancelled and the new words written in , which raises the question of why Sullivan had a Thespis score to hand , if not for that purpose .
Some suggest that other music from Thespis could have been used in Pirates . Goldberg suggests that " It is reasonable to believe that Sullivan made generous use of his Thespis music in other operettas : perhaps owing to the circumstances under which The Pirates of Penzance was written , it contains more than one unacknowledged borrowing from the unlucky firstling of the lucky pair . " Reginald Allen says that " it seems certain " from its " rhythmic structure " that part of the Act I finale of Thespis , " Here 's a pretty tale for future Iliads and Odysseys " became the original Act II finale in Pirates , " At length we are provided with unusual felicity " , which was later deleted . Tillett and Spencer propose that most of Act I of Pirates was taken from Thespis . However , there is only circumstantial evidence for these suggestions . Except for " Climbing over rocky mountain " , neither author admitted to borrowing from Thespis for later works .
= = = Ballet = = =
A five @-@ movement ballet occurred somewhere in Act II , staged by W. H. Payne . A heading in the libretto , " Chorus and Ballet " , attaches it to the last section of the finale but does not indicate how it figured in the plot . Most press accounts placed it at about this point , although some placed it slightly earlier in the act . At some performances , the ballet was performed in Act I , but it was certainly in Act II on opening night , and it seems finally to have settled there .
In 1990 , Roderick Spencer and Selwyn Tillett discovered the ballet from Act II of Thespis . Two of the five movements , in the same hand that had copied the score of " Climbing over rocky mountain " , were found together with the surviving performance materials for Sullivan 's 1864 ballet , L 'Île Enchantée . Another section was found in the material for his 1897 ballet , Victoria and Merrie England . The page numbering of the surviving three sections gave approximate lengths for the missing pieces , and a contemporary engraving , seen at left , along with other circumstantial evidence , allowed plausible identifications of the two remaining movements : a dragon costume , used nowhere in the libretto , is presumably from the ballet , and the harp visible in the orchestra pit was an unusual instrument for the Gaiety 's orchestra . Movements of appropriate length that made sense of these oddities were found in Sullivan 's other ballets , and the reconstructed ballet has been recorded twice on CD .
Sullivan tended to re @-@ use his ballet music . Of the five movements that Tillett and Spencer identified , only one ( the Waltz , No. 3 ) is not known to have been used in any other work . Three of the movements had previously been used in L 'Île Enchantée . Two of those , and one other , were eventually re @-@ used in Victoria and Merrie England . One was also used in his incidental music to Macbeth . Sullivan was asked in 1889 to supply a ballet for a French @-@ language production of The Mikado in Brussels , which he duly did . Tillett suggests that the Thespis ballet was almost certainly the music that Sullivan provided , given that it was the only ballet that he wrote for use in an opera , and that three weeks after producing The Gondoliers he is unlikely to have written something original .
= = Text = =
The surviving libretto is not the version heard by audiences at the Gaiety Theatre . There are numerous discrepancies between the original libretto and what was described as happening on stage , and reviewers repeatedly quoted dialogue that has no equivalent in the published libretto . At least one song is missing , and an entire character , Venus , is mentioned in at least five reviews as stout , elderly , and heavily made @-@ up , but does not appear in either the programme or the libretto . Stage directions in the original are slip @-@ shod : characters reappear without an entrance being noted , or enter twice in quick succession , without having exited . In addition , Sullivan told his mother that at least one song was cut after opening night , and there must certainly have been other cuts , given the undue length of the first performance . But the text of the libretto , as published , remained " virtually unchanged " between December 1871 and March 1872 .
In a letter to Percy Strzelecki on 23 April 1890 , Gilbert apologised for the condition of the libretto . He wrote , " I was in the United States when it was published & I had no opportunity of correcting proofs . This will explain the presence of innumerable typographical & other errors . " But several scholars conclude that Gilbert must have been remembering a trip the following year , as in the fall of 1871 it " would have been impossible for Gilbert to travel to America and back in time for rehearsals of Thespis . " Even after the first printing , there does not seem to have been any effort to correct the errors : There were four separate issues of the libretto between December and March , but no corrections were made .
Gilbert 's final disposition of the libretto came in 1911 , when it was included in the fourth volume of his Original Plays . However , Gilbert died before he could correct proofs for that edition , and so it reprinted the 1871 text , correcting only a few spelling mistakes .
= = Musical numbers = =
This is the order in which the musical numbers appear in the libretto . The music is known to survive for numbers shown in bold ; a ballet also survives , but its location is uncertain . Reviews of the opera hint at three additional numbers not in the libretto , but as their names and exact locations are unknown , they are not listed .
= = Recordings = =
As most of the music to Thespis is lost , there is no complete recording of the original score . The ballet , as reconstructed by Spencer and Tillett , has been issued twice on CD :
Penny , Andrew , conductor ( 1992 ) . " Thespis " . On Sir Arthur Sullivan – Ballet Music ( CD ) . Marco Polo 8 @.@ 223460 .
Pryce @-@ Jones , John , conductor ( 1991 ) . " Thespis – Ballet in Act 2 " . On Iolanthe ( CD ) . That 's Entertainment Records CDTER2 1188 .
A recording of the Rees / Morton version of Thespis was issued on LP records , which included the original " Little maid of Arcadee " and " Climbing over rocky mountain " : Spencer , Roderick , conductor ( 1972 ) . Thespis , or The Gods Grown Old . Fulham Light Operatic Society . Rare Recorded Editions SRRE 132 / 3 .
" Little maid of Arcadee " has been included in two Sullivan anthologies :
Adams , Donald , singer ( 1971 , LP ) . Donald Adams Sings Sullivan and Gilbert , Brookledge Classics SM @-@ GS @-@ 1 .
Benton , Jeffrey , singer ( 1992 , cassette ) . If Doughty Deeds , Symposium 1124 .
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= Tipitina =
" Tipitina " is a song written and made famous by Professor Longhair . The song has been widely covered , and the Professor Longhair version was recorded in 1953 for Atlantic Records . " Tipitina " was first released in 1953 and rereleased on the album New Orleans Piano in 1972 . The song , which is considered a New Orleans music standard , was added to the US National Recording Registry in 2011 because of its cultural significance . The subject of " Tipitina " is unknown . The New Orleans music venue , Tipitina 's , was named for the song , and Tipitina 's Foundation bears the Tipitina name .
= = Background = =
Pianist Henry Roeland " Roy " Byrd , known as Professor Longhair , was a prominent New Orleans musician . He played syncopated music that combined blues , ragtime , zydeco , rhumba , mambo and calypso . His singing was characterized as hoarse . His peripatetic recording career began in 1949 with " Mardi Gras In New Orleans " and " She 's Got No Hair " with a group credited as " Longhair and his Shuffling Hungarians . " A year later at Mercury Records and Roy Byrd & his Blues Jumpers rerecorded " She 's Got No Hair " as " Bald Head " , which broke through as his only national R & B hit . In 1953 , at Atlantic Records , he recorded " Tipitina " , which is now regarded as his " signature song " .
= = Details = =
The melody is derived from Champion Jack Dupree 's " Junker 's Blues " . Rolling Stone described the song as a " rhumba @-@ style track " that has become a quintessential New Orleans standard . According to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , which inducted Longhair in 1992 , " The hum @-@ along nonsense syllables and stutter stepping left @-@ hand rhythm of ' Tiptina ' is both a symbol and staple of New Orleans music . "
Allen Toussaint described learning the song as a " rite of passage " . The subject of the song is unknown . Among the speculated subjects are a place and a person . Hugh Laurie recorded a cover of the song around the time of its selection to the National Recording Registry . He commented about the mystery as follows : " I thought it was better not knowing . It adds to its mystique and its power to make me laugh and cry all in one go . "
After the song 's original release it only became a hit in New Orleans . However , it was not that successful in the rest of the United States . The 1953 Professor Longhair version and the 1972 Dr. John version are both considered " Classic non Hot 100 songs " .
= = Critical response = =
In 2011 , the song was included in the National Recording Registry . Byrd received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award for this song . The song was listed among the 500 Songs That Shaped Rock in 1994 by the Rock ad Roll Hall of Fame . The song was also listed in the 1001 Songs : The Great Songs of All Time and the Artists , Stories and Secrets Behind Them ( 2006 ) by Toby Creswell as well as the Rock Song Index : The 7500 Most Important Songs for the Rock and Roll Era ( 2005 ) by Bruce Pollock .
The National Recording Registry announcement for this song said the song is " a signature distillation of the musical ideas and personality that inspired and influenced such New Orleans pianists as Fats Domino , Huey " Piano " Smith , James Booker , Dr. John and Allen Toussaint " . According to Creswell , " Tipitina " " marshalled New Orleans rhythm into a sparkling package " .
= = Selected recorded versions = =
The song has been widely covered .
Professor Longhair : from New Orleans Piano ( 1972 , recorded 1953 )
Dr. John : from Dr. John 's Gumbo ( 1972 )
Hugh Laurie : from his debut album , Let Them Talk ( 2011 )
= = = Professor Longhair version = = =
The Professor Longhair version was recorded in New Orleans in November 1953 under the name Professor Longhair & His Blues Scholars . According to John Crosby 's Professor Longhair : a bio @-@ discography , performers included Roy Byrd ( vocals , piano ) , Lee Allen ( tenor saxophone ) , Frank Fields ( bass ) , Earl Palmer ( drums ) , and Alvin " Red " Tyler ( baritone saxophone ) . However , the Atlantic Records Discography credits Edgar Blanchard as the bassist . It was released as a single in 1953 and then re @-@ released in 1972 . It is included on several albums including the New Orleans Piano ( 1972 ) , which has two different takes . Other albums that include this version are Martin Scorsese Presents the Blues : Piano Blues ( 2003 ) and Doctors , Professors , Kings & Queens ( 2004 ) .
= = In popular culture = =
A version by Bo Dollis & The Wild Magnolias is in the Bones season 1 episode " The Man in the Morgue " ( an episode set in New Orleans ) .
" Tipitina " , the November 25 , 2012 season 3 finale of Treme ( a TV series about New Orleans in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina ) , used the song twice .
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= Geoffroy 's tamarin =
Geoffroy 's tamarin ( Saguinus geoffroyi ) , also known as the Panamanian , red @-@ crested or rufous @-@ naped tamarin , is a tamarin , a type of small monkey , found in Panama and Colombia . It is predominantly black and white , with a reddish nape . Diurnal , Geoffroy 's tamarin spends most of its time in trees , but does come down to the ground occasionally . It lives in groups that most often number between three and five individuals , and generally include one or more adults of each gender . It eats a variety of foods , including insects , exudates , fruits and other plant parts . Insects and fruits account for the majority of its diet , but exudates are also important . But since its teeth are not adapted for gouging trees to get to the sap , it can only eat exudates when they are easily available .
Although a variety of reproductive methods are used , the most common is for a single adult female in the group to be reproductively active and to mate with multiple adult males in the group . After a gestation period of about 145 days , she gives birth to either a single infant or twins . Males contribute significantly to care of the infants . Sexual maturity is reached at about 2 years , and it can live up to 13 years . Geoffroy 's tamarin is classified as being of " least concern " by the IUCN .
= = Taxonomy = =
Like the other tamarins and marmosets , Geoffroy 's tamarin is a New World monkey classified within the family Callitrichidae . In 2001 , Colin Groves included the Callitrichids in the family Cebidae , which also includes capuchin monkeys and squirrel monkeys , but in 2009 Anthony Rylands and Russell Mittermeier reverted to older classifications which considered Callitrichidae a separate family . It is a member the genus Saguinus , the genus containing most tamarins . There are no recognized subspecies . In 1977 , Philip Hershkovitz classified Geoffroy 's tamarin as a subspecies of the cotton @-@ top tamarin ( Saguinus oedipus ) , which resides exclusively in Colombia , based on fur coloration , cranial and mandibular morphology , and ear size . However , more recent research indicates that the two taxa differ sufficiently to be considered separate species .
= = Physical description = =
In common with other callitrichides ( tamarins and marmosets ) , Geoffroy 's tamarin is a small monkey . With a length of between 225 and 240 millimetres ( 8 @.@ 9 and 9 @.@ 4 in ) , excluding the tail , it is the smallest Central American monkey . The tail length is between 314 and 386 millimetres ( 12 @.@ 4 and 15 @.@ 2 in ) . Males have an average weight of 486 grams ( 17 @.@ 1 oz ) , and females are slightly larger on average , with an average weight of 507 grams ( 17 @.@ 9 oz ) . The fur on its back is variegated black and yellow , with pale legs , feet and chest . Its face is nearly bare , but the head has reddish fur with a triangle @-@ shaped patch in the front of the head . The tail is chestnut @-@ red and has a black tip .
= = Behavior = =
Like all callitrichides , Geoffroy 's tamarin is diurnal and arboreal . Unlike some other New World monkeys , it does come down to the ground occasionally . This is normally done only in special circumstances , such as to acquire certain foods or to get to a tree it cannot otherwise reach . Group size is generally between three and nine monkeys , with three to five being most common . Groups often consist of more than one adult of each gender . Adults of both genders migrate between groups . Groups show some degree of territorial defense . Population densities on Barro Colorado Island in Panama range between 3 @.@ 6 and 5 @.@ 7 monkeys per square kilometer , but in other areas the population density can be as much as 20 to 30 monkeys per square kilometer . On average , Geoffroy 's tamarin ranges 2061 meters per day . Home range size varies between 9 @.@ 4 hectares and 32 hectares .
Communication occurs both though vocalization and by visual gestures . Vocalizations that have been recorded include whistles , twitters , trills , loud or soft sharp notes , sneezes and long rasps . Body postures and displays that reveal more of the white coloration , such as standing on hind legs and piloerection , tend to be associated with aggression . Females often signal willingness to mate by rapidly coiling their tails .
Unlike squirrels , which often move through the canopy by climbing and descending vertical tree trunks , Geoffroy 's tamarin generally avoids large vertical supports during travel . It prefers to move across thin branches , ascending and descending by long leaps . To the extent Geoffroy 's tamarin uses large vertical supports for travel , it uses them most often for ascending rather than descending .
Geoffroy 's tamarin generally avoids sympatric small and medium size monkey species such as the white @-@ headed capuchin and the Panamanian night monkey . Avoidance is spatial with respect to the capuchin , and temporal in the case of the night monkey , since Geoffroy 's tamarin is only active during daylight hours and the Panamanian night monkey is only active at night . Geoffroy 's tamarin is rarely observed in the vicinity of squirrels , although this appears to be the result of the squirrels avoiding interactions with the larger tamarins . Geoffroy 's tamarin generally attempts to escape when birds of prey approach , regardless of whether the bird presents a true danger . However , the tamarins ignore one bird of prey , the double @-@ toothed kite , which sometimes follows the tamarins in an apparent effort to feed on small animals disturbed by the tamarins .
The diet of Geoffroy 's tamarin is similar to some species of tyrant flycatcher birds in Panama , and they share similar vocalizations . The tamarins may use the flycatcher calls to help find favorable food sources . The flycatchers and tamarins have different patterns of activity , which minimizes competition for similar food sources . The flycatchers are most active shortly after dawn and tend to rest in the middle of the day . The tamarins do not become active until about 45 minutes after full daylight , but remain active for most of the remaining daylight hours until an hour or less before sunset .
= = = Diet = = =
Geoffroy 's tamarin has a varied diet that includes fruits , insects , exudates ( gums and saps ) , and green plant parts . The diet varies seasonally . A study by Paul Garber estimated that the diet was made up of 40 % insects , 38 % fruit , 14 % exudates ( almost entirely from Anacardium excelsum cashew trees ) , and 8 % other items . Another study , on Barro Colorado Island , showed 60 % fruit , 30 % insects and 10 % green plant parts , including large amounts of elephant ear tree ( Enterolobium cyclocarpum ) sap . Another study showed a diet about equally split between insects ( mostly grasshoppers ) and fruit . Unlike marmosets , tamarins do not have dentition adapted for gouging trees , so Geoffroy 's tamarin eats sap only when it is easily accessible . It generally hunts for insects by making quick movements on thin , flexible supports . In contrast , it generally feeds on sap while clinging to large vertical tree trunks .
In one study , Geoffroy 's tamarin drank water from the corollas of Ochroma limonesis flowers . However , it is believed to also drink from tree holes , similar to other tamarin species .
= = Reproduction = =
Geoffroy 's tamarin can give birth throughout the year , but the birthing peak is from April to June . A single infant or twins can be born , although it is not uncommon for one of the twins to perish within the first few months . The gestation period is believed to be about 145 days , similar to the cottontop tamarin . The interbirth period ranges between 154 and 540 days , with an average of 311 days . The longer interbirth periods occur after twins . Infants weigh between 40 and 50 grams ( 1 @.@ 4 and 1 @.@ 8 oz ) and are born fully furred . The infant 's fur is colored differently than the parents ' ; the infant has black fur on the body and tail , with a beige blaze and white face . The infant coloration reduces the visibility of white , which is associated with aggressive displays by the species .
Both polyandrous and polygynous mating occurs , and males contribute heavily to parental care . But typically , only one adult female in a group is reproductively active , and reproductively active females mate with multiple males if given the opportunity . Males carry and groom infants more than females do . Older siblings may also contribute to infant care , although infants prefer to be carried by their parents than their siblings . Infants become mobile at 2 to 5 weeks , and begin eating solid food at 4 to 7 weeks . They are independent at 10 to 18 weeks and are fully weaned at 15 to 25 weeks . Geoffroy 's tamarin becomes sexually mature at about 2 years , and can live up to 13 years .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Geoffroy 's tamarin lives in various types of forest , including primary and secondary forest , and dry and moist tropical forest . In Panama , it prefers secondary forests with moderate humidity . It occurs in central and eastern Panama , with the range extending slightly west of the Panama Canal zone . It is less common on the Atlantic coast of Panama than the Pacific coast , and is only abundant on the Atlantic coast in areas near the Canal zone that have been modified by man . It occurs in Metropolitan Natural Park , an urban park within Panama City . In Colombia , it occurs on the Pacific coast west of the Andes , south to the Rio San Juan . The eastern boundary of its range in Colombia was once thought to be the Rio Atrato , but has been reported further east , including the Las Orquídeas National Park . Older sources sometimes report the species occurring in southern Costa Rica , but these are most likely erroneous .
= = Conservation status = =
The International Union for Conservation of Nature classifies Geoffroy 's tamarin as being of " least concern " . However , in some localities the population may be declining due to habitat loss . It is also sometimes hunted and captured for the pet trade in Panama . A 1985 study in Panama concluded that Geoffroy tamarin population densities are higher in areas where human access is limited . Human activity in Panama can have both positive and negative effects on Geoffroy 's @-@ tamarin populations . While hunting decreases the population , cutting mature forest for agriculture provides more areas of secondary growth , which is beneficial for the tamarin .
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= Eustathios Daphnomeles =
Eustathios Daphnomeles ( Greek : Εὐστάθιος Δαφνομήλης , fl. early 11th century ) was a Byzantine strategos and patrician who distinguished himself in the Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria . He ranks as one of the most prominent and successful generals in the thirty @-@ year war between Emperor Basil II ( r . 976 – 1025 ) and Samuel of Bulgaria ( r . 997 – 1014 ) , helping to end the long conflict by blinding and capturing the last Bulgarian leader , Ibatzes , in 1018 .
= = Biography = =
The main source describing Daphnomeles 's life , and indeed the Bulgarian campaigns ( 986 – 1018 ) of Emperor Basil II , is the late 11th century Synopsis Historion of John Skylitzes , whose chronology is often problematic to reconstruct . Daphnomeles came from the landed aristocracy of Asia Minor , which for centuries provided the Byzantine military elite . Traditional historiography places his first appearance in circa 1005 , when the Adriatic port city of Dyrrhachium is said to have been surrendered by John Chryselios , a local magnate , to the Byzantines . Daphnomeles , at the head of a fleet , took possession of the city . Given the chronologically unclear narrative of Skylitzes , however , it is possible that this episode reflects his later appointment ( after 1018 ) as strategos ( military governor ) of the city .
Daphnomeles participated in the subsequent conflicts against Tsar Samuel , but his greatest feat was the capture of the Bulgarian leader Ibatzes in 1018 , for which he is given a prominent position in Skylitzes 's work . Following the defeat at the Battle of Kleidion in 1015 , Bulgarian resistance began to collapse . By 1018 , most Bulgarian commanders had surrendered , and only Ibatzes , who had retreated with his followers to the royal estate of Pronista , a naturally strong and defensible highland position , continued to resist . He rejected both bribes and threats from the Byzantines , and for 55 days , the Byzantine army under Emperor Basil II remained encamped at Deabolis nearby , waiting for his surrender . At that point , and as local crowds gathered to Ibatzes 's palace for the feast of the Dormition , Daphnomeles , now strategos of nearby Achrida , on his own initiative , resolved to end the impasse . With only two escorts , he climbed the way to the estate , and announced himself to Ibatzes . Ibatzes , believing that Daphnomeles would not have come alone unless he intended to forge an alliance against Basil , retreated with the strategos to a secluded wooded glade in the gardens for a private discussion . There , Daphnomeles and his two hidden associates sprang on the Bulgarian general , blinded him , and carried him to the upper story of the palace , through the assembled crowds who were too stunned to react . When the Bulgarians recovered , they gathered underneath the building crying for revenge . Daphnomeles , however , addressed them and managed to convince them of the futility of further resistance , and to lay down their arms and seek the emperor 's pardon .
Ibatzes ' capture brought to an end the long conflict between Byzantium and Bulgaria , and according to the Byzantinist Paul Stephenson , secured for Daphnomeles , along with Nikephoros Ouranos and Nikephoros Xiphias , the reputation of one of the most prominent and successful generals in the Bulgarian wars of Basil II .
Following his feat , Daphnomeles was appointed strategos of the thema of Dyrrhachium by a grateful emperor , and given all of Ibatzes 's movable wealth as a reward . In 1029 , however , he was accused of conspiring with other prominent governors of the Balkans to overthrow Emperor Romanos III Argyros ( r . 1028 – 34 ) in favour of doux Constantine Diogenes . The accused were then recalled to Constantinople , beaten , paraded through the Mese , and banished . Nothing further is known of him .
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= Robert Sterling Yard =
Robert Sterling Yard ( February 1 , 1861 – May 17 , 1945 ) was an American writer , journalist , and wilderness activist . Born in Haverstraw , New York , Yard graduated from Princeton University and spent the first twenty years of his career in the editing and publishing business . In 1915 , he was recruited by his friend Stephen Mather to help publicize the need for an independent national park agency . Their numerous publications were part of a movement that resulted in legislative support for a National Park Service ( NPS ) in 1916 . Yard served as head of the National Parks Educational Committee for several years after its conception , but tension within the NPS led him to concentrate on non @-@ government initiatives . He became executive secretary of the National Parks Association in 1919 .
Yard worked to promote the national parks as well as educate Americans about their use . Creating high standards based on aesthetic ideals for park selection , he also opposed commercialism and industrialization of what he called " America 's masterpieces " . These standards subsequently caused discord with his peers . After helping to establish a relationship between the NPA and the United States Forest Service , Yard later became involved in the protection of wilderness areas . In 1935 , he became one of the eight founding members of The Wilderness Society and acted as its first president from 1937 until his death eight years later . Yard is now considered an important figure in the modern wilderness movement .
= = Early life and career = =
Robert Sterling Yard was born in 1861 in Haverstraw , New York to Robert Boyd and Sarah ( Purdue ) Yard . After attending the Freehold Institute in New Jersey , he graduated from Princeton University in 1883 . Known throughout his life as " Bob " , he became a prominent member of Princeton 's Alumni Association , and founded the Montclair Princeton Alumni Association . In 1895 , he married Mary Belle Moffat ; they had one daughter , Margaret .
During the 1880s and 1890s , Yard worked as a journalist for the New York Sun and the New York Herald . He served in the publishing business from 1900 to 1915 , variously as editor @-@ in @-@ chief of The Century Magazine and Sunday editor of the New York Herald . After serving as editor of Charles Scribner 's Sons ' the Book Buyer , Yard helped launch the publishing firm of Moffat , Yard and Company . He served as vice president and editor @-@ in @-@ chief of the firm .
= = = National Park Service = = =
In 1915 , Yard was invited to Washington , D.C. by his friend Stephen Mather , who had started working on national parks as assistant to the Secretary of Interior . Yard and Mather had met while working for the New York Sun and became friends ; Yard was the best man at Mather 's wedding in 1893 .
Mather , who wanted someone to help publicize the need for an independent agency to oversee the national parks movement , personally paid Yard 's salary from his independent income . The United States had authorized 14 parks and 22 monuments over the previous forty years ( 1872 – 1915 ) , but there was no single agency to provide unified management of the resources . In addition , some resources were managed by political appointees without professional qualifications . Together Mather and Yard ran a national parks publicity campaign for the Department of the Interior , writing numerous articles that praised the scenic qualities of the parks and their possibilities for educational , inspirational and recreational benefits . The unprecedented press coverage persuaded influential Americans about the importance of national parks , and encouraged Congress to create an independent parks agency .
Although Yard was not an outdoorsman like most advocates of a national park service , he felt a connection to the cause , and eventually became personally invested in its success . At the National Park Conference in March 1915 , he stated , " I , the treader of dusty city streets , boldly claim common kinship with you of the plains , the mountains , and the glaciers . " He gathered data regarding popular American tourist destinations , such as Switzerland , France , Germany , Italy , and Canada , together with reasons why people visited certain areas ; he also collected photographs and compiled lists of those who might enlist in the conservation cause . One of his most recognized and passionate articles of the time , entitled " Making a Business of Scenery " , appeared in The Nation 's Business in June 1916 :
We want our national parks developed . We want roads and trails like Switzerland 's . We want hotels of all prices from lowest to highest . We want comfortable public camps in sufficient abundance to meet all demands . We want lodges and chalets at convenient intervals commanding the scenic possibilities of all our parks . We want the best and cheapest accommodations for pedestrians and motorists . We want sufficient and convenient transportation at reasonable rates . We want adequate facilities and supplies for camping out at lowest prices . We want good fishing . We want our wild animal life conserved and developed . We want special facilities for nature study .
Yard 's most successful publicity initiative during this time was the National Parks Portfolio ( 1916 ) , a collection of nine pamphlets that — through photographs interspersed with text lauding the scenic grandeur of the nation 's major parks — connected the parks with a sense of national identity to make visitation an imperative of American citizenship . Yard and Mather distributed this publication to a carefully selected list of prominent Americans , including every member of Congress . That same year , Yard wrote and published Glimpses of Our National Parks , which was followed in 1917 by a similar volume titled The Top of the Continent . The latter volume , which was subtitled A Cheerful Journey through Our National Parks and geared toward a younger audience , became a bestseller .
Yard and Mather 's publicity and lobbying resulted in the creation of the National Park Service ; on August 25 , 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson signed a bill establishing the agency " to conserve the scenery and the natural and historic objects and wild life therein , and to provide for the enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means as will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations . " Mather served as its first director beginning in 1917 , and while he appointed Horace Albright as assistant director , he put Yard in charge of the National Parks Educational Committee . Consisting only of Yard and a secretary , this division of the NPS produced informative publicity in order to draw visitors to parks and develop programs to enhance the educational value of their experience .
In January 1917 , Mather suffered a mental breakdown and had to take an extended leave . Yard believed he would be appointed interim director at the NPS . Disagreements within the organization , however , kept him from the position . Yard , who has been described as " intense , urbane and opinionated " , was disappointed when the position was given to Albright , who was then only 27 years old . After more than a year of working in the Educational Division , Yard began to look outside the NPS for support .
= = National Parks Association = =
Yard believed that while the National Park Service was effective as a government agency , it was not capable of promoting the wishes of the common American . He wrote in June 1918 that the national park movement must " be cultivated only by an organization of the people outside the government , and unhampered by politics and routine " . On May 29 , 1919 , the National Parks Association ( NPA ) was officially created to fill this role . Yard , who became a pivotal figure in the new society , was elected its executive secretary . His duties as the only full @-@ time employee of the NPA were practically the same as they had been with the NPS — to promote the national parks and to educate Americans about their use . In its early years , the NPA was Yard 's livelihood and passion : he recruited the key founding members , raised money and wrote various press releases . Yard also served as editor of the NPA 's National Parks Bulletin from 1919 to 1936 . In the first issue , Yard outlined the organization 's objectives in order to craft a broad educational program : not only would they attract students , artists and writers to the parks , but a " complete and rational system " would be created and adhered to by Congress and the Park Service .
Yard believed that eligible national parks had to be scenically stunning . He noted in his 1919 volume The Book of the National Parks that the major characteristic of almost all national parks was that their scenery had been forged by geological or biological processes . He wrote , " [ W ] e shall not really enjoy our possession of the grandest scenery in the world until we realize that scenery is the written page of the History of Creation , and until we learn to read that page . " Yard 's standards also insisted upon " complete conservation " , meaning avoidance of commercialism and industrialization . Often referring to parks as " American masterpieces " , he sought to protect them from economic activities such as timber cutting and mineral extracting . In such , Yard often advocated the preservation of " wilderness " conditions in America 's national parks .
In 1920 , Congress passed the Water Power Act , which granted licenses to develop hydroelectric projects on federal lands , including national parks . Yard and the NPA joined again with Mather and the National Park Service to oppose the intrusion on Park Service control . In 1921 , Congress passed the Jones @-@ Esch Bill , amending the Water Power Act to exclude existing national parks from hydroelectric development .
= = Conflict and the Forest Service = =
Despite agreeing on most issues regarding the protection of national parks , friction between the NPA and NPS was seemingly unavoidable . Mather and Yard disagreed on many issues ; whereas Mather was not interested in the protection of wildlife and accepted the Biological Survey 's efforts to exterminate predators within parks , Yard criticized the program as early as 1924 . Yard was also highly critical of Mather 's administration of the parks . Mather advocated plush accommodations , city comforts and various entertainments to encourage park visitation . These plans clashed with Yard 's ideals , and he considered such urbanization of the nation 's parks misguided . While visiting Yosemite National Park in 1926 , he stated that the valley was " lost " after he found crowds , automobiles , jazz music and a bear show .
In 1924 , the United States Forest Service started a program to set aside " primitive areas " in the national forests to protect wilderness while opening it to use . Yard , who preferred to give the land that did not meet his standards to the Forest Service rather than the NPS , began to work closely with the USFS . Beginning in 1925 , he served as secretary of the Joint Committee on the Recreational Survey of Federal Lands , a position he held until 1930 . Composed of members of both the NPA and the USFS , the committee sought a separate national recreation policy that would distinguish between recreational and preservation areas . The NPA and Yard were both criticized by activists who feared that the association would be eclipsed by the Forest Service 's own program goals . Yard at times felt isolated and under @-@ appreciated by his peers . He wrote in 1926 , " I wonder whether I 'm justified in forcing this work upon people who seem to care so little about it . "
By the late 1920s , Yard had come to believe preservation of wilderness was a solution to more commercially motivated park making . He continued to clash with others regarding legislation on park proposals . These included the Shenandoah National Park in Virginia , which Yard thought was too recreational and not of the caliber of a national park . He hesitated at the nomination of the Everglades National Park in Florida . When the Tropic Everglades National Park Association was founded in 1928 to promote the idea of a national park in south Florida , Yard was initially skeptical that it was necessary . Although he recognized the need for preservation , he did not accept proposals for a national park unless the area met his high scenic standards . He slowly warmed to the Everglades idea , and in 1931 supported the proposal under conditions that the area remain pristine , with limited tourist development . The Everglades National Park was authorized by Congress in 1934 .
= = The Wilderness Society = =
Yard 's preservationist goals exceeded those of the Park Service in the 1930s . Drifting away from the national parks lobby , he pushed to preserve what he called " primitive " land ; he and John C. Merriam had discussed forming a group called " Save the Primitive League " . Although that group was not formed , Yard was soon invited to become a founding member of The Wilderness Society . Seventy @-@ four @-@ years old at the time , he was known for his tireless work ethic and youthfulness ; for decades he had jokingly insisted to colleagues that he was a mere 47 .
The society was officially formed in January 1935 to lead wilderness preservation in the United States . Additional founding members included notable conservationists Bob Marshall , Benton MacKaye , Bernard Frank , Aldo Leopold , and Harvey Broome . In September , Yard published the first issue of the society 's magazine , The Living Wilderness . He wrote of the society 's genesis , " The Wilderness Society is born of an emergency in conservation which admits of no delay . The craze is to build all the highways possible everywhere while billions may yet be borrowed from the unlucky future . The fashion is to barber and manicure wild America as smartly as the modern girl . Our mission is clear . "
Although Marshall proposed that Leopold act as the society 's first president , in 1937 Yard accepted the role , as well as that of permanent secretary . He ran the society from his home in Washington , D.C. and single @-@ handedly produced The Living Wilderness during its early years , with one issue annually until 1945 . Yard did the greater share of work during the Society 's early years ; he solicited membership , corresponded with other conservation groups , and kept track of congressional activities related to wilderness areas . Although much older than some of his colleagues , Yard was described as a cautious and non @-@ confrontational leader .
= = Death and legacy = =
While ill from pneumonia at the end of his life , he ran the society 's affairs from his bed . He died on May 17 , 1945 , at the age of 84 .
The National Park Service and what is now called the National Parks Conservation Association remain successful organizations . The National Park System of the United States protects more than 400 sites covering an area exceeding 84 million acres ( 340 @,@ 000 km2 ) in all 50 states , Washington , D.C. , American Samoa , Guam , Puerto Rico , Saipan , and the Virgin Islands . His work to preserve wilderness in the United States has also endured . After his death , three members of The Wilderness Society took on his various duties ; Benton MacKaye officially replaced him as president , but executive secretary Howard Zahniser and director Olaus Murie ran the society for the next two decades . Zahniser also took over the society 's magazine , making The Living Wilderness into a successful quarterly publication .
The December 1945 issue of The Living Wilderness was dedicated to Yard 's life and work ; in one article , fellow co @-@ founder Ernest Oberholtzer wrote that " the form he [ Yard ] gave The Wilderness Society was the crowning of a lifelong vision . He undertook it with a freshness that belied his years and revealed , as nothing else could , the vitality of his inspiration . Few men in America have ever had such understanding of the spiritual quality of the American scene , and fewer still the voice to go with it . "
Yard 's effect on the Wilderness Society proved long @-@ lasting ; he was responsible for initiating cooperation with other major preservationist groups , including the National Park Association . He also established a durable alliance with the Sierra Club , founded in 1892 by noted preservationist John Muir . This alliance proved crucial during the proposal and eventual passage of the Wilderness Act . The act , which was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 3 , 1964 , was the first major victory for The Wilderness Society . Written by Zahniser , it enabled Congress to set aside selected areas in the national forests , national parks , national wildlife refuges and other federal lands , as units to be kept permanently unchanged by humans . Since its conception , The Wilderness Society has contributed a total of 104 million acres ( 421 @,@ 000 km ² ) to the National Wilderness Preservation System .
= = Selected list of works = =
The Publisher ( 1913 )
Glimpses of Our National Parks ( 1916 )
The Top of the Continent ( 1917 )
The Book of the National Parks ( 1919 )
The National Parks Portfolio ( 1921 )
Our Federal Lands : A Romance of American Development ( 1928 )
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= Carli Lloyd =
Carli Anne Lloyd ( born July 16 , 1982 ) is an American soccer player , two @-@ time Olympic gold medalist , FIFA Women 's World Cup champion , and 2015 FIFA Player of the Year . She currently plays for the Houston Dash in the National Women 's Soccer League ( NWSL ) and the United States women 's national soccer team . Lloyd scored the gold medal @-@ winning goals in the finals of the 2008 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics . She has represented the United States at three FIFA Women 's World Cup tournaments : the 2007 FIFA Women 's World Cup , in which she helped the U.S. win bronze ; the 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup , in which the U.S. won silver ; and the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup , where Lloyd scored a hat trick in the final in captaining the U.S. to its third title .
During the United States ' 5 – 2 win over Japan in the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup Final , Lloyd became the first person ever to score three goals in a FIFA Women 's World Cup final , and the second soccer player in history to score a hat trick in any senior FIFA World Cup Final , after Sir Geoff Hurst . Lloyd scored three goals in the first 16 minutes of the final , with the first two occurring in the first five minutes of the game and within three minutes of each other . She received the Golden Ball Trophy as the best player of the tournament and earned the Silver Boot for her six goals and one assist during the tournament .
Lloyd has played in over 220 matches for the U.S. national team and scored over 80 goals . She previously played for the Chicago Red Stars , Sky Blue FC , and Atlanta Beat in Women 's Professional Soccer ( WPS ) . In 2013 , she was allocated to the Western New York Flash for the inaugural season of the NWSL and helped her team win the regular season championship . After two seasons with the Flash , she was traded to the Houston Dash prior to the 2015 season .
= = Early life = =
Born to Stephen and Pamela Lloyd , Carli was raised in Delran Township , a small community located in South New Jersey about twenty minutes northeast of Philadelphia . Lloyd began playing soccer at age five . Of her exposure to soccer at a young age , Lloyd 's mother , Pamela said , " At that age , it was coed , and Carli was hanging with the boys . She always loved it and showed a lot of ability from an early age , but she also has always worked hard . " Lloyd has one brother , Stephen , and a sister , Ashley .
Lloyd attended Delran High School from 1997 to 2000 where she played soccer under the tutelage of the late Rudy " The Red Baron " Klobach . As a high school athlete , she was known for her exceptional ball control and skill at distributing the ball from the midfield . During her senior year , she scored 26 goals and served eight assists while captaining her team to an 18 – 3 record . The Philadelphia Inquirer twice @-@ named her Girls ’ High School Player of the Year in 1999 and 2000 . She was named to the Star @-@ Ledger All @-@ State First Team twice and received 1999 and 2000 Parade All @-@ American honors . In 2000 , she was named the Courier Post Player of the Year and the South Jersey Soccer Coaches Association ( SJSCA ) Midfielder of the Year .
= = = Rutgers Scarlet Knights , 2001 – 2004 = = =
Lloyd attended Rutgers University from 2001 to 2004 and played for the Scarlet Knights women 's soccer team under head coach Glenn Crooks . She was named First @-@ Team All @-@ Big East for four straight years – the first athlete at Rutgers to do so . She ended her collegiate career as the school 's all @-@ time leader in points ( 117 ) , goals ( 50 ) , and shots .
During her freshman season , Lloyd started every match and was the team 's leading scorer with 15 goals for a total of 37 points . She was named to Soccer America 's All @-@ Freshman Team and was the first Rutgers player to earn Big East Rookie of the Year honors . As a sophomore , she was the team 's leading scorer for the second consecutive season with 12 goals and seven assists for 31 points . The same year Lloyd was a finalist for the Hermann Trophy , widely considered the highest accolade for collegiate soccer players . During her third season with the Scarlet Knights , she scored 13 goals and served 2 assists for a total of 28 points and was named a Big East Academic All @-@ Star . As a senior , she was a starter for 18 of the 20 games she played , scored 10 goals and served one assist . Lloyd was named the 2004 Big East Midfielder of the Year .
In 2013 , Lloyd was inducted into the Rutgers Hall of Distinguished Alumni .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Club = = =
= = = = W @-@ League Experience , 1999 – 2004 = = = =
While still in high school , Lloyd played for W @-@ League teams Central Jersey Splash in 1999 , New Brunswick Power in 2000 , and South Jersey Banshees in 2001 . In the summer prior to her senior year at Rutgers , Lloyd played for the New Jersey Wildcats in 2004 with teammates Kelly Smith , Manya Makoski , Tobin Heath , and Heather O 'Reilly . She made only one appearance for the club .
= = = = The WPS Years , 2009 – 2011 = = = =
With the return of a top @-@ flight women 's professional soccer league to the United States via Women 's Professional Soccer , Lloyd 's playing rights were allocated to the Chicago Red Stars in 2008 . During the league 's inaugural season , she started in 14 of her 16 appearances for Chicago playing a total of 1 @,@ 313 minutes on the pitch . She scored two goals : one in the 23rd minute of her team 's 4 – 0 win over the Boston Breakers on April 25 ; and the other during the 24th minute of a 3 – 1 defeat of the Los Angeles Sol on August 2 . The Red Stars finished sixth on the season with a 5 – 5 – 10 record .
Following the conclusion of the season , Lloyd was declared a free agent and subsequently signed with her home state club and 2009 WPS champions , Sky Blue FC , for the 2010 season . In April 2010 , during a match against her former team , Chicago Red Stars , Lloyd slipped and broke her ankle . The injury kept her off the pitch for most of the season although she did return for two games in September .
In December 2010 , Lloyd signed with expansion team Atlanta Beat for the 2011 season . Of her signing , Beat head coach James Galanis said , " She is a fantastic midfielder and someone who is fully focused on the game . I have known her from her college days , and I have had the opportunity to train her and improve her game individually . She has made a lot of sacrifices off the field to reach her dreams , and she is going to bring a lot of professionalism to the team . " Lloyd scored two goals in her ten appearances for the Beat . She scored the team 's lone goal in a 4 – 1 defeat by the Boston Breakers on April 9 . Her second goal on the season was an equalizer during the 70th minute of a 2 – 2 draw against the Western New York Flash . The Beat finished their first season in last place with a 1 – 4 – 13 record .
= = = = Western New York Flash , 2013 – 2014 = = = =
On January 11 , 2013 , Lloyd joined the Western New York Flash in the new National Women 's Soccer League as part of the NWSL Player Allocation . After recovering from a shoulder injury suffered earlier in the year , Lloyd made her debut for the Flash on May 12 , 2013 during the team 's 2 – 1 defeat of FC Kansas City . She scored her first goal in a match against her former club , Sky Blue FC , helping the Flash win 3 – 0 . During a match against the Washington Spirit on June 28 , Lloyd scored a hat trick leading the Flash to a 4 – 0 win . She was subsequently named NWSL Player of the Week for her performance .
Lloyd finished the 2013 season with 10 goals , the third most goals scored on the season . The Flash finished first during the regular season with a 10 – 8 – 4 record and advanced to the playoffs . During the Flash 's semifinal match against Sky Blue FC , Lloyd scored both of the Flash 's game @-@ winning goals : one in the 33rd minute and the second coming during stoppage time . Her two goals resulted in a 2 – 0 win that advanced the Flash to the championship final against the Portland Thorns FC . The Flash were defeated 2 – 0 during the final .
= = = = Houston Dash , 2015 – present = = = =
On October 16 , 2014 , Lloyd was traded to the Houston Dash in exchange for Becky Edwards , Whitney Engen and a third @-@ round pick in the 2016 NWSL draft .
= = = International = = =
= = = = Youth national team = = = =
Lloyd represented the United States at the under @-@ 21 level before making the jump to the senior team at the age of 23 . As a member of the under @-@ 21 team , she played at the Nordic Cup four times winning consecutive titles from 2002 to 2005 in Finland , Denmark , Iceland , and Sweden respectively . During the first round of the 2003 Nordic Cup , she served the assist in the U.S. ' 1 – 0 win against Denmark . At the 2004 Nordic Cup , she scored two goals and served one assist while starting in every match . The following year at the 2005 Nordic Cup , she scored three times including one goal during the championship match against Norway .
= = = = Senior national team = = = =
Lloyd made her first appearance for the United States women 's national soccer team on July 10 , 2005 , against Ukraine . She scored her first international goal on October 1 , 2006 against Taiwan . At the 2006 Four Nations Tournament , Lloyd won a third cap . She earned the first two starts of her career at the 2006 Algarve Cup , gaining a place in the starting 11 against Denmark and in the championship game against Germany . She played in 19 games , starting 13 , and scored one goal .
= = = = = Algarve Cup and FIFA Women 's World Cup , 2007 = = = = =
After scoring once in her first 24 matches with the national team , Lloyd scored four goals at the 2007 Algarve Cup . As the tournament 's top scorer , she was awarded Most Valuable Player tournament honors . Lloyd logged her first brace for the national team during a 6 – 1 win against New Zealand .
The same year , Lloyd played in her first FIFA Women 's World Cup tournament . Heading into the tournament , the national team had not conceded a game in regulation time in nearly three years and was considered a favorite to win the tournament in China . During their first match of the tournament , the U.S. tied North Korea 2 – 2 . The team faced Sweden in their next match on September 14 and won 2 – 0 with two goals from Abby Wambach . The U.S. finished group play with a 1 – 0 win over Nigeria women 's national football team on September 18 .
During the quarterfinal match against England on September 22 , the U.S. won 3 – 0 . All three goals were scored within 12 minutes . The U.S. faced Brazil in the semifinal in what would become a controversial and game @-@ changing match for the team . Coach Greg Ryan decided to bench starting goalkeeper , Hope Solo , and instead started Brianna Scurry , a veteran goalkeeper who had started in three World Cups and two Olympics , but who had started very few matches since the 2004 Olympics . The U.S. was defeated 4 – 0 by Brazil . The loss relegated them to a final match against Norway , which they won 4 – 1 , to secure third place standing at the tournament . Lloyd started three of the five games in which she played at the tournament .
Throughout 2007 , Lloyd started 13 of the 23 matches in which she played . She ranked third on the team in scoring with nine goals and three assists .
= = = = = 2008 Beijing Olympics = = = = =
During the championship match of the CONCACAF Women 's Olympic Qualifying Tournament , Lloyd scored the U.S. ' only goal during stoppage time on a free @-@ kick . The U.S. eventually defeated Canada 6 – 5 in penalty kicks . She scored two goals during the 2008 Olympics : the game @-@ winning goal in the team 's 1 – 0 defeat of Japan during the tournament 's group stage and another game @-@ winning goal in overtime against Brazil during the final helping the U.S. win gold .
Lloyd was named the 2008 U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year along with Tim Howard . She was on the starting lineup in all 35 games in which she played in 2008 , tying for the team lead in matches started during the year . Her 2 @,@ 781 minutes on the pitch for the U.S. ranked third on the team in minutes played . Her nine goals and nine assists resulted in her best scoring year yet on the national team .
= = = = = From Injury Recovery to 100th Career Cap and CONCACAF Women 's World Cup Qualifying , 2009 – 10 = = = = =
In 2009 , the U.S. national team competed in eight games , of which Lloyd was on the starting lineup in five . At the 2010 Algarve Cup , Lloyd scored the game @-@ opening goal in the final helping the U.S. clinch the championship title after defeating Germany 3 – 2 .
Although she suffered a broken ankle in the fourth game of the 2010 WPS Season while playing for Sky Blue FC , she played in 15 matches for the United States in 2010 , starting 14 . Lloyd started all five games at the 2010 CONCACAF Women 's World Cup Qualifying Tournament , scoring two goals , including the United States ' lone goal during the championship match . She ended the tournament with five assists and was named the Player of the Match three times during the tournament . After the U.S. finished third at the tournament , they traveled to Italy to vie for a place at the 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup in the UEFA @-@ CONCACAF play @-@ off against Italy . Playing every minute of the series , Lloyd scored three goals with five assists during the series . She earned her 100th career cap during the second leg of the series .
= = = = = Algarve Cup , Four Nations Tournament , and FIFA Women 's World Cup , 2011 = = = = =
2011 saw the U.S. team making preparations for the 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup and training starting with the Four Nations Tournament . Lloyd scored the lone goal for the U.S. in the opening match loss to Sweden . In the championship match , the U.S. defeated Canada 2 – 0 with Lloyd scoring the first goal and being named Player of the Match .
At the 2011 Algarve Cup , Lloyd scored three goals including the first goal in the championship match ; subsequently named best goal for the tournament . She was named player of the match for the 2nd time in the tournament . The team won the cup , making it their eighth title win .
At the 2011 FIFA Women 's World Cup , Lloyd scored the final goal in a 3 – 0 win against Colombia for her first World Cup goal . Throughout the tournament , she tallied an assist , a goal , and one successful penalty kick in the shootout against Brazil to send the U.S. to the semifinals vs. France . In the World Cup final , after finishing the game tied 2 – 2 the U.S. went on to penalty kicks with Japan . Along with two teammates who failed to convert their penalty kicks , Lloyd mishit the ball over the crossbar . The U.S. won the silver medal at the tournament .
= = = = = CONCACAF Olympic Qualifying Tournament and London Olympics , 2012 = = = = =
The national team opened 2012 with the Olympic Qualifiers in Vancouver , Canada . The U.S. was placed in Group B with the Dominican Republic , Guatemala , and Mexico . In the first match , the United States routed the Dominican Republic by a score of 14 – 0 with Lloyd tallying one goal and one assist . In the second match , the U.S. again defeated Guatemala 13 – 0 with Lloyd again finding the back of the net and providing an assist .
The game to win the group and thus play the second place team from Group A occurred between the U.S. and Mexico . The U.S. was previously defeated 2 – 1 by Mexico during the 2010 CONCACAF Women 's Gold Cup . This time , the U.S. beat Mexico 4 – 0 with Lloyd netting her first career hat trick . She was subsequently named player of the match .
In the semi @-@ final , the U.S. faced Costa Rica . During the second half , the U.S. scored two goals , the second coming from Lloyd . The U.S. beat Costa Rica 3 – 0 with Lloyd named player of the match for the second game in a row . During the final match against Canada , the U.S. defeated Canada at home 4 – 0 to move on to the Olympics as the CONCACAF champions . Lloyd finished the tournament with six goals and three assists and tied for the team lead in goals scored .
At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , Lloyd scored the go @-@ ahead goal in the 56th minute of the team 's opening match against France , to boost the U.S. to a 3 – 2 lead ; the match ended with a final score of 4 – 2 . She scored her second goal of the tournament against Colombia during the group stage .
During the Olympic gold medal match against Japan , played at London 's Wembley Stadium , Lloyd scored both American goals in the team 's 2 – 1 victory . Her four goals in the tournament tied for the second highest on the U.S. squad . She is the only player ( of either gender ) in history to score the game @-@ winning goal in two separate Olympic gold medal matches ; her first occurred during the Beijing 2008 final against Brazil .
After scoring her 46th international goal in the 13th minute of a friendly against New Zealand in October 2013 , Lloyd became the highest @-@ scoring midfielder in the team 's history , passing Julie Foudy , who finished her career with 45 goals .
= = = = = 2015 FIFA World Cup = = = = =
In April 2015 , Lloyd was named by head coach Jill Ellis to the 23 @-@ player roster for the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup in Canada . Lloyd captained the team during four of the team 's matches , including the quarterfinal against China , semifinal against Germany and final against Japan and scored six goals during the tournament , finishing the tournament on a four @-@ game goalscoring streak that spanned the knockout stage and that culminated in a hat trick in the game 's opening 16 minutes during the final against Japan . The last goal was hailed by Reuters as " one of the most remarkable goals ever witnessed in a Women ’ s World Cup " , and featured Lloyd catching Japanese goalkeeper Ayumi Kaihori off her line and chipping her virtually from the halfway line .
For her efforts in leading the United States to a record third World Cup title , and first since 1999 , she won the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament . While Lloyd 's six goals were enough to match Celia Sasic as the tournament 's top scorer , Sasic won the Golden Boot for playing fewer minutes and Lloyd was awarded the Silver Boot . Lloyd also became the first woman to score a hat trick in a World Cup final and the first player , male or female , to do so since Geoff Hurst did so for England against West Germany in the 1966 final at Wembley . Furthermore , her third goal earned her a nomination for the Puskás Award , FIFA 's annual award for Goal of the Year .
= = = = International goals = = = =
= = Honors and awards = =
= = = Individual = = =
Algarve Cup Most Valuable Player : 2007
U.S. Soccer Athlete of the Year : 2008
FIFA World Player of the Year Shortlist : 2012 , 2015
FIFA Puskas Award Nominee : 2015
NWSL Player of the Week : July 2013 , July 2014
NWSL Player of the Month : July 2015
CONCACAF Women 's Player of the Year : 2015
CONCACAF Goal of the Year : 2015
FIFA Women 's World Cup Golden Ball : 2015
FIFA Women 's World Cup Silver Boot : 2015
FIFA Women 's World Cup All @-@ Star Team : 2015
FIFA Women 's World Cup Dream Team : 2015
FIFA Women 's World Cup Goal of the Tournament : 2015
Women 's Sports Foundation Sportswoman of the Year Team Sport Award : 2015
Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year Nominee : 2015
IFFHS World 's Women Best Playmaker : 2015
FIFA World Player of the Year : 2015
Nominee for 2016 ESPY Award for Best Championship Performance
= = = Team = = =
United States
Olympic Gold Medal : 2008 , 2012
FIFA Women 's World Cup Champion : 2015
Runner @-@ up : 2011
= = Style of play = =
Although she was initially criticised for being inconsistent at the beginning of career , and for losing possession too easily , Lloyd later developed into one of the best players in the world , and is highly regarded in particular for her outstanding determination , mental strength , and work @-@ ethic . A tenacious , energetic , and hard @-@ working player , she also is known for her control , technique , and passing accuracy , and is capable of aiding her team both defensively and offensively , due to her stamina , strength , and tackling , as well as her ability to get into good attacking positions , and either score goals or create chances for team @-@ mates . These abilities , coupled with her tactical versatility , enable her to be deployed in several midfield positions ; although she began her career in the centre , as a defensive midfielder , she is most comfortable when moved to a more advanced role , as an attacking midfielder behind the forwards . Lloyd has also earned a reputation as a " clutch player " , due to her tendency to score decisive goals ; a powerful striker of the ball , she is capable of scoring from any position on the pitch , and can finish well both with her head and with her feet inside the area .
= = Personal life = =
Lloyd lives with her fiancé , Brian Hollins , in Mount Laurel , New Jersey . She has done philanthropic work for Habitat for Humanity . She plans to get married to him after the 2016 Olympic Games .
= = In popular culture = =
= = = Endorsements = = =
Lloyd currently has an endorsement deal with Nike . In 2011 , she was the focus of a promotional feature for the sports company entitled , Pressure Makes Us : Carli Lloyd . Following the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup , Lloyd starred in a commercial for Xfinity and signed an endorsement deal with Visa . In August 2015 , she co @-@ starred in a Nike commercial called Snow Day also featuring Rob Gronkowski and Sydney Leroux .
= = = Magazines and television = = =
Lloyd has been featured in Glamour , Shape , and Sports Illustrated magazines . She has made appearances on Good Morning America , The Daily Show with Jon Stewart , and Live with Kelly and Michael . In 2012 , she appeared in an ESPN feature called Title IX is Mine : USWNT .
= = = Video Games = = =
Lloyd was featured along with her national teammates in the EA Sports ' FIFA video game series in FIFA 16 , the first time women players were included in the game . In September 2015 , she was ranked by EA Sports as the # 1 women 's player in the game .
= = = Ticker Tape Parade and White House Honor = = =
Following the United States ' win at the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup , Lloyd and her teammates became the first women 's sports team to be honored with a Ticker Tape Parade in New York City . Each player received a key to the city from Mayor Bill de Blasio . In October of the same year , the team was honored by President Barack Obama at the White House .
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= Dream Within a Dream Tour =
The Dream Within a Dream Tour was the fourth concert tour by American recording artist Britney Spears . It was launched in support of her third studio album , Britney ( 2001 ) . The tour was promoted by Concerts West , marking the first time Spears did not tour with Clear Channel Entertainment . On September 21 , 2001 , a North American tour was announced that kicked off exactly two months later after various dates were postponed . In February 2002 , Spears announced a second leg of the tour . It was directed and choreographed by Wade Robson , who explained the main theme of the show was Spears 's coming of age and newfound independence . The stage was designed by Steve Cohen and Rob Brenner and was composed of a main stage and a B @-@ stage , united by a runway . Inspired by Cleopatra 's barge , a flying device was developed so Spears could travel over the audience to the B @-@ stage . The setlist was mostly composed by songs from the supporting album , as Spears felt they were more reflective of her personality . Songs from her previous two studio albums were also included in remixed form by Robson .
The show was divided into seven segments with the last one being the encore . Spears opened the show hanging from a gyrating wheel ; it continued with Spears performing a medley of older hits , jumping in bungee cords from the flying device onto the stage and dancing in a jungle setting . Most of the performances were accompanied by extravagant special effects , including confetti , pyrotechnics , laser lights , and artificial fog and snow . In the encore , there was a water screen that pumped two tons of water into the stage ; this was considered one of the signature performances of the tour . During the 2002 leg , some changes were made ; several songs were remixed , and Spears premiered various unreleased songs which included " Mystic Man " . The show received mixed reviews by critics , who praised the show for being innovative but dismissed it for taking the attention away from the music .
The Dream Within a Dream Tour was largely sold out and grossed $ 43 @.@ 7 million . During the second show in Mexico , Spears left the stage after the sixth song due to a lightning storm ; the show was canceled and angered the audience . The tour was broadcast live on an HBO special on November 18 , 2001 , and went on to win an Emmy for Outstanding Technical Direction on the 2002 ceremony . A DVD titled Live from Las Vegas was released in January 2002 .
= = Background = =
On July 19 , 2001 , Spears 's band announced there would be a tour to support her third studio album , Britney ( 2001 ) . The following day , Spears 's label Jive Records confirmed that there was a tour planned for the fall . The Dream Within a Dream Tour was promoted by Concerts West , chosen after a much publicized battle with concert promoter Clear Channel Entertainment ( CCE ) , who had handled her previous concert tours . It marked the first time Concerts West outbid CCE , with reports claiming Spears would earn between $ 13 and $ 15 million during the tour . Spears 's manager Larry Rudolph commented on the situation , saying ,
" Clear Channel is an incredible company , and I 'm sure we 'll be doing more business with them . We went with Concerts West because they 're a strong touring company and because they have ancillary properties , in that [ parent AEG owns ] arenas and some 7 @,@ 000 movie theaters throughout the country . This decision was not made to exclude Clear Channel . It was made to include Concerts West . [ AEG ] has the ability to help us market our core products — the album and tour — and our secondary properties — the movie — in ways that tipped the scale for us . "
On September 20 , 2001 , dates were released along with the track listing of the album . The tour was slated to begin on October 26 , 2001 , but the opening of the show was pushed back until October 31 after Spears became ill and was prescribed five days of rest . The tour was postponed one more day due to production delays and finally kicked off at Nationwide Arena in Columbus , Ohio . Before the tour began , Spears announced she planned to give $ 1 of each ticket to the children of firefighters and police officers killed during the September 11 attacks . She also planned to sell merchandise and auction front row seats , hoping to raise $ 2 million . On February 26 , 2002 , more North American dates were released through her official website to kick off in Las Vegas at Mandalay Bay . The second leg of the tour was sponsored by Samsung . In conjunction with entertainment company WFX , they offered a cell @-@ phone service that featured collectible merchandise and a membership card with access to backstage reports directly from Spears . She stated that " [ the offering ] is an exciting new way for me to stay connected with my fans " .
= = Development = =
The name of the tour was based on Edgar Allan Poe 's poem of the same name . The tour was directed and choreographed by Australian choreographer Wade Robson . He explained the concept of the tour , saying ,
" The show is gonna be really , really theatrical — it 's really complicated . It 's a massive show with a lot of new music . It 's just gonna be really different . [ ... ] You 're gonna learn a lot more about her as a person . The show is gonna be really about how she 's becoming a woman , how she 's finding herself and her independence . She knows what she wants to do , she knows who she wants to be , and that 's what the show 's about . "
The stage was designed by production designer Steven Cohen and production manager Rob Brenner for the HBO special . This was the first time Spears used an entire new stage design after having used a typical end @-@ stage with a ramp and stairs at the center as on her first 3 tours ( the ... Baby One More Time Tour , the ( You Drive Me ) Crazy Tour , and the Oops ! ... I Did It Again Tour ) . Cohen designed the main stage with an oval shape so that Spears could perform around the stage and so that it would look good from multiple camera angles . He said that the rest of the stage was created with three main components in mind : a runway , a B @-@ stage , and a flying device over the crowd . The last was developed , as explained by Cohen , " around this Cleopatra 's barge concept I got into my head while designing when the movie Cleopatra was playing in the background . It needed to be elegant and stylized but also high tech , because it was going to have to be traveling on conventional motors and transport mechanisms . Plus , it had to have a big enough performance area for her and the dancers . " Brenner continued , " I wanted to try to give the kid in the back of the house the same experience as the one in the first 10 rows . " The runway uniting the main stage and the B @-@ stage was suggested by one of Spears 's managers , Johnny Wright . The entire stage was built by Michael Tait from Tait Towers . Cohen said , " We took a more expanded role in preparing the drawings for Michael . We wanted to retain the essence of the look of the show , both in its overall footprint and in the execution of these various pieces . [ ... ] [ He ] did a great job on executing the fine details like the hand railings and the floor lights and the MR @-@ 16 covers . When you 're doing something for TV , all of those pieces are foreground pieces . The mirrors on the platforms and the floor painting made the show look better on TV . "
The video screens showed both live shoots and special footage directed by Robson . Cohen worked by Danny O 'Brien at BCC Video to create double @-@ sided custom video LED cubes that hanged above stage right . There were three larger @-@ sized video screens above the stage area . The gyrating wheel in which Spears opened the show was made by Branam Enterprises and was attached to a platform also created by Tait Towers . 171 white light yag lasers were provided by Spectra . The giant music box from which Spears emerged in " Born to Make You Happy " ( 1999 ) was designed by Michael Cotton . Confetti was shot from machines provided by Pyrotek . Pyrotechnics were done by Gerb Fountains , whereas artificial snow was provided by Little Blizzard . During the encore performance of " ... Baby One More Time " ( 1998 ) , there was a water screen in which it was poured nearly two tons of water pumped at 360 gallons a minute . Cohen said , " The water screen is the keystone of the entire design because it impacts every system — electrics , staging , dancing . Rob discovered the company ( Chameleon Productions of Orlando , Florida ) that makes the screen , and I immediately looked at what they had in stock , which was a straight line . And I knew we didn 't want a straight line . We wanted a circular water screen so we could physically build a shower for her to stand in the middle of and not get wet and then walk through when she wanted to . Of course , everyone thought I was crazy , so I suggested a six @-@ sided shape . Everyone was concerned that the gaps between the sections might cause gaps in the actual sheets of water . But I kept saying that if you put them 40 ' to 50 ' up in the air , gravity will cause the water to attach to itself , so you end up getting a solid sheet . "
The lighting was designed by Cohen and his partner in Steve Cohen Productions , Joel Young , who served as the tour 's lighting director . Cohen continued saying , " All of our shows [ are ] heavily color @-@ based — everything is rich in color . There is a lot of layering that is not confusing so the purity comes through " . Young programmed the show on a Flying Pig Systems Wholehog II console , which he ran while simultaneously calling the 13 followspots for each show . There were eight truss spots and five house spots : four Lycian 2 @.@ 5 kW instruments on the back , four Robert Juliats on the front truss , four FOH spots and one in the back . " Steve Cohen Productions also served as the tour 's lighting vendor and sublet the gear they required from Westsun and Fourth Phase / LSD . Syncrolite provided its own 3k lights . Apart from the Syncrolites , the rest of the lighting was a combination of Coemar and High End Systems automated fixtures and conventional luminaries . There were a total of 215 active lights .
A week before the tour began , Spears said of the show : " I come from Broadway , so I want it to be very theatrical . The whole process for me is magical . Hopefully it will be something people have never even imagined or envisioned in their head . I was going through a run @-@ through yesterday and was thinking , ' By the time I 'm 30 , there 's not going to be anything left for me to do ' " . Initial rehearsals for the band started on September 9 , 2001 . She joined them later after rehearsing the choreography in Los Angeles . The setlist was composed mostly by songs from Britney . She explained her decision in a press conference , saying , " I just want my fans to see me in a different light than they have ever seen me [ in ] before . This music I am singing right now is such a reflection of me and who I am . Hopefully [ the fans ] will come to the show and be inspired and have a lot of fun . " Several songs from her previous albums ... Baby One More Time and Oops ! ... I Did It Again were remixed by Robson to " take [ them ] in a new direction – flip [ them ] up a bit " .
= = Concert synopsis = =
The show began with a woman dressed in an 18th @-@ century white nightgown who talked to the audience briefly before disappearing . There was a video introduction in which different people told their dreams . At the end of the video , Spears appeared sleeping in a bubble . A platform with a wheel attached rose several feet above the ground , and she appeared strapped to it while wearing a black ensemble . She started rotating in a similar way to a target girl while starting to perform " Oops ! ... I Did It Again " with her dancers . " ( You Drive Me ) Crazy " was performed next with Spears captured by her dancers . She left the stage for a costume change while her dancers performed . " Overprotected " was performed next with Spears ( dressed in a futuristic version of one of Elvis Presley 's jumpsuit ) surrounded by laser lights . The video backdrop showed images of a bald Spears , with her hair growing as the song went along . In the next section , a giant musical box was raised , and Spears emerged from the middle as a ballerina to perform " Born To Make You Happy " . She tore off her tutu and put on a long white satin cote to perform " Lucky " while confetti was shot . The medley ended with a performance of " Sometimes " for which she donned a bathrobe .
She returned to the stage wearing a tank top with glittery tomboy looking suspenders and pants for a dance @-@ oriented performance of " Boys " . The show continued with " Stronger " , in which she wore a paint @-@ covered robe and in some shows a bowler hat . At the end of the performance , she sat down next to a piano player and talked to the audience before moving into a performance of " I 'm Not A Girl , Not Yet A Woman " . A video interlude spoofing Making the Band @-@ type shows followed , showing Spears and her dancers as a struggling band . She took the stage again in a barge ( wearing a black , silver , and gray rock star style jacket and green pants ) along with four female dancers to perform " I Love Rock ' n ' Roll " . The barge was lifted by wires , but pyrotechnics below it made it seem as if it was lifted by fire . When it was above the B @-@ stage , Spears jumped to it with bungee cords . There was a skit in which her dancers chased her , before Spears loses the rock star jacket revealing a glittery red and purple halter top for a performance of " What It 's Like To Be Me " in the small stage . She returned to the main stage for a performance of " Lonely " , in which she danced to a video projection of herself . The dancers and the band performed the " Breakdown " interlude . In " Don 't Let Me Be the Last to Know " , she sang on an elevated platform wearing a white evening gown , while two of her dancers performed a routine . Artificial snow fell from the ceiling during the performance .
After a brief interlude , she returned for a performance of " Anticipating " where she wore a patched denim skirt . The set was made of giant coloring book drawings of houses and cars . She took out the costume to reveal a green top and small brown skirt for " I 'm a Slave 4 U " in a jungle setting while surrounded by artificial fog and laser lights . After the song ended , she bowed and thanked the audience before exiting the stage . The encore began with a giant projection of a hologram of Spears onto a water screen . The projection gradually shrunk until Spears rose from the stage while wearing a plastic cowboy hat , blue hip @-@ huggers , and a matching bra top . She began performing " ... Baby One More Time " in a ballad version until reaching the end of the runway . Pyrotechnics surrounded the stage while the song changed to a more uptempo version with elements of techno . Her dancers took the main stage while she returned to it running through the runway . They jumped on the barge while it was lifted into the air and continued to dance . At the end , Spears jumped off the barge with the bungee cords and landed in the main stage and descended from it .
After the announcement of the 2002 extension of the tour , some changes were made to the setlist . The original mix of " Overprotected " was replaced by the Darkchild remix of the song . " Boys " was replaced by the remix featuring Pharrell while Spears replaced the outfit with tomboy suspenders for a black leather top . A new song called " Mystic Man " was added after " Stronger " . It was described by Corey Moss of MTV as " similar to [ " I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman " ] , but with a bit more traditional R & B flair , a la Alicia Keys " . The song was often replaced with other new songs throughout the tour . Some other changes were also made ; the video screens did not have such a prominent role , and the backdrops of " Overprotected " were taken out .
= = Reception = =
Larry Nager of The National Enquirer commented that " [ the concert ] packed more technical wizardry than Harry Potter , but almost no actual singing " . He summarized his review saying " If it wasn 't quite a real concert , it was a great show . " Ann Powers of The New York Times said the show was " dazzling " and commented that the performance did not suffer from music being its least important element , adding " This dream extravaganza perhaps unwittingly suggested that the Britney we know is herself a dream , an artist whose genius is not for singing [ ... ] but for teasing out the cravings and fears that haunt the modern world . Ms. Spears now wants to awaken to an adult persona , but she may find that the netherworld of desire is her natural home . " Jim Farber of the New York Daily News compared it to tours of other teenage artists , saying " her latest 90 @-@ minute extravaganza had to be the costliest , most elaborate and , to be honest , least tacky to date " . He was also impressed with the stage , calling it " the largest proscenium I 've ever seen at a pop show . " Camille Lamb of The Daily Collegian named the show " an elaborate , highly homogenized display of capitalism at its finest " . She also said the show fulfilled its expectations , saying " [ it brought ] a teenage fantasy to a tangible reality . "
Neva Chonin of the San Francisco Chronicle believed the show " was pure Britney excess , [ ... ] hugely entertaining " and added that " while it 's all too easy to deride Spears ' contrivances from a distance , in person there 's no denying her charisma or her archetypal appeal . She 's like a refugee from David Lynch 's Mulholland Drive , a gleaming dream cipher waiting to be filled with an audience 's fantasies . And she works that role with flawless professionalism , punctuating her choreographed moves with an amiable accessibility that drew fans into her airtight world even as it kept them at a safe distance . In short , she connected — through smiles , giggles and what seemed to be genuine pleasure in performing . " While reviewing the Femme Fatale Tour in 2011 , Jim Harrington of the Oakland Tribune deemed the show as " one of the best pop music productions I ’ ve ever witnessed . " The tour was a commercial success . According to Spears 's booking agent David Zedeck , the 2001 leg was largely sold out , with the concerts attended by over 400 @,@ 000 people . It grossed $ 43 @.@ 7 million , the second highest grossing tour of the year by a female artist behind Cher 's Farewell Tour .
= = Lubbock Power Outage cancellation = =
The show on June 14 , 2002 at the United Spirit Arena in Lubbock , Texas was cancelled due to a transformer blowing out during the 2nd song which put the whole show on auxiliary power making it unsafe for Spears and the entire production to continue . The show initially was going to be rescheduled according to Band member Skip but it apparently never did .
= = Mexico cancellation = =
On July 28 , 2002 , during the second concert at Foro Sol in Mexico City , Spears left the stage after the performance of " Stronger " while saying , " I 'm sorry , Mexico . I love you , bye . " Shortly after , an announcement was made through the speakers confirming the show was cancelled . According to local newspapers Milenio and El Universal , fans screamed " Fraud ! " , booed and hurled chairs and other items . Two days later , a statement was released by Spears that said : " I 'm sorry I couldn 't finish the show for my fans . The Mexican fans are one of the best audiences to play for . We decided that we had no choice but to cancel the show after the storm and lightning showed no signs of clearing up . " Concert promoter Ocesa Presenta director Guillermo Parra explained to El Universal that " there was no trick nor deceit , but climatic conditions cannot be controlled " . It was announced that fans could receive a full refund starting on August 1 , 2002 . Jive Records released a statement saying ,
" A hazardous lightning storm made it essential for Spears to depart the stage . Spears began the show during a break between two rainstorms , but the degree of risk to the audience and stage crew associated with the second storm , an electrical storm , made it impossible for the show to continue . "
= = Broadcasts and recordings = =
On March 1 , 2001 , HBO announced that a Las Vegas show at MGM Grand Arena would be broadcast on November 18 , 2001 . The special was directed and produced by Marty Callner . Spears requested that HBO aired the concert to the American Forces Network ( AFN ) on its AFN @-@ Atlantic and AFN @-@ Pacific channels at no cost . She also interacted with soldiers based at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton , Naval Base San Diego , Fort Polk , and Lackland Air Force Base . The special won an Emmy for Outstanding Technical Direction on the 2002 ceremony . In January 2002 , Jive Records released the DVD Live from Las Vegas ; it was certified two @-@ times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipment of 200 @,@ 000 copies in units . On September 18 , 2002 , Jive Records announced the release of a photographic book and DVD titled Stages and Stages : Three Days in Mexico . The DVD was directed by Albert Maysles and chronicled her stay in Mexico and Japan . Spears explained the release , saying , " I wanted to share with my fans all the things that they never get to see that make it all so special for me . It 's my way of saying thank you . "
= = Setlist = =
Source :
= = Shows = =
= = Personnel = =
Source :
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= Binky ( polar bear ) =
Binky ( 1975 – July 20 , 1995 ) was a polar bear who lived at the Alaska Zoo in Anchorage . Found as an orphan on Alaska 's North Slope , he was taken to the zoo and quickly became one of its most popular attractions . He became a local hero and received international news coverage after mauling two zoo visitors in separate incidents in 1994 . Binky died in 1995 from sarcocystosis , a parasitic disease .
= = Early life = =
Binky was found orphaned on Cape Beaufort , North Slope , Alaska in May 1975 and was rescued by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game . He was then given to the Alaska Children 's Zoo ( later the Alaska Zoo ) in Anchorage , where he quickly became one of the zoo 's most popular attractions . His keeper commented in 1976 that Binky was a performer and cried in the evenings when his applauding , laughing visitors left for the day .
Binky was initially placed in a 13 foot by 20 foot oval cage , which he quickly outgrew . The prospect of raising the estimated $ 150 @,@ 000 needed for a new , larger enclosure was uncertain , and zoo officials feared Binky would have to be sent to the Milwaukee Zoo . A fundraiser and open house were held to raise money for the effort , and a number of schools and businesses participated . Ultimately , the greatest contribution to the zoo 's effort was the city 's purchase of the zoo land for $ 100 @,@ 000 , which the zoo agreed to buy back in 55 annual installments of $ 2 @,@ 500 . Binky 's new enclosure opened in May 1977 . That year , Binky made an appearance as " my dog Spot " in one of Cal Worthington 's car dealership commercials .
As Binky approached sexual maturity , zoo officials negotiated for the purchase of a female polar bear named Mimi from the Tulsa Zoo in Oklahoma . As the transfer was being finalized , however , Mimi died from a viral disease in Tulsa . In February 1979 , young polar bear twins ( Nuka , a female , and Siku , a male ) joined Binky in his enclosure . Binky got along poorly with Siku , however , so Siku was given to a zoo in Morelia , Mexico in 1981 .
As a full @-@ grown bear , Binky weighed 1 @,@ 200 pounds . He was an aggressive bear ; in 1980 , he bit off a zoo employee 's finger . His keeper commented in 1983 , " Binky is stubborn [ and ] independent , and he likes to play games . When he 's really feeling obstinate , he walks halfway into his den and sits down . He knows I can 't close it . He 's a very smart bear . "
= = Maulings , celebrity , and death = =
In July 1994 , 29 @-@ year @-@ old Australian tourist Kathryn Warburton jumped over two safety rails to get a close @-@ up photograph of Binky in his cage . When Binky stuck his head through the bars and grabbed her , she suffered a broken leg and bite wounds . Another tourist caught the event on tape . Binky kept the woman 's shoe for three days before it could be retrieved by zoo officials , and the day after the attack Alaska Star photographer Rob Layman took a photo of Binky , holding the shoe in his mouth , that was printed in almost every press account of the incident . Warburton gave the other shoe to the Bird House , a bar in nearby Bird Creek that has since burned down .
Six weeks later , Binky was involved in another mauling . Drunken local teenagers approached the bear 's enclosure , apparently hoping to swim in its pool , and one 19 @-@ year @-@ old was hospitalized with leg lacerations after he was mauled . The zoo did not confirm that Binky was the attacker , but the bear had blood on his face following the incident .
After these attacks , Binky received international news coverage . Binky merchandise was created , including T @-@ shirts , mugs , and bumper stickers , often adorned with the shoe photo or with the slogan " Send another tourist , this one got away " . Local letters to the editor supported Binky during both incidents , most often arguing that polar bears ' dangerousness should be respected . The Zoo 's director , Sammye Seawell , criticized Warburton 's actions in the Anchorage Daily News , saying " [ s ] he violated the rules and jeopardized the bear 's life . " Though Seawell initially insisted that the attack would not change how the zoo was run , security around Binky 's cage was upgraded to keep zoo visitors out .
In 1995 , Binky 's cagemate Nuka suddenly became sick with the parasitic disease sarcocystosis , dying from associated liver failure on July 14 , a week after her symptoms began . Shortly thereafter , Binky showed signs of the disease . On the morning of July 20 , he went into convulsions and died . Zoo visitors left bouquets of flowers outside the bears ' empty enclosure , and the zoo 's memorial service saw a high turnout despite pouring rain . The bears were buried on zoo grounds .
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= Mormon handcart pioneers =
The Mormon handcart pioneers were participants in the migration of members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints ( also known as the LDS Church ) to Salt Lake City , Utah , who used handcarts to transport their belongings . The Mormon handcart movement began in 1856 and continued until 1860 .
Motivated to join their fellow Church members in Utah but lacking funds for full ox or horse teams , nearly 3 @,@ 000 Mormon pioneers from England , Wales , Scotland and Scandinavia made the journey from Iowa or Nebraska to Utah in ten handcart companies . The trek was disastrous for two of the companies , which started their journey dangerously late and were caught by heavy snow and severe temperatures in central Wyoming . Despite a dramatic rescue effort , more than 210 of the 980 pioneers in these two companies died along the way . John Chislett , a survivor , wrote , " Many a father pulled his cart , with his little children on it , until the day preceding his death . "
Although fewer than 10 percent of the 1846 – 68 Latter @-@ day Saint emigrants made the journey west using handcarts , the handcart pioneers have become an important symbol in LDS culture , representing the faithfulness and sacrifice of the pioneer generation . They continue to be recognized and honored in events such as Pioneer Day , Church pageants , and similar commemorations .
= = Background to the migration = =
The Latter Day Saints were first organized in 1830 . Early members of the Church often encountered hostility , primarily due to their practice of withdrawing from secular society and gathering in locales to practice their distinct religious beliefs . Their neighbors felt threatened by the Church 's rapid growth in numbers , its tendency to vote as a bloc and acquire political power , its claims of divine favor , and , later , the practice of polygamy . Violence directed against the Church and its members caused the body of the Church to move from Ohio to Missouri , then to Illinois . Despite the frequent moves , Church members were unable to escape opposition , which culminated in the extermination order against all Mormons living in the state by Missouri Governor Lilburn Boggs in 1838 and the death of their leader Joseph Smith in 1844 . Brigham Young said that he had received divine direction to organize the church members and head beyond the western frontier of the United States .
= = Need for handcart companies = =
Soon after the first Mormon pioneers reached Utah in 1847 , the Church began encouraging its converts in the British Isles and elsewhere in Europe to emigrate to Utah . From 1849 to 1855 , about 16 @,@ 000 European Latter @-@ day Saints traveled to the United States by ship , through the eastern states by rail , and to Utah by ox and wagon . Although most of these emigrants paid their own expenses , the Church established the Perpetual Emigration Fund to provide financial assistance for poor emigrants to trek west , which they would repay as they were able . Contributions to expand the fund were encouraged .
When contributions and loan repayments dropped off in 1855 after a poor harvest in Utah , President Young decided to begin using handcarts because the Latter @-@ day Saints who remained in Europe were mostly poor . Young also believed it would speed the journey .
Young proposed the plan in a letter to Franklin D. Richards , President of the European Mission , in September 1855 . His letter was published in the Millennial Star , the Church 's England @-@ based periodical , on December 22 , 1855 , along with an editorial by Richards endorsing the project . The cost of the migration was expected to be reduced by one @-@ third . The response was overwhelming — in 1856 the Perpetual Emigration Fund supported the travel of 2 @,@ 012 European emigrants , compared with 1 @,@ 161 the year before .
= = Outfitting = =
Emigrants departed from an English port ( generally Liverpool ) and travelled by ship to New York or Boston , then by railroad to Iowa City , Iowa , the western terminus of the rail line , where they would be outfitted with handcarts and other supplies .
Built to Brigham Young 's design , the handcarts resembled a large wheelbarrow , with two wheels five feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) in diameter and a single axle four and a half feet ( 1 @.@ 4 m ) wide , and weighing 60 pounds ( 27 kg ) . Running along each side of the bed were seven @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) pull shafts ending with a three @-@ foot ( 0 @.@ 9 m ) crossbar at the front . The crossbar allowed the carts to be pushed or pulled . Cargo was carried in a box about three feet by four feet ( 0 @.@ 9 m by 1 @.@ 2 m ) , with 8 inch ( 0 @.@ 2 m ) walls . The handcarts generally carried up to 250 pounds ( 110 kg ) of supplies and luggage , though they were capable of handling loads as heavy as 500 pounds ( 230 kg ) . Carts used in the first year 's migration were made entirely of wood ( " Iowa hickory or oak " ) ; in later years a stronger design was substituted , which included metal elements .
The handcart companies were organized using the handcarts and sleeping tents as the primary units . Five persons were assigned per handcart , with each individual limited to 17 pounds ( 7 @.@ 7 kg ) of clothing and bedding . Each round tent , supported by a center pole , housed 20 occupants and was supervised by a tent captain . Five tents were supervised by the captain of a hundred ( or " sub @-@ captain " ) . Provisions for each group of one hundred emigrants were carried in an ox wagon , and were distributed by the tent captains .
= = 1856 : First three companies = =
The first two ships departed England in late March and mid @-@ April and sailed to Boston . The emigrants spent several weeks in Iowa City , where they constructed their handcarts and were outfitted with supplies before beginning their trek of about 1 @,@ 300 miles ( 2 @,@ 093 km ) .
About 815 emigrants from the first two ships were organized into the first three handcart companies , headed by captains Edmund Ellsworth , Daniel D. McArthur , and Edward Bunker . The captains were missionaries returning to their homes in Utah and were familiar with the route . Most of the sub @-@ captains were also returning missionaries .
Across Iowa they followed an existing road about 275 miles ( 443 km ) to Council Bluffs , following a route that is close to current U.S. Route 6 . After crossing the Missouri River , they paused for a few days at a Mormon outpost in Florence , Nebraska ( now part of Omaha ) , for repairs , before beginning the remaining 1 @,@ 030 @-@ mile ( 1 @,@ 658 km ) journey along the Mormon Trail to Salt Lake City .
Initial problems with the carts occurred because the wood used to construct them was said to have been " green timber " , with many more breakdowns than anticipated . When the First Handcart Company reached Winter Quarters , Edmund Ellsworth had a member of the company " tin " the wooden axles and also installed " thick hoop iron skeins " which enabled the handcart axles to turn more easily and resist breakage much better . This feature became a standard part of handcarts in following years , including frequent greasing to keep the wheels lubricated .
The companies made good time , and their trips were largely uneventful . The emigrant companies included many children and elderly individuals , and pushing and pulling handcarts was difficult work . Journals and recollections describe periods of illness and hunger . Like other companies traveling on the Emigrant Trail , deaths occurred along the way . Hafen and Hafen 's Handcarts to Zion lists 13 deaths from the first company , seven from the second , and fewer than seven from the third . Journal entries reflect the optimism of the handcart pioneers , even amid their hardships :
The first two companies arrived in Salt Lake City on September 26 and the third followed less than a week later . The first three companies were regarded as having demonstrated the feasibility of emigrating using handcarts .
= = 1856 : Willie and Martin handcart companies = =
The last two handcart companies of 1856 departed late from England . The ship Thornton , carrying the emigrants who became the Willie Company , did not leave England until May 4 . The leader of the Latter @-@ day Saints on the Thornton was James G. Willie . Another three weeks passed before the Horizon , carrying the emigrants who formed the Martin Company , departed . The late departures may have been the result of difficulties in procuring ships in response to the unexpected demand , but the results would be tragic .
With slow communications in the era before the transatlantic telegraph , the Church agents in Iowa City were not expecting the additional emigrants and had to make frantic preparations for their arrival . Critical weeks were spent hastily assembling the carts and outfitting the companies . When the companies reached Florence , additional time was lost making repairs to the poorly built carts . Emigrant John Chislett describes the problems with the carts :
Prior to the Willie Company departing Florence , the company met to debate the wisdom of such a late departure . Because the emigrants were unfamiliar with the trail and the climate , they deferred to the returning missionaries and Church agents . One of the returning missionaries , Levi Savage , urged them to spend the winter in Nebraska . He argued that such a late departure with a company consisting of the elderly , women and young children would lead to suffering , sickness and even death . All of the other Church elders argued that the trip should go forward , expressing optimism that the company would be protected by divine intervention . Some members of the company , perhaps as many as 100 , decided to spend the winter in Florence or in Iowa , but the majority , about 404 in number ( including Savage ) continued the journey west . The Willie Company left Florence on August 17 and the Martin Company on August 27 . Two ox @-@ wagon trains , led by captains W.B. Hodgett and John A. Hunt , followed the Martin Company .
Near Wood River , Nebraska , a herd of bison caused the Willie Company 's cattle to stampede , and nearly 30 cattle were lost . Left without enough cattle to pull all of the wagons , each handcart was required to take on an additional 100 pounds ( 45 kg ) of flour .
In early September , Franklin D. Richards , returning from Europe where he had served as the Church 's mission president , passed the emigrant companies . Richards and the 12 returning missionaries who accompanied him , traveling in carriages and light wagons pulled by horses and mules , pressed on to Utah to obtain assistance for the emigrants .
= = = Disaster and rescue = = =
In early October the two companies reached Fort Laramie , Wyoming , where they expected to be restocked with provisions , but no provisions were there for them . The companies had to cut back food rations , hoping that their supplies would last until help could be sent from Utah . To lighten their loads , the Martin Company cut the luggage allowance to 10 pounds ( 4 @.@ 5 kg ) per person , discarding clothing and blankets that soon would be desperately needed .
On October 4 the Richards party reached Salt Lake City and conferred with president Brigham Young and other Church leaders . The next morning the Church was meeting in a general conference , where Young and the other speakers called on the Church members to provide wagons , mules , supplies , and teamsters for a rescue mission . On the morning of October 7 the first rescue party left Salt Lake City with 16 wagon @-@ loads of food and supplies , pulled by four @-@ mule teams with 27 young men serving as teamsters and rescuers . The party elected George D. Grant as their captain . Throughout October more wagon trains were assembled , and by the end of the month 250 relief wagons were on the road .
Meanwhile , the Willie and Martin companies were running out of food and encountering bitterly cold temperatures . On October 19 a blizzard struck the region , halting the two companies and the relief party . The Willie Company was along the Sweetwater River approaching the Continental Divide . A scouting party sent ahead by the main rescue party found and greeted the emigrants , gave them a small amount of flour , encouraged them that rescue was near , and then rushed onward to try to locate the Martin Company . The members of the Willie Company had just reached the end of their flour supplies . They began slaughtering the handful of broken @-@ down cattle that still remained while their death toll mounted . On October 20 Captain Willie and Joseph Elder went ahead by mule through the snow to locate the supply train and inform them of the company 's desperate situation . They arrived at the rescue party 's campsite near South Pass that evening , and by the next evening the rescue party reached the Willie Company and provided them with food and assistance . Half of the rescue party remained to assist the Willie Company while the other half pressed forward to assist the Martin Company . The difficulties of the Willie Company were not yet over . On October 23 , the second day after the main rescue party had arrived , the Willie Company faced the most difficult section of the trail — the ascent up Rocky Ridge . The climb took place during a howling snowstorm through knee @-@ deep snow . That night 13 emigrants died .
On October 19 , the Martin Company was about 110 miles ( 177 km ) further east , making its last crossing of the North Platte River near present @-@ day Casper , Wyoming . Shortly after completing the crossing , the blizzard struck . Many members of the company suffered from hypothermia or frostbite after wading through the frigid river . They set up camp at Red Bluffs , unable to continue forward through the snow . Meanwhile , the original scouting party continued eastward until it reached a small vacant fort at Devil 's Gate , where they had been instructed to wait for the rest of the rescue party if they had not found the Martin Company . When the main rescue party rejoined them , another scouting party consisting of Joseph Young , Abel Garr , and Daniel Webster Jones was sent forward . The Martin company remained in their camp at Red Bluffs for nine days until the three scouts finally arrived on October 28 . By the time the scouts arrived , 56 members of the company had died . The scouts urged the emigrants to begin moving again . Three days later the main rescue party met the Martin Company and the Hodgett and Hunt wagon companies and helped them on to Devil 's Gate .
George D. Grant , who headed the rescue party , reported to President Young :
At Devil 's Gate the rescue party unloaded the baggage carried in the wagons of the Hodgett and Hunt wagon companies that had been following the Martin Company so the wagons could be used to transport the weakest emigrants . A small group led by Daniel Webster Jones remained at Devil 's Gate over the winter to protect the property . On November 4 the company had to cross the Sweetwater River , which was about 2 feet ( 0 @.@ 6 m ) deep and 90 to 120 feet ( 27 to 37 m ) wide . The stream was clogged with floating ice . Some of the men of the rescue party spent hours pulling the carts and carrying many of the emigrants across the river . However , many members of the company crossed the river themselves , some even pulling their own handcarts across . The severe weather forced the Martin Company to halt for another five days at Martin 's Cove , a few miles west of Devil 's Gate .
The rescue parties escorted the emigrants from both companies to Utah through more snow and severe weather while their members continued to suffer death from disease and exposure . The Willie Company arrived in Salt Lake City on November 9 ; 68 members of the company had lost their lives .
Meanwhile , a backup relief party of 77 teams and wagons was making its way east to provide additional assistance to the Martin Company . After passing Fort Bridger the leaders of the backup party concluded that the Martin Company must have wintered east of the Rockies , so they turned back . When word of the returning backup relief party was communicated to Young , he ordered the courier to return and tell them to turn back east and continue until they found the handcart company , but several days had been lost . On November 18 the backup party met the Martin Company with the greatly needed supplies . At last all the members of the handcart party were now able to ride in wagons . The 104 wagons carrying the Martin Company arrived in Salt Lake City on November 30 ; at least 145 members of the company had lost their lives . Many of the survivors had to have fingers , toes , or limbs amputated due to severe frostbite .
After the companies arrived in Utah , the residents generously opened their homes to the arriving emigrants , feeding and caring for them over the winter . The emigrants would eventually go on to Latter @-@ day Saint settlements throughout Utah and the West .
= = = Responsibility for the tragedy = = =
American West historian , Wallace Stegner , described the inadequate planning and improvident decisions leading to the tragedy when he wrote ,
In urging the method upon Europe 's poor , Brigham and the priesthood would over @-@ reach themselves ; in shepherding them from Liverpool to the valley , the ordinarily reliable missionary and emigration organization would break down at several critical points ; in accepting the assurances of their leaders and the wishful importunities of their own hope , the emigrants would commit themselves to greater sacrifices than even the Nauvoo refugees ; and in rallying from compound fatal error to bring the survivors in , the priesthood and the people of Mormondom would show themselves at their compassionate and efficient best .
As early as November 2 , 1856 , while the Willie and Martin companies were still making their way to safety , Brigham Young responded to criticism of his own leadership by rebuking Franklin Richards and Daniel Spencer for allowing the companies to leave so late . However , many authors argued that Young , as author of the plan , was responsible . Ann Eliza Young , daughter of one of the men in charge of building the carts and a former plural wife of Brigham Young , described her ex @-@ husband 's plan as a " cold @-@ blooded , scheming , blasphemous policy . " Stegner described Richards as a scapegoat for Young 's fundamental errors in planning , though Howard Christy , professor emeritus and former senior editor of scholarly publications at Brigham Young University , noted that Richards , as the highest @-@ ranking official in Florence , Nebraska area , was , in fact , the official who would have had the authority and capability to have averted the tragedy by halting their late departure . Christy also pointed out that Brigham Young and the other members of the First Presidency had consistently pointed out that departure from what is now Omaha , Nebraska needed to happen by the end of May to safely make the journey .
Many survivors of the tragedy refused to blame anyone . Survivor John Jacques wrote , " I blame nobody . I am not anxious to blame anybody ... I have no doubt that those who had to do with its management meant well and tried to do the best they could under the circumstances . " Another survivor , Francis Webster , was quoted as having said , " Was I sorry that I chose to come by hand cart ? No . Neither then nor any minute of my life since . The price we paid to become acquainted with God was a privilege to pay and I am thankful that I was privileged to come in the Martin Hand Cart Company . " On the other hand , survivor John Chislett , who later left the Church , wrote bitterly of Richards promising them that " we should get to Zion in safety . "
In May 2006 , a panel of researchers at the annual conference of the Mormon History Association blamed the tragedy on a failure of leadership . Lyndia Carter , a trails historian , said Franklin D. Richards " was responsible , in my mind , for the late departure " because " he started the snowball down the slope " that eventually " added up to disaster . " Christy agreed that " leadership from the top , from the outset , was seriously short of the mark . " Robert Briggs , an attorney , said " It 's almost a foregone conclusion ... there is evidence of negligence . With leaders all the way up to Brigham Young , there was mismanagement . " On the other hand , Rebecca Bartholomew and Leonard J. Arrington wrote , " Memories of what was perhaps the worst disaster in the history of western migration have been palliated by what could also be regarded as the most heroic rescue of the Mormon frontier . "
= = 1857 – 60 : Last five companies = =
A number of lessons had been learned from the 1856 disaster that allowed the Church to continue the handcart system while avoiding another disaster . Never again would a handcart company depart Florence later than July 7 . The construction of the handcarts was modified to strengthen them and reduce repairs . The handcarts would now be regularly greased . Arrangements were made to replenish supplies along the route .
By 1857 the Perpetual Emigration Fund was exhausted ; almost all of the handcart emigrants that year and in subsequent years had to pay their own way . With the increased cost , the number of handcart emigrants dropped from nearly 2 @,@ 000 in 1856 to about 480 in 1857 . Nevertheless , in 1857 two companies made the trek , both arriving in Salt Lake City by September 13 . Perhaps the most notable incident was when a captain of the U.S. Army 's Utah Expedition , on its way to Utah to confront Young and the Mormons , donated an ox to the hungry emigrants .
With the uncertainty caused by the Utah War , the Church called off all European emigration for 1858 . In 1859 one handcart company crossed the plains . The emigrants were now able to travel by rail to Saint Joseph , Missouri , after which they went by riverboat to Florence where they were outfitted with handcarts and supplies . When the 1859 company reached Fort Laramie , they discovered their food was running dangerously short , so they cut back on rations . When they reached Devil 's Gate the last flour was distributed . Emigrant Ebeneezer B. Beesley recalled an incident in which a group of rough mountain men fed the hungry emigrants . One of the mountain men then asked a young woman from the company to stay with him , which the tired woman agreed to do . ( William Atkin recalled another version of the story in which two young women married two mountain men . ) The hunger worsened when expected supplies were not available when they reached the Green River . Three days later wagons from Utah carrying provisions finally rescued the famished emigrants .
The last two handcart companies made the journey in 1860 , again following the route through St. Joseph . Although the journey proved to be difficult for the emigrants , these companies had relatively uneventful trips and experienced little loss of life .
After 1860 handcarts were no longer used . The Church implemented a new system of emigration , in which wagon trains travelled east from Salt Lake City in the spring and returned with emigrants in the summer . The transcontinental railroad was being constructed , and the railroad terminus gradually moved westward , shortening the trip .
= = Legacy = =
Handcart pioneers and the handcart movement are important parts of LDS culture , music and fiction . Arthur King Peters described the importance of this part of Mormon history in Seven Trails West :
Wallace Stegner praised the examples of those of the handcart companies , particularly in comparison to other pioneer parties :
= = = Reenactments = = =
Reenactments , in which a group dressed in 19th century garb travels for one or more days pushing and pulling handcarts , have become a popular activity among LDS wards , youth groups , and families . The reenactments have been lauded by LDS leaders ; for example , M. Russell Ballard of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles said , " Through music , drama , and stirring reenactments , we will be reminded of incredible pioneer journeys , both temporal and spiritual . " The reenactments have become so popular that the Bureau of Land Management is studying the impact on the trail and its environment , especially in the area around Rocky Ridge , Wyoming . According to the Casper Star @-@ Tribune , the BLM has had to impose a fee to offset the costs of monitoring the impacts of reenactors and other campers on the trail .
A re @-@ creation of the 1856 handcart disaster was featured on the History Channel show , Wild West Tech .
= = = 150th anniversary = = =
A number of events were held during 2006 to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the 1856 handcart companies :
The 2006 conference of the Mormon History Association was held in Casper , Wyoming from May 25 – May 28 and featured a specially commissioned concert opera by Harriet Petherick Bushman , " 1856 : Long Walk Home , " as well as several research papers on the handcart trek .
From June 9 – June 11 , a symposium and festival were held in Iowa City on the anniversary of the departure of the first company . Gordon B. Hinckley , the then @-@ current president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints , spoke at the closing ceremony fireside .
A musical called 1856 , produced by Cory Ellsworth , a descendant of Edmund Ellsworth , was performed in Mesa , Arizona and Salt Lake City in July 2006 .
Filmmaker Lee Groberg and writer / historian Heidi Swinton created a documentary for PBS , Sweetwater Rescue : The Willie & Martin Handcart Story , which features reenactments of the rescue . The one @-@ hour film was shown nationally in the United States on December 18 , 2006 . A companion book was also published .
Brigham Young University created a daily journal of the Willie Handcart Company on its Web site .
= = = Artistic depictions = = =
Film
Handcart . Directed by Kels Goodman . 2002 . Made as part of the wave of Mormon films in the early 2000s .
17 Miracles . Directed by T. C. Christensen , distributed by Excel Entertainment Group . June 2011 . About the Willie and Martin Handcart Companies , especially Levi Savage .
Ephraim 's Rescue Directed by T. C. Christensen , distributed by Excel Entertainment Group . May 2013 . The story of the rescue of the Willie and Martin Handcart Companies , primarily told from the point of view of Ephraim Hanks .
Theater
Handcarts West . Play , by Nathan & Ruth Hale .
The Trail of Dreams . Musical , written by James Arrington , Steven Kapp Perry , and Marvin Payne. premiered at Utah Valley State College in 1997 . Also played at the SCERA Center for the Arts in Orem , Utah . The cast recording won the 1999 Pearl Award for " Best Soundtrack of the Year , " and Steven Kapp Perry was nominated as " Songwriter of the Year " for his work on this project .
Music
The handcart treks were a familiar theme in 19th @-@ century Mormon folk music .
Fiction
George the Handcart Boy . By Howard R. Driggs . Aladdin , 1952 . Young adult novel .
Fire of the Covenant . By Gerald N. Lund . Deseret Book , 1999 . ISBN 1570086850 OCLC 42892048
Charlotte 's Rose . By Ann Edwards Cannon . Random House , 2002 . Young adult novel .
Miracles of the Martin Handcart Company . By JoAnn Mellor Felix , 2006 . Teen , Young Adult and Adult novel .
Independence Rock . By Debra Terry Hulet . Cedar Fort , 2011 . Young adult novel .
True Sisters . By Sandra Dallas . St. Martin 's Press , 2012 . Adult novel .
In the Company of Angels . By David Farland .
" West " . By Orson Scott Card . Science @-@ fiction short story .
= = = Notable handcart pioneers = = =
Edward Bunker – Captain of the third company .
C. C. A. Christensen – Sub @-@ captain of the seventh company and an artist known for his illustrations of LDS history .
John Jaques – Member of the Martin Company , missionary , and company historian .
Levi Savage Jr . – Sub @-@ captain of the Willie Company who argued against the late departure .
Jens Nielson , Danish entrepreneur that later settled several communities in the Cedar City Historic District .
Nellie Unthank – Member of the Martin Company .
Emily H. Woodmansee – Member of the Willie Handcart Company and one of the most influential Mormon poets in the 19th century .
= = = Notable members of the rescue parties = = =
Ephraim Hanks – Scout , member of the second rescue party .
Daniel Webster Jones – Member of advance party who found the Martin Company . Jones spent the winter at Devil 's Gate guarding the equipment that was left there .
Hosea Stout – Member of the second rescue party who carried messages to and from Salt Lake City .
Joseph Angell Young – Son of Brigham Young and member of the advance rescue party that found the Martin Company .
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= HMS Raven II =
HMS Raven II was a seaplane carrier of the Royal Navy used during World War I. Converted from the captured German freighter Rabenfels , the ship 's aircraft conducted aerial reconnaissance , observation and bombing missions in the Eastern Mediterranean and Red Sea during 1915 – 17 even though the ship was not commissioned into the Royal Navy until mid @-@ 1915 . She fruitlessly searched the Indian Ocean for the German commerce raider Wolf in mid @-@ 1917 . Raven II was decommissioned in late 1917 and became a Merchant Navy collier for the last year of the war . She was sold off in 1923 and had a succession of owners and names until she was sunk during World War II while under Japanese ownership .
= = Description = =
Raven II was 394 feet 5 inches ( 120 @.@ 22 m ) long , had a beam of 51 feet 6 inches ( 15 @.@ 7 m ) , and a draught of 27 feet 6 inches ( 8 @.@ 38 m ) . She was rated at 4 @,@ 706 GRT . The ship had one propeller shaft powered by one quadruple @-@ expansion steam engine that used steam generated by an unknown number of coal @-@ fired boilers . Raven II had a maximum speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) .
= = Career = =
The German freighter SS Rabenfels was built by Swan Hunter & Wigham Richardson and completed in December 1903 . On the outbreak of war in August 1914 , she was seized by the British authorities whilst in Port Said , Egypt and was requisitioned for service under the Red Ensign in January 1915 to operate seaplanes . No special modifications were made to the ship ; the aircraft were stowed on the aft hatch covers and handled with her cargo booms . Aenne Rickmers operated two French Nieuport floatplanes that had been off @-@ loaded by the French seaplane carrier Foudre ; they were flown by French pilots with British observers . Later , the ship operated included British Short Type 184 , Sopwith Schneider , Sopwith Baby and Short Admiralty Type 827 floatplanes .
For the first two months of 1915 , the ship and her aircraft supported Allied operations in Syria , Palestine and the Sinai Peninsula . Aside from reconnaissance duties , they delivered and recovered Allied spies as well as observed for ships performing coastal bombardments . Around 20 March , Rabenfels arrived in Mudros to load the aircraft and crew of the damaged Aenne Rickmers ( later HMS Anne ) . The ship was commissioned into the Royal Navy on 12 June 1915 and renamed HMS Raven II . On 17 August , both Anne and Raven II spotted for the French armoured cruiser Jeanne d 'Arc as she bombarded Tarsus . In January 1916 , she was assigned to the East Indies and Egypt Seaplane Squadron together with the carriers Empress , Ben @-@ my @-@ Chree and Anne . The squadron was under the command of the General Officer Commanding , Egypt and its primary duty was to watch Turkish positions and movements in southern Palestine and the Sinai in early 1916 .
At the end of March , Raven II was sent to the Red Sea to attack Turkish troops threatening Aden ; she carried one two @-@ seat Short floatplane and five Sopwith Schneiders for this operation . After a preliminary reconnaissance mission , on 2 – 3 April her aircraft dropped ninety @-@ one 20 @-@ pound ( 9 @.@ 1 kg ) bombs as well as leaflets urging the Arab auxiliaries to desert . The ship returned to the Syrian coast for patrols and was transferred to Kastellorizo in early July to conduct aerial reconnaissance and bombing missions in that area . Raven II was transferred to the Gulf of Aqaba later that month to take aerial photographs of the head of gulf as well as the east coast of the Red Sea . Her aircraft observed for the monitor M21 as she bombarded a Turkish encampment in the Sinai . One aircraft was forced to land , but it was taken in tow by the monitor and delivered back to Raven II .
The East Indies and Egypt Squadron reassembled in late August with Raven II , Anne and Ben @-@ my @-@ Chree and the aircraft from the three carriers attacked the Turkish supply dump at El Afule for thirty minutes . The squadron then steamed south along the Palestinian coast where they encountered two Turkish supply dhows . One was sunk by the escorting French destroyer Arbalète while the other was captured . The squadron flew off seven aircraft that attacked an encampment at Bureir and a nearby railroad viaduct . Raven II was then sent to the Adalia area on the Turkish coast where her aircraft bombed a factory at Fineka and searched for U @-@ boat bases On 1 September , the ship was in Port Said preparing for another sortie into the Red Sea when she was hit by a bomb dropped by a German aircraft ( probably the first successful air attack on an aviation vessel ) . Although Raven II was only lightly damaged , Anne was sent in her place . Raven II relieved Anne on 26 October in the Red Sea and her aircraft bombed Turkish forces advancing on Rabigh and Yenbo on 10 December . Shortly afterwards , the ship was transferred back to the Eastern Mediterranean where her aircraft attacked a bridge over the Ceyhan River with one 65 @-@ pound ( 29 kg ) bomb and eight 16 @-@ pound ( 7 @.@ 3 kg ) bombs on 27 December .
On 10 March 1917 , Raven II and the French armoured cruiser Pothuau sailed for the Indian Ocean to hunt for the German Q @-@ ship Wolf . For this mission she carried a Short Baby and two Short 184s . The two ships searched the Laccadive Islands en route to Colombo , Ceylon , which they reached on 2 April . They then searched the Chagos Archipelago and the Maldive Islands and returned to Colombo . Engine problems forced a Short 184 to make an emergency landing on 21 April in the Maldives ; the crew rejoined the ship on 6 May after a series of adventures that inspired Rudyard Kipling 's story " A Flight of Fact " . Raven II recovered the floatplane and its aircraft continued to fly search missions from Colombo until 21 May . She then joined a convoy bound for Egypt and arrived back in Port Said on 10 June . In early November , the ship 's aircraft observed fire for a variety of ships during the Third Battle of Gaza .
= = = Commercial service = = =
HMS Raven II was paid off shortly afterwards and , renamed Ravenrock , served as a collier under the Red Ensign from January 1918 until the end of the war under the management of Grahams & Co . She was sold to British Dominion Steamship Co. in 1923 and resold later that year to Karafuto Kisen Kabushiki Kaisha ( KKK ) , which renamed her Heiyei Maru No. 7 . In 1935 , the ship was sold to Inuri KKK and she was renamed Heiei Maru No. 7 in 1938 . The ship was sunk during World War II , although the circumstances are unknown .
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= Hurricane Bertha ( 1990 ) =
Hurricane Bertha caused minor damage in the United States , Bermuda , and Atlantic Canada in July and August 1990 . The third tropical cyclone , second named storm , and first hurricane of the 1990 Atlantic hurricane season , Bertha developed from a frontal low pressure area offshore of North Carolina on July 24 . Initially subtropical , it slowly acquired tropical characteristics while tracked southeast and then southwestward . By early on July 27 , the cyclone was re @-@ classified as a tropical depression . Following its transition , the depression intensified and was upgraded to Tropical Storm Bertha on July 28 . The storm then curved northeastward and rapidly strengthened . Bertha became a hurricane early on July 29 , though it weakened back to a tropical storm later that day . On the following day , Bertha re @-@ intensified into a hurricane and peaked as an 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) Category 1 hurricane on July 31 .
Early on August 2 , Bertha made landfall near Sydney , Nova Scotia while weakening and transitioning back into an extratropical cyclone . Large waves impacted the East Coast of the United States ; 25 to 50 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 to 15 @.@ 2 m ) waves were reported along the coast of North Carolina . In Florida , rough seas caused two fatalities by drowning , as well as at least 200 lifeguard rescues . Seven other drowning deaths occurred offshore when the S.S. Corazon sank near Cape Cod . Minimal impact occurred on Bermuda , limited to mainly tropical storm force wind gusts . In Canada , strong winds caused moderate crop damage on Prince Edward Island and collapsed a suspension bridge in Nova Scotia . Rainfall caused minor flooding in the region . Overall , Bertha caused nine fatalities and approximately $ 3 @.@ 91 million ( 1990 USD ) in damage .
= = Meteorological history = =
A cold front moved eastward through the United States in the middle part of July , and reached the East Coast of the United States on July 23 . By the following day , a low pressure area developed just southeast of Cape Hatteras , North Carolina ahead of the frontal zone , and quickly formed into a subtropical depression . In association with a nearby upper @-@ level low , the depression tracked quickly southeastward before turning to the southwest . The subtropical depression gradually organized , and satellite classifications began subsequent to merging with a tropical wave on July 25 . Convection developed closer to the center of circulation as it gradually decelerated while continuing southwestward and on July 27 , the system organized into Tropical Depression Three while located about 335 miles ( 539 @.@ 1 km ) east of Daytona Beach , Florida .
Upon transitioning into a tropical cyclone , the depression executed an elongated counter @-@ clockwise loop to the northeast . Conditions favored further intensification , and based on ship reports , it is estimated the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Bertha early on July 28 . Bertha quickly strengthened to attain hurricane status early on July 29 about halfway between Cape Canaveral , Florida and Bermuda . The strengthening trend was brief , however , as increased vertical wind shear weakened it back to a tropical storm late on July 29 , with the center exposed from the deep convection . Bertha continued slowly northeastward to ridging from the Bermuda high extending westward to the United States .
Operationally , forecasters at the National Hurricane Center speculated whether Bertha was transitioning into a subtropical cyclone , due to its deep convection being located , at times , over 200 miles ( 321 @.@ 8 km ) from the center . However , the convection progressively returned to the center and by late on July 30 , Bertha re @-@ intensified into a hurricane as the convection covered the center , about 415 miles ( 667 @.@ 8 km ) east of where it first formed . Early on July 31 , the hurricane briefly attained peak winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) before weakening and accelerated northeastward as the ridge of high pressure was slowly eroded . Bertha maintained hurricane status as it approached Atlantic Canada , and briefly reached winds of 80 mph ( 129 km / h ) before weakening and making landfall near Sydney , Nova Scotia on August 1 as a 70 mph ( 113 km / h ) tropical storm . The storm was transitioning into an extratropical cyclone while approaching Atlantic Canada , and lost all tropical characteristics shortly after moving ashore . The weakening extratropical remnants of Bertha turned northward into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and lost its identity shortly thereafter .
= = Preparations and Impact = =
The formation of Bertha in close proximity of the East Coast of the United States prompted residents to stock up on emergency supplies and monitor the storm . The Maritimes Weather Center and National Hurricane Center began to issue warnings for Nova Scotia and most of Atlantic Canada on July 31 and August 1 . By the following day , all warnings and advisories for Atlantic Canada were dropped as Bertha dissipated .
Bertha 's broad circulation produced high waves which were reported along the southeastern coast of the United States , in North Carolina , the storm produced waves of 25 – 50 ft ( 7 @.@ 6 @-@ 15 @.@ 2 m ) . The waves caused minor beach erosion along the North Carolina coastline including the Outer Banks . In Florida , rip currents from Bertha caused two drowning fatalities . 200 other swimmers were rescued from the rough seas . The vortex of Bertha forced warm air and blocked sea breezes from South Florida . As a result , record high temperatures were reported in West Palm Beach , Miami , Hollywood , and Miami Beach ; temperatures also tied records in Fort Lauderdale . The extreme heat also shattered numerous sliding glass doors and exhausted several air conditioners .
Offshore , several ships came in contact with Bertha , many reported sustained winds of 35 @-@ 58 mph ( 56 – 93 km / h ) and a Canadian ship reported a barometric pressure of 985 mbar ( 29 @.@ 1 inHg ) . The only reported shipwreck caused by Bertha was when the Corazon , a Greek freighter capsized and sank during the storm . The ship , which was off the coast of Cape Cod at the time of its sinking , was experiencing strong winds up to 78 mph ( 126 km / h ) and 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) waves . The rough seas caused the ship 's keel to break , causing the crewmen to send a distress signal and evacuate the sinking vessel . During the evacuation , one crewman drowned when trying to board a lifeboat , his body was later found by a Soviet merchant ship . Another merchant ship , the Vyapel , spotted twelve of the 27 sailors in their liferaft and the crew of the Vyapel tried to rescue the sailors but to no avail as the rough seas caused the liferaft to drift near the ships propeller and rudder area . The turbulence caused by the ships propeller knocked seven sailors into the water , five of them drowned and a search for their bodies continued until the following day . The remaining 21 sailors were later rescued by crews of other freighters and merchant ships . An investigation by the United States Coast Guard revealed that the Corazon 's lifeboats were in too poor of a condition to use in case of an emergency .
Initially , the National Hurricane Center noted the possibility of Bertha impacting Bermuda . However , the storm bypassed Bermuda , which caused only minor effects on the island ; limited to rough seas and wind gusts reaching 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) .
In Atlantic Canada , Bertha brought strong tropical storm force winds and heavy rainfall . Two weather stations in Braddeck , Nova Scotia and Hunter 's Mountain recorded 7 inches ( 177 @.@ 8 mm ) of rainfall . In Prince Edward Island , the storm produced a wind gust of 71 mph ( 115 km / h ) and 4 @.@ 72 inches ( 101 @.@ 6 mm ) of rain . A weather station in Port @-@ aux @-@ Basques , Newfoundland and Labrador reported a wind gust of 63 mph ( 102 km / h ) and 2 @.@ 51 inches ( 50 mm ) of rain . The high winds brought by Bertha caused moderate damage to tobacco and corn crops in Prince Edward Island and damaged a suspension bridge in Nova Scotia . Heavy rainfall from Bertha caused minimal flooding at a golf course . In Peggys Cove , Nova Scotia , six people were injured when waves from Bertha washed them into the sea . Damage was estimated at $ 4 @.@ 427 million ( 1990 CAD , $ 3 @.@ 912 million 1990 USD ) .
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= Keynsham =
Keynsham / ˈkeɪnʃəm / is a town and civil parish between Bristol and Bath in Somerset , south @-@ west England . It has a population of 16 @,@ 000 . It was listed in the Domesday Book as Cainesham , which is believed to mean the home of Saint Keyne .
The site of the town has been occupied since prehistoric times , and may have been the site of the Roman settlement of Trajectus . The remains of at least two Roman villas have been excavated , and an additional 15 Roman buildings have been detected beneath the Keynsham Hams . Keynsham developed into a medieval market town after Keynsham Abbey was founded around 1170 . It is situated at the confluence of the River Chew and River Avon and was subject to serious flooding before the creation of Chew Valley Lake and river level controls at Keynsham Lock in 1727 . The Great Flood of 1968 inundated large parts of the town . It was home to the Cadbury 's chocolate factory , Somerdale , which opened in 1935 as a major employer in the town .
It is home to Memorial Park , which is used for the annual town festival and several nature reserves . The town is served by Keynsham railway station on the London @-@ Bristol and Bristol @-@ Southampton trunk routes and is close to the A4 road which bypassed the town in 1964 . There are schools , religious , sporting , and cultural clubs and venues .
= = History = =
= = = Roman Trajectus = = =
Evidence of occupation dates back to prehistoric times , and during the Roman period , Keynsham may have been the site of the Roman settlement of Trajectus , which is the Latin word for " bridgehead . " It is believed that a settlement around a Roman ford over the River Avon existed somewhere in the vicinity , and the numerous Roman ruins discovered in Keynsham make it a likely candidate for this lost settlement .
In 1877 during construction of the Durley Hill Cemetery , the remains of a grand Roman villa with over 30 rooms was discovered . Unfortunately , construction of the cemetery went ahead , and the majority of the villa is now located beneath the Victorian cemetery and an adjacent road . The cemetery was expanded in 1922 , and an archeological dig was carried out ahead of the interments , leading to the excavation of 17 rooms and the rescue of 10 elaborate mosaics .
At the same time as the grand Roman villa was being excavated at Durley Hill Cemetery , a second , much smaller Roman villas was discovered during the construction of Fry 's Somerdale Chocolate Factory . Two fine stone coffins were also excavated , interred with the remains of a male and a female . The villa and coffins were removed from the site , and reconstructed near the gates of the factory grounds , and construction on the factory went ahead . Fry 's constructed a museum on the grounds of the factory , which house the Durley Hill mosaics , the coffins , and numerous other artifacts for many years . The factory was shuttered in 2011 , and the property sold to Taylor Wimpey for redevelopment into a housing community . In 2012 , Taylor Wimpey carried out a detailed geophysical assessment of the area , and discovered an additional 15 Roman buildings centered around a Roman road beneath Keynsham Hams , with evidence of additional Roman buildings that have been disturbed by quarrying . Currently , there are no plans to excavate the Roman ruins at Keynsham Hams .
= = = Medieval Keynsham = = =
According to legend , Saint Keyne , daughter of King Brychan of Brycheiniog ( Brecon ) , lived here on the banks of the River Avon during the 5th century . Before settling here , she had been warned by the local King that the marshy area was swarming with snakes , which prevented habitation . St Keyne prayed to the heavens and turned the snakes to stone . The fossil ammonites found in the area were believed to be the result . However , there is no evidence that her cult was ever celebrated in Keynsham .
Some scattered archeological evidence suggests that an Anglo @-@ Saxon settlement existed in Keynsham in the High Street area , and that in the 9th century a Minster church existed in Keynsham as well . The earliest documentary reference to Keynsham is in the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle , ( c . 980 ) which refers to it as Cægineshamme , Old English for ' Cæga 's Hamm . ' The town is also listed in the Domesday Book of 1086 as " Cainesham . " It has therefore been suggested that the origin of Keynsham 's name is not , in fact Saint Keyne , but from " Ceagin ( Caega ) . "
Around 1170 , Keynsham Abbey was founded by the Victorine congregation of canon regulars . Archeological evidence suggests that the abbey was built over the site of the previous Saxon Minster church . The settlement developed into a medieval market town , and the abbey of Keynsham was given ownership of the Keynsham Hundred . The Abbey survived until the dissolution of the monasteries in 1539 , and a house was subsequently built on the site . The remains have been designated as a Grade I listed building by English Heritage .
= = = Modern history = = =
Keynsham played a part in the Civil War as the Roundheads saved the town and also camped there for the night , using the pub now known as the Lock Keeper Inn as a guard post . During the Monmouth Rebellion of 1685 the town was the site of a battle between royalist forces and the rebel Duke of Monmouth . Bridges Almshouses were built around 1685 and may have been for the widows of those killed in the rebellion .
= = = Post World War II = = =
Before the creation of Chew Valley Lake and river level controls at Keynsham Lock and weir , Keynsham was prone to flooding . The Great Flood of 1968 inundated large parts of the town , destroying the town 's bridges including the county bridge over the Avon which had stood since medieval times , and private premises on Dapps Hill ; the devastation was viewed by the Duke of Edinburgh . After the flood the Memorial Park , which had been laid out after World War II was extended .
Keynsham rose to fame during the late 1950s and early 1960s when it featured in a long @-@ running series of advertisements on Radio Luxembourg for Horace Batchelor 's Infra @-@ draw betting system . To obtain the system , listeners had to write to Batchelor 's Keynsham post office box , and Keynsham was always painstakingly spelled out on @-@ air , with Batchelor famously intoning " Keynsham – spelt K @-@ E @-@ Y @-@ N @-@ S @-@ H @-@ A @-@ M – Keynsham , Bristol " . This was done because the proper pronunciation of Keynsham – " Cane @-@ sham " – does not make the spelling of Keynsham immediately obvious to the radio listener .
Since the 1950s Keynsham has become a dormitory town for Bristol and Bath . The High Street shopping area has been remodelled , and a Town Hall , Library , and Clock Tower were built in the mid @-@ 1960s .
= = = 2010s regeneration = = =
Design work for regeneration of the town hall area was awarded by Bath and North East Somerset Council to Aedas in 2010 , with the works cost stated in 2011 to be £ 33 million ( £ 34 million in 2012 ) . Realisation of the plans is hoped to " attract new business and jobs " , in the aftermath of the announcement of the Cadbury Somerdale Factory closure .
In January 2012 , it was announced that the Willmott Dixon Group had been appointed as contractor on the scheme . The Council 's planning committee in August 2012 deferred the approval decision , pending alterations to the external appearance of the building . These were approved in October 2012 , with demolition commencing in the same month . The regenerated Civic Centre area came back into use in late 2014 and early 2015 .
= = Governance = =
The town council has responsibility for local issues , including setting an annual precept ( local rate ) to cover the council ’ s operating costs and producing annual accounts for public scrutiny . The town council evaluates local planning applications and works with the local police , district council officers , and neighbourhood watch groups on matters of crime , security , and traffic . The town council 's role includes projects for the maintenance and repair of parish facilities , such as the village hall or community centre , as well as consulting with the district council on the maintenance , repair , and improvement of highways , drainage , footpaths , public transport , and street cleaning .
Playing fields and playgrounds are provided in Memorial Park , Downfield , Kelston Road , Teviot Road , Holmoak Road and Manor Road with basketball facilities at Teviot Road and Holmoak Road and a BMX track at Keynsham Road . The Keynsham town council is also responsible for the football pitches and pavilion at Manor Road and the floodlit Multi Sport Site in Memorial Park . It also provides support for community groups organising music and cultural events . Conservation matters ( including trees and listed buildings ) and environmental issues are also of interest to the council . The town council was formed in 1991 and consists of 15 members elected every four years . There are 2 Labour and 13 Conservative . Keynsham has one official twin town : Libourne in France .
From 1974 to 1996 , Keynsham was administered as part of the short @-@ lived county of Avon ; it has since formed part of the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset , in the ceremonial county of Somerset . Bath and North East Somerset which was created in 1996 , was established by the Local Government Act 1992 . The town is divided into Keynhsam North , which has five Conservative councillors , Keynsham South which is represented by three Conservative and two Labour councillors , and Keynsham East , which has the remaining 5 councillors , all of whom are Conservatives .
Bath and North East Somerset provides a single tier of local government with responsibility for almost all local government functions within its area including local planning and building control , local roads , council housing , environmental health , markets and fairs , refuse collection , recycling , cemeteries , crematoria , leisure services , parks , and tourism . It is also responsible for education , social services , libraries , main roads , public transport , trading standards , waste disposal and strategic planning , although fire , police and ambulance services are provided jointly with other authorities through the Avon Fire and Rescue Service , Avon and Somerset Constabulary and the Great Western Ambulance Service .
Bath and North East Somerset 's area covers part of the ceremonial county of Somerset but it is administered independently of the non @-@ metropolitan county . Its administrative headquarters is in Bath , but many departments are headquartered in Keynsham . Between 1 April 1974 and 1 April 1996 , it was the Wansdyke district and the City of Bath of the county of Avon . Before 1974 that the parish was part of the Keynsham Urban District .
The parish is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom as part of the North East Somerset constituency , which is a county constituency created by the Boundary Commission for England as the successor seat to the Wansdyke Parliamentary Seat . It came into being at the 2010 general election , and is represented by the Conservative Jacob Rees @-@ Mogg . It elects one Member of Parliament ( MP ) by the first past the post system of election . It is also part of the South West England constituency of the European Parliament which elects six MEPs using the d 'Hondt method of party @-@ list proportional representation .
= = Geography = =
Keynsham is located where the River Chew meets the River Avon . Fishing rights for the Millground and Chewton sections of the Chew are owned by Keynsham Angling Club . The Mill Ground stretch of the River Chew consists of the six fields on the western bank from Chewton Place at Chewton Keynsham to the Albert Mill . The water is home to Chub , Roach , European perch and Rudd , along with good numbers of Gudgeon , Dace and Trout . Keynsham Lock on the Avon opened in 1727 . Just above the lock are some visitor moorings and a pub , on an island between the lock and the weir . The weir side of the island is also the mouth of the River Chew .
Memorial Park , the northern part of which has existed as parkland since the 19th century , as shown by the ordnance Survey maps of 1864 and 1867 , was formally laid out after World War II was extended after the floods of 1968 . It covers 10 @.@ 7 hectares ( 26 acres ) of woodland and grass alongside the River Chew . It commemorates the war dead of Keynsham and includes facilities including two children 's play areas , a skateboard park , multi @-@ sport area , bowling green , public toilets , a bandstand and refreshment kiosk . The formal gardens within the park are adjacent to the River Chew with the Dapps Hill Woods at its western end . Part of the park is known locally as Chew Park because of its proximity to the River and another area , close to Keynsham Abbey as Abbey Park . The park received the Green Flag Award in 2008 / 09 , and again for 2009 / 10 .
On the outskirts of Keynsham lies Keynsham Humpy Tumps , one of the most floristically rich acidic grassland sites within the Avon area . The site is on a south @-@ facing slope running alongside the Bristol to Bath railway line . It consists of open patches of grassland and bare rock , interspersed with blocks of scrub . It is the only site in Avon at which Upright Chickweed Moenchia erecta , occurs . Other locally notable plant species found here include Annual Knawel Scleranthus annuus , Sand Spurrey Spergularia rubra , Subterranean Clover Trifolium subterraneus and Prickly Sedge Carex muricata ssp. lamprocarpa . The site does not have any statutory conservation status , and is not managed for its biodiversity interest . Threats to its ecological value include the encroachment of scrub onto the grassland areas , and damage from motorcycle scrambling . Between Keynsham and Saltford , a 15 hectares ( 37 acres ) area of green belt has been planted , with over 19 @,@ 000 trees , as the Manor Road Community Woodland , which has been designated as a Nature Reserve . Nearby is the Avon Valley Country Park tourist attraction .
Along with the rest of South West England , Keynsham has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of England . The annual mean temperature is about 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) with seasonal and diurnal variations , but due to the modifying effect of the sea , the range is less than in most other parts of the United Kingdom . January is the coldest month with mean minimum temperatures between 1 ° C ( 34 ° F ) and 2 ° C ( 36 ° F ) . July and August are the warmest months in the region with mean daily maxima around 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) . In general , December is the dullest month and June the sunniest . The south west of England enjoys a favoured location , particularly in summer , when the Azores High extends its influence north @-@ eastwards towards the UK .
Cloud often forms inland , especially near hills , and reduces exposure to sunshine . The average annual sunshine totals around 1600 hours . Rainfall tends to be associated with Atlantic depressions or with convection . In summer , convection caused by solar surface heating sometimes forms shower clouds and a large proportion of the annual precipitation falls from showers and thunderstorms at this time of year . Average rainfall is around 800 – 900 mm ( 31 – 35 in ) . About 8 – 15 days of snowfall is typical . November to March have the highest mean wind speeds , with June to August having the lightest . The predominant wind direction is from the south west .
= = Demography = =
In the 2001 census Keynsham had a population of 15 @,@ 533 , in 6 @,@ 545 households , of which 6 @,@ 480 described themselves as White . Keynsham East Ward had a population of 5 @,@ 479 , Keynsham North 5 @,@ 035 and Keynsham South 5 @,@ 019 . In each of the wards between 75 and 80 % of the population described themselves as Christians , and around 15 % said that they had no religion .
In 1881 the population of the civil parish was 2 @,@ 482 . This grew gradually until 1931 when there were 4 @,@ 521 , before there was a steeper rise to 1951 when there were 8 @,@ 277 . Over the next ten years this nearly doubled to 15 @,@ 152 in 1961 .
= = Economy = =
An important industry in the town was Cadbury 's chocolate factory , the Somerdale Factory . The J. S. Fry & Sons business merged with Cadbury in 1919 , and moved their factory in the centre of Bristol to Keynsham in 1935 . As Quakers , the factory was built in a 228 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 92 km2 ) greenfield site with social facilities , including playing fields and recreational sports grounds . Called Somerdale after a national competition in 1923 , Keynsham Cadbury was the home of Fry 's Chocolate Cream , the Double Decker , Dairy Milk and Mini Eggs , Cadbury 's Fudge , Chomp and Crunchie .
On 3 October 2007 , Cadbury announced plans to close the Somerdale plant by 2010 with the loss of some 500 jobs . Production will be moved to factories in Birmingham and Poland . In the longer term it is likely the greenfield site will be re @-@ classified and provide Keynsham with additional housing . Labour MP for Wansdyke , Dan Norris , said " news of the factory 's closure is a hard and heavy blow , not just to the workforce , but to the Keynsham community as a whole " . In late 2007 campaigns to save the Cadbury 's factory in Somerdale were in full swing . One local resident started a campaign to urge English Heritage to protect the site , and preserve the history of the factory . The campaign did not succeed and as of February 2009 the site is still scheduled for closure , and likely demolition . Cadbury have suggested that the land be redeveloped as a mixture of housing and commercial interests , giving a figure of approximately 900 jobs being created as a result .
Before their takeover of Cadbury in February 2010 , Kraft Foods had pledged to keep the Cadbury factory at Somerdale open if they were successful in their bid for the company . However , within a week of completing their purchase of Cadbury , Kraft CEO Irene Rosenfeld released a statement announcing that Kraft were to close the factory by 2011 , as originally planned by Cadbury . The stated reason for this was that it was only after the purchase had been made that Kraft realised how advanced Cadbury 's plans were . Industry experts have however questioned this explanation , arguing that Kraft invested so much in researching their bid for Cadbury that they should have been aware of the extent to which plans had been advanced .
= = Culture = =
In 1969 the town was featured as the title of the fourth album Keynsham by the Bonzo Dog Band . The title was chosen in honour of Horace Batchelor , who had been referenced in previous Bonzo Dog Band recordings . In the early 1960s , Batchelor became known through his regular advertisements on Radio Luxembourg for his football pools prediction service . When giving his contact address , he would slowly spell out ' Keynsham ' letter by letter , and this became an amusing feature for many young listeners .
Keynsham Festival , which started in the late 1990s , takes place in the Memorial Park each July , and attracts around 16 @,@ 000 people . There is also a Victorian evening held in the town each November . Keynsham and Saltford local history society was formed in 1965 and is concerned with researching and recording the history of the area .
Keynsham was chosen as the outdoor location for a dramatic story @-@ line in the BBC One TV serial EastEnders in September 2012 with filming taking place in a cordoned @-@ off section of the High Street .
In Northanger Abbey by Jane Austen , Catherine and her friends ride to ″ within view of the town of Keynsham ″ .
= = Transport = =
The town is served by Keynsham railway station on the London @-@ Bristol and Bristol @-@ Southampton trunk routes . It opened in 1840 and was renamed Keynsham and Somerdale in 1925 . The factory had its own rail system which was connected to the mainline . The connection to Fry 's chocolate factory was taken out of use on the 26 – 27 July 1980 . The station 's name reverted to Keynsham on 6 May 1974 . The station was rebuilt in 1985 as a joint project between British Rail and Avon County Council .
The A4 road used to run through the town , however much of this traffic is now carried on the bypass , which was constructed in 1964 . The bypass runs from Saltford , a village which adjoins Keynsham , to Brislington , Bristol . Keynsham is on the Monarch 's Way long distance footpath which approximates the escape route taken by King Charles II in 1651 after being defeated in the Battle of Worcester .
The town is served by no less than 9 bus routes , 5 of which connect Bath with Bristol , 1 which runs from Ashton Way at the back of the shops to Bristol City Centre via Kingswood , another bus service runs from Ashton Way at the back of the shops to Southmead Hospital and one bus service runs to Cribbs Causeway . One bus runs to Mangotsfield . In numerical order :
A4 Bath to Bristol Airport
17 / 17A Keynsham to Southmead Hospital
38 Bath to Bristol
39 Bath to Bristol
178 Bath to Bristol via Radstock
349 Keynsham to Bristol
= = Education = =
State @-@ funded schools are organised within the unitary authority of Bath and North East Somerset . A review of Secondary Education in Bath was started in 2007 , primarily to reduce surplus provision and reduce the number of single @-@ sex secondary schools in Bath , and to access capital funds available through the government 's Building Schools for the Future programme . There are several primary schools in Keynsham , including St Johns primary school , Castle Primary school , Chandag infants and junior school and new school St Keyna primary school ( a merge of Keynsham primary school and 150 yr old Temple Primary school ) . There are also two secondary schools , Wellsway School and Broadlands School .
Wellsway School is an 11 – 18 , mixed comprehensive school which was established in 1971 , by amalgamating Keynsham Grammar School and Wellsway County Secondary School both of which opened on a shared site in the mid @-@ 1950s . Most students that attend the school live in Keynsham and Saltford or the nearby villages . As of 2007 , approximately 1350 students attend the school , ranging in age of 11 – 18 , with 64 % achieving 5 or more A @-@ C grades at GCSE . Wellsway 's bid for specialist school status was accepted in September 2007 . Meaning that Wellsway School now specialises as a Sports and Science College . This means the School has joined the national network of specialist schools , resulting in every school in Bath and North East Somerset now having a specialism . A joint bid is unusual as there are only six schools in the country with a combined Sports and Science specialism .
Broadlands School , with has specialist Science College and Engineering College status , has 1058 students , between the ages of 11 and 16 years . The school opened in 1935 .
Nearby Bath has two universities . The University of Bath was established in 1966 . It is known , academically , for the physical sciences , mathematics , architecture , management and technology . Bath Spa University was first granted degree @-@ awarding powers in 1992 as a university college ( Bath Spa University College ) , before being granted university status in August 2005 . It has schools in Art and Design , Education , English and Creative Studies , Historical and Cultural Studies , Music and the Performing Arts , and Social Sciences . The city contains one further education college , City of Bath College , and several sixth forms as part of both state , private , and public schools . In England , on average in 2006 , 45 @.@ 8 % of pupils gained 5 grades A @-@ C including English and Maths ; for Bath and North East Somerset pupils taking GCSE at 16 it is 52 @.@ 0 % . Special needs education is provided by Three Ways School .
= = Religious sites = =
Begun in 1292 , the Anglican parish church of St John the Baptist gradually evolved until taking its present general form during the reign of Charles II , after the tower collapsed into the building during a storm in 1632 . The tower , built over the north @-@ east corner of the nave , now rises in three stages over the Western entrance and is surmounted by a pierced parapet and short croketted pinnacles and is said to have been built from the ruins of the abbey church . The south aisle and south porch date from 1390 . The chancel , then the responsibility of the abbey , was rebuilt in 1470 and further restoration was carried out in 1634 – 1655 , following the collapse of the tower . There is a pulpit dating from 1634 and is also a screen of the same age which shuts off the choir vestry . It has been designated as a Grade II * listed building .
A former organ is said to have stood in the church , but " had tones so mellow " that Handel bargained for it , offering a peal of bells in exchange . The offer was accepted . The musician went off with the organ and the bells were delivered . There are eight bells in total , some made by the Bilbie family of Chew Stoke , the smallest bears these lines :
" I value not who doth me see
For Thomas Bilbie casted me ;
Althow my sound it is but small
I can be heard amongst you all . "
St. John the Baptist church is one of five churches in the Church of England Parish of Keynsham , the others being the village churches of St. Michael 's in Burnett and St. Margaret 's in Queen Charlton , the " Mission Church " in Chewton Keynsham ( formerly the school building ) , and St. Francis ' Church on the Park Estate which in 2013 - 2015 underwent extensive modernisation and offers two halls for use by community groups .
There are also the Victoria and Queens Road Methodist churches , St. Dunstan 's Roman Catholic Church and an Elim Church . The churches work together , also with churches in Saltford , under the banner of " Churches Together in Keynsham and Saltford " and often with the strapline " More to Life " .
= = Sport = =
Keynsham Cricket Club play at the Frank Taylor Memorial Ground , their 1st XI compete in the West of England Premier League Division 2 . Marcus Trescothick is the most noticeable player to have played for the club . His family remain members of the club , which incorporates over 100 senior members and 100 junior members .
Keynsham rugby football club play at Crown Field . The club 's most notable and tragic event occurred on 24 December 1992 , when there was a fatal road accident outside the club 's ground . A Ford Fiesta car ploughed into 11 people leaving the annual festive disco . One woman , 21 @-@ year @-@ old Sarah Monnelle , died at the scene . A second person , 24 @-@ year @-@ old rugby player Richard Barnett , died in hospital two days later from his injuries . Clive Sutton was later found guilty on a double charge of causing death by dangerous driving and sentenced to four years in prison at Bristol Crown Court .
Keynsham Town F.C. were founded in 1895 . They have played continuously apart from a break during World War II and moved to their current ground , the Crown Field , in 1945 . They first played in the Bristol & District League and progressed through the Bristol Combination , Bristol Premier and Somerset Senior League and won the Somerset Senior Cup in 1951 – 52 and 1957 – 58 . They were elected to the Western League in 1973 but were relegated three years later in 1976 . Since then they have been promoted to the Premier Division three times and relegated three times . They won the Somerset Senior Cup for the third time in 2002 – 03 and reached the 5th round of the FA Vase in 2003 – 04 . They currently play in the Western Football League Division 1 .
There is a bowls club situated at the Memorial Park . Keynsham leisure centre was built in 1965 by British Gas as a gift to the town . It includes a swimming pool , gymnasium and sauna .
= = Notable residents = =
Several notable people have been born or lived in Keynsham . The comedian Bill Bailey was raised in the town . Another entertainer Neil Forrester , who was a research assistant and became known as a cast member on The Real World : London was also a local . Sports players from Keynsham include Mark Regan a professional rugby player and a former player at Keynsham Rugby Football Club , Luke Sutton of Lancashire County Cricket Club who played as both a wicket @-@ keeper and batsman , Marcus Trescothick , the Somerset and England cricketer. and Judd Trump , a professional snooker player . Horace Batchelor , the football pools forecaster lived in Keynsham , making the town famous by spelling its name on Radio Luxembourg adverts . Author Christina Hollis was born and raised in Queen 's Road .
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= SMS Bremen =
SMS Bremen ( " His Majesty 's Ship Bremen " ) was the lead ship of the seven @-@ vessel Bremen class , built by the Imperial German Navy . She was built by the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen , her namesake city . She was laid down in 1902 , launched in July 1903 , and commissioned into the High Seas Fleet in May 1904 . Armed with a main battery of ten 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns and two 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , Bremen was capable of a top speed of 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) .
Bremen served on the East American Station for the majority of her career , including the ten years before the outbreak of World War I. She returned to Germany in 1914 before the start of the war . At the onset of hostilities , she was attached to the fleet in the Baltic tasked with containing the Russians . In August 1915 , she participated in the Battle of the Gulf of Riga , but did not see significant action during the battle . Four months later , on 17 December , she struck two Russian naval mines and sank , with the loss of 250 of her crew .
= = Construction = =
Bremen was ordered under the contract name " L " and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in the ship 's namesake city in 1902 and launched on 9 July 1903 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 19 May 1904 . The ship was 111 @.@ 1 meters ( 365 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 13 @.@ 3 m ( 44 ft ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 53 m ( 18 @.@ 1 ft ) forward . She displaced 3 @,@ 797 t ( 3 @,@ 737 long tons ; 4 @,@ 185 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two triple @-@ expansion engines , designed to give 10 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 7 @,@ 500 kW ) for a top speed of 22 knots ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) . The engines were powered by ten coal @-@ fired Marine @-@ type water @-@ tube boilers . Bremen carried up to 860 tonnes ( 850 long tons ) of coal , which gave her a range of 4 @,@ 270 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 910 km ; 4 @,@ 910 mi ) at 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . She had a crew of 14 officers and 274 – 287 enlisted men .
The ship was armed with ten 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 40 guns in single mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were placed side by side aft . The guns could engage targets out to 12 @,@ 200 m ( 40 @,@ 000 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 500 rounds of ammunition , for 150 shells per gun . She was also equipped with two 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes . They were submerged in the hull on the broadside . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides , and the guns were protected by 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick shields .
= = Service history = =
After her commissioning , Bremen served on the East American station , and she frequently visited the United States . In April 1907 , she and the armored cruiser Roon sailed to the United States to participate in the Jamestown Exposition commemorating the anniversary of the arrival of colonists in Chesapeake Bay on 26 April . In addition to the German delegation , the international fleet consisted of warships from Great Britain , Japan , Austria @-@ Hungary , France , Italy , and several other nations .
Wilhelm Canaris , the future admiral and head of the Abwehr during World War II , served aboard the ship starting on 2 November 1907 , his first assignment after graduating from the naval academy . Bremen conducted a tour of South America in late 1908 , beginning in September with a call on Buenos Aires , followed by a stop in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil . The tour lasted through February 1909 , and included stops in Costa Rica , Panama , Guatemala , and the Dutch Antilles . In March , Bremen returned to the northern Atlantic and visited American ports for the next three months .
In September – October 1909 , Bremen , joined the protected cruisers Victoria Louise and Hertha , and the light cruiser Dresden , which had traveled to the United States to represent Germany during the Hudson @-@ Fulton Celebration . In early 1912 , Bremen was assigned to a goodwill cruise to the United States , along with the battlecruiser Moltke and the light cruiser Stettin . On 11 May 1912 the ships left Kiel and arrived off Hampton Roads , Virginia , on 30 May . There , they met the US Atlantic Fleet and were greeted by then @-@ President William Howard Taft aboard the presidential yacht USS Mayflower . After touring the East Coast for two weeks , they returned to Kiel on 24 June .
Bremen remained abroad until 1914 , when she returned to Germany . After the outbreak of World War I in July 1914 , she was assigned to the fleet in the Baltic Sea . While there , she participated in the Battle of the Gulf of Riga in August 1915 . She was assigned to the second attack on the Gulf , which took place on 16 August . She and the cruisers Graudenz , Augsburg , and Pillau escorted the dreadnoughts Nassau and Posen while they attempted to force their way into the Gulf . The German flotilla penetrated the Russian defenses by 19 August and steamed into the Gulf , but withdrew shortly thereafter due to the threat of Allied submarines and mines . On 17 December 1915 , Bremen and the torpedo boat V191 ran into a Russian minefield ; Bremen struck a pair of mines off Windau and sank , as did V191 . The majority of Bremen 's crew died in the sinking , with 250 men killed .
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= Illinois v. McArthur =
Illinois v. McArthur , 531 U.S. 326 ( 2001 ) , was a United States Supreme Court case decided in 2001 . The case concerned the extent of the government ’ s power to limit an individual ’ s complete control of his or her home pending the arrival of a search warrant . A divided Court held that the search was not unconstitutional because there was a reasonable law @-@ enforcement need to acquire a warrant , namely , to prevent the potential destruction of evidence within the home .
= = Background = =
Tera McArthur asked two police officers to accompany her to a trailer home where she lived with her husband Charles , so that she could take her belongings out of the home . Just after she came out of the trailer , she told the police that Charles McArthur had drugs inside . The police knocked and asked Charles if they could search , which he refused . He then came out of the trailer ; an officer prevented him from going back inside while the other policeman rushed to get a warrant . The Illinois Appellate Court held that this action violated the Fourth Amendment , which prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures without a warrant . The Supreme Court granted certiorari to hear the case in 2000 .
= = Opinion of the Court = =
The Court voted 8 @-@ 1 to reverse the Illinois Appellate Court to hold the actions of the police officers at question constitutional . Justice Breyer wrote the majority opinion which upheld the search . Due to the specific circumstances of the case , the police needed to prevent the investigation scene from being contaminated . Breyer wrote that the Court found " no case in which [ we have ] held unlawful a temporary seizure that was supported by probable cause and was designed to prevent the loss of evidence while the police diligently obtained a warrant in a reasonable period of time . " Moreover , McArthur 's argument that his decision to remain on his porch and not allow the police entry did not amount to " a constructive eviction " . Instead , Breyer noted that the Court found in a prior case that the doorway of a house is in a ' public place ' and thus not subject to warrant rules . He noted in conclusion that the hard @-@ to @-@ contest fact of probable cause made it difficult to accept McArthur 's claims .
= = = Souter 's concurrence = = =
Justice Souter joined Breyer 's opinion in all respects but wrote separately to condition his support on the belief that the search was appropriate only because of the immediate danger that the evidence could have been destroyed . Only in this unique instance could the warrant requirement be waived .
= = = Stevens ' dissent = = =
Justice Stevens wrote a brief dissenting opinion arguing that the case should have been dismissed because the Illinois legislature has largely reduced penalties for marijuana possession , which made it ridiculous for the officers to rush to get a warrant . He said that even if he reached the merits of the question , he would affirm and hold the search unconstitutional because the majority misapplied a balancing of “ privacy @-@ related and law enforcement @-@ related concerns " . He wanted to give broader protection to the idea of the home as a place for protection , even if the home in this case was a trailer .
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= Albany Highway =
Albany Highway links Western Australia 's capital city Perth with its oldest settlement , Albany , on the state 's south coast . The 405 @-@ kilometre @-@ long ( 252 mi ) highway travels through the southern Wheatbelt and Great Southern regions , and is designated State Route 30 for most of its length . Outside of Perth the highway is predominately a sealed , single carriageway with regular overtaking lanes in some undulating areas . Albany Highway commences at The Causeway , a river crossing that connects to Perth 's central business district . The highway heads south @-@ east through Perth 's metropolitan region , bypassed in part by Shepparton Road and Kenwick Link , and continues south @-@ eastwards through to Albany . It intersects several major roads in Perth , including the Leach , Tonkin , Brookton , and South Western highways . The rural section of Albany Highway connects to important regional roads at the few towns and roadhouses along the route , including Coalfields Road at Arthur River , Great Southern Highway at Cranbrook , and Muirs Highway at Mount Barker .
Prior to European settlement , the indigenous Noongar people had a considerable network of tracks , including a trade route between the areas now known as Perth and Albany . Construction of a road between Perth and Albany began soon after the naming of Albany in 1832 , but progress was slow , with only 16 miles ( 26 km ) completed by 1833 . A monthly mail route which operated in the 1840s had such trouble with the journey that a new contractor was required each year , and from 1847 the mail route detoured via Bunbury . The introduction of convicts in 1850 , and thus convict labour , allowed a road along the direct route to be fully constructed by 1863 .
The rise of the motor vehicle era in the early 20th century saw the road gain prominence once more , and by 1939 the whole road had been sealed . Congestion at the Perth end of the road in the 1930s led to parallel roads Berwick Street and Shepparton Road being upgraded to provide bypasses . The entire Perth − Albany road was renamed Albany Highway on 2 October 1940 , in recognition of its importance as an arterial traffic route . From the late 1970s , $ 49 million over ten years was spent on repairing Albany Highway , and the experience saw Main Roads develop a program of interventions to prevent costly road reconstruction . Since the 1990s Main Roads has been upgrading various portions along the length of Albany Highway , including widening sections to dual carriageways in Perth , and the construction of the Kenwick Link bypass .
= = Route description = =
Albany Highway commences at The Causeway , a river crossing that connects to Perth 's central business district . The highway heads south @-@ east through Perth 's metropolitan region , and continues through the southern Wheatbelt and Great Southern regions to Albany on the south coast of Western Australia . Albany Highway is generally a two @-@ lane single carriageway road , but with additional lanes and dual @-@ carriageway sections in Perth and Albany . The highway is allocated State Route 30 , except for bypassed sections in Perth , and the southernmost portion in Albany . The part bypassed by Kenwick Link is allocated Alternate State Route 30 , and a short length in Arthur River is concurrently allocated State Route 107 . Albany Highway also carries sections of Heritage Country Tourist Drive ( Tourist Drive 205 ) and Great Southern Tourist Way ( Tourist Drive 356 ) .
Main Roads Western Australia monitors traffic volume across the state 's road network , including various locations along Albany Highway . In the 2013 / 14 financial year , the recorded traffic volumes ranged between 3880 and 70 @,@ 690 vehicles per weekday in Perth , 1980 to 3880 in the Wheatbelt , and 1720 to 5120 in the Great Southern . The highest percentage of heavy traffic was 29 @.@ 2 % , south of Jarrahdale Road in the Wheatbelt . Reports commissioned by the Royal Automobile Club of Western Australia ( RAC ) in 2006 and 2008 gave the majority of the highway a three @-@ star safety rating out of five , with an approximately 20 @-@ kilometre @-@ long ( 12 mi ) section south @-@ east of Armadale rated at a two star level . The overall highway network was generally rated as three @-@ star or four @-@ star , but around 10 % in 2006 and 5 % in 2008 received a two @-@ star rating .
= = = Perth to Armadale = = =
In Perth , Albany Highway 's north @-@ western terminus is at a parclo interchange with The Causeway , Shepparton Road , and Great Eastern and Canning Highways in Victoria Park . The first 200 metres ( 660 ft ) of the road is one @-@ way into the interchange , but only connecting to The Causeway and Canning Highway – there is no direct access to the other roads . For the next four kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) , the highway is a two @-@ lane , two @-@ way high street serving Victoria Park 's town centre , and continuing south @-@ east through East Victoria Park . The nearby four @-@ lane Shepperton Road serves as a bypass , carrying through @-@ traffic as well as State Route 30 .
The two roads converge at an intersection with Welshpool Road , and for 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) Albany Highway serves as an arterial route in Perth 's south @-@ eastern suburbs , varying between a single carriageway and dual carriageway , and between a four- and six @-@ lane capacity . This part of the highway is dominated by commercial shopping precincts in Bentley , Cannington , Maddington , Gosnells and Kelmscott , with numerous sets of traffic lights . The section of Albany Highway through Beckenham and Kenwick is allocated Alternate State Route 30 , while State Route 30 follows a bypass , Kenwick Link .
Albany Highway has a folded diamond interchange with Tonkin Highway in Gosnells , and continues south for seven kilometres ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) past commercial and residential properties in Kelmscott and Mount Nasura . The highway has a T junction that is the western terminus of Brookton Highway , at the boundary between Kelmscott , and Mount Nasura . Further south in Armadale , the highway intersects the eastern end of Armadale Road and northern end of South Western Highway .
= = = Regional highway = = =
Albany Highway proceeds east and then south from Armadale , around the suburb of Mount Richon . The road continues south @-@ east , with signs of human activity becoming more sparse as the highway crosses the Darling Scarp , and the scenery transitions to native forest . Further south , after 60 kilometres ( 37 mi ) , it transitions again to pastures , with farming activities such as livestock rearing and orchards . Over the next 300 kilometres ( 190 mi ) , the highway encounters few towns : Williams , Kojonup and Mount Barker are on the highway , but are 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) apart . Roadhouses exist at North Bannister , Crossman and Arthur River , while many of the service towns in the region are approximately 30 kilometres ( 20 mi ) to the east on Great Southern Highway , including Narrogin , Wagin and Katanning .
Closer to Albany , there are large tracts of blue gum eucalypt plantations . Twelve kilometres ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) from the road 's south @-@ eastern terminus , it passes Albany Airport . The highway passes by suburban areas before intersecting South Coast Highway at a Y intersection , and only 100 metres ( 330 ft ) beyond it , a large five @-@ way roundabout . This roundabout is the southern terminus of State Route 30 , and connects the highway with Chester Pass Road ( which continues east to South Coast Highway ) , North Road , and Hanrahan Road . The final two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ kilometre ( 1 @.@ 6 mi ) stretch takes the highway south @-@ east into the centre of Albany .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
Prior to European settlement , the indigenous Noongar people had a considerable network of tracks around their territory in the south @-@ west of Western Australia . One such track , used as a trade route , linked the Swan River ( in modern @-@ day Perth ) with the area now known as Albany . The track followed a similar alignment to modern @-@ day Albany Highway .
On 25 December 1826 , the New South Wales colonial government brig Amity , under the command of Major Edmund Lockyer , arrived at King George Sound to establish a military garrison . On 21 January 1827 , as instructed by the Colonial Secretary , the Union Jack was raised and a feu de joie fired by the troops , formally annexing the territory , in assertion of the first official claim by the Imperial Government to British possession over the whole continent of Australia . On 7 March 1831 the King George Sound and colony was made part of the Swan River Colony and a free settlement . Albany was officially named by Governor Stirling at the beginning of 1832 , at the time that political authority passed to the Swan River colony . The construction of a road from Albany to Perth began soon thereafter , but only 16 miles ( 26 km ) had been completed by 1833 . Due to this slow progress , the settlers of Albany petitioned England to supply convicts to work on the road . At the time the government in Perth derided the proposal , and Western Australia would not become a penal colony until 1849 .
= = = Surveying and initial routes = = =
In October and November 1835 , Governor Stirling and Surveyor @-@ General John Septimus Roe travelled overland from Perth to Albany , with the focus of the journey being the route south of the Hotham River . A more comprehensive survey was undertaken in July – September 1836 by Assistant Surveyors Alfred Hillman and D. Smith . Hillman started from the Albany end , while Smith concurrently commenced from Perth . A few months later , in February 1837 , Hillman accompanied a group that made the trip to Perth in 12 days travelling time , journeying via Chorkurup , Thokokup , Mount Barker , Lake Matilda , Kojonup , Williams and Arthur River . This group was led by Mr J. Harris , and included Lieutenant Armstrong with eight soldiers of the 21st Fusiliers , Albany settlers Patrick Taylor and Dr. Thomas Harrison , as well as " the native ' Handsome ' " . In April 1838 four bridges were built near Albany by John Young , and in 1839 Governor John Hutt ventured out to Albany on an official visit , travelling through Williams and Kojonup . Assistant Surveyor Hillman led a large group of Albany settlers to Perth in 1940 , via Kinunup , Yarenup , Joseph 's Wells , Balgarrup and Mandalup ; whilst in the same year Edward John Eyre shepherded 550 sheep and 70 cattle from Albany to York , and then over to Perth .
A monthly mail route was set up in June 1841 , travelling from Albany to Perth via Kojonup and Williams . The following year , a service through Guildford commenced . The tough conditions of the mail route saw a different contractor providing the service each year . The 1845 contractor James Martin had particular trouble with debts , which led to his mail horse being seized ; while he managed to acquire a replacement animal , he also had trouble servicing the resultant debt of £ 2 . In 1847 , the Perth – Albany route was adjusted , so that the mail would travel from Albany to Kojonup , then head to Bunbury on the coast , and subsequently up to Perth via Rockingham and Fremantle . The new route still had difficulties , such as flooding in the winter of 1847 that resulted in a " terrible trip " which took a month to complete . The people of Albany , who could travel as passengers on the mail cart , found the trip to Perth long and deplorable .
With the arrival of the convict ship Scindian on 1 June 1850 and the advent of convict labour , early completion of the Perth – Albany road seemed assured . Investigations of a direct route via Kelmscott , Hotham , Williams and Kojonup began in late 1851 . Assistant Surveyor A. C. Gregory reported in 1852 that the direct route would be 57 miles ( 92 km ) shorter than the route via Bunbury , and 40 miles ( 64 km ) shorter than the York route . Construction was recommended in late 1852 , after the mail contractor George Maxwell completed a journey along the proposed route in September , and soon commenced . Fifty miles ( 80 km ) had been completed by October 1853 , and the whole road was finished in 1863 . The road served as the main link between Perth and Albany until the 1880s , when the Great Southern Railway opened .
= = = Early 20th century = = =
The rise of the motor vehicle era in the early 20th century saw the road gain prominence once more . The newly formed Main Roads Board took over control and maintenance of the Perth – Albany road and twenty @-@ one other important roads between 1926 and 1928 , which were declared " main roads " . At this stage the Perth – Albany road was not much more developed than a bush track . To increase the usability of the overall main road network , the Board 's work schedule prioritised upgrading the worst individual segments , rather than any one road . In 1928 / 29 , twenty @-@ two separate sections of the Perth – Albany road were improved , but many were short , and drivers would experience quite varied conditions , from new sealed road to gravel road , and then a boggy dirt in just a few miles . By 1932 , the improved conditions allowed an average speed of 35 to 40 miles per hour ( 55 to 65 km / h ) to be reached , for a total trip of eight to nine hours instead of two days . In 1938 , a total of eight miles ( 13 km ) had been sealed , and the following year the whole route had been completed .
In 1935 , a town planning report for the City of Perth noted traffic congestion on Albany Road in Victoria Park . As widening the existing road would have left the council liable for compensation from affected businesses and properties , the provision of bypass routes was recommended instead . To provide the bypasses , parallel roads would be upgraded and extended : Berwick Street to the south @-@ west , and Shepparton Road to the north @-@ east . In 1937 , work had progressed on extending Berwick Street eastwards , and it had been extended to Alday Street by November 1938 . A new causeway to extend Berwick Street north over the Swan River , and make it a truck route , was considered by the state government in 1940 . The existing Causeway , from which Albany Road commenced , had experienced almost a doubling of traffic volume between 1930 and 1939 . However , the new Causeway was eventually constructed adjacent to old Causeway , which was then demolished .
The cooperation of the Canning Road District would be required to continue the Berwick Street bypass south @-@ east beyond the city 's boundary at Boundary Road , and ultimately through to Albany Road . The South Perth Road Board was also in favour of such a bypass , which would improve access for South Perth residents . A deputation from the Canning and South Perth Road Boards to the Acting Minister For Works , Mr E. H. Gray , in June 1940 complained about the congestion in Albany Road . The traffic delays were worsened by cars parked on both sides of the road and slow @-@ moving trams . The deputation suggested extending Berwick Street to Albany Highway as the solution , as well as removing the trams . Gray contended that parking should be prohibited , and refused to scrap the trams , but said he would consider the resumption of land east of Berwick Street to enable a one @-@ quarter @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 40 km ) extension to Albany Road . However , Berwick Street was diverted to the south @-@ west to connect with Chapman Road , providing a longer continuous route west of Albany Highway .
Shepperton Road ran parallel to Albany Road between Harvey Street , 45 chains ( 3 @,@ 000 ft ; 910 m ) from The Causeway , and Somerset Street , one and a half miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) further along . In 1937 , a road from Asquith Street to Albany Road was constructed , to eventually link in with Shepperton Road . In the same year , the intersection of Albany Road , Milford Street , and Welshpool Road was reconfigured to improve visibility , and in anticipation of an eastern extension to Shepperton Road . In April 1940 , that extension was nearing completion , which was expected to be by the end of May , while the demolition of houses on land resumed for the western extension was being arranged . On 29 September 1941 , the Perth City Council decided to construct the link between Asquith Street and Harvey Street early the following year , completing the Shepperton Road bypass . Buses were rerouted onto Shepperton Road in 1946 , by which time it had become the preferred route for motorists .
In November 1939 , the State Advisory Committee on Nomenclature recommended that the Perth – Albany road be named Great Southern Highway , in recognition of its importance as an arterial traffic route . This suggestion followed on from the naming of Great Eastern Highway , in April of the previous year . The committee sent letters to all the local governments in the area to advise them of the proposal . Feedback was mixed ; whilst the name was " thoroughly approved " by the Tambellup Road Board , and the Perth City Council 's general purposes committee recommended that no objection be raised , the Kojonup Road Board believed that " sufficient grounds [ did ] not exist for the proposed change " , and the Albany Municipal Council objected strongly to not retaining " Perth – Albany " in the name .
The State Advisory Committee made a new recommendation in April 1940 for Albany Highway instead of Great Southern Highway . This new proposal received support from the Albany Municipal Council and Tambellup Road Board . However , the Perth City Council still preferred Great Southern Highway , and recommended that within its boundaries – from The Causeway to Welshpool – the road be named Albany Road , and that one of the proposed bypasses in the area would be better suited to the highway name . The entire road was renamed Albany Highway on 2 October 1940 , superseding the previously used names Albany Road , Perth – Albany Road , and High Street in Kojonup .
= = = Post @-@ World War II = = =
During World War II , the Main Roads Department focused its activities on the war effort . Roads in rural areas deteriorated , especially after the Pearl Harbour attack brought the war to the Pacific , and only the most urgent maintenance works were authorised on roads for civilian purposes . Following the war , Main Roads returned to its usual operations , repairing and maintaining the road network . The rural road network expanded in the 1950s , with Main Roads both repairing the worst segments of its roads , through numerous small jobs , and assisting local governments to seal their roads . Such activity was spurred on by the closure of railway lines in addition to the establishment of new land settlements .
In Perth , a roundabout was constructed at the north @-@ western end of Albany Highway , to improve the flow of traffic onto and off The Causeway . It opened in 1952 , with guides on the usage of the roundabout published in newspapers . In 1973 construction began to upgrade the intersection to a partial cloverleaf interchange at the eastern end of The Causeway . The $ 1 @.@ 3 million interchange opened on 8 March 1974 .
By the late 1970s , the road sections sealed in the 1950s and 1960s were in need of repair or maintenance to prolong the pavement life . Old bitumen surfaces would deteriorate and crack . Resealing such cracks was a high priority , as expensive reconstruction would be required if water was allowed to enter the road base . Over a ten @-@ year period , $ 49 million was spent on repairing Albany Highway . The techniques used in this process were then formalised into the 4R Program , which aimed to alleviate a growing maintenance problem – based on a thirty @-@ five @-@ year pavement lifespan , the amount of reconstruction required would be more than double the actual rate of reconstruction . " 4R " abbreviated the options that could be used keep roads serviceable :
Restoration – maintaining the condition of a road
Resurfacing – resealing a bitumen surface which was no longer waterproof , to prevent pavement failure
Rehabilitation – improving a deteriorated road to its original condition
Reconstruction – done when deterioration was beyond the point of repairs
Interventions to prevent a road requiring reconstruction , the most costly option , would save money .
From the 1980s Main Roads began planning for the future needs of Albany Highway within the City of Canning in Perth , in conjunction with the City and the Metropolitan Region Planning Authority . A three @-@ kilometre ( 2 mi ) section between Leach Highway and Nicholson Road was subsequently upgraded between November 1992 and June 1994 . The four @-@ lane undivided road had been one of the most congested in Perth but was improved by adding a third lane in each direction as well as a median strip . The project was recognised with an Excellence Award from the Institution of Engineers Australia in 1994 . In the 1990s several other improvement projects were planned across the length of the highway , including between Bedfordale and North Bannister , through Mount Barker , and between Narrikup and Albany . Closer to Perth , the section along Bedfordale Hill ( south @-@ east of Armadale ) was upgraded to a four @-@ lane dual carriageway , with work completed in June 1999 .
This period also saw the planning and construction of additional junctions with new major roads in Perth . At Armadale , Armadale Road would connect to what had been a three @-@ way junction with South Western Highway , while a highway deviation was proposed to connect to the extension of Roe Highway through Beckenham . The proposed deviation became Kenwick Link , constructed as part of the Roe Highway extension towards Fremantle . It was initially built as a single carriageway , and upgraded to a dual carriageway later . It opened on 17 April 1998 , ahead of the Roe Highway extensions from Welshpool Road to Kenwick Link ( opened 30 November 2002 ) and from Kenwick Link to Nicholson Road ( opened 21 January 2003 ) .
Further work was undertaken in Perth in 2011 and 2012 , between John Street in Bentley and Leach Highway . The road was widened and a median installed to increase both safety and efficiency . The works also upgraded intersection , including installation of new traffic lights . Downer EDI Works Pty Ltd completed the work under a $ 3 @.@ 65 million contract . In January 2014 , work began on widening and reconstructing 2 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 5 mi ) of Albany Highway north of Kojonup .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Lost ! =
" Lost ! " is a song by the British alternative rock band Coldplay . The band co @-@ produced it with Brian Eno and Markus Dravs for their fourth album , Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends . The song was released on 10 November 2008 as the fourth overall single from the album to generally positive critical reviews . A live version was released via digital download following a performance of the band and Jay @-@ Z at the 2009 Grammy Awards , spurring high digital sales and giving " Lost ! " a new peak at number 40 in the United States .
Several official versions of the song exist , including vocalist Chris Martin 's separate recording with a piano accompaniment ( known as " Lost ? " ) which appears as a B @-@ side for " Violet Hill " , and a version that features Jay @-@ Z ( known as " Lost + " ) which appears on their 2008 EP Prospekt 's March . The accompanying music video to the single features a live performance of the band in the United States . Coldplay launched a contest through their website , in which fans submitted self @-@ made music videos . The winning entries were posted on the band 's website . The song was used in the 2010 film , The Way .
= = Writing and composition = =
According to Coldplay drummer Will Champion in a fan mailout , " Lost ! " had been developed long before the band began recording tracks for their fourth studio album , Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends , and was not getting into completion . Champion recalls , " I was starting to get into using a particular drum programming programme . I was messing around with that and I built this beat up from scratch . ... Then Chris overheard it and played ' Lost ! ' over the top of it . " Martin revealed that the song 's drumbeat took inspiration from Justin Timberlake 's " Cry Me a River " , which was one of Champion 's favourite songs at that time .
" Lost ! " was one of the earliest songs the band worked on for the album . Coldplay revealed that " Sing " ( a track off Blur 's 1991 debut album Leisure ) was a source of inspiration in having provided a starting point for writing " Lost ! " . While in Detroit , Michigan , for a concert tour , the band was listening to " Sing " in their dressing room . Once they went on stage for a soundcheck , they thought of writing a song based from it . According to guitarist Jonny Buckland , " We recorded some of it in a church up the road that 's now a studio . In a huge room with a piano and organ going at the same time . " In an interview with The Sun , Martin said , " The line in this song ' Just because I 'm losing doesn 't mean I 'm lost ' is what the whole record came out of because we were feeling down at the end of the last tour . That line arrived and it was , ' OK , that 's how we kinda feel . We know we can improve . " The ensuing track evolved in different versions .
The song 's musicscape features a church organ riff , tribal drum @-@ circle groove , and minimal handclaps . Towards the end of the track , it builds into a " rhythmically soaring , Edge @-@ like " guitar solo . Coldplay 's use of " exotic " instruments for majority of tracks in the album , including " Lost ! " , was a result of a goal in wanting to present their songs differently , something " which have never been heard " in previous releases . In a review Alex Denney of The Guardian , he described the music of " Lost ! " as " tabla @-@ assisted gospel @-@ hop " . Kitty Empire of The Guardian wrote in a review that " Lost ! " , " a great organ @-@ driven tune , alive with handclaps and foot @-@ stomps " , is the most obvious homage to Canadian indie rock band Arcade Fire among other tracks off the album .
According to Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly magazine , the lyrics to " Lost ! " are " a lament about spiritual bereftness " . Rolling Stone magazine 's Will Hermes interpreted the lyrics as about " holding on against the odds that has the breathtaking loft " of " I Still Haven 't Found What I 'm Looking For " , a song off Irish band U2 's 1987 album The Joshua Tree . The chorus to the lyrics is noted by Ian Youngs of BBC " a typical Chris Martin chorus that mixes insecurity with determination " .
= = Song versions = =
The following songs are different variations of " Lost ! " :
" Lost ? " is a separate recording of the song featuring only singer Chris Martin and a piano . It was initially released as the B @-@ side on the CD version of " Violet Hill " , later as a bonus track to the Japanese , iTunes Store and Amazon MP3 editions of Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends and finally on the " Lost ! " digital EP .
" Lost + " features a rap section by Jay @-@ Z , with whom the band recorded the reworked track in New York . This version was premiered on BBC Radio 1 on 16 October 2008 . " Lost + " was released as the lead track from " Lost ! " ' s digital EP release , and was included on the Prospekt 's March EP . Jay @-@ Z 's rap was based on a freestyle he performed on Funkmaster Flex 's show on the Hot 97 radio station . This took place on 31 October 2008 , while Jay @-@ Z was promoting his Kingdom Come album.Coldplay performed the song at the 2009 Grammy Awards . They opened it with a rendition of " Lost ? " but Jay @-@ Z joined singer Chris Martin on stage and rapped over the piano solo . This version is also referred to as " Lost + " by the website and was released digitally .
" Lost- " is an instrumental track , identical to " Lost ! " but without vocals .
" Lost @ " is a recording of the song performed live at the United Center , Chicago on 22 July 2008 . This version also forms the basis for the single 's music video .
" Lost + / Viva la Vida ( Live At the 51st Annual Grammy Awards ) " is a recording of " Viva la Vida " and this song , performed live at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards .
= = Release and reception = =
" Lost ! " was released as a promotional CD single in September 2008 . On 10 November 2008 , Coldplay officially released a four @-@ track digital EP of " Lost ! " , confirming the song 's status as a single .
The song has been well received by critics . Will Hermes of Rolling Stone magazine noted " Lost ! " as " probably " the " album 's most sublime pop moment " . NME 's critic Mark Beaumont had the same view of Hermes , complimenting , " It 's not until [ ' Lost ! ' ] – all church organ funkiness , stomporific handclap rhythms and Chris pouting like a preacher in a jacuzzi full of strippers – that [ Viva la Vida ] really hits its stride . " Chris Jones of BBC writes , " ... ' Lost ! ' seems to sport bongos in its mix , yet it 's the plaintive voice with its vague sense of regret , the lifts from minor key piano forays into vast , pumping rock and also a strident optimism that people are going to come here for . " Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork Media had the same sentiment : " Thanks to a bubbling bit of exotic percussion that wouldn 't sound out of place on Peter Gabriel 's latter @-@ day LPs , ' Lost ! ' is transformed from Just Another Coldplay Song into a uniquely alluring smash and live staple for years to come . " An article in The Guardian lambasted " Lost ! " : " This song is a deflated balloon , or , put another way , a used empty condom . He has , I think , merged visual , audio and textual into a kind of polysensory jam ; no part of it works without the other two . "
Since it did not match the commercial success of the album 's previous singles , " Lost ! " charted in some countries during the week of the album being released and due to high digital sales , despite not officially being a single at the time . It has charted most notably the United Kingdom where it peaked at number 54 in the UK Singles Chart and in the United States where it debuted at number 94 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The single has peaked at number 10 on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks . Its UK peak made the single Coldplay 's first to fail to chart in the UK Top 40 although considering the fact that it was not physically released ( though it was still available as a digital download at the time ) .
Buoyed by the band 's success at the 2009 Grammy Awards , a live Grammy performance of the single featuring Jay @-@ Z was released exclusively to iTunes , spurring digital download sales . As a result , " Lost ! " achieved a new peak position on the Billboard Hot 100 , re @-@ entering at number 40 . Billboard called the collaboration a " gloomy instrumentation with a series of drums and claps that perfectly fits the lyrical content of the song and makes the transition from Martin 's singing to Jay 's rapping seem effortless . " Christian Hoard of Rolling Stone , in his review of Prospekt 's March , praised " Lost + " as containing a " great Jay @-@ Z cameo . "
= = Music video = =
The music video to " Lost ! " was officially released on Coldplay 's website on 26 September 2008 . It features a live performance of the song at United Center in Chicago , Illinois . It shows views of different members of the band playing the song and Chris Martin actively moving around stage while singing . The video was filmed and directed by Mat Whitecross . According to Luke Lewis of NME , the video is a tribute to U2 's tour documentary Rattle and Hum . An alternative version was released for " Lost + " . This video is the same as the original but with the camera angles slightly altered , primarily to show a screen on stage which features Jay @-@ Z whose performance was added digitally .
Coldplay launched a contest in October 2008 in which fans submitted homemade music videos for the " Lost ? " acoustic version . Open to all fans worldwide , the competition closed on 1 December 2008 . All members of the band picked the finalists and judged the winning entries on 5 December . The winner was awarded a pair of " ultra @-@ VIP " tickets to the band 's show in O2 arena in London in December 2008 , and it included backstage passes . The winning video was announced on 8 December 2008 , with the winner being Paul O 'Brien for a " Wonderful blend of Claymation and Computer Graphics " . O 'Brien 's video and the runner up , made by Martin Buzora , are featured on Coldplay 's official website .
= = Track listing = =
= = Charts = =
= = = Lost ! = = =
= = = Lost + = = =
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= Tropical Storm Ana ( 2009 ) =
Tropical Storm Ana was the first named storm of the 2009 Atlantic hurricane season and the first tropical cyclone to impact the Caribbean islands during 2009 . Forming out of an area of low pressure associated with a tropical wave on August 11 , Ana briefly attained tropical storm intensity on August 12 before weakening back to a depression . The following day , the system degenerated into a non @-@ convective remnant low as it tracked westward . On August 14 , the depression regenerated roughly 1 @,@ 075 mi ( 1 @,@ 735 km ) east of the Leeward Islands . Early on August 15 , the storm re @-@ attained tropical storm status , at which time it was named Ana . After reaching a peak intensity with winds of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of 1003 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 65 inHg ) , the storm began to weaken again due to increasing levels of wind shear and the unusually fast movement of Ana . In post @-@ storm analysis , it was discovered that Ana had degenerated into a tropical wave once more on August 16 , before reaching any landmasses .
Numerous tropical storm watches were issued for the Lesser Antilles , Puerto Rico , Dominican Republic between August 15 and 17 . Several islands took minor precautions for the storm , including St. Croix which evacuated 40 residents from flood @-@ prone areas ahead of the storm . In the Dominican Republic , officials took preparations by setting up relief agencies and setting up shelters . Impact from Ana was minimal , mainly consisting of light to moderate rainfall . In Puerto Rico , up to 2 @.@ 76 in ( 70 mm ) of rain was reported , causing street flooding and forcing the evacuation of three schools .
= = Meteorological history = =
On August 9 , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) began monitoring a tropical wave associated with a small area of convective activity between the Cape Verde Islands and the western coast of Africa . The system eventually spawned an area of low pressure as it tracked towards the west . After slowly organising for a few days , the NHC reported early on August 11 , that the system had developed into a tropical depression . The system at this time was located about 280 mi ( 455 km ) , west of the Cape Verde Islands . The depression developed deep convection around the center of circulation and continued to track generally towards the west in response to a mid @-@ level subtropical ridge to the north . The depression was expected to gradually intensify as it moved over marginally warm sea surface temperatures and into an area of low wind shear ; however it was anticipated that dry air would hamper the depressions chances of intensifying further .
By August 12 , the NHC reported that Tropical Depression Two was near tropical storm intensity after a burst of deep convection over the center . At this point , the system was not upgraded to a tropical storm ; however , in a post @-@ storm analysis , it was determined that the system had attained tropical storm @-@ force winds , peaking at 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) for 12 hours on August 12 . Several hours later , the system became disorganized due to increased wind shear . By the afternoon of August 13 , the system had weakened to a tropical depression and shortly thereafter , degenerated into a non @-@ convective remnant low @-@ pressure area as it failed to maintain convection around the center for 24 hours . At this time , the NHC issued their final advisory on the system but noted that there was the possibility of regeneration .
On August 14 , roughly 24 hours after degenerating into a remnant low , convection began to redevelop over the system . Later that day , a Hurricane Hunter reconnaissance plane deployed dropsondes into the system . They found that the system was regenerating and shortly after , the NHC began re @-@ issuing advisories on the depression when it was located roughly 1 @,@ 075 mi ( 1 @,@ 735 km ) east of the Leeward Islands . The depression continued to track westward in response to an upper @-@ level high over the north Atlantic . Early on August 15 , the NHC upgraded the depression to a tropical storm , giving it the name Ana as deep convection developed around the center of circulation . Later that day , wind shear caused convection to become displaced from the circulation , exposing the center of Ana again .
By August 16 , the forward motion of Ana began to increase , and the storm quickly entered a region of dry , stable air . By the afternoon , a Hurricane Hunter reconnaissance mission did not find any evidence of tropical storm @-@ force winds , resulting in Ana being downgraded to a tropical depression . It was determined in post @-@ storm analysis , that Ana had degenerated into a tropical wave shortly afterwards , and was no longer a tropical cyclone . Several hours later , the system redeveloped convection as it raced towards the west @-@ northwest at 26 mph ( 42 km / h ) . Early on August 17 , radar imagery from Guadeloupe and San Juan , Puerto Rico depicted a system without a closed , low @-@ level circulation . Despite this , the NHC continued operational advisories until confirmation could be made with visible satellite imagery . Later that day , a final reconnaissance plane flew into the storm and did not find a low @-@ level circulation . Following this , the NHC stated that Ana had dissipated off the coast of Puerto Rico , despite having already degenerated into a tropical wave the previous day . The remnants of Ana were once more monitored for signs of regeneration , but land interaction with Hispaniola and Cuba spoiled the system 's chances of redevelopment .
= = Preparations and impact = =
On August 15 , a tropical storm watch was issued for much of the Leeward Islands . Two days later , the watch was expanded to include Puerto Rico and areas in the eastern Dominican Republic between Cabo Engaño and Cabo Beata . As Ana weakened and dissipated , the watches were discontinued .
In San Maarten , cruise agencies redirected ships to avoid the storm and secured vessels docked at port . Several ships were moved to Simpson Bay Lagoon where waves are generally small . In St. Kitts , officials evacuated 40 families in flood @-@ prone areas to shelters ahead of the storm . On August 17 , the National Weather Service in San Juan , Puerto Rico issued an Urban and Small Stream Flood Advisory for all of the eastern municipalities on the island . Flights in the area were delayed by several hours to avoid the depression . In the Dominican Republic , officials posted flood alerts for 12 provinces as the remnants of Ana were forecast to produce up to 6 in ( 150 mm ) of rain in the country . General Luna Paulino of the civil army activated relief agencies ahead of the storm and notified residents of possible mandatory evacuations . Officials inspected the dams threatened by the storm to protect several towns and villages . Emergency officials stated that roughly 35 @,@ 000 personnel were on standby in case of a disaster . Shelters were also prepped throughout the country ; however , these were not opened and the residents who had voluntarily evacuated had returned home by the afternoon of August 17 . In nearby Haiti , officials placed the country under yellow alert as the remnants of Ana could produce heavy rainfall over mountainous areas .
In St. Thomas , sustained winds reached 28 mph ( 45 km / h ) and gusts peaked at 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) . In Puerto Rico , rainfall was limited due to the storms ' fast motion , triggering minor flooding but little damage . A maximum of 2 @.@ 76 in ( 70 mm ) of rain fell in Río Grande . The rains caused the Río Fajardo to rise , resulting in the issuance of an alert as officials warned it could overflow its banks . Several streets were temporarily shut down due to flooding , including one tunnel , and three schools had to be evacuated . Throughout the island , roughly 6 @,@ 000 people were left without power as numerous branches were snapped off trees and knocked down power lines . There were also reports of waterspouts and tornadoes associated with Ana in Puerto Rico . Winds on the island gusted up to 42 mph ( 67 km / h ) . The remnants of Ana produced widespread rainfall across Hispaniola ; however , there were no reports of damage from the system .
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= 1933 Atlantic hurricane season =
The 1933 Atlantic hurricane season was the second most active Atlantic hurricane season on record , with 20 storms forming in the northwest Atlantic Ocean . The season ran through the summer and the first half of fall in 1933 , with activity as early as May and as late as November . A tropical cyclone was active for all but 13 days from June 28 to October 7 . The year was surpassed in total number of tropical cyclones by the 2005 season , which broke the record with 28 storms . Tropical cyclones that did not approach populated areas or shipping lanes , especially if they were relatively weak and of short duration , may have remained undetected . Because technologies such as satellite monitoring were not available until the 1960s , historical data on tropical cyclones from this period are often not reliable . Compensating for the lack of comprehensive observation , one hurricane researcher estimates the season could have produced 24 tropical cyclones .
Of the 20 storms during the season , 11 attained hurricane status . Six of those were major hurricanes , with sustained winds of over 111 mph ( 179 km / h ) . Two of the hurricanes reached winds of 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) , which is a Category 5 – the highest of 5 – on the modern Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . The season produced several deadly storms , with eight storms killing more than 20 people . All but 3 of the 20 known storms affected land at some point during their durations .
= = Season summary = =
The 1933 season was the most active of its time , surpassing the previous record @-@ holder of 19 storms in 1887 . Fifteen of the season 's storms made landfall as tropical cyclones , and another struck land as an extratropical storm . Eight tropical storms , including six hurricanes , hit the United States during the season , including the Chesapeake – Potomac hurricane , which the U.S. Weather Bureau described as one of the most severe in history along the Mid @-@ Atlantic States . Seven tropical storms , including four hurricanes , hit Mexico , two of which caused severe damage in the Tampico area .
The season was continuously active , with six storms forming during the month of August alone . At the time , many storms received the distinction of being the earliest nth storm to form , such as the earliest fifth tropical storm to form in a season . Most of the records were broken in later years . During the season , the U.S. Weather Bureau issued storm and hurricane warnings for eight storms , including coastal portions of Texas , as well as from Florida to Massachusetts , forcing the evacuations of thousands of people . The deadliest storm of the season was a hurricane that struck Tampico , Mexico , killing over 184 residents . The costliest hurricane was the Chesapeake – Potomac hurricane , which caused $ 27 million in damage from North Carolina to New Jersey . The hurricane produced rainfall that resulted in severe crop damage in Maryland .
In addition to the 20 tropical storms , there were several tropical depressions of lesser intensity . The first developed on June 1 in the northwest Caribbean and dissipated a few days later . Another depression developed on July 11 over Panama and also quickly dissipated . A tropical depression developed on July 17 in the northeastern Atlantic west of the Azores , and one ship reported hurricane @-@ force winds ; however , there was little evidence that the tropical system was organized , so it was not classified as a tropical storm . Originally , there was a tropical storm in the database in the Caribbean in the middle of August , but it was downgraded to a tropical depression due to lack of any reports of gale @-@ force winds . Similarly , there was a tropical storm in the database in late September , but it was also downgraded to a tropical depression due to lack of gale @-@ force winds .
The season produced the highest Accumulated Cyclone Energy ( ACE ) on record with a total of 259 . The measurement is a method to compare tropical cyclone activity between seasons . Originally , 1933 had an ACE of 213 , which was surpassed by 1950 and 2005 . However , the Atlantic hurricane reanalysis project found that the storms in 1933 were stronger than initially reported .
= = Storms = =
= = = Tropical Storm One = = =
The first storm of the season formed on May 14 in the southwestern Caribbean Sea off the east coast of Nicaragua . It moved quickly to the north @-@ northwest , passing just northeast of the eastern tip of Honduras . On May 15 , the storm turned to the west and entered the Gulf of Mexico while moving around the Yucatán Peninsula . The next day , it attained peak winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) , based on a ship report . Turning southward , the storm made landfall on Ciudad del Carmen in Mexico early on May 19 with winds of 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) . It dissipated over land later that day .
= = = Hurricane Two = = =
A westward @-@ moving tropical wave spawned a tropical depression on June 24 about halfway between the southern Lesser Antilles and the coast of Africa . The depression quickly intensified into a tropical storm , and by June 27 it became a hurricane off the northern coast of Guyana . At 2100 UTC that day , the hurricane struck extreme southern Trinidad with winds of 85 mph ( 137 km / h ) . After crossing the island , the hurricane moved across the Paria Peninsula in northeastern Venezuela with the same intensity . The hurricane was earliest to affect the region on record , and was the first storm in over 50 years to affected Trinidad and Venezuela . In Trinidad , 13 people were killed , about 1 @,@ 000 people were left homeless , and damage was estimated at $ 3 million . In Venezuela , the hurricane caused power outages , destroyed several houses , and killed several people .
After crossing Venezuela into the eastern Caribbean , the hurricane moved northwestward and gradually intensified . On July 3 it struck western Cuba with winds of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) . In the country , the storm killed 22 people , while damage amounted to $ 4 million . A building high pressure area turned the hurricane westward in the Gulf of Mexico , and after further strengthening the storm attained peak winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) on July 5 . It turned to the west @-@ southwest and made landfall in northeastern Mexico on July 7 with winds of 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) , about halfway between Tampico and the Mexico / United States border . It dissipated about 11 hours later over Mexico . There were several deaths and heavy damage in the area where the storm moved ashore . Across its path , the hurricane killed 35 people .
= = = Tropical Storm Three = = =
The third tropical storm of the season ( initially classified as two separate storms but later identified as a single track ) was first observed on July 14 near St. Kitts . It moved quickly westward and passed just south of Puerto Rico and Hispaniola as a weak storm . The system curved slightly to the west @-@ northwest and brushed the northern coast of Jamaica before turning slightly westward and hitting the Mexican state of Quintana Roo . As it crossed the Yucatán Peninsula the cyclone weakened and eventually crossed into the Bay of Campeche . It moved quickly to the northwest , and made landfall near Matagorda Bay , in Texas on July 23 as a 45 mph ( 70 km / h ) tropical storm . The system turned to the northeast , and became extratropical to the east of Dallas , Texas . The extratropical system moved slowly through northern Louisiana , turned to the northeast , and dissipated over northeastern Arkansas near Memphis , Tennessee .
While passing near Jamaica , the storm dropped heavy rainfall , including 9 inches ( 230 mm ) in Kingston which led to flooding and washouts . The rainfall also damaged several bridges and roads and resulting in delays in train schedules . Mudslides and overflowing rivers flooded several towns with knee @-@ deep waters . Moderate winds downed several banana trees across the island . Prior to the arrival of the storm in Texas , numerous coastal residents boarded up their houses and businesses and voluntarily evacuated further inland . Upon making landfall , the storm produced high tides . In eastern Texas and western Louisiana , the system dropped very heavy precipitation , which in places reached accumulations exceeding 20 inches ( 500 mm ) . The highest storm total occurred in Logansport , Louisiana , which reported 21 @.@ 30 inches ( 541 mm ) in a 4 @-@ day period . In Louisiana , the flooding severely damaged crops and forced about 250 families near Shreveport to evacuate their flooded homes . The torrential rainfall also resulted in overflowing rivers ; numerous highways , roads , and railroads were either impassable or closed , with some locations experiencing water depths of up to 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) . Total damage reached nearly $ 2 million .
= = = Tropical Storm Four = = =
A dissipating cold front spawned a tropical depression east of Bermuda on July 24 . It moved east @-@ northeastward initially , and intensified into a tropical storm early on July 25 . Based on ship observations , it is estimated the storm attained peak winds of 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . The storm turned to the northeast and was absorbed by a cold front southeast of Newfoundland early on July 27 .
= = = Hurricane Five = = =
On July 24 , a tropical storm was detected . Located to the southeast of Antigua , it tracked west @-@ northwestward , passing near St. Thomas with winds of up to 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) . The storm strengthened and attained hurricane status the next day north of Puerto Rico , and it continued its west @-@ northwest movement . After moving through the northern Bahamas , the hurricane struck near Fort Pierce , Florida , with winds of 85 mph ( 135 km / h ) . The hurricane crossed the state and weakened to minimal tropical storm intensity . It turned to the west @-@ southwest and re @-@ strengthened to a hurricane on August 4 off the coast of Texas . It weakened again to tropical storm status and made its final landfall near Brownsville , Texas , on August 5 as a strong tropical storm . The system rapidly dissipated over northern Mexico .
While moving over Saint Christopher , the storm killed six people . Heavy rain was reported throughout the Virgin Islands . The hurricane caused the drowning of one person in the Bahamas , and moderate winds produced severe structural damage to the buildings in the archipelago . In Florida , the National Weather Bureau issued storm warnings between Miami to Titusville , while Governor David Sholtz issued a mandatory evacuation for 4 @,@ 200 residents in vulnerable areas around Lake Okeechobee . Damage in Florida was minimal , limited to minor crops , roofs , and signs . In southern Texas , the hurricane produced moderate damage of $ 500 @,@ 000 , including disrupted telephone and telegraph lines . The hurricane produced high tides along the coast of Texas , covering parts of South Padre Island , and heavy rains in northern Mexico caused heavy damage .
= = = Hurricane Six = = =
A ship first reported a tropical depression near the Cape Verde islands on August 13 . This system would become one of the most destructive hurricanes of the season . The storm moved towards the northwest and attained hurricane status on August 16 . The hurricane continued to strengthen , and on August 21 , it passed about 150 miles ( 240 km ) southwest of Bermuda as a Category 3 hurricane . St. George 's avoided a direct hit but reported wind speeds of up to 64 mph ( 103 km / h ) . On August 22 , the hurricane turned west @-@ northwest and reached its peak intensity , with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph ( 220 km / h ) , equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane in the modern @-@ day Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . However , it weakened quickly afterwards . On August 23 , the storm made landfall on the Outer Banks of North Carolina as a Category 1 hurricane and continued to quickly weaken as it moved inland , away from its energy source . The storm turned to the north , then to the northeast , passing through Virginia , Maryland , and Pennsylvania before weakening to a tropical depression over New York . The storm became extratropical on August 25 and turned to the east , moving through Atlantic Canada and dissipating on August 28 .
The hurricane caused damage ranging from moderate to severe in the corridor between North Carolina and New Jersey , due to high tides and strong winds . In the state of Maryland , the storm 's effects resulted in severe crop damage , and many boats and piers were damaged or destroyed due to high tides and storm surge . The hurricane produced heavy rainfall along its path , with a peak of 13 @.@ 28 inches ( 337 @.@ 3 mm ) in York , Pennsylvania . Overall , the hurricane caused $ 27 million in damage. and 31 deaths .
= = = Tropical Storm Seven = = =
The seventh tropical storm of the season was first observed in the eastern Caribbean on August 14 . It strengthened to reach winds of 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) . After passing just south of Jamaica , the storm turned to the northwest and crossed over both the Isle of Youth and western Cuba on August 18 . It curved northward and dissipated west of Florida on August 21 .
On Trinidad , rainfall from this storm and a subsequent tropical depression were the heaviest in nine years , which caused rivers to overflow and flooded parts of the island . Several boats were damaged or driven ashore from rough seas . The two storms caused damage to fields , highways , and houses , and caused the loss of crops such as cocoa and bananas . In all , damage totaled $ 3 million and there were 13 deaths on Trinidad . The storm produced heavy rainfall in eastern Jamaica , including a record 24 @-@ hour total of 12 @.@ 2 inches ( 310 mm ) in the Corporate Area , and Dallas Castle received 20 @.@ 2 inches ( 510 mm ) in 24 hours . This flooded and damaged properties and water systems in Kingston and Saint Andrew , leading to a water famine until the water mains were fixed . Damage totaled to over $ 2 @.@ 5 million , and 70 people were reported killed due to the flooding . Damage was minimal in both Cuba and Florida .
= = = Hurricane Eight = = =
The eighth storm of the season was one of two storms in the 1933 Atlantic hurricane season to reach the intensity of a Category 5 strength on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . It formed on August 22 off the west coast of Africa , and for much of its duration it maintained a west @-@ northwest track . The system intensified into a tropical storm on August 26 and into a hurricane on August 28 . Passing north of the Lesser Antilles , the hurricane rapidly intensified as it approached the Turks and Caicos islands . It reached Category 5 status and its peak winds of 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) on August 31 . Subsequently , it weakened before striking northern Cuba on September 1 with winds of 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) . In the country , the hurricane left about 100 @,@ 000 people homeless and killed over 70 people . Damage was heaviest near the storm 's path , and the strong winds destroyed houses and left areas without power . Damage was estimated at $ 11 million .
After exiting from Cuba , the hurricane entered the Gulf of Mexico and restrengthened . On September 2 , it re @-@ attained winds of 140 mph ( 230 km / h ) . Initially the hurricane posed a threat to the area around Corpus Christi , Texas , and the local United States Weather Bureau forecaster advised people to stay away from the Texas coastline during the busy Labor Day Weekend . Officials declared martial law in the city and mandated evacuations . However , the hurricane turned more to the west and struck near Brownsville early on September 5 with winds estimated at 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) . It quickly dissipated after causing heavy damage in the Rio Grande Valley . High winds caused heavy damage to the citrus crop . The hurricane left $ 16 @.@ 9 million in damage and 40 deaths in southern Texas .
= = = Tropical Storm Nine = = =
On August 23 , another tropical storm was observed north of Puerto Rico . It moved northwestward for three days , slowly strengthening as it moved over the open ocean . The storm turned to the northeast and reached peak sustained winds of 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) a short distance to the west of Bermuda . It began weakening shortly thereafter , and on August 30 the storm became extratropical to the southeast of Newfoundland . It continued to the northeast and was last observed on August 31 over the north @-@ central Atlantic Ocean . It did not cause significant effects on land .
= = = Tropical Storm Ten = = =
A tropical storm formed in the Bay of Campeche . It initially moved to the northwest . The cyclone remained a minimal tropical storm for most of its lifetime . On August 29 , the storm turned to the west @-@ southwest and made landfall near Tampico , Mexico , dissipating shortly thereafter . The tropical storm caused heavy rains near the coast , although winds were minor . Due to uncertainty as to its course , tropical storm warnings were issued for portions of the southern Texas coastline .
= = = Hurricane Eleven = = =
A tropical storm was first observed on August 31 , 225 miles ( 360 km ) north @-@ northeast of the island of Antigua . The storm rapidly intensified as it moved quickly to the west @-@ northwest , attaining hurricane status later that day , and major hurricane strength on September 1 , while located to the north of Puerto Rico . It continued west @-@ northwestward and attained its peak intensity , with maximum sustained winds of 140 mph ( 225 km / h ) , on September 2 . The hurricane , then at Category 4 on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale , moved through the northern Bahamas at peak intensity and weakened slightly before making landfall on Jupiter , Florida , with winds of 125 mph ( 200 km / h ) on September 4 . The system weakened rapidly over Florida to tropical storm status , and after turning to the north , decelerated . The weakening storm slowly moved through Georgia before dissipating near the Georgia / South Carolina border on September 7 .
On Eleuthera Island , the Category 4 hurricane blew away the roofs of buildings , wrecked wharves , and lost boats . Hurricane warnings were issued for the eastern Florida coastline , and 3 @,@ 000 people were evacuated around Lake Okeechobee to safer areas . In southeastern Florida , the strong winds broke many glass windows and downed trees and power lines ; severe house damage was reported near the landfall location . The hurricane 's powerful winds also severely damaged crops , including 4 million boxes of citrus fruit across the state . In total , Florida suffered $ 2 million in damage and two deaths .
= = = Hurricane Twelve = = =
On September 8 , an area of disturbed weather to the east of the Lesser Antilles organized into a tropical storm . It moved north @-@ northeastward , and after a turn to the northwest , the system intensified to hurricane strength on September 10 . It steadily intensified and reached a peak strength of 140 mph ( 225 km / h ) on September 15 . It slowed as it turned to the north , striking southeastern North Carolina just west of Cape Hatteras as a Category 2 hurricane . After moving through the Outer Banks , the system accelerated to the northeast and became extratropical on September 18 about halfway between Cape Cod and the southern tip of Nova Scotia . The extratropical storm passed over Nova Scotia , Newfoundland , and Labrador before dissipating east of Greenland on September 22 .
Strong winds from the hurricane downed trees and power lines in southeastern North Carolina , causing damage to many houses . The hurricane produced a storm surge that flooded coastal streets with 3 to 4 feet ( 0 @.@ 9 – 1 @.@ 2 m ) of water . In all , the hurricane caused at least 21 deaths , primarily due to drowning in high waters . Damage totaled around $ 4 @.@ 5 million .
= = = Hurricane Thirteen = = =
On September 10 , as Hurricane Twelve was intensifying over the waters of the Atlantic Ocean , another area of disturbed weather developed into a tropical storm over the western Caribbean Sea off the coast of Guatemala . It moved slowly northward and strengthened , becoming a hurricane on September 12 just east of Belize . On the next day , the hurricane made landfall on the Mexican state of Quintana Roo , and the system weakened to a tropical storm as it moved northwestward across the Yucatán Peninsula . On September 14 it again regained hurricane status over the Bay of Campeche . The hurricane struck Tampico on September 15 and then dissipated .
The storm caused severe damage in Tampico and further inland , leaving several thousand homeless . According to The New York Times , at least 67 people were killed . Tuxpan , south of Tampico , also suffered heavy damage with many houses and office buildings destroyed . Total property losses were estimated at several million dollars .
= = = Hurricane Fourteen = = =
On the other side of the Caribbean Sea , what would become the second Category 5 hurricane of the season , and the 14th tropical storm of the year , was first observed on September 16 to the east of the southern Leeward Islands . The cyclone , then a tropical depression , tracked to the west @-@ northwest through the islands , slowly strengthening into a tropical storm on September 18 . It attained hurricane strength on September 19 near Jamaica , then began a period of rapid intensification south of that island . On September 21 , a ship measured a central pressure of 929 millibars ( 27 inHg ) , indicating that the hurricane had intensified to a peak of 160 mph ( 260 km / h ) . Continuing west @-@ northwestward , the hurricane weakened somewhat and made landfall 40 miles ( 65 km ) south of Cozumel Island on September 22 . Winds at landfall were estimated to have been 140 mph ( 230 km / h ) , equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane by modern classification . The hurricane weakened slightly over the Yucatán Peninsula , but then re @-@ strengthened over the Gulf of Mexico to reach a second peak intensity of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) on September 24 . Shortly thereafter , the storm made landfall near Tampico . It dissipated on September 25 over Mexico .
Near Jamaica , the hurricane caused rough seas , although damage , if any , is unknown . While moving across the Yucatán Peninsula , the storm produced heavy rainfall and strong winds . In Cozumel , the winds destroyed a 300 @-@ foot ( 91 m ) pier and several buildings . Rough seas sunk several ships , and one person drowned . The rainfall caused several rivers to overflow , causing flooding and damage to roads and railroads in the state of Veracruz . Many people in low @-@ lying areas around Tampico evacuated for the storm .
Reports indicate much of the city of Tampico was destroyed , and the total number of deaths and injuries amounted to over 5 @,@ 000 . Most of the deaths occurred from flood waters , which were 10 to 15 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 – 4 @.@ 6 m ) deep and covered the entire city ; many bodies were washed out to sea , and were never recovered . The flooding washed out roads and railroads , delaying relief efforts into the devastated area . Water and food supplies in and around Tampico were damaged or contaminated , resulting in a threat of famine or disease that further aggravated the situation . Torrential rains caused more flooding , and the powerful winds damaged or destroyed nearly every building in the city and left many homeless . The strong winds downed numerous power lines , leaving the entire city in blackout , and destroyed two large water towers . There were at least 10 cases of looting ; all of the perpetrators were executed . Damage in and around Tampico totaled over $ 10 million , and the storm killed over 184 people .
The thousands of victims took refuge in churches , theatres , and public buildings . Immediately after the storm , the Mexican military placed the city under martial law . Military and federal authorities dispatched trains with food , water , and medicine , and planes bearing engineers and doctors . Mexican president Abelardo L. Rodríguez rallied citizens to aid the affected people in the storm area . The local chamber of deputies allowed $ 140 @,@ 000 in funds for the storm victims .
= = = Hurricane Fifteen = = =
A storm of extratropical origin developed into a small tropical storm on September 24 southwest of the Azores . Initially the storm moved north @-@ northwestward , and based on ship reports , it is estimated the system intensified into a hurricane on September 26 . It passed west of the Azores as it turned to the north @-@ northeast , weakening to a tropical storm later that day . On September 27 the storm became extratropical , and the next day it dissipated .
= = = Tropical Storm Sixteen = = =
A tropical disturbance moved through the Lesser Antilles in late September . After crossing Hispaniola , a tropical depression developed on October 1 north of the Dominican Republic . It moved northwestward initially and quickly intensified into a tropical storm . It had a broad wind field , indicating characteristics of a subtropical cyclone . After reaching peak winds of 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) , the storm turned to the northeast and weakened . It dissipated on October 4 to the southeast of Bermuda .
= = = Hurricane Seventeen = = =
On October 1 , a tropical storm developed off the northeast coast of Nicaragua . It moved slowly northward and steadily intensified , becoming a hurricane on October 3 just west of Jamaica . The hurricane turned to the north @-@ northwest and hit the Cuban province of La Habana with winds of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) on October 4 . The hurricane passed over Havana and turned to the northeast and strengthened , becoming a major hurricane as it moved south of Miami , Florida . The hurricane reached a peak intensity of 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) while passing through the Bahamas on October 6 . The hurricane weakened as it accelerated to the northeast , and it became extratropical on October 8 to the south of Nova Scotia . It paralleled the Nova Scotia coast , turned to the east @-@ southeast , and lost its tropical characteristics on October 9 over the open north Atlantic Ocean .
One person was killed in Jamaica due to flooding . In Cuba , people boarded up numerous buildings , and emergency workers assisted authorities in spreading the word about the impending storm ; residents in vulnerable areas evacuated to shelters on higher ground . The hurricane 's powerful winds destroyed several houses in Camagüey , and heavy rainfall overflowed numerous rivers in low @-@ lying districts . The winds damaged and disrupted telephone and telegraph lines and injured a few people in Havana . Despite government orders for police to kill any looters , large @-@ scale looting occurred in Havana after the storm . Two looters were shot to death , and a third was injured . Two civilians were also wounded by snipers who fired to disperse thieves . Residents in southeast Florida boarded up for the storm while the National Weather Bureau issued storm warnings for portions of the coastline . The hurricane produced strong winds and rain in the Florida Keys and extreme southern Florida , but damage was minimal . In northwest Miami , the hurricane spawned a tornado that damaged three houses and injured two . In Nova Scotia , the former hurricane left heavy damage to crops due to strong winds and heavy rain . Sunken boats killed nine people , and damage was estimated at around $ 1 million ( 1933 CAD ) , including $ 250 @,@ 000 in lost apple crop .
= = = Hurricane Eighteen = = =
After a two @-@ week period of inactivity , a tropical depression was detected in the western Caribbean Sea on October 25 . It moved to the east @-@ northeast then curved to the northwest while slowly intensifying . On October 29 , it strengthened into a hurricane near Jamaica and reached peak winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) before striking the western portion of the island . The hurricane turned to the northeast and weakened . It made landfall on southeastern Cuba as a strong tropical storm on October 31 . The weakening storm changed its course to the north @-@ northwest , as it drifted through Cuba and the Bahamas . On November 4 , the storm turned once more to the northeast , accelerated , and was absorbed by an approaching cold front on November 7 near Bermuda .
While moving near western Jamaica , the hurricane produced strong winds of about 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) , which wrecked about 90 % of the banana crop . One plantation lost 500 banana trees , and there was also damage to corn , coffee , and yams . Many houses were wrecked or washed away , leaving hundreds homeless . The storm cut power and telegraph lines and blocked roads , limiting communication . Rail lines were cut , and small bridges were washed away . Damage was estimated at $ 3 million , and there were 23 deaths . The storm also produced strong winds and rainfall in Cuba .
= = = Tropical Storm Nineteen = = =
Almost simultaneous to Hurricane 19 , a tropical storm developed a short distance east of the central Bahamas on October 26 . It moved north @-@ northeastward , then northeastward , steadily strengthening along its path . On October 27 , a barometric pressure of 993 mbar ( 29 @.@ 32 inHg ) was recorded within the storm , and on October 28 the storm reached a peak intensity of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . On October 29 , the storm became extratropical and turned north to hit Nova Scotia . Wedged between two high pressure systems , it continued northward until dissipating over extreme eastern portions of Quebec on October 30 .
In Atlantic Canada , the former tropical storm produced winds of 52 mph ( 83 km / h ) in Nova Scotia , along with heavy rainfall of 2 @.@ 3 in ( 58 mm ) in Amherst . The storm sank one boat and washed another ashore . Winds were strong enough to knock down telephone and telegraph lines , mainly due to fallen trees which also covered roads and damaged houses . Flooding washed out several bridges and roads , covering one highway with 6 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) of water , and entered the basements of houses . In New Brunswick , the storm damaged or destroyed 72 bridges . One man was struck by a car due to poor visibility from the storm .
= = = Tropical Storm Twenty = = =
After another calm period , the final tropical storm of the season was first observed on November 15 in the southwestern Caribbean Sea . It moved slowly westward , never strengthening beyond a minimal tropical storm in its short lifetime . On November 16 , it struck the southeastern coast of Nicaragua , and it dissipated soon after on November 17 .
= = Seasonal effects = =
This is a table of the storms in 1933 and their landfall ( s ) in bold , if any . The minimum pressures , in most cases , are based on limited observations and may not have occurred at their peak intensity .
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= Fresh Bones =
" Fresh Bones " is the fifteenth episode of the second season of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on February 3 , 1995 . It was written by Howard Gordon , directed by Rob Bowman , and featured guest appearances by Kevin Conway , Daniel Benzali , and Matt Hill . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . " Fresh Bones " earned a Nielsen household rating of 11 @.@ 3 , being watched by 10 @.@ 8 million households in its initial broadcast . The episode received mixed to positive reviews from critics .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In the episode , Mulder and Scully discover a voodoo symbol drawn on a tree after a soldier , Private Jack McAlpin , crashes his car into it following two separate hallucinatory incidents . This leads the two to a processing center for Haitian refugees where suspicion falls on one of the Haitians identified by the colonel in charge .
Howard Gordon was inspired to write the episode after reading two articles involving suicides of servicemen in Haiti . The Haitian refugee camp was shot in a derelict building in a North Vancouver shipyard ; originally , the producers wanted to set the episode in Haiti and actually film in the country . This endeavor , however , proved unsuccessful .
= = Plot = =
In Folkstone , North Carolina , Jack McAlpin , an agitated Marine Corps private , drives his car into a tree after several hallucinatory episodes and is apparently killed . On the tree is a veve , a drawn voodoo religious symbol .
McAlpin is the second purported suicide among troops stationed at an INS compound processing refugees from Haiti . Fox Mulder and Dana Scully visit the compound to investigate McAlpin 's death . There , a young boy named Chester Bonaparte sells a good luck charm to Mulder . After meeting with Colonel Wharton , head of the compound , Mulder meets with an imprisoned refugee , Pierre Bauvais , and an associate of McAlpin 's , Harry Dunham . When Scully attempts to perform an autopsy on McAlpin 's body , she finds a dog carcass in its place at the morgue .
While driving down the road , Mulder and Scully discover a still @-@ living McAlpin , who doesn 't remember what has happened to him . Tetrodotoxin , a chemical Mulder believes is part of Haitian zombification rituals , is found in McAlpin 's blood . The agents go to the local graveyard to investigate the corpse of the other dead soldier , but find the grave robbed . They also find Chester , who collects frogs at the cemetery and sells them to Bauvais . Dunham approaches Mulder , telling him that Wharton has begun abusing the refugees as a means of retaliation against Bauvais ; Wharton denies the accusations , but later has Bauvais beaten to death .
Scully cuts her hand on the thorn of a twig left in her car . When she drives off , a veve is seen on the ground under her car . Mulder has a meeting with X , who tells him that he and Scully will soon be called back to Washington and that the camp will be restricted to military personnel only . Mulder believes Wharton is persecuting the refugees after the suicide of some of his men during a previous trip to Haiti . Scully finds Dunham dead in a bathtub , and Mulder catches McAlpin with a knife nearby . Although he has no recollection of the event , McAlpin confesses to the murder under the influence of Wharton , who tells the agents that Bauvais committed suicide and that their investigation is over .
McAlpin 's wife provides the agents with a photo of Wharton with Bauvais in Haiti , causing the agents to go through his office . They find that both Dunham and McAlpin had filed complaints against Wharton over his treatment of the detainees . The agents head to the cemetery , where Wharton is performing a voodoo rite over Bauvais ' coffin . When Mulder confronts him , Wharton harms him through sympathetic magic . Meanwhile , in a hallucinatory episode , a man emerges from the small cut in Scully 's hand and strangles her , but the illusion disappears when she grabs the charm Chester sold them . Bauvais appears and stops Wharton by blowing zombie powder in his face . Scully arrives to assist Mulder and pronounces Wharton dead .
The next day the agents say goodbye to McAlpin , who reveals that Chester was a boy who had died in a riot six weeks earlier . The episode ends with Wharton being unwittingly buried alive by the graveyard watchman .
= = Production = =
Writer Howard Gordon was inspired to write the episode after reading two articles involving suicides of servicemen in Haiti . The refugee plot was used due to the producers being unable to film in Haiti . Colonel Wharton was portrayed by Daniel Benzali , who later went on to star in the ABC series Murder One . While the producers agreed that he did not look like a military man , they felt he had the quality they were looking for in the role . For the sequence where a man emerges from Scully 's hand and strangles her , a male actor pushed his gelatine covered fingers through a mechanical hand . The episode started production in late December 1994 , and after a Christmas break was completed in January 1995 . The Haitian refugee camp was shot in a derelict building in a North Vancouver shipyard . Sump pumps had to be used on the graveyard of the episode 's ending as it was shot during a particularly rainy January .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Fresh Bones " premiered on the Fox network on February 3 , 1995 . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 3 , with a 19 share , meaning that roughly 11 @.@ 3 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 19 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 10 @.@ 8 million households . " Fresh Bones " was the highest rated episode of the first two seasons .
The episode received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Writer Gordon stated that director Bowman did a great job in mining his script for chills . In their book , X @-@ Treme Possibilities , authors Keith Topping and Paul Cornell praised the episode , including Benzali 's performance and the sequence in the graveyard at the end of the episode . Series creator Chris Carter called the episode one of the ones he was most proud of from the second season , stating that Gordon did a good job with the script and Bowman did a great job with the directing .
Not all of the reviews were glowing . Entertainment Weekly gave the episode a B- and a more mixed review , writing that the episode was " Not one for the ages , despite some jarring moments ( car meets tree , Scully 's hoodoo hallucinations , and that final shot — whoa ) . " Reviewer Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club gave the episode a C , and wrote that " the biggest problems here are the lack of focus and the chaotic pacing . The episode rumbles along in first gear for about three @-@ quarters of its running time and then abruptly shifts into high gear at the end , moving toward an apocalyptic finish that doesn 't feel wholly earned . There 's good stuff in ' Fresh Bones , ' but the bulk of the episode disappoints . "
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= Attack of the Alligators ! =
" Attack of the Alligators ! " is the 23rd episode of Thunderbirds , a British 1960s Supermarionation television series co @-@ created by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson . One of the final episodes of Series One , it was written by Alan Pattillo and directed by David Lane , and was first broadcast on ATV Midlands on 10 March 1966 . In this episode , set in South America , alligators grow to an enormous size after a swamp is contaminated by a newly invented growth chemical . When the animals proceed to attack a house , International Rescue must save the occupants trapped inside .
Combining science @-@ fiction and haunted house horror themes , with a plot written to be " nightmarish " , the episode was filmed in late 1965 . It is remembered for containing footage of actual crocodiles , doubling as re @-@ sized alligators on scale model sets – the first appearance of live animals in an Anderson production . However , the animals ' slowness and unpredictability complicated and delayed the filming , which involved the use of electric shocks to induce movement from the crocodiles . Although the AP Films Studios were briefly investigated by the RSPCA , animal abuse allegations were not upheld .
A critic and fan favourite , despite the controversy of its production , " Attack of the Alligators " is commonly ranked as one of the best episodes of Thunderbirds . Since the filming of this episode and a later instalment , " The Cham @-@ Cham " , went over @-@ time and over @-@ budget , the series finale was re @-@ written as a clip show to lower costs and simplify the shooting schedule . Ten years after first airing , " Attack of the Alligators ! " provided the inspiration for an episode of The New Avengers , by ex @-@ Thunderbirds scriptwriter Dennis Spooner .
= = Plot = =
A businessman , Blackmer , visits the reclusive Dr Orchard , a scientist who lives in a remote house on the Ambro River in South America . From the local plant Sidonicus americanus , Orchard has developed a food additive called Theramine ; if administered to animals , the chemical causes them to grow beyond their original size . Enlargement of animal stock would offer a simple solution to world famine and present other economic advantages . Blackmer 's boatman , Culp , eavesdrops on the meeting . After a storm forces Blackmer to stay at the house for the night , Culp resolves to steal the Theramine and sell it to the highest bidder . Waiting until the other occupants fall asleep , he steals the keys to Orchard 's laboratory from the housekeeper , Mrs Files . While filling a vial with a quantity of the chemical , Culp accidentally knocks the rest of the supply into a sink , and the Theramine drains into the Ambro River .
Shortly after Blackmer and Culp depart the next morning , their boat is attacked by an alligator , now enlarged because of the contamination . Orchard 's assistant , Hector McGill , manages to rescue Blackmer , but Culp is believed killed . The house is quickly surrounded by three giant alligators , which throw themselves at the building with Orchard , McGill , Blackmer and Mrs Files trapped inside . On the advice of Mrs Files , McGill contacts International Rescue and John ( voiced by Ray Barrett ) alerts Tracy Island . Jeff ( Peter Dyneley ) dispatches Thunderbirds 1 and 2 . Arriving at the scene , Scott ( Shane Rimmer ) briefly dispels the reptiles with his hoverjet cannon and accesses the house through the laboratory window . Eventually the laboratory caves in , forcing Scott and the others to move to the lounge . There , the group is confronted by none other than Culp , who survived the alligator attack and holds them at gunpoint .
Virgil ( David Holliday ) arrives in Thunderbird 2 and scatters the alligators with aircraft 's vertical landing jets . Alan ( Matt Zimmerman ) and Gordon ( David Graham ) subdue two of the animals with heavy @-@ duty tranquiliser guns . When the third returns to the house , Alan exits Thunderbird 2 on a hoverjet to lure the alligator away . He collides with a tree and falls from the hoverjet , but is saved by Gordon , who shoots the oncoming alligator before it can attack Alan . Culp threatens to empty the whole Theramine vial into the Ambro River unless he is granted safe passage upstream . Launching Thunderbird 4 , Gordon encounters a fourth , far larger reptile that ravages Blackmer 's boat and stops Culp . Virgil disposes of the creature with a missile fired from Thunderbird 2 . Although it is feared at first that the vial has been smashed , Gordon retrieves it from the riverbed intact . Later , on Tracy Island , Jeff announces that Theramine will be subject to international security restrictions , and Culp will be going to jail . Tin @-@ Tin ( Christine Finn ) has been away on a shopping trip and has bought Alan a present for his upcoming birthday – a pygmy alligator .
= = Production = =
Inspiration for " Attack of the Alligators ! " was derived partly from H. G. Wells ' 1904 novel The Food of the Gods and How It Came to Earth , in which animal re @-@ sizing is a major theme . Another source was the 1927 film The Cat and the Canary and its 1939 re @-@ make , both of which feature haunted house premises and stalkers . Scriptwriter Alan Pattillo , who according to special effects director Derek Meddings " had tried to come up with the most nightmarish rescue situation he could " , wanted to direct the episode as well ; the position was ultimately given to David Lane . " Attack of the Alligators ! " was filmed in October and November 1965 , overrunning its one @-@ month shooting window and forcing the production staff to work overtime , and sometimes long into the night , to complete the recording . Ian Wingrove , a special effects technician for AP Films , remembers that the episode 's complex technical aspects resulted in the crew " [ working ] day and night ... through a weekend " .
Although it was series co @-@ creator and producer Gerry Anderson 's original plan to film with actual alligators , AP Films instead acquired a group of juvenile crocodiles from a private zoo in northern England ; these would double as re @-@ sized alligators on scale model sets and water tanks . With the exception of a five @-@ foot ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) specimen , which was too aggressive to be removed from its box , the animals were three feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) long . The crew kept the on @-@ set water tanks heated to a suitably warm temperature and used electric shocks to induce movement from the reptiles . They were unpredictable and very difficult to control and film , either bathing in the heat of the studio lights or disappearing into the tanks and remaining submerged for hours . To make the crocodiles more visible to the cameras , the crew fixed them to guiding rods and co @-@ ordinated their movements . The heavy presence of the animals in both puppet and scale model shots resulted in a closer @-@ than @-@ normal degree of collaboration between the puppet and effects crews .
Objecting on animal welfare grounds , effects director Brian Johnson was one of several crewmembers who refused to participate in the production . Camera operator Alan Perry has no memory of ill treatment ; series supervising director Desmond Saunders , however , recalls that more than one crocodile died of pneumonia after being left overnight in an un @-@ heated tank . Director David Elliott , though filming a different episode at the time , remembers that another dislocated a limb after receiving an unexpected jolt from a shocker . Puppet operator Christine Glanville admitted that the filming could not have been a pleasant experience for the " guest stars " , since the tanks were " filled with all sorts of dirty paint water , oil and soapy water to make it look swampy . " Saunders comments : " It was scandalous . It was one of the great episodes . Nevertheless there was a price to be paid for it . "
Concerns over the animals ' safety prompted an anonymous telephone call to the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals ( RSPCA ) , which dispatched a representative . Initial tests with shocking had yielded disappointing results , necessitating an increase in voltage . According to Anderson , " Meddings explained that his team were laying the crocodiles down and they weren 't doing anything . They were just lying there . The RSPCA man said , well , they would , because of the warmth of the lamps . So Derek said , ' We 've been giving them a touch with an electrode just to make them move . ' The guy asked what voltage they were using and Derek said it was about 20 volts , and the guy said , ' Oh , they 've got terribly thick skins , you know . If you want them to move , you 'll have to pump it up to 60 . ' " Following an initial investigation of AP Films Studios , the allegations of mistreatment were not pursued further ; the RSPCA officer later joined the crocodiles ' handler in assisting with the filming .
Filming involving the reptiles frequently proved to be hazardous . During a promotional shoot with Supermarionation puppets , one of the crocodiles suddenly grabbed the Lady Penelope marionette ( which does not appear in the episode ) and , to the upset of Glanville , ripped apart one the legs . During the filming of a scene in which an alligator swims after a boat , Meddings was using a rope to guide the crocodile forwards when it was discovered that the animal had slipped out of its harness ; in his book , 21st – Century Visions , Meddings wrote of the incident : " My crew never saw me move as fast as I did to get out of the tank when I pulled the rope and realised the creature was free . " Of the largest crocodile , which was wetted with damp strips at the back of the stage while un @-@ used , Wingrove recalls : " You would forget that it was there , then one day someone shouted ' Look out ! ' and we turned round to see this big crocodile walking across the stage – which cleared of people very quickly ! "
= = Broadcast = =
" Attack of the Alligators ! " achieved ratings of 4 @.@ 78 million viewers for its BBC2 network broadcast on 20 March 1992 . The BBC repeated Thunderbirds in 2001 , a year known for a number of major rail accidents in the UK ( notably the Great Heck rail crash ; others occurred in Tisbury , Wiltshire and Hither Green , Lewisham , London ) . Consequently , it was decided to delay the transmission of the episodes " The Perils of Penelope " and " Brink of Disaster " ( both of which feature disasters involving trains ) until the end of the broadcast schedule . " Attack of the Alligators ! " substituted for " Brink of Disaster " , and was the 11th episode to be repeated on BBC Two .
= = Reception = =
" Attack of the Alligators ! " , a popular instalment , is widely considered to be one of the best episodes of Thunderbirds . It is series co @-@ creator Sylvia Anderson 's favourite episode , while commentator Stephen La Rivière judges the plot to be one of the most unusual of the series . Lew Grade , head of distributor ITC , expressed high satisfaction with the filming during a visit to AP Films Studios in 1965 .
In 2004 , " Attack of the Alligators ! " was re @-@ issued on Region 1 DVD as part of A & E Video 's The Best of Thunderbirds : The Favorite Episodes , whose content was selected based on the results of a fan poll hosted on the A & E website . In a review for the website DVD Verdict , David Gutierrez awarded " Attack of the Alligators ! " a perfect score of 100 , judging it the best of the collection and praising its production values : " It 's like a beautifully directed short film " . He elaborated : " ' Attack of the Alligators ! ' serves as a terrific example of how strong Thunderbirds can look . It 's not Howdy Doody sporting a jetpack – it 's an hour @-@ long programme that feels like a motion picture . "
Susanna Lazarus of Radio Times argues that the episode is memorable specifically for the alligator footage . The techniques used to produce the animal sequences have resulted in the episode being considered " controversial " by some sources . Mark Pickavance of the website Den of Geek is critical from a visual standpoint , suggesting that the use of scale sets and young crocodiles , " shot in super close @-@ up to make them seem huge " , does not produce a convincing illusion of giant , re @-@ sized alligators . Author Dave Thompson relates the giant reptile plot to Swamp Thing , a hybrid superorganism featured in the DC Comics Universe .
Since " Attack of the Alligators ! " and " The Cham @-@ Cham " exceeded their allotted budgets , the scriptwriters re @-@ wrote the Series One finale to be a clip show , " Security Hazard " . A shot of a stormy sky , present at the start of the episode , later introduced the opening titles of the TV series The Prisoner . In 1976 , Thunderbirds writer Dennis Spooner adapted the premise of " Attack of the Alligators ! " for an episode of The New Avengers ; the episode " Gnaws " features a wild rat , which grows to an enormous size after drinking from a water source contaminated by a dangerous chemical .
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= Tintinhull Garden =
Tintinhull Garden , located in Tintinhull , near Yeovil in the English county of Somerset , is a small 20th century Arts and Crafts garden surrounding a 17th @-@ century Grade I listed house . The property is in the ownership of the National Trust . It is visited by around 25 @,@ 000 people per year .
The house started as a small farmhouse in 1630 but was enlarged into its current form in the 18th century . The house was the property of the Napper family for centuries . It was given to the National Trust in 1954 . The Arts and Crafts style garden is modeled on that at Hidcote Manor Garden in Gloucestershire . It was originally laid out by Phyllis Reiss and developed by Penelope Hobhouse .
= = House = =
The original farmhouse which forms the basis of the current Tintinhull House was built of Hamstone 1630 . It was reshaped and enlarged around 1722 when the west façade was added .
The house was the property of the Napper family , who acquired the manor after the Dissolution of the Monasteries and also owned Tintinhull Court , and was passed down in the family until they sold it sometime after 1814 .
The Nappers let it to the Pitt family until the death of John Napper in 1791 . It passed through several hands until 1835 , when it was bought by Jeremiah Penny . In 1898 the then owner , Arthur Cobbett , added a single @-@ storey extension to the east front before selling it to his tenant the botanist , Dr. S.J.M. Price . In 1933 it was bought by Phyllis Reiss and her husband , Capt. F.E. Reiss .
The house includes several paintings from the National Trust 's collection , including a painting of the front of the house by John S. Goodall .
The house is a Grade I listed building and can be booked for holiday lets from the National trust .
= = Garden = =
The garden is laid out into areas separated by walls and hedges .
The garden layout was developed in the early 20th century , by Dr. Price , including laying down traingular and diamond shaped flagstone paths . The ornamental domes of box were planted in the 1920s . The early landscaping was expanded and planted starting in 1933 by Phyllis Reiss in a Arts and Crafts " Hidcote " style . The 1 @.@ 5 acres ( 0 @.@ 61 ha ) garden is separated into " rooms " by Yew hedges and walls . The different areas include Eagle Court ( the former courtyard ) , Middle Garden , Fountain Garden and Pool Garden . The pool garden is the site of a former tennis court .
In 1954 Reiss gave the house and garden to the National Trust , but continued to live in the house and care for the garden until her death in 1961 . From then on , the Trust let the house to a variety of tenants , including the garden designer and writer Penelope Hobhouse and her husband Prof John Malins from 1980 to 1993 .
The gardens are included in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens and include small pools and an azelea garden .
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= Amchitka =
Amchitka ( / æmˈtʃɪtkə / ; Aleut : Amchixtax ̂ ) is a volcanic , tectonically unstable island in the Rat Islands group of the Aleutian Islands in southwest Alaska . It is part of the Alaska Maritime National Wildlife Refuge . The island is about 68 kilometers ( 42 mi ) long , and from 3 to 6 km ( 1 @.@ 9 to 3 @.@ 7 mi ) wide . The area has a maritime climate , with many storms , and mostly overcast skies .
Amchitka was populated for more than 2 @,@ 500 years by the Aleut people , but has had no permanent population since 1832 . The island has been part of the United States since the Alaska Purchase of 1867 . During World War II , it was used as an airfield by US forces in the Aleutian Islands Campaign .
Amchitka was selected by the United States Atomic Energy Commission to be the site for underground detonations of nuclear weapons . Three such tests were carried out : Long Shot , an 80 @-@ kiloton ( 330 TJ ) blast in 1965 ; Milrow , a 1 @-@ megaton ( 4 @.@ 2 PJ ) blast in 1969 ; and Cannikin in 1971 – at 5 Mt ( 21 PJ ) , the largest underground test ever conducted by the United States . The tests were highly controversial , with environmental groups fearing that the Cannikin explosion , in particular , would cause severe earthquakes and tsunamis . Amchitka is no longer used for nuclear testing . It is still monitored for the leakage of radioactive materials .
= = Geography = =
Amchitka is the southernmost of the Rat Islands group in the Aleutian Chain , located between 51 ° 21 ′ N 178 ° 37 ′ E and 51 ° 39 ′ N 179 ° 29 ′ E. It is bounded by the Bering Sea to the north and east , and the Pacific Ocean to the south and west .
The eastern part of the island is a lowland plateau , with isolated ponds and gently rolling hills . There is low but abundant vegetation , consisting of mosses , lichens , liverworts , ferns , grasses , sedges , and crowberry . The center of the island is mountainous , and the western end is barren and vegetation is sparse .
Amchitka has a maritime climate , often foggy and windswept , with cloud cover 98 percent of the time . While temperatures are moderated by the ocean , storms are frequent . Geologically , the island is volcanic , being a part of a small crustal block on the Aleutian Arc that is being torn apart by oblique subduction . It is " one of the least stable tectonic environments in the United States . "
= = Early history = =
The human history of Amchitka dates back at least 2 @,@ 500 years , with the Aleut people . Human remains , thought to be of an Aleut dating from about 1000 AD , were discovered in 1980 .
Amchitka is said to have been seen and named St. Makarius by Bering in 1741 , was sighted by Billings in 1790 , and visited by Shishmaref in 1820 .
In 1783 , Daikokuya Kōdayū and 15 Japanese castaways landed on Amchitka after drifting for seven months . The castaways were taken care of by Russian employees of Zhigarev and hunted with indigenous people . Six of the castaways died in three years .
= = World War II and after = =
In June 1942 , the Japanese occupied some of the western Aleutian islands , and hoped to occupy Amchitka . Eager to remove the Japanese , the Joint Chiefs of Staff agreed to move quickly to regain the territory . American planners decided to build a series of airfields to the west of Umnak , from which bombers could attack the invading forces .
The U.S. Army established bases at Adak and 13 other locations . At the War Department 's suggestion , an initial reconnaissance of Amchitka was carried out in September 1942 , which found that it would be difficult to build an airstrip on the island . Nevertheless , planners decided on December 13 that the airfield " had to be built " to prevent the Japanese from doing the same . A further reconnaissance mission visited Amchitka from 17 to 19 December , and reported that a fighter strip could be built in two to three weeks , and a main airfield in three to four months . The plan was approved and began in 1942 .
American forces made an unopposed landing on Amchitka on January 12 , 1943 . Despite facing difficult weather conditions and bombing from the Japanese , the airfield was usable by February 16 . The Alaska Command was now 80 km ( 50 mi ) away from their target , Kiska . The military eventually built numerous buildings , roads , and a total of three airstrips on the island , one of which would later be rebuilt and used by the Atomic Energy Commission in the late 1960s . At its peak , the occupancy of Amchitka reached 15 @,@ 000 troops .
The Aleutian Islands campaign was successfully completed on August 24 , 1943 . In that month , a strategic intercept station was established on the island , which remained until February 1945 . On 31 December 1949 the Air Force Base was closed due to insufficient personnel and staff . The Army closed its communications facility at Amchitka in August 1950 . On 31 December 1950 the Air Force 2107th Air Weather Group pulled the last of its personnel out of Amchitka and the facility was abandoned .
The site later hosted an Air Force White Alice telecommunication system in 1959 to 1961 , and a temporary relay station in the 1960s and 1970s . A prototype Relocatable Over @-@ the @-@ Horizon Radar system existed on Amchitka between 1991 and 1993 to conduct surveillance on Russia .
= = Nuclear testing = =
= = = Plans for nuclear testing = = =
With the pullout of military forces from Amchitka in 1950 , the Department of Defense initially considered the island for nuclear testing planned for 1951 . Requiring information about the cratering potential of nuclear weapons , plans were made to detonate two 20 @-@ kiloton ( 84 TJ ) devices . After approximately 34 test holes had been drilled , the site was deemed unsuitable , and the project was moved to the Nevada test site .
In the late 1950s , scientists realized that improved seismological knowledge was necessary for the detection of Soviet underground nuclear explosions . The 1 @.@ 7 @-@ kiloton ( 7 @.@ 1 TJ ) " Rainier " test ( part of Operation Plumbbob , performed in Nevada ) produced strong seismic signals , but looked much like an ordinary earthquake . In 1959 , Dr. James R. Killian , the Special Assistant to the President for Science and Technology , formed the Panel on Seismic Improvement ( which subsequently recommended the program that came to be known as Vela Uniform ) , with the twin goals of improving seismic instruments and deploying them globally , and researching in more depth the seismic effects of nuclear explosions . The project was subsequently initiated by the Eisenhower administration .
Together with the Atomic Energy Commission , the DoD began assessing Amchitka for use as part of the Vela Uniform tests .
= = = Long Shot test = = =
To conduct the Vela Uniform test Long Shot , 51 ° 25 ′ 35 @.@ 84 ″ N 179 ° 11 ′ 14 @.@ 13 ″ E the Department of Defense occupied Amchitka from 1964 to 1966 , with the AEC providing the device , measuring instruments , and scientific support . The goal was " to determine the behavior and characteristics of seismic signals generated by nuclear detonations and to differentiate them from seismic signals generated by naturally occurring earthquakes . "
Although it would not be publicly announced until March 18 , 1965 , senior Alaskan officials were notified the previous February . After the devastating Great Alaska earthquake of March 27 , 1964 , the governor expressed concern about the psychological effects of the test on the populace . He was quickly reassured .
Long Shot was detonated on October 29 , 1965 , and the yield was 80 kilotons ( 330 TJ ) . It was the first underground test in a remote area , and the first test managed by the DoD . While there was no surface collapse , tritium and krypton were found at the surface following the test ; this was not made public until 1969 .
= = = Milrow and Cannikin tests = = =
Though performed as part of the Nuclear Weapons Testing Program , " [ the ] purpose of the Milrow test was to test an island , not a weapon . " It was a " calibration shot " , intended to produce data from which the impact of larger explosions could be predicted , and specifically , to determine whether the planned Cannikin detonation could be performed safely . Milrow was detonated on October 2 , 1969 51 ° 24 ′ 52 @.@ 06 ″ N 179 ° 10 ′ 44 @.@ 84 ″ E , with an approximate yield of 1 to 1 @.@ 2 megatons ( 4 @.@ 2 – 5 @.@ 0 PJ ) .
The shockwave reached the surface with an acceleration of over 35 g ( 340 m / s2 ) , causing a dome of the Earth 's surface , approximately 3 km ( 2 mi ) in radius , to rise about 5 meters ( 16 ft ) . The blast " turned the surrounding sea to froth " and " forced geysers of mud and water from local streams and lakes 50 feet ( 15 m ) into the air " . A " surface collapse feature " , also known as a subsidence crater , was formed by material collapsing into the cavity formed by the explosion .
Cannikin was intended to test the design of the Spartan anti @-@ ballistic missile ( ABM ) interceptor – a high @-@ yield warhead that " produced copious amounts of x @-@ rays and minimized fission output and debris to prevent blackout of ABM radar systems . " The test would " measure the yield of the device , measure the x @-@ ray flux and spectrum , and assure deployment of a reliable design . "
= = = = Controversy = = = =
A few days after the Milrow test , the Don 't Make A Wave Committee was organized at a meeting in Vancouver , Canada . The Committee 's name referred to predictions made by a Vancouver journalist named Bob Hunter , later to become Greenpeace member 000 . He wrote that the test would cause earthquakes and a tsunami . On the agenda was whether to fight another blast at the island , or whether to expand their efforts to fight all perceived threats against the environment . As he was leaving , one man gave the traditional farewell of the peace @-@ activist movement , " Peace . " " Make it a green peace , " replied another member . The Committee would later become Greenpeace .
The AEC considered the likelihood of the test triggering a severe earthquake " very unlikely " , unless one was already imminent on a nearby fault , and considered a tsunami " even more unlikely " . Others disagreed . Russell Train , then Chairman of the Council on Environmental Quality , argued that " experience with Milrow ... does not provide a sure basis for extrapolation . In the highly nonlinear phenomena involved in earthquake generation , there may be a threshold value of the strain that must be exceeded prior to initiation of a large earthquake . ... The underground explosion could serve as the first domino of the row of dominoes leading to a major earthquake . ... as in the case of earthquakes it is not possible at this time to assess quantitatively the probability of a tsunami following the explosion . "
In July 1971 , a group called the Committee for Nuclear Responsibility filed suit against the AEC , asking the court to stop the test . The suit was unsuccessful , with the Supreme Court denying the injunction by 4 votes to 3 , and Richard Nixon personally authorized the $ 200 million test , in spite of objections from Japan , Peru , and Sweden . " What the Court didn ’ t know , however , was that six federal agencies , including the departments of State and Interior , and the fledgling EPA , had lodged serious objections to the Cannikin test , ranging from environmental and health concerns to legal and diplomatic problems . Nixon issued an executive order to keep the comments from being released . " The Don 't Make A Wave Committee chartered a boat , in which they had intended to sail to the island in protest , but due to weather conditions they were unable to reach their destination .
= = = = Cannikin tested = = = =
Cannikin was detonated on November 6 , 1971 51 ° 28 ′ 13 @.@ 20 ″ N 179 ° 6 ′ 40 @.@ 75 ″ E , as the thirteenth test of the Operation Grommet ( 1971 – 1972 ) underground nuclear test series . The announced yield was 5 megatons ( 21 PJ ) – the largest underground nuclear test in US history . ( Estimates for the precise yield range from 4 @.@ 4 to 5 @.@ 2 megatons or 18 to 22 PJ ) . The ground lifted 20 feet ( 6 m ) , caused by an explosive force almost 400 times the power of the Hiroshima bomb . Subsidence and faulting at the site created a new lake , over a mile wide . The explosion caused a seismic shock of 7 @.@ 0 on the Richter scale , causing rockfalls and turf slides of a total of 35 @,@ 000 square feet ( 3 @,@ 300 m2 ) . Though earthquakes and tsunamis predicted by environmentalists did not occur , a number of small tectonic events did occur in the following weeks , ( some registering as high as 4 @.@ 0 on the richter scale ) thought to be due to the interaction of the explosion with local tectonic stresses .
According to wildlife surveys following the Cannikin event by the University of Alaska Fairbanks , 700 – 2 @,@ 000 sea otters were killed by overpressures in the Bering Sea as a direct result of the explosion . This survey showed that number of sea otters endangered by the blast was far greater than the Atomic Energy Commission had predicted .
= = = 1973 and beyond = = =
The AEC withdrew from the island in 1973 , though scientists continue to visit the island for monitoring purposes . In 2001 , the DoE returned to the site to remove environmental contamination . Drilling mud pits were stabilized by mixing with clean soil , covering with a polyester membrane , topped with soil and re @-@ seeded .
Concerns have been expressed that new fissures may be opening underground , allowing radioactive materials to leak into the ocean . A 1996 Greenpeace study found that Cannikin was leaking both plutonium and americium into the environment , . In 2004 , scientific divers from the University of Alaska Fairbanks collected shallow subtidal organisms and reported that " There were no indications of any radioactive leakage , and all that was really wonderful news . " Similar findings are reported by a 2006 study , which found that levels of plutonium " were very small and not significant biologically " .
The Department of Energy continues to monitor the site as part of their remediation program . This is expected to continue until 2025 , after which the site is intended to become a restricted access wildlife preserve .
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= Tropical Depression Ten ( 2005 ) =
Tropical Depression Ten was the tenth tropical cyclone of the record @-@ breaking 2005 Atlantic hurricane season . It formed on August 13 from a tropical wave that emerged from the west coast of Africa on August 8 . As a result of strong wind shear , the depression remained weak and did not strengthen beyond tropical depression status . The cyclone degenerated on August 14 , although its remnants partially contributed to the formation of Tropical Depression Twelve , which eventually intensified into Hurricane Katrina . The cyclone had no effect on land , and did not directly result in any fatalities or damage .
= = Meteorological history = =
On August 8 , a tropical wave emerged from the west coast of Africa and entered the Atlantic Ocean . Tracking towards the west , the depression began to exhibit signs of convective organization on August 11 . The system continued to develop , and it is estimated that Tropical Depression Ten formed at 1200 UTC on August 13 . At the time , it was located about 1 @,@ 600 miles ( 2 @,@ 600 km ) east of Barbados . Upon its designation , the depression consisted of a large area of thunderstorm activity , with curved banding features and expanding outflow . However , the environmental conditions were predicted to quickly become unfavorable . The depression moved erratically and slowly towards the west , and wind shear inhibited any significant intensification . Late on August 13 , it was " beginning to look like Irene @-@ junior as it undergoes southwesterly mid @-@ level shear beneath the otherwise favorable upper @-@ level outflow pattern " . The wind shear was expected to relent within 48 hours , prompting some forecast models to suggest the depression would eventually attain hurricane status .
By early August 14 , the shear had substantially disrupted the storm , leaving the low @-@ level center of circulation exposed from the area of convection , which was also deteriorating . After meandering , the storm began to move westward . Forecasters expected it to resume a northwestward track as high pressure to the south of Bermuda was forecast to weaken and another high was predicted to form southwest of the Azores . By 1800 UTC on August 14 , the strong shear had further weakened the storm , and it no longer met the criteria for a tropical cyclone . It degenerated into a remnant low , and the National Hurricane Center issued their final advisory on the cyclone . Moving westward , it occasionally produced bursts of convective activity , before dissipating on August 18 .
Tropical Depression Twelve formed over the southeastern Bahamas at 2100 UTC on August 23 , partially from the remains of Tropical Depression Ten . While the normal standards for numbering tropical depressions in the Atlantic stipulate that the initial designation be retained when a depression regenerates , satellite imagery indicated that a second tropical wave had combined with Tropical Depression Ten north of Puerto Rico to form a new , more complex weather system , which was then designated as Tropical Depression Twelve . In post @-@ season reanalysis , it was found that the low @-@ level circulation of Tropical Depression Ten had completely detached and dissipated ; only the remnant mid @-@ level circulation moved on and merged with the second tropical wave . As a result , the criteria for keeping the same name and identity were not met . Tropical Depression Twelve later became Hurricane Katrina .
= = Impact = =
Because Tropical Depression Ten never approached land as a tropical cyclone , no tropical cyclone watches and warnings were issued for any land masses . No effects , damages , or fatalities were reported , and no ships reported tropical storm @-@ force winds in association with the depression . The system did not attain tropical storm status ; as such , it was not given a name by the National Hurricane Center . The storm partially contributed to the formation of Hurricane Katrina , which became a Category 5 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale and made landfall in Louisiana , causing catastrophic damage . Katrina was the costliest hurricane , and one of the five deadliest , in the history of the United States .
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= Haunted ( Beyoncé song ) =
" Haunted " is a song by American recording artist Beyoncé from her fifth studio album , Beyoncé ( 2013 ) . It was written and produced by Beyoncé herself and Boots . Conceived by the latter following an infuriating meeting with a record label , the song was presented to Beyoncé who decided to record it following similar experiences in the music industry . The song was inspired by the works of English musician Aphex Twin and contains a stream of consciousness rap .
Musically , it consists of two parts titled " Ghost " and " Haunted " . A predominantly R & B , dance @-@ pop , dubstep and hip hop song , it contains a minimalistic sound with keyboards , bass and percussion . Beyoncé raps the spoken word segment of " Ghost " with robotic and reverbed vocals . Lyrically , " Haunted " contains sexually explicit and frank lyrics talking about desire . Many music critics compared its sound with various artists and noted different influences and elements explored in its composition . Upon its release , the song was met with positive reviews , with critics praising its experimentalistic sound and the minimalistic approach .
Two accompanying music videos were filmed for both parts of the song and placed separately on the visual album . The clip for " Ghost " was directed by Pierre Debusschere while Jonas Åkerlund served as the director for the second part , " Haunted " . The former visual shows various close @-@ up shots of Beyoncé lip @-@ syncing the lyrics , while the latter features her walking in the corridor of a big mansion meeting various actors seen inside the rooms . Critics compared the video of " Haunted " and the singer 's look with works by Madonna , most notably with her song " Justify My Love " ( 1990 ) . The song was performed live during the last European leg of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour and at the On the Run Tour in 2014 . Beyoncé also performed it at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards as part of a medley consisting of songs from her fifth studio album .
= = Background = =
" Haunted " was written and produced by Beyoncé and New York @-@ based musician Boots , who was relatively unknown before the release of Beyoncé ( 2013 ) . He was signed to Roc Nation , about six months prior to the album 's release and produced 85 % of Beyoncé also having writing credits on four of its tracks . During an interview with Pitchfork Media , Boots revealed that " Haunted " was the first song written by him which Beyoncé heard ; it was originally titled " I 'm Onto You " at that time . Beyoncé liked the song upon hearing it , leaving Boots confused as he felt the song was only showcasing his sad vocals , with a piano recorded on his iPhone as a voice memo .
He also played her the rap of stream of consciousness of " Ghost " during one of their early meetings inspired by an infuriating meeting with a record label . Beyoncé could immediately connect to the topic as she had also experienced the same things in the record industry when people advised her about the sound of her music . For the music of " Ghost " , Boots created a beat from a " dreamlike , hypnotic place " working with guitars and building layers inspired by the work of musician Aphex Twin . Boots said , " [ Aphex Twin 's ] works like that are more floaty , more without than within , but I made mine grounded in that thumping beat , so you can 't get out of that feeling . " He also elaborated about its concept , " It 's like that song is leading you by the hand , but you 're blindfolded and you don 't know where you 're going . You 're scared and you 're not sure what to expect from it , but as the album unfolds , we take the blindfold off and you realize it 's a surprise party for you . "
Beyoncé also explained the meaning of " Haunted " on her iTunes Radio channel where she also revealed her admiration for Boots , " The song is really about temptation in this music industry and being exposed to this crazy madness . " The vocal production of the song was handled by Beyoncé and contains background vocals provided by Boots and Kwane Wyatt . " Haunted " was recorded at Jungle City Studios and Oven Studios , both located in New York City under the guidance of Boots and Stuart White . It was later mixed by Tony Maserati and White at Mirrorball Studios in North Hollywood . The track was eventually mastered by Tom Coyne and Aya Merril in Sterling Sound in New York City . All instruments were provided by Boots , with additional drum programming by Hit @-@ Boy .
= = Composition = =
" Haunted " is a two @-@ part song , consisting of " Ghost " and " Haunted " collectively running for a length of approximately six minutes . Its composition was described as ranging from contemporary R & B to " straight up experimentalism " . Mojo 's Priya Elan compared the song 's composition with works by English band The xx . The song features sexually explicit and frank lyrics in line with a prominent theme of the album about sexuality also present in other songs . Its instrumentation consists of " murky " keyboards and a " creeping " , pulsating bassline . Beyoncé sings over mournful piano stabs which are repeated along with drums and airy vocals along with a pounding club rhythm .
" Ghost " is an alt hip hop and dubstep song featuring Beyoncé rapping with recessed and reverbed vocals . The song contains ambient beats , bass and percussion and a poetic spoken word vocal with high loop . It was created by using a minimal approach and a falsetto vocal was applied along with various " warped , ghost @-@ ly " effects . " Ghost " opens with an audio recording of the singer winning a Sammy Davis Jr . Award in 1989 in Houston for a townwide talent show . It continues with a person incorrectly pronouncing her name as " ' Bee Awnz ' [ sic ] Knowles " . According to Spin columnist Brandon Soderberg , the song begins with a " random , frustrating indignity from her youth into a full @-@ blown , racially loaded origin story " and also features expressions of her celebrity . Lyrically , Beyoncé makes a prediction about her album 's sales and offers commentary on record labels through a spoken word intro : " I don 't trust these record labels , I 'm tourin ' " and later adds , " Soul not for sale / Probably won 't make no money off this / Oh well . " Speaking about the record industry , she sings about being bored with labels during the lines , " All the shit I do is boring / All these record labels ... boring " . The lyrics of the song also discuss the failure of taking risks in the music industry . She also expresses sadness for people having to work banal and monotonous jobs in the lines , " All these people on the planet / Workin ' nine to five just to stay alive / How come ? " .
Soderberg felt that the fast conversational vocal style adopted by the singer was reminiscent of rapper Kendrick Lamar . Anupa Mistry of the same publication felt that she borrowed Lamar 's " alien @-@ robot cadence and sings in a pinched choral croon " which she further compared with Bat for Lashes . Una Mullally of The Irish Times wrote that the singer 's " monotone " rapping is accompanied by " the flatness of the tone reflecting the repetition of labour " . Janice Llamoca from HipHopDX compared the part where Beyoncé sings the line " oh well " with Kanye West 's " shrug [ s ] " . Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune found the same line to be sarcastic . Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine described her vocals during the line as half @-@ rapped and " half @-@ shrug [ ed ] as if directly countering Scheinman 's silver linings playbook " . Rob Sheffield from Rolling Stone felt that the singer confessed she got " bored " with the " popstar routine " in " Ghost " .
During the end , " Ghost " quickly transitions into " Haunted " which contains elements of hip hop and R & B music . Kitty Empire of The Observer described it as a dance @-@ pop track talking about " being haunted in love " . Instrumentally , it consists of percussion and an off @-@ kilter club beat which was compared with Jacques Greene and Burial . Its sound is operatic and the lyrics undersung , with piano chords and various rhythmic effects , such as foot @-@ tapping . Lyrically , it talks about desire , with Ryan Dennehy from AbsolutePunk noting it was about " frank sexual desires " . The Village Voice 's Brittany Spanos felt the song was discussing lingering memories of the past . Trent Wolbe of The Verge compared the sound of " Haunted " with music by bands The Knife , Sade and Boards of Canada . Andrew Barker from Variety found a trance genre similar to Madonna 's Bedtime Stories . The song includes sexual lyrics that are reflected throughout the album , including , " The bedroom 's my runway / Slap me ! / I 'm pinned to the doorway / Kiss , bite , foreplay " and " My wicked tongue / Where will it be ? " set to " sonorous ... and chilly charged beats " .
= = Critical reception = =
" Haunted " was well received by music critics . Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph felt that the " modernist sonic approach is pushed to the fore " on " Ghost " . Spin 's Brandon Sorderberg felt that the line " nine @-@ to @-@ five " just to stay alive " was repeated " way too many times " . Anupa Mistry of the same publication described the song as " multi @-@ directional , mood @-@ shifting " . Cosmopolitan 's Alex Rees said the song is a " sharp critique of postmodern culture , except then all of a sudden there 's a bunch of nasty sex talk . " Mesfin Fekadu from the Associated Press described " Haunted " as a " gloomy " song . Writing for the website The 405 , editor White Caitlin felt the singer offered part of her insecurities and flaws through the song and " sheds slut @-@ shaming , the shackled role of uptight matriarch or calculated star " . Fact 's Chris Kelly described its composition as " foreboding " and found a " seductive " and " haunting " hook ; he further described the first part as " smoky ethereality " . Mojo 's Priya Elan felt that some of the lines were a " nihilistic streak " . In a review for The Quietus , Mof Gimmers described " Haunted " as a " perfect slice of vanguard @-@ pop " . Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune described it as a " two @-@ part dream " . Robert Leedham of the website Drowned in Sound felt that the album 's " confessional moments are when you connect with it the most " , exemplifying the statement with lyrics from " Haunted " . Andrew Hampp and Erika Ramirez of Billboard magazine felt that " Haunted " was one of the best songs on the album along with being " [ the ] most insightful [ one ] " . They concluded that while the song was " one of the album 's most staunchly non @-@ commercial moments , but endlessly listenable just the same " . Nick Catucci from Entertainment Weekly chose " Haunted " as one of the best songs from the album , describing it as a " moody , genre @-@ melding epic " and noting , " [ it ] treat [ s ] relationships with the same raw instinct that suffuses her sex songs " . AllMusic reviewer Andy Kellman also chose " Haunted " as one of the highlights on Beyoncé . Una Mullally of The Irish Times deemed " Haunted " the best song on the album and an indicator of the prominent minimalism throughout the whole record .
AbsolutePunk writer Ryan Dennehy remarked in his review that " ethereal echoes " of the singer 's voice " elevate it above just a post @-@ Weeknd , dark update to staid topics " . Philip Matusavage of musicOMH described the sound of " Ghost " as " sleek ambient " dubstep , adding that it sounded typical for the singer and served as a " Beyoncé manifesto " . He concluded his review by stating that if the references to disagreements Beyoncé talked about in the song were real , " the result proves to be the most sonically adventurous album of Beyoncé 's career . " Julia Leconte writing for Now praised Beyoncé 's vocals as " perfect " . Exclaim ! ' s Ryan B. Patrick felt that the song 's minimalistic sound allowed the singer to " ironically champion artistic integrity and proclaim her thoughts on the industry " . Chris Bosman from the website Consequence of Sound who felt that the song was the record 's " mood setter " and contained " ghostly vibes " , wrote that it " dabbles in R & Burial , Evian Christ 's drag @-@ influenced codeine hip @-@ hop , and Nothing Was the Same 's Xanax club rap " . He felt that during the lines " Slap me , I 'm pinned to the doorway / Kiss , bite , foreplay " , Beyoncé " slides " the last word , making the song sound " even less radio friendly " . Bosman further stated that " Haunted " along with " Partition " and " Mine " , " are confident enough to take one , two , three left turns while maintaining thematic cohesion . " The Guardian journalist Michael Cragg compared the song with works by Janelle Monae and described its sound as " doom @-@ laden " . Ryan E.C. Hamm from Under the Radar magazine felt that " It 's remarkable to hear a pop star at the height of her arena @-@ tour powers taking chances like ' Haunted , ' a dirge of a song that behaves more as spoken word until it 's ' Vogue ' -y breakdown " .
Having described the track as " eerie " , Jason Newman from Fuse added it was suitable for softcore pornography with the singer being " in her best coo " . He further described it as an erotic ballad and a " slow , creeping burn " , noting that it sounded like Trent Reznor remixing Madonna 's " Justify My Love " . Claire Lobenfeld from Complex magazine described it as Beyoncé 's version of " Justify My Love " . Joey Guerra from the Houston Chronicle described the song as " ominous " . Mike Wass from Idolator felt that the singer explored a new soundscape with " Haunted " with " minimal beats hover [ ing ] like fog " . Wass also praised Boots ' production and noted that the singer declared her artistic integrity with the lyrics . In a review of the song , Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times compared its break with Madonna 's work during Ray of Light with a chopped and screwed sound characteristic for Houston . Melissa Locker from Time magazine stated that the lyrics of the song were one of the " best humblebrags ever " while also noting that they hinted at the singer " dabbling in fiction " . USA Today writer Elysa Gardner wrote that in " Haunted " along with another song on the album , " Jealous " , the singer " embodies success and privilege on the surface , but there is a sense that her contentment is fragile " . Korina Lopez of the same publication stated that she seemed " surprisingly in touch with the 9 @-@ to @-@ 5 grind , echoing her own career frustration " . MTV News writer James Montgomery felt that Beyoncé showcased a " newfound sense of self " on the " cold , coital " song . Tim Finney of Complex magazine considered " Ghost " " a collision of opposites ... less a song than a transfixing eye @-@ hole glimpse into another , entirely separate world the singer could inhabit if she chose " . Deeming the song a " [ c ] reepy mood piece " , Jody Rosen of Vulture noted a lack of a music hook . In the annual Pazz and Jop mass critics poll of the year 's best in music in 2013 , " Haunted " was ranked at number 228 .
= = Music videos = =
Music videos for both " Ghost " and " Haunted " were released on December 13 , 2013 through the iTunes Store on Beyoncé itself along with a clip for every other track on the album . Todd Tourso served as the creative director for both of the visuals as well as the rest of the album 's videos . On November 24 , 2014 the videos for " Ghost " and " Haunted " were uploaded to the singer 's Vevo account .
= = = " Ghost " = = =
The music video for " Ghost " was directed by Belgian director Pierre Debusschere . Beyoncé is seen wearing a swimsuit by Seafolly with a nude mesh midsection and her look is also complete with red lips . While creating the video for " Pretty Hurts " , she sent a note to director Melina Matsoukas requesting from her to include footage from her childhood as the clip was meant to connect to the next one on the album , " Ghost " . The video openes with a close @-@ up shot of Beyoncé 's face lip @-@ syncing the song 's lyrics . Various shots of the singer with different outfits and placed at different sets are featured . Other scenes show a dancer with his whole body covered in a white clothing .
Writing for MTV , John Walker wrote that Beyoncé " serves multiple levels of Martha Graham realness " in the video for " Ghost " . Lindsey Weber from the website Vulture compared the dancer seen in the video with a " bodysock " one from Yeezus . Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph felt that the singer looked " perfect " in a bikini in the song 's music video . Insanul Ahmed of Complex praised her look as " sexy " . A writer from The New York Times described the singer 's look in the video as " minimalist " . Brent DiCrescenzo of the magazine Time Out called the video a " Cover Girl ad with full @-@ body condoms " . Whitney Phaneuf of the website HitFix compared it with Comme des Garçons and found a " deadpan expression of a model " . Michelle Collins from Vanity Fair wrote in her review that the video was " jarring as it is soul @-@ crushing " . Jody Rosen from Vulture felt that the clip " has its moments , mostly involving billowing fabric " . Michael Zelenko from The Fader praised the director 's work on the video and remarked it included " stark portraits of a blase Beyonce , slithering , perching and dancing against black and white backgrounds " . While reviewing the album , Emily Mackay of NME talked about the video for " Ghost " ,
" Some joyous shagging songs , though , are paltry excitement beside that of seeing an artist of such fame , long held as iconic without enough genuinely exciting music to back it up , reach her full throttle of awesomeness . The video for ' Ghost ' sums it up best , Beyonce glaring and writhing defiantly as she speak @-@ sings ' I 'm climbing up the wall ’ cause all the shit I hear is boring / All the shit I do is boring / All these record labels boring ' . Let 's hope Beyonce keeps finding new ways to amuse herself – there could be some very interesting times ahead . "
= = = " Haunted " = = =
= = = = Background = = = =
The music video for " Haunted " was directed by Swedish film and music video director Jonas Åkerlund and styled by Dagmarette Yen and B. Åkerlend . It was shot using four cameras and in a period of two days . On November 15 , 2013 , Popjustice reported that one of the actors who was featured in the video , J @-@ Hustle , shared a picture on his Twitter account while being on a five @-@ day set for the filming . He added that a song with " a slow vibe " was played in the background during the shooting and that its potential name was " Ghost Haunted " . Beyoncé first discussed about the video with Åkerlend during a concert she had in Stockholm in 2013 . Having invited him for the performance , the singer played several songs for the director afterwards and the pair went on to exchange several ideas about its concept . During an interview with Vulture , Åkerlend talked about the process , " It was not like a solid plan of ' This is what I think we should do . ' It was a pretty long process . And she was traveling and touring , so we had time to bounce ideas back and forth , figure out what the best vision was . And meanwhile , she was shooting all these other videos and I wasn 't really involved in what those other ideas were . " He noted that several ideas of the video which were initially conceived were similar with " other videos that people were working on " . Beyoncé conceived some of the initial ideas behind the looks and the scenarios for many of the rooms which were eventually shot . He also explained that the video contained many sexually explicit scenes and ideas when initially shot . However , he felt that the team managed to balance between the singer 's look , her performance and a strong idea along with several other things . Åkerlund further noted that its concept remained largely unchanged as none of the big ideas were excluded . Beyoncé 's look remained largely the same as the director pictured it before the filming of the video had started .
On December 2 , 2014 , a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes video consisting of footage from the making of the video for " Haunted " and " Superpower " with commentary by Jonas Åkerlund was released online . In the clip , he explained how both videos were slightly different compared to the singer 's previous work as they contained less choreography . He went on saying the video for " Haunted " had a " cinematic " and " surreal " tone inspired by its music , further comparing it with a score for a movie . He concluded that the team had " all the elements to create something special "
= = = = Synopsis = = = =
The video opens with a three @-@ second film countdown and proceeds with shots of several empty rooms and televisions in a big mansion . Most of the scenes were shot at the Villa de Leon . Beyoncé is seen driving a car and eventually arriving at the mansion while a song is played in the background . She enters inside the building with two luggages embellished with the letter " B " and throws her coat on the ground while a servant is seen lighting a cigarette she had previously taken from her hair . He hands her a key and the singer is seen climbing up the stairs . As she arrives in the hallway on the second floor , the song starts playing in the background and Beyoncé starts a journey , looking from room to room as she goes forward in the corridor .
In the various rooms , she meets men wearing vest tops with their faces painted white with black eyes staring at her as she passes down the corridor . Later she meets other people in leather and masks , before being surrounded by a troop of lace @-@ clad dancers . One shot shows a man in colourful clothes and leopard print Speedos surrounded by bubbles in a bathtub . Another room contains a family of four mannequins in a 1960s @-@ styled kitchen , preparing for a plastic @-@ looking meal . A bare African @-@ American is seen dancing and painting herself with a large brush while being almost naked . She is also seen with her legs spread around a TV screen and Beyoncé is seen on it , singing the song . During one scene , Beyoncé performs a dance choreography on a couch along with several other female dancers . Throughout the video , she is seen wearing a tuxedo with a tie , a white fur jacket and platform heels designed by Saint Laurent . The black @-@ and @-@ white jumpsuit she wears is designed by Russian designer Ulyana Sergeenko . Her look is further complete with dark make @-@ up around the eyes and red lipstick while her hair is marcelled and blonde .
= = = = Reception = = = =
Anupa Mistry from Spin wrote that the location where the video was filmed was filled with " freaks and weirdos " in order to channel Madonna during the 1990s in a better way . Lauren Cochrane of The Guardian wrote in her review of the video that it was a " homage " to Madonna with the suit and marcel wave Beyoncé had . She added that anyone who watched the video for " Justify My Love " , " knows that a hotel corridor is an excellent place to film a video " and went on to praise Beyoncé 's looks and outfits . Kitty Empire of The Observer stated , " Less originally , the high @-@ concept Haunted video finds Beyoncé in a posh hotel populated by sexually motivated freaks , with many shades of Madonna invoked . " Bronwyn Barnes of Entertainment Weekly found similarities with the singer 's look and Madonna 's .
Whitney Phaneuf writing for the website HitFix felt that the video was a fit for the song 's industrial sound and described the singer 's look as " goth @-@ glam " . She concluded the scenes are quickly cut throughout the video , " never culminating in a linear narrative and forcing the viewer to fill in the blanks " . Sharing what he perceived to be " key " moments in each of the seventeen music videos , Walker of MTV identified one for " Haunted " where Beyoncé " begins to crack under the pressures of her iconic status " . Jon Dolan of Rolling Stone described the video for the song as the " [ c ] reppiest " on the album . A writer from The New York Times focused on the singer 's look in the video , saying that she portrayed a fashionista . Randal Roberts of Los Angeles Times also provided a positive review for her " stunning " look while smoking a cigarette . Brent DiCrescenzo of Time Out described the video as " Stanley Kubrick meets Robert Palmer " . Michelle Collins of Vanity Fair noted the scary atmosphere of the video and described the singer 's look as " straight @-@ up 1920s glamour " with a hair styled similar to Josephine Baker . Collins went on to compare it with the opening credits of American Horror Story and found " [ n ] ightmarish images strung together in one very long , very creepy sequence of Beyoncé looking for her hotel room " .
Andrew Hampp and Erika Ramirez from Billboard magazine compared the video with Madonna 's work and American Horror Story , concluding " [ t ] he spine @-@ tinglingly glam ... video for this track is worth Beyoncé 's case for making this a simultaneous visual @-@ and @-@ audio experience alone " . Describing the video as " scary " , Lindsay Weber from Vulture further called it the singer 's best impression of American Horror Story . Jason Newman from the website Fuse described the video as " equally frightening [ as the song ] ; part Korean horror film , part Lynchian psychosexual fantasy . " The Fader editor Michael Zelenko noted the clip presented a classic story where an " innocent guest [ is ] caught in ghost @-@ infested hotel " . Insanul Ahmed of Complex described the visual as " creepy " . ABC News journalist Michael Rothman compared the video 's opening with horror movies and The Ring in particular and went on to praise it overally as Beyoncé 's " best yet " . Trent Wolbe of The Verge criticized Åkerlund 's work on the album , feeling that his contributions " feel like boring opulence porn " , something he found on " Haunted " .
= = Live performances and usage in media = =
" Haunted " was performed as the opening song for Beyoncé 's first concert of the last European leg of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour in Glasgow on February 20 , 2014 . The performance of the song featured backing dancers and strobing lights with the singer 's look being completed by a glittery gown . Digital Spy 's Robert Copsey felt that " Haunted " worked as a " brilliantly spooky opener " . David Pollock from The Independent found a " thundering bass containing a heavy dubstep influence " during the performance of the song . Mark Savage from BBC News felt that the concert included various " unparalleled " vocal styles and ranges , including the " hushed and sultry " " Haunted " . A professionally recorded live performance of the song from the tour aired on June 30 , 2014 , as the first episode of Beyonce : X10 , an HBO series documenting renditions of the song performed during The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour . Anna Silman from Vulture discussed the performance saying that it was full of " kaleidoscopic visuals and headache @-@ inducing strobe lights and fog to make you grateful you weren 't there for the live performance ( almost ) " .
The song was later also added to the set list of Beyoncé 's co @-@ headlining tour with Jay @-@ Z , the On the Run Tour . During the performance , her look was complete with a drop @-@ sleeve piece with black lace . While reviewing a concert of the show , Erica K. Landau of USA Today compared Beyoncé 's look to Stevie Nicks . She went on to deem the song a highlight of the performance praising her " creamy " vocals in contrast with the other songs on the set list . Similarly , Dan DeLuca writing for Philadelphia Media Network considered the song to be a showcase of her vocals . Leila Cobo of the magazine Billboard considered the song to be a highlight of the show , showcasing the singer 's " vocal prowess " and " her ability to connect as a singer and not just as a striking personality " . While reviewing another concert , Mike Wass of Idolator considered the performance a religious experience . In another concert review , Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times noted that the attention among the people in the crowd " drift [ ed ] noticeably during ' Haunted ' " resulting in a mild reception of the song 's performance .
At the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards , Beyoncé performed " Haunted " along with a medley of songs from her fifth studio album . It served as the second song of the set and it featured the singer dressed in a jeweled bodysuit . After concluding with " Mine " she announced " MTV , welcome to my world " and performed " Haunted " surrounded by smoke on stage . As she sang the song , Beyoncé was surrounded by dancers wearing bustiers , sleeves and face cages by fashion label Chromat . Nadeska Alexis of MTV News stated that the performance of the song was among the " most soul @-@ baring of the night " .
In March 2014 , " Haunted " was used during the screening of the film Fifty Shades of Grey at CinemaCon . On November 13 , 2014 , the song was used in the film 's second trailer .
= = Personnel = =
Credits adopted from the album 's liner notes and the singer 's official website .
Song credits
" Ghost " video credits
" Haunted " video credits
= = Charts = =
The song debuted at number 99 on the French Singles Chart on November 22 , 2014 . The following week , which also marked its last week on the chart , it fell to the position of 171 .
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= Battle of Fort Lahtzanit =
The Battle of Fort Lahtzanit took place on October 6 , 1973 , between the Egyptian Army and the Israel Defense Forces ( IDF ) . Part of the Egyptian @-@ initiated Operation Badr , the battle was one of the first of the Yom Kippur War , fought in and around Fort Lahtzanit , a fortification of the Bar Lev Line , located 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) south of Port Fouad in the Sinai Peninsula .
Commencing the battle with an artillery barrage against the fort , the Egyptians surrounded and isolated the fort prior to assaulting it . Firing ramps intended for Israeli tanks were occupied by Egyptian infantry , who defeated several Israeli attempts to reinforce the fort with armor . The Egyptians managed to breach the defenses and swiftly capture the fort , and proceeded to clear the bunkers , utilizing flamethrower teams . By nighttime , the fort was completely under Egyptian control .
= = Background = =
Operation Badr , an Egyptian military operation , had the objective of crossing the Suez Canal and seizing the Bar Lev line of fortifications . Three of these fortifications , codenamed Budapest , Orkal and Lahtzanit , fell within the area of operations of the Port Said Military Sector . Commanded by Major General Omar Khaled , the sector was a military command independent of the Egyptian Second Field Army to the south . The military sector incorporated the towns of Port Said and Port Fouad on the Mediterranean Sea and surrounding areas . Two independent infantry brigades , the 30th and 135th , were under the military sector 's command along with some coast guard units .
The commander of Fort Lahtzanit was Lieutenant Muli Malhov , who had served on the canal before . During the week leading up to the Yom Kippur War , Israeli patrols between Lahtzanit and Orkal discovered footprints coming from the canal and moving inwards , almost on a daily basis , indicating that the Egyptians were possibly sending men on long @-@ range intelligence missions , or to act as artillery observers . Two days before the outbreak of the war , Malhov expressed concern to his superior officer of the observations being made on the canal line , and that the forts would not stand a chance if they were attacked .
= = = Plan of attack = = =
The 30th Independent Infantry Brigade was tasked with capturing Fort Lahtzanit , located at the Kilometer 19 mark south of Port Fuoad . Fort Lahtzanit was surrounded by minefields and barbed wire to a depth of 600 metres ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) , and incorporated seven bunkers . The commander of the 30th Brigade , Colonel Mustafa el- ' Abassi , committed an infantry battalion to capture the Israeli fort . The battalion would cross at three different points , between an area 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) south and 1 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) north of the fort . Initially the battalion would encircle the fort and cut it off from north , east and south , before the battalion 's assault units would move to attack the fort from several directions . ' Abassi was also tasked with overseeing the defense of the Port Said Sector , and thus deployed two battalions on the west bank to defend against an Israeli naval landing or canal @-@ crossing . Additionally , ' Abassi was reinforced with a Sa 'iqa company ( lit. lightning ; Egyptian commandos ) . Per planning the company would cross the canal south of the fort , then advance eastward to seize a crossroads located eight kilometers east of the canal , while simultaneously working to intercept enemy reserves headed towards the fort .
= = Battle = =
= = = Isolation = = =
At 1 : 55 p.m. , just before the start of the war , a reconnaissance force swam to the east bank of the Suez Canal , two kilometers south of Fort Lahtzanit , and laid two ropes across the canal to facilitate the crossing of friendly forces . At 2 : 05 p.m. , as Operation Badr began , an artillery barrage was initiated against the fort using just the 85 mm guns and B @-@ 10 recoilless rifles of the brigade 's anti @-@ tank company ; the use of high trajectory artillery guns was forbidden since a number of Egyptian aircraft were flying over this area .
The troops tasked with isolating Fort Lahtzanit began crossing the canal in dinghies at 2 : 15 p.m .. Ten minutes later they reached the east bank and proceeded to climb the sand wall . They succeeded in attracting Israeli fire , thereby facilitating the main assault force in its mission to attack the fort later on . The troops tasked with isolating the fort from the east reached and occupied a firing ramp prepared for tanks , and raised the Egyptian flag over it . This severely demoralized the Israeli soldiers inside Fort Lahtzanit . Soon after the Sa 'iqa company ( less one platoon ) arrived at the firing ramp as well .
A reserve of eight M48 Patton tanks were pushed forward to reinforce the fort . They came up against the eastern isolation force , which destroyed one of the tanks at a range of 300 metres ( 980 ft ) . Another tank broke through the Egyptian position and proceeded immediately north towards Fort Orkal , but was destroyed at Kilometer 14 by the northern isolation force . The remaining tanks retreated eastwards to Baluza .
= = = Attack = = =
At around 2 : 50 p.m. , the B @-@ 10 rifles on the west bank managed to open a breach in the barbed wire surrounding the fort , and also destroyed other significant targets , such as the observation equipment . Meanwhile , combat engineers were breaching further openings using Bangalore torpedoes , under heavy small arms fire and hand grenades . The battalion 's main assault force was crossing at the same time . The main assault force then funneled through the breaches and entered the Israeli trenches . The Israeli command in Northern Sinai kept receiving frantic calls for help from the fort 's radio operator , and gunfire could also be heard . The Egyptians captured the southern sector of the fort by 3 : 05 p.m .. Five minutes later , the assault force moved against the northern sector of the fort . Within fifteen minutes , the Egyptians were in control of the fort . The power generator inside the fort was destroyed , and all electricity and communication lines leading to the fort were severed . At 3 : 30 p.m. , Maj. Gen. Khaled was informed that Lahtzanit had been seized and that Israeli soldiers had been captured . The Israelis reported losing radio contact with the fort at around 4 : 00 p.m.
The Egyptians proceeded to clear the bunkers . They utilized flamethrower teams , which had a visible psychological impact on the fort 's garrison . At one point , the Egyptians , with the help of a wounded Israeli prisoner , managed to secure a bunker by convincing the panicked Israelis inside to come out and surrender . Soon after losing contact with the fort , the Israelis attempted to reach it once more . By this time , Malhov was dead . A group of tanks from Baluza advanced to Lahtzanit , but the Sa 'iqa company occupying the firing ramp managed to destroy two tanks , forcing the remainder to retreat . Another group of tanks and half @-@ tracks tried to break through the southern isolation force , but were ambushed and withdrew after losing a tank .
At 4 : 00 p.m. , two anti @-@ tank teams joined the Sa 'iqa company on the firing ramp . Both teams , along with the company , were ordered to advance eastward and seize the crossroads . At around 5 : 00 p.m. , the Israeli Air Force began attacking Egyptian forces in the fort and on the west bank of the canal . One group of four aircraft attempted to bomb the fort ; the first aircraft dropped its payload of seven bombs , then descended to a low altitude to escape anti @-@ aircraft fire . An anti @-@ air platoon at the Kilometer 17 mark soon shot down an Israeli aircraft ( either a Mirage III or an A @-@ 4 Skyhawk ) with a Strela 2 missile , destroying it . Between 6 : 00 and 7 : 00 p.m. all bunkers and troop shelters inside the fort were cleared , and the Egyptians transferred 26 Israeli prisoners to the west bank of the canal , and thereafter transferred them to Port Said for intelligence gathering . The Israelis concentrated heavy artillery fire against the fort , once they were sure it had been captured by the Egyptians .
At 9 : 30 p.m. , the Sa 'iqa company reported an Israeli armored column advancing towards the fort . Two Egyptian tanks on the west bank opened fire , forcing the Israeli tanks and armored vehicles to withdraw . The company continued eastwards , eventually reaching the crossroads , facing no resistance along the way . With the reinforcing anti @-@ tank teams , the company established defensive positions , and el- ' Abassi dispatched patrols to secure the roads leading to the fort .
= = Aftermath = =
Fort Lahtzanit was the first defensive fortification of the Bar Lev Line to be captured , over one hour after the start of the assault . Israeli casualties were 60 killed and 26 captured ; Egyptian losses were 23 killed , including one officer , and 7 wounded , including two officers . The most important factor leading to the capture of the fort was its isolation on all sides , and the speed with which the infantry reached and seized the firing ramp east of the fort before Israeli tanks occupied it . In contrast to the capture of Fort Lahtzanit , the attempt to capture Fort Orkal by the 135th Brigade went awry , and el- ' Abassi was forced to commit a reserve infantry company on the west bank to help seize the fort . The company crossed at 4 : 00 p.m. on October 6 , and the following day Fort Orkal was captured .
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= Are You Experienced =
Are You Experienced is the debut studio album by English @-@ American rock band the Jimi Hendrix Experience . Released in 1967 , the LP was an immediate critical and commercial success , and it is widely regarded as one of the greatest debuts in the history of rock music . The album features Jimi Hendrix 's innovative approach to songwriting and electric guitar playing which soon established a new direction in psychedelic and hard rock music .
By mid @-@ 1966 , Hendrix was struggling to earn a living playing the R & B circuit as a backing guitarist . After being referred to Chas Chandler , who was leaving the Animals and interested in managing and producing artists , Hendrix was signed to a management and production contract with Chandler and ex @-@ Animals manager Michael Jeffery . Chandler brought Hendrix to London and began recruiting members for a band designed to showcase the guitarist 's talents , the Jimi Hendrix Experience . In late October , after having been rejected by Decca Records , the Experience signed with Track , a new label formed by the Who 's managers Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp .
Are You Experienced and its preceding singles were recorded over a five @-@ month period from late October 1966 through early April 1967 . The album was completed in sixteen recording sessions at three London locations , including De Lane Lea Studios , CBS , and Olympic . Released in the UK on May 12 , 1967 , Are You Experienced spent 33 weeks on the charts , peaking at number two . The album was issued in the US on August 23 by Reprise Records , where it reached number five on the Billboard 200 , remaining on the chart for 106 weeks , 27 of those in the Top 40 . The album also spent 70 weeks on the US Billboard R & B chart , where it peaked at # 10 . The US version contained some of Hendrix 's best known songs , including the Experience 's first three singles , which , though omitted from the British edition of the LP , were top ten hits in the UK : " Purple Haze " , " Hey Joe " , and " The Wind Cries Mary " .
In 2005 , Rolling Stone ranked Are You Experienced fifteenth on its list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . They placed four songs from the album on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time : " Purple Haze " ( 17 ) , " Foxy Lady " ( 153 ) , " Hey Joe " ( 201 ) , and " The Wind Cries Mary " ( 379 ) . That same year , the record was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress in recognition of its cultural significance to be added to the National Recording Registry . Writer and archivist Rueben Jackson of the Smithsonian Institution wrote : " it 's still a landmark recording because it is of the rock , R & B , blues ... musical tradition . It altered the syntax of the music ... in a way I compare to James Joyce 's Ulysses . "
= = Background = =
By May 1966 , Jimi Hendrix was struggling to earn a living playing the R & B circuit as a back @-@ up guitarist . During a performance at one of New York City 's most popular nightspots , the Cheetah Club , he was noticed by Linda Keith , the girlfriend of Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards . Soon afterward , Hendrix relocated to the city 's Greenwich Village and began a residency at the Cafe Wha ? fronting his own band , Jimmy James and the Blue Flames . Keith recommended Hendrix to Stones manager Andrew Loog Oldham and producer Seymour Stein . They failed to see Hendrix 's musical potential , and rejected him . She then referred him to Chas Chandler , who was leaving the Animals and interested in managing and producing artists . Chandler liked the Billy Roberts song " Hey Joe " , and was convinced he could create a hit single with the right artist . Impressed with Hendrix 's live version of the song with his band , he brought him to London on September 24 , 1966 , and signed him to a management and production contract with himself and ex @-@ Animals manager Michael Jeffery .
Immediately following Hendrix 's arrival in London , Chandler began recruiting members for a band designed to showcase the guitarist 's talents , the Jimi Hendrix Experience . Hendrix met the guitarist Noel Redding at an audition for the New Animals , where Redding 's knowledge of blues progressions impressed Hendrix . Chandler asked Redding if he wanted to play bass guitar in Hendrix 's band ; Redding agreed . Chandler then began looking for a drummer and soon after , he contacted Mitch Mitchell through a mutual friend . Mitchell , who had recently been fired from Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames , participated in a rehearsal with Redding and Hendrix where they bonded over their shared interest in rhythm and blues . When Chandler phoned Mitchell later that day to offer him the position , he readily accepted . In late October , after having been rejected by Decca Records , the Experience signed with Track , a new label formed by the Who 's managers Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp .
= = Recording = =
Are You Experienced and its preceding singles were recorded over a five @-@ month period from late October 1966 through early April 1967 . The album was completed in sixteen recording sessions at three London locations , including De Lane Lea Studios , CBS , and Olympic . Chandler booked many of the sessions at Olympic because the facility was acoustically superior and equipped with most of the latest technology , though it was still using four @-@ track recorders , whereas American studios were using eight @-@ track .
Chandler 's budget was limited , so in an effort to reduce expenditures he and Hendrix completed much of the album 's pre @-@ production work at their shared apartment . From the start , Chandler intentionally minimized the creative input of Mitchell and Redding . He later explained : " I wasn 't concerned that Mitch or Noel might feel that they weren 't having enough — or any — say ... I had been touring and recording in a band for years , and I 'd seen everything end as a compromise . Nobody ended up doing what they really wanted to do . I was not going to let that happen with Jimi . " When the Experience began studio rehearsals , Hendrix already had the chord sequences and tempos worked @-@ out for Mitchell , and Chandler would direct Redding 's bass parts .
= = = October to December 1966 = = =
Chandler and the Experience found time to record between performances in Europe . They began on October 23 , recording " Hey Joe " at De Lane Lea Studios , with Chandler as producer and Dave Siddle as engineer . The song featured backing vocals by the Breakaways . Soon after the session began , Chandler asked Hendrix to turn his guitar amplifier down , and an argument ensued . Chandler commented : " Jimi threw a tantrum because I wouldn 't let him play guitar loud enough ... He was playing a Marshall twin stack , and it was so loud in the studio that we were picking up various rattles and noises . " According to Chandler , Hendrix then threatened to leave England , stating : " If I can 't play as loud as I want , I might as well go back to New York . " Chandler , who had Hendrix 's immigration papers and passport in his back pocket , laid the documents on the mixing console and told Hendrix to " piss off " . Hendrix laughed and said : " All right , you called my bluff " , and they got back to work . Redding wrote in his diary that they completed two songs during the October 23 session , but the second one has never been positively identified . Author Sean Egan speculated that it might have been Howlin ' Wolf 's " Killing Floor " or Wilson Pickett 's " Land of a Thousand Dances " . Chandler decided that they should use an Experience original for the B @-@ side of the single , so he encouraged Hendrix to start writing ; he composed his first Experience song , " Stone Free " , the following day . Chandler , in an effort to minimize studio expenses , purchased rehearsal time at the Aberbach House in London . He abandoned this practice after realizing how quickly the group could learn songs while warming @-@ up in the studio . On November 2 , 1966 , the Experience returned to De Lane Lea to continue work on their first single . During the session , they recorded " Stone Free " and a demo version of " Can You See Me " . This marked the first time that the Experience recorded a song that was eventually included on the original UK release of the album .
Chandler had been dissatisfied with the sound quality at De Lane Lea , so he took the advice of Kit Lambert and booked time at CBS Studios . On December 13 , 1966 , after taking a five @-@ week break from recording while they performed in Europe , the Experience reconvened at CBS . Assisted by engineer Mike Ross , the band were especially productive during the session , recording instrumentation and vocals for " Foxy Lady " and basic instrumental tracks for " Love or Confusion " , " Can You See Me " , and " Third Stone from the Sun " . Ross recalled the impact of Hendrix 's Marshall stacks : " It was so loud you couldn 't stand in the studio ... I 'd never heard anything like it in my life . " When Ross asked Hendrix where he would like the microphone placed Hendrix replied : " Oh , man , just put a mic about twelve feet away on the other side of the studio . It 'll sound great . " Ross agreed , and with a Neumann U87 tube mic he recorded Hendrix 's guitar playing in a large room that , according to Ross , " was absolutely vital to the uniquely powerful Experience sound . " Ross noted that input from Mitchell and Redding was minimized , and he asserted that Chandler was clearly " the one in charge " of the sessions . The band played together live at CBS ; the lead and backup vocals were overdubbed . Despite his dwindling finances , Chandler encouraged the Experience to record numerous takes of a song , affording them the luxury of repeated attempts at a satisfactory recording . With a live instrument track as the foundation of the recordings , they eschewed the common practice of piecing together parts of several takes to make one continuous piece . After the December 13 recording session , the band made their television debut , on Britain 's Ready Steady Go !
On December 15 , 1966 , finishing touches were made on the four rhythm tracks that were recorded the previous session . Although Chandler enjoyed working at CBS and he appreciated the high @-@ quality of the recordings they made there , he ended his professional connection with the studio after a disagreement between him and owner Jake Levy over his failure to make payment . Chandler had planned to pay Levy for the sessions after the album was completed , but Levy demanded payment upfront . Chandler viewed this as an unreasonable expectation , and he vowed that he would never again do business with CBS . The fifth and final song recorded there was " Red House " . As stereophonic sound was not yet popular among music fans , these recordings were all monaural mixes ; Ross explained : " back then ... mono was king . All the effort went into the mono . " He estimated that they spent no more than 30 minutes mixing any one track .
The first Experience single , with " Hey Joe " as the A @-@ side and " Stone Free " as the B @-@ side , was released in the UK on December 16 , 1966 . Track Records was not yet operational , so their distributor , Polydor Records , issued the single with their logo . It reached number six on the UK chart in early 1967 . On December 21 , 1966 , Chandler and the Experience returned to De Lane Lea with Dave Siddle as engineer . They recorded two alternate versions of " Red House " and began work on " Remember " ; both tracks were significantly re @-@ worked in April 1967 at Olympic Studios .
= = = January to April 1967 = = =
= = = = January = = = =
After a three @-@ week break from recording while they played gigs in England , including a December 29 appearance on Top of the Pops , the Experience reconvened at De Lane Lea on January 11 , 1967 . As " Hey Joe " was gaining chart momentum in the UK , they began working on their second single , which featured Hendrix 's second songwriting effort , " Purple Haze " , as its A @-@ side . The track presented a more complex arrangement than the band 's previous recordings , and required four hours of studio time to complete , which Chandler considered extravagant . The session was the first time that he and the group had experimented with guitar effects . Acoustic engineer Roger Mayer introduced Hendrix to the Octavia , an octave @-@ doubling effect pedal , in December 1966 , and he first recorded with the effect during the guitar solo of " Purple Haze " . When Track Records sent the master tapes for " Purple Haze " to Reprise for remastering , they wrote on the tape box : " Deliberate distortion . Do not correct . "
On January 11 , 1967 , the Experience worked on their second A @-@ side , " The Wind Cries Mary " , a song that marked their first use of overdubbing in lieu of retakes as a method of achieving a satisfactory track . Chandler explained : " There were five guitar overdubs all linking in together to sound like one guitar . " The song , which Redding and Mitchell had not yet heard before that day , was completed during the session . Chandler had decided that they should discard the rough version of " Third Stone from the Sun " from December 13 and re @-@ record the song ; they completed a basic track for the piece , but were unable to achieve a finished master . The group managed to produce an acceptable live recording of the basic track for " Fire " after seven takes . Next , they attempted Hendrix 's newly written ballad , " The Wind Cries Mary " . Without the benefit of rehearsals , the band recorded the song in one take , to which Hendrix added several guitar overdubs ; Chandler estimated that they spent approximately 20 minutes on the completed rhythm track . According to Chandler , by this time Redding and Mitchell had begun to complain about their limited input . Chandler explained that financial considerations influenced the creative dynamic : " [ They ] were sort of fighting the fact that they had no say during recording sessions ... they were starting to come up with suggestions , but ... We didn 't need to be arguing with Noel for ten minutes and Mitch for five ... We just couldn 't afford the time . "
Between January 12 and February 2 , 1967 , the Experience took a break from recording while they played 20 dates in England , including a second appearance on Top of the Pops , on January 18 . Chandler was dissatisfied with the sound quality of the January 11 recordings and frustrated by the large number of noise complaints that they had received from people living and working near De Lane Lea . He explained : " There was a bank above the studio ... and it was at the time when computers were just coming in ... we would play so loud that it would foul up the computers upstairs . " Brian Jones and Bill Wyman of the Rolling Stones encouraged Chandler to try Olympic Studios , which was considered the top independent London studio . Despite the growing chart success of their first single , Chandler 's money problems persisted . Olympic required advance payment for studio time , but Polydor had not yet released any funds to Track for disbursement . When Chandler went to Polydor asking for relief they responded by guaranteeing him a line of credit at Olympic .
= = = = February = = = =
With his budget concerns alleviated , Chandler booked time at Olympic , where on February 3 , 1967 , he and the Experience met sound engineer Eddie Kramer . During Kramer 's first session with the group , he deviated from the standard recording method that they had been using at CBS and De Lane Lea , which was to record bass and drums in mono on two tracks . He instead recorded Mitchell 's drums on two tracks in stereo , leaving the remaining two tracks available for Redding 's bass and rhythm guitar parts played by Hendrix . Kramer 's unorthodox approach , which was inspired by Hendrix 's complaints regarding the limitations of four @-@ track recordings , captured the live sound of the band using all four available tracks . Kramer and Chandler then pre @-@ mixed and reduced the first four tracks down to two , making two more tracks available for lead guitar overdubs and vocals . This method satisfied both Hendrix 's perfectionism and Chandler 's desire to reduce the number of takes required for a satisfactory rhythm track , thus minimizing their expenses . Another change instigated by Kramer was the use of a mixture of close and distant microphone placements when recording Hendrix 's guitar parts whereas , during previous sessions , the microphones had been placed about twelve feet away from Hendrix 's amplifiers . In addition to the usual choices , Kramer used Beyer M1 60 ribbon microphones , which were typically not used to record loud music .
During the February 3 , 1967 , session at Olympic , the Experience improved the January 11 master tape of " Purple Haze " by re @-@ recording the vocal and lead guitar parts , and adding another Octavia guitar overdub , which was sped @-@ up and panned at the end of the song . The group reconvened at Olympic on February 7 , continuing their work on " Purple Haze " by recording Hendrix 's rhythm guitar and vocal parts , as well as Redding 's background vocals . They spent time overdubbing ambient background sounds by playing tapes through a set of headphones that were held near a microphone , creating an echo effect as the headphones were moved closer ; they completed a final mix of " Purple Haze " the following day . During the session , they worked on the De Lane Lea master tape of " Fire " , replacing everything except Redding 's bass line , which he double @-@ tracked in an effort to accentuate the recording 's lower frequencies . Kramer placed the second bass line on a dedicated track and blended Redding 's original bass line with Mitchell 's newly recorded drum part . They also recorded Mitchell and Redding 's backing vocals . " Foxy Lady " was also reworked on February 8 ; Redding recorded a new bass line and Hendrix and Mitchell added overdubs to their existing parts . After recording backing vocals by Redding and lead vocals from Hendrix , Kramer prepared the song 's final mix .
Hendrix was not as confident a singer as he was a guitarist , and because he strongly disliked anyone watching him sing he asked the engineers at Olympic to construct a privacy barrier between him and the control room . This created problems when the studio lights were low , and the engineers were unable to see him , making his visual cues and prompts difficult to communicate . As was the case at De Lane Lea , Hendrix 's penchant for using multiple amplifiers at extreme volume drew criticism and complaints from the people living and working near to the studio . Olympic tape operator George Chkiantz recalled : " Sometimes , it got so loud we 'd turn the [ control booth ] monitors off and there was really very little difference . " Chkiantz noted that reactions to Hendrix 's music were not always positive : " I seem to recall a lot of musicians , a lot of people , saying , ' I can 't see what all the fuss is about myself ' , or ' I don 't know how you listen to all that noise ; I 'd be scared to work with him ' ... Chas was convinced that he was on to something . Not everyone was convinced that Chas was right . " Another issue that complicated the sessions were the large number of female fans who would show up at the studio wanting to watch the Experience record . As a habit , Hendrix would indiscriminately tell people where we would be on any given day , which led to large groups of fans following him everywhere . Olympic employees were tasked with keeping them under control and at a safe distance so as to not unduly burden the recording process . Chkiantz commented : " It was extraordinary . I worked with the Stones . I worked with the Beatles . I worked with Led Zeppelin . I was not as jumpy ; it was not as difficult as with Hendrix . It was something of an open house . Hendrix was not difficult at all , but I personally would have preferred not to have loads of girls lurking in the woodwork . "
On February 20 , 1967 , the Experience continued working on Are You Experienced , but scheduling conflicts at Olympic led Chandler to book time at De Lane Lea . During the session they recorded " I Don 't Live Today " , which featured a manual wah effect that predated the pedal unit . They managed to complete a working master by the end of the day , though Hendrix eventually recorded a new lead vocal at Olympic .
= = = = March and April = = = =
The Experience took a week break from recording while playing gigs in England , and returned to De Lane Lea on March 1 , 1967 , to attempt a studio recording of Bob Dylan 's " Like a Rolling Stone " . Although the song had long been a staple of the group 's live show , they failed to achieve an acceptable basic track , owing mostly to Mitchell 's inability to keep consistent time during the session .
The second Experience single , " Purple Haze " / " 51st Anniversary " , was released on March 1 . It entered the UK singles chart on the 23rd , peaking at number three . During that month , the band took another long break from recording while they played gigs in Belgium , Germany , and England , including appearances on the UK television show Dee Time and the BBC radio show Saturday Club . Scheduling conflicts at Olympic led Chandler to book a March 29 session at De Lane Lea . On this date the band worked on another newly written Hendrix composition , " Manic Depression " ; they finished a rough mix by the end of the session that was later rejected in favor of a re @-@ mix completed at Olympic . On April 3 , the Experience returned to Olympic , adding overdubs and completing final mixes on several unfinished masters . During the eight @-@ hour session , the band recorded three new songs , including " Highway Chile " , " May This Be Love " , and " Are You Experienced ? " . As the album 's title track featured backwards rhythm guitar , bass , and drums , replication of the beat caused Mitchell some consternation when attempting the song live . Chandler completed final mixes for " I Don 't Live Today " , " Are You Experienced ? " , and " May This Be Love " before the end of a session that Kramer described as " very organized . "
In an effort to free @-@ up space for Hendrix 's lead vocals , further reduction mixing was completed for " Are You Experienced ? " during a session at Olympic on April 4 , 1967 . With the title track complete , the Experience shifted their focus to the January 11 rough demo of " Third Stone from the Sun " . Chandler decided that they should discard the original De Lane Lea tape and record a new version of the song . During the session , Kramer prepared a reduction mix of " Highway Chile " , which made two tracks available for Hendrix 's lead guitar and vocal overdubs . Though stereo and mono mixes were completed for the song , Chandler preferred the mono version , which he paired with " The Wind Cries Mary " for release as the group 's third UK single . A reduction mix was prepared for " Love or Confusion " , and Hendrix took advantage of the newly vacant tracks by adding lead guitar and vocals . A final mix was completed before the end of the session . On April 5 , Chandler participated in a mastering session at Rye Muse Studios for " Highway Chile " and " The Wind Cries Mary " , during which preparations were made so that Track could begin manufacturing vinyls . On the 10th , he and the Experience returned to Olympic , spending the bulk of the session on editing dialogue segments for " Third Stone from the Sun " , which were then slowed down and mixed into the song . Kramer concentrated his efforts on the song 's complicated mix : " The song was like a watercolor painting ... each track was composed of four , fairly dense composite images . "
After the April 10 , 1967 , recording session , the Experience spent the next two weeks playing shows and attending promotional appearances in England , including a spot on the BBC television program Monday Monday and BBC2 's Late Night Line @-@ Up . Chandler , Hendrix , and Kramer completed the final mixing of Are You Experienced at Olympic by 3 a.m. on April 25 . Chandler had agreed to audition the finished LP for Polydor 's head of A & R , Horst Schmaltze , at 11 a.m. , so after a couple hours of sleep he prepared a suitable vinyl demo and traveled to Polydor . Chandler recalled : " As Horst started to put the needle on the record , I broke out in a cold sweat , thinking ... when he hears this , he 's going to order the men in white coats to take me away ... Horst played the first side through and didn 't say a word . Then he turned the disk over and played the other side . I started thinking about how I was going to talk my way out of this . At the end of the second side , he just sat there . Finally , he said , ' This is brilliant . This is the greatest thing I 've ever heard . ' " Horst immediately became an ardent supporter of the album and the band , championing the marketing and distribution of their debut LP .
= = Music and lyrics = =
According to Hendrix biographer Harry Shapiro , the music on Are You Experienced incorporates a variety of music genres from rhythm and blues to free jazz ; author Peter Doggett noted its " wide variety of styles " , while journalist Chris Welch said " each track has a different personality " . Musicologist Gilbert Chase asserted that the album " marked a high peak in hard rock " , and music critic Jim DeRogatis characterized the LP and its preceding singles as " raw , focused psychedelic rock " . A contemporary review published in Newsweek in October 1967 identified the influence of soul music on the Experience and the album . In 1989 , Hit Parader magazine ranked it number 35 in a list of the top 100 heavy metal albums . In 2006 , writer and archivist Rueben Jackson of the Smithsonian Institution wrote : " it 's still a landmark recording because it is of the rock , R & B , blues ... musical tradition . It altered the syntax of the music ... in a way I compare to , say , James Joyce 's Ulysses . "
Included on the UK edition of Are You Experienced were two tracks that represented the music Hendrix had played in the US before the formation of the Experience : the blues track " Red House " and the rhythm and blues song " Remember " . The album 's psychedelic title track , which author Sean Egan described as impressionistic , featured the post @-@ modern soundscapes of backwards guitar and drums that pre @-@ date scratching by 10 years . Musicologist Ritchie Unterberger considers the lyrics to " I Don 't Live Today " to be more at home in a gothic rock setting than in psychedelia , however ; he describes the music as being " played and sung with an ebullience that belies the darkness of the lyrics . " The song 's tribal rhythms served as a platform for Hendrix 's innovative guitar feedback improvisations . Whereas " Fire " is a funk and soul hybrid driven by Mitchell 's drumming , " May This Be Love " and " The Wind Cries Mary " are soft ballads that demonstrate Hendrix 's ability to write thoughtful lyrics and subtle melodies . The influence of raga rock can be heard in his sitar @-@ like guitar solo on " Love or Confusion " . " Can You See Me " is an uptempo rocker that features Hendrix 's double tracked vocals and his use of a one @-@ note bend in the style of Hank Marvin . Although " Hey Joe " is a folk song , and the only cover on the album , it would become one of Hendrix 's most requested tracks .
The UK edition of Are You Experienced opened with " Foxy Lady " , a track that , with the exception of a few overdubs , was recorded in one session at CBS . Hendrix wrote the song about Heather Taylor , a highly desirable London socialite who later married the Who 's Roger Daltrey . It begins with the fade @-@ in of an F note that Hendrix is bending @-@ up to F ♯ while applying generous finger vibrato . Using his guitar 's control knob , he slowly increases volume until an audio feedback loop develops and he slides into the song 's dominant F ♯ m7 chord . Hendrix used a combination of natural amplifier overdrive and fuzz box effects units to create the song 's razor @-@ sharp guitar tone . Its blues – inspired solo — his fourth since arriving in England — used pentatonic scales while showcasing his innovative approach to melody ; by exploiting the increased sustain created by overdriving his amplifiers , he moved seamlessly between the middle and high registers with a fluid , singing tone . While author Peter Doggett compared its slow beat to Memphis soul , David Stubbs described the track as a prototype for heavy metal bands such as Black Sabbath .
Although the lyrics to " Purple Haze " , which opened the US edition of Are You Experienced , are often misinterpreted as describing an acid trip , Hendrix explained : " [ It ] was all about a dream I had that I was walking under the sea . " He speculated that the dream may have been inspired by a science fiction story about a purple death ray . Redding stated that Hendrix had not yet taken LSD at the time of the song 's writing , which was after a gig in London on December 26 , 1966 . The first draft of the lyrics was exceedingly long , so Chandler and Hendrix reduced its length to something appropriate for mainstream pop music . It opens with a guitar / bass harmony in the interval of a tritone that was known as the diabolus in musica during the time of the Spanish Inquisition . The Catholic Church prohibited medieval composers of religious music from using the tritone , or flattened fifth , because as musicologist Dave Whitehill wrote : " to play it was like ringing Satan 's doorbell . " In the opinion of the author Ritchie Unterberger , the opening riff has " become a permanent part of rock 's vocabulary . " Whereas Rolling Stone described the song as the beginning of late @-@ 60s psychedelia , the authors Harry Shapiro and Caesar Glebbeek identified Hendrix 's use of R & B , funk , and soul elements in the track .
In 1967 , Hendrix told the journalist Keith Altham that " Third Stone from the Sun " is about a visiting space alien who , upon evaluation of the human species , decides that people are not fit to rule Earth , destroys their civilization , and places the planet in the care of chickens . The song is composed of two contrasting sections , one that features a jazzy guitar melody played in the style of Wes Montgomery over a straightforward rock tempo , and another that showcases Hendrix 's free @-@ form mixolydian mode guitar lines with a jazz beat . The track contains no proper vocals , instead using spoken words played at half @-@ speed to invoke images of interstellar space travel . In addition to jazz elements , Unterberger identified Hendrix 's use of surf music motifs in the track that are reminiscent of earlier works by the Ventures , a group from the Pacific Northwest that Hendrix would have heard during his childhood .
Hendrix described " Manic Depression " as " ugly times music " ; during a live performance he explained the meaning of the lyrics : " It 's a story about a cat wishing he could make love to music instead of the same old everyday woman . " The song is unusual in that its written in triple meter , or 3 / 4 time , which is the time signature commonly associated with a waltz , whereas most rock music is written in 4 / 4 . Although his delivery is rock oriented , Mitchell 's drumming on the track is reminiscent of Elvin Jones 's fluid jazz patterns . Musicologist Andy Aledort noted Hendrix 's " dramatic use of chromaticism " during the song 's opening bars and the " heavily vibratoed unison bends " that presage what he described as one of Hendrix 's best guitar solos .
" The Wind Cries Mary " is the first ballad recorded by the Experience ; Hendrix wrote the lyrics after an argument with his girlfriend , Kathy Etchingham , whose middle name is Mary . She explained : " I smashed plates on the floor , [ and ] he swept them up . He locked me in the bathroom for absolutely ages and ... eventually Chas 's girlfriend Lotta let me out ... I ran out to get a taxi and was standing under the traffic lights , and I had red hair and a red dress . I went back after I 'd cooled down and he 'd already written it . " The song featured a chord progression inspired by Curtis Mayfield and lyrics that reflected Hendrix 's admiration of Bob Dylan . " Stone Free " expressed Hendrix 's desire to preserve his personal freedom , demurring the concepts of conformity and long @-@ term relationships . He revisited this theme in " 51st Anniversary " and " Highway Chile " . Omitted from the American version of the album , " Red House " would not see an official release in US until the 1969 compilation , Smash Hits . An unusual feature of the recording is that it does not include a bass guitar track ; Redding instead played rhythm guitar with his equalization set strongly in favor of bass tones . It is Hendrix 's only original twelve @-@ bar blues .
= = Album cover = =
Chris Stamp designed the cover of the UK version of Are You Experienced , which featured a picture of Hendrix , Mitchell , and Redding by Bruce Fleming . The image shows Hendrix wearing a long dark cape while standing over Mitchell and Redding , striking what Egan described as a " Dracula @-@ esque pose " . Chandler contacted Fleming based on the photographer 's previous work with the Hollies , the Dave Clark Five , and the Animals . The photo shoot took place in February after Fleming had attended several recording sessions and Experience gigs . Chandler made a point of requesting that the band member 's faces be clearly visible in the photograph ; Fleming explained : " [ Album covers ] got much more esoteric as time went on , but to establish the artist we had to get their faces across so the kids would recognize them . " He took monochrome and color shots of the band ; Track selected an image from the latter group . Fleming had indicated which picture he preferred they use , marking the shot with a cross , but after the album 's release he realized that they had selected another , less desirable image . According to Fleming , the shot that he chose was " more sinister ; more interesting " . Stamp hired graphic artist Alan Aldridge to design the sleeve 's psychedelic lettering . Track inexplicably put only the album 's title on the cover , omitting the band 's name ; Polydor issued the release throughout Europe with Hendrix 's name printed at the top in matching font . The cover art 's combination of dull green and brown tones , juxtaposed with the jocular nature of the subject 's pose , created a weak overall visual impression ; Stamp commented : " It 's not a great cover at all . Hopefully , we made up for that in all the other covers . "
Hendrix disliked the UK cover of Are You Experienced , so arrangements were made for a photo shoot with graphic designer Karl Ferris . Hendrix wanted " something psychedelic " , so he requested Ferris because he appreciated the photographer 's sleeve @-@ work on the Hollies June 1967 release , Evolution . During a meeting with the band , Ferris told Hendrix that he wanted to hear more of their music from which to draw inspiration . They accommodated his request by allowing him to attend several sessions for their second album , Axis : Bold as Love . Ferris brought home tapes from the sessions , which along with Are You Experienced he listened to intently . His first impression of the music was that it was " so far out that it seemed to come from outer space " , which inspired him to develop a backstory about a " group travelling through space in a Biosphere on their way to bring their unworldly space music to earth . " With this concept in mind , he took color photographs of the band at Kew Gardens in London , using a fisheye lens which was then popular in Mod sub @-@ culture . Ferris used what Egan described as " an infrared technique of his own invention which combined color reversal with heat signature " , further enhancing the exotic nature of the image . Ferris was an experienced fashion photographer , and his interest in the finer details of his covers led him to choose the band 's wardrobe . After seeing Hendrix with his hair combed away from the scalp , Ferris requested that he wear it that way during the photo shoot . Hendrix 's girlfriend , Kathy Etchingham , trimmed his hair to improve its symmetry , forming an afro that became the basis of a homogenized Experience image . Redding and Mitchell liked Hendrix 's new hairstyle , so Ferris hired a hairdresser to style their hair in a similar fashion . After purchasing clothing for Redding and Mitchell at the boutiques on King 's Road — Hendrix wore clothes from his wardrobe , including a psychedelic jacket with a pair of eyes printed on the front which had been given to him by a fan — the Experience travelled to Kew Gardens . In an effort to focus on Hendrix 's hands , Ferris shot the band at a low angle . The daylight faded soon after their arrival at the garden , so they returned the following day for a second shoot , which was not needed ; the image selected for the US cover of Are You Experienced was the first shot taken the previous day . Ferris chose the cover 's yellow background and its surreal lettering , and he intended for a textured gatefold jacket that Reprise , as a cost @-@ saving measure , did not approve .
= = Release = =
= = = Europe = = =
The third Experience single , " The Wind Cries Mary " backed by " Highway Chile " , was released in the UK on May 5 , 1967 , while " Purple Haze " occupied the number three spot in the charts . The management 's decision to release the single while the previous one was still present in the UK charts was unorthodox , as was the choice of " The Wind Cries Mary " , which differed greatly from " Purple Haze " . Stamp recalled : " We did that on purpose ... We wanted musically to show who this person was . " Egan wrote : " It alerted the public to the fact that the so @-@ called Wild Man of Borneo was capable of songs of delicacy and sensitivity . " " The Wind Cries Mary " reached number six in the UK in May .
Track Records released Are You Experienced in the UK on May 12 , 1967 . It entered the charts on May 27 , where it spent 33 weeks , peaking at number two . It remained in the charts long enough that it was still present when the Experience released their second album , Axis : Bold as Love . The album , which was released in the UK without the first three singles , was prevented from reaching the top spot by the Beatles ' Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band .
= = = North America = = =
Although popular in Europe at the time , the Experience 's first US single , " Hey Joe " , failed to reach the Billboard Hot 100 chart upon its release on May 1 , 1967 . The group 's fortunes improved when Paul McCartney recommended them to the organizers of the Monterey Pop Festival . He insisted that the event would be incomplete without Hendrix , whom he called " an absolute ace on the guitar " , and he agreed to join the board of organizers on the condition that the Experience perform at the festival in mid @-@ June . During the climax of the festival , which was filmed by D. A. Pennebaker for the documentary Monterey Pop , Hendrix burned and smashed his guitar on stage for dramatic effect .
After the show @-@ stealing performance , Reprise Records agreed to distribute Are You Experienced . However , despite the increased awareness that the Experience 's performance at Monterey provided , the second Experience single , " Purple Haze " / " The Wind Cries Mary " , released in the US on August 16 , 1967 , stalled at number 65 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Although the single performed poorly in the US charts , its presence on underground FM radio stations , which were transitioning from easy listening and classical music formats to album cuts , significantly aided sales of the LP . Reprise allocated a $ 20 @,@ 000 promotional budget for the LP , which was an unprecedented amount for an unproven artist . Released in the US on August 23 by Reprise , Are You Experienced reached number five on the Billboard 200 . The album remained on Billboard 's album chart for 106 weeks , 27 of those in the Top 40 . The North American edition of Are You Experienced featured a new cover by Karl Ferris and a new track list , with Reprise omitting " Red House " , " Remember " , and " Can You See Me " , and including the first three A @-@ sides omitted from the UK release : " Hey Joe " , " Purple Haze " , and " The Wind Cries Mary " .
= = Reception and legacy = =
Music critics widely regard Are You Experienced as one of the greatest debut albums in the history of rock and roll . An immediate commercial success , within seven months of its release it had sold more than one million copies . Melody Maker praised the work 's artistic integrity and the Experience 's varied use of tempo . NME 's Keith Altham said it is " a brave effort by Hendrix to produce a musical form which is original and exciting " . However , not all contemporary writers gave the LP a favorable review ; in November 1967 , Rolling Stone 's Jon Landau wrote that although he considered Hendrix a " great guitarist and a brilliant arranger " , he disapproved of his singing and songwriting . He criticized the quality of the material and described the lyrics as inane : " Above all this record is unrelentingly violent , and lyrically , inartistically violent at that . "
Journalist Ritchie Unterberger described Are You Experienced as " one of the definitive albums of the psychedelic era . " In the opinion of author Chris Smith , the release was " a landmark in a summer of landmark albums " . Noe Goldwasser , the founding editor of Guitar World magazine , called it " a veritable textbook of what a musician can do with his instrument " and " the measure by which everything ... in rock and roll has been compared since . " According to music journalist Charles Shaar Murray , the album " completely changed notions of what a guitar could sound like , or indeed , what music could sound like " , while The Miami Herald credited Are You Experienced with introducing acid rock , classic rock , and the guitar aesthetic of heavy metal . Critic Robert Christgau called it a " bombshell debut " in his review for Blender and said its songs were innovative for how they utilized three @-@ minute pop structures as a medium for Hendrix 's unprecedentedly heavy and turbulent guitar and loud , powerful hooks , which greatly appealed to young listeners .
Mojo magazine listed Are You Experienced as the greatest guitar album of all time . Rolling Stone called the double @-@ platinum LP Hendrix 's " epochal debut " , and they ranked it number fifteen on their list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time , noting his " exploitation of amp howl " , and characterizing his guitar playing as " incendiary ... historic in itself " . They ranked it as the number three debut album of all time , crediting it as the LP " that established the transcendent promise of psychedelia " , stating : " Every idea we have of the guitarist as groundbreaking individual artist comes from this record . " They placed four songs from the album on their list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time : " Purple Haze " ( 17 ) , " Foxy Lady " ( 153 ) , " Hey Joe " ( 201 ) , and " The Wind Cries Mary " ( 379 ) . In 2005 , Are You Experienced was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry , which selects recordings annually that are " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " .
= = Track listing = =
Since the first release of Are You Experienced in 1967 , there have been six distinct versions of the track listing . As of 1997 , compact disc editions in the US and UK feature 17 tracks , including all songs that appeared on either the original UK / international edition of the album , or the original North American edition , or the Experience 's first three singles ( Stone Free , 51st Anniversary , and Highway Chile ) .
= = = Original UK and international edition = = =
All songs written and composed by Jimi Hendrix .
= = = Original North American edition = = =
All songs written and composed by Jimi Hendrix except where noted .
= = Personnel = =
Jimi Hendrix — vocals , guitars
Noel Redding — bass ; backing vocals on " Foxy Lady , " " Fire , " and " Purple Haze "
Mitch Mitchell — drums ; backing vocals on " I Don 't Live Today " and " Stone Free "
= = = Additional personnel = = =
The Breakaways — backing vocals on " Hey Joe "
Chas Chandler — producer
Dave Siddle — engineering on " Manic Depression , " " Can You See Me , " " Love or Confusion , " " I Don 't Live Today , " " Fire , " " Remember , " " Hey Joe , " " Stone Free , " " Purple Haze , " " 51st Anniversary , " and " The Wind Cries Mary "
Eddie Kramer — engineering on " The Wind Cries Mary , " " Are You Experienced ? , " and " Red House " ; additional engineering on " Love or Confusion , " " Fire , " " Third Stone from the Sun , " and " Highway Chile "
Mike Ross — engineering on " Foxy Lady , " " Red House , " and " Third Stone from the Sun "
= = Certifications = =
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= The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular =
" The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular " is the tenth episode of The Simpsons ' seventh season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 3 , 1995 . As the title suggests , it is the 138th episode and the third clip show episode of The Simpsons after " So It 's Come to This : A Simpsons Clip Show " and " Another Simpsons Clip Show " . While the " 138th Episode Spectacular " compiles sequences from episodes throughout the entire Simpsons series like the previous two , it also shows clips from the original Simpsons shorts from The Tracey Ullman Show and other previously unaired material . Like the Halloween specials , the episode is considered non @-@ canon and falls outside of the show 's regular continuity .
The " 138th Episode Spectacular " was written by Jon Vitti and directed by David Silverman , and is a parody of the common practice among live @-@ action series to produce clip shows . It has received positive reviews , and was one of the most watched episodes of the season with a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 5 .
= = Synopsis = =
Troy McClure hosts this episode , which highlights individual scenes and sequences from throughout the show and offers never @-@ before @-@ seen outtakes . McClure starts the episode by showing a brief presentation of how The Simpsons series was conceived by Matt Groening , James L. Brooks , and Sam Simon . He goes on to present some clips of the original shorts that aired on The Tracey Ullman Show , including the first one , " Good Night " , in its entirety . Next , a presumed commercial break is introduced with a trivia question about the message that appears when Maggie Simpson is scanned by the cash register during the show 's opening sequence ; the answer is revealed ( falsely ) to be " NRA4EVER . " The show then returns to McClure , who responds to questions from fan mail by showing clips that contain the answers . The letters include questions on Homer 's growing stupidity , how the cast and crew can create an episode per week , and hints of Waylon Smithers ' homosexuality .
Another commercial break is then introduced with a trivia question , this time concerning which two popular characters have died within the past year ; the answer is revealed to be Bleeding Gums Murphy and Dr. Marvin Monroe , although neither of them were ever popular ( and the latter was not actually dead , as revealed in " Diatribe of a Mad Housewife " ) . McClure then presents deleted scenes from Simpsons episodes , " Krusty Gets Kancelled " , " $ pringfield ( Or , How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Legalized Gambling ) " , " Mother Simpson " , " Treehouse of Horror IV " , " Homer and Apu " , and " Burns ' Heir " .
McClure also reveals that alternate endings to part two of " Who Shot Mr. Burns ? " were created to prevent the staff on The Simpsons from spoiling the mystery that " all of America was trying to solve [ ... ] this past summer " . These alternate endings , most of which consist of random characters shooting Mr. Burns , conclude with a more elaborate ending in which Smithers is revealed to be the assailant . Troy McClure ends the episode by showing a montage of " hardcore nudity " ( scenes of The Simpsons characters naked ) , set to the KC and the Sunshine Band song " ( Shake , Shake , Shake ) Shake Your Booty " .
= = Production = =
As the title suggests , " The Simpsons 138th Episode Spectacular " is the 138th episode of The Simpsons , although it is the 155th episode when placed in production order . It is the third Simpsons clip show , after " So It 's Come to This : A Simpsons Clip Show " and " Another Simpsons Clip Show " . It was written by Jon Vitti , who used the pseudonym " Penny Wise " in the closing credits because he did not want to be credited for writing a clip show . The episode was directed by David Silverman , who also did not want to be credited , and used the pseudonym " Pound Foolish " in the closing credits .
During the early years of the show , Fox network officials forced the Simpsons staff to produce clip shows in order to save money . Originally , the producers were ordered to produce one clip show per season in order to meet episode limits imposed by the network . Fox network officials reasoned that clip shows could be produced at half the cost of a normal episode , but syndication rights could be sold at full price . The staff , however , felt such a large number of clip shows would alienate fans of the series .
Former show runner Bill Oakley thought the episode was one of the better clip shows of The Simpsons , because it had more original and interesting material than the others . Oakley enjoyed showing deleted scenes from previous episodes and the Simpsons shorts , and particularly enjoyed the montage of couch gags at the beginning of the episode . The staff tried to entertain themselves while producing the clip show , and Oakley said by having the only actor be Phil Hartman as Troy McClure , it was " guaranteed to be fun " .
One of the clips shown in the episode comes from the season four episode " Marge Gets a Job " , in which Smithers has a dream that he is sleeping and Mr. Burns flies through a window into his room . The sequence shows Burns flying towards a happy @-@ looking Smithers . The original clip went on for a few seconds longer , but had to be trimmed down in order to remove portions that showed " Mr. Burns land [ ing ] in a particular position on Smithers anatomy " . There were also issues with " the lump in his bed " , which the animators said they had drawn as his knee , but the censors had mistakenly believed was an erection .
A deleted scene from the season five episode " Burns ' Heir " is also shown , in which a robotic Richard Simmons dances outside Burns 's mansion to the 1976 song " ( Shake , Shake , Shake ) Shake Your Booty " . It was cut from " Burns ' Heir " because the writers did not think it was funny , nor did it do well with a test audience , although Oakley thought the animation was terrific . To the production staff 's surprise , the scene would make the audience " erupt with laughter " when screened at animation conventions and college presentations , so they decided to insert it in this episode .
The montage of nude scenes over the ending credits includes the original animation of Homer and Marge snuggling from Grampa vs. Sexual Inadequacy , which was dropped from that episode and reanimated after Fox censors thought it was too explicit .
Due to the amount of interest in the ending of the " Who Shot Mr. Burns ? " episode , David Mirkin wrote several " terrible endings " and recorded several alternate endings with Harry Shearer serving as the only voice actor . Mirkin 's original intention was to fool the production staff and also leak the endings to various media outlets ; much to his surprise , Mirkin failed to successfully fool the staff . Several endings were animated that showed various characters , such as Barney , Moe , and Apu , shooting Mr. Burns , and were presented as part of this episode .
= = = Referenced clips = = =
During the opening credits the episode is advertised as having " twenty @-@ three percent new footage " , while the rest are clips taken from previous episodes . The five shorts used in this episode are " Good Night " , which was featured in its entirety , and portions of " The Perfect Crime " , " Space Patrol " , " World War III " , and " Bathtime " . Some parts of the episode contain montages of only a few seconds @-@ long clips , such as those referring to Homer 's increased stupidity ( " Blood Feud " , " Flaming Moe 's " , " Marge vs. the Monorail " , " Deep Space Homer " , and " Treehouse of Horror V " ) , or those suggesting Smithers ' homosexuality ( " Rosebud " , " Dog of Death " , " Lisa vs. Malibu Stacy " , and " Marge Gets a Job " ) .
= = Cultural references = =
The entire setup of Troy McClure presenting the episode is a parody of the practice by live @-@ action series to produce clip shows in general , by celebrating a completely arbitrary milestone and by making exaggerated use of the conventions of traditional highlights shows , such as a grand introduction and relentlessly showbizzy host .
The episode makes references to several films and television shows . The Tracey Ullman Show is referred to as " the nation 's showcase for psychiatrist jokes and musical comedy numbers " , while the outtakes right before the commercial breaks parodies television series such as Roseanne and Home Improvement ( which regularly aired similar outtakes ) . The deleted scene from " $ pringfield " in which Homer plays blackjack with James Bond parodies the 1967 film Casino Royale . The deleted scene from " Burns ' Heir " in which the robotic Richard Simmons is shot through the head and repairs itself parodies the liquid metal T @-@ 1000 in Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) . The episode satirizes the Fox network in particular , as the two specials mentioned in the beginning , Alien Nose Job and Five Fabulous Weeks Of ' The Chevy Chase Show ' , are references to two actual programs that have aired on the network : The Chevy Chase Show ( 1993 ) and Alien Autopsy : Fact or Fiction ( 1995 ) . Several famous musical themes are used or parodied in the clips , such as when Homer sings the theme song from The Flintstones , and Johann Strauss II 's Blue Danube is heard in the background of one scene . The show 's producers are depicted as animated characters in the introduction : Groening is a bald Southern patriot who wields a gun wearing an eye patch , a reference to the promotional poster of the 1970 film Patton , and his own comic strip Life in Hell ; Brooks is seen as Rich Uncle Pennybags , the tycoon from Monopoly ; and Simon 's appearance resembles Howard Hughes . One of Smithers ' fantasies is a parody of Marilyn Monroe 's famous happy birthday song to President John F. Kennedy , while another one is an allusion to Peter Pan flying through the window . The book that Krusty tries to sell is a reference to Madonna 's book entitled Sex . " NRA4EVER , " the message that appears on a cash register during the opening sequence reference in a trivia question , is a reference to the National Rifle Association .
= = Reception = =
The episode ranked among the ten most heavily viewed episodes of the seventh season . After its initial American airing , the episode received a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 5 , and a Nielsen rank of 48 . The episode has become study material for sociology courses at University of California , Berkeley , where it is used to " examine issues of the production and reception of cultural objects , in this case , a satirical cartoon show " , and to figure out what it is " trying to tell audiences about aspects primarily of American society , and , to a lesser extent , about other societies . " Some questions asked in the courses include : " What aspects of American society are being addressed in the episode ? What aspects of them are used to make the points ? How is the satire conveyed : through language ? Drawing ? Music ? Is the behavior of each character consistent with his / her character as developed over the years ? Can we identify elements of the historical / political context that the writers are satirizing ? What is the difference between satire and parody ? " Considered a spoof of television clip shows , the episode is seen drawing attention to prevailing televisual conventions and reminds viewers that The Simpsons itself participates actively in that same cultural legacy .
The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , thought " the out @-@ takes are up to standard " and contains " a number of great self @-@ referential moments " . Simone Knox praised its visual style in her article Reading the Ungraspable Double @-@ Codedness of " The Simpsons " . The episode itself has been described by some critics as a kind of self @-@ imposed benchmark of the show itself , with writer Bill Keveney commenting , " the show picks its own benchmarks , as it did in 1995 " . Knox referred to it as not simply a clip show , " but a ‘ clip show ’ that looks at the series with a sense of hyper @-@ self @-@ consciousness about its own textuality . " DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson said even though the episode is a clip show , it " gussies up the concept with some interesting elements , and keeps repetitive material to a minimum . Instead , it offers lots of then @-@ unseen footage as well as old snippets from The Tracey Ullman Show . It still feels like a cheap way to crank out a new episode , but it ’ s one of the better clip shows you ’ ll see . " Jennifer Malkowski of DVD Verdict gave the episode a B + grade and commented , " apart from the creative material , what really makes this [ episode ] shine is the hilarious hosting by Troy McClure . " Dave Foster of DVD Times criticized the episode : " Despite some interesting concepts such as a bored Troy McClure presenting to much amusement and the presence of deleted scenes and Tracey Ullman shorts amongst the clips , this is an episode that tries hard to find a hook but never quite manages , assuring it 'll never make it into regular rotation on this viewer 's watch . "
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= Busher Jackson =
Ralph Harvey " Busher " Jackson ( January 17 , 1911 – June 25 , 1966 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player . Jackson played 15 National Hockey League ( NHL ) seasons between 1929 and 1944 for the Toronto Maple Leafs , New York Americans and Boston Bruins . He was a member of the famed Kid Line with Joe Primeau and Charlie Conacher , one of the early NHL 's dominant scoring trios . Jackson led the league in scoring in 1931 – 32 and was member of Toronto 's 1932 Stanley Cup championship team . He was named to five NHL All @-@ Star Teams and played in three benefit all @-@ star games , including the Ace Bailey Benefit Game , the first all @-@ star game in NHL history .
Off the ice , Jackson was well known for his high @-@ spending lifestyle and drinking habit that prompted his trade from Toronto to New York in 1939 . He was remembered as one of hockey 's tragic figures following his retirement , as he struggled with alcoholism and financial difficulty . He was a figure of controversy within the Hockey Hall of Fame selection committee as Jackson 's lifestyle and personal problems were used to block his induction . He finally earned a place in the Hall of Fame in 1971 , five years after his death . Jackson is also an honoured member of Canada 's Sports Hall of Fame , inducted in 1975 .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Junior = = =
Jackson grew up in Toronto , playing his youth hockey at " Poverty Pond " in the city 's east side before playing at the Ravina Rink where he was discovered by Frank Selke , the assistant general manager of the Toronto Maple Leafs . Selke signed Jackson to a contract and assigned him to the Toronto Marlboros in the Ontario Hockey Association ( OHA ) ' s junior league for the 1927 – 28 season . Jackson scored four goals in four regular season games that season , and though the Marlboros were considered a favourite to win the Memorial Cup , the team was defeated in the Eastern final by the Ottawa Gunners . He returned to the team for the 1928 – 29 season , scoring 10 goals and 14 points in 9 regular season games . He then led the OHA playoffs with seven goals and nine points as the Marlboros won the OHA championship . Jackson was a leading offensive player for Toronto in the 1929 Memorial Cup playdowns , scoring 15 goals and 25 points in 13 games . The Marlboros reached the final , defeating the Elmwood Millionaires in a best @-@ of @-@ three series to win the franchise 's first Memorial Cup championship .
= = = Toronto Maple Leafs = = =
Joining the Maple Leafs for the 1929 – 30 season , 18 @-@ year @-@ old Jackson was the youngest player in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . In his league debut , against the Montreal Canadiens , Jackson knocked over his idol Howie Morenz with a bodycheck . Assessing the youngster 's potential following the hit , Morenz offered , " you 'll do " . Jackson appeared in 31 games for the Maple Leafs , scoring 12 goals and adding 6 assists . He missed some time due to injury , during which he earned his nickname from the team 's trainer , Tim Daly . According to Jackson : " Daly asked me to carry sticks for him . I told him I wasn 't a stick boy , I was a hockey player . So he said I was nothing but a fresh busher [ a term for someone who had just been called up from the minors ] and the name stuck . "
During his first season , Jackson was placed on a line with two other young players . Charlie Conacher , a teammate of his with the Marlboros , played right wing and Joe Primeau was their centre . The trio formed what became known as the " Kid Line " , one of the early NHL 's most famous scoring trios . Primeau was the playmaker whose passes set up both Conacher and Jackson 's goal @-@ scoring ability .
Following a 31 @-@ point season in 1930 – 31 , Jackson led the NHL in scoring with 53 points in 1931 – 32 . At 21 years , 3 months old , Jackson became the youngest scoring champion in NHL history , a record he would hold until broken by Wayne Gretzky in 1980 – 81 . Jackson 's 28 goals that season was the most he would score in his career , and he was named to the NHL 's First All @-@ Star Team for the first time of his career . He added five goals in the 1932 playoffs , including one of Toronto 's six in the deciding game of the 1932 Stanley Cup Final , a 6 – 4 victory over the New York Rangers that clinched Toronto 's first Stanley Cup championship since 1922 .
The Kid Line remained Toronto 's top offensive threat for several years ; Jackson , Conacher and Primeau were the team 's top three scorers for four consecutive seasons between 1932 and 1935 . Following his league @-@ leading season , Jackson led Toronto offensively in 1932 – 33 with 44 points . On November 20 , 1934 , Jackson set an NHL record when he became the first player in NHL history to score four goals in a period , notching four markers in the third period of a 5 – 2 victory over the St. Louis Eagles . The record has not been surpassed through 2012 , though eleven players have matched it . He was named to three additional All @-@ Star Teams during this time , placed on the second team in 1932 – 33 and on the first team in both 1933 – 34 and 1934 – 35 . Additionally , Jackson played in the Ace Bailey Benefit Game on February 14 , 1934 . Held in support of injured teammate Ace Bailey , it was the first all @-@ star game in NHL history . Jackson scored two goals for the Maple Leafs in a 7 – 3 victory over the NHL All @-@ Stars .
Following four consecutive 20 @-@ goal seasons , Jackson slipped to 11 goals in 1935 – 36 . The Kid Line was finally broken up . While they remain consistent offensive performers , they lacked defensive ability and opposing teams began to find success playing their own top scoring lines against the trio . Primeau subsequently retired in 1936 in favour of his business interests . Despite the break @-@ up , Jackson scored 21 goals and 40 points in 1936 – 37 to earn his fourth and final appearance on the First All @-@ Star Team .
Prior to the start of the 1937 – 38 season , Jackson played with the NHL All @-@ Stars in the Howie Morenz Memorial Game , the NHL 's second benefit all @-@ star contest . In regular league play , his offence entered a decline as he scored 34 points that season , then 27 in 1938 – 39 . Following the season , the Maple Leafs traded him to the New York Americans along with Jimmy Fowler , Murray Armstrong , Doc Romnes and Buzz Boll in exchange for Sweeney Schriner on May 18 , 1939 . The five @-@ for @-@ one deal was unprecedented in NHL history at that time .
= = = New York and Boston = = =
Prior to his first season in New York , Jackson played in his third benefit all @-@ star game , the Babe Siebert Memorial Game , on October 29 , 1939 . He represented the NHL All @-@ Stars in a 5 – 2 victory over the Montreal Canadiens . In NHL play , he posted 12 goals and 20 points for the Americans , then improved to 26 points in 1940 – 41 . He was unable to come to terms with team manager Red Dutton on a new contract for the 1941 – 42 season however , and did not join the team at the start of the season . The impasse lasted for half the season , until Dutton sold Jackson 's rights to the Boston Bruins for $ 7 @,@ 500 on January 4 , 1942 .
Joining the Bruins gave Jackson the opportunity to play alongside his younger brother Art . He played only 26 games that season due to his holdout , just over half of an NHL season of 48 games , scoring 12 points . Though he played the left wing throughout his career , the Bruins switched him part @-@ time to defence when they lost players to injury or the Second World War . He scored 34 points in 1942 – 43 , and his 19 goals was Jackson 's highest total in six seasons . The Bruins reached the 1943 Stanley Cup Final by defeating Montreal , but lost the series to the Detroit Red Wings in four straight games . Jackson played a final season in 1943 – 44 , after which he announced his retirement as a player following a 15 @-@ year career .
= = Personal life = =
A handsome man with even features , Jackson lived a lifestyle of a Hollywood actor during his playing career , spending money freely , driving fast cars and attending posh parties . Maple Leafs ' owner Conn Smythe unsuccessfully tried to convince Jackson to save his money for the future , even offering to match his player 's savings dollar for dollar . Jackson 's habits , particularly his drinking , ultimately played a role in his trade away from Toronto . Jackson 's lifestyle came crashing down following his retirement as a player as he no longer had the money to fund his pursuits . He unsuccessfully tried to overcome his alcoholism , lost two marriages to divorce , struggled to hold a job , and it was said that he could be found outside Maple Leaf Gardens trying to sell broken sticks of Maple Leaf players to try to make some money . He emerged as one of hockey 's tragic figures .
Jackson suffered a series of injuries and ailments in his later years . In 1958 , he broke his neck after falling down a flight of stairs . His recovery took 18 @-@ months and cost him mobility in his right hand . Two months after his release , Jackson returned to hospital with a bout of jaundice . He was hospitalized again in 1962 following an epileptic seizure .
As Jackson 's health failed , he became the focus of a controversy within the Hockey Hall of Fame selection committee . Though he was considered one of hockey 's greatest left wingers , and he was famed for his offensive , attacking style and backhand shot , Jackson 's personal problems led Conn Smythe to blacklist him from entry into the Hall . Though Primeau and Conacher had gained induction , Jackson died on June 25 , 1966 , without being given the same honour . It would be another five years until the remainder of the selection committee finally overruled Smythe and posthumously inducted Jackson into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1971 . Smythe quit the committee in protest , while Jackson 's son Kim accepted the honour on his father 's behalf . In 1975 , he was inducted into Canada 's Sports Hall of Fame , and The Hockey News ranked him 55th in its 1997 book , The Top 100 NHL players of All @-@ Time .
= = Career statistics = =
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= Saw 3D =
Saw 3D ( also known as Saw : The Final Chapter , or simply Saw VII ) is a 2010 American 3D horror film directed by Kevin Greutert , written by Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan , and starring Tobin Bell , Costas Mandylor , Betsy Russell , Sean Patrick Flanery and Cary Elwes . It is the seventh ( and originally intended final ) installment of the Saw franchise , and the only film in the series to be in 3D .
The film focuses on a man who falsely claims to be a Jigsaw survivor , becoming a local celebrity . However , he soon finds himself part of a real Jigsaw game where he must ultimately save his wife . Meanwhile , Jill Tuck reveals to an internal affairs officer that rogue Detective Mark Hoffman is the man responsible for the recent Jigsaw games , and Hoffman hunts her down .
An eighth installment was planned , but the decrease in the box office performance for Saw VI compared to previous installments led to Saw 3D being the final planned film in the series , and the plot concept for Saw VIII being incorporated into Saw 3D . Saw V director David Hackl was to direct the film , but two weeks before filming Lionsgate announced that Greutert , who directed the sixth film , would direct . Principal photography took place in Toronto , Ontario from February to April 2010 and was shot with the SI @-@ 3D digital camera system , as opposed to shooting with traditional cameras and later transferring to 3D in post @-@ production .
Saw 3D was originally scheduled to be released on October 22 , 2010 , but was pushed back a week to October 29 , 2010 in the United States and Canada ; it was released a day earlier in the United Kingdom and Australia . Saw 3D opened at number one making over $ 22 @.@ 5 million .
= = Plot = =
Two men , Brad and Ryan , awaken in a metropolitan storefront window , bound at the wrists to opposite sides of a worktable with a circular saw in front of each of them . Their mutual lover , Dina , is suspended above a third saw . As the scene draws attention and police arrive , a puppet informs the men that they can kill each other or let Dina die . They initially fight each other , during which Brad is cut , but ultimately choose to allow Dina to die instead .
Matt Gibson , an internal affairs detective at Mark Hoffman 's precinct , is met by Jill Tuck , who incriminates Hoffman in exchange for protection and immunity from prosecution . Gibson , who has mistrusted Hoffman ever since Hoffman saved his life by gunning down a homeless man , agrees to her terms . Meanwhile , Hoffman abducts a skinhead gang - Dan , Evan , Jake and Kara - and places them in a trap that kills them all , leaving the reverse bear trap at the scene to incriminate Jill , who is put into protective custody . After a meeting of Jigsaw survivors , including Lawrence Gordon , who cauterized his leg on a steam pipe after escaping the bathroom and now uses a leg brace and cane , Hoffman abducts Bobby Dagen , a self @-@ help guru who achieved fame and fortune by falsifying his own survival story . He sends Gibson videos with cryptic clues to the game 's location , offering to end the games if Jill is given to him .
Dagen awakens in a cage in an asylum and is told that his wife Joyce will die if he doesn 't save her within one hour . Joyce is chained at the neck to a steel platform that gradually pulls her down as she watches Dagen 's progress . After he escapes the cage , which dangles over a floor of spikes , he begins searching for Joyce . Along the way , he finds Nina , his publicist ; Suzanne , his lawyer ; and Cale McNamara , his best friend and co @-@ conspirator . All three are in separate traps representing the three wise monkeys and are killed despite his efforts to save them . After he removes his upper wisdom teeth to obtain the combination for a security door , Dagen finds Joyce and is forced to reenact the trap he claimed to survive : he must drive hooks through his pectoral muscles and hoist himself up to the ceiling to deactivate her trap . He fails , and is forced to watch as a brazen bull capsule closes around Joyce and incinerates her .
Gibson eventually discovers the game 's location and sends a SWAT team , who are sealed in another room and killed by toxic gas . Simultaneously , he and two officers infiltrate Hoffman 's command center in the junkyard , where they find Dan 's corpse sat in front of several monitors connected to the police headquarters security cameras . He sees Hoffman brought into the morgue in a body bag and tries to warn Palmer , but is killed by an automatic turret gun along with his men . Hoffman kills Dr. Heffner , Palmer , and everyone else in his path to Jill , who briefly escapes before she is caught and knocked unconscious . He straps her to a chair and locks a reverse bear trap to her head ; she awakens as the timer starts and is killed when the trap activates , tearing apart her face .
After destroying his workshop , Hoffman is attacked and subdued by three pig @-@ masked figures , led by Gordon . Flashbacks show that John Kramer found him unconscious by the steam pipe and nursed him back to health , and Gordon has assisted him ever since . This was known only by Jill , who delivered a package to him at the hospital , a videotape in which Kramer asked him to watch over Jill and take action if anything happened to her . To this end , Gordon has Hoffman brought to the disused bathroom and shackled by the ankle to a pipe . He enters and tosses out of the bathroom the hacksaw he 'd used to sever his own foot , and then turns off the lights and seals the door , leaving Hoffman to die .
= = Cast = =
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Variety reported in July 2009 that Lionsgate greenlit Saw VII and announced David Hackl would return to direct , his last film being Saw V. Producers Mark Burg and Oren Koules , and writers Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan also returned . Brian Gedge replaced series ' cinematographer David Armstrong . Pre @-@ production began on September 14 , 2009 . According to Melton , there were plans to title the film Saw : Endgame . Originally two sequels were planned after the sixth , but in December 2009 Melton stated in a podcast interview with the UK radio station Demon FM that Saw VII was the final installment and would address unanswered questions from previous Saw films , such as the fate of the first film 's protagonist Dr. Lawrence Gordon and other Jigsaw survivors from previous films , while bringing a final resolution to the series . The storyline for a Saw VIII was combined into Saw VII ; this decision was primarily due to Saw VI 's below average box office performance . On July 22 , 2010 in an interview with USA Today the producers confirmed that Saw VII will officially end the film series . Burg told Reuters that , " In every Saw movie , we left questions open and in Saw VII we answer every question the audience has ever had " . He added that , " even new viewers will be able to follow and get caught up to speed " .
In January 2010 , Kevin Greutert , who made his directorial debut with the sixth film , was about to begin work on Paramount 's Paranormal Activity 2 when Twisted Pictures suddenly dismissed Hackl and forced Greutert on the project by exercising a " contractual clause " in his contract , much to Greutert 's dismay . When Greutert arrived on set two weeks before filming began , he performed a " compressive re @-@ write " of the script . Melton explained that , " He has a lot of ideas , but it 's a bit hard and extreme to implement all of these ideas because sets have been built , people have been cast , props have been bought or created , and with the Saw films they are so specific in set design because of the traps . It becomes very problematic and difficult to change things a whole bunch right in the middle of it " .
= = = Casting = = =
Casting began in mid @-@ December 2009 . On February 22 , 2010 , Cary Elwes was listed on the Toronto Film & Television 's official list of personnel website for Saw 3D but on March 8 his name along with other cast members were removed from the list . The following month , Lionsgate confirmed his reprisal of the role of Lawrence Gordon , last seen in the first film . Dunstan and Melton said that Elwes filmed new scenes . The filmmakers wanted to bring Elwes back earlier , but Elwes wanted to wait until the last film . He described his character as having Stockholm syndrome . Chad Donella appeared in the film as Internal Affairs Detective Gibson , who was also Hoffman 's former partner .
Gabby West , who won the second season of Scream Queens , plays Kara in the film . Chester Bennington , the lead vocalist of the alternative rock band Linkin Park , has a role in the film playing Evan , a white power skinhead . Bennington met with an acting coach to prepare for his role . He said , " It was actually a little more difficult than I expected because it took a lot for me to figure out how to portray this guy and what exactly his motives were going to be throughout . I thought maybe I was overthinking it , and I met with this really great acting coach who helped me walk through and make sense of the , ' Motivation ' " . Devon Bostick was offered to reprise his role as Brent from Saw VI , but turned it down due to scheduling conflicts .
= = = Filming in 3D = = =
Saw 3D was shot entirely in RealD 3D using the SI @-@ 3D digital camera system ; rather than filming on set traditionally and later transferring the footage to 3D . Before choosing 3D , Burg and others viewed a minute of the original Saw film rendered in 3D and were pleased , which led to them choosing 3D for the seventh film . The sets and traps were designed to take advantage of 3D . To continue the fast pace of the previous films , the SI @-@ 3D cameras ' light weight allowed three @-@ quarters of film to be shot handheld . Saw 3D was Greutert 's first time directing a 3D film . He said in an interview with Popular Mechanics that composing a shot in 3D was tricky compared to 2D ; he explained , " If you 've got both cameras looking at a subject and there 's a very bright sheen on the side of the person 's arm that only one camera can see , there 's a good chance that when you look at a composite of the two images that sheen will not register in 3D space . It looks like a mistake . These things aren 't an issue at all in 2D but in 3D are obsessively problematic " . Given the cost of filming in 3D , Greutert said the budget was $ 17 million , the most expensive of the series . Principal photography began on February 8 , 2010 in Toronto , Ontario and wrapped on April 12 , 2010 . Filming took place mostly at Toronto 's Cinespace Film Studios .
When determining the style of 3D shooting they wanted to use , Burg felt that the audience would want several moments where objects move into the audience , comparing this to My Bloody Valentine 3D . He acknowledged that this method would be used , but expressed an interest in shooting from the victim 's perspective , similar to that of first @-@ person shooter video games being rendered in 3D . Dunstan added that " It adds a whole new layer of discipline and criteria to creating these moments . We 've had a very flat surface to try to get a reaction out of you . Now , we get to push out a bit and envelop the viewer , still maintaining the patterns that have worked and been successful , but also to raise it up a notch . " Commenting on the change to filming in 3D , Bell stated it would not affect his performance or methods of acting , noting that it would be an " interesting experience " . Mandylor called the 3D shoot " more tedious and longer " . Flannery described the 3D aspect as being " [ not ] shot in 3D so that you can , per se , see blood coming directly at you . It 's in 3D for the texture and the depth , for the architecture , to get a sense that you 're in the scene but there 's no ' we want to see blood coming at the lens ' it 's nothing like that . But I think we made a good movie . " Post @-@ production services were provided by Deluxe .
= = = Traps = = =
Filming of the trap scenes , which was done last , began in March . The film 's opening trap scene was filmed at Metro Hall in Toronto , Ontario , just outside Roy Thomson Hall , and included 400 extras . In the trap , the circular saw blades were actually real and functional , but safety precautions were taken for the actors . One actor that was in the trap , Jon Cor , told Demon FM that he had scars on his hands from the shackles , and said the other actors , Sebastian Pigott chipped his tooth and Anne Lee Greene lost the feeling in her feet and had to receive medical attention .
Producer Oren Koules told horror news website ShockTilYouDrop.com that there are eleven traps in the film , the most ever in the franchise . There is one " trap " scene in the film that producers would not allow in previous Saw films that they described as " too violent " , " too disgusting " , and " just wrong " . Melton later confirmed that was the " Garage Trap " , which involved a car and sets off a " chain reaction " with other characters . Gabby West was part of the trap . She told VH1 , " They molded my entire face , and basically my entire upper body after my belly button . They put layers and layers of different materials on you and you have two straws in your nose so you can breathe . It was so scary ! They put so much of it on , you can 't see and they put it in your ears so you can barely hear anything . That was part of the prep for the film , which was really cool , to have a dummy made of yourself . But scary . " Over 25 gallons of fake blood was used in the film , which was two and half times more than Saw II .
= = Music = =
The film 's score was composed by Charlie Clouser and released on iTunes through Evolution Music Partners on November 2 , 2010 . The Saw 3D soundtrack is " inspired by the film " and features music from rock bands including Dir En Grey , Boom Boom Satellites , Saliva , Krokus , Hinder , Karnivool , My Darkest Days and Chester Bennington 's Dead By Sunrise . It was released through SonyMusic Independent Network ( SIN ) and Artists ' Addiction Records on October 26 , 2010 . The song " Life Won 't Wait " by Ozzy Osbourne was announced in the Production Notes , but was not actually played during the film 's end credits .
Track listing
= = Marketing = =
On July 8 , 2010 , in some press materials for San Diego Comic @-@ Con , the film was referred to as Saw 3D : The Final Chapter , which led to the media assuming it was the final name . The following day , Burg and Koules said that " The Final Chapter " was simply a tagline that had been misinterpreted as part of the title . Koules said that if they included the seventh Roman numeral followed by " 3D " ( Saw VII 3D ) , it would have been " cumbersome " and not made the impact they wanted . He explained , " It was such a process in 3D , so much hard work was put in . Saw VII 3D is too much . This is like a new movie . [ ... ] "
In the same interview , the producers addressed Saw 's presence at Comic @-@ Con 2010 in San Diego . They said that the footage that was going to be used for the convention could not get approved for the audience ; Koules explained , " It 's going to be different than what we 've done before , we 're going to be at Comic @-@ Con but we 're not in Comic @-@ Con " . " The Comic @-@ Con teaser trailer was released via IGN on July 22 , 2010 . The next day of the convention , the first eight minutes of the film were screened for the press and a few fans .
The trailer shown in the United Kingdom during a break from The Gadget Show was banned after a ten @-@ year @-@ old child complained that it was " distressing " and " inappropriately scheduled " . Clearcast had cleared the trailer for 19 : 00 GMT , but did not actually air until 20 : 29 . In one scene of the trailer , people in a cinema become trapped to the seats by metal restraints with a hand coming through the screen pulling a person in . The Advertising Standards Authority said it was " likely to cause distress to young children " . In Massachusetts , a branch of Showcase Cinemas showed Saw 3D instead of the cartoon Megamind , which was being watched by a seven @-@ year @-@ old celebrating a birthday . It took several minutes before the cinema employees fixed the mistake .
= = Release = =
Saw 3D was distributed theatrically by Lionsgate in the United States and through Maple Pictures in Canada . The film was originally scheduled to be released on October 22 , 2010 , but in July 2010 , three months prior to release , the date was pushed back to October 29 . It also had preview screenings on October 28 , 2010 in 2 @,@ 000 locations . Since the release of Saw IV , each film has been released a day earlier in Australia and New Zealand ; Saw 3D continued the tradition in Australia , though the New Zealand release was not released until March 3 , 2011 . The film was initially rated NC @-@ 17 ( no children 17 and under admitted ) by the Motion Picture Association of America ( MPAA ) and had to be edited and re @-@ submitted six times to secure an R rating . In Australia , the Australian Classification Board gave a heavy R18 + ( restricted to 18 and over ) for " high impact violence , blood and gore " , whereas all previous Saw films were rated MA15 + ( with the exception of the director 's cut version of Saw V ) .
= = = Censorship in Germany = = =
Germany banned its showing as a whole because the Amtsgericht Tiergarten has noted that several scenes in the film violate the violence act § 131 StGB . Thereby , the film is banned in Germany . Private copies are still legal to own and personal use is not punishable ; however any public screening is a highly prohibited and punishable act . There is a censored " Keine Jugendfreigabe / No youth admitted " version , but it has all the violent scenes cut out . Retailing this copy is still legal , since " KJ " rated films cannot be indexed / banned .
= = = Home media = = =
Burg said in an interview with Bloomberg Television on October 25 , 2010 that the DVD will only be released in the 2D version . Lionsgate Home Entertainment released Saw 3D : The Final Chapter on January 25 , 2011 in three versions . The first is a standard DVD release consisting of the theatrical version of the film , a selection of bonus features and a second disc with a digital copy ; a second edition is a 2D combo pack that includes an unrated Blu @-@ ray , DVD and digital copy of the film . The last edition of the release is a 3D combo pack consisting of an unrated Blu @-@ ray 3D , Blu @-@ ray , DVD , and digital copy version of the film . According to the Nielsen VideoScan chart , the DVD and Blu @-@ ray formats placed number three in its first week .
= = Reception = =
= = = Box office = = =
Saw 3D had preview screenings on October 28 , 2010 in 2 @,@ 000 locations and made $ 1 @.@ 7 million . It opened in wide release the following day in 2 @,@ 808 locations playing on 3 @,@ 500 screens , the second smallest release behind the first Saw . The film earned $ 8 @,@ 976 @,@ 000 on its opening day , taking the number one spot from Paranormal Activity 2 . It grossed $ 22 @,@ 530 @,@ 123 its opening Halloween weekend , with 92 % of tickets coming from more than 2 @,@ 100 3D @-@ equipped locations and 57 % of the audience being under the age of 25 . It had the fifth best opening weekend in the Saw series . After only four days of wide release , Saw 3D had out @-@ grossed Saw VI 's $ 27 @.@ 7 million final domestic gross . On its second weekend , the film dropped 66 % in ticket sales and made $ 7 @.@ 7 million , moving to the number five spot with Megamind taking its number one spot . Saw 3D closed on December 2 , 2010 , after 35 days of release in the United States and Canada .
Saw 3D opened in 25 territories with $ 14 @.@ 4 million ( including preview screenings ) placing first place in the United Kingdom ( UK ) with $ 5 @.@ 8 million , beating Saw III 's $ 4 @.@ 7 million UK opening . It opened in second place in Russia with $ 2 @.@ 2 million ; Australia and Japan grossed $ 909 @,@ 000 and $ 864 @,@ 800 , respectively . Saw 3D grossed $ 12 @.@ 8 million in the United Kingdom , Ireland and Malta ; $ 10 @.@ 9 million in Germany ; $ 7 million in Italy ; $ 5 @.@ 3 million in Russia ; and $ 2 @.@ 4 million in Australia . The film has grossed $ 45 @.@ 7 million in the United States and Cinema of Canada , with $ 90 @.@ 4 million in other markets , for a worldwide total of $ 136 @.@ 1 million . This makes Saw 3D the highest grossing film in the series in the foreign market . Also , it made more than double the amount of the previous installment Saw VI and is the most successful film in the franchise since Saw IV .
= = = Critical response = = =
As with the previous four Saw films , Saw 3D was not screened in advance for critics . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a rating of 9 % , based on 74 reviews , with an average rating of 3 @.@ 1 / 10 , making it the poorest rated film in the series . The site 's consensus reads , " Sloppily filmed , poorly acted , and illogically plotted , Saw 3D leaves viewers trapped in the most lackluster installment of the series . " Metacritic gave the film a score of 24 out of 100 , based on 17 critics , indicating " generally unfavorable reviews " .
Luke Thompson of E ! Online gave the film a " B " . He called the film 's gore " over @-@ the @-@ top " and " in your face " while admitting the film had an " unusual amount of self @-@ parody " . He said the central storyline of the films was beginning to feel " played out " . Rob Nelson of Variety gave the film a negative review . He called the film " relentlessly repugnant " that would please fans , but offer no surprise . He went on to say , " Apart from these limb @-@ pulling setpieces , tech credits appear fairly shoddy , as do any 3D effects that don 't include flying viscera . The editing relies on lazy flashbacks , while the dialogue remains as horrific as the killings . " Kim Newman of Empire gave the film two out of five stars , calling it " a step down from last year 's much more pointed Saw VI " . He criticized the repetition of the plot but thought bringing back Jigsaw survivors was a " nice idea " . He closed his review with , " There are a scattering of infallibly cringe @-@ making horrors , but on the whole Saw 3D could do with more depth " .
Eric Goldman of IGN Movies gave the film two out of five stars . He was unhappy with the little screen time Bell and Elwes had been given , saying that the time the film did spend with them , didn 't have much impact . He said the traps were a step down from Saw VI , but did point out his favorite and highlight of the film as the " garage trap " . About the film 's 3D effects , Goldman said " The 3D is used as you might expect it to be – which is to say , this is no James Cameron immersive experience . Instead , blades jut out of the screen , and there is some fun had with blood and guts literally shooting forward at several points " . Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a mixed review . He said Saw 3D is " consistent both stylistically and thematically with previous editions " , but said most of the film 's traps lack the " Rube Goldberg @-@ style cleverness that marked the series " . Scheck went on to say that it was " unfortunate " the creators killed Bell 's character so early in the series and called Mandylor 's character ( Hoffman ) an " exceedingly bland stand @-@ in " . He called the visual impact of the 3D " negligible " .
Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel gave the film one out of five stars saying , " It 's all bunk and has been for years . These are all no @-@ win scenarios . Whatever moral lessons were presented in the earliest Saw films seem to have been dispensed with as the movies grow more and more gruesome , with filmmakers caught up in ' What would it look like if somebody 's jaw was ripped out , or their skin was glued to a car seat ? ' Pandering to the ' Cool , let 's see that again ' crowd has made Lionsgate rich but done nothing for this unendurable endurance contest of this long @-@ enduring film franchise " . Mike Hale of The New York Times called the film the most " straightforward " of the series and the " most consistently ( though not inventively ) violent " . He ended his review saying , " If you see the film in a theater equipped with RealD 3D and Dolby sound , you 'll come away with a pretty good idea of what it would feel like to have flying body parts hit you in the face " .
Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News gave the film one out of five stars . She criticized the lack of Bell 's screentime saying , " What the filmmakers of the last four Saw movies have somehow overlooked is that Tobin Bell 's Jigsaw is the linchpin of these films . It 's right there in the title , so you 'd think they 'd realize what they lost when they killed him off in Saw III . But it 's been downhill ever since , and we hit bottom today " . She admitted that the performances have become " painfully stilted " and called the script " a jumble of nothing punctuated by barely @-@ trying death traps " . She went on to say , " It 's also disappointing to watch a once @-@ original franchise morph into a generic slasher series , in which random people are killed in banal ways just to up the body count " and closed her review with , " No matter how much money The Final Chapter makes over Halloween weekend , it 's time to acknowledge that this game is over " .
Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe called the film the " most gruesome and least coherent of the seven movies " . He felt that some of the film 's " games " were just randomly forced into the film , saying that kind of " episodic approach " and 3D works for a " far more innovative series like Jackass 3D " . Morris closed his review by saying " This alleged final edition trashes the perverse morality of [ Jigsaw 's ] legacy to make him the Jerry Springer of gore " . Jason Anderson of the Toronto Star gave the film two out of four stars . He praised Saw 3D 's plot for not being as confusing as previous films , for which he described as having to " generally require an encyclopedic knowledge of the series ' many plot strands " in order to understand them . He thought Greutert gave the film a " pulpy energy " and described the film 's traps and gore as having an " unpretentious sensibility " to films by Herschell Gordon Lewis . Alan Jones of the Radio Times gave the film four out of five stars saying , " though the film initially borders on parody , once the ever @-@ ingenious trapping begins – using fishhooks , superglue , ovens and dental equipment – the chills run on turbo drive right through to the greatest hits flashback finale " . He implied that the " shock scenarios " were borrowed from sources such as , A Man Called Horse and the work of Lucio Fulci . Jones said the 3D did not add to the experience saying " the CGI blood splatter something of a distraction to the almost Shakespearean crescendo of anguish and carnage " . The film was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for " Worst Eye @-@ Gouging Misuse of 3D " , but it lost to The Last Airbender .
= = Sequel = =
The film was intended to be the finale for the film series . However , it was reported in February 2016 that an eighth film titled Saw : Legacy was being developed . The report stated that Legacy would be written by Josh Stolberg and Pete Goldfinger .
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= Solomon Asch =
Solomon Eliot Asch ( September 14 , 1907 – February 20 , 1996 ) was a Polish gestalt psychologist and pioneer in social psychology in the United States . He created seminal pieces of work in impression formation , prestige suggestion , conformity , and many other topics in social psychology . His work follows a common theme of Gestalt psychology that the whole is not only greater than the sum of its parts , but the nature of the whole fundamentally alters the parts . Asch stated : " Most social acts have to be understood in their setting , and lose meaning if isolated . No error in thinking about social facts is more serious than the failure to see their place and function " ( Asch , 1952 , p . 61 ) . He is most well known for his conformity experiments , in which he demonstrated the influence of group pressure on opinions . A Review of General Psychology survey , published in 2002 , ranked Asch as the 41st most cited psychologist of the 20th century .
= = Early life = =
Asch was born in Warsaw , Poland on September 14 , 1907 to a Jewish family . He grew up in a small town , Łowicz , Poland .
In 1920 Asch emigrated at the age of 13 with his family to the United States . They lived on the Lower East Side of New York , a dense area of many Jewish , Italian and Irish immigrants . His friends called him Shlaym .
= = Education = =
Asch was shy when he moved to the United States and did not speak English fluently . He went to the neighborhood public school , P.S. 147 , to attend 6th grade . As a result of the language barrier , Asch had a very difficult time understanding in class . He learned English by reading Charles Dickens . Asch later attended Townsend Harris High School , a very selective high school attached to the City College of New York . After high school , he attended the City College of New York , majoring in both literature and science . He became interested in psychology towards the end of his undergraduate career after reading the work of William James and a few philosophers . In 1928 , when he was 21 years old , he received his Bachelor of Science .
Asch went on to pursue his graduate degree at Columbia University . He initially was not very interested in social psychology , but he was interested in anthropology . With the help of Gardner Murphy , Lois Murphy , Franz Boas , and Ruth Benedict to gain a summer fellowship , he investigated how children became members of their culture . His master 's thesis was a statistical analysis of the test scores of 200 children under the supervision of Woodworth . Asch received his master 's degree in 1930 . His doctoral dissertation examined whether all learning curves have the same form ; H.E. Garrett assigned the topic to him . He received his PhD in 1932 .
Asch was exposed to Gestalt psychology through Gardner Murphy , then a young faculty member at Columbia . He became much more interested in Gestalt psychology after meeting and working closely with his adviser at Columbia Max Wertheimer , one of the founders of Gestalt psychology . He later became close friends with Wertheimer .
= = Family life = =
Asch met Florence Miller in a library on East Broadway on the lower East Side in New York City . He married her in 1930 . Their relationship was reported as being " easy , good @-@ humored " ( Rock , pg . 5 ) . Asch remained married to Florence his entire life . They had their first and only son , Peter , in 1937 . Peter Asch became a Professor of Economics at Rutgers University , married Ruth Zindler and had two sons , Eric and David . Peter died of heart failure at age 52 ( predeceasing both parents and his wife . )
= = Career = =
Asch began his teaching career at Brooklyn College . In 1947 , he moved to Swarthmore College , where he stayed for 19 years ( 1947 @-@ 1966 ) . Swarthmore was the major center for scholars of Gestalt psychology at that time in the United States . Wolfgang Kohler , a German immigrant ; W. C. H. Prentice , and Hans Wallach were faculty members at that time as well .
In 1966 , Asch left to found the Institute for Cognitive Studies at Rutgers University ( 1966 @-@ 1972 ) . In 1972 , Asch moved to the University of Pennsylvania . He taught there as a professor of psychology until he retired in 1979 , and was Emeritus until 1996 . Asch also had visiting posts at Harvard and MIT .
= = = Impression formation = = =
Asch was interested in how humans form impressions of other human beings . He was intrigued how we are able to easily form impressions of humans even though we have such complex structures . He specifically was interested in how impressions of other people were established and if there were any principles that regulated these impressions . Asch concluded " to know a person is to have a grasp of a particular structure " . He demonstrated through his experiments that forming an impression has the following elements :
1 ) it is an organized process ,
2 ) the characteristics are perceived differently in relation to other characteristics ,
3 ) central qualities are discovered , causing a distinction between them and peripheral qualities ,
4 ) relations of harmony and contradiction are observed .
Asch conducted many experiments in which he asked participants to form an impression of a hypothetical person based on several characteristics said to belong to them .
Central characteristics on impression formation In one experiment , two groups , A and B , were exposed to a list of exactly the same characteristics except one , cold vs. warm . The list of characteristics given to each group are listed below :
Group A : intelligent @-@ skillful @-@ industrious @-@ warm @-@ determined @-@ practical @-@ cautious
Group B : intelligent @-@ skillful @-@ industrious @-@ cold @-@ determined @-@ practical @-@ cautious
One group of people were told that the person was warm and another group of people were told the person is " cold " . Participants were asked to write a brief description of the impression they formed after hearing these characteristics . The experimenters also produced a check list consisting of pairs of opposite traits , such as generous / ungenerous , shrewd / wise , etc . These words were related to the first list of characteristics they heard . Participants were asked to indicate which of these traits matched with the hypothetical person who had just been described to them .
Asch found that very different impressions were found based on this one characteristic in the list . In general , the " A " impressions were far more positive than the " B " impressions . Based on the results of the written descriptions of the hypothetical person , the meaning of the other characteristics in the list seemed to change , related to whether the hypothetical person was described as a " warm " or " cold " person .
Not all qualities were changed by this word . Words such as " honest " , " strong " , " serious " , and " reliable " were not affected . The words " warm " and " cold " were shown to be of more importance in forming participant 's impressions than other characteristics . They were considered to be basic to understanding the person , whereas other characteristics would be considered secondary . Thus , if another characteristic in this list was changed between two subjects , such as manipulating the words " polite " and " blunt " , instead of the words " warm " and " cold " , it would not affect the impression of the person as much as did " warm " and " cold " . Asch called " warm " and " cold " " central " characteristics , and " polite " and " blunt " peripheral characteristics .
Order effects on impression formation
In another experiment , Asch found that the order in which he presented the traits of a hypothetical person drastically influenced the impression formed by participants formed . For example , participants were read one of the following lists below :
A. intelligent @-@ industrious @-@ impulsive @-@ critical @-@ stubborn @-@ envious
B. envious @-@ stubborn @-@ critical @-@ impulsive @-@ industrious @-@ intelligent
Series A starts with desirable qualities and ends with undesirable qualities , while the reverse is true for Series B. As a result of this slight difference , people perceive person A as someone who is an " able person who possesses certain shortcomings which , do not , however , overshadow his merits " . But , people perceive person B as a " problem , whose abilities are hampered by his serious difficulties " . The meaning of the other words in this list also change in the majority of subjects between list A and list B. Words such as " impulsive " and " critical " take on a positive meaning with A , but a negative meaning with B.
Similarity and difference of impression
In another central experiment , Asch presented participants with four groups of characteristics . Each participant was exposed to the group of words listed below .
Set 1 : Quick , Skillful , Helpful
Set 2 : Quick , Clumsy , Helpful
Set 3 : Slow , Skillful , Helpful
Set 4 : Slow , Clumsy , Helpful
Notice that only one characteristic , " helpful " , is the same throughout all of the four sets . Participants were asked 1 ) which of the other three sets most resemble Set I , and 2 ) which of the other sets most resembles Set 2 . In 87 percent of the cases , Set 1 was seen most similar with Set 3 . In only 13 percent of the cases , people reported Set 1 to be similar to Set 2 . Also , Set 2 was said to resemble Set 4 in 85 percent of the cases and only 9 percent of the cases was it said to resemble Set I was the closest .
However , there are more " identical elements " in Set 1 and 2 and in Set 3 and 4 . Notice that two of the three words are the same in Set 1 and 2 and in Set 3 and 4 . The similarity in sets can not be based on the number of shared elements in the set . Participants also reported that the word " quick " of set 1 was most similar in meaning to " slow " of set 3 . Similarly , " quick " of set 2 was perceived to be most similar in meaning to " slow " of set 4 .
Asch reached the following conclusions based on this experiment :
1 ) The meaning of a characteristic changes based on a change in the " environment " it 's in . Thus , the meanings of the words " quick " and " slow " change based on what other words it is presented with or associated with in real life . The meaning of the word " quick " in set 1 is associated more with " one of assurance , of smoothness of movement " while in set 2 the word is associated with " forced quickness , in an effort to be helpful " . In everyday life , we perceive a quick , skillful person to be very different from a quick , clumsy person . However , we perceive someone who is " quick and skillful " and " slow and skillful " as being similar and sharing the same quality of being more of an expert .
2 ) The change in the meaning of the characteristic is determined by its relationship with other characteristics . " [ Set ] I is quick because he is skillful ; [ Set ] 2 is clumsy because he is fast " " In [ Set ] 3 slowness indicates care , prides in work well @-@ done . Slowness in [ Set ] 4 indicates sluggishness , poor motor coordinate , some physical retardation " We perceive our overall impression by integrating the relationships of the different qualities of a person . Therefore , we form very different impressions when one of these qualities differ .
3 ) " Dynamic consequences are grasped in the interaction of qualities " , ( Asch , pg . 280 ) . Participants considered " quick " and " skillful " and " slow " and " skillful " as characteristics that cooperate together , but they think of " quick " and " clumsy " as characteristics that cancel one another .
= = = Prestige suggestion = = =
As a result of World War II in the 1940s , Asch and other social psychologists were interested in propaganda . They wondered : How do you get people to believe what you want them to believe ? How do you get people to believe they should sacrifice for the war effort ?
In everyday life , psychologists noticed that people are persuaded by messages differently based on the identity of the author . It seemed that the more prestige the author / speaker has , the more likely the person will believe them . Many social psychologists prior to Asch had studied this phenomenon . However , Asch disagreed with many of them and critiqued their interpretations . His main conclusion was that a change in evaluation requires a change in the content and meaning of the response as a result of the change in context . Therefore , the meaning of the message is interpreted differently depending on who is the author of the message . He suggests that participants are not blindly accepting a message based on the author , but rather they are making meaning of the quote based on the author .
Asch called into question the present theory for the underlying psychological process concerning the effect of group forces on the formation and change of opinions and attitudes . Asch critiques the experimental approach of many different psychologists , including Zillig , Moore , Marple , Sherif , Thorndike , and Lorge , in their investigations of evaluation change . Lorge 's and Sherif 's investigation of the effects of " prestige " on the evaluation of statements were investigated in detail in one of Asch 's articles .
The same basic procedure was used by all of the above @-@ mentioned psychologists . A participant makes a judgment about some particular issue . At a later time , they judge the same problem again but with information of how certain groups or prestigious people have evaluated the same problem . If the subject changes his judgment in the same direction as the evaluations of these groups of people or prestigious people , then this is considered a degree of influence that they have exerted on the participant 's judgment .
Lorge critique
Lorge 's main finding was that " prestige " can alter evaluations of statements of serious political and economic questions .
In his experiment , subjects rated a set of 50 quotations on a 5 @-@ point scale of " agreement " or " disagreement " with the statement . The quotes were followed by the names of two public people . Subjects were informed that one of the names was the author of the true source and were asked to select the true author . After about a month , the subjects again rated the same quotation but with the true author only listed below the quotation . Subjects also rated earlier their " respect for the political opinions of each of these individuals " . This was used as a measure of prestige . Lorge found that the participants rated the same statement differently when it was referred to a different author . More specifically , the rating of a statement tended to rise when it was referred to a more " prestigious " author .
One of Lorge 's main conclusions is that " an unchanged object of judgment undergoes a change of evaluation " . Therefore , the prestige of the author is viewed as acting arbitrarily on the statement regardless of the content or merit of the statement . Participants simply view the statement as having higher value when the author has higher prestige .
Asch , however , reinterprets Lorge 's findings and suggests that there was " a change in the object of judgment , rather than in the judgment of the object " ( Asch , 1940 ) . He suggests that a person will redefine the object of judgment based on the content of the evaluations . Therefore , the person will base the meaning of the quote in the context of what he / she believes to be true about the person who said the quote , resulting in different meanings of the statements based on the author .
In evidence of his claims , Asch conducted an experiment in which college students read statements with the name of one author below each statement . They were instructed to describe what the statement meant to them . Two groups of students read the same statements but with different authors associated with them . The main finding was that there was a " cognitive reorganization " of the statement based on what was understood about the author of the statement . Participant 's felt the meaning of the quote differed depending on who wrote the statement .
For example , the following quote was presented to both groups of subjects : " Only the willfully blind can fail to see that the old style capitalism of a primitive freebooting period is gone forever . The capitalism of complete laissez @-@ faire , which thrived on low wages and maximum profits for minimum turnover , which rejected collective bargaining and fought against justified public regulation of the competitive process , is a thing of the past . " When participants thought that Bridges ( a well @-@ known union leader ) was the author , they interpreted the passage to be an " expression of the accomplishments of labor in the face of opposition from capital and contained a resolve to defend these gains from attack " . However , when Johnston ( president of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce at the time ) was the author , they interpreted the passage to be " a perspective of policy in the interest of business , especially of ' enlightened ' business " . Asch conducted a very similar and classic study with participants reading statements either attributed to Jefferson or Lenin .
One of the major points that Asch makes is that participants are not completely blind in the experiment and making arbitrary choices based on this bias . Asch claims that participants were acting reasonable in their change of evaluation of the judgment because the context of the judgment and thus the meaning of the judgment had changed . Lorge , however , suggested that if the participants were behaving logical , their evaluations should have remained the same despite the change in author .
Sherif critique
Muzafer Sherif conducted an experiment , very similar to Lorge , in which he investigated how prestige affects the evaluation of literary materials . College students were asked to rank a set of prose passages according to their literary quality . Each passage also included the name of a well @-@ known author . However , all of the passages were actually written by the same author . Participants rated the authors earlier in terms of their literary standing . Sherif found that passages that were identified with highly acclaimed authors received higher rankings .
Asch suggested that Sherif 's results could be largely influenced from the environment of a laboratory experiment . Because the experiment was designed to have each of the passages have very few differences between them , participants were faced with a dilemma when asked to distinguish between them . The experimenter and other neighboring participants may appear to find the task obvious , so the participant attends to any clues that might help him make the decision . In fear of looking ridiculous , the participant might now approach the task as , " Which of these am I expected to like and dislike ? " With the only information that varies being the author , the participant might make conclusions about the quotes based on this one piece of information that varies .
= = = Conformity experiments = = =
Asch is most well known for his conformity experiments . His main finding was that group pressure can change opinion , of even obvious facts .
Asch wanted to examine throughout his experiments to 1 ) What extent do social forces alter people 's opinions ? and also 2 ) Which aspect of the group influence is most important @-@ the size of the majority or the unanimity ?
Asch 's conformity experiment was conducted using 123 male participants who were told that they would be part of an experiment in visual judgment . Each participant was put into a group with 5 to 7 confederates ( people who knew the true aims of the experiment , but were introduced as participants to the naive " real " participant ) . The participants were shown a card with a line on it , followed by another card with 3 lines on it labeled a , b , and c . The participants were then asked to say which line matched the line on the first card in length . Each line question was called a " trial " . The " real " participant answered last or penultimately . For the first two trials , the subject would feel at ease in the experiment , as he and the other " participants " gave the obvious , correct answer . However , after the fourth trial , all of the confederates respond with the clearly wrong answer at certain points such that in 12 of the 18 trials they all said the wrong answer . The 12 trials in which the confederates answered incorrectly were considered the " critical trials " . The participant could thus either ignore the majority and go with his own senses or he could go along with the majority and ignore the clearly obvious fact . The aim was to see whether the real participant would change his answer and respond the same way as the confederates or stick with the clearly obvious answer .
Asch found that a considerable percentage followed the majority . Asch suggested that this procedure created a doubt in the participants ' mind about the seemingly obvious answer . Participants reported that the correct but rejected line was almost but not quite equal to the standard line . Asch also found that the effectiveness of the group pressure increased significantly from 1 person to 3 people unanimously responding incorrectly . However , there was not much increase after that . He also found that when the participant had a confederate pose as a supporting partner who also responded correctly , the power of the majority to influence the participant decreased substantially .
Asch told his colleagues that his idea to study conformity was brought about by his childhood experiences in Poland . He recalls being seven years old and staying up for his first Passover night . He recalls seeing his grandmother pour an extra glass of wine . When he asked who the glass of wine was for , she said that it was for the prophet Elijah . He then asked her whether he would really take a sip from the glass and his uncle assured him that he would . His uncle told him to watch very closely when the time came . " Filled with a sense of suggestion and expectation " Asch " thought he saw the level of wine in the cup drop just a bit " . Thus , early in life , Asch succumbed to conformity , which fostered his idea to investigate conformity later in life .
= = = Other work = = =
Metaphors
Asch looked at metaphors in a variety of different languages , such as Old Testament Hebrew , Homeric Greek , Chinese , Thai , Malayam , and Hausa . He found that there was a similar meaning for the sensory term , such as " cold " in English , and the corresponding personality trait . He concluded that metaphors , and thus language , reflects a person 's attempt to understand the true properties of a person or object .
Unitary and nonunitary associations
Asch showed that simple properties would enter into associations much easier when they are part of the same unit than when they are from different units .
= = Notable influences = =
Asch was Stanley Milgram 's advisor at Princeton University , and Milgram completed his dissertation on national differences under conformity under Asch . Asch also largely influenced the theory of many other social psychologists , such as Harold Kelley .
= = Legacy = =
According to Levine ( 1999 ) , Asch 's research has led to four critical ideas that persist in social influence research . First , Asch believed that social interaction reflects the ability of individual people to synthesize information about group norms , the viewpoints of others and their own perceptions of themselves as group members . This point of view has been manifested in at least two important theories ( social identity theory and self @-@ categorization theory ) , and has been a source of inspiration for the work of many social psychologists ( See Hardin & Higgins , 1996 ; Weick & Roberts , 1993 ) .
Second , Asch emphasized that independent thought and disagreement among group members is a cornerstone of group functioning . He believed that only by settling our differences with other group members can we actually understand the shortcomings of our own beliefs ( Levine , 1999 ) . This notion has been embraced by social scientists like Moscovici , who has pursued this rationale as the basis for his theory of minority influence in group situations , and has also been incorporated into sociocognitive conflict theory .
Asch also believed the relationship between conformity and non @-@ conformity was not as simple as one being the opposite of the other . This was Asch 's third influential idea , and he suggested that conformity and resistance might be explained by their own unique social psychological processes . Conformity , for instance , could be a function of how aware a person is that they are being influenced by the group ( distortion of perception ) , the degree to which the person believes that the group consensus is correct ( distortion of judgement ) , and how badly the person wants to be accepted by the group ( distortion of action ) . Although these exact terms have not been directly ported over to the literature , researchers such as Moscovici and Nemeth have adopted the perspective that majority and minority influence are moderated by multiple processes ( Levine , 1999 ) .
Lastly , Asch suggested that group influence can change how people perceive stimuli ( See Asch , 1940 for an example ) . This is the most obscure of Asch 's major ideas , in large part because it has not been cited frequently ( Levine , 1999 ) , but is none @-@ the @-@ less important because it speaks to the power of group influence .
= = End of life = =
Asch was disappointed and concerned by the direction social psychology was going in the 1980s . He wrote , " Why do I sense , together with the current expansion , a shrinking of vision , an expansion of surface rather than depth , a failure of imagination ? .... Why is not social psychology more exciting , more human in the most usual sense of that term ? To sum up , is this discipline perhaps on the wrong track ? " ( Asch , p. x ) Asch was worried that social psychologists were not asking the deeper questions that would help change and improve the world . Asch died at the age of 88 on February 21 , 1996 in his home in Haverford , Pennsylvania .
= = Selected work = =
Asch E. ( 1989 ) . Letter to Irvin Rock .
Asch S. E. ( 1929 ) . A study of scatter on the Stanford revision of the Binet scale . Unpublished MA thesis .
Asch S. E. ( 1932a ) . Personality development of Hopi children . Unpublished paper .
Asch S. E. ( 1932b ) . " An experimental study of variability in learning " . Archives of Psychology , 143 , 1 @-@ 55
Asch , S. E. ( 1940 ) . Studies in the principles of judgements and attitudes : II . Determination of judgements by group and ego standards . Journal of Social Psychology , 12 , 433 @-@ 465 .
Asch S. E. ( 1946 ) . " Forming impressions of personality " . Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 41 , 258 @-@ 290 .
Asch S. E. ( 1948 ) . " The doctrine of suggestion , prestige , and imitation in social psychology " . Psychological Review , 55 , 250 @-@ 276 .
Asch S. E. ( 1952 ) . " Social psychology " . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice @-@ Hall .
Asch S. E. ( 1955 ) . " On the use of metaphor in the description of persons " . In H. Werner ( Ed . ) , On expressive language ( 29 @-@ 38 ) . Worcester , MA : Clark University Press .
Asch . S. E. ( 1955 ) . Opinions and Social Pressure
Asch S. E. ( 1956 ) . " Studies of independence and conformity : I. A minority of one against a unanimous majority " . Psychological Monographs , 70 , 1 @-@ 70 .
Asch S. E. ( 1958 ) . " The metaphor : a psychological inquiry " . In R. Tagiuri & L. Petrullo ( Eds . ) , Person perception and interpersonal behavior ( pp. 86 – 94 ) , California : Stanford University Press .
Asch S. E. ( 1962 ) . " A problem in the theory of associations " . Psychologische Beitrage , 6 , 553 @-@ 563 .
Asch S. E. ( 1964 ) . " The process of free recall " . In C. Scheerer ( Ed . ) , Cognition : Theory , research , promise ( pp. 79 – 88 ) . New York : Harper and Row .
Asch S. E. ( 1968a ) . " The doctrinal tyranny of associationism " . In T. R. Dixon & D. L. Horton ( Eds . ) , Verbal behavior and general behavior theory ( pp. 214 – 228 ) . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice @-@ Hall .
Asch S. E. ( 1968b ) . " Wolfgang Köhler " . American Journal of Psychology , 81 , 110 @-@ 119 .
Asch S. E. ( 1969 ) . " A reformulation of the problem of associations " . American Psychologist , 24 , 92 @-@ 102 .
Asch S. E. , Ceraso J. , & Heimer W. ( 1960 ) . " Perceptual conditions of association " . Psychological Monographs , 74 ( 3 ) , 1 @-@ 48 .
Asch S. E. , & Ebenholtz S. M. ( 1962a ) . " The principle of associative symmetry " . Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , 106 , 135 @-@ 163 .
Asch S. E. , & Ebenholtz S. M. ( 1962b ) . " The process of free recall : evidence for non @-@ associative factors in acquisition and retention " . Journal of Psychology , 54 , 3 @-@ 31 .
Asch S. E. , Hay J. , & Mendoza R. ( 1960 ) . " Perceptual organization in serial rote @-@ learning " . American Journal of Psychology , 73 , 177 @-@ 198 .
Asch S. E. , & Lindner M. ( 1963 ) . " A note on strength of association " . Journal of Psychology , 55 , 199 @-@ 209 .
Asch S. E. , & Prentice W. C. H. ( 1958 ) . " Paired association with related and unrelated pairs of nonsense figures " . American Journal of Psychology , 71 , 247 @-@ 254 .
Asch S. E. , & Witkin H. A. ( 1948a ) . " Studies in space orientation : I. Perception of the upright with displaced visual fields " . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 38 , 325 @-@ 337 .
Asch S. E. , & Witkin H. A. ( 1948b ) . " Studies in space orientation : II . Perception of the upright with displaced visual fields and with body tilted " . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 38 , 455- 477 .
Hardin , C. D. & Higgins , E. T. ( 1996 ) . Shared reality : How social verification makes the subjective objective . In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins ( Eds . ) , Handbook of motivation and cognition ( Vol . 3 , pp. 28 – 84 ) . New York : Guilford .
Levine , J. M. ( 1999 ) . Solomon Asch 's Legacy for group research . Personality and Social Psychology , 3 ( 4 ) , 358 @-@ 364 .
Weick , K. E. & Roberts , K. H. ( 1993 ) . Collective mind in organizations : Heedful interrelating on flight decks . Administrative Science Quarterly , 38 , 357 @-@ 381 .
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= Blue Jay Way =
" Blue Jay Way " is a song recorded by the English rock group the Beatles . Written by George Harrison , it was released in 1967 on the band 's Magical Mystery Tour EP and album . The song was named after a street in the Hollywood Hills of Los Angeles where Harrison stayed in August 1967 , shortly before visiting the Haight @-@ Ashbury district of San Francisco . The lyrics document Harrison 's wait for music publicist Derek Taylor to find his way to Blue Jay Way through the fog @-@ ridden hills , while Harrison struggled to stay awake after the flight from London to Los Angeles .
As with several of Harrison 's compositions from this period , " Blue Jay Way " incorporates aspects of Indian classical music , although the Beatles used only Western instrumentation on the track , including a drone @-@ like Hammond organ part played by Harrison . Created during the group 's psychedelic period , the track makes extensive use of studio techniques such as flanging , Leslie rotary effect , and reversed tape sounds . The song appeared in the Beatles ' 1967 television film Magical Mystery Tour , in a sequence that visually re @-@ creates the sense of haziness and dislocation evident on the recording .
While some reviewers have dismissed the song as monotonous , many others have admired its yearning quality and dark musical mood . The website Consequence of Sound describes " Blue Jay Way " as " a haunted house of a hit , adding an ethereal , creepy mythos to the City of Angels " . Among its continued links with Los Angeles , the song was one of the first Beatles tracks that cult leader Charles Manson adopted as the foundation for his Helter Skelter theory of an American race @-@ related countercultural revolution . Artists who have covered the song include Bud Shank , Colin Newman , Tracy Bonham , Siouxsie and the Banshees and Greg Hawkes .
= = Background and inspiration = =
George Harrison wrote " Blue Jay Way " after arriving in Los Angeles on 1 August 1967 with his wife Pattie Boyd and Beatles aides Neil Aspinall and Alex Mardas . The purpose of the trip was to spend a week with Derek Taylor , the Beatles ' former press officer and latterly the publicist for California @-@ based acts such as the Byrds and the Beach Boys . The visit also allowed Harrison to reunite with his sitar tutor , Ravi Shankar , whose Kinnara School of Music and upcoming concert at the Hollywood Bowl he helped publicise .
The title of the song came from a street named Blue Jay Way , one of the " bird streets " high in the Hollywood Hills West area overlooking the Sunset Strip , where Harrison had rented a house for his stay . Jet @-@ lagged after the flight from London , he began writing the composition on a Hammond organ as he and Boyd waited for Taylor and the latter 's wife , Joan , to join them . The home 's location , on a hillside of narrow , winding roads , together with the foggy conditions that night , created the backdrop for the song 's opening lines : " There 's a fog upon L.A. / And my friends have lost their way . " Harrison had almost completed the song by the time the Taylors arrived , around two hours later than planned .
The week with Taylor proved to be important for the direction of the Beatles . At the height of the Summer of Love and the popularity of the band 's Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band album , Harrison , Taylor and their small entourage visited the international " hippie capital " of Haight @-@ Ashbury , in San Francisco , on 7 August . Harrison had expected to encounter an enlightened community engaged in artistic pursuits and working to create a viable alternative lifestyle ; instead , he was disappointed that Haight @-@ Ashbury appeared to be populated by drug addicts , dropouts and " hypocrites " . Following his return to England two days later , Harrison completed work on " Blue Jay Way " at his home in Esher . He also shared his disillusionment about Haight @-@ Ashbury with John Lennon , soon after which the Beatles publicly denounced the popular hallucinogen LSD ( or " acid " ) and other drugs in favour of Transcendental Meditation under Maharishi Mahesh Yogi . While noting Harrison 's role in " inspir [ ing ] the West 's mainstream acquaintance with Hindu religion " through his leadership in this aspect of the Beatles ' career , author Ian MacDonald describes " Blue Jay Way " as a " farewell to psychedelia " , just as " It 's All Too Much " , which the Beatles recorded in May 1967 , became Harrison 's " farewell to acid " .
= = Composition = =
= = = Music = = =
" Blue Jay Way " was one of several songs that Harrison composed on a keyboard over 1966 – 68 – a period when , aside from in his work with the Beatles , he had abandoned his first instrument , the guitar , to master the sitar , partly under Shankar 's tutelage . The song is in 4 / 4 time throughout ; its structure consists of an intro , three combinations of verse and chorus , followed by repeated choruses . While MacDonald gives the musical key as " C major ( minor , diminished ) " , musicologist Alan Pollack views it as a mix of C major and C modal , and acknowledges the " highly unusual " incorporation of the notes D ♯ and F ♯ . The inclusion of the latter note suggests the Lydian mode , which , according to musicologist Walter Everett , had only been heard previously in popular music in the Left Banke 's 1966 single " Pretty Ballerina " .
The song 's melody oscillates over the chords of C major and C diminished , a chord favoured by Harrison in his Indian music @-@ inspired compositions for the Beatles . Acknowledging Harrison 's statement that the tune is " slightly Indian " , Everett considers " Blue Jay Way " to be related to the ragas Kosalam and Multani . According to author Simon Leng , however , Harrison based the song partly on Raga Marwa . Following the inclusion of a raga @-@ style introduction ( or alap ) in his previous Indian compositions , " Love You To " and " Within You Without You " , " Blue Jay Way " begins with a preview of the song 's melody played softly , in free time , over the opening drone . Author Ian Inglis credits the song 's incorporation of ambient drone , specifically its role in providing " an anchorage point for vocal and instrumental improvisation " , as one of the first examples of a musical device that soon became prevalent in the work of Fairport Convention , the Incredible String Band and other folk artists .
The length of the verses falls short of an even eight bars through the omission of a final beat . Pollack recognises this detail as reflecting a sense of impatience , in keeping with the circumstances surrounding the song 's creation . Following the third verse – chorus combination , the outro comprises four rounds of the chorus , with the lyrics to the final round consisting of the repeated " Don 't be long " refrain . As a feature that Pollack terms " compositionally impressive " , each of the four sections in this outro varies in structure by being either shorter in length or less musically detailed .
= = = Lyrics = = =
The lyrics to " Blue Jay Way " relate entirely to Harrison 's situation on that first night in Los Angeles . He refers to fighting off sleep and recalls his advice to Taylor to ask a policeman for directions to Blue Jay Way . Author Jonathan Gould views the song as " darkly funny " , with the singer 's concern over his friends ' tardiness almost resembling " a metaphysical crisis " . In the choruses , Harrison repeatedly urges " Please don 't be long / Please don 't you be very long " , a refrain that Inglis identifies as central to the composition 's " extraordinary sense of yearning and melancholy " .
Taylor later expressed amusement at how some commentators interpreted " don 't be long " as meaning " don 't belong " – a message to Western youth to opt out of society – and at how the line " And my friends have lost their way " supposedly conveyed the idea that " a whole generation had lost direction " . With regard to whether Harrison was telling contemporary listeners not to " belong " , Inglis writes , this " alternative reading " of the song aligned with Timothy Leary 's catchphrase for the 1960s American psychedelic experience , " Turn on , tune in , drop out " . In Gould 's opinion , the continual repetition of the line at the end of " Blue Jay Way " transforms the words into " a plea for nonattachment – ' don 't belong ' " . Rather than attaching any countercultural significance to this , however , Gould views it as the Beatles repeating the wordplay first used in the chorus of Lennon 's 1963 song " It Won 't Be Long " .
= = Production = =
= = = Recording = = =
The Beatles began recording " Blue Jay Way " on 6 September 1967 at EMI 's Abbey Road Studios in London . The song was Harrison 's contribution to the television film Magical Mystery Tour , the first project undertaken by the band following the death of their manager , Brian Epstein . Author Nicholas Schaffner describes " Blue Jay Way " as the first Harrison @-@ written Beatles recording on which he " adapt [ ed ] some of his Indian @-@ derived ideas to a more Western setting " , with Hammond organ , cello and drums serving the function of , respectively , tambura drone , sitar and tabla .
The group achieved a satisfactory rhythm track in a single take . On 7 September , this recording – comprising two organ parts , bass guitar and drums – was reduced to two tracks on the 4 @-@ track master tape , after which Harrison overdubbed his double @-@ tracked lead vocal , and he , Lennon and Paul McCartney added backing vocals . Among Beatles biographers , MacDonald credits Harrison as the sole organ player on the song , while Kenneth Womack and John Winn write that Lennon played the second keyboard part . Recording was completed at Abbey Road on 6 October , with the addition of tambourine , played by Ringo Starr , and cello . The latter was performed by an unnamed session musician . As with all the songs recorded for Magical Mystery Tour , final mixing was carried out on 7 November .
= = = Studio effects = = =
" Blue Jay Way " features extensive use of three studio techniques employed by the Beatles over 1966 – 67 : flanging , an audio delay effect ; sound @-@ signal rotation via a Leslie speaker ; and ( in the stereo mix only ) reversed tapes . Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn compares " Blue Jay Way " with two Lennon tracks from this period , " Strawberry Fields Forever " and " I Am the Walrus " , in that the recording " seized upon all the studio trickery and technical advancements of 1966 and 1967 and captured them in one song " . Together with the pedal drone supplied by the keyboard parts , the various sound treatments reinforce the sense of dislocation evident in the song .
In the case of the reversed @-@ tape technique , a recording of the completed track was played backwards and faded in at key points during the performance . This effect created a response to Harrison 's lead vocal over the verses , as the backing vocals appear to answer each line he sings . Due to the limits of multitracking , the process of feeding in reversed sounds was carried out live during the final mixing session . Described by Lewisohn as " quite problematical " , the process was not repeated when the Beatles and their production team worked on the mono mix .
= = Appearance in Magical Mystery Tour film = =
The song 's segment in Magical Mystery Tour was shot mainly at RAF West Malling , an air force base near Maidstone in Kent , during the week beginning on 19 September . Described by Womack as " the movie 's hazy , psychedelic sequence " , it features Harrison sitting on a pavement and playing a chalk @-@ drawn keyboard . Dressed in a red suit , he is shown busking on a roadside ; next to his keyboard are a white plastic cup and a message written in chalk , reading : " 2 wives and kid to support " . The depiction of Harrison , seated in the lotus position and seemingly zoned out , matched his public image as the most committed of the Beatles to Transcendental Meditation and Eastern philosophy .
The filming took place in an aircraft hangar , with the scene designed to re @-@ create a typically smog @-@ ridden Los Angeles . Music journalist Kit O 'Toole writes that the smoke surrounding Harrison " almost engulf [ s ] him , mimicking the ' fog ' described in the lyrics " . Through the use of prismatic photography , the " Blue Jay Way " segment also shows Harrison 's " image refracted as if seen through a fly 's eye " , according to author Alan Clayson , who describes the scene as mirroring " the requisite misty atmosphere " suggested by the recording . In its preview of Magical Mystery Tour in 1967 , the NME highlighted the segment as one of the film 's " extremely clever " musical sequences , saying : " For ' Blue Jay Way ' George is seen sitting cross @-@ legged in a sweating mist which materialises into a variety of shapes and patterns . It 's a pity that most TV viewers will be able to see it only in black and white . "
At other times during the sequence , the four Beatles alternate in the role of a solo cellist . These scenes were filmed on 3 November , on the rockery at Sunny Heights , Starr 's house in Weybridge , Surrey . Tony Barrow , the production manager for Magical Mystery Tour , recalls that , as " a colourful conclusion " to the segment , they set off fireworks that had been bought for the upcoming Guy Fawkes Night celebrations . The version of " Blue Jay Way " appearing in the 2012 DVD release of Magical Mystery Tour is an alternative edit and includes some previously unused footage . O 'Toole admires the " Blue Jay Way " sequence as " one of the film 's too @-@ few bright spots " and " a perfect representation of the track 's hallucinatory qualities " .
= = Release and reception = =
" Blue Jay Way " was issued in Britain as the final song on the Magical Mystery Tour double EP on 8 December 1967 . In America , where Capitol Records had combined the six EP tracks with five songs issued on the band 's singles throughout the year , creating a full album , the release took place on 27 November .
Reviewing the EP for the NME , Nick Logan considered it to be " Sergeant Pepper and beyond , heading for marvellous places " , during which " we cruise down ' Blue Jay Way ' with [ Harrison ] almost chanting the chorus line . A church organ starts this one off and leads us into a whirlpool of sound ... " Among reviews of the US release , Saturday Review admired the album as a " description of the Beatles ' acquired Hindu philosophy and its subsequent application to everyday life " , while Robert Christgau wrote in Esquire that , despite three of the new songs being " disappointing " , Magical Mystery Tour was " worth buying ... especially for Harrison 's hypnotic ' Blue Jay Way ' " . Christgau described the track as " an adaptation of Oriental modes in which everything works , lyrics included " .
In a combined review of concurrent releases such as Magical Mystery Tour , the Rolling Stones ' Their Satanic Majesties Request and Cream 's Disraeli Gears , Hit Parader praised the Beatles for further " widening the gap between them and 80 scillion other groups " . The reviewer added : " The master magicians practice their alchemy on Harrison 's ' Blue Jay Way ' , recorded perhaps in an Egyptian tomb , and ' I Am The Walrus ' , a piece of terror lurking in foggy midnight moors . These two songs accomplish what the Stones attempted . "
= = Retrospective assessment = =
A critic of the Beatles ' output immediately post @-@ Sgt. Pepper , Ian MacDonald found " Blue Jay Way " " as unfocused and monotonous as most of the group 's output of this period " , adding that the song " numbingly fails to transcend the weary boredom that inspired it " . Writing for Rolling Stone in 2002 , Greg Kot considered it to be " one of [ Harrison 's ] least @-@ memorable Beatles tracks … a song essentially about boredom – and it sounds like it " . Similarly unimpressed with Magical Mystery Tour , Tim Riley describes " Blue Jay Way " as a song that " goes nowhere tiresomely " , with a vocal that " sounds as tired and droning " as the musical accompaniment .
Ian Inglis writes that the emotion Harrison conveys on the track " belies its apparently trivial lyrics " and that , together with the instrumentation and backing vocals , his pleas " create an unusually atmospheric and strangely moving song " . Writing for Rough Guides , Chris Ingham deems the song to be " essential Beatlemusic " ; he views it as Harrison 's " most haunting and convincing musical contribution of the period " , after " Within You Without You " , as well as " possibly the most unnerving of all Beatles tracks " . In a 2002 review for Mojo , Charles Shaar Murray described the song as " eerie , serpentine " and " a fine and worthy companion for Pepper 's Within You Without You " . Writing in Uncut that same year , Carol Clerk called it " a weirdly atmospheric triumph " .
In his book Indian Music and the West ( 1997 ) , Gerry Farrell refers to the song when discussing its author 's contribution to popularising Indian classical music , writing : " It is a mark of Harrison 's sincere involvement with Indian music that , nearly thirty years on , the Beatles ' ' Indian ' songs remain among the most imaginative and successful examples of this type of fusion – for example , ' Blue Jay Way ' and ' The Inner Light . ' " Simon Leng writes of the song : " Harrison was working at a sophisticated level of extrapolating Indian scales to the Western setting , something no one else had done … ' Blue Jay Way ' explores the structures of Indian music just as ' Within You Without You ' debates its philosophical roots . " In her song review for the music website Something Else ! , Kit O 'Toole describes " Blue Jay Way " as one of its composer 's " most eccentric and abstract compositions " and " the perfect snapshot of the Beatles ' most unusually creative artistic phase " . Former Record Collector editor Peter Doggett , writing in Barry Miles ' The Beatles Diary , similarly admires the recording , saying that the Beatles rendered the song " an exotic , almost mystical journey " that evokes a mysterious Eastern mood " without a single Indian instrument being employed " .
In his 2009 review for Consequence of Sound , Dan Caffrey highlights the track among the " stellar moments in the album 's first half " and considers it to be " George Harrison 's most underrated song " . Caffrey adds : " For a piece inspired by the simple act of waiting for a friend to arrive at his Los Angeles home on a foggy night , ' Blue Jay Way ' is a haunted house of a hit , adding an ethereal , creepy mythos to the City of Angels . " Writing for The A.V. Club , Chuck Klosterman describes the song as being among " the trippiest ... material [ the Beatles ] ever made " , while Mark Kemp of Paste views it as " wonderfully wobbly " . Scott Plagenhoef of Pitchfork Media includes " Blue Jay Way " among the EP 's four " low @-@ key marvels " , about which he opines : " Few of them are anyone 's all @-@ time favorite Beatles songs ... yet this run seems to achieve a majesty in part because of that : It 's a rare stretch of amazing Beatles music that can seem like a private obsession rather than a permanent part of our shared culture . "
= = Cover versions and cultural references = =
Lord Sitar included " Blue Jay Way " on his 1968 album of Indian music @-@ style recordings , titled Lord Sitar . The artist credit was a pseudonym for London session guitarist Big Jim Sullivan , although rumours circulated that Lord Sitar was in fact Harrison himself , partly as a result of EMI / Capitol 's refusal to deny the claim . Also in 1968 , jazz saxophonist and flautist Bud Shank , another associate of Ravi Shankar , recorded the song for his album Magical Mystery .
" Blue Jay Way " was a rare Beatles song released before their 1968 self @-@ titled double album that Charles Manson adopted as part of his theory of an impending social revolution in the United States , a scenario that led to his followers carrying out a series of murders in Los Angeles during the summer of 1969 . Finding parallels between the Beatles ' lyrics and the Book of Revelation , and believing himself to be the messiah , Manson interpreted Harrison 's opening verse and chorus as the Beatles calling out to Jesus Christ .
Colin Newman , singer and guitarist with the post @-@ punk band Wire , included a cover of " Blue Jay Way " on his 1982 solo album Not To . In March 2015 , the song was also his selection for the NME 's " 100 Greatest Beatles Songs " poll . Newman cited the track as an example of how the Beatles were " properly serious about their art " and why they now " need to be rescued from the clammy clutches of the heritage industry " .
Borbetomagus released a live recording of the song on their 1992 album Buncha Hair That Long , a version that Trouser Press later said " could easily reunite the Beatles for good if it were played in the presence of the surviving trio " . On their 2003 live album Seven Year Itch , Siouxsie and the Banshees included a reading that , according to The Guardian 's reviewer , " transformed [ the song ] into an apocalyptic howl " . Other artists who have covered " Blue Jay Way " include Tracy Bonham , on her 2007 album In the City + In the Woods , and the Secret Machines , whose version appears in the Julie Taymor @-@ directed film Across the Universe ( 2007 ) . Former Cars keyboardist Greg Hawkes recorded a ukulele rendition for his 2008 solo album The Beatles Uke .
Harrison 's experience when writing " Blue Jay Way " is referenced in the Jonathan Kellerman novel Obsession ( 2007 ) , as the lead character , Alex Delaware , waits among the " bird streets " overlooking Sunset Strip . The US hip hop group Death Grips quote from the song 's lyrics in their 2012 track " Double Helix " , released on The Money Store , an album that Clash magazine described as sounding like " the burning skies of LA 's decaying empire " .
In a 2011 interview , music producer and radio host Kim Fowley identified " Blue Jay Way " as the first song in which a member of the Beatles wrote about America and cited it as evidence of Harrison 's standing as " the most American of all the Beatles " during the 1960s . Fowley highlighted this connection – including Harrison 's friendships with David Crosby of the Byrds and other California @-@ based musicians , such as Leon Russell – as the foundation for rock music 's first all @-@ star charity concert , the Concert for Bangladesh , which Harrison staged in New York in August 1971 .
Due to the attention created by the Beatles ' song , the street signs for Blue Jay Way have long been collector 's items for fans visiting the Hollywood Hills . In May 2015 , a lane in the Heavitree area of Exeter , in the English county of Devon , was named Blue Jay Way after the song . In addition to much of the filming for Magical Mystery Tour having taken place at various locations in the West Country , the title commemorates the Beatles ' three concert appearances at Exeter 's ABC Cinema over 1963 – 64 .
= = Personnel = =
According to Ian MacDonald :
George Harrison – lead vocals , Hammond organ , backing vocal
John Lennon – backing vocal
Paul McCartney – backing vocal , bass
Ringo Starr – drums , tambourine
Session musician – cello
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= Terry Pratchett 's The Colour of Magic =
Terry Pratchett 's The Colour of Magic is a two @-@ part television adaptation of the bestselling novels The Colour of Magic and The Light Fantastic by Terry Pratchett . The fantasy film was produced for Sky1 by The Mob , a small British studio , starring David Jason , Sean Astin , Tim Curry and Christopher Lee as the voice of Death . Vadim Jean both adapted the screenplay from Pratchett 's original novels , and served as director .
Terry Pratchett 's The Colour of Magic was broadcast on Sky One , and in high definition on Sky 1 HD , on Easter Sunday ( 23 March ) and 24 March 2008 . The first part drew audiences of 1 @.@ 5 million , with the second part attracting up to 1 @.@ 1 million viewers . The film was well received by fans , but drew mixed reviews from critics , who generally praised the acting talent of the all @-@ star cast , but criticised the film 's script and direction .
The production is the second adaptation of Pratchett 's novels as a live @-@ action film , following the successful release of Hogfather on Sky 1 over Christmas 2006 . A third adaptation , Going Postal , followed in 2010 with more planned for the future .
= = Plot = =
The plot of the adaptation largely follows the first two Discworld novels , The Colour of Magic and The Light Fantastic . The story follows the exploits of Rincewind , a wizard who is expelled from Unseen University after spending 40 years failing to learn even the most basic magic . In fact , Rincewind 's head holds one of the eight spells from the Octavo , the most powerful spellbook in the Discworld , and he has been unable to learn others because " they were afraid to be in the same head " as the Octavo spell . Rincewind is forced by the Patrician of Ankh @-@ Morpork to act as a local guide for Twoflower , a property insurance salesman and the Discworld 's first tourist , who is visiting Ankh @-@ Morpork , and Twoflower 's luggage , which is made from Sapient Pearwood and can run on its own legs .
After a misunderstanding over an insurance policy causes the owner of the inn where Twoflower and Rincewind are staying to commit arson , the pair flee the city . They proceed across the disc , encountering a variety of mythical creatures , most of which lead to near @-@ death experiences for Rincewind . Fortunately for Rincewind , the Octavo spell in his head precludes him from actually dying , resulting in several comic encounters with Death . Meanwhile , a significant power struggle is occurring within the Unseen University . Narrator Brian Cox explains that " in the competitive world of wizardry , the way to the top is via dead men 's pointy shoes ... even if you have to empty them yourself " . The power @-@ hungry wizard Ymper Trymon ( Tim Curry ) plans to become Archchancellor . Trymon assassinates several faculty members but is thwarted by the incumbent Archchancellor , Galder Weatherwax , and his superior magical knowledge of the Octavo . Trymon knows there is no point in deposing the Archchancellor until he learns how to control the Octavo , which is growing increasingly restless as Rincewind ( and the spell in his head ) moves further away from Ankh @-@ Morpork and into greater danger .
Rincewind and Twoflower are eventually washed rimwards to the kingdom of Krull , which lies on the very rim of the disc , where they are taken prisoner . The astronomers and " astrozoologists " of Krull have for many years attempted to determine the sex of Great A 'Tuin , and are on the verge of launching a space vehicle to carry a pair of " cosmochelonians " on a new mission over the rim of the disc . Unaware of this , Rincewind and Twoflower take the place of the two cosmonauts and ' escape ' to the spacecraft , which they accidentally launch , catapulting them off the rim . The prospect of losing the eighth spell in this fashion prompts the Octavo to act , causing A 'Tuin to perform a barrel roll to recapture Rincewind , landing the pair near the centre of the disc . Watching the Octavo 's restlessness , the Archchancellor reveals his intention to use the Rite of AshkEnte to ask Death about the Octavo and also about a large red star that has recently appeared in the sky . Now knowing all he needs , Trymon throws Weatherwax from the Tower of Art and becomes Archchancellor in his place .
The red star grows steadily larger , and the worried people of Ankh @-@ Morpork mob the Unseen University because the wizards appear unable to save the disc from it . Trymon learns from Death that all eight spells of the Octavo must be said together at the solstice to save the disc from destruction and that Great A 'Tuin is flying towards the red star for a purpose that Death says is " nothing to do with me . " Trymon dispatches a group of mercenaries , led by Herrena , to capture Rincewind and retrieve the eighth spell , along with a force of wizards . Meanwhile , Rincewind and Twoflower encounter Cohen the Barbarian ( 87 years old and retired ) , and Twoflower rescues Bethan , a human sacrifice in a druid ritual . A battle between the wizards and Rincewind leaves Twoflower in a coma ; Rincewind rescues him from Death 's door , and Cohen in turn rescues Rincewind and Twoflower from Herrena and the mercenaries .
The four take a ferry to Ankh @-@ Morpork , where the populace is rioting because the star is now larger than the disc 's own sun . Trymon assembles the senior wizards of the University , and orders them to unchain the Octavo . When they release the spellbook , Trymon steals it and locks the wizards in its chamber . Rincewind releases them and they follow Trymon to the top of the Tower of Art , afraid that he will attempt to say the spells and that they will destroy his mind ( and the rest of the world ) . Trymon , however , says the first seven spells successfully and gains near @-@ ultimate power , and turns the wizards to stone . Rincewind fights Trymon , who is eventually killed , returning the spells to the Octavo . Rincewind expunges the eighth spell from his head , completing the set , and reads the entire spellbook .
The red star is finally revealed as a world @-@ turtle breeding ground : the Octavo spells prompt several eggs orbiting the star to hatch into juvenile discworlds , which follow Great A 'Tuin as it returns to deep space . The narrator tidies up a few loose ends : the Octavo is eaten by the luggage , which Twoflower donates to Rincewind . Rincewind , now able to learn new spells with the departure of the 8th spell from his head , re @-@ enrolls at Unseen University . Cohen and Bethan decide to get married ( despite the 60 year age difference ) , with Cohen celebrating by commissioning some Din Chewers , made from troll 's teeth ( pure diamond ) . Twoflower presents them with a dozen gold coins as a wedding gift . Although Twoflower , who comes from the Counterweight Continent where gold is extremely common , considers this a small sum Rincewind comments that in Ankh @-@ Morpork a dozen gold coins is enough to buy a small kingdom . Twoflower returns home on a ship and Rincewind returns to the Unseen Universty with the Luggage happily following .
= = = Differences from original texts = = =
Although the film generally remains true to the original novels , several scenes and characters were removed or merged with others to bring the script to a reasonable length . Noting that " there wasn 't time for everything " , the producers cut completely the scene in the Temple of Bel @-@ Shamharoth and the associated plotline about the significance of the number eight ; Director Vadim Jean defended the decision , saying " we could have gone there , but we went to the Wyrmberg instead . There [ were ] time constraints and we could have gone one way or the other , so we went the whole hog on just one . " The scenes in the Wyrmberg were themselves shortened and simplified , reducing the character of Li ! ort to a cameo and losing the characters of K ! sdra , Greicha and Hrun completely . The inter @-@ wizard rivalry at Unseen University , by contrast , was expanded and spread out throughout the film , while in the novels the sequences are short and mainly found in The Light Fantastic . This established Trymon as a more easily recognisable antagonist . To avoid the necessity of explaining the deus ex machina in detail , the Octavo in the film simply causes A 'Tuin to roll to recapture Rincewind , whereas in the novel , a complicated ' change spell ' returns him to the disc . The creatures from the Dungeon Dimensions which invade reality at the end of The Light Fantastic , and Rincewind 's fight in the Dungeon Dimensions themselves , are completely omitted , and Trymon is simply driven mad by reading the Octavo spells at the end of the film version . Galder Weatherwax is also killed by Trymon in the film version , whereas , in the books , he is killed by accidentally summoning the Luggage instead of Rincewind . Furthermore , when Rincewind spotted the Luggage in the film , it was after he had attempted to jump into the River Ankh , whereas in the book he spotted the Luggage when he was sitting the Broken Drum .
= = Production = =
The adaptation was produced by The Mob , with Rod Brown , Ian Sharples , Elaine Pyke and Sarah Conroy credited as producers . Vadim Jean continued his involvement with the film as director .
= = = Adaptation = = =
The Colour of Magic is the second live @-@ action adaptation of Terry Pratchett 's Discworld series , following the highly successful Hogfather , which was broadcast over Christmas 2006 to an audience of 2 @.@ 6 million . After the success of Hogfather , Pratchett was easily persuaded to release the rights for The Colour of Magic and The Light Fantastic . Vadim Jean was employed to adapt the two literary works into a three @-@ hour , two @-@ part screenplay . While Pratchett was given " carte blanche " to " turn up whenever [ he ] wanted " , he was happy to see a more liberal interpretation of his first two works than he had been for Hogfather . Speaking to Sky Magazine , Pratchett said that , " There [ was ] not so much emotional baggage ... riding on The Colour of Magic and The Light Fantastic . It was just this book of mine that suddenly started selling incredibly well " . Jean 's main challenge was to streamline the plot and remove the many irrelevant , but highly amusing , tangents that are an iconic feature of Pratchett 's work , without destroying the appeal of the books . Jean said that " there [ was ] a real danger , with this story , that one could strip out the ' Pratchett @-@ ness ' ... I had to fight to keep [ it ] in " . Pratchett was pleased with the final script , saying " it wasn 't the slaughter job I thought it would have to be " , and " [ we 've managed ] to keep the soul ... it 's still recognisably [ the same ] book " .
= = = Filming = = =
Filming took place at Pinewood Studios for the interior scenes of the Wyrmberg , the Octavo room in the Unseen University , and for exterior shots of Ankh @-@ Morpork and the Broken Drum . Pinewood 's exterior water tank , the largest in Europe , was also employed for the scenes where Rincewind and Twoflower are washed towards the edge of the world . These sequences , as well as being the most challenging to film , were also one of the most physically exhausting for the cast . Background shots of Niagara Falls were also taken , and digitally merged with the bluescreen film shot at Pinewood , location shots taken on a river in Wales , and CGI sequences of A 'Tuin and the Discworld . Digitally combining all this material together in a believable fashion was , according to Jean , " the toughest week of the shoot " . All the digital effects and CGI for the film were provided by Fluid Pictures , a small digital effects group based in Soho .
Jean , who had adapted and directed Hogfather in 2006 , was keen to return to some of the locations used in that film to provide continuity . The scenes in the Great hall of the Unseen University were filmed in the crypt of the Guildhall in the City of London , and the same Victorian country home was used for Death 's house as had been seen in Hogfather . This time around , Jean was able to film more extensive panoramic shots in the latter location , thanks to The Colour of Magic 's larger budget . Other filming locations included Anglesey and Snowdonia for exterior shots , Gloucester docks as the docks of Ankh @-@ Morpork , and the Royal Courts of Justice as the Patrician 's Palace .
= = = Effects = = =
When choreographing the various fight sequences in the film , Jean sought to maintain the atmosphere and humour of the Discworld while still creating an exciting action sequence . Jean explained that " the tone of all these fights is the tone of Discworld ... it has a kind of chaos to it ... there are very few set pieces , it 's more about the chaos and the humour " . Although all the fight sequences were carefully controlled for safety , some were choreographed to be more haphazard than others ; each fighter was also given their own style for variety and humour . Liz May Brice ( Herrena ) noted the contrast in the ferry fight sequence , saying " the way we 've done the fight , he [ Cohen the Barbarian ] is almost [ winning ] by mistake ... it 's sort of fun , whereas [ Herrena ] is very deliberate " .
The inverted fight between Rincewind and Liessa in the Wyrmberg , by contrast , was the most meticulously choreographed sequence in the film . In addition to the need to add CGI backdrops to every shot , hanging upside down from wires whilst fighting proved to be what David Jason described as " a nauseous experience " . The sequence had to be filmed in very short bursts as " all of the actors and stunt people could only manage around four to five minutes before they wanted to [ vomit ] " . Karen David , who played Liessa , pulled several stomach muscles during the filming , and Jason described the experience as like " being hung upside @-@ down like the last chicken at Sainsbury 's ... I wouldn 't do that again in a hurry " .
= = Casting = =
David Jason was the first actor to be cast for the production , as it had always been his desire to play Rincewind in a film adaptation of The Colour of Magic . Jason had mentioned in an interview some fifteen years previously that , of all the parts available , the character of Rincewind was the one he coveted the most . Jason describes the wizard as " just such an amusing , endearing character ... I always kept this idea in my head that one day I [ would ] play Rincewind " . Jason 's appointment to the role , announced in April 2007 , drew mixed reactions , with comments ranging from " terrible choice " to " brilliant " . A common criticism was that Jason , at 68 , was too old to play a character who is , according to the books , middle @-@ aged .
From the day Jason was cast , rumours began to fly that a major American actor would be cast alongside him to bolster the film 's international appeal . On 31 July 2007 it was revealed that Sean Astin , world @-@ famous for his part in the Lord of the Rings film trilogy , had been signed for the role . - before filming started , Sean had to ask his agent just who " Dave Jason " was and left the video store with two large bags of David Jason 's back catalogue to watch . The casting of Tim Curry as Trymon and Christopher Lee as the voice of Death was revealed at the same time . The choice of Astin as Twoflower was criticised by some fans , who had anticipated that the tourist would be Oriental . Pratchett responded to this criticism in an open letter , where he noted that he had only described Twoflower as " exotically foreign " until Interesting Times . The choice of Lee to replace Ian Richardson , who had voiced Death in Hogfather , was more widely accepted ; Lee had previously voiced the part in the animated adaptations of Soul Music and Wyrd Sisters .
The part of the Patrician of Ankh @-@ Morpork , Havelock Vetinari , was not revealed until the premiere of The Colour of Magic , where Jeremy Irons , billed as a " guest star " , was revealed to have played the role . A small number of Pratchett fans were invited to participate as extras in the mob scenes towards the end of the film , and the bar fight in the Mended Drum .
Several members of the cast previously had roles in Sky One 's previous adaptation of Pratchett 's novel Hogfather , including David Jason as Albert , Nigel Planer as Mr. Sideney , and Stephen Marcus as Banjo . Pratchett himself had also made a cameo in Hogfather as The Toymaker . Nigel Planer had also previously contributed his voice to Discworld audiobooks , as well as the computer games Discworld II : Missing Presumed ... ! ? and Discworld Noir .
= = = Principal cast = = =
David Jason as Rincewind , a failed wizard and the main protagonist .
Sean Astin as Twoflower , the discworld 's first tourist .
Tim Curry as Trymon , the power @-@ hungry senior wizard at the Unseen University .
Christopher Lee as the voice of Death .
Jeremy Irons as Lord Vetinari , the Patrician of Ankh @-@ Morpork .
David Bradley as Cohen the Barbarian , the most famous barbarian in the discworld , now ' retired ' .
Laura Haddock as Bethan , a druid sacrifice , who falls in love with Cohen .
James Cosmo as Galder Weatherwax , the incumbent Archchancellor of the Unseen University .
Nicolas Tennant as Head Librarian of the Unseen University , who is turned into an orangutan during the events of the film .
Karen David as Liessa , a dragonlady from the Wyrmberg .
Liz May Brice as Herrena , a mercenary who is employed to capture Rincewind .
Nigel Planer as the Arch @-@ Astronomer of Krull .
Richard Da Costa as The Luggage .
Roger Ashton @-@ Griffiths as Lumuel Panter .
Miles Richardson as Zlorf , the leader of the Ankh @-@ Morpork Assassins ' Guild .
James Perry as Kring , the enchanted sword .
Stephen Marcus as Broadman , the bartender at the Broken Drum .
Toby Jones as one of the heads of the eight orders of Wizardry .
Terry Pratchett appears in a cameo role , playing Astrozoologist # 2 in the opening and closing scenes of the film . Richard Woolfe , the director of programming at Sky One , also appears as the Alchemist .
= = Release and reception = =
A teaser trailer , released in late February 2008 , featured principal cast members , including Rincewind , Twoflower , Trymon and the Arch @-@ Astronomer of Krull , attempting to describe octarine , the ' colour of magic ' . The teaser concludes with the film 's tagline : " a pigment of your imagination " . Two more trailers were released in March 2008 , containing a more complete synopsis , with narration by Brian Cox . The trailers formed part of a multimillion @-@ dollar advertising campaign in partnership with Amazon.com and Borders Books . In addition to conventional adverts in national newspapers and banner ads on sites including MSN.com and Yahoo ! .com , Sky launched a viral marketing campaign , and established a bluetooth hotspot at Victoria station , London , where fans could download video clips and ringtones to mobile phones .
The film was premiered at the Curzon Cinema , London , on 3 March 2008 ; the event was covered in several major newspapers after David Jason , somewhat inebriated , got into the wrong limousine by mistake when departing from the premiere .
The film was released in two parts , breaking at roughly the same place as the literary versions of The Colour of Magic and The Light Fantastic , although some scenes ( such as Trymon 's murder of the Archchancellor ) were moved across the break for dramatic effect . The first part , concluding with Rincewind and Twoflower falling off the edge of the disk in the Krullian spaceship , was broadcast on Easter Sunday ( 23 March 2008 ) , at 6pm GMT on Sky1 and Sky 1 HD . The second part was broadcast on the same channels at 6pm the following day ( Easter Monday ) . Viewing audience for the first part reached 1 @.@ 5 million , 8 % of the viewing total . The second part of the film attracted an average audience of 967 @,@ 000 , peaking at 1 @.@ 1 million during the 15 minute block from 7 : 15 pm .
The film was generally well received by critics , with The Times believing it to be " better than Sky 's previous Discworld adaptation Hogfather " . The Scotsman admitted that it was a " good @-@ looking production that proper fans probably appreciated " , but criticised the film for being " far too long ... with leaden direction and script " . The Times agreed , saying that " It looked good , in an over @-@ glossy , Hallmark Productions kind of way , although every now and again the budget ... looked stretched " .
Pratchett himself said he was " very pleased " with the casting and production of the film , although he admitted that seeing his literary work adapted for the screen was " very bad for me : it 's like I 'm wandering around on the inside of my own head " .
The film was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray Disc on 3 November 2008 .
In the United States and Canada , it is premiering as The Color of Magic on the Ion channel .
The North American DVD was released on 14 July 2009 . It is considerably shorter ( 132 min ) than the British version ( 184 min ) . The version available on Netflix is the original British presentation .
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= Weldy Walker =
Weldy Wilberforce Walker ( July 27 , 1860 – November 23 , 1937 ) , sometimes known as Welday Walker and W. W. Walker , was an American baseball player . In 1884 , he became the second African American to play Major League Baseball .
Walker played college baseball at Oberlin College and the University of Michigan . In July 1884 , he joined the Toledo Blue Stockings of the American Association which was then part of Major League Baseball . His brother Moses Fleetwood Walker , commonly known as Fleetwood ( or " Fleet " ) Walker , was the first African American to play Major League Baseball , making his debut two months before Weldy . In 1887 , as racial segregation took hold in professional baseball , Weldy joined the Pittsburgh Keystones of the short @-@ lived National Colored Base Ball League .
His March 1888 open letter to The Sporting Life protesting the racial segregation of baseball has been described as " perhaps the most passionate cry for justice ever voiced by a Negro athlete . "
After retiring from baseball , Walker operated restaurants and a hotel in eastern Ohio . In 1897 , he served on the Executive Committee of the Negro Protective Party , a newly formed political party established in Ohio in protest of the failure of the Republican governor to investigate the lynching of an African American in June 1897 at Urbana , Ohio . In the 1900s , Weldy and his brother Fleetwood became active in the Back @-@ to @-@ Africa movement and promoted emigration to Liberia . The brothers also established and edited The Equator , a black issues newspaper .
= = Early years = =
Walker was born in 1860 in Steubenville , Ohio , an industrial city in the eastern part of the state with a reputation for racial tolerance . Weldy 's name was a combination of the biblical word for wealthy ( " weldy " ) and the surname of English abolitionist William Wilberforce .
His parents , Moses W. Walker and Caroline ( O 'Hara ) Walker , moved to Steubenville from Mount Pleasant , Ohio . His father was a minister in the Methodist Episcopal Church , a physician , and a leader in Steubenville 's African @-@ American community . In June 1870 , at the time of the 1870 United States Census , the Walker family was living in Steubenville 's First Ward . Walker 's father was identified as a minister who had been born in Virginia . The couple had four children listed in the Census : William ( age 25 ) , Mary ( age 21 ) , Sarah ( age 19 ) , Moses F. ( age 11 ) and Weldy W. ( age 9 ) . In June 1880 , at the time of the 1880 United States Census , the family was still living in Steubenville and consisted of Moses ( age 59 , clergyman ) , Caroline ( age 57 ) , William ( age 35 , teamster ) , Sarah ( age 22 ) , Moses ( age 21 , at school ) , Weldan ( age 19 , at school ) , and Mary Alexander ( age 13 , adopted ) .
Weldy attended Steubenville 's integrated public high school in the 1870s .
= = College baseball = =
While Weldy was still in high school , his older brother , Fleetwood Walker , enrolled at Oberlin College , which was among the first colleges in the United States to become racially integrated . In 1881 , Weldy joined his brother at Oberlin College , enrolling as a student in the Oberlin 's preparatory school . In the spring of 1881 , the Walker brothers played on Oberlin College 's first varsity inter @-@ collegiate baseball team . Weldy , a freshman , played right field while Fleetwood , a junior , was the catcher . According to one account , Weldy played second base and finished the 1881 season as Oberlin 's second leading batter .
After the 1881 baseball season , Weldy 's brother Fleetwood transferred to the University of Michigan and played as a catcher for the Michigan Wolverines baseball team in 1882 . Fleetwood became the first African American to play on a varsity sports team at Michigan and helped lead the Wolverines to a 10 – 3 record , a conference championship , and the best record for a Michigan baseball team up to that time . Weldy initially remained at Oberlin , but he transferred to Michigan in the fall of 1882 as a student in the homeopathic medical school . In the fall of 1882 , the Oberlin Review reported : " Weldy Walker , ' 85 leaves to assist his brother in making the ' Ann Harbor ' [ sic ] nine a little more able to compete with Oberlin . " Two weeks later , a writer for an Ann Arbor newspaper noted that " we have added to the list Weldy Walker , a magnificent fielder , safe batter , and phenomenal base runner . " Before the 1883 baseball season began , Fleetwood left Michigan to play professional baseball for a team from New Castle , Pennsylvania .
During the 1883 season , Weldy became the second African American to play for the Michigan baseball team . He played third base for Michigan and also served on the Board of Directors of the University Base @-@ Ball Association . Weldy also played for Michigan as a catcher during part of the 1884 baseball season . Weldy scored four runs and had four hits in five at @-@ bats to help Michigan defeat Michigan Agricultural College ( later known as Michigan State University ) on June 14 , 1884 . According to Rich Adler 's book Baseball at the University of Michigan , each of the Walker brothers was " accepted as a member of the student body , " although neither received a degree from the university .
= = Professional baseball = =
= = = Toledo Blue Stockings = = =
At the start of the 1884 baseball season , Weldy continued to study homeopathic medicine and play baseball at Michigan . Meanwhile , Fleetwood was playing for the Toledo Blue Stockings of the American Association , which was considered to be part of Major League Baseball . On May 1 , 1884 , Fleetwood became the first African American to play in Major League Baseball .
As the 1884 baseball season progressed , the roster of the Toledo Blue Stockings was depleted by injuries . In need of additional players , the team recruited Weldy to join his brother in Toledo . Weldy appeared in his first game for the Blue Stockings on July 15 , 1884 , becoming the second African American to play Major League Baseball . Weldy appeared in five games as an outfielder for the Blue Stockings between July 15 and August 6 , 1884 . He had four hits , two runs batted in , and one run scored in 18 at @-@ bats for a .222 batting average . After a series in Indianapolis , an article in The Sporting Life noted that " the Toledos were short @-@ handed and played Weldy Walker , a brother of the catcher ; he played well . " The Walker brothers in 1884 were the last African Americans to play Major League Baseball for more than 60 years until Jackie Robinson joined the Brooklyn Dodgers in 1947 .
= = = Segregation of baseball and minor leagues = = =
Weldy blamed Chicago White Stockings player @-@ manager Cap Anson for the fact that neither he , his brother , nor any other African Americans were allowed to play in the major leagues after 1884 . During the 1884 season , Anson refused to play against Toledo until the Walker brothers were benched . In 1887 , Anson again refused to play against the Newark team on which Fleetwood played . Anson biographer David L. Fleitz shared Weldy 's belief that Anson was responsible for the game 's segregation : " Cap Anson , more than anyone else , was the man who wielded the infamous pen . "
Following his time with the Blue Stockings , Weldy played for the Cleveland team in the Western League . During the 1885 season , Weldy compiled a .375 batting average for the Cleveland Forest Cities . In 1886 , Weldy played third base for the Excelsior Club in Cleveland .
= = = Open letter on racial segregation = = =
By early 1887 , 13 African Americans were playing in the " white " minor leagues , including four in the Ohio State League . Weldy began the season with the Akron Acorns of the Ohio State League . However , he appeared in only four games for the Acorns . During the 1887 season , racial segregation began to become the official policy in certain minor leagues . Weldy was outraged by a report that the Tri @-@ State League ( successor to the Ohio State League ) had abandoned racial integration . In March 1888 , he wrote a letter to the league 's president protesting the decision . In his 1970 history of racial segregation in baseball , Robert Peterson described Weldy 's letter as " perhaps the most passionate cry for justice ever voiced by a Negro athlete . " In the letter , Walker wrote :
The law is a disgrace to the present age , and reflects very much upon the intelligence of your last meeting , and casts derision at the laws of Ohio – the voice of the people – that say all men are equal . I would suggest that your honorable body , in case that black law is not repealed , pass one making it criminal for a colored man or woman to be found on a ball ground ... There should be some broader cause – such as lack of ability , behavior and intelligence – for barring a player , rather than his color . It is for these reasons and because I think ability and intelligence should be recognized first and last – at all times and by everyone – I ask the question again , ' Why was the law permitting colored men to sign repealed , etc . ? '
On March 14 , 1888 , and at Weldy 's request , his letter was published in The Sporting Life under the headline " Why Discriminate ? " In his book on baseball 's segregation , Robert Peterson wrote that Weldy 's question " went unanswered , because it was unanswerable . . . but the truth was plain for all who wished to see it : Jim Crow was warming up . "
= = = Pittsburgh Keystones = = =
In 1887 , Weldy joined the Pittsburgh Keystones in the newly formed National Colored Base Ball League and compiled a .360 batting average in five games as a player . Although the National Colored Base Ball League disbanded after a short time , the Keystones continued to play as an independent team . Weldy took over as the team 's manager in 1888 and led the Keystones to a 9 – 1 record in the first ten games of the season . The Keystones ' lineup in 1888 also included Sol White . In early June 1888 , The Cleveland Gazette wrote that Weldy was " making quite a success of the Keystone Base Ball Club . "
= = Civil rights efforts and business career = =
= = = 1884 civil rights lawsuit = = =
Walker became involved in a civil rights lawsuit in 1884 after a roller @-@ skating rink in Steubenville denied entry to Walker and his friend , Hannibal Lyons . The Cleveland Gazette , an African @-@ American weekly newspaper , described the circumstances as follows :
Steubenville , like many other places , is suffering now from the roller skate craze . There are now three in full blast and prospects for more . Discrimination on account of color never was carried on in Steubenville until these strangers starting rinks here issued the edict " No Negroes need apply except for positions of menials . " On the 16th there was an opening night at the South Side Rink , and two of our young men of gentlemanly deportment and honest reputation applied for admission . The proprietor of the rink flatly told them , " You are colored and you can 't skate . "
Walker and Lyons filed a civil rights lawsuit accusing the operator , Massey & Son , of racial discrimination . Some local newspaper accounts of the suit suggested that " Walker and Lyons were troublemakers stirring a ' political and social racket . ' " Following a trial in January 1885 , the presiding judge , Justice May , ruled that the skating rink operator had violated the rights of Walker and Lyons " under the civil rights law , and a special law of the Ohio Legislature giving the colored man certain privileges . " The court awarded them each fifteen dollars each in damages , with costs . However , the court declined to enter an order requiring the rink operator to admit African Americans . In his biography of Fleetwood Walker , David Zang called the court 's ruling " a judgment that nominally supported integration while doing nothing to promote it in everyday reality . "
= = = Negro Protective Party = = =
During the 1890s , Walker became active in politics . Walker 's activism was heightened by an incident in June 1897 in which residents of Urbana , Ohio , formed a lynch mob , removed a black man named " Click " Mitchell from the town jail , and publicly killed him by hanging . Believing that Ohio 's Republican Governor Asa Bushnell had failed to conduct an appropriate investigation into the lynching , Walker and other African Americans in Ohio left the Republican Party and formed the Negro Protective Party . As a member of the party 's Executive Committee , Walker helped organize the party 's convention at Columbus , Ohio in September 1897 . The party adopted a platform demanding " an immediate recognition of our rights as citizens such as have been repeatedly pledged and as often violated , " and declaring an intention " to take immediate political action that we may show to the world that we are no longer the plaything of politicians or chattels for sale to the highest bidder . " The party also began publishing " The Negro Protector " as its official organ . When former slave and Republican Party official , Nelson T. Gant , attacked Walker and the Negro Protective Party , Walker responded with an open letter that was published in Ohio newspapers . In the letter , Walker wrote :
Notwithstanding N. T. Gant there are many " intelligent Negroes " who will support the Negro protective ticket and will hurl back at him with contempt his insults to their manhood that they are not free to leave the republican party without being branded as " betrayers of their party " and " ungrateful to their Creator and their race . " Such fumings are manifestly the strongest evidence of an enslaved mind ... Republicans ... believe , or make pretense of believing , that the Negro owes eternal allegiance to the G. O. P. no matter what the issue ... We shall not trespass further upon your valuable space , except to say that the Negro Protective party will live and its supporters hope never to regret the stand taken for free and independent manhood as a protest against every disregard , from whatever source , of the rights and privileges of the Negro as an American citizen .
When Ohio 's Republican Secretary of State Charles Kinney refused to print the Negro Protective Party 's emblem ( an image of Abraham Lincoln ) on the state ballot , the party filed a mandamus action to compel him to do so . When the party 's gubernatorial candidate , S. J. Lewis , received 4 @,@ 276 votes in the official vote count , The Cleveland Gazette opined that Governor Bushnell 's narrow plurality victory was " a direct result of the governor 's failure to do his duty during the life of the mob that lynched innocent Afro @-@ American , ' Click " Mitchell , at Urbana . "
= = = Business interests = = =
Even before retiring from baseball , Weldy became active in business . In October 1884 , Weldy and a partner went into business operating Delmonico Dining Rooms in Mingo Junction , Ohio , near Steubenville . In 1897 , Weldy and Joe Jetters opened an oyster and fish store on North Sixth Street in Steubenville .
The 1890s were a turbulent decade for Weldy 's older brother Fleetwood . In 1891 , Fleetwood stabbed a man to death outside a saloon , but was acquitted on grounds of self @-@ defense . In 1898 , while employed as a railroad postal clerk , Fleetwood was charged with embezzling the contents of registered letters addressed to a dozen different persons and served a year in jail . In 1899 , while Fleetwood was still in jail , Weldy began operating the Union Hotel at 105 Market Street in downtown Steubenville . Following Fleetwood 's release from jail , the hotel / boarding house was jointly operated by Fleetwood and Weldy . In June 1900 , at the time of the 1900 United States Census , Walker was living at the Union Hotel with Fleetwood , Fleetwood 's second wife Ednah , and their three children . The family also had a live @-@ in servant , Sarah Richmond ( age 45 ) . Fleetwood was identified in the 1900 Census as the operator of a boarding house , and Weldy as a " porter . " A 1902 city directory listed Fleetwood as the hotel 's proprietor and Weldy as the clerk , but a 1904 – 05 directory listed Weldy as the proprietor and Fleetwood and Ednah as residents . By 1906 , Weldy had temporarily relocated several miles downriver to Wheeling , West Virginia , and rumors circulated that the Union Hotel would be sold and turned into " a first class house for the accommodation of Afro @-@ American visitors . "
= = = Back @-@ to @-@ Africa movement = = =
In the 1900s , the Walker brothers became active in the Back @-@ to @-@ Africa movement . In 1902 , Fleetwood and Weldy established and edited a black @-@ issues newspaper called The Equator . Six years later , Fleetwood and Weldy published a 47 @-@ page book titled Our Home Colony : A Treatise on the Past , Present , and Future of the Negro Race in America . Fleetwood 's biographer , David Zang , has written that Fleetwood " was effected by the political vigilance which his younger brother , Weldy , had brought to the black cause . " In the credits to Our Home Colony , Fleetwood was identified as the author , and Weldy was identified as " General Agent , " though much of the book is written in the first @-@ person plural . In the book , the Walkers wrote : " The only practical and permanent solution of the present and future race troubles in the United States is entire separation by Emigration of the Negro from America . " They added : " The Negro race will be a menace and the source of discontent as long as it remains in large numbers in the United States . The time is growing very near when the whites of the United States must either settle this problem by deportation , or else be willing to accept a reign of terror such as the world has never seen in a civilized country . "
The Walker brothers also opened an office to begin the work of resettlement to Africa at the time Our Home Colony was published . In his 1908 response to an Oberlin College alumni questionnaire , Weldy listed his occupation as " General Agent " for Our Home Colony and Liberian emigration .
= = Later years = =
By 1910 , Fleetwood had moved to Cadiz , Ohio , where he operated an 800 @-@ seat vaudeville theater . In April 1910 , at the time of the 1910 United States Census , Weldy was still living at 105 Market Street in Steubenville , and the property was being operated as a boarding house . The proprietor and head of the household was identified as Thomas F. Walker , Weldy 's nephew and Fleetwood 's son . Weldy was listed as a " waiter . "
In January 1920 , at the time of the 1920 United States Census , Walker was living at 100 Market Street in Steubenville with nephew Thomas and Thomas 's wife , Jeanette . Thomas was listed as the " keeper " of the hotel , and Weldy ( identified as " Welda " ) was listed as having no employment . Weldy remained politically active in his later years and was a friend of Harry C. Smith , the owner and editor of The Cleveland Gazette , the longest @-@ publishing African @-@ American weekly in the United States . After Smith helped the Republican Party elect President Warren Harding in 1920 , Weldy sent Smith a congratulatory letter noting that the Negro vote played a role in Harding 's victory . Still focused on the practice of lynching in the Southern states , Weldy added : " The North would not have known there had been an election in Florida unless that old game of killing six or more Negroes for wanting to vote had been pulled off . When will ' Uncle Sam ' allow the poor southern Negro ' life , liberty and the pursuit of happiness . ' "
When Fleetwood died in Cleveland in May 1924 , Weldy and Thomas traveled to Cleveland and returned Fleetwood 's remains to Steubenville in a casket costing $ 525 . According to Fleetwood biographer , David Zang , Weldy became a bootlegger during Prohibition , and nephew Thomas was a numbers bookie .
In April 1930 , at the time of the 1930 United States Census , Walker was a " roomer " in an all @-@ black boarding house at 117 South 6th Street in Steubenville operated by Eugene Williams . His occupation was listed as a clerk .
Walker never married . In November 1937 , he died from pneumonia at his home at 100 Market Street in Steubenville . His occupation was listed as a retired hotel manager at the time of his death .
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= Like a Virgin ( album ) =
Like a Virgin is the second studio album by American singer @-@ songwriter Madonna , released on November 12 , 1984 , by Sire Records . It was reissued worldwide in 1985 , with the inclusion of " Into the Groove " . In 2001 , Warner Bros. Records released a remastered version with two bonus remix tracks . After the release of her self @-@ titled debut album , Madonna wanted to solidify her future in the music business , by building on the success of the first album . She decided to become one of the record producers , but Warner Bros. was not ready to give her the artistic freedom that she wanted . Nile Rodgers was chosen as the primary producer of the album , due to his work with David Bowie .
The album was recorded at Power Station Studio in New York at a quick pace . Rodgers enlisted the help of his former Chic band mates Bernard Edwards , who was the bassist , and Tony Thompson , who played drums ; they appeared on several tracks of the album . Rodgers decided to be the guitarist , when Edwards requested him to do so , in exchange of their help . Jason Corsaro , the record 's audio engineer , persuaded Rodgers to use digital recording , a new technique introduced at that time . The cover sleeve and images were shot by Steven Meisel . Madonna wanted the album title and the cover image to make provocative link between her own religious name Madonna , as the Roman Catholic title for Jesus ' mother Mary , and the Christian concept of the virgin birth .
While not a substantial musical departure from Madonna 's first album , she felt that the material from Like a Virgin was stronger . Along with Rodgers , Madonna also collaborated with her former boyfriend Steve Bray , who co @-@ wrote many songs on the album . Consisting of dance @-@ pop oriented music , the songs also incorporated new wave . After its release , Like a Virgin received mixed reviews from the critics , but was a commercial success . It became Madonna 's first number one album on the Billboard 200 , while reaching the top of the charts in Germany , Italy , Netherlands , New Zealand , Spain and the United Kingdom . The Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified it diamond for shipment of ten million copies across the United States . Worldwide it has sold 21 million copies , becoming one of the best @-@ selling albums of all time .
Five singles were released from the album , including Madonna 's first US number @-@ one " Like a Virgin " and her first UK number @-@ one " Into the Groove " . To promote the album , she embarked on The Virgin Tour , which had shows in cities of North America only . Like a Virgin has attained significance as a cultural artifact of the 1980s . Madonna proved that she was not a one @-@ hit wonder and was able to provide herself with a permanent footing in the music world . Her songs became a lightning rod for both criticism by conservatives and imitation by the younger female population , especially " Material Girl " and " Like a Virgin " . According to author J. Randy Taraborrelli , " Every important artist has at least one album in his or her career whose critical and commercial success becomes the artist 's magic moment ; for Madonna , Like a Virgin was just such a defining moment " .
= = Background = =
A former dancer and fixture on the New York club scene , Madonna Louise Ciccone became known to the world simply as Madonna , with the release of her 1983 self @-@ titled debut album Madonna . Fueled by hit songs like " Holiday " , " Borderline " and " Lucky Star " , the album was one of the best selling of the year and helped Madonna become one of the most exciting new artists of the 1980s . When she started work on her second album , Madonna felt that her first album had succeeded in introducing her " street @-@ smart dance queen " persona , and she wanted to solidify and build upon that concept . According to her , " My work , my dedication — the stubbornness for getting Madonna released — had paid off . Now it was time to solidify my future . "
For Like a Virgin , Madonna attempted to become one of the primary record producers , feeling the need to control the various aspects of her music . She believed that depending on a particular producer for her album was not something that suited her . Madonna said " I learnt my lesson while creating my debut album , and the way Lucas left me in the water with the project , you can 't trust men " — referring to the incident , when due to certain difference of opinion between producer Reggie Lucas and Madonna , Lucas had left the project half @-@ way . However , Warner Bros. Records was not ready to give her the artistic freedom that she wanted . In J. Randy Taraborrelli 's biography of Madonna , she commented ,
" Warner Bros. Records is a hierarchy of old men and it 's a chauvinist environment to be working in because I 'm treated like this sexy little girl . I had to prove them wrong , which meant not only proving myself to my fans but to my record company as well . That is something that happens when you 're a girl . It wouldn 't happen to Prince or Michael Jackson . I had to do everything on my own and it was hard trying to convince people that I was worth a record deal . After that , I had the same problem trying to convince the record company that I had more to offer than a one @-@ shot singer . I had to win this fight . "
Ultimately , Nile Rodgers was chosen by Madonna as the producer of the album , with the approval of the Warner Brothers executives . Madonna chose Rodgers mostly because of his work as a member of the seventies band Chic , and his most recent production work with David Bowie on his 1983 album Let 's Dance . She commented , " When I was making the record , I was just so thrilled and happy to be working with Nile Rodgers . I idolized Nile because of the whole Chic thing . I couldn 't believe that the record company gave me the money so that I could work with him . "
For his part , Rodgers recalled that he had first seen Madonna perform at a small club in New York in 1983 . In an interview with Time magazine , Rodgers explained : " I went to the club to see another woman sing , but when I got there Madonna was onstage . I loved her stage presence and then we met right after that . I kept thinking to myself , ' Damn , is she a star ' , but she wasn 't at that time . I always wanted to work with her and Like a Virgin seemed like a perfect opportunity . "
= = Recording = =
The album was recorded at Power Station Studio in New York at a quick pace . Rodgers enlisted the help of his former Chic band mates Edwards , who was the bassist , and Tony Thompson , who played the drums ; they appeared on several tracks of the album . Rodgers decided to be the guitarist , when Edwards requested him to do so , in exchange for their help .
The recording sessions did not start until the afternoon as Rodgers , who attended late @-@ night parties , was not accustomed to work in early mornings . The schedule was also difficult for Madonna , who recalled that she used to " go to the swim club on the Upper West Side and go swimming and walk from there to the recording studio . It was impossible for me to reach there at morning . " Rodgers recalled that Madonna was a real hard worker and incredibly tenacious . He commented : " I am always amazed by Madonna 's incredible judgement when it comes to making pop records . I 've never seen anyone do it better , and that 's the truth . When we did that album , it was the perfect union , and I knew it from the first day in the studio . The thing between us , man , it was sexual , it was passionate , it was creativity ... it was pop . "
Jason Corsaro , the record 's audio engineer , persuaded Rodgers to use digital recording , a new technique at the time which Corsaro believed was going to be the future of recording . To ensure this , Corsaro used a Sony 3324 24 @-@ track digital tape recorder and a Sony F1 two @-@ track during the mixing of the tracks . Madonna recorded the lead parts of the songs in a small , wooden , high @-@ ceilinged piano room at the back of Studio C , also known as Power Station 's " R & B room " . Corsaro then placed gobos around her while using the top capsule of a stereo AKG C24 tube microphone , with a Schoeps microphone preamplifier and a Pultec equalizer . Once the tracks met with everybody 's approval , Robert Sabino added the keyboard parts , playing mostly a Sequential Circuits Prophet @-@ 5 , as well as some Rhodes piano and acoustic piano , while Rodgers also played a Synclavier . Madonna , although not required , was present every minute of the recording sessions and the mixing process , Corsaro commented : " Nile was there most of the time , but she was there all of the time . She never left " .
= = Packaging and title = =
The cover sleeve and images were shot by Steven Meisel , who would become a regular collaborator with Madonna , in a suite at the St. Regis Hotel . Madonna wanted the album title to make provocative link between her own religious name — Madonna as the Roman Catholic title for Jesus ' mother Mary — and the Christian concept of the virgin birth . With the title song alluding to this concept , Madonna wanted the album cover to have mixed messages as well . Author Graham Thompson described that " reclining on a satin sheet , with a bouquet on her lap and wearing a wedding dress , a closer inspection reveals Madonna 's image as highly fetishized and sexualized . " He added that the heavy make @-@ up , pouting lips , and despoiled hair , along with the tight @-@ fitting bustier and full @-@ length gloves , turned Madonna 's image into a figure not of virtue , but of desire . This point , according to Thompson , is further emphasized by the belt she is wearing , the wording on which is just visible as " Boy Toy " . He added : " The image was ambiguous and was based upon the fact that Madonna 's appeal at that point of her career was not presenting herself just as an object of desire , but also as a desiring female subject " .
Erlewine commented that the " Steven Meisel @-@ shot cover ... was as key to her reinvention as the music of the album itself . " William McKeen , author of Rock and roll is here to stay : an anthology , felt that the image was another trigger and testament to the fact that Madonna was the last word on fashion for women and young girls of that era , the epitome of cool . Costume designer Arianne Phillips commented of the Like a Virgin look : " This was one of the most shocking , liberating and influential moments in pop culture / fashion history ... Fashion has never been the same . " Madonna herself declared : " I have always loved to play cat and mouse with the conventional stereotypes . My Like a Virgin album cover is a classic example . People were thinking who was I pretending to be — the Virgin Mary or the whore ? These were the two extreme images of women I had known vividly , and remembered from childhood , and I wanted to play with them . I wanted to see if I can merge them together , Virgin Mary and the whore as one and all . The photo was a statement of independence , if you wanna be a virgin , you are welcome . But if you wanna be a whore , it 's your fucking right to be so . "
= = Composition = =
According to Taraborrelli , " Madonna and Rodgers ' collective energy — she wanting to score with a smash second album and he wanting to be the producer to give it to her — drove the production of Like a Virgin with great precision . " Madonna also collaborated with her former boyfriend Steve Bray , who co @-@ wrote many of the album 's songs . Reflecting on the music composition for the album , Bray noted : " I 've always kind of made the rib cage and the skeleton of the songs already — she 's there for the last things like the eyebrows and the haircut . " The opening track " Material Girl " was written by Peter Brown and Roberta Rans . Madonna explained that the concept of the song was similar to her life 's situation at that time . According to her , the song was provocative , hence she was attracted to it . " Material Girl " incorporated new wave music and consists of synth arrangements with a robotic voice repeating the hook . The lyrics identify with materialism , with Madonna asking for a rich and affluent life , rather than romance and relationships . Written by Madonna and Steve Bray , " Angel " is the second track on the album . It was one of the first songs developed for the project and , according to Madonna , was inspired by a girl who is saved by , and subsequently falls in love with an angel . " Angel " consists of a three @-@ chord ascending hook , which serves as the verse and chorus . It has vocal harmonies beneath the main chorus and the lyrics repeat the angel @-@ like image of Madonna 's savior . The title track " Like a Virgin " was written by Billy Steinberg and Tom Kelly . Steinberg said that the song was inspired by his personal experiences of romance . It was chosen for Madonna by Michael Ostin of Warner Bros. Records , after listening to a demo sung by Kelly . However , Rodgers initially felt that the song did not have a good enough hook and was not suitable for Madonna , but subsequently changed his opinion after the hook was stuck in his mind . He credits Madonna with recognizing the song 's potential : " I handed my apology to Madonna and said , ' you know ... if it 's so catchy that it stayed in my head for four days , it must be something . So let 's do it . ' " " Like a Virgin " is a dance @-@ oriented song , composed of two hooks . Madonna 's voice is heard in a high register while a continuous arrangement of drums are heard along the bassline . According to author Rikky Rooksby , the lyrics of the song are ambiguous and consist of hidden innuendo . In sexual terms , the lyrics can be interpreted in different ways for different people .
In " Over and Over " , Madonna sings about determination and picking yourself up from disappointments . The song consists of instrumentation from drums , synths and has a three @-@ chord progression . An emotional moment occurred in the recording studio when Madonna covered the 1978 Rose Royce song " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " . Rodgers recalled : " Madonna had never performed with a live orchestra before . I was very much into doing everything live , so I just said , ' Madonna , you go out there and sing and we will follow you . ' At first Madonna was hesitant , but the live setting ended up producing memorable results . She sang and she was overcome with emotions and she started crying , but I left it on the record . " The song features Madonna 's vocals supported by acoustic guitars and synth strings , with Thompson playing the drum in the second verse . Towards the end , Madonna emotes in the voice of a soul singer .
" Into the Groove " is the sixth track on the 1985 worldwide reissue of Like a VIrgin ; it has never been part of Like a Virgin on any North American release . Madonna 's inspiration behind the song was the dance floor , and she wrote it while watching a handsome Puerto Rican man across her balcony . Initially written for her friend Mark Kamins , Madonna later decided to use it in the soundtrack of her 1985 film Desperately Seeking Susan . Unlike the other songs on Like A Virgin , " Into the Groove " was recorded at Sigma Sound Studios , and produced by Madonna and Steve Bray . Madonna 's friend Erika Belle was present during the recording and watched the whole process . In Andrew Morton 's Madonna biography , she noted that at one point of the recording , Bray was facing difficulties with the bridge of the song , as the melody thought by him was not syncing with the rest of the composition . Undeterred by his obvious difficulties , Madonna stepped up to the microphone and sang the words " Live out your fantasy here with me " . Bray 's problem was solved ; Belle remembered the experience as : " [ The song ] seemed to come out of her , I was awestruck . " The song consists of instrumentation from drums , percussion , congas and whistles . Madonna 's voice is double @-@ tracked in the chorus . The lyrics are simple , and written as an invitation to dance with the singer , with sexual innuendos and undertones in the meaning .
" Dress You Up " was the last track to be added to the album as it was submitted late by songwriters Andrea LaRusso and Peggy Stanziale . Although Rodgers rejected it as there was no time to compose a melody and record it for the album , Madonna pushed for the song 's inclusion on Like a Virgin , as she particularly liked its lyrics . The song is a drum beat @-@ driven dance track featuring instrumentation of guitars and vocals from a choir . The lyrics are an extended metaphor for fashion and sex , comparing dressing up with passion . " Shoo @-@ Bee @-@ Doo " contains homage to Motown music . Beginning with a slow introduction , the song is in the doo @-@ wop genre and resembles the songs of early Sixties girl groups like The Shirelles or The Crystals . The saxophone breakdown is played by Lenny Pickett . The lyrics discuss relationship problems , and are phrased as clichés in the coda . " Pretender " starts with the chorus and then moves to the verse . It talks about seduction and the insecurity felt by a woman who feels that things are moving too quickly for her with her man . " Stay " is the final track on the album . Using triple @-@ rhythms and double @-@ tracked vocals , the song includes a noise resembling someone slapping a microphone and a spoken sequence which fades away in the end .
= = Promotion = =
= = = Live performances = = =
Madonna debuted the first single " Like a Virgin " at the first MTV Video Music Awards on September 14 , 1984 , where she appeared on stage atop a giant wedding cake dressed in a wedding dress , adorned with the infamous " Boy Toy " belt buckle , and veil . The climax of her risqué performance found her masturbating and rolling around on the stage . The performance is noted as one of the iconic performance in MTV 's history . On December 13 , 1984 , Madonna performed " Like a Virgin " on BBC One 's program Top of the Pops , wearing punky torn tights , a vivid pink wig , religious accessories and layered mesh tops . It was later voted as the second best Top of the Pops performance of all time . She also appeared at the 1985 Live Aid charity concert , where she performed " Into the Groove " .
The album was further promoted on her first headlining tour , The Virgin Tour , which only visited cities in the United States and Canada . Early on there were plans to schedule dates in England and Japan due to Madonna 's large fan base in both countries . However , the final schedule did not reflect the idea . In the end several more US dates were added and moved to larger concert venues due to overwhelmingly strong ticket sales .
Madonna 's performance on the tour was described by Taraborrelli as " full of excitement " , singing songs from her debut album as well as Like a Virgin , and asking the audience " Will you marry me ? " The costumes included colorful new wave jackets for " Holiday " and white wedding gowns similar to the one worn in her " Like a Virgin " music video . Referring to her Detroit roots and contemporary artist Michael Jackson , Madonna sang a verse of " Billie Jean " during " Like a Virgin " .
The Virgin Tour was a success and collected a total of more than US $ 5 million . During a 2009 interview with Rolling Stone , interviewer Austin Scaggs asked Madonna regarding her feelings and emotions during the tour , since it was the first time she was playing in arenas . Madonna replied saying ,
" That whole tour was crazy , because I went from playing CBGB and the Mudd Club to playing sporting arenas . I played a small theater in Seattle , and the girls had flap skirts on and the tights cut off below their knees and lace gloves and rosaries and bows in their hair and big hoop earrings . I was like , ' This is insane ! ' After Seattle , all of the shows were moved to arenas . I 've never done a bus tour . Everyone says they are really fun . "
= = = Singles = = =
" Like a Virgin " was released as the lead single from the album in late 1984 . It received positive reviews from contemporary as well as old critics , who frequently called it as one of the defining songs for Madonna . It became her first number @-@ one single on the Billboard Hot 100 , while reaching the top of the charts in Australia , Canada and Japan and the top @-@ ten of the other countries . The song was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on January 10 , 1985 , for shipping a million copies across United States – the requirement for a gold single prior to 1989 . The music video portrayed Madonna sailing down the riverways of Venice in a gondola , as well as roaming around a palace wearing a white wedding dress . With the video , scholars noted Madonna 's portrayal of a sexually independent woman , the symbolism of the appearance of a man with lion 's mask to that of Saint Mark , and compared the eroticism of the video to the vitality of the city of Venice .
" Material Girl " was the second single from the album , released in November 1984 . Critics have frequently noted " Material Girl " and " Like a Virgin " as the songs that made Madonna an icon . " Material Girl " was a commercial success , reaching the top @-@ five in Australia , Belgium , Canada , Ireland , Japan and United Kingdom . It reached position two on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States . The music video was a mimicry of Marilyn Monroe 's performance of the song " Diamonds Are a Girl 's Best Friend " from the 1953 film Gentlemen Prefer Blondes . The mimicked scenes are interspersed with scenes of a Hollywood director trying to win the heart of an actress , played by Madonna herself . Discovering that , contrary to her song , the young woman was not impressed by money and expensive gifts , he pretended to be penniless and succeeded in taking her out on a date . " Angel " was the third released single from the album , in April 1985 . Critics gave mixed review of the song , with one group denoting it as a classic while the others felt it was sub @-@ par compared to the other Madonna singles . " Angel " became Madonna 's fifth consecutive top @-@ five single on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached the top of its dance chart .
" Into the Groove " was released as the album 's fourth single outside North America in July 1985 . The song was appreciated by contemporary critics as well as authors , who have frequently called it " Madonna 's first great single " . " Into the Groove " reached the top of the charts in Australia , Belgium , Ireland , Italy , Japan , Netherlands , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom , where it was Madonna 's first number @-@ one single . In the United States , the song was only available as the B @-@ side of the 12 @-@ inch single of " Angel " , therefore it was ineligible to chart on the Billboard Hot 100 at the time . It reached number one on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart where it was listed as a double @-@ sided single with " Angel " . " Dress You Up " was the last single from the album . Critics reacted positively to the dance @-@ pop nature of the track . " Dress You Up " became Madonna 's sixth consecutive top @-@ five single in the United States . It also reached the top @-@ ten in Australia , Belgium , Canada , Ireland , New Zealand and the United Kingdom .
= = Critical reception = =
According to Q magazine , Like a Virgin was the album that " propelled [ Madonna ] into the stratosphere - and rightly so . The songs are smart , funny , sexy and irresistible . " Taraborrelli said , " It was Like a Virgin which reflected Madonna as a more versatile and artistic performer and vocals on this album being reflectively sharper in contrast to her early works in the music industry . " Michael Paoletta from Billboard commented that the songs on the album sustain a " fevered dance @-@ rock momentum " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic commented , " Overall , the album adds up to less than the sum of its parts — partially because the singles are so good , but also because on the first album , she stunned with style and a certain joy . Here , the calculation is apparent , and while that 's part of Madonna 's essence — even something that makes her fun — it throws the record 's balance off a little too much for it to be consistent , even if it justifiably made her a star . " Debby Miller from Rolling Stone preferred Madonna 's debut album over Like a Virgin . In The Village Voice , Robert Christgau was also lukewarm towards the record , writing " [ Madonna 's ] so sure of herself she 's asking men and women both to get the hots for the calculating bitch who sells the fantasy even while she bids for the sincerity market where long @-@ term superstars ply their trade . And to make the music less mechanical , she 's hired Nile Rodgers , who I won 't blame for making it less catchy . "
Jim Farber from Entertainment Weekly said that " In addition to raising the Madonna / whore ante with songs like the title cut , Virgin cradled the kind of ' 80s hits ( " Dress You Up " ) built to transcend the Dynasty era . " Alfred Soto from Stylus Magazine remembered the first time that he heard the songs from the album and commented , " Lots of critics think something similar occurred when Madonna followed her eponymous debut with Like a Virgin , helmed by Nile Rodgers with all the fixin 's — too calculated next to the ' raw passion ' of the debut . This is nonsense ; it misses how Madonna conflated notions of spontaneity and calculation . Rodgers is the ideal collaborator . " Stephen Holden from The New York Times said : " With a tough @-@ cookie voice that 's both coy and streetwise , Madonna 's singing harks back to the rock @-@ and @-@ roll girl @-@ group tradition that preceded the Beatles . But where girl groups , from the Shirelles to the Ronettes , worshipfully extolled their boyfriends ' cars , haircuts and rebel poses , Madonna 's point of view is decidedly more self @-@ interested . In matters of love , she is a comparison shopper with a shrewd sense of her own market value . The words ' shiny and new ' describe not only the way the love @-@ smitten singer feels in the title song but the sound of the album . "
Matt Damsker from Los Angeles Times commented : " Madonna 's beating vibrato sometimes makes her sound so robotic in the album . " Lou Papineau , while writing for The Providence Journal , said that " In Like a Virgin , Madonna proves she 's shallow , but spunky . " Sal Cinquemani from Slant Magazine gave a positive review , saying " Though not as innovative as her debut , Like a Virgin stands as one of the most definitive pop artifacts from the indulgent Reagan Era . The mid @-@ tempo ballad ' Shoo @-@ Bee @-@ Doo ' and a soulful cover of Rose Royce 's ' Love Don 't Live Here Anymore ' proved Madonna could churn out more than just novelty hits , while the sugary ' Angel ' and the irresistible ' Dress You Up ' contributed to the singer 's record @-@ breaking list of consecutive Top 5 hits ( 16 in all ) . The retro @-@ infused ' Stay ' and the percussive ' Over and Over ' are the album 's hidden gems . " Ed Stevenson from People felt that " Madonna does have a sense of humor , though she is buried under so many layers of self @-@ parody it 's hard to tell sometimes .... She is backed on this by the reliable rhythmic touch of veteran Nile Rodgers , whose contributions have helped her create a tolerable bit of fluff . Hugo Mistry from Chicago Tribune felt that " Like a Virgin was Madonna 's breakthrough , playing off her self @-@ conscious campiness with a series of hot dance tracks , attention @-@ grabbing lyrics and steamy videos . "
= = Chart performance = =
Like a Virgin was recorded and finished by September 1984 , but the release of the album was held up , much to Madonna 's frustration , by the continuing sales of her debut album , which was approaching two million sales in United States . Like a Virgin debuted at number 70 on the Billboard 200 issued for December 1 , 1984 . The album reached the top ten of the Billboard 200 on December 8 , 1984 , and after one month reached the top of the chart on February 9 , 1985 , where it stayed for three weeks . It also reached a peak of ten on the Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums chart . By July 1985 , Like a Virgin became the first album by a female artist to be certified for sales of five million units in the United States . It was eventually certified ten times platinum ( diamond ) by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , for shipment of ten million copies of the album . It placed at three on the year @-@ end chart for 1985 , with Madonna becoming the top pop artist for the year . After the advent of the Nielsen SoundScan era in 1991 , the album sold a further 574 @,@ 000 copies . In Canada , the album debuted at number 78 on the RPM Albums Chart , on November 10 , 1984 . It reached a peak of number three , on February 16 , 1985 . The album was present for a total of 74 weeks on the chart , and was certified diamond by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) , for shipment of one million copies of the album . Like a Virgin ranked sixth on the RPM Top 100 Albums for 1985 .
In the United Kingdom , Like a Virgin debuted at number 74 on the UK Albums Chart , on January 12 , 1985 . However , the album fluctuated on the chart for the next eight months and it was only in September that it finally reached the top of the chart . It remained at the top for two weeks , and a total of 152 weeks on the chart . The album was certified three times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for shipment of 900 @,@ 000 copies of the album . In France , the album debuted at number five on the French Albums Chart on October 6 , 1985 , staying there for eight weeks , then descending down the chart . It was certified two times platinum by the Syndicat National de l 'Édition Phonographique ( SNEP ) for shipment of 600 @,@ 000 copies . In Australia , the album debuted and peaked at two on the Kent Music Report albums chart , and was certified seven times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipment of 490 @,@ 000 copies of the album . It reached the top of the New Zealand Albums Chart and was certified five times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) for shipment of 75 @,@ 000 copies . Elsewhere , Like a Virgin reached number one in Germany , Italy , Netherlands and Spain , while peaking within the top five in many other countries , including Austria , Japan , Sweden and Switzerland . It also became Madonna 's first number @-@ one album on the European Top 100 Albums , reaching the summit on November 23 , 1985 , for two weeks . Like a Virgin has sold more than 21 million copies worldwide as of August 2008 and became one of the best @-@ selling albums of all time .
= = Legacy = =
After the release of Like a Virgin , Stephen Holden from The New York Times commented : " No phenomenon illustrates more pointedly how pop music history seems to run in cycles than the overnight success of the 24 @-@ year @-@ old pop siren known as Madonna . The month before Christmas , Madonna 's second album , Like a Virgin sold more than two million copies . Teen @-@ agers were lining up in stores to purchase the album the way their parents had lined up to buy Beatles records in the late 60 's . " Madonna proved she was not a one @-@ hit wonder with the release of the album which sold 12 million copies worldwide at the time of its release .
Taraborrelli felt that " Like a Virgin is really a portrait of Madonna 's uncanny pop instincts empowered by her impatient zeal for creative growth and her innate knack for crafting a good record . " He added that the success of the album made it clear what was Madonna 's real persona . " She was a street @-@ smart dance queen with the sexy allure of Marilyn Monroe , the coy iciness of Marlene Dietrich and the cutting and protective glibiness of a modern Mae West " . Although the album received mixed reviews , Taraborrelli believed that the " mere fact that at the time of its release so many couldn 't resist commenting on the record was a testament to the continuous , growing fascination with Madonna ... Every important artist has at least one album in his or her career whose critical and commercial success becomes the artist 's magic moment ; for Madonna , Like a Virgin was just such a defining moment " Chris Smith , author of 101 Albums That Changed Popular Music believed that it was with Like a Virgin that Madonna was able to steal the spotlight towards herself . She asserted her sexuality as only male rock stars had done before , moving well beyond the limited confines of being a pop artist , to becoming a focal point for nationwide discussions of power relationships in the areas of sex , race , gender , religion , and other divisive social topics . Her songs became a lightning rod for both criticism by conservatives and imitation by the younger female population .
" Like a Virgin " was her first song to attract the attention of organizations who complained that the video and the song promoted sex without marriage and undermined family values , offering an unsavory image of Madonna as a whore . Outraged moralists condemned her as a sex kitten and sought to ban it . Conservatives were angered that Madonna dared to portray the virginal wedding attire in a sexual context . While one section of the population were outraged at the scandal , other were taking joy at the very notion of a virginal Madonna , who retorted by saying ,
I was surprised by how people reacted to " Like a Virgin " because when I did that song , to me , I was singing about how something made me feel a certain way — brand @-@ new and fresh — and everyone interpreted it as I don 't want to be a virgin anymore . Fuck my brains out ! That 's not what I sang at all . " Like a Virgin " was always absolutely ambiguous .
The song 's influence was most profound on the younger generation . Madonna 's public persona of an indomitable , sexually unashamed , supremely confident woman struck a chord with them . Biographer Andrew Morton noted that most of Madonna 's admirers were females , who were born @-@ and @-@ brought @-@ up with an image of old @-@ fashioned stereotypes of women as virginal brides , or as whores , or with feminist values that rejected the use of a woman 's looks for her self @-@ advancement . Author William McKeen of Rock and roll is here to stay : an anthology commented that with the song , Madonna intermixed such middle @-@ class ideas of femininity with examples of what femininity meant to her , which was having equal opportunity . In addition , at a time when eighties fashions were promoting flat @-@ chested , stick @-@ thin women as ideals of beauty , the more curvaceous Madonna made average girls feel that it was fine to be in the shape they were . The term " Madonna wannabe " was introduced to describe the thousands of girls who tried to emulate Madonna 's style . At one point , Macy 's allotted an entire floor area for the sale of clothes styled according to Madonna 's fashion . University professors , gender @-@ studies experts and feminists earnestly started discussing her role as a post @-@ modernist style and cultural icon . According to author Debbi Voller , " Like a Virgin " gave rise to the icon Madonna .
Madonna has stated that the song she most regrets recording is " Material Girl " and if she had known that the label would be attached to her for decades , she would probably never have done so . After making the video , Madonna said she never wanted to be compared to Monroe , despite posing like her and recreating many of Monroe 's signature poses for various photos shoots , most notably in a 1991 issue of Vanity Fair . Guilbert commented that " material girl " designated a certain type of liberated women , thus deviating from its original coinage which meant a girl who is tangible and accessible . Author Nicholas Cook said that the meaning and impact of " material girl " was no more circumscribed by the video , rather by its song . Its influence was seen later among such diverse groups such as female versus male , gay versus straight , and academic versus teenage . In 1993 , a conference was held at the University of California at Santa Barbara , with the subject as Madonna : Feminist Icon or Material Girl ? The conference pondered on the duality of Madonna as both of them and deduced that the question of Madonna 's feminism is not easy to decide . Some of the feminists left the conference , citing that they had not been able to make up their minds .
" Dress You Up " was also the subject of much media attention , when it was included on the Parents Music Resource Center 's ( PMRC ) " Filthy Fifteen " list , for the perceived sexual content of its lyrics . The Center 's founder Tipper Gore had heard her daughter listening to the song , and considered the line " Gonna dress you up in my love " as exemplifying " vulgar music " . The PMRC called upon the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) to give parents a consumer @-@ friendly means of identifying rock records unsuitable for minors — a rating system based on lyrical content . " Dress You Up " received a rating of " S " , for " sex and obscenity " , from the RIAA .
= = Track listing = =
Notes
All songs produced by Nile Rodgers , except " Into the Groove " , produced by Madonna and Stephen Bray .
" Into the Groove " is only available on the 1985 re @-@ issue outside North America . It is not included on the 2001 remastered version .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
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= TNA World Tag Team Championship =
The TNA World Tag Team Championship is a professional wrestling world tag team championship owned by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) professional wrestling promotion . It is primarily contested within TNA 's tag team division . It was created and debuted on May 14 , 2007 at the taping of TNA 's primary television program , TNA Impact ! . It was officially introduced worldwide on the May 17 , 2007 edition of TNA 's online podcast TNA Today . Like most professional wrestling championships , the title is won as a result of a pre @-@ determined match .
= = History = =
The Total Nonstop Action Wrestling promotion formed in May 2002 . Later that same year , TNA were granted control over the NWA World Heavyweight and World Tag Team Championships by the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) governing body , subsequently becoming an official NWA territory as NWA – TNA . On June 19 , 2002 , NWA – TNA held its first show : a weekly pay @-@ per @-@ view ( PPV ) event . The main event of the telecast was a twenty – man Gauntlet for the Gold match — involving all twenty men trying to throw each other over the top rope and down to the floor in order to eliminate them , until there are two men left who wrestle a standard match — to become the first ever TNA – era NWA World Heavyweight Champion . Ken Shamrock defeated Malice to win the vacant championship with Ricky Steamboat as Special Guest Referee at the event . TNA crowned the first TNA – era NWA World Tag Team Champions at their third weekly PPV event on July 3 , 2002 , when the team of A.J. Styles and Jerry Lynn defeated The Rainbow Express ( Bruce and Lenny Lane ) in a tournament final to win the championship .
= = = Creation = = =
The NWA World Heavyweight and World Tag Team Championships were contested for in TNA until the morning of May 13 , 2007 . On that day , NWA 's Executive Director Robert Trobich announced that the NWA were ending their five – year agreement with TNA , which had allowed them full control over both titles . Trobich went on to state that effective that morning , then @-@ NWA World Heavyweight Champion Christian Cage and the Team 3D pairing of Brother Devon and Brother Ray , then @-@ NWA World Tag Team Champions , were stripped of their respective championships . The motivation behind these actions was that Cage refused to defend the NWA World Heavyweight Championship against wrestlers from NWA territories . That same day , TNA were scheduled to produce their Sacrifice 2007 PPV event , in which both Cage and Team 3D were to defend their respective championships . On the card , Cage was scheduled to defend the NWA World Heavyweight Championship against Kurt Angle and Sting in a match involving three competitors , also known as a Three @-@ Way match . Team 3D were set to defend the NWA World Tag Team Championship against the team of Scott Steiner and Tomko and the team made up of Hernandez and Homicide , who were known as The Latin American Xchange ( LAX ) , in another Three Way match .
That night before each contest , the on @-@ screen graphic used to refer to the champions and their respective championships , credited both Cage and Team 3D as still being NWA Champions . However , the ring announcers for the encounters proclaimed the matches as being strictly for the " World Heavyweight Championship " or the " World Tag Team Championship " . Team 3D defeated Steiner and Tomko and LAX in the first Three Way championship bout to retain the " World Tag Team Championship " . In the second Three Way championship encounter , Angle defeated Cage and Sting to win the " World Heavyweight Championship " .
On May 17 , 2007 , Jeremy Borash and TNA 's primary authority figure at the time , Jim Cornette , unveiled the TNA World Tag Team Championship belt on that day 's edition of TNA 's online podcast TNA Today and awarded it to Team 3D ; in the process making them the first official champions .
= = = Belt designs = = =
During the championship 's entire history , it has had one design . It begins with a leather strap that is covered with four small gold plates that has an imprint of the earth centered in the middle with TNA 's official logo at the top of each . The center golden plate of the belt also has an imprint of a globe , with TNA 's official logo engraved over it . The words " World Tag Team " are placed above the globe , while the words " Wrestling Champion " are placed below it . [ 1 ]
= = Reigns = =
The inaugural champions were Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) , who were awarded the championship on the May 17 , 2007 edition of TNA Today . At 212 days , Beer Money , Inc . ' s ( Bobby Roode and James Storm ) fourth reign is the longest in the title 's history . Eric Young / Super Eric and Kaz 's only reign holds the record for shortest reign in the title 's history at a half day .
The current champions are Decay ( Abyss and Crazzy Steve ) who are in their first reign as a team . They defeated Beer Money ( Bobby Roode and James Storm ) in a " Valley of Shadows " match on March 19 , 2016 in Orlando , Florida during the Impact Wrestling tapings ( aired April 26 ) . This is Abyss ' second individual reign , as he was previously champion with Storm in 2014 , while Crazzy Steve is in his first individual reign .
Individually , James Storm holds the record with seven reigns , while Beer Money and The Wolves ( Davey Richards and Eddie Edwards ) share the record of five reigns as a team .
Although the title is a World Tag Team Championship , three different wrestlers have held the championship by themselves — Samoa Joe , Kurt Angle , and Matt Morgan . Joe held the championship during his entire reign alone ; however , Angle held the championship alone for 15 days until Sting won a match involving three other competitors to become Angle 's partner , and Morgan held the title after turning on and ( kayfabe ) injuring his tag team championship partner Hernandez . Overall , there have been 40 reigns shared between 41 wrestlers and 28 teams .
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= Now That You Got It =
" Now That You Got It " is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her second solo studio album , The Sweet Escape ( 2006 ) . Stefani co @-@ wrote the song with its producers Sean Garrett and Swizz Beatz . " Now That You Got It " is a reggae song featuring hip hop beats , stacatto piano sample and military snare drums . Lyrically , the song places Gwen asking her lover to give all that she wants . A remix featuring Damian Marley was produced for the song 's release as the album 's fourth single on August 27 , 2007 by Interscope Records .
The original solo version received mixed reviews from music critics , with some praising its catchiness , while others calling it repetitive . However , the remix version was more praised , being called " a laid back , summery tune " . Commercially , the single experienced very little success , reaching the top @-@ forty in six countries , while failing to gain impact in the United States and the United Kingdom . The song 's music video was directed by The Saline Project and was shot in Puerto Rico and Jamaica , featuring Stefani and the Harajuku Girls . The song was performed during The Sweet Escape Tour ( 2007 ) .
= = Background and release = =
Before going on tour with her Harajuku Lovers Tour ( 2005 ) , Stefani revealed that she was going to release a second album in 2006 , stating : " I have a bunch of leftover tracks from making ' Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ' . And two months ago , Pharrell called me up , he was like , ' Come down to Miami and write some more songs ! ' And I 'm like , ' OK ! ' I went down there and wrote four songs and played three of them tonight . They 're really fresh " . In September 2006 , during the Fashion Week , MTV News interviewed Swizz Beatz and he said to be working with Stefani as well , claiming : " She 's always taking it to the next level . I love her background for music . She likes a lot of Caribbean sounds with hard beats " . They worked on " Now That You Got It " , which was selected to be the fourth single from The Sweet Escape ( 2006 ) . For the single version , Stefani enlisted Damien Marley , son of Jamaican reggae musician Bob Marley , giving the single a " reggae " feel to it . It was released to mainstream radio in the United States , on August 26 , 2007 , while in the United Kingdom , it was released on October 15 , 2007 . Two remixes were included on the CD single , both featuring Marley . The " remix " version uses the same instrumentation as the original single , but has a more reggae @-@ infused rendition and an added verse sung by Marley ; the " hybrid " version features the song 's original beat mixed with the remix version .
= = Composition and lyrics = =
" Now That You Got It " was written by Gwen Stefani , Sean Garrett and Swizz Beatz , with production being done by the latter two ; Garrett also provided background vocals . The single version of the song features a " loping hip @-@ hop beat and a staccato piano sample " while Stefani " splits wailing time with a chorus of alarms , " according to Mark Pytlik of Pitchfork Media . It also presents elements of reggae music and " military snare drums " mixed with crunk militarism . Lyrically , on " Now That You Got It " , the singer tells her lover that even though he is with her , he still has to work hard to keep her and give her everything she wants . " Now that you got it , what you gon ' do about it ? " , she repeatedly asks in the chorus .
= = Critical reception = =
" Now That You Got It " received mixed reviews from music critics . A positive review came from Charles Merwin of Stylus Magazine , who referred to the original version as Stefani 's best " Beastie Boy imitation over a ' 1 Thing ' rip " , and Sal Cinquemani , while reviewing the album , of Slant Magazine called it " instantly contagious " . Norman Mayers of Prefix Magazine praised Swizz Beatz for " coming up with the most likely heir to the Hollaback crown , with the bumping chants and boasting raps " . However , Alex Miller of the NME characterized it as " a track so desperate to be a club banger , its fraying tapestry of hand @-@ claps , sirens and triumphalism has all the grace of a Pepsi Max advert " . Quentin B. Huff of PopMatters criticized the song 's songwriting , calling it " woefully thin , relying on tedious repetition . " John Murphy of musicOMH gave the single a mixed review , writing " when the self @-@ consciously wacky and kitsch side to her personality surfaces , as on the inane ' Now That You Got It ' , the temptation is to dive for the ' off ' switch " .
The single version with Damian Marley received generally favorable reviews . Fraser McAlpine of the BBC Chart Blog conveyed it as a " perfect case " of Stefani making songs which are sleek and tough on the outside , but have a middle which is pure and vulnerable , ultimately rating it four out of five stars . Similarly , CBBC 's Newsround portrayed the sound as " a very laid back , summery tune " which , it claims , will still have its readers " humming it next week " .
= = Commercial performance = =
" Now That You Got It " had moderate success on the charts . Nevertheless , in the United States , it was commercially unsuccessful , not entering any of the US Billboard charts , making it Stefani 's first song as a solo artist to not do so . Internationally , it reached the top @-@ twenty in a few European countries , having its higher chart position in Norway , where it debuted and peaked at number seventeen . However , it became her lowest @-@ charting single there . In Austria , it became her second lowest @-@ charting single , peaking at number sixty , with " Luxurious " being her lowest at number sixty @-@ six . In the United Kingdom , it reached number fifty @-@ nine , becoming Stefani 's third UK release not to reach the top @-@ twenty of the UK Singles Chart . In Australasia , the single performed very moderately . It debuted at number 39 on the ARIA Charts and reaching its peak position , number 37 , the following week . It remained for five weeks on the charts , but was her lowest @-@ peaking solo single . On the other hand , in New Zealand , " Now That You Got It " spent eight weeks on the charts , debuting at number 36 , on October 1 , 2007 , and peaking at number 21 , on October 8 , 2007 . However , it became her only solo single to miss the top @-@ twenty there .
= = Music video = =
The song 's accompanying music video was directed by The Saline Project and was shot in Puerto Rico and Jamaica . The Puerto Rico scenes were shot a day after Stefani 's concert in the city , as part of The Sweet Escape Tour , on July 19 , 2007 . Many parts of the video were shot in a studio , including scenes of Stefani riding a motorcycle in front of a green screen . The video premiered on MTV 's Total Request Live on September 4 , 2007 .
= = = Storyline = = =
The video opens up on a mountain with titles " Gwen Stefani Presents " , " Now That You Got It " and " featuring Damian Jr . Gong Marley " . Stefani is singing against a wall with Marley and later Stefani and the Harajuku Girls are riding along the road with scooters singing the first verse . As the chorus begins and Stefani , the Harajuku Girls and Marley are playing board games under a shelter near the lake side . Marley then begins to sing his part near two sheds while Stefani and Harajuku Girls are still on their scooters . During the second verse , Stefani sings against another girl and shows the Harajuku Girls singing on roof tops with the male dancers from The Sweet Escape Tour ( Flea , Legacy , Remedy , and Steelo ) . During the second chorus , the video opens at the beach where Stefani is SMSing . This leads the video to a party at night time where Stefani is on stage with people dancing . The video concludes with Harajuku Girls and the boys atop the roof , with Stefani and the girls singing on the scooters .
= = Live performances = =
Stefani 's first performance of the track was on the UK 's television show Ant & Dec on September 29 , 2007 . She performed the original version of the song , but ended with a reggae mix . The song was also added on the setlist of The Sweet Escape Tour . The concert segment received positive feedback for the overall energy of the performance .
= = Track listings = =
Australian CD single
" Now That You Got It " ( Album Version ) – 3 : 00
" Now That You Got It " ( Remix featuring Damian " Jr Gong " Marley ) – 3 : 26
" Now That You Got It " ( Single Version featuring Damian " Jr Gong " Marley ) – 3 : 09
US iTunes remix single
" Now That You Got It " ( Hybrid Mix featuring Damian " Jr Gong " Marley ) – 3 : 08 ( single version )
" Now That You Got It " ( Main Mix featuring Damian " Jr Gong " Marley ) – 3 : 26 ( remix )
US 12 " single
A1 . " Now That You Got It " ( Single Version featuring Damian " Jr Gong " Marley ) – 3 : 09
A2 . " Now That You Got It " ( Album Version ) – 3 : 00
A3 . " Now That You Got It " ( Instrumental Version ) – 2 : 55
B1 . " Now That You Got It " ( Remix featuring Damian " Jr Gong " Marley ) – 3 : 26
B2 . " Now That You Got It " ( Dub ) – 3 : 30
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of The Sweet Escape .
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
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= Joe Colbeck =
Philip Joseph " Joe " Colbeck ( born 29 November 1986 ) is an English footballer who plays as a right winger for Harrogate Town .
Born in Bradford , England , he joined his hometown club , Bradford City , as a youth team player in 2002 , making his debut two years later . He played more than 100 league games for Bradford during five years in the first team . Colbeck nearly left Bradford in 2007 when he was made available for transfer and played six games on loan for Darlington . However , he returned following his loan spell and went on to win Bradford City 's player of the season award during the 2007 – 08 campaign . He turned down a new deal a year later and joined Oldham Athletic on transfer deadline day in September 2009 to rejoin manager Dave Penney , for whom he played at Darlington . When Penney was sacked after less than a year in charge , Colbeck also soon left and joined Hereford United before spending several years with Grimsby Town .
= = Career = =
= = = Bradford City = = =
Colbeck was born in Bradford and attended Pudsey Tyersal School . Bradford City youth team coach Jon Pepper brought him to the club in 2002 , and having rising through the junior ranks at City , Colbeck had barely featured for the reserves when he made his senior debut in a League Cup defeat to Notts County on 25 August 2004 at Valley Parade . It was his only first @-@ team game during the season . It was another 17 months before his next appearance for City when he was a late substitute on 7 January 2006 in a 1 – 0 defeat to Chesterfield . Colbeck broke into the team on a more regular basis and made 11 appearances , including five starts , during the latter half of the 2005 – 06 season , and was one of six junior players to earn a one @-@ year contract at the League One club .
His first full season in the first team was during 2006 – 07 , although he was kept out of the team during the early part of the season by winger Jermaine Johnson . After eight straight games as substitute , Colbeck made his first start of the season in a West Yorkshire derby against Huddersfield Town on 7 October 2006 . He continued to play more games in the side but as City struggled , Colbeck was sent off during a vital game against Oldham Athletic in April 2007 . He was suspended following the red card but returned to the side after his suspension , and was involved in the 3 – 0 defeat to Chesterfield which confirmed Bradford 's relegation from League One .
Colbeck started the new season in League Two as a substitute , but won a place in the side , and scored his first senior goal against Lincoln City more than three years after his debut . However , after a mistake cost defeat to Milton Keynes Dons , he was told he could join another club on loan . On 24 October 2007 , Colbeck went on a month @-@ long loan to Darlington to take the place of injured Julian Joachim . Colbeck scored in both his second and third games before the loan was extended for a second month . The loan deal was cut short when he returned to Bradford City in December 2007 after he had made six appearances for Darlington , but Darlington manager Dave Penney was disappointed to see Colbeck leave saying , " Joe was fantastic for us . He scored a couple of goals and had a real effect on us so we 're sorry to see him go . "
He immediately went back into the Bradford side , and added his second goal for the club in a 2 – 0 win over Accrington Stanley on New Year 's Day . Darlington made a bid to sign Colbeck on a permanent basis during January 2008 , but City chairman Julian Rhodes turned down the bid , and Colbeck was a regular player for the rest of the 2007 – 08 season . The run of games included the third goal in a 3 – 1 win against former side Darlington at the Darlington Arena . On 19 April 2008 , he scored his sixth goal for the club , but first in a home game , when his last minute goal gave Bradford a 2 – 1 win over Grimsby Town . Three days later , Colbeck was announced as the club 's player of the season , even though he had started just 26 league games , 23 of which came in City 's 26 games since Colbeck returned on loan from Darlington . Colbeck was surprised to win the award , saying : " If you 'd said at the beginning of the season that I would win this award , I 'd have thought you were mad . I wasn 't even a regular in the team . " However , in the following league game , Colbeck was sent off for the second time in his career , for a foul on Dean Lewington , as City lost 2 – 1 to Milton Keynes Dons , which meant he missed the final game of the season through suspension .
Colbeck had been playing since January with a groin injury , which hampered his preparations for the 2008 – 09 season and prevented him from playing in Bradford 's first three pre @-@ season friendly matches . His suspension also kept him out of Bradford 's first two games of the season , but he returned for a 2 – 0 victory against Macclesfield Town . He provided a cross for Peter Thorne to open the scoring after ten minutes . Colbeck helped City to go top of the league six matches into the season , and although he scored his first goal of the season in the seventh game , City lost 3 – 1 to Bournemouth . He added a second in a 2 – 2 home draw with Gillingham , before he broke a bone in his foot the following week against Grimsby Town . Colbeck was unable to play for nearly three months . He returned from injury in January by playing in two reserve games , leading up to his first @-@ team return on 24 January as a late second @-@ half substitute for Omar Daley in a 3 – 3 draw with Luton Town . Colbeck broke back into the starting eleven the following month , once again for Daley , who was ruled out for the season with his own knee injury . He was a regular in the team for the rest of the season , playing a further 16 games but he struggled for form and was unable to add to his two goals .
City missed out on promotion and as a result had to cut their wage budget . However , Colbeck , whose contract had expired , was offered a new three @-@ year deal on improved terms . He turned down the offer and stayed at the club on a week @-@ to @-@ week basis on his previous terms . He was watched in a pre @-@ season friendly playing for City against Bradford Park Avenue by his former Darlington boss Dave Penney , who had since been appointed Oldham Athletic manager . Colbeck started the season with Bradford and played another five games , bringing his total to the club to 109 , of which 41 were as substitute .
= = = Oldham Athletic = = =
Colbeck left Bradford in September 2009 , on the final day of the summer transfer window to join Penney at League One side Oldham Athletic . The transfer fee was undisclosed , with Bradford entitled to a sum because of Colbeck 's age – the Yorkshire Post newspaper reported the fee to be around £ 60 @,@ 000 . Penney described Colbeck as being in " the Stanley Matthews mould " and hoped his new signing would give his team some width . Colbeck 's Oldham debut at the end of the same week finished in a 3 – 0 defeat for his new team to Hartlepool United . Although described as a " tireless worker " , some of his performances angered Oldham 's fans , with Colbeck unable to " stamp his authority on games " and his " lack of quality " to deliver a final cross . In what was his first game for more than a month , Colbeck scored his first Oldham goal in a 4 – 2 defeat to Swindon Town on 9 February 2010 . Colbeck also missed part of Oldham 's run @-@ in to the end of the season because of an ankle injury and ended up playing 28 games during his first season with Oldham , but was one of three summer signings which the Oldham Advertiser said had not impressed the Latics fans . When Penney was sacked at the end of the campaign and replaced by Paul Dickov , Colbeck was almost immediately made available for transfer ahead of the 2010 – 11 season .
= = = Hereford United = = =
Colbeck almost immediately left Oldham and dropped back into League Two to sign for Hereford United on a two @-@ year contract . His new manager Simon Davey described Colbeck as " just the ideal attacking winger we 've been looking for throughout pre @-@ season and I think he is the final piece in the jigsaw " . Two days later , Colbeck scored two goals in a pre @-@ season friendly victory against Neath before being named as one of six Hereford debutants on the opening day of the 2010 – 11 League Two season as his new side won 1 – 0 at Crewe Alexandra . Colbeck scored his first goal with Hereford on 2 November 2010 in a 2 – 2 draw with Aldershot Town . Hereford , however , recorded just one win from their first ten league games , and were bottom of the league by October when Davey was sacked . Davey was replaced by Jamie Pitman , who helped to improve Hereford 's form . Colbeck received the first red card of his Hereford career for a professional foul during a 4 – 0 defeat to Southend United on 18 March 2011 . His ensuing suspension was one of only two games he missed all season helping him to 50 games in a single season for the first time in his career .
However , early in the following season , he missed three months because of a knee injury . He returned from injury on 17 December 2011 .
= = = Grimsby Town = = =
On 20 June 2012 , Colbeck signed a two @-@ year deal with Grimsby Town . Colbeck scored his first goal for Grimsby on 27 August 2012 against Mansfield Town , scoring the third goal of the game on 61 minutes , after good link up play between Greg Pearson who crossed into the box , the ball bouncing off strike partner Andy Cook for Colbeck to side @-@ foot it into the top corner , the game finishing a 4 – 1 to the Grimsby . On Boxing Day 2012 , Colbeck provided 3 assists and scored directly from a corner in the 4 – 1 Lincolnshire derby win over Lincoln City at Sincil Bank . On 8 January 2013 Colbeck was fined by The Football Association over comments he made on his Twitter account .
Colbeck was released by Grimsby on 9 May 2014 .
= = = Bradford Park Avenue = = =
On 8 July 2014 , Colbeck signed a one @-@ year contract with Bradford Park Avenue .
= = Playing style = =
Colbeck is a pacy midfielder who normally plays on the right wing . Talking about his game , Colbeck says : " I love taking players on , I think that 's my best attribute . " At Bradford , his manager Stuart McCall praised his hard work and commitment , but said he became frustrated about his lack of end product . McCall also said Colbeck 's crossing needed to be improved . Another of his managers Dave Penney described Colbeck as being in " the Stanley Matthews mould " , in reference to the former Blackpool winger . However , Colbeck 's performances at Oldham also earned mixed reviews akin to McCall 's comments , with fans and journalists describing him as a " tireless worker " but his crossing had a " lack of quality " . Going into the 2007 – 08 season , Colbeck had yet to score a goal . Before the season , he admitted he needed to score more goals and went on to score six goals during the campaign , although it remains a career high .
= = Career statistics = =
As of match played on 25 April 2015 .
= = Honours = =
Grimsby Town
Lincolnshire Senior Cup ( 1 ) : 2012 – 13
FA Trophy : Runners @-@ up , 2012 – 13
Individual
Bradford City player of the season : 2007 – 08
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= SS Empire Endurance =
Empire Endurance was a 8 @,@ 514 GRT cargo liner that was built in 1928 as Alster by Deschimag Werk Vulkan , Hamburg , Germany for the shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd . In the years leading up to the Second World War Alster carried cargo and passengers between Germany and Australia . After the outbreak of war she was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine for use as a supply ship .
Alster was captured off Norway on 10 April 1940 by the British destroyer HMS Icarus . Initially serving under the original name as a repair , supply and cargo ship in Norway , she was later passed to the Ministry of War Transport ( MoWT ) and renamed Empire Endurance . She served until 20 April 1941 when she was torpedoed and sunk by the German submarine U @-@ 73 south @-@ east of the islet of Rockall in the North Atlantic Ocean .
= = Description = =
The ship was a 8 @,@ 514 GRT cargo liner . She was built in 1928 by Deschimag Werk Vulkan , Hamburg as Alster , with yard number 211 .
Alster was 509 @.@ 9 feet ( 155 @.@ 42 m ) long , with a beam of 63 @.@ 6 feet ( 19 @.@ 39 m ) . She had a depth of 30 @.@ 9 feet ( 9 @.@ 42 m ) . She was assessed at 8 @,@ 514 GRT , 5 @,@ 328 NRT , 12 @,@ 000 DWT . She had four masts , a single funnel , a round stern and a slanted stem .
The ship was propelled by a 1 @,@ 000 nhp triple expansion steam engine , which had cylinders of 31 1 ⁄ 4 inches ( 79 cm ) , 52 3 ⁄ 4 inches ( 134 cm ) and 86 5 ⁄ 6 inches ( 221 cm ) diameter by 57 1 ⁄ 16 inches ( 145 cm ) stroke . The engine was also made by the shipbuilder . A low pressure steam turbine drove the ship 's single screw propeller through double reduction gearing and a hydraulic coupling . She had a total of 6 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower , which gave her a top speed of 14 knots ( 26 km / h ) .
= = History = =
Alster was launched on 5 January 1928 , and completed on 25 February 1928 . She was built for Norddeutscher Lloyd . The Code Letters QMHG were allocated and her port of registry was Bremen . She served on routes between Germany and Australia and East Asia . Lloyds Register entries show that she held a passenger certificate from 1934 – 40 . With the change in Code Letters in 1934 , Alster was allocated DOEO as her callsign . She had a crew of 69 and could initially take 14 passengers . In 1930 the passenger capacity was increased to 16 .
= = = Norwegian Campaign and capture = = =
On 18 March 1940 , Alster was requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine . She was used as a supply ship in Operation Weserübung - the German invasion of Norway , forming part of the invasion 's Ausfuhr @-@ Staffel , transporting heavy equipment . Alster departed Brunsbüttel at 02 : 00 on 3 April , destined for the North Norwegian port of Narvik . She was one of four supply ships sailing from the Schleswig @-@ Holstein port in support of German forces landing at Narvik on 9 April , under cover of sailing to Murmansk in the Soviet Union . None of these ships made it to their destination . The lack of supplies and artillery would leave the German forces fighting at Narvik vulnerable . Upon reaching Norwegian waters , Alster and the tanker Kattegat , also bound for Narvik , was escorted by the Norwegian torpedo boat HNoMS Trygg as far as Kopervik , where they arrived on 5 April . At Kopervik the German plans suffered a delay because of a lack of pilots to guide the ship northwards , Alster continuing later that day , while Kattegat departed Kopervik only on 6 April . Many of the other supply ships sent out in advance of the invasion also suffered delays , putting the supply part of the invasion plans out of schedule . While at Kopervik , Alster and Kattegat were inspected by the torpedo boat HNoMS Stegg , the Norwegians finding nothing irregular . By 8 April , Alster had reached Vestfjorden , where she was hailed by the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Syrian , which warned her of the British naval minefield laid in the area earlier that day . Alster steamed to Bodø , to await developments . Two days later , on 10 April , following the outbreak of war between Norway and Germany the previous day , Syrian was despatched to seize Alster off Bodø . When Syrian found Alster , the commander of the small Norwegian patrol boat chose not to board the German vessel as he suspected she was armed and possibly carrying troops . As Alster attempted to escape , Syrian sent out messages to the British warships in the area .
On 10 April , Alster was captured by the British destroyer HMS Icarus in Vestfjorden , north of Bodø . When intercepted the German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling the vessel , setting off one explosive charge . The light cruiser HMS Penelope had also been sent after Alster , but had run aground near Bodø and suffered serious damage . With the British capture of Alster , no more German supply ships were heading for Narvik and the forces there , leaving General Eduard Dietl 's troops with the supplies on board the tanker Jan Wellem and the large stockpiles of weapons , ammunition , uniforms and food captured at the Norwegian Army base Elvegårdsmoen . At the time of her capture , Alster was under the command of Kapitän Oskar Scharf , who had previously commanded the Blue Riband @-@ holding ocean liner Europa . Initially Alster was brought to the improvised British naval base at Skjelfjord in Lofoten . On arrival at Skjelfjord on 11 April , a prize crew from Penelope took over responsibility for the ship . At Skjelfjord , the captured German crew made an unsuccessful attempt at scuttling Alster by opening the ship 's sea valves . While at Skjelfjord Alster , being equipped with derricks , was used to help repair damaged Allied warships . One of the vessels on which emergency repairs were carried out from Alster , was the destroyer HMS Eskimo , which had lost her bow during the naval battles off Narvik . Alster was also used as an accommodation ship for the crews of the damaged vessels at Skjelfjord . On 24 April Alster departed Skjelfjord for the Northern Norwegian port of Tromsø , manned by a British prize crew . The eight German officers captured on Alster were transferred to the United Kingdom on the British destroyers HMS Cossack and HMS Punjabi . In all , 80 Germans were captured on board Alster , and all were eventually sent to the United Kingdom .
Her cargo of 88 lorries , anti @-@ aircraft guns , spare parts for aircraft , ammunition , communications equipment , coke and 400 – 500 tons of hay , was unloaded in Tromsø on 27 April , as part of the Allied support of the Norwegian forces fighting the German invasion of their country . The cargo was put to use in the supply and defence of the Tromsø area , except for the hay , which was quarantined by the Norwegian authorities at Ringvassøy for fear of foot @-@ and @-@ mouth disease . The coke on board Alster had been placed by the Germans in a 6 ft ( 1 @.@ 83 m ) layer covering the deck . The supplies on Alster were transferred to the Norwegians by the Allied naval commander Lord Cork after the Norwegian authorities had made repeated request for weapons and other war matériel , and was intended to be a first effort before the arrival of larger quantities of arms and ammunition promised to the Norwegians . The lorries and weapons from Alster were received , assessed and distributed by Norwegian military personnel under the command of Major Karl Arnulf , who had arrived in Tromsø on 7 May 1940 , having made his way from German @-@ occupied South Norway . The communications equipment included both a mobile radio transmitter , which was used as a spare for Tromsø radio broadcasting station , as well as large quantities of field telephone equipment which was sent to the units of the Norwegian 6th Division on the Narvik front . The field equipment from Alster replaced the old and worn field telephone systems in use up to that point . Training on the German equipment was provided by Swedish volunteers . While docked in Tromsø in May 1940 , Alster had 70 captive Germans on board . At Tromsø , Alster was manned by Norwegian sailors , replacing the British prize crew .
On 16 May a request was made to the Admiralty for a call sign for Alster , the ship departing Tromsø the next day for Kirkenes in Finnmark , escorted by the anti @-@ submarine whaler HMS Ullswater . She was despatched to the northern port to retrieve a cargo of iron ore . Arriving on 19 May 1940 , Alster loaded some 10 @,@ 000 tons of iron ore over four days , sailing south to the port of Harstad on 22 May , still escorted by HMS Ullswater , as well as the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Nordhav II . On 23 May , the British submarine HMS Truant made an unsuccessful attack with two torpedoes on Alster off Havøya , despite efforts having been made to both keep the cargo ship away from the submarine 's patrol area , and to warn Truant of the ship 's identity . The torpedoes missed , exploding when they hit land . Alster and HMS Ullswater arrived at Harstad on 26 May , with the escort vessel sailing northwards to Hammerfest with mail and provisions for the heavy cruiser HMS Devonshire . While Alster was at Harstad shipping in the town 's harbour was repeatedly subjected to attacks by Luftwaffe Heinkel He 111 bombers , the ships being defended by Gloster Gladiator fighters of the No. 263 Squadron RAF operating from Bardufoss Air Station and anti @-@ aircraft artillery . During one of the attacks on 26 May the ship 's Norwegian fireman was mortally wounded by bomb fragments , dying in Harstad Hospital later the same day .
On 27 May Alster sailed for the United Kingdom in a five @-@ ship convoy which included the crippled HMS Eskimo . In addition to her cargo of iron ore , the ship carried 209 British military personnel , 46 Norwegian military personnel and 72 German prisoners of war . She also transported the " B " gun turret from Eskimo , which had been removed from the destroyer during makeshift repairs . Alster arrived at Scapa Flow on 31 May , unloading her passengers there . Sailing on 3 June , in the company of the passenger steamer St. Magnus and escorted by the destroyers HMS Ashanti and HMS Bedouin , she arrived at Rosyth in Scotland on 4 June 1940 .
= = = As Empire Endurance = = =
Alster was passed to the MoWT and renamed Empire Endurance . The United Kingdom Official Number 164841 and Code Letters GMJJ were allocated . Her port of registry was Middlesbrough . She was placed under the management of the Booth Steamship Co Ltd . Empire Endurance was a member of Convoy FN 255 , which departed from Southend , Essex on 17 August and arrived at Methil , Fife two days later . She then joined Convoy OA 202 , which departed on 21 August and dispersed at sea on 25 August . Her destination was Montreal , Quebec , Canada , where she arrived on 3 September . Empire Endurance sailed on 12 September for Sydney , Cape Breton , Nova Scotia , arriving three days later . She then joined Convoy HX 74 , which departed from Halifax , Nova Scotia on 17 September and arrived at Liverpool , Lancashire , United Kingdom on 2 October . She was carrying general cargo stated to be bound for Newcastle @-@ upon @-@ Tyne , Northumberland . She left the convoy at the Clyde on 2 October .
Empire Endurance departed on 25 October to join Convoy OB 234 , which had departed from Liverpool the previous day and dispersed at sea on 30 October . Her destination was Montreal , where she arrived on 6 November . She departed on 18 November for the Clyde , arriving on 27 November . The ship was declared a prize of war on 10 December 1940 , valued at £ 144 @,@ 000 . She departed on 5 January 1941 to join Convoy OB 270 , which had departed from Liverpool that day and dispersed at sea on 8 January . She sailed to Saint John , New Brunswick , Canada , arriving on 17 January . Empire Endurance sailed on 3 February for Halifax , arriving two days later and departing on 9 February for the Clyde , where she arrived on 21 February .
Empire Endurance departed on 23 February for Swansea , Glamorgan , arriving on 1 March . She sailed on 9 March for Avonmouth , Somerset , arriving the next day . She departed on 29 March for Cardiff , Glamorgan , arriving the next day and sailing on 2 April for Newport , Monmouthshire , where she arrived later that day . She sailed on 13 April for Milford Haven , Pembrokeshire , where she arrived on 15 April .
On 19 April , Empire Endurance departed from Milford Haven , bound for Cape Town , South Africa and Alexandria , Egypt . She was manned by 90 crew and had five passengers on board . Amongst her cargo were the Fairmile B motor launches ML @-@ 1003 and ML @-@ 1037 . At 03 : 32 ( German time ) on 20 April , Empire Endurance was hit amidships by a torpedo fired by U @-@ 73 , under the command of Helmut Rosenbaum . At the time she was south west of Rockall at 53 ° 05 ′ N 23 ° 14 ′ W. A coup de grâce was fired at 03 : 57 which hit just under the bridge , breaking her in two . Empire Endurance sank with the loss of 65 crew and one passenger . Among the crew members lost was the captain , Fred J.S. Tucker of the Royal Naval Reserve . On 21 April , the Canadian Flower class corvette HMCS Trillium picked up twenty crew and four passengers at 52 ° 50 ′ N 22 ° 50 ′ W. They were landed at Greenock , Renfrewshire on 25 May . On 9 May , five crew were rescued by the British cargo liner Highland Brigade . They were landed at Liverpool . Those lost on board Empire Endurance are commemorated on the Tower Hill Memorial , London .
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= Satoshi Kon =
Satoshi Kon ( 今 敏 , Kon Satoshi , October 12 , 1963 – August 24 , 2010 ) was a Japanese film director , animator , screenwriter and manga artist from Sapporo , Hokkaidō and a member of the Japanese Animation Creators Association ( JAniCA ) . He was a graduate of the Graphic Design department of the Musashino Art University . He is sometimes credited as " Yoshihiro Wanibuchi " ( 鰐淵良宏 , Wanibuchi Yoshihiro ) in the credits of Paranoia Agent . He was the younger brother of guitarist and studio musician Tsuyoshi Kon .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life = = =
Satoshi Kon was born on October 12 , 1963 . Due to his father 's job transfer , Kon 's education from the fourth elementary grade up to the second middle school grade was based in Sapporo . Kon was a classmate and close friend of manga artist Seihō Takizawa . While attending Hokkaido Kushiro Koryo High School , Kon aspired to become an animator . His favorite works were Space Battleship Yamato ( 1974 ) , Heidi , Girl of the Alps ( 1974 ) , Future Boy Conan ( 1978 ) and Mobile Suit Gundam ( 1979 ) , as well as Katsuhiro Otomo 's Domu : A Child 's Dream . Yasutaka Tsutsui served as an influence on Kon 's drawings . Kon graduated from the Graphic Design course of the Musashino Art University in 1982 . During that time , Kon viewed numerous foreign films and enthusiastically read Yasutaka Tsutsui 's books .
= = = Early career = = =
While in college , Kon made his debut as a manga artist with the short manga Toriko ( 1984 ) and earned a runner @-@ up spot in the 10th Annual Tetsuya Chiba Awards held by Young Magazine ( Kodansha ) . Afterward , he found work as Katsuhiro Otomo 's assistant . After graduating from college in 1987 , Kon authored the one @-@ volume manga Kaikisen ( 1990 ) and wrote the script for Katsuhiro Otomo 's live @-@ action film World Apartment Horror . In 1991 , Kon worked as an animator and layout artist for the animated film Roujin Z. Kon worked as a supervisor for Mamoru Oshii 's Patlabor 2 : The Movie along with other animated films . He then worked on the manga Seraphim : 266 @,@ 613 @,@ 336 Wings with Oshii , it was published in 1994 in Animage . In 1995 , Kon served as the scriptwriter , layout artist and art director of the short film Magnetic Rose , the first of three short films in Katsuhiro Otomo 's omnibus Memories . Kon 's work afterward would be distinguished by the recurring theme of the blending of fantasy and reality .
= = = Directing = = =
In 1993 , Kon scripted and co @-@ produced the fifth episode of the original video animation JoJo 's Bizarre Adventure . In 1997 , Kon began work on his directorial debut Perfect Blue ( based on Yoshikazu Takeuchi 's novel of the same name ) . A suspense story centered on a pop idol , it was the first film by Kon to be produced by Madhouse . Kon was initially unsatisfied with the original screenplay written by the author and requested to make changes to it . Aside from maintaining three elements of the novel ( " idol " , " horror " and " stalker " ) , Kon was allowed to make any changes he desired . The screenplay was written by Sadayuki Murai , who worked in the idea of a blurred border between the real world and imagination .
Following Perfect Blue , Kon considered adapting the Yasutaka Tsutsui novel Paprika ( 1993 ) into his next film . However , these plans were stalled when the distribution company for Perfect Blue ( Rex Entertainment ) went bankrupt . Coincidentally , Kon 's next work would also feature the theme of the blending of imagination and reality . In 2002 , Kon 's second film ( Millennium Actress ) was released to the public . The film centers on a retired actress who mysteriously withdraws from the public eye at the peak of her career . Having the same estimated budget as Perfect Blue ( approximately 120 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 yen ) , Millennium Actress garnered higher critical and financial success than its predecessor and earned numerous awards . The screenplay was written by Sadayuki Murai , who utilized a seamless connection between illusion and reality to create a " Trompe @-@ l 'œil kind of film " . Millennium Actress was the first Satoshi Kon film to feature Susumu Hirasawa , of whom Kon was a long @-@ time fan , as composer .
In 2003 , Kon 's third work ( Tokyo Godfathers ) was announced . The film centers on a trio of homeless persons in Tokyo who discover a baby on Christmas Eve and set out to search for her parents . Tokyo Godfathers cost more to make than Kon 's previous two films ( with a budget of approximately 300 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 yen ) , and centered on the themes of homelessness and abandonment , with a comedic touch worked in . The screenplay was written by Keiko Nobumoto .
In 2004 , Kon released the 13 @-@ episode television series Paranoia Agent , in which Kon revisits the theme of the blending of imagination and reality , as well as working in additional social themes . The series was created from an abundance of unused ideas for stories and arrangements that Kon felt were good but did not fit into any of his projects .
In 2006 , Paprika was announced , after having been planned out and materializing for several years . The story centers on a new form of psychotherapy that utilizes dream analysis to treat mental patients . The film was highly successful and earned a number of film awards . Kon summed up the film with " Kihonteki na story igai wa subete kaeta " ( 基本的なストーリー以外は全て変えた ) — roughly , " Everything but the fundamental story was changed . " Much like Kon 's previous works , the film focuses on the synergy of dreams and reality .
After Paprika , Kon teamed up with Mamoru Oshii and Makoto Shinkai to create the 2007 NHK television production Ani * Kuri15 , for which Kon created the short Ohayō . That same year , Kon helped establish and served as a member of the Japan Animation Creators Association ( JAniCA ) .
= = = Health deterioration and death = = =
Following Ohayō , Kon began work on his next film , Dreaming Machine . In May 2010 , Kon was diagnosed with terminal pancreatic cancer . Given half a year to live , Kon chose to spend the remainder of his life in his home . Shortly before his death Kon composed a final message , which was uploaded to his blog by his family upon his death . As Kon explained in the message , he chose not to make news of his rapidly advancing illness public , in part out of embarrassment at how drastically emaciated and ravaged his body had become . The result was that the announcement of his death was met with widespread shock and surprise , particularly given that Kon had shown no signs of illness at relatively recent public events , as the cancer progressed to a terminal state in a matter of months after being diagnosed . Kon died on August 24 , 2010 at the age of 46 . After his death , Kon was mentioned among the Fond Farewells in TIME 's people of the year 2010 . Darren Aronofsky wrote a eulogy to him , which was printed in Satoshi Kon 's Animation Works ( 今敏アニメ全仕事 ) , a Japanese retrospective book of his animation career .
As of 2013 , the completion of Dreaming Machine remains uncertain due to funding difficulties , with only 600 of the 1500 shots being animated . At Otakon 2012 , Madhouse founder Masao Maruyama stated : " Unfortunately , we still don 't have enough money . My personal goal is to get it within five years after his passing . I 'm still working hard towards that goal . " In July 2015 , Madhouse reported that Dreaming Machine remains in production but they are looking for a director to match Kon 's abilities and similar vision .
= = Themes = =
When asked about his interest in female characters , Kon stated that female characters were easier to write because he is not able to know the character in the same way as a male character , and " can project my obsession onto the characters and expand the aspects I want to describe . " With a frame of reference up to Tokyo Godfathers , Susan J. Napier notes that while the theme of performance is the one obvious commonality in his works , she finds that the concept of the male gaze is the more important topic for discussion . Napier shows the evolution of Kon 's use of the gaze from its restrictive and negative aspects in Magnetic Rose and Perfect Blue , to a collaborative gaze in Millennium Actress before arriving at a new type of gaze in Tokyo Godfathers which revels in uncertainty and illusion .
Dean DeBlois said , " Satoshi Kon used the hand @-@ drawn medium to explore social stigmas and the human psyche , casting a light on our complexities in ways that might have failed in live action . Much of it was gritty , intense , and at times , even nightmarish . Kon didn 't shy away from mature subject matter or live @-@ action sensibilities in his work , and his films will always occupy a fascinating middle ground between ' cartoons ' and the world as we know it . "
= = Influences = =
Satoshi Kon 's most prominent influences were the works of Philip K. Dick and Yasutaka Tsutsui . Kon viewed various manga and anime up until high school . He was particularly fond of Space Battleship Yamato , Future Boy Conan , Galaxy Express 999 ( 1978 ) , Mobile Suit Gundam and Domu : A Child 's Dream . Western films also served as an influence , most notably George Roy Hill 's Slaughterhouse @-@ Five ( 1972 ) , The City of Lost Children ( 1995 ) and the works of Terry Gilliam ( particularly Time Bandits ( 1981 ) , Brazil ( 1985 ) and The Adventures of Baron Munchausen ( 1989 ) ) . In addition to Gilliam , he also blogged about watching Monty Python . He was fond of the works of Akira Kurosawa , and worked in a reference to him in Paprika . However he claimed to be largely unfamiliar with Japanese film in general .
= = Filmography = =
= = = Manga = = =
= = = Other literary works = = =
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= Drama dari Krakatau =
Drama dari Krakatau ( [ drˈama daˈri kraˈkatau ] ; Drama of Krakatoa ) is a 1929 vernacular Malay novel written by Kwee Tek Hoay . Inspired by Edward Bulwer @-@ Lytton 's 1834 novel The Last Days of Pompeii and the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa , the sixteen @-@ chapter book centres on two families in 1920s Batam that are unknowingly tied together by siblings who were separated in 1883 . The brother becomes a political figure , while the sister marries a Baduy priest @-@ king . Ultimately these families are reunited by the wedding of their children , after which the priest sacrifices himself to calm a stirring Krakatoa .
First published as a serial in Kwee 's magazine Panorama between 7 April and 22 December 1928 , Drama dari Krakatau was written over a period of two months after the author was asked to prepare a " sensational " story for a film . Before the final instalment had been published , the novel had already been adapted for the stage . Although Kwee was known as a realist and researched the volcano before writing , Drama dari Krakatau is replete with mysticism . Thematic analyses have focused on the depiction of indigenous cultures by Kwee ( himself ethnic Chinese ) , as well as geography and nationalism . As with other works of Chinese Malay literature , the book is not considered part of the Indonesian literary canon .
= = Plot = =
In 1883 , Krakatoa begins stirring for the first time in 200 years . In the nearby village of Waringin , Sadidjah confides to her husband , village head Tjakra Amidjaja , that she has had a bad dream about the volcano ; she fears that it will be the death of them . Tjakra Amidjaja consoles her , and tells her that they will leave the village in two days . In the meantime , the volcano grows increasingly violent and Tjakra Amidjaja and Sadidjah stay behind to manage the evacuation . They send their children , Hasan and Soerijati , to stay with family in Rangkas Gombong . Krakatoa erupts several hours later . The village is wiped out in the resulting tsunami , and Soerijati is lost after she falls out of the carriage she is in ; Hasan , however , arrives safely in Rangkas Gombong .
Forty @-@ four years pass . Moelia , the son of the Regent of Rangkas Gombong and Assistant Wedana of Sindanglaut , hears of a Baduy priest , Noesa Brama , who is curing the sick and injured . Moelia travels to Mount Ciwalirang to interview him , and finds Noesa Brama an intelligent and well @-@ spoken man . Over lunch Moelia falls in love with the priest 's daughter , Retna Sari . He learns that she must marry a man of equal standing to her father , one who is " no less than the Sultan of Yogyakarta or the Sunan of Solo " . Upon returning home , Moelia realises that Noesa Brama must be the last male descendent of the Hindu kings of Pajajaran , and that both Retna Sari and her mother bear a striking resemblance to his own grandmother . Several days later , he returns to the mountain and overhears a group of men from Palembang planning to kidnap Retna Sari . He chases them away , then briefly visits Noesa Brama before returning home . Though he attempts to forget Retna Sari , he is unable to do so .
The following week , the men from Palembang lie to the police , leading to Noesa Brama 's arrest for planning a rebellion ; the men then persuade Retna Sari and her mother to follow them to Sumatra . Learning of this , Moelia arranges for Noesa Brama 's release . The priest returns home to find that his wife and daughter have gone – seemingly willingly – with the men from Palembang , while Moelia takes a steamboat and chases the kidnappers . Before he can stop them , Krakatoa erupts again , overturning the fleeing ship . Moelia barely has enough time to rescue the women before the mountain erupts a second time , killing the fugitives .
Moelia informs his father , revealed to be Hasan , of the eruptions , and the older man comes to his son 's home . There he meets Retna Sari and her mother . They discover that Retna Sari 's mother is Soerijati , explaining the familial resemblance . She reveals that she had been found and raised by Noesa Brama 's father ; she also tells of a statue of Vishnu in a cave atop Mount Ciwalirang with the inscription " At the time when I am damaged , the land and all your descendants will be destroyed , cursed by Rakata 's anger " , damage to which the priests believe caused the Krakatoa eruption . Unknown to them , Noesa Brama – enraged at the thought of his daughter marrying a commoner – has deliberately destroyed this statue by throwing it down a well , causing the eruption which stopped the fugitives .
Moelia and his family depart for Ciwalirang the following morning , hoping that Noesa Brama will consent to the marriage of Moelia and Retna Sari . The priest accepts the proposal , but expresses regret over the destruction of the statue after he discovers that Retna Sari and Soerijati had not gone willingly with the men from Palembang . He weds Moelia and Retna Sari and has them promise that their first son will be raised a Hindu and become king of the Baduy ; he then surrenders all his power to his daughter . Later , hoping that his spirit and those of his ancestors can control the volcano , Noesa Brama secretly commits suicide by jumping into the well . Several weeks later , activity at the volcano drops , although it remains active .
= = Writing = =
Drama dari Krakatau was written by the journalist Kwee Tek Hoay . Born to an ethnic Chinese textile merchant and his native wife , Kwee had been raised in the Chinese culture and educated at schools that focused on preparing students for life in a modern world , as opposed to promoting tradition for its own sake . By the time he wrote the novel , Kwee was an active proponent of Buddhist teachings . He also wrote extensively on themes relating to the archipelago 's indigenous population , and was a keen social observer . He read extensively in Dutch , English , and Malay and drew on these influences after becoming a writer . His first novel , Djadi Korbannja " Perempoean Hina " ( The Victim of a " Contemptible Woman " ) , was published in 1924 .
In 1928 Kwee was asked by a friend , who was hoping to establish a film company , to write a " sensational " story which could be used as the basis for a movie . Ongoing activity at Krakatoa was foremost in the author 's mind and , after reading Edward Bulwer @-@ Lytton 's 1834 novel The Last Days of Pompeii , Kwee asked himself " is it impossible for one to write a drama about Krakatoa ? " Owing to the length of time between the 1883 and 1928 eruptions , Kwee decided to begin his story with the separation of two young siblings . Further elements of the story were inspired by the mountain @-@ dwelling Baduy , a group which tended to avoid outsiders and claimed to be descended from the Hindu kings of Pajajaran .
Kwee thought himself a realist , considering it " better to say things as they are , than to create events out of nothing , which although perhaps more entertaining and satisfying to viewers or readers , are falsehoods and lies , going against the truth . " He was highly critical of contemporary writers who relied more on their fantasies than logic and truth . Hoping to keep his story grounded in reality , Kwee researched the history of the Baduy , the geological formation of Krakatoa , and the events of 1883 and 1928 ; in total he consulted 15 books , all in English or Dutch . Writing began on 19 March 1928 and was completed on 28 May of that year . Drama dari Krakatau consists of sixteen chapters , which were spread over 125 pages in the first printing .
= = Themes = =
Although Kwee was a staunch supporter of realism in literature , Drama dari Krakatau includes a degree of mysticism , as evidenced by the apparent connection between the statue in the cave and the eruption of Krakatoa . Indeed , in many of his writings ( both fiction and non @-@ fiction ) , Kwee exhibited an interest in the occult ; this includes writing detailed depictions of Therese Neumann , a fasting girl from Germany ; and Omar Khayyám , a Persian Sufi mystic , philosopher and poet . The Indonesian literary critic Jakob Sumardjo finds the mystical elements ( and the fact that no Hindu @-@ era statues with inscriptions have been found ) detract from the overall value of the novel .
Kwee 's work is the earliest of three Chinese Malay novels which were inspired by volcanic eruptions . The second , Liem Khing Hoo 's Meledaknja Goenoeng Keloet ( The Eruption of Mount Kelud ) , was inspired by Kelud in East Java and was published in the monthly magazine Tjerita Roman in 1929 . The third , Kwee 's Drama dari Merapie ( Drama of Merapi ) , was inspired by Central Java 's Mount Merapi and was published as a serial in Moestika Romans from March to September 1931 . Volcanic eruptions also featured in contemporary Chinese Malay poetry . Claudine Salmon records one syair , Ong Tjong Sian 's Sair Petjanja Goenoeng Krakatau ( Syair on the Eruption of Mount Krakatoa ; 1929 ) , as dealing with the community 's fears after Krakatoa resumed activity .
Unlike many contemporary works by ethnic Chinese authors , Drama dari Krakatau features no Chinese characters in major roles ; the only such characters are mentioned in passing , shopowners who provide emergency food supplies to the regent . Historically , Malay @-@ language works by ethnic Chinese authors centred on Chinese characters , to the point that terms such as tanah @-@ air ( homeland ) were often understood to mean mainland China , rather than the Malay Archipelago or Dutch East Indies . Chinese Malay works which featured exclusively indigenous characters had only developed in the 1920s . Uncommonly for ethnic Chinese writers of this period , Kwee attempts to centre the novel around indigenous people and present it from their perspective , " impersonating " these indigenous cultures through his narrative .
As with many stories with predominantly indigenous casts , Drama dari Krakatau is set in a rural area , far from the cities where the ethnic Chinese populace were concentrated . Geography plays a major role . The novel starts on a macro scale , depicting the origins of the archipelago from rising sea levels caused by the sinking of Poseidonis , then progresses increasingly towards the micro scale , passing through views of Java , Sumatra , and Krakatoa , before focusing on the home of Tjakra Amidjaja and the beginning of the plot . A later passage details the view from Mount Ciwalirang , showing Java , Krakatoa and Sumatra .
The Indonesian literary scholar Melani Budianta argues that this " geographic panorama " , combined with the sympathetic depiction of other cultures and religions , shows elements of nationalism in the novel ; such a theme has also been found in Kwee 's Drama dari Boeven Digoel ( Drama of Boeven Digoel ; 1938 ) . She writes that the panoramic views of the archipelago " help the readers to imagine the geography of a nation yet to be united " , whereas the " impersonation " presents a " region of theosophy where religious difference is unified in the belief of goodness . "
= = Publication history and reception = =
Drama dari Krakatau was first published in serial form in Kwee 's magazine Panorama , between 7 April and 22 December 1928 . This serial was then published as a novel by Hoa Siang In Kiok in 1929 . A new printing , adopting the 1972 spelling reform , was included in the second volume of Kesastraan Melayu Tionghoa dan Kebangsaan Indonesia , an anthology of Chinese Malay literature . This volume also included Kwee 's novella Roema Sekola jang Saja Impiken ( The Schoolhouse of My Dreams ; 1925 ) and the novel Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang ( The Rose of Cikembang ; 1927 ) .
As with Kwee 's earlier work Boenga Roos dari Tjikembang , an adaptation of Drama dari Krakatau was performed on stage before its completion . On 28 March 1928 , the Moon Opera performed Drama dari Krakatau at Pasar Senen in Weltevreden , Batavia ( now Senen , Jakarta ) . The troupe performed the story again on 31 March and 5 April , the latter at Mangga Besar , Batavia . Kwee prepared the story for the performances , abbreviating and simplifying it for the stage . One of the main difficulties , he wrote , was presenting Krakatoa on stage : it was a technical challenge , yet could not be abandoned as " performing this play without showing the eruption of Krakatoa would be like performing Hamlet without the Prince of Denmark . "
As with all works written in vernacular Malay , the novel has not been considered part of the Indonesian literary canon . In his doctoral thesis , J. Francisco B. Benitez posits a socio @-@ political cause for this . The Dutch colonial government used Court Malay as a " language of administration " , a language for everyday dealings , while the Indonesian nationalists appropriated the language to help build a national culture . Chinese Malay literature , written in " low " Malay , was steadily marginalised . Sumardjo , however , sees a question of classification : though vernacular Malay was the lingua franca of the time , it was not Indonesian , and as such , he asks whether works in vernacular Malay should be classified as local literature , Indonesian literature , or simply Chinese Malay literature .
= = Explanatory notes = =
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= 1992 Queensland storms =
The 1992 Queensland storms were a series of thunderstorms which struck southeastern Queensland , Australia on 29 November 1992 . The storms produced strong winds , flash flooding and large hailstones in the region , including the capital city of Brisbane . The storms also spawned two of the most powerful tornadoes recorded in Australia , including the only Australian tornado to be given an official ' F4 ' classification on the Fujita scale .
The meteorological instability in the region resulted in the formation of at least five supercell thunderstorms in the space of around three hours . The storms , which spawned progressively further up the coast from Brisbane to Gladstone as the afternoon progressed , left a trail of damage resulting from hail , rain and wind . The event has been described as " one of the most widespread outbreaks of severe thunderstorms recorded " by veteran meteorologist Richard Whitaker .
= = Climatology and conditions = =
November is traditionally the start of the thunderstorm season along the eastern seaboard of Australia , with a rise in average humidity and warmer ground temperatures combining with more frequent occurrences of cool air in the upper atmosphere . These conditions are conducive for producing severe thunderstorms , particularly those which feature hail .
The conditions on Sunday , 29 November were extremely unsettled . There were a series of thunderstorm cells that formed early in the morning — despite it being more common for thunderstorms to form in the late afternoon in the south @-@ east Queensland region . These storms , which had periodic bursts of severe lightning , cleared quickly .
Thunderstorms began to form again just before midday , as the hot and humid conditions became more acute in the middle part of the day . The Bureau of Meteorology radar picked up a series of cells to the north @-@ west of Brisbane , the capital of Queensland , and the data suggested that there was a possibility of large hail . The Bureau immediately issued a Severe Thunderstorm Warning for the coastal region between Brisbane and the Sunshine Coast , 100 km to the north .
The main cell in the thunderstorm system appeared from Bureau of Meteorology radar analysis to split into two separate and distinct cells . This development resulted in one part of the major storm to head north , to Maroochydore , while the other part headed south towards Brisbane . The southern cell struck Brisbane just after 1 : 00pm , with intense lightning activity and hailstones the size of marbles falling . The storm caused a lengthy delay during the First Test of the series between Australia and the West Indies , when hail forced play to be stopped at the Brisbane Cricket Ground around 1 : 15pm .
The northern cell continued to intensify throughout the afternoon . The Bureau of Meteorology then recognised it as a supercell , which often bring erratic developments and often last for long periods of time . The storm dropped hailstones which were between eight and ten centimeters around Maroochydore , on the Sunshine Coast , damaging the roofs of around 80 houses in the area . The hail also damaged aircraft at a local airport and dented cars , as well as inflicting injuries to a handful of swimmers at beaches near Maroochydore .
= = Tornadoes = =
The extreme instability in this area caused at least three more severe supercells in the region . Two separate cells both produced a tornado that were recorded as two of the most powerful in Australian history . The third supercell , which formed just after 3 : 00pm ( immediately after the two tornadoes ) near Gladstone , produced golf ball @-@ sized hail that caused crop damage around Gladstone . The total damage to crops from the event was placed in the millions ( A $ ) .
= = = Oakhurst tornado = = =
Early in the afternoon , another supercell developed around the town of Maryborough , around 300 km north of Brisbane . It developed rapidly also , and at 2 : 30pm a number of reports sent to the Bureau of Meteorology reported a tornado had touched down in Oakhurst , a rural area 10 km west of Maryborough . However , due to the low population density in the area the reported damage was sparse , with one house destroyed , several others unroofed and hundreds of trees were snapped .
Upon investigation and analysis of measurements and the damage caused by the tornado , it was given a rating of ' F3 ' on the Fujita scale . This was one of the most powerful tornadoes ever recorded in Australia , and the scale indicated the tornado may have produced winds of between 252 and 300 kilometres per hour .
= = = Bucca tornado = = =
Only minutes after the Oakhurst tornado , another supercell developed to the south @-@ west of Bundaberg , around 400 km north of Brisbane and 150 km north of the Oakhurst tornado . It strengthened and moved in a north @-@ east direction , causing severe damage to Bullyard and Bucca areas with giant hailstones , described as the size of a " cricket ball " .
The supercell then spawned a tornado in the Bucca and Kolan area . According to reports by meteorologists , the tornado was so strong and the effects caused on the area it hit were so extreme that household appliances were displaced , small objects were embedded in trees and house walls , and " a 3 @-@ tonne truck body was carried 300 metres across the ground " . However , as with Oakhurst , the rural nature of the area affected limited the damage caused by the tornado .
Examination by a severe weather team from the Bureau of Meteorology examined the damage in the Bucca and Kolan region and recorded it as an ' F4 ' on the Fujita scale . This corresponds to the tornado being able to produce winds between 331 and 417 kilometres per hour and of ' devastating ' intensity . This is the first tornado ever to be recorded as an F4 in Australian history .
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= Turkey Tolson Tjupurrula =
Turkey Tolson Tjupurrula ( sometimes just Turkey Tolson ; c . 1938 – 10 August 2001 ) was a Pintupi @-@ speaking Indigenous artist from Australia 's Western Desert region . Born near Haasts Bluff , Northern Territory , Turkey Tolson was a major figure in the Papunya Tula art movement , and the longest @-@ serving chairman of the company formed to represent its artists .
A painter whose creative output spanned nearly three decades , controversy erupted briefly in 1999 , when disputed declarations were made by the artist regarding whether some works under his signature had been painted by some female relatives . Creator of the work Straightening spears at Ilyingaungau ( 1990 ) , Tolson 's paintings are held by several major Australian public galleries , including the Art Gallery of South Australia , National Gallery of Victoria and the National Museum of Australia .
= = Life = =
Son of Toba Tjakamarra , one of the first Pintupi people to come into European settlements out of the Western Desert , Turkey Tolson was born near Haasts Bluff , west of Alice Springs , Northern Territory . Sources differ on his birth year : researcher and art historian Vivien Johnson gives an estimate of 1938 , while the National Museum of Australia suggests 1943 . His mother was one of Toba 's three wives : the other two ( his stepmothers ) were the artists Wintjiya Napaltjarri and Tjunkiya Napaltjarri . He had five half @-@ siblings , the children of Toba and Wintjiya : Bundy ( born 1953 ) , Lindsey ( born 1961 and now deceased ) , Rubilee ( born 1955 ) , Claire ( born 1958 ) and Eileen ( born 1960 ) .
'Tjupurrula ' ( in Pintupi ) ( also commonly seen as ' Jupurrula ' , this being the Warlpiri spelling ) is a skin name , one of sixteen used to denote the subsections or subgroups in the kinship system of central Australian Indigenous people . These names define kinship relationships that influence preferred marriage partners and may be associated with particular totems . Although they may be used as terms of address , they are not surnames in the sense used by Europeans . Thus ' Turkey Tolson ' is the element of the artist 's name that is specifically his .
As a young man , Turkey Tolson worked in construction and as a stockman around Haasts Bluff , and was a skilled spear @-@ thrower . He only came to know his birth country in 1959 , after his initiation . He married and with his family moved to Papunya , Northern Territory at the time of its construction . His first wife died , and after remarrying to Mary Napanungka in 1984 he moved to Kintore , which lies within his family 's traditional country . Later in life he suffered heart trouble , and was in Alice Springs receiving dialysis treatment at the time of his death on 10 August 2001 .
= = Art = =
Contemporary Indigenous Australian art arose in western desert communities when Indigenous men at Papunya began painting in 1971 , assisted by teacher Geoffrey Bardon . Soon afterwards they established Papunya Tula , a company owned and controlled by the artists , which went on to be Australia 's pre @-@ eminent Indigenous art centre . Turkey Tolson was one of the first to paint – his name appears in the company 's records in 1973 ; he was also one of the youngest . He was influential within the Papunya Tula movement and spent a period as the longest @-@ serving chairman of the company . In addition to painting , Turkey Tolson also made prints , with an example held in the collection of the National Gallery of Australia .
Turkey Tolson 's painting style developed in two broad phases . His early work was classical , tightly controlled and with a strong sense of symmetry characterising the geometrical arrangement of symbols and the patterns of dots surrounding them . Works from the mid @-@ 1970s , painted at Papunya , show this iconography . They include Dreaming at Kamparrarrpa ( Kampurarrpa ) ( 1976 ) , Kampurrarrpa ( Kampurarrpa ) ( 1976 ) Two Women Mythology at Putja Rockhole ( 1977 ) , and Tjunyinkya ( 1977 ) , all held by the National Museum of Australia , and all painted in synthetic polymer paint . Turkey Tolson collaborated with Johnny Scobie Tjapanangka , a fellow Papunya artist , in creating the last of the works .
After his father 's death , the artist took over ceremonial responsibility for his country . This shift to a senior place in the community was associated with a looser style and a more individualised iconography . It was during this period that he created the work Straightening spears at Ilyingaungau ( 1990 ) , held by the Art Gallery of South Australia . This painting was described by both art expert Vivian Johnson and critic Susan McCulloch @-@ Uehlin as his masterpiece , and by obituarist Rebecca Hossack as his most famous work : " a series of shimmering horizontal lines representing spears being heated and straightened over a fire by Tolson 's ancestors " . This and other similar works were described by art critic Susan McCulloch @-@ Uehlin as representing not only the preparation of the spears , but also elements of Dreamings concerning fights between ancestral figures at a rock bluff west of Alice Springs .
In 1999 , controversy erupted when Tolson signed a statutory declaration in which he stated that , in return for payments , he had put his signature on paintings that had been created by some of his female relatives , but then , shortly afterwards , signed a contradictory declaration . The case raised important questions about the nature of Aboriginal art , and about the " corrupting " effects of the art market . Anthropologist Fred Myers analysed the case , and concluded that the issue was not that Turkey Tolson was painting for money , or even being paid money . Rather , " Turkey ’ s work is threatened by corruption because the conditions of his presence in Alice Springs – his need for more regular income and his dealer ’ s need for ' product ' – draw him away from the experiences that inform his painting . "
Major exhibitions in which Turkey Tolson 's work has featured have included Papunya Tula : Out of the Australian desert at the National Museum of Australia in 2010 , and Almanac : The gift of Ann Lewis AO at the Museum of Contemporary Art , Sydney , also in 2010 . The following year , his painting Spear straightening ceremony ( 1993 ) was included in a Newcastle Region Art Gallery exhibition , Speaking in Colour .
= = Major collections = =
Art Gallery of New South Wales
Art Gallery of South Australia
National Gallery of Australia
National Gallery of Victoria
National Museum of Australia
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= New York State Route 117 =
New York State Route 117 ( NY 117 ) is a 15 @.@ 57 @-@ mile ( 25 @.@ 06 km ) state highway in Westchester County , New York , in the United States . The southern terminus of the route is at an intersection with U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) north of the village of Sleepy Hollow . The northern terminus is at an interchange with the Saw Mill River Parkway south of Katonah , a hamlet in the town of Bedford . NY 117 meets the Taconic State Parkway in Pleasantville and parallels the Saw Mill Parkway from Pleasantville to Bedford .
NY 117 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York and originally extended from Tarrytown to Katonah . The Tarrytown – Pleasantville portion of NY 117 passed through Kykuit , the estate of the Rockefeller family . Construction on a new limited @-@ access highway bypassing the estate to the north began in the late 1960s and was completed in 1971 , at which time NY 117 was realigned to follow the highway . Another highway bypassing Katonah was built in the early 1990s and opened c . 1992 as a realignment of NY 117 .
= = Route description = =
= = = Mount Pleasant and Pleasantville = = =
NY 117 begins just north of the village of Sleepy Hollow at an interchange with US 9 ( Broadway ) in the town of Mount Pleasant . The route proceeds generally northeastward along Phelps Way , a four @-@ lane , divided highway bypass of Sleepy Hollow and Kykuit , the Rockefeller family 's estate . For its first 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) , the highway runs through a wooded area along the northern edge of the Rockefeller State Park Preserve , crossing under several of the park 's hiking and walking trails . Phelps Way ends at the northeastern tip of the park , where NY 117 intersects with the northern terminus of NY 448 at Bedford Road . While NY 448 ends here , Bedford Road continues on as part of NY 117 .
After NY 448 , NY 117 becomes a four @-@ lane , undivided at @-@ grade street as it heads northeast through a residential area of Mount Pleasant . Just past the NY 448 junction , NY 117 enters adjacent interchanges with Saw Mill River Road ( NY 9A and NY 100 ) and the northbound direction of the Taconic State Parkway near Graham Hills County Park . From here , the highway passes south of Pace University 's Pleasantville campus on its way into the village of Pleasantville , where it narrows to two lanes and initially serves mostly commercial neighborhoods . NY 117 remains on Bedford Road for its first few blocks in Pleasantville ; however , it veers northeast onto Manville Road just southwest of the community 's central business district .
As Manville Road , the highway heads past five residential blocks , connecting to the southbound direction of the Saw Mill River Parkway before entering Pleasantville 's commercial center at Memorial Plaza . Within Memorial Plaza is Metro @-@ North Railroad 's Pleasantville station , located on the south side of NY 117 . After crossing the Metro @-@ North tracks , the route continues east along several commercial blocks before turning to the northeast and entering another residential section of Pleasantville . The highway eventually reaches the northern edge of the village , where it rejoins Bedford Road at a junction with the northern terminus of NY 141 . NY 117 turns north here , following Bedford Road out of Pleasantville and into the nearby town of New Castle .
= = = New Castle , Chappaqua and Mount Kisco = = =
Upon crossing into New Castle , NY 117 changes names to South Bedford Road . The road takes a generally northeasterly track away from the town line to the hamlet of Chappaqua , a community just 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) from the center of Pleasantville . NY 117 serves as Chappaqua 's main north – south street , passing by commercial and residential neighborhoods ahead of an intersection with NY 120 ( King Street ) in Chappaqua 's center . NY 120 turns north here , overlapping with NY 117 for one block before splitting off to the west on Quaker Road . NY 117 continues north from this point as North Bedford Road , passing a strip mall before leaving Chappaqua .
Outside of Chappaqua , NY 117 loosely parallels the Saw Mill River Parkway as it winds its way northeastward across residential parts of New Castle . The two parallel roads connect again by way of Roaring Brook Road , a four @-@ lane arterial located midway between Chappaqua and the next community along NY 117 , the village of Mount Kisco . Roaring Brook Road also connects NY 117 and the Saw Mill River Parkway to the global headquarters of Reader 's Digest , which comprises a large complex bounded by NY 117 to the east and the Metro @-@ North tracks to the west . From here , NY 117 takes on a more pronounced northeasterly alignment that takes the route past Mount Kisco Country Club and into the village of Mount Kisco .
Just inside the village limits , NY 117 meets the north end of NY 128 at Park Avenue . Past Park Avenue , NY 117 continues north through Mount Kisco , changing names to Main Street ahead of the village 's central business district . Here , the route enters a junction with the western terminus of NY 172 ( South Bedford Road ) at the main entrance to Northern Westchester Hospital . The commercial surroundings continue north for another eight blocks to Jeff Feigel Square , where NY 117 connects to the east end of NY 133 . Main Street turns northwest onto NY 133 while NY 117 splits to the northeast along Bedford Road .
= = = Mount Kisco , Bedford , and Bedford Hills = = =
As the route heads away from Main Street , it proceeds through a brief wooded , residential area before entering a commercial district surrounding Mount Kisco Commons . Several businesses and an industrial complex follow after as NY 117 continues northeast through the northernmost part of Mount Kisco and into the town of Bedford . Across the town line , the development along the route remains commercial as the road parallels the nearby railroad tracks and the Saw Mill River Parkway to the northwest . About 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) from Mount Kisco , NY 117 enters the hamlet of Bedford Hills , where the route initially serves residential neighborhoods .
In the commercial center of the community , NY 117 serves the Bedford Hills Metro @-@ North station before widening to four lanes as it crosses the railroad tracks and connects to exit 39 of the Saw Mill River Parkway . For the next mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) , NY 117 runs alongside the northern edge of the Saw Mill River Parkway as it heads through another residential part of Bedford Hills as a two @-@ lane road . At Harris Road , the route turns southeastward , crossing the parkway and the adjacent railroad tracks again as it intersects with the parkway 's exit 42 . NY 117 's southeastward run on Harris Road ends just past the railroad crossing , where the highway turns northeast onto an unnamed road leading to a commercial and industrial area south of the hamlet of Katonah . After turning onto the highway , NY 117 serves various businesses before the route ends at the southbound @-@ only exit 43 of the Saw Mill River Parkway . NY 117 northbound feeds into the northbound direction of the parkway , while exit 43 serves as the start of NY 117 southbound .
= = History = =
= = = Origins and local realignments = = =
NY 117 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . It initially began at the junction of Bedford and County House Roads in Tarrytown ( both part of NY 9A at the time ) and followed Bedford Road northeast to NY 132 ( now NY 35 ) at Jay Street in Katonah . NY 9A was realigned c . 1939 to follow Sleepy Hollow Road instead , bypassing Tarrytown completely . The former routing of NY 9A on Bedford Road to US 9 became a short extension of NY 117 . The route was also extended on its northern end in the mid @-@ 1970s after NY 35 was moved onto a new highway that bypassed Katonah to the north .
On September 1 , 1980 , ownership and maintenance of NY 117 between Manville Road southwest of the Pleasantville village limits and Broadway within Pleasantville was transferred from the state of New York to Westchester County as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . In return , ownership and maintenance of the entirety of Manville Road through Pleasantville was given to the state of New York from Westchester County . NY 117 was rerouted to follow Manville Road while NY 141 was extended one block north along NY 117 's former routing to intersect Manville Road . The remainder of NY 117 's former routing is now County Route 27A ( CR 27A ) from Manville Road to the Pleasantville village line , part of CR 106 from View Street to Pleasantville Road , and CR 27 from the Mount Pleasant village line to View Street and from Pleasantville Road to NY 141 .
= = = Phelps Way = = =
The portion of NY 117 's original routing between Tarrytown and Pleasantville passed through the center of Kykuit , the estate of the Rockefeller family , and was designed to handle 1 @,@ 900 cars per day . The actual volume of traffic on the roadway was much higher as the actual average annual daily traffic reached upwards of 5 @,@ 000 vehicles per day . As a result , the Rockefeller family looked into having the route realigned as early as 1932 . The family suggested that a new highway be built along the northern end of the estate .
In 1965 , Rockefeller unveiled plans for the Potantico Expressway , a connector from the to @-@ be @-@ constructed Hudson River Expressway ( NY 9A ) to the Taconic State Parkway . Some opposition to the idea arose on the grounds that the new highway would only benefit the Rockefeller estate and not the residents . Nonetheless , construction began on the Potantico Expressway ( now known as Phelps Way ) in 1969 . When the highway was completed in 1971 , it became part of a rerouted NY 117 . NY 117 's former alignment along Bedford Road became NY 448 . The Hudson River Expressway project was cancelled in 1971 , and the western stub of the expressway now serves Phelps Hospital .
= = = Katonah Bypass = = =
The easternmost portion of NY 117 in Katonah passed through a historic district containing several homes dating back to the late 19th century . Following the construction of nearby I @-@ 684 in 1968 , this segment of NY 117 became a truck route between the Interstate Highway and industrial areas along NY 117 south of Katonah . While the Saw Mill River Parkway would have provided an alternate route to I @-@ 684 from NY 117 , commercial traffic was prohibited from using the highway . The trucks that used NY 117 would shake the historic homes as it passed through the hamlet , causing small amounts of damage to the structures . A study analyzing the issue of truck traffic along NY 117 in Katonah began in 1976 at the request of the town of Bedford .
The study was completed in 1978 , at which time the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) concluded that traffic would never become heavy enough along NY 117 to bring about a need for a bypass . However , the state continued to keep abreast of the situation and eventually performed a second study in 1983 . Unlike the first study , this one found traffic along the highway to be on the rise . As a result , the state began making plans to construct a bypass that would divert truck traffic away from Katonah . Over the next three years , NYSDOT proposed a total of nine different routings for the bypass . The route selected by the town of Bedford would begin at Harris Road and head north and east to the Saw Mill Parkway , which it would merge into . An exception would then be made to allow commercial traffic on the parkway between the Katonah Bypass and I @-@ 684 . The routing of the highway , projected to cost $ 8 @.@ 7 million ( equivalent to $ 18 @.@ 1 million in 2016 ) , was approved in November 1987 .
In October 1990 , NYSDOT accepted a low bid of $ 8 @.@ 5 million ( equivalent to $ 15 @.@ 4 million in 2016 ) for the project , clearing the way for construction to begin on the bypass by the following month . The Katonah Bypass opened c . 1992 and became part of a realigned NY 117 . The portion of Bedford Road from Harris Road to NY 35 is now maintained by the town of Bedford .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Westchester County .
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= Mortal Kombat ( 2011 video game ) =
Mortal Kombat is the ninth main installment in the Mortal Kombat series of fighting video games . It is a reboot of the franchise and was developed by NetherRealm Studios and published exclusively by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment . The game was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 systems in April 2011 , and a PlayStation Vita port was released in May 2012 . An expanded version of the game , titled Mortal Kombat : Komplete Edition , was released for Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 in February 2012 and for Microsoft Windows in July 2013 .
Although beginning during the events of Mortal Kombat : Armageddon , the plot is a retcon to the earliest period in the Mortal Kombat series , the trilogy of Mortal Kombat , Mortal Kombat II and Mortal Kombat 3 . The storyline involves the divine protector of Earth , Raiden , attempting to change the aftermath of the events of Armageddon by contacting his past self as he faces defeat at the hands of the evil emperor of Outworld , Shao Kahn . While having characters and levels rendered in three @-@ dimensions , the gameplay distances itself from the fully 3D graphics one seen in the last four games , bearing closer resemblance to that of the 2D era of the series , using a camera that is perpendicular to the two @-@ dimensional playing field .
Upon release , Mortal Kombat received very positive reviews and won several awards for fighting game of the year . It was also a commercial success , selling more than two million copies in the first month alone . Due to its extremely violent content , the game was banned in Australia due to the lack of appropriate ratings category , and South Korea , and it has been reportedly indexed in Germany ; the Australian ban was later lifted due to the introduction of an R18 classification and the game was released with many other R rated games in May 2014 . Mortal Kombat was followed by the sequel Mortal Kombat X in 2015 .
= = Gameplay = =
Principal gameplay involves one @-@ on @-@ one 2.5D style fighting . Mortal Kombat uses a single two @-@ dimensional fighting plane ( at 60 frames per second ) , although characters are rendered in three @-@ dimensional fashion , intended to give depth and range to portrayals of various projectiles . Unlike previous Mortal Kombat games , four buttons on the game controller represent attacks and are each linked to a corresponding limb .
A new feature is the " super meter " , which can be charged by various actions during battle such as performing special moves , getting blocked by the opponent , or getting hit by them . The super meter can be charged to three levels , each of them enabling a different action to be performed . At the first level , it can be used to deliver an enhanced version of one of the character 's special attacks ; two levels can be used to interrupt a combo attack , and the full three levels allow for the delivery of a special attack called an " X @-@ ray move " . The X @-@ ray move unleashes a series of attacks during which the game provides an internal view of the character being attacked , which shows their bones and organs being broken or ruptured .
Extra features include a story mode during which the player plays as multiple characters , a Fatality training mode ( allowing players to practice executing finishing moves ) , the Challenge Tower , tag team fighting , and an online mode . The Challenge Tower mode is a single @-@ player option that includes 300 specific challenges of various difficulties providing currency rewards upon completion ; players have the option of using in @-@ game currency to bypass other difficult challenges , completing them later . Among the various challenges are " Test Your Might " ( rapidly pressing buttons and using specific timing to destroy blocks of varying difficulty ) , " Test Your Sight " ( following an object hidden under a cup or skull and revealing the object after a shuffle ) , " Test Your Strike " ( destroying a specific block in a stack ) and " Test Your Luck " ( fighting under certain conditions , such as no jumping ) . The four @-@ player tag @-@ team feature is an original feature , allowing two players to play together . During tag gameplay , two new types of attacks become available . The first of them is the " tag assist " attack , in which the off @-@ screen character temporarily jumps in and performs certain attacks during the active character 's combo . The other is the " tag kombo " , in which the active character performs a combo that is finished by the off @-@ screen character as they enter the fight .
The online mode includes a " King of the Hill " option , where up to eight players can act as spectators and play the winner of a fight . Spectators may also rate the fights and use the " forum " to determine how to perform various combos or moves observed during a fight . A single @-@ use online pass is also included with the game which is mandatory to access the online components . Online passes are also available from the PlayStation Store and Xbox Live Marketplace .
There is also a PlayStation 3 @-@ exclusive 3D display mode , for which 3D glasses are not necessary .
= = Plot = =
The game 's director , Ed Boon , described it as an altered re @-@ telling of the events of the first three Mortal Kombat games ( Mortal Kombat , Mortal Kombat II and Mortal Kombat 3 ) :
" Raiden is about to be killed by Shao Kahn , and just before he delivers the last blow , Raiden sends a mental message to his earlier self by saying that he must win , and the camera rewinds back to Mortal Kombat 1 . The Raiden from Mortal Kombat 1 then gets the message and experiences a premonition . The game then spans Mortal Kombat 1 , 2 , and 3 , retelling the story with an enlightened Raiden , who has changed the course of events . Eventually , everything the player has seen happen before — Liu Kang winning , Lin Kuei turning into cybernetic ninjas , has been altered . You might see a cybernetic character who wasn 't before , and a different version of events . "
= = = Story = = =
Following the events of Mortal Kombat : Armageddon , both the forces of light and darkness have been wiped out , with only the thunder god Raiden and the Outworld emperor Shao Kahn remaining to represent their parties . A severely weakened Raiden is about to be killed by Shao Kahn , but casts a last @-@ minute spell on the shattered pieces of his magical amulet , directing it to contact his past self with the vague message " He must win " .
During the events of the first tournament hosted by Shang Tsung , the past version of Raiden sees visions of the future courtesy of his cracked amulet . Raiden initially comes to the conclusion that fighter Liu Kang is to win the tournament and save Earthrealm from Outworld . Pivotal characters such as Johnny Cage , Sonya Blade , Jax Briggs , Sektor , Cyrax , Nightwolf , Kitana , Jade , and Sub @-@ Zero are introduced , the latter being killed by the hellspawn Scorpion . In time , Liu Kang becomes the only remaining Earthrealm contestant , and succeeds in defeating the Shokan Prince Goro , as well as Shang Tsung . However , Raiden 's amulet continues to deteriorate , a sign that future events remain unchanged . Disappointed with Shang Tsung 's failure , Shao Kahn orders his execution , but relents when the sorcerer suggests holding the second tournament in Outworld . Raiden initially refuses , but is forced to relent when Shang Tsung threatens to unleash Outworld 's armies upon Earthrealm .
As each of the Earthrealm warriors are defeated , the younger Sub @-@ Zero ( originally named Tundra , who adopts the moniker Sub @-@ Zero to honor his fallen brother ) and Smoke arrive in Outworld on Lin Kuei terms , who are also fighting in the tournament . They are pursued by cybernetic Lin Kuei assassins , including Sektor and Cyrax , who attempt to take them back to Earthrealm for automation . Raiden attempts to change the timeline by rescuing Smoke from his transformation , but as a result , the younger Sub @-@ Zero is automated in his place . Also during this time , Kitana uncovers the existence of Mileena , a mutant clone of herself crafted by Shang Tsung on Shao Kahn 's orders . Infuriated by the betrayal , Kitana defects from Kahn and joins the Earthrealm warriors , with Jade following her later on . In the final round of the tournament , Raiden once again tampers with the timeline by substituting Kung Lao for Liu Kang , the original winner of the Outworld tournament , as the champion of the second tournament . Shao Kahn , however , kills Kung Lao near the end of the tournament , with Liu Kang retaliating and mortally wounding the Outworld emperor . Raiden notes the timeline is still unaffected as his amulet continues to deteriorate .
Healed by the sorcerer Quan Chi , Shao Kahn enters into an alliance with the Netherrealm and has Quan Chi resurrect his wife , Sindel . In doing so , they nullify the ward that prevents Kahn 's access to Earthrealm , initiating a full @-@ scale invasion . Shortly afterwards , Raiden prevents the death of Johnny Cage by slaying Motaro . Joined by fighters Kurtis Stryker and Kabal , the Earthrealmers attempt to stop Kahn 's invasion , but many of them are killed by Sindel , who had been vastly empowered by the souls extracted from Shang Tsung 's body , thus killing the sorcerer . Kitana is then overpowered by Sindel 's new strength and is brutally beaten . Kitana , critically injured , pleads to her mother that Shao Kahn has corrupted her , but Sindel ignores and attempts to finish her off . Nightwolf , however , comes in time to stop Sindel and sacrifices himself to kill her . Raiden confronts Quan Chi and , learning of the alliance with Kahn , he realizes that the message " He must win " refers to Kahn himself — if he is allowed to merge Outworld and Earthrealm , he will be punished by the Elder Gods for a violation of the Mortal Kombat code for taking a realm without winning the tournament . Liu Kang , however , blames Raiden for the death of their allies and attacks an approaching Shao Kahn . In an attempt to change history , Raiden accidentally kills Liu Kang . Grief @-@ stricken , Raiden " surrenders " to Shao Kahn . The Elder Gods intervene , restoring Raiden 's strength which he in turn uses to defeat and punish Kahn for breaking the Mortal Kombat code .
After defeating Kahn , Raiden vows to rebuild Earthrealm with survivors Johnny Cage and Sonya Blade . Quan Chi is then revealed to be an agent of Shinnok , who intends to take advantage of the chaos and the elimination of Kahn to conquer both Outworld and Earthrealm in the name of the Netherrealm .
= = = Characters = = =
^ a PlayStation exclusive ^ b Available as downloadable content or as part of the Komplete Edition ^ c Boss character ( nonselectable ) ^ d Secret character
= = Development = =
In a November 2008 interview , Ed Boon stated that game sales for Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe would dictate what features would appear in " the next game " . In 2009 , Midway Games Chicago filed for bankruptcy and was purchased by Warner Bros. Interactive . This led the game to be developed by NetherRealm Studios , becoming the first installment in the series to be published exclusively under the Warner Bros. label . On June 18 , 2009 , Boon confirmed on his Twitter page that developers were performing motion capture for the game and that it would not feature superheroes . Dan Forden was also expected to return as the music composer for the game . In late 2009 , Boon stated that the franchise was returning to its bloody origins and that the production team were aiming for a " Mature " rating , as opposed to the " Teen " on the previous game . Boon also showed concern about content being classified under the " Adults Only " rating .
Mortal Kombat was officially revealed on June 10 , 2010 with a release for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 in 2011 . It was revealed at the Sony E3 press conference that Mortal Kombat would be 3D compatible , and Boon said that in dealing with the 3D capability , more attention to detail was required so as to not obstruct the gameplay . Boon said that the extras mode from previous games ( " The Krypt " ) would return with an " elaborate and sophisticated unlocking system " and put " the other games in the series to shame . " He also said they intended for Mortal Kombat to be accessible to the casual player and more " engaging " , with experts on the fighting genre consulted . New features were made to create a deeper fighting experience . Some mild humorous elements were also included , such as the Babality finishing moves . At the time , Boon said that the production team were considering a PC port of Mortal Kombat as " there seems to be a market for [ PC games ] in Europe . "
Mortal Kombat runs on a heavily modified version of the Unreal Engine 3 , similar to the engine used by its predecessor , Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe . Developers recreated the entire fighting engine so that it was restricted to a two @-@ dimensional plane of fighting , with senior producer Hans Lo stating at gamescom 2010 that the change from 3D gameplay to 2D was advantageous for Mortal Kombat , as it increased graphical detail for characters and arenas and improved gameplay speed . Another new mechanic is the inclusion of " blood physics " ( blood loss is portrayed as being more natural and being clearly visible on characters or surroundings ) . Developers stated that online gameplay for Mortal Kombat would be a main priority , declaring interest in capabilities to link the player 's progression feed to their accounts on social networking websites such as Facebook and Twitter , and recreate the feel of socializing with players in an arcade .
According to Dave Pindara , one of lead artists for Mortal Kombat , environments were developed to create active objects and effects such as " scripted cinema events " , " dynamic lighting effects " and " characters and objects that animated and reacted to the fights . " Arena development began with 18 arenas , but development of environments with different times of day and original arenas related to the plot scaled up arena development to roughly 30 arenas . One unique feature is included with each stage such as " The Desert " which has a " sand tech " , allowing for realistic sand motion during characters ' interaction . Dan Forden , lead sound designer , said the intent was to create a " cinematic game audio experience " . Sound effect design included use and enhancement of the " bone @-@ crunching audio design " of previous titles and , while the " dynamic experience " was vital , small details such as the " rustling of fighter 's clothes " and background sounds were also included . Music for each stage was similar to previous games but with " a completely new arrangement " .
Boon said that there was a focus on including characters from the first three Mortal Kombat games and that " if you have a favorite character from those games , you 're probably going to see him or her in the game . " The game 's developers stated that the characters had been designed with the intent to make each character unique – each having his or her own individual stance , victory pose and Fatality with no shared animations . Lead designer John Edwards said that characters are differentiated by features such as power and speed . Producer Shaun Himmerick said that the internal and external character design required " two months or ten weeks " . Boon said that an exclusive character was planned for the Xbox 360 version , but " unfortunately , the circumstances didn 't allow us to make a 360 exclusive . " Ed Boon mentioned that Marcus Fenix of the Gears of War franchise was considered for the Xbox 360 version as the console guest fighter . He also said they were in talks to include Sweet Tooth from Sony 's Twisted Metal franchise .
On April 5 , 2011 , Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment and NetherRealm Studios announced Mortal Kombat was finished and ready for mass production , with pre @-@ orders having gone " gold " . Asked what would be the correct way to call it , for example " MK9 " or " MK2011 " , Boon answered he would say " The Mortal Kombat game they rebooted in 2011 . "
= = Release = =
= = = Promotion = = =
On August 31 , 2010 , a teaser trailer " Shadows " debuted on IGN , featuring a track " Another Way to Die " from the band Disturbed 's album Asylum . On September 28 , 2010 , the slogan " Kombat Begins In ... " appeared with a clock counting down on the Mortal Kombat official website , the countdown ending on Monday October 11 , 2010 . At the conclusion of the countdown , a link to the Facebook page was added to the website and an accompanying Facebook application was also released that showcased a teaser trailer for the game .
On October 4 , 2010 , the " Environment Bio " trailer of the Mortal Kombat arena , The Pit , was released to explain the in @-@ game backstory on its origins and evolution . Similar videos featuring The Living Forest , the Dead Pool , and Kahn 's Coliseum were released afterward , also explaining background information on the stages . In a similar fashion , character profile videos were released for Scorpion , Sub @-@ Zero , Mileena , Liu Kang and Raiden . In April 2011 , Playboy models Jo Garcia and Brittney Palmer ( dressed as Mileena and Kitana , respectively ) promoted the game in a sponsored vlog advertisement . In April 2011 , Bespoke Arcades created a series of arcade machines to promote the game at the Gadget Show Live 2011 . In April 2012 , two live @-@ action cosplay trailers featuring Rachelle Glover ( Kitana ) and Danni Levy ( Mileena ) were released ; they were later combined into one commercial video titled " Fight Anywhere " .
On March 8 , 2011 , a demo version of the game was released for download globally , initially exclusively for PlayStation Plus members . The demo ( an arcade ladder with single- or two @-@ player capability ) showcases four characters ( Johnny Cage , Mileena , Scorpion and Sub @-@ Zero ) and the stages The Living Forest and The Pit . Performance Design Products sponsored the inaugural National Mortal Kombat Championship , which took place in Las Vegas in May 2011 . Mortal Kombat was also internationally presented in the 2011 Evolution Championship Series ( Evo ) , being recognized as a " main tournament fighting game " . Professional gamers Justin Wong ( winner of the PDP championship ) and Carl ' Perfect Legend ' White ( the Evo 2011 champion ) spoke positively of Mortal Kombat 's place in future tournament events .
= = = Retail versions = = =
Mortal Kombat was available for pre @-@ order in three different editions : Standard , Kollector 's Edition ( includes a copy of the game , art book , Sub @-@ Zero and Scorpion figurine bookends and a downloadable content ( DLC ) skin , dubbed a Mortal Kombat Klassic costume ) , and the Tournament Edition ( includes a fight stick controller instead of the bookends and art book ) . A European version of the Kollector 's Edition was also released , which includes the game , art book , a Scorpion & Sub @-@ Zero figurine , a Steelbook case and downloadable skins .
In the United States , pre @-@ orders at retailers Toys " R " Us and Wal @-@ Mart were provided with classic Mortal Kombat skins for Kitana and Mileena , modeled after their Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 appearances . A classic Jade skin ( also using her UMK3 model ) was also included with preorders of Mortal Kombat or Mortal Kombat : Annihilation on Blu @-@ ray ( both released April 19 , 2011 ) . GameStop , Best Buy and Amazon.com also participated in preorder bonuses and included classic costumes and Fatalities for Scorpion , Sub @-@ Zero and Reptile respectively . Mortal Kombat @-@ themed costumes were also provided for the owners of Xbox 360 avatars who preordered any version of the game .
= = = Downloadable content = = =
Netherrealm Studios released the Klassic DLC pack ( containing the classic outfits and Fatalities that were exclusive to pre @-@ order deals ) on June 7 , 2011 . Downloadable characters include Skarlet ( a red female character based on a rumor about Mortal Kombat II ) , Kenshi ( first introduced in Mortal Kombat : Deadly Alliance ) , Rain ( first seen in Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3 ) , Kratos from the God of War series , and Freddy Krueger from the A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise . A free compatibility pack is available alongside each character that contains " klassic " skins for two characters and is available to all players . A " Season Pass " available to Xbox 360 users offered the first four DLC characters together at an overall discounted price . Warner Bros. is one of the first game companies that introduced the concept of season pass : a long term , pre @-@ paid , post @-@ launch downloadable content plan .
= = = PlayStation Vita port = = =
The PlayStation Vita version of Mortal Kombat was announced on January 18 , 2012 . It was released on May 1 , 2012 in North America and on May 4 in Europe . The Vita version of the game includes all the features from the PlayStation 3 version of Komplete Edition , and adds new costumes and a new Challenge Tower that are not available in the console versions , as well as touchscreen controls for finishing moves and other exclusive features .
= = = Komplete Edition = = =
On January 9 , 2012 , Warner Bros Interactive Entertainment announced Mortal Kombat : Komplete Edition . This version was released for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 on February 28 , 2012 in North America and on March 2 in the United Kingdom , and consists of the game with all of the downloadable content released for it . The North American release also includes download codes for the album Mortal Kombat : Songs Inspired by the Warriors , as well as the 1995 film Mortal Kombat ( available via the PlayStation Store or Xbox Live ) .
In May 2011 , Ed Boon hinted on his Twitter account that a Mac version of the game was more likely than a PC one . By February 2012 , developers stated there were no immediate plans for a PC version , but were " gauging interest " . On May 22 , 2013 , it was announced that the Komplete Edition would be released for Windows on July 3 , 2013 . Initially , the game became only available through Steam but a retail version followed during the first days of August .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Prior to the game 's release , Techtree listed Mortal Kombat as " one of the reasons for people to own a gaming console in 2011 " , with PC Magazine and 2D @-@ X editor Jeffrey L. Wilson claiming this was one of the most anticipated titles of E3 2010 . The E3 2010 showcase version of Mortal Kombat received the Best Fighting Game of E3 and Best Stage Demo of E3 awards by GameSpot , and the Best Fighting Game of E3 award by GameTrailers . Later , Mortal Kombat won several Game of the Year type awards for the best fighting game of 2011 ; some of them are listed in the table on the right .
" Mortal Kombat " has received critical acclaim . GameZone 's David Sanchez considered describing Mortal Kombat as " a fitting reboot for the series " to be an understatement , as " while offering plenty of nostalgia " the game is also " a major step up for the series " . Andrew Reiner of Game Informer called it " the best Mortal Kombat yet . " According to Mark Waltron of GameSpot , " over @-@ the @-@ top , bloody , and bursting with content , Mortal Kombat is a return to form for the franchise . " IGN 's Ryan Clements called it an " amazing " game that " combines the novelty of extreme violence with a great fighting engine . " Neidel Crisan of 1UP.com stated it " has simply set the standard for future fighting games to follow . " Eurogamer 's Matt Edwards was more critical of the game , but added that " to judge Mortal Kombat harshly simply because it isn ’ t the equal of BlazBlue or Street Fighter IV on a technical level would be unfair to what the game does right . " Brett Elston of GamesRadar was also more cautious in his review , stating it is " a successful sequel that both reboots and redeems the wayward series , though it ’ s not a flawless victory . "
Mortal Kombat 's gameplay was generally well received due to its balance , violence and use of what GameTrailers called a " classic 2D template " . Reiner wrote that " the only area where Mortal Kombat feels antiquated is in its AI . " Waltron praised the game for having " one of the most in @-@ depth story modes to grace a fighting game . " Crisan compared it to " watching a full length CG movie " , and said that while " incredibly corny , it 's also oddly addicting " due to its over @-@ the @-@ top plot . One complaint concerned the shifting levels of difficulty in the game 's story mode , described by Clements as forcing the player " to fight cheap tactics with cheap tactics . " According to Elston , " character balance , inconsistent detection and a stingy coin reward system drag down an otherwise bloody good time . "
According to Ed Boon , during its release month , Mortal Kombat sold two million copies between both PlayStation 3 and Xbox versions . Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment , publisher of NetherRealm Studios ’ Mortal Kombat , reported that Mortal Kombat had sold close to three million units as of August 2011 . According to Warner Bros. , this covered the cost of the entire Midway asset acquisition . One year after the game 's release , GameZone 's Sanchez stated that Mortal Kombat has still remained " the best fighter currently on the market , " calling it " today 's greatest modern fighter " and " one of the most compelling fighters to come along in years . "
The PlayStation Vita version of the game was also well received . Dan Ryckert of Game Informer called it " the most complete version of Mortal Kombat available , " while Brett Zeidler of Destructoid hailed it as " a perfect example of keeping the best graphical fidelity possible and including an already astronomical amount of content . " According to Walton , " despite a few control issues " regarding tag team combos , " Mortal Kombat on the Vita is every bit the great and gruesome fighter as its console counterparts . " Steven Hopper of IGN recommended this " great port " for those who did not play the original release enough .
The PC version of Mortal Kombat : Komplete Edition was well @-@ received despite being released two years later than the console versions ; the PC version received an 82 / 100 Metascore on Metacritic , with users of the same site rating it an average score of 8 @.@ 9 / 10 . In August 2013 , questioned about the sales performance of the Windows version of the game , Boon tweeted that it was " WAY , WAY above expectations " .
= = = Controversy = = =
In February 2011 , the game was refused classification by the Australian Classification Board due to " violence that exceeds strong in impact " . Warner Bros. unsuccessfully appealed the decision to the Classification Review Board , who ruled " the impact of the violence in Mortal Kombat is higher than strong and thus could not be accommodated within the MA15 + classification . " The Australian Customs and Border Protection Service listed the game as a prohibited item and the Australian Minister for Home Affairs Brendan O 'Connor asked to be briefed on the Mortal Kombat decision , citing " public disquiet on the issue " . In 2012 , the Vita version of Mortal Kombat was banned in Australia as well . A spokesperson for Warner Bros. commented : " We felt that because of the Vita 's size , the smaller screen would minimise the impact of the violence in the game and we felt it might fit within the MA15 + category . Obviously , the Classification Board of Australia did not agree . " In 2013 , however , following the introduction of an R18 + classification , Mortal Kombat was released uncensored on May 1 , 2013 , with the R18 + rating .
Mortal Kombat was also indexed in Germany by the Federal Department for Media Harmful to Young Persons due to " drastic representations of violence , " and was banned in South Korea due to its excessive depiction of blood and gore .
= = Sequel = =
A sequel for the game , Mortal Kombat X , was developed by NetherRealm Studios for the PC , PlayStation 4 , and Xbox One and was released in April 2015 .
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= Black Widower =
" Black Widower " is the 21st episode of The Simpsons ' third season , originally airing on the Fox network in the United States on April 9 , 1992 . It was written by Jon Vitti , directed by David Silverman , and saw Kelsey Grammer guest star as Sideshow Bob for the second time . In the episode , Sideshow Bob — Bart 's archenemy — marries Bart 's Aunt Selma . Bart believes that Bob is planning something sinister rather than marrying for love . He realizes that Bob is planning to kill Selma ; he prevents the attempted murder , and Bob is sent back to prison . " Black Widower " finished 39th in Nielsen ratings for the week that it originally aired . Reviewers generally enjoyed the episode , and gave Grammer 's portrayal of Sideshow Bob particular praise .
= = Plot = =
The Simpsons have dinner with Aunt Selma and her new boyfriend , Sideshow Bob , Bart 's arch @-@ enemy . According to Bob , while he was in prison he spent every moment planning his revenge on Bart for exposing his plan to frame Krusty the Clown ; after receiving Selma 's response to his " Prison Pen Pal " ad , he was inspired to become a model prisoner and earned an early release .
Bob proposes to Selma and she accepts . He makes an appearance at a Krusty the Clown telethon and makes amends ; Lisa encourages Bart to forgive Bob , but he refuses to believe he has changed . When Selma discovers that Sideshow Bob detests her beloved MacGyver , the marriage is nearly called off until he agrees to Homer 's suggestion to take a walk when Selma watches it .
Selma reveals that she is unconcerned about money , as she made a good profit in the stock market ; Bob tells her he hopes he is not marrying her for her money . She also reveals that she has no sense of smell or taste and has cut back on cigarettes , now smoking only after meals and after episodes of MacGyver . Selma sends the Simpsons a tape of their honeymoon , including Bob 's tirade over the absence of a gas fireplace in their hotel room . Bart realizes that Selma has one hour to live and the Simpsons rush to the hotel room .
In the hotel , when Selma retires to watch MacGyver , Bob enjoys a drink downstairs . The hotel room explodes behind him . He goes back to the wrecked room , assuming Selma is dead , but she is unscathed and the Simpsons are waiting for him along with the police . Bart explains how he deduced Bob 's plot : Bob opened the gas valve in the room knowing Selma would not smell the leak , then left while she watched MacGyver , knowing that Selma would light a cigarette afterwards and cause an explosion . Bob asks why the room still exploded if Bart foiled his plot . Chief Wiggum explains that he absent @-@ mindedly threw a match into the room after smoking a celebratory cigar . Bob is taken away by the police , vowing revenge .
= = Production = =
" Black Widower " was written by Jon Vitti , and directed by David Silverman . The staff wanted an episode involving a " mystery " , so executive producer Sam Simon approached Thomas Chastain , head of the organization Mystery Writers of America , to help construct the mystery . A number of clues leading up to the revelation at the end were inserted into the script so that the viewers would be able to solve the mystery on their own . As the episode was being written , the writers had their eyes towards winning an Edgar Award , which is awarded to the best mystery fiction in television and film published or produced in the past year . Despite their efforts , " Black Widower " did not win an Edgar Award .
In the episode , the writers echoed the premise of Wile E. Coyote chasing the Road Runner from Looney Tunes cartoons by having Bob unexpectedly insert himself into Bart 's life and attempt to kill him . Executive producer Al Jean has compared Bob 's character to that of Wile E. Coyote , noting that both are intelligent , yet always foiled by what they perceive as an inferior intellect . For " Black Widower " , director David Silverman updated the character model of Bob to reflect the animation of director Brad Bird . One of Bob 's friends from jail seen in the episode is Snake Jailbird . The character first appeared in the season two episode " The War of the Simpsons " only as " Jailbird " , but his full name was first mentioned in " Black Widower " . The writers gave him the name Snake because of the snake tattoo on his arm , and the character has gone by that name ever since .
" Black Widower " was the second episode Kelsey Grammer guest starred in as the voice of Sideshow Bob . He had previously appeared in the season one episode " Krusty Gets Busted " , in which Bart gets Bob sentenced to jail for framing Krusty for armed robbery . Grammer initially expected Bob to be a one @-@ time role , but it eventually became one of the most popular roles he ever played , as Bob became a recurring character on the show . Grammer bases his Bob voice on theatre actor and director Ellis Rabb . He had once worked for Rabb , whose " lamenting tones became [ the ] foundation for Sideshow Bob . "
= = Cultural references = =
The episode begins with the family , except for Marge , watching a parody of the show Dinosaurs on television . The staff thought Dinosaurs was a knock @-@ off of The Simpsons , so at one point Bart exclaims " It 's like they saw our lives and put it right on screen , " and points at the television screen . Before she reveals to the Simpson family that Selma 's new boyfriend is Bob , Patty says there is something " disturbing " about him , which results in Lisa imagining him as being The Elephant Man . As Bob remembers his time in prison , a scene with him picking up road side trash is seen , referencing the film Cool Hand Luke . The music in the scene is a reference to the soundtrack of the film as well . Bob also remembers winning a Daytime Emmy Award in the " Best Supporting Performer in a Children 's Program " category . In Selma 's letters to Sideshow Bob , she refers to him by his prison number , 24601 , which is Jean Valjean 's prisoner number in the novel Les Misérables . The reunion between Krusty and Bob at the telethon is a reference to a surprise reunion between former comedy partners Jerry Lewis and Dean Martin on a 1970s telethon . The telethon logo features an Al Hirschfeld @-@ style caricature of Krusty .
" Black Widower " was the second episode to show Patty and Selma 's obsession with the character Angus MacGyver from the television show MacGyver , which has become a recurring joke on The Simpsons . When Sideshow Bob goes into the room to see Selma 's corpse , he turns around the chair , only to see Bart sitting in it . Sideshow Bob turns around and sees Selma in the doorway . These shots , from Bob turning the chair to Selma in the doorway , are a reference to the ending of the film Psycho . The music in the scene , written by composer Alf Clausen , is also a reference to Psycho . In Bart 's retelling of the story at the end of the episode , Homer 's shouts " To the Simpsonmobile ! " as the family rushes to the hotel to save Selma 's life . This is a reference to Batman 's Batmobile and his recurring catchphrase , " To the Batmobile ! " .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " Black Widower " finished 39th in Nielsen ratings for the week of April 6 – 12 , 1992 , making The Simpsons the third @-@ highest rated television series on the Fox network that week , after Married ... with Children and In Living Color . In I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn wrote that he considered the episode a " terrific show " , appreciating Grammer 's work in particular , and he also enjoyed the Dinosaurs gag and Bob 's reaction to McGyver , which he remarked " make the whole thing great fun " . Bill Gibron of DVD Verdict rated the episode 97 % , and considered it a " timeless treat " because of Sideshow Bob 's appearance , calling it " excellent from beginning to end " . Nate Meyers of the website digitallyOBSESSED rated the episode 3 out of 5 . He felt that the episode was " not a strong entry to the series " , noting that " the love story between Bob and Selma never seems to play as well as it should " . Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide remarked that later episodes of The Simpsons seasons were typically of lesser quality than episodes that appeared earlier in a season because of " general tiredness and the pressure of creating so many programs " . However , he found that " Black Widower " was an exception , noting that most episodes featuring Sideshow Bob rarely disappoint . Hock Guan Teh of DVD Town applauded Grammer 's performance as Sideshow Bob in the episode , saying he could not " get over Sideshow Bob ´ s evil and conniving tone of voice , all delivered in a pseudo @-@ Anglophile accent " .
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= 2008 Pittsburgh Steelers season =
The 2008 Pittsburgh Steelers season was the franchise 's 76th season in the National Football League ( NFL ) . The season concluded with the team winning Super Bowl XLIII to become the first franchise in the NFL with six Super Bowl titles .
The Steelers entered the season as defending champions of the AFC North Division , coming off a 10 – 6 record in 2007 . Based on the previous season 's results , the team faced the most difficult schedule in over 30 years ; however , they were called Super Bowl contenders by ESPN . The Steelers opened their regular season on September 7 , with a win over the Houston Texans en route to a 12 – 4 record , and a second straight AFC North Division title . In his second season as head coach Mike Tomlin was selected in fan balloting as the Motorola Coach of the Year . Linebacker James Harrison was named the NFL 's Defensive Player of the Year after leading a defense which set the standard for the league in nearly every defensive category , including total yardage allowed , points allowed , passing yardage allowed , first downs allowed , yards per play , and yards per pass , among others . The playoffs began on January 11 , 2009 , with a win over the San Diego Chargers . The following week saw the third victory of the season over the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Championship game and the advancement to Super Bowl XLIII where the Steelers defeated the Arizona Cardinals on February 1 , 2009 .
= = Personnel = =
= = = Staff = = =
= = = Roster = = =
= = Off @-@ season = =
Entering the 2008 season , the Pittsburgh Steelers lost ten @-@ year lineman Alan Faneca , after his contract expired , and he signed with the New York Jets . Allen Rossum , Jerame Tuman , and Clint Kriewaldt were released on February 22 . The team also lost Dan Kreider , Verron Haynes , Brian St. Pierre , and eight @-@ year veteran Clark Haggans to free agency .
The Steelers renewed quarterback Ben Roethlisberger 's contract with an eight @-@ year , $ 102 million agreement , the largest in franchise history . The team re @-@ signed Max Starks to the largest single @-@ year deal in franchise history , despite him not being a starter during the 2007 season . Nate Washington , Chris Kemoeatu , and Trai Essex also agreed to one @-@ year deals . Seven @-@ year center Justin Hartwig and running back Mewelde Moore were signed to multi @-@ year deals , and linebacker Keyaron Fox agreed to a one @-@ year deal . Entering the season , 14 players were in the final year of their contracts .
= = = Draft = = =
The 2008 NFL Draft was held on April 26 and April 27 , 2008 , at Radio City Music Hall . In the first round , the Steelers selected running back Rashard Mendenhall , from the University of Illinois , with the 23rd overall pick . He was the first running back selected in the first round by the franchise since 1989 . The Steelers selected Limas Sweed , from the University of Texas , in the second round . Sweed was ranked by the Steelers as one of the top three receivers in the draft . The drafting of Sweed came after quarterback Ben Roethlisberger 's suggestion of acquiring a tall wide receiver ; Sweed is 6 @-@ feet 4 @-@ inches in height . In round three , the Steelers selected Bruce Davis , of UCLA . Davis primarily played defensive end at his alma mater , however , he is expected to switch to linebacker at the pro level . The Steelers traded their fourth @-@ round pick ( 123rd overall ) to the New York Giants for the Giants ' fourth and sixth @-@ round selections , 130th and 194th overall , respectively . The Steelers selected offensive tackle Tony Hills with the 130th overall selection , in the fourth round . Like second @-@ round pick Sweed , Hills came out of the University of Texas where he had been elected a captain of the football team during his senior season . With their fifth @-@ round selection , the Steelers chose quarterback Dennis Dixon . Prior to an injury in 2007 , Dixon was a Heisman Trophy candidate . The sixth round selection was the Steelers ' second linebacker of the draft , Mike Humpal out of the University of Iowa . Also in the sixth round , the final selection of the team was safety Ryan Mundy , a Pittsburgh native . The Steelers did not pick in the seventh round , due to a 2007 trade with the Atlanta Falcons . Kevin Colbert , Director of Football Operations , said of the draft , " we ’ re happy with the way things turned out . " Also stating that the first and second @-@ round selections were players who the team expected to have already been chosen . Coach Mike Tomlin said that the Steelers tried to select skilled offensive " weapons " over a strong offensive line , which struggled the previous season . The following day , the Steelers signed twelve free @-@ agent rookies . All draft picks agreed to terms by July 25 , two days prior to the start of training camp .
= = = Mini @-@ camp and OTAs = = =
A mandatory three @-@ day mini @-@ camp was held in early May . Hines Ward , Aaron Smith and Troy Polamalu attended the camp , but did not fully participate because of injuries . First round draft pick , Rashard Mendenhall was welcomed by Steelers current running back Willie Parker . Parker was " surprised " when he heard a running back was selected in the first round , but hoped to work with Mendenhall like Jerome Bettis worked with Parker during his rookie season . During the mini @-@ camp , the offense experimented with formations using Parker and Mendenhall in the backfield simultaneously . Receiver Hines Ward took a similar approach to Parker 's in welcoming second round draft pick Limas Sweed . As with other receivers in the past , Ward was " very hands @-@ on with Sweed throughout the weekend " . Coach Mike Tomlin called the new draft picks " humble " , adding that he liked their " spirit and attitude " ; however , it was too early to tell how well they will ultimately perform .
The team held two Organized Team Activities ( OTAs ) prior to the draft , in addition to 12 throughout May and June . The OTAs were voluntary , however , most players did attend . Many players routinely worked on their conditioning and strength together , in addition to " informal " on field training . A week prior to the end of OTAs Mike Tomlin said he was happy with the team 's progress during the sessions . Also stating , “ We are having a productive off @-@ season and that is what we are here for . We are here to get better individually and collectively and I think we are doing that . ” Limas Sweed experimented on special teams play for the first time ever , with a concentration in punt blocking . On the day of the final OTA , June 12 , Tomlin stated that while he was pleased with the progress of the team , no positions would be gained or lost based on the voluntary camp . Tomlin added , " it 's been teach @-@ oriented , it 's been skill @-@ develop @-@ oriented . It 's different than playing the game of football . " The team was given 44 days off until the beginning of training camp .
= = = Off @-@ field activity = = =
In May , ESPN The Magazine released the findings of its annual survey of over 80 @,@ 000 fans entitled the " Ultimate Standings : Fan Satisfaction Ranking . " The Steelers ranked as the 25th best major league sports franchise out of 122 teams from MLB , NFL , NBA , and the NHL . The franchise finished one position behind the cross @-@ town hockey team Pittsburgh Penguins . The Steelers were sixth among all NFL teams . In August , ESPN.com ranked Steelers ' fans as the best in the National Football League , citing their " unbelievable " sellout streak of 299 consecutive games .
During the Pittsburgh Penguins run for the Stanley Cup multiple members of the Steelers showed support for the cross @-@ town team . Ben Roethlisberger attended Stanley Cup Finals games in Detroit , where he and the Steelers won Super Bowl XL three years prior . Mike Tomlin watched Game Six of the finals outside Mellon Arena , along with 3 @,@ 000 other fans , on a JumboTron which had been erected for fans unable to acquire tickets to the sold @-@ out game . Kevin Colbert , Charlie Batch , and Tomlin attended many games throughout the regular season . In September , Penguins ' coach Michel Therrien attended the Steelers ' first game of the season .
On February 17 , Ernie Holmes , who played for the Steelers from 1972 to 1977 , was killed in a car crash . Ten days later , on February 27 , award @-@ winning journalist , Steelers radio announcer of 35 years , and inventor of the Terrible Towel , Myron Cope , died at age 79 . On June 6 , Dwight White , a defensive end on the Steel Curtain died from a blood clot . Upon his death , Dan Rooney called White , " one of the greatest players to ever wear a Steelers uniform . " A pre @-@ game ceremony was held in their honor prior to the first game of the season .
= = = Training camp = = =
Training camp was held at Saint Vincent College , in Latrobe , Pennsylvania , for the 42nd consecutive year . Players reported on July 27 , practices commenced the following day and ran through August 17 . Throughout the twenty three day span , seventeen included practices ; making the camp one of the shortest in Steelers history . The camp was less demanding under Tomlin , who was in his second year as coach . " We are a veteran team in some areas . You have to approach it differently because of that , " said Tomlin .
Pittsburgh looked to build on their defense , which was ranked first in the league throughout the 2007 season . At over thirty years in age each , all three starting linemen returned . First round draft pick , Rashard Mendenhall entered camp with expectations to make an impact on the team throughout his rookie season . Pittsburgh 's Willie Parker , who returned after suffering a broken leg in the 2007 season , was expected to share the load with Mendenhall . On July 29 , punter Daniel Sepulveda tore the ACL in his right leg and was placed on season @-@ ending injured reserve . The Steelers acquired Paul Ernster later in the day as a possible replacement . After concluding practices at St. Vincent 's , the Steelers began to practice at their facility on Pittsburgh 's South Side . Tomlin called the camp " very productive " .
= = Preseason = =
Pittsburgh opened their pre @-@ season schedule with a 16 – 10 victory over the Philadelphia Eagles . The Steelers scored on their first possession , after driving 80 yards on eight plays . Ben Roethlisberger 's 19 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Santonio Holmes completed the drive . In the first quarter , Charlie Batch was removed from the game after breaking his clavicle . Jeff Reed converted three field goals from 20 , 24 , and 50 yards . Toronto 's Rogers Centre hosted the second pre @-@ season game ; it was the first pre @-@ season game Pittsburgh played in Toronto since 1960 . Pittsburgh 's starting offense played longer in the second game . Willie Parker increased his output over the first game by playing on third downs . However , the team failed run the ball consistently and struggled on defense , losing the game 24 – 21 . " We fell short essentially in all three phases , " stated coach Tomlin after the game .
Pittsburgh traveled to Minnesota to play the Vikings for their third pre @-@ season game . The Steelers 's defense held the Vikings early , led by Aaron Smith who had three tackles , including one sack , in the first quarter . The offense failed to score a touchdown , with Rashard Mendenhall fumbling twice . Quarterback Byron Leftwich , who was signed to replace the injured Batch , lead the team with 129 yards passing . Jeff Reed accounted for all of the Steelers ' points , kicking four field goals — the final with 4 seconds remaining — to give Pittsburgh a 12 – 10 victory . Entering their final pre @-@ season game the Steelers had selected every starting player except the punter . Carolina tied the game with 1 : 54 remaining in regulation , but rookie Dennis Dixon lead the Steelers on a 47 @-@ yard drive , which was capped with Reed kicking the game winning 43 @-@ yard field goal as time expired . After the three point victory , Tomlin stated , " It has been a pleasure working with this group guys , but it is that time of year where we need to make tough decisions . " The Steelers cut 22 players on August 30 , to bring their roster to the required 53 player total . The following day the Steelers signed nine players from their pre @-@ season team to the practice squad .
= = Regular season = =
Based on 2007 records , the Steelers boasted the NFL 's most difficult schedule in 2008 , with an opponent winning percentage of .598 ; ten games were played against teams that finished 2007 with winning records . The Steelers played each of the teams in the AFC North twice , once home and once on the road . The Steelers also faced the teams from the AFC South and NFC East divisions throughout the season . Pittsburgh 's matchups included the San Diego and New England , who each won their division in the 2007 season . The Steelers played five nationally televised primetime games , the maximum allowed number by the NFL .
Entering the first week of the season , players voted Ben Roethlisberger , Hines Ward , James Farrior , and Jeff Reed team captains . Farrior , James Harrison , and Troy Polamalu were voted to represent the Steelers at the 2009 Pro Bowl . James Harrison set the Steelers ' franchise single @-@ season record for sacks , surpassing Mike Merriweather 's previous record of 15 sacks in 1984 . Harrison also became the first undrafted player to win the NFL 's Defensive Player of the Year Award . He was the fifth Steeler to win the award — the first since Rod Woodson in 1993 . Harrison and Polamalu were also voted to the NFL 's All @-@ Pro team .
The Steelers ' defense tied the 1973 Los Angeles Rams record by holding 14 consecutive opponents under 300 yards of total offense . The defense finished ranked first in the league in total and passing yards given up and second in rushing yards . For the fifth time in his career Hines Ward received for over 1 @,@ 000 yards throughout the season . The team 's offense ranked 22nd in overall offense , 17th in passing , and 23rd in rushing . Rashard Mendenhall was the team 's only rookie to start a game ; the fewest rookie starts of any team in the league .
= = = Schedule = = =
Green background indicates win .
Red background indicates loss .
= = = Standings = = =
The 2008 season was the Steelers ' seventh as members of the AFC North Division . Pittsburgh defended their division title from the 2007 season , which they obtained by tying the Cleveland Browns ' 10 – 6 record , but holding the tie @-@ breaker with two wins over the Browns . Through 2008 , Pittsburgh is the only team to have won the AFC North four times , since its inception prior to the 2002 NFL season . Entering the 2008 season , the Steelers were chosen to win the division by sportswriter Ron Borges , as well as nine of 13 analysts interviewed by ESPN.com. Four NFL.com analysts predicted that the Steelers would finish with a 10 – 6 record . The Steelers finished the regular season with a record of 12 – 4 , going undefeated against opponents in the AFC North and winning 12 games for the fourth season since 1979 . The team clinched the second seed in the AFC for the playoffs and received a bye the first week of the post @-@ season . The Baltimore Ravens finished at second place in the AFC North with an 11 – 5 record , clinching a playoff seed as an AFC wild card . The Cincinnati Bengals finished 4 – 11 – 1 , winning their final three games of the season . The Cleveland Browns finished in the AFC North 's fourth position at 4 – 12 ; the team fired head coach Romeo Crennel after the season .
= = = Week 1 : vs. Houston Texans = = =
The Steelers started their regular season , against the Houston Texans , in front of 64 @,@ 001 spectators at Heinz Field in Pittsburgh . The Steelers drove the ball 52 yards on their opening drive , with their biggest gain coming on a 17 @-@ yard run from quarterback Ben Roethlisberger . Willie Parker scored a touchdown at 5 : 44 of the opening quarter and added a second touchdown in the following quarter . After a LaMarr Woodley interception the Steelers extended their lead to 21 points when Roethlisberger completed a 13 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Ward . With 4 : 34 remaining in the half , former @-@ Steelers ' kicker Kris Brown converted a 34 @-@ yard field goal . Pittsburgh led the game 21 – 3 as time expired on the first half .
In the second half , Parker scored his third touchdown of the game — surpassing his touchdown total for the entire 2007 season — and was named the AFC offensive player of the week for his performance . Pittsburgh 's defense held Houston to six yards on their ensuing drive and the Steelers drove 80 yards to take a 35 – 3 lead . The Texans scored two touchdowns in the final quarter , but Pittsburgh 's James Harrison led the team with three sacks — forcing a fumble on the third — and the Steelers won their first game of the season starting out 1 – 0 .
= = = Week 2 : at Cleveland Browns = = =
The Steelers entered their first matchup with the Cleveland Browns having won 15 of the last 16 games between the two teams . Ben Roethlisberger started the game despite missing practice time during the week due to a shoulder injury suffered in Week One . The Steelers ' defense held the Browns to 16 yards on their first four drives , as the teams played to a scoreless tie after the first quarter . After a Bryant McFadden interception the Steelers drove 70 yards and Roethlisberger connected with Hines Ward for their third touchdown combination of the season . Cleveland responded with a 14 play , 71 yard drive , but Troy Polamalu intercepted a Cleveland pass as time expired in the first half solidifying Pittsburgh 's seven point halftime lead .
A 48 @-@ yard pass from Roethlisberger to Santonio Holmes and a 48 @-@ yard field goal from Jeff Reed on the team 's second drive of the second half brought the score to 10 – 0 . The Browns ' Phil Dawson converted two consecutive field goals , to pull Cleveland within four points with 3 : 21 remaining . After a fourth down stop , Cleveland 's offense took over with 26 seconds remaining , but failed to gain yardage as time expired . With the win , the Steelers increased their win streak over the Browns to 10 consecutive games — the longest current winning streak over a single opponent in the NFL . With the win the Steelers improved to 2 – 0 and led the AFC North by 1 / 2 a game ahead of the Ravens .
= = = Week 3 : at Philadelphia Eagles = = =
Pittsburgh 's first inter @-@ conference opponent of the season was the Philadelphia Eagles . The Steelers scored on their first drive , with a Jeff Reed field goal . The Eagles offense drove 85 yards to take the lead on a touchdown pass from Donovan McNabb to Correll Buckhalter . The Eagles defense sacked Ben Roethlisberger eight times throughout the game , two of which resulted in fumbles . Bryant McFadden intercepted his second pass of the season which allowed Reed to add his second field goal of the day — this one from 53 @-@ yards . The field goal brought the half time score to 10 – 6 .
A third quarter diving Troy Polamalu interception , on Kevin Kolb 's first NFL pass , was named a " Can 't Miss Play " by NFL Network . The Steelers did not capitalize , punting two more times in the third quarter . The Eagles entered the final quarter leading 10 – 6 , and added two more points when Roethlisberger was called for Intentional grounding while in the end zone . Roethlisberger was forced to leave the game after his hand was stepped on in the final quarter . Offensive coordinator Bruce Arians took responsibility for the offense 's performance . " Anybody who wants anybody to blame for Philadelphia , you just blame me , " Arians stated , " and then we can get ready for Baltimore . "
= = = Week 4 : vs. Baltimore Ravens = = =
Donning their throwback uniforms , the Steelers played the Baltimore Ravens in their first Monday Night game of the season . Multiple Steelers starters did not play in the game , due to various injuries . After a 3 – 3 first quarter , Baltimore took a ten @-@ point lead into half time with a field goal and touchdown pass in the second quarter . Rashard Mendenhall — in his first NFL start — left the game in the third quarter with a season @-@ ending shoulder injury . On Pittsburgh 's third drive of the half , Roethlisberger connected with Santonio Holmes for a 38 @-@ yard touchdown pass . On the first play of Baltimore 's ensuing drive , James Harrison 's forced fumble was picked up by LaMarr Woodley and returned 7 yards for a touchdown . The two touchdowns within 15 seconds took the Steelers from ten points behind to four points ahead . In the final quarter , the Steelers ' offense was stopped on the one yard line and Reed kicked his second field goal of the night . Baltimore drove 76 yards and tied the game with a touchdown . Neither team was able to score on their final drive as the regulation clock expired .
Baltimore won the overtime coin toss and elected to receive . The Ravens started the drive at their own 15 yard line . The Steelers held them for no gain on the first two plays and Lawrence Timmons sacked Flacco on third down . The Steelers took over after a punt and Mewelde Moore caught a 24 yard reception to bring the Steelers to Baltimore 's 31 @-@ yard line . Jeff Reed converted a 46 @-@ yard field goal to win the game for the Steelers . Reed was named the NFL 's special teams player of the week . With the win the Steelers passed the Ravens for first place in the AFC North at 3 – 1 , as well as extending their all @-@ time record of 14 consecutive home wins on Monday Night Football .
= = = Week 5 : at Jacksonville Jaguars = = =
The Steelers ' matchup with the Jacksonville Jaguars — their first since the Jaguars knocked the Steelers out of the 2007 playoffs — was featured as the Pro Football Hall of Fame 's Throwback Game of the Week . On the Steelers opening drive , Roethlisberger — who missed practice time during the week due to injections for his shoulder — was intercepted by Rashean Mathis who returned the ball 72 yards for a touchdown . Pittsburgh responded by driving 71 yards , with Heath Miller receiving a 1 @-@ yard touchdown pass to tie the game . Jacksonville re @-@ gained the lead on the next drive when Maurice Jones @-@ Drew ran for a touchdown . Pittsburgh took the lead in the second quarter with two field goals and a 48 yard touchdown pass from Roethlisberger to Nate Washington .
Jacksonville scored first in the final quarter with a touchdown pass from David Garrard to Marcedes Lewis . The Steelers drove from their 20 yard line in the fourth quarter , Ward received an 8 @-@ yard touchdown pass to put the Steelers up by 5 points with 1 : 53 remaining in regulation , however , the 2 @-@ pt conversion failed . Roethlisberger received the AFC offensive player of the week award for his 309 yard , 3 touchdown pass performance , despite having an injured throwing shoulder . The NFL selected the game as the league 's Week Five Game of the Week .
= = = Week 6 : Bye Week = = =
The Steelers used their bye week to rest injured players including Brett Keisel , Willie Parker , Jeff Reed , and Ben Roethlisberger . The team hosted an event to honor wounded veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom at Heinz Field . Players signed autographs and held on @-@ field drills with the veterans , while soldiers and Marines spoke of their experiences . Chris Hoke , who attended the event said , " These are the people who fight for us to have our freedom and be who we are as Americans . To come out here and spend a couple hours with them and hear their stories is unbelievable . There 's nothing better than this . "
= = = Week 7 : at Cincinnati Bengals = = =
Willie Parker was expected to return after missing two games , but aggravated his knee injury during a weekday practice and missed the game . Pittsburgh received the opening kickoff and drove 75 yards to open the scoring with a 2 @-@ yard touchdown pass from Ben Roethlisberger to Mewelde Moore to put the Steelers up 7 – 0 . The Steelers ' defense forced the Bengals offense into five consecutive three @-@ and @-@ outs , before the Bengals scored on their final possession of the opening half . The 5 @-@ yard pass from Ryan Fitzpatrick to Chad Johnson brought the Bengals within three points of the Steelers , who added a field goal from Jeff Reed .
Pittsburgh added their second touchdown of the game on their opening drive of the second half when Moore rushed to the left side for 13 yards . Cincinnati retaliated on their ensuing drive adding a field goal from Dave Rayner . The Steelers scored three consecutive touchdowns in the final quarter , while holding the Bengals scoreless . At 8 : 26 of the fourth quarter Roethlisberger connected with Nate Washington for a 50 @-@ yard touchdown pass . Pittsburgh 's Moore scored his third touchdown of the day — his second rushing — and Hines Ward 's 16 @-@ yard touchdown reception gave the Steelers 31 points to the Bengals ' ten . Moore finished the game with 120 yards rushing , while Santonio Holmes lead the Steelers with 89 receiving yards .
= = = Week 8 : vs. New York Giants = = =
Willie Parker missed his fourth game due to a knee injury . Santonio Holmes also missed the game after a " small quantity of marijuana " was found in his car and the team placed him on the inactive list . Mewelde Moore opened up the game 's scoring with a 32 @-@ yard touchdown run on the Steelers opening drive . The 5 – 1 New York Giants responded with a field goal on the ensuing drive . Pittsburgh stopped the Giants on four consecutive plays from inside the Steelers 2 @-@ yard line to force a turnover on downs . But were unable to score when two Ben Roethlisberger interceptions and a punt lead to two more field goals in the second quarter for the Giants .
At 10 : 10 of the third quarter Roethlisberger completed a 65 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Nate Washington to give the Steelers a 14 – 9 lead . Later in the quarter , a Steelers 53 @-@ yard touchdown pass was negated due to a holding penalty and Pittsburgh was forced to punt . In the final quarter Pittsburgh kept New York out of the end zone on three plays inside the 10 @-@ yard line , however , the Giants connected on a field goal to bring the Giants to within two points . On the next drive , James Harrison — who was called in to replace injured long snapper Greg Warren — snapped the ball out of the end zone to give the Giants a safety and tie the game . The Giants drove after receiving the safety 's kickoff to score a touchdown — taking a 21 – 14 lead with 3 : 07 remaining . Pittsburgh was unable to convert on their final two drives , as Roethlisberger threw his fourth interception of the day .
= = = Week 9 : at Washington Redskins = = =
The night before the United States presidential election , the Steelers played in the nation 's capitol , Washington , D.C. ; both major party candidates were interviewed at half @-@ time . The Washington Redskins took a 6 – 0 lead in the first quarter with two field goals . The Steelers defense shut out the Redskins in the second quarter while the Steelers scored on a field goal to cut the lead in half . A blocked punt with 2 : 21 remaining in the half led to a Steelers 1 @-@ yard touchdown run from Ben Roethlisberger .
Due to an injury to Roethlisberger , Byron Leftwich took over as quarterback in the second half . Leftwich completed a 50 yard pass to Nate Washington on the opening drive of the third quarter ; the Steelers capped the drive with a Willie Parker touchdown run . Pittsburgh extended their lead in the final quarter with a touchdown pass from Leftwich to Santonio Holmes . The Redskins gained 124 yards in the final quarter , but were unable to score . The Steelers ' 17 point win took their record to 6 – 2 on the season .
= = = Week 10 : vs. Indianapolis Colts = = =
Both the Steelers and Indianapolis Colts drove more than 60 yards on their opening offensive drives , each scored a touchdown to bring the score to 7 – 7 after the first quarter . A Steelers 42 @-@ yard flea flicker advanced the ball to the 2 yard line . On the following play Mewelde Moore scored his second touchdown of the game . The Steelers extended their lead to ten , but an interception with 1 : 30 remaining in the half led to a Colts touchdown — bringing the halftime score to 17 – 14 .
The Colts kicked a 36 @-@ yard field goal in the third quarter to tie the game at 17 . A Steelers field goal in the final quarter gave them a three @-@ point lead . The Colts scored on Peyton Manning 's third touchdown pass of the game to take the lead with 3 : 10 remaining in regulation . The Steelers drove from their own 27 yard line , but were unable to score .
= = = Week 11 : vs. San Diego Chargers = = =
Pittsburgh entered week eleven with starters having missed 31 games due to injuries . The San Diego Chargers scored first , and led 7 – 0 after the first quarter of play . On the second play of the second quarter , the Steelers ' James Harrison forced a fumble in the endzone , then forced a safety by tackling Marcus McNeill after he had recovered the fumble . Jeff Reed converted on a field goal as time expired on the first half , pulling the Steelers within two points .
Reed kicked his second field goal of the game from 41 @-@ yards to give the Steelers the lead going into the final quarter . The Chargers drove 74 yards on 17 plays , converting on a field goal to give them the lead again , with 6 : 45 remaining . On the Steelers ' ensuing drive , the offense drove 73 yards and Reed converted on his third field goal of the day , giving the Steelers an 11 – 10 lead with 15 seconds remaining in regulation . The Chargers attempted to score on their final play , but Troy Polamalu forced and recovered a fumble , returning it for a touchdown . The call was reversed when the officials ruled that San Diego had made an illegal forward pass . After the game , head referee Scott Green admitted that the touchdown should have been counted . With the touchdown not counted the final score kept Pittsburgh under the 5 point spread by which they were favored , and resulted in over $ 32 million being lost in bets . The game was the first regular season game in NFL history to end with a final score of 11 – 10 .
= = = Week 12 : vs. Cincinnati Bengals = = =
The Steelers concluded their primetime schedule with their only Thursday night game of the season . The Cincinnati Bengals took a 7 – 0 lead in the first quarter after a 62 yard drive . In the second quarter the Steelers tied the game on a touchdown pass from Ben Roethlisberger to Heath Miller . Jeff Reed converted a field goal with 1 : 56 remaining in the first half to give the Steelers a 10 – 7 halftime lead .
Pittsburgh added another ten points in the third quarter when Gary Russell ran for his first rushing touchdown of the season , after Reed 's second field goal . In the final quarter , Roethlisberger rushed for a touchdown to put the Steelers up by a score of 27 – 10 . Roethlisberger passed for 243 yards and one touchdown , while Santonio Holmes led the game with 84 receiving yards . James Farrior led the Steelers with 8 tackles .
= = = Week 13 : at New England Patriots = = =
The Steelers fell behind the New England Patriots less than three minutes into the first quarter , after an interception of Ben Roethlisberger was driven to the endzone . The Steelers came back with 2 : 55 remaining in the initial quarter to convert on a 20 yard Jeff Reed field goal . The Patriots extended their lead to seven points with a 29 yard field goal in the second quarter . Pittsburgh drove 63 yards on nine plays , capping their drive with a touchdown pass to Santonio Holmes to tie the game at ten points at the halfway point .
Pittsburgh took their first lead of the game on their first drive of the second half , after Reed 's second field goal put them up by three points . On the ensuing kickoff the Steelers recovered a Patriots ' fumble and Roethlisberger connected with Hines Ward for an 11 @-@ yard touchdown pass . James Harrison forced his first of two fumbles on the Patriots ' next drive and the Steelers recovered as Reed added his third field goal of the game — putting the Steelers up 23 – 10 . Gary Russell scored a touchdown after Lawrence Timmons returned an interception 89 yards to the Patriots ' one @-@ yard line .
= = = Week 14 : vs. Dallas Cowboys = = =
The Dallas Cowboys and the Steelers held each other scoreless in the first quarter . Troy Polamalu intercepted a pass in his fourth consecutive game , overall he led the league with seven interceptions . The Steelers scored first on a 24 @-@ yard field goal from Jeff Reed with 2 : 44 remaining in the second quarter . The Cowboys converted a 44 @-@ yard field goal as time expired on the first half to tie the game at 3 – 3 .
A Tony Romo touchdown pass in the third quarter gave the Cowboys their first lead of the game . The lead was extended when Nick Folk converted his second field goal of the day , putting the Cowboys up 13 – 3 as the game entered the final quarter . Reed converted his second field goal of the game , bringing the Steelers within seven points with 7 : 20 remaining in regulation . On the Steelers next drive , Ben Roethelisberger threw a touchdown pass to Heath Miller — tying the game with 2 : 04 remaining . Deshea Townsend intercepted Romo 's next pass and returned the ball 25 yards , scoring a touchdown to give the Steelers a seven @-@ point lead , which they held to the end of the game .
= = = Week 15 : at Baltimore Ravens = = =
Entering their second game of the season against Baltimore , the Steelers ' defense ranked first in the league , while the Ravens ' defense ranked second . " We 're going to win by any means necessary . If the defense has to score , if the special teams have to kick in a score , or if the offense has to score 50 points – whatever it takes to win , " stated James Harrison prior to the game .
Both teams were held scoreless before a record crowd at M & T Bank Stadium until a Baltimore field goal gave the Ravens a 3 – 0 lead at 12 : 34 of the second quarter . Pittsburgh tied the game on a Jeff Reed field goal ; Matt Stover converted a second time to give the Ravens a three @-@ point lead at halftime . Stover kicked his third field goal of the game in the third quarter , extending their lead to six points . In the final quarter , Reed kicked his second field goal of the game to put the Steelers within three points . On the Steelers final drive of the game , the offense drove 92 yards over 2 : 53 , with Ben Roethlisberger completing a touchdown pass to Santonio Holmes with 50 seconds remaining . The Ravens embarked on one more drive , but the Steelers second interception of the game prevented them from scoring . With the victory the Steelers won their second consecutive AFC North title and clinched a first round bye and became the first AFC franchise to amass 550 wins .
= = = Week 16 : at Tennessee Titans = = =
Pittsburgh entered their final road game of the regular season with a chance to surpass the Tennessee Titans for the top seed in the AFC . The Steelers and the Titans were scoreless after the first quarter , when Tennessee took a 3 – 0 lead on the second play of the second quarter . Justin Gage 's 34 @-@ yard reception later in the quarter extended the lead to 10 – 0 . Pittsburgh 's Santonio Holmes also received a touchdown pass in the second quarter , bringing the halftime score to 10 – 7 .
In the second half , Ben Roethlisberger threw his second touchdown pass of the game — to Hines Ward — to give the Steelers their only lead of the game . After a 21 @-@ yard touchdown run on Tennessee 's ensuing drive , the Titans entered the final quarter with a three @-@ point lead . The Titans scored two touchdowns in the final quarter , and the Steelers were unable overcome two Roethlisberger fumbles and two interceptions throughout the game .
= = = Week 17 : vs. Cleveland Browns = = =
Although guaranteed the second seed in the AFC Tomlin stated , " It is a big week for us . " Willie Parker 's 34 @-@ yard touchdown run in the second quarter was the Steelers longest run of the season . With less than two minutes left in the first half , Ben Roethlisberger was hit by D 'Qwell Jackson and Willie McGinist and had to be immobilized and carried off the field after suffering from a concussion . Byron Leftwich replaced Roethlisberger and scored the Steelers second touchdown of the game to give the Steelers a 14 – 0 lead at halftime .
Pittsburgh scored the only points of the third quarter when Jeff Reed converted his sole field goal attempt of the game . The Steelers added two touchdowns in the final quarter — on a Gary Russell rush and Tyrone Carter 's return of his second interception of the game . " We were so upset we had to practice on Christmas , we had to take it out on the Browns , " said Larry Foote after the victory .
= = Postseason = =
Their 12 – 4 regular season record gave the Steelers a second @-@ place finish in the AFC . Along with the Tennessee Titans , who finished with the best record in the AFC , the Steelers received a bye during the opening week of the post @-@ season . The 2008 season was the seventh of the past 16 that the Steelers were the first or second seed in the AFC entering the playoffs — never winning the Super Bowl during those seasons . Pittsburgh defeated the San Diego Chargers in the Divisional round , giving up a franchise post @-@ season low of 15 rushing yards . The victory was head coach Mike Tomlin 's first in the post @-@ season . The Steelers defeated the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Championship Game . The Steelers won Super Bowl XLIII over the NFC Champion Arizona Cardinals on February 1 .
= = = Schedule = = =
= = = Wild Card round : Bye week = = =
The team rested on December 29 — the day following their final regular @-@ season game . They began preparations for their first post @-@ season game on Tuesday , December 30 through Thursday , January 1 , before three days of weekend rest . Roethlisberger did not practice until Monday , January 5 — Tomlin stated of the injury , " We will proceed slowly with him because we have that luxury . But we feel comfortable with where he is relative to Sunday and where he ’ s capable of being next week . " Although the January 1 practice was expected to be normal , Tomlin allowed players to leave after team meetings and a walk @-@ through . Multiple Steelers stated that they would watch the games of the Wild Card round . Some including James Farrior and Ryan Clark watched as fans ; however , Chris Hoke said , " I will be watching the guys I am going against ... That is how I watch it . "
= = = AFC Divisional round : vs. San Diego Chargers = = =
Pittsburgh hosted the San Diego Chargers at Heinz Field due to the Chargers ' overtime victory over the Indianapolis Colts during the Wild Card round . The Chargers scored on the game 's first drive with a 41 @-@ yard pass from Philip Rivers to Vincent Jackson for a touchdown . After the Steelers defense stopped the Chargers on their next drive , Pittsburgh 's Santonio Holmes returned a punt 67 yards to tie the game at seven . With two minutes remaining in the first half Nate Kaeding converted a 42 @-@ yard field goal to reclaim the lead for the Chargers . Pittsburgh 's offense responded with a 7 play , 66 yard drive in 1 : 33 to take their first lead of the game after a 3 @-@ yard touchdown run from Willie Parker .
The Steelers opened the second half with a 7 : 56 , 13 play drive which concluded with Ben Roethlisberger 's sole touchdown pass to Heath Miller . San Diego had one offensive play in the third quarter , which resulted in an interception . The Steelers entered the final quarter with a 21 – 10 lead . Gary Russell scored on a 1 @-@ yard touchdown rush to extend the Steelers lead . The Chargers scored on their next possession , when Legedu Naanee received Rivers ' second touchdown pass of the game to conclude a 73 yard drive . With 4 : 17 remaining Willie Parker scored his second touchdown of the game — with a 16 @-@ yard run . The Chargers ' Darren Sproles concluded the game 's scoring with a 62 @-@ yard touchdown reception , bringing the final score to 35 – 24 .
= = = AFC Championship : vs. Baltimore Ravens = = =
Pittsburgh hosted the Baltimore Ravens — who defeated the Miami Dolphins and Tennessee Titans in the Wild Card and Divisional rounds respectively — for the AFC Championship Game . During the week before the game , Pittsburgh mayor Luke Ravenstahl temporarily changed his name to Luke Steelerstahl in order to remove the " Raven " . Though the change was not official the mayor did comment that " As soon as [ he ] heard [ the idea ] , [ he ] thought it was a great idea . "
Pittsburgh scored the game 's first points , with Jeff Reed converting on field goals from 34 and 42 yards in the first quarter . Santonio Holmes received a pass from Ben Roethlisberger in the second quarter and ran for a touchdown to give the Steelers a 13 – 0 lead . Baltimore 's Willis McGahee ran into the endzone for a touchdown with 2 : 44 remaining in the second quarter — bringing the halftime score to 13 – 7 . Reed converted his third field goal of the game from 46 yards in the third quarter . McGahee scored his second touchdown of the game with 9 : 32 remaining in the final quarter bringing the Ravens within two points . Troy Polamalu intercepted a pass from Joe Flacco and returned it 40 yards to score the final touchdown of the game , giving Pittsburgh a 23 – 14 victory .
= = = Super Bowl : at Arizona Cardinals = = =
Jeff Reed concluded the first drive of Super Bowl XLIII with a field goal — giving the Steelers a 3 – 0 lead over the Arizona Cardinals . Gary Russell scored on a 1 yard touchdown rush on the Steelers ' second drive and the Cardinals responded by scoring a touchdown on the ensuing drive . On the final play of the first half James Harrison intercepted a pass from Kurt Warner and returned it 100 yards for a touchdown . As he did in the first quarter , Reed scored the sole points of the third quarter giving the Steelers a 20 – 7 lead entering the final quarter .
The Cardinals scored three consecutive times in the fourth quarter — with two Larry Fitzgerald touchdown receptions and a Steelers ' holding call in the endzone that resulted in a safety — to give them a 23 – 20 lead with 2 : 37 remaining in regulation . Pittsburgh drove 78 yards in 2 : 02 and scored on a touchdown pass from Ben Roethlisberger to Santonio Holmes . The Steelers four point lead held as time expired and the Pittsburgh Steelers became the first team to win six Super Bowl titles .
Santonio Holmes was voted the game 's Most Valuable Player . Mike Tomlin became the youngest coach to win a Super Bowl . Harrison 's interception return was the longest play in Super Bowl history . On February 3 a parade was held in Pittsburgh to celebrate the victory , according to the Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette an estimated 400 @,@ 000 people attended . The city 's name was ceremonially changed to " the City of Sixburgh " for the duration of 2009 .
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= Nobody Knows Me =
" Nobody Knows Me " is a song by American singer @-@ songwriter Madonna . The song was written and produced by Madonna and Mirwais Ahmadzaï for her ninth studio album American Life ( 2003 ) . It was released as a promotional single in the United States on October 15 , 2003 , with a remixed version appearing on the remix compilation Remixed & Revisited ( 2003 ) . " Nobody Knows Me " carries on the main theme of American Life , with its usage of negative tones on the songs . It is an dance and electronic song , with vocoder effects , spacey synths and a bubbly bass , and lyrically , Madonna rejects tabloid culture 's " social disease " , denouncing both TV and magazines .
The song received generally favorable reviews from music critics , with many of whom calling it as a highlight from American Life . Four remixes were released in club stations around the United States , with one of them peaking at number four on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart . The song , along with " Nothing Fails " , topped the US Hot Dance Singles Sales chart and also charted on the ARIA Club Tracks in Australia . Madonna did a performance of the song alone on stage on her Re @-@ Invention World Tour in 2004 . It was also used as a video interlude on The MDNA Tour in 2012 , showing Madonna 's face morphed with a number of famous figures . French far right politician Marine Le Pen sued Madonna for superimposing a swastika and Adolf Hitler 's face with hers .
= = Background = =
American Life became Madonna 's final studio album with Maverick Records , and marked the end of an eleven @-@ year recording history with the label . In an interview with VH1 , Madonna discussed her motivations behind the record discussing her 20 years in the industry and stating that " material things " were unimportant , stating " I look back at the 20 years behind me and I realized that a lot of things that I 'd valued weren 't important " , in response to the non @-@ materialistic themes of the record . The album has been deemed by some as a concept album featuring political themes based around the United States . " [ The songs ] are examining things I valued and things I found myself worrying about , caring too much about , and realizing that those things aren 't important and wanting to get out from underneath that cloud , the world of illusion " , Madonna stated . According to Lucy O 'Brien , author of Madonna : Like an Icon , the main concept of American Life was about " nothing " . This was evident in the titles of the songs like " Nobody Knows Me " , usage of " no " in " Love Profusion " , as well as " Nothing Fails " . Usage of the negative tone led Madonna to be sarcastic on people 's assumptions about her and emphasize about her knowledge of romantic love . O 'Brien described the concept of the album and the song :
" If Like a Prayer was her divorce album , American Life is her psychoanalysis . She even name checks Sigmund Freud and throws out countless questions . Who am I ? Where am I going ? What does it all mean ? Much of the album is suffused with sarcasm : right from the disaffected ennui of the title track to the stroppiness of ' Nobody Knows Me ' , Madonna is kicking against the claustrophobic effect of celebrity worship . "
A remix of the song was featured in Madonna 's 2003 compilation Remixed & Revisited . Other remixes by Peter Rauhofer , Mount Sims and Above & Beyond were serviced to dance clubs . In 2004 , Madonna released a book entitled Nobody Knows Me which was available exclusively for one month only via Madonna 's official website for $ 24 each . It included 52 pages of rare and unseen shots " commented by an Icon and her angels " .
= = Recording and composition = =
" Nobody Knows Me " was written and produced by Madonna and Mirwais Ahmadzaï . The recording sessions for American Life started at late 2001 , then was put on hold as Madonna filmed Swept Away in Malta and starred in the West End play Up for Grabs . She returned to the Olympic Recording Studios in late 2002 and finished off the sessions . The mixing for the track was done by Mark " Spike " Stent at the Westlake Recording Studios in West Hollywood , California , while Tim Young did the mastering of the song at Metropolis Studios in London . Ahmadzaï played the guitars , and also did the necessary programming . Two machines were used for the vocal editing in songs like " Hollywood " and " Nobody Knows Me " . Madonna preferred the Antares Auto @-@ Tune plug in , while Ahmadzaï chose an AMS pitch shifter . Madonna chose Auto @-@ Tune because she wanted " Nobody Knows Me " to have a more dance @-@ like feel to it , although Ahmadzaï was against it .
" Nobody Knows Me " has vocoder effects , spacey synths , bubbly bass . IGN Music 's Spencer D. described that the song blips , glurgs , and shuffles with a Jetsons ' styled disco ebb and flow and sounds like as an outtake from Music ( 2000 ) . It begins with vocoder treated vocals over a bleeping synth , on a minor chord . Heavy drum hits stress the melody during the verse . " Nobody Knows Me " is written in common time with a moderately fast tempo of 120 beats per minute . It is composed in the key of C major with Madonna 's voice spanning from B3 to C5 . The song follows a basic sequence of C – Am – D – Am – A – E as its chord progression . Lyrically , she rejects tabloid culture 's " social disease " , denouncing both TV and magazines . The chorus features repeated echo shifts of " nobody knows me " while she ponders thoughts like , " It 's no good when you 're misunderstood , but why should I care what the world thinks of me ? " . O 'Brien described it as a trancey track with a sense of childlike defiant lyrics , dismissing critics who have no knowledge of her " jealously guarded inner self " .
= = Critical reception = =
The song received generally favorable reviews from music critics . Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic praised the song as one of the best tracks of the album , calling it " infectious " . Sean O 'Brien from The People praised " Nobody Knows Me " as " the best song of the album " and her " one of her best ever " . He also said that the song is one of the reasons why Madonna is queen of pop . Jon Pareles from The New York Times considered it as the album 's most danceable song . Lucy O 'Brien in her book Madonna : Like an Icon , called the song " dazed @-@ sounding " . Metro Times described Ahmadzai 's programming as " by far the best thing on the album " . James Hannaham from Spin compared " Nobody Knows Me " to Donna Summer 's " I Feel Love " , and deemed it as a highlight from the album . Alan Braidwood from BBC Music felt that the song was " insane " with its electronic , chaotic , fast and manic pounding synths . " There is so much going on here several it 'll take several plays to really get it , but it 's ace . " Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly described " Nobody Knows Me " as the " downright thrilling " and " deploys a shrewd little form @-@ versus @-@ content paradox " .
Spence D. from IGN Music commented that the song is the coolest song on the album up to this point . Paul Rees from Q magazine complemented the track as a " conventional rock song , filled with drama , darkness and surprises " . USA Today 's Edna Gunderson said that the " funkified " synth @-@ pop of " Nobody Knows Me " attests to Madonna 's " undiminished " skills as a shrewd pop composer . Yahoo ! Music 's Dan Genoe commented that Madonna has a personality crisis in the song . Jessica Winter from The Village Voice gave the song a mixed review , writing : " It mutes slightly the slaphappy beats of Mirwais 's own club hit " Disco Science " to make vague digs at the press and defensively vow self @-@ improvement . Madonna 's voice is mixed and diced into baby gurgles , which might have been cute if it weren 't so redundant . " John Payne from LA Weekly deduced that even within the synth sounds of the song , he could see " real feeling deeply ingrained in this particular icon . ' Why should I care what the world thinks of me ? ' That is , yes , she does care what the world thinks of her . She says she ’ ll just withdraw from the public eye , ’ cause who needs this , huh ? " Conversely , Rikky Rooksby , author of The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna , gave a negative review saying that " Nobody Knows Me " might be the silliest track that Madonna had ever recorded .
= = Chart performance = =
The song , along with " Nothing Fails " , topped the Hot Dance Singles Sales while the Peter Rauhofer remix peaked at number four on the Hot Dance Club Play chart . According to Fred Bronson , the single release of the remixes of the song debuted at number @-@ one on the Hot Singles Sales and Hot Dance Single Sales chart , on the issue dated December 27 , 2003 , the same week it also moved up to the top @-@ twenty of the Dance Club Play chart . " Me Against the Music " by Britney Spears , on which Madonna was featured , and " Nobody Knows Me " , both were also present in the top @-@ twenty , making Madonna the only artist to have three songs within the top @-@ twenty on the chart simultaneously . At the year @-@ end Hot Dance Singles Sales recap , " Nothing Fails / Nobody Knows Me " was at number two position , while " Me Against the Music " and " Love Profusion " was at numbers one and three respectively . Billboard reported that Madonna was the first artist in its chart history to have the top three Dance Sales song . In Australia , the Peter Rauhofer / Above & Beyond Remix debuted at number 80 on the ARIA Club Tracks , peaking at number 49 the next week .
= = Live performances = =
Madonna performed the song during the 2004 Re @-@ Invention World Tour , as the second song on the opening segment of the show . " Nobody Knows Me " was rehearsed with the Peter Rauhofer 's Private Life remix . According to Dirk Timmerman , author of Madonna Live ! Secret Re @-@ inventions and Confessions on Tour , Madonna lip @-@ synched the performance . During this section , the singer wore a jewel encrusted corset , created by designer Christian Lacroix . After the opening number , " Vogue " , she started an energetic version of the song , on a conveyor belt with some laser light words appearing on the backdrop screens behind her . It also features a giant catwalk lowered from the ceiling . After this performance , she performed " Frozen " alone on stage . The performance of " Nobody Knows Me " was included in the I 'm Going to Tell You a Secret live album and documentary .
The song was later added as a video interlude on The MDNA Tour in 2012 , as a tribute to Tyler Clementi and other teens who had committed suicide due to bullying . The film , which was created by Swedish director Johan Söderberg , morphed Madonna 's face with a number of famous figures , including then @-@ Chinese President Hu Jintao , US Republican former presidential candidate Sarah Palin and Pope Benedict XVI . The face of French far right politician Marine Le Pen appeared on the screen with a swastika superimposed on her forehead , before it morphed into the face of Adolf Hitler . Le Pen was infuriated by the video , and threatened to sue Madonna should this happen during her concert in France on July 14 , 2012 , also known as Bastille Day , the French National Day . Socialist French government spokesperson Najat Vallaud @-@ Belkacem had also expressed her disappointment . However , Madonna kept the video unchanged on this date , prompting Le Pen to file a lawsuit against her . A spokesman for Le Pen said a lawsuit for " public insult " would be lodged with the Paris courts in the next few days . Madonna responded to the lawsuit saying " I know that I made a certain Marine Le Pen very angry with me . And it 's not my intention to make enemies . " She later explained in an interview with Brazilian network Rede Globo , Madonna explained that the sequence was about " intolerance that we human beings have for one another . And how much we judge people before knowing them . That 's why it 's done in the song ' Nobody Knows Me . ' " During her concert in Nice , France , the swastika was removed and was replaced by an interrogation mark .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Madonna – lead vocals , background vocals , songwriter , producer
Mirwais Ahmadzaï – songwriter , producer , guitars , programming
Tim Young – audio mastering
Mark " Spike " Stent – audio mixing
Credits for " Nobody Knows Me " are adapted from American Life liner notes .
= = Charts = =
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= Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 =
Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 ( ファイナルファンタジーXIII @-@ 2 , Fainaru Fantajī Sātīn Tsū ) is a role @-@ playing video game developed and published by Square Enix for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . Released in 2011 in Japan and 2012 in North America and PAL regions , it is a direct sequel to the 2010 role @-@ playing game , Final Fantasy XIII , and is part of the Fabula Nova Crystallis subseries . A port to Microsoft Windows was released on Steam in December 2014 followed by iOS & Android in September 2015 . XIII @-@ 2 includes modified features from the previous game , including fast @-@ paced combat and a customizable " Paradigm " system to control which abilities are used by the characters , and adds a new system that allows monsters to be captured and used in battle . It features a heavy time travel element , allowing the player to jump between different times at the same location or different places at the same time . Lightning , the protagonist of the original game , has disappeared into an unknown world . Her younger sister Serah Farron , a returning character , and a young man named Noel Kreiss , journey through time in an attempt to find Lightning .
Development of Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 began around March and April 2010 and lasted about one and a half years . The game was unveiled at the Square Enix 1st Production Department Premier in January 2011 . Many of the key designers remained in their roles from the previous game , and developer tri @-@ Ace was hired to help with the game 's design , art , and programming . The development team wanted to exceed Final Fantasy XIII in every aspect while making the story 's tone mysterious and darker than the previous game . The game builds upon the Paradigm Shift battle system used in Final Fantasy XIII and includes a less linear overall design .
Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 received highly positive reviews from Japanese critics and generally positive reviews from Western video game journalists . Though praised for its gameplay , lack of linearity , and graphics , the game 's story was criticized as weak and confusing . During the first week of sales in Japan , the game sold 524 @,@ 000 units , becoming the fifth @-@ best selling game of 2011 in Japan , and sold 3 @.@ 1 million copies worldwide by January 2013 . It was released digitally for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in June 2013 along with a Japan @-@ only re @-@ release including all DLC . The Windows PC version has sold over 300 @,@ 000 copies according to SteamSpy . A sequel , Lightning Returns : Final Fantasy XIII , was released in November 2013 in Japan and February 2014 in North America and Europe .
Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 has been released on iOS devices , Android devices and the Amazon Appstore in Japan . It has also been released on PlayStation Now .
= = Gameplay = =
= = = General navigation = = =
The player directly controls the on @-@ screen character through a third @-@ person perspective to interact with people , objects , and enemies throughout the game , just as in Final Fantasy XIII . The player can also turn the camera around the characters , providing a 360 ° view . Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 , which includes normal and easy modes , has a world rendered to scale relative to the characters ; instead of a caricature of the character roaming around miniature terrain , as found in the earlier Final Fantasy games , every area is represented proportionally . The player navigates the world on foot or by chocobo , large flightless birds that appear regularly in the Final Fantasy series . The game world is divided into multiple regions and time periods ; the player can visit a region in multiple time periods and multiple regions at the same time period . For example , the region of Oerba can be reached in the years 200 and 400 AF , while the Sunleth Waterscape and Augusta Tower regions can be visited in the year 300 AF . Some regions , because of plot points within the game , have alternate versions of themselves ; for example , two versions of the Academia region in the same year can be accessed once the plot has made the second version available . Connecting these regions is the Historia Crux , which the player can access at will . The game 's regions are represented as a branching path instead of being accessed linearly . New regions can be unlocked via plot points or by acquiring optional special items and the player may transfer between unlocked regions at any point .
When accessing a previously visited region , the player appears in the location of their last visit . Upon acquiring items called seals , the player can revert regions to their previous statuses to play through them again ; regions can be unsealed again at any time . Unlike in the predecessor , the game is automatically saved when players enter the Historia Crux , as well as at key moments in the plot . The player may also manually save at any time . Instead of accessing stores at save points like in XIII , the player can purchase items from a character named Chocolina , who is found throughout the game . An in @-@ game data log provides a bestiary and incidental information about the world of Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 . When talking to characters , the game sometimes begins the Live Trigger system , in which the player chooses their response from several options ; these dialogue options are generally not repeatable . The game also occasionally features temporal rifts , in which the player must complete a puzzle to close the rift and continue the game .
= = = Combat system = = =
Combat is almost identical to the previous game 's version of the series ' Active Time Battle ( ATB ) system , called the Command Synergy Battle system . Under this system , the player selects an action from the menus , such as Attack , Abilities , or Item . Each action requires a specific number of slots on the ATB bar , which continually refills at a constant rate to a set maximum number of slots . The kinds of attack actions available are close @-@ range melee attacks or ranged magical attacks , but there are also other magical actions that evoke healing or shielding abilities . The ATB bar can be increased in size throughout the game from three slots to six . The player may select less than the maximum number of possible actions or may stop the filling of the ATB bar and perform as many actions as can be done with the current ATB amount . The player may select an autobattle command , which fills the ATB slots with actions chosen automatically . Actions cannot be performed outside of combat , and the characters ' health is fully restored after each fight . Players have the option of restarting a battle while in the middle of a fight . During some skirmishes , players are put through quick time events called Cinematic Actions that allows them to deal higher damage to foes and end certain battles .
Monsters do not freely roam the map like in Final Fantasy XI to XIII , but instead , they randomly appear as in the earlier Final Fantasy games . For a limited time after monsters appear , the player may attack them to gain a combat bonus ; after this window expires , the monsters attack the player to begin a regular battle , and if too much time passes before combat begins , the player cannot restart the fight during combat . When the battle begins , the screen transitions from the regular map to a separate battle screen as in XIII . Three characters are used in combat — the two main characters and a monster . Monsters must be captured from battles before they can be used , and there are around 150 different monster types available to be collected . Captured monsters act just like the main characters , but can also perform a " feral link " attack that increases the chance of capturing another monster . Either of the two main characters can be selected as the one that the player has direct control over at any point ; the other character and the monster are then controlled by the game 's artificial intelligence ( AI ) .
Each enemy has a meter , called a Chain Gauge , consisting of a percentage that increases from a base level of 100 when the enemy is struck by attacks or spells . Different attacks have different effects ; some raise the chain by a larger amount while others give the player longer before the Chain Gauge resets to 100 percent . The amount of damage performed by an attack is multiplied by the chain percentage before it is applied to the enemy . When the chain counter reaches a preset amount , different for each enemy , the enemy becomes Staggered . In this mode , the enemy has lowered defense and is easily interrupted , and some may even be launched into the air , preventing them from attacking and stopping their ATB gauges from replenishing .
The Paradigm system allows the player to program six different roles , which the characters can assume to perform certain formations in battle in response to specific conditions . The roles consist of Commando , which uses non @-@ elemental attacks to stabilize the Chain Gauge ; Ravager , which uses elemental attacks to fill the Chain Gauge ; Medic , a White Mage @-@ type role which can heal the party ; Saboteur , which can weaken enemies ; Synergist , which can strengthen allies ; and Sentinel , which has protective abilities . The two main characters can initially assume three roles , but they can learn others at the player 's choosing as the game progresses . The player can select which roles the controlled character and the AI characters use while outside or during battle , which is the only way that the player can control the AI characters during a fight . The player can only choose from specific sets of paradigms that the player has set up before the battle . Monsters only have one role ; different ones are used when the player switches paradigms . The player selects up to three monsters they wish to use in paradigms outside of battle . Unlike in Final Fantasy XIII , the player cannot summon the Eidolons , as the giant creatures were only available to the protagonists of that game .
= = = Crystarium = = =
The Crystarium is a leveling and growth system , making a return from Final Fantasy XIII in an altered form . The system consists of constellation @-@ style representations of the character 's weapons and tamed monsters , made up of small and large crystal nodes , which can be accessed from the start of the game . There is one Crystarium system available for each monster and Paradigm role . Crystogen points gained in battle can be used to expand the Crystarium , unlocking bonuses to health , magic , or strength , or provide the characters with new abilities and slots for battle accessories . For the monsters , the bonuses are unlocked with items dropped by defeated enemies .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Setting = = =
The story of Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 follows on from that of Final Fantasy XIII , but as is typical for the series , it is unrelated to all other previous Final Fantasy games . In XIII , one of the fal 'Cie — a god @-@ like race — transformed a team of six people , the primary characters of the game , into l 'Cie ( servants of the fal 'Cie with magical powers and a ' Focus ' — an assigned task to be completed within a time limit ) , in the hope that they would initiate the end of the world . The six were intended to cause the large , inhabited floating sphere named Cocoon to fall into the world below , named Gran Pulse , killing all of the humans of Cocoon . At the finale of the game , two of the l 'Cie transformed into a crystal pillar to support Cocoon , preventing the catastrophe .
XIII @-@ 2 begins three years after the end of XIII . Owing to the fall of Cocoon at the end of XIII and the collapse of its government ( the Sanctum ) , at the start of XIII @-@ 2 , most of Cocoon 's inhabitants have moved down onto Gran Pulse , and some have learned magical abilities . Over the course of the game , a scientific body called the Academy becomes a new technocratic government . While the game starts off in the year 3 AF ( ' AF ' being a new timescale set up after the fall of Cocoon ) , the story of XIII @-@ 2 jumps around several different time periods , and even parallel versions of different places , accessed via the Historia Crux . While most of the game takes place on Gran Pulse and inside Cocoon , there are two other major locations . One is the Void Beyond , a limbo between time periods . The other location is Valhalla , the capital of the goddess Etro . This place is a realm at the end of time where the goddess keeps a dark energy called Chaos from escaping and destroying the timeline .
= = = Characters = = =
As opposed to the previous game , Lightning , the main character of XIII , only appears as a supporting character and the game 's primary narrator . The two main playable characters are Serah Farron , Lightning 's sister and the second narrator , and Noel Kreiss , a young man originally from the distant future . Other characters from the previous game who appear in important roles are Hope Estheim , who becomes leader of the Academy , and Snow Villiers , Serah 's fiancé , who set off to find Lightning for Serah . The three other main characters from the previous game , Oerba Dia Vanille , Oerba Yun Fang and Sazh Katzroy , appear in cameo roles . Three new characters are introduced : Caius Ballad , the game 's primary antagonist ; Paddra Nsu @-@ Yeul , a seeress possessing the all @-@ seeing Eyes of Etro ; and Alyssa Zaidelle , a young girl who works as an assistant to Hope . A minor supporting character is Mog , a Moogle sent with Noel by Lightning as Serah 's " good luck charm " .
= = = Plot = = =
The game opens in 3 AF , as the Pulse town Serah lives in is attacked by monsters . A stranger named Noel appears to help fight the monsters and claims to be a time traveler from 700 AF . He arrived in her time via Valhalla , where he claims to have met Lightning as she guarded the throne of the weakened Etro . As part of Lightning 's transfer to Valhalla , she was erased from the fall of Cocoon onwards ( making everyone except Serah forget her being with them on Gran Pulse ) , and paradoxes have erupted throughout time , warping the timeline . Serah joins Noel in a journey to resolve these paradoxes by removing items and monsters , which are out of their original time and correct the timeline ; she in hopes of finding her sister and he in hopes of changing the bleak future he comes from . While journeying to 5 AF to resolve a paradox on Cocoon , they meet and help Alyssa , an Academy member and survivor of the Purge , a massacre by the Sanctum at the beginning of Final Fantasy XIII .
Traveling to the ruined city of Paddra in 10 AF , they find Hope , who has become the leader of the Academy , with Alyssa as his assistant . They also find a recording of prophecies made by one of the seeresses of Paddra , who are believed to have died out centuries prior : one fragmented prophecy shows Lightning in Valhalla . Paddra is shrouded by an eclipse , which Noel says is not supposed to happen for several centuries . While Serah and Noel resolve the paradox causing the eclipse , they encounter Caius Ballad , a man Noel knows from 700 AF who opposes their mission , and Yeul , who looks identical to a girl of the same name Noel knew in the future . After resolving the paradox , an alternative timeline appears in which there was never an eclipse . The repaired prophecy shows Caius in Valhalla fighting Lightning and the pillar supporting Cocoon collapsing . Noel claims that this takes place around 400 AF , devastating the human population as well as the world , creating a future where he is the last human in existence . Serah and Noel move on , while Hope and Alyssa work on finding a way to prevent the pillar 's collapse .
Moving on to 300 AF Cocoon , the pair find Snow fighting a giant paradox @-@ fueled monster that is dissolving the crystal pillar . After resolving the paradox , which delays the fall of Cocoon until 500 AF , Snow disappears again as an anomaly from another time . The pair then go to the city of Academia on Gran Pulse in 400 AF where they are attacked by the city 's AI , which claims they were killed in 200 AF . Traveling to 200 AF , they discover a paradox whereby a man @-@ made fal 'Cie meant to re @-@ levitate Cocoon was able to turn on its creators using the AI that designed it and take over the government . Resolving the paradox , Noel and Serah travel to an alternative 400 AF Academia . In this world , the pair find Hope and Alyssa again , who had put themselves in stasis . They explain their new plan to mechanically float a new Cocoon to hold humanity , which Serah and Noel help with before heading to 500 AF Academia . They are betrayed by Alyssa ( revealed to be a living paradox doomed to disappear in the corrected timeline ) and trapped by Caius in dream @-@ worlds . Before being trapped , Serah meets the spirit of Yeul , who explains that she is the seeress of Paddra , continually reincarnated throughout history , while Caius is her immortal guardian , gifted with Etro 's own heart .
Yeul explains that every time the timeline is changed , the resulting shock kills her ; Caius has been driven mad by watching her die repeatedly and seeks to end the process by unleashing the Chaos trapped in Valhalla to destroy all time . Serah , it is revealed , has the same power , and risks death every time she changes the future . Resolving to go on , Serah breaks free of her dream @-@ world and frees Noel from his , in which he is the last living human after his Yeul dies and Caius leaves for Valhalla . After briefly encountering Lightning , the pair fight Caius , first in 500 AF Academia and then in Valhalla . As they defeat him , he claims to have killed Lightning , then impales himself through the heart on Noel 's blade , killing the weakened Etro . When the pair return to Academia in 500 AF , where Vanille and Fang have been rescued from the collapsing pillar and the new Cocoon , named " Bhunivelze " , has risen , Serah dies in front of Noel and Hope from the shock of the future changing . Just then , a black cloud erupts from the sky as the Chaos that Etro was keeping trapped breaks free . Lightning is then shown in crystal stasis on the throne of Etro 's temple . If the player completes all optional parts of the game , they are shown an additional scene in which Caius is on the throne , declaring that the goddess is gone for good , and that Yeul and he can begin a new life freed from their ' curses ' .
= = Development = =
= = = Production = = =
Development of Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 began around March and April 2010 and lasted about one and a half years . It was carried out by Square Enix 's 1st Production Department , a collective name for the teams in charge of the Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy , Dissidia Final Fantasy and Kingdom Hearts series . Many of the key personnel from Final Fantasy XIII remained in their roles : Motomu Toriyama was director , Yoshinori Kitase producer , Tetsuya Nomura character designer and Isamu Kamikokuryo art director .
The troubled development of Final Fantasy XIII that had been caused by the simultaneous creation of the company @-@ wide engine Crystal Tools gave reason to rethink the production process for high @-@ budget games at Square Enix . For Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 , the team consulted the European subsidiary Eidos to more closely adapt a Western approach to game development . As a consequence , monthly schedules and project milestones were introduced to better monitor the staff members ' progress . Furthermore , unlike its predecessor , Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 was not entirely developed in @-@ house ; Japanese studio tri @-@ Ace was contracted to help out with aspects of the game design , art and programming . This was done to keep the number of internal staff members on the game lower . The contributions of external developers were planned and clearly divided beforehand to achieve a more structured team organization . Concept videos and frequent test playing during production helped constantly engage the staff and keep to the original vision of the game .
Despite its strong sales , Final Fantasy XIII had been criticized on several fronts . Complaints included that the game had been too linear , had not allowed enough interaction with non @-@ player characters , and had not featured enough minigames and puzzles . The developers intended to address these criticisms with the sequel by adding the Historia Crux system , numerous sidequests from non @-@ player characters , and the casino minigame area . Environments were made more explorable and the artists were given more freedom to include their own ideas in the game 's locations , in order to rectify the shortcomings of the more artificial seeming settings in Final Fantasy XIII . Although the developers were explicitly responding to the criticism , they saw the changes and additions as making the sequel in line with what players had hoped Final Fantasy XIII would be , rather than backing away from the changes that game had brought to the series . For the structure of side quests and some other aspects such as the abundance of chocobos and the more open environment , the team drew inspiration from Rockstar San Diego 's Red Dead Redemption . The game also included multiple endings , which Toriyama referred to as a first for the series .
= = = Writing = = =
Toriyama originally envisioned the plot not as a direct sequel to Final Fantasy XIII but instead as taking place 900 years after . However , while creating the backstory for the events in between both eras , it was decided to have the game revolve around time traveling . Toriyama expressed his wish to " create a story where [ Lightning ] ends up [ truly ] happy one day " as he considered her emotional state at the end of Final Fantasy XIII doubtful . He also wanted to " see [ Serah ] take an active part " because her crystal stasis over the course of the predecessor 's story did not allow for such a role . Scenario writer Daisuke Watanabe thought about how the narrative could be continued in a sequel . Emi Nagashima , also known by her pen name Jun Eishima , had written novellas for Final Fantasy XIII and was consulted early on in development to help come up with the plot for Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 .
The narrative was divided into smaller " pieces of drama " similar to a television series rather than one overarching story piece . This was reflected by the game 's working title Final Fantasy XIII : Season 2 when the project was first proposed within the company . Unlike Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 , which had a more cheerful and humorous feel than Final Fantasy X , the staff members wanted the overall tone of Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 to be serious as well as darker and more mysterious than its predecessor . The original scenario had called for Serah to travel alone with Mog . However , Kitase felt that their dialogue was " quite girly , almost camp and a bit over the top " and resulted in a tonal shift that was too similar to the one from X to X @-@ 2 . Noel was added to the story to counter this . Watanabe considered scriptwriting for the game 's two @-@ character party difficult . With the lack of varied personality traits provided by an ensemble cast , he had to ensure that conversations between Serah and Noel would not be repetitive or unrealistic . Unfamiliar concepts and terms in Final Fantasy XIII , such as " l 'Cie " and " fal 'Cie " , were deemed too difficult to understand and hence avoided in the sequel . A story link to Final Fantasy Type @-@ 0 via the location Valhalla was planned but later discarded .
= = = Art design = = =
Based on the much darker tone of Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 compared to its predecessor , Kamikokuryo decided on surrealism as the main theme for the graphics . The works of Salvador Dalí and Giorgio de Chirico were used as visual references and helped Kamikokuryo strike a balance between photorealism and fantasy @-@ like surrealism . Unlike Final Fantasy XIII , the game had a much tighter schedule allowing for little pre @-@ production . Kamikokuryo hence used photographs instead of self @-@ drawn pictures to explain his setting ideas to the other staff members . For example , a photograph of ruined buildings in the Cuban capital Havana inspired the look of Valhalla . Character design duties were split up : Nomura designed the faces of the new and returning main characters while their clothing was done by other artists . Kamikokuryo drew the final version of Lightning based on a silhouette sketch and suggestions by Nomura . Yusuke Naora took charge of Serah 's , Noel 's and Caius ' costumes , while Hideo Minaba worked on Yeul , Alyssa and the adult version of Hope in the same capacity . Mog was designed by Toshitaka Matsuda after he had received a request for a cute and mascot @-@ like Moogle character .
= = = Music = = =
The music of Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 was composed by Masashi Hamauzu , Naoshi Mizuta , and Mitsuto Suzuki . Keiji Kawamori coordinated the three artists to ensure their styles meshed well . Hamauzu , who was the sole composer for the music of Final Fantasy XIII , wrote roughly a quarter of the game 's tracks , as did Suzuki , while Mizuta wrote nearly half . Prior to this game , Mizuta had worked on the music of Final Fantasy XI , and Suzuki had been a sound director for several Square Enix games and served as an arranger for XIII . The game 's director , Motomu Toriyama , wanted the game 's soundtrack to have more variety than that of the music in Final Fantasy XIII , as well as feature more styles . As a result , the game had three composers rather than just Hamauzu . Toriyama also wished for the music to have " a more edgy sound " and more vocal pieces , so that it would sound " unlike the typical Final Fantasy title " . The music incorporates a wide variety of styles , from orchestral and electronic to rap , hip @-@ hop , jazz funk , and metal .
Since the release of the game , Square Enix has published the 2011 four @-@ disc soundtrack album , Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 Original Soundtrack , as well as an album of arrangements and alternate versions of tracks from the game , Final Fantasy XIII Original Soundtrack PLUS , in 2012 . The theme song for the game , " Yakusoku no Basho " ( 約束の場所 , The Promised Place ) , was released by singer Mai Fukui as a single in 2011 , and the English version of the song , sung by Charice Pempengco and included in the non @-@ Japanese versions of the game , was included on her 2012 album Infinity . Reviews of the soundtrack album were positive , with critics praising both the variety of styles and quality of the pieces . Several critics noted Mizuta 's work as possibly his finest to date . Reviewers were mixed in their opinions of the arranged album , feeling that several of the pieces were simply inferior versions of the original tracks . Both of the albums and the single sold well enough to place on the Japanese Oricon charts , with the original soundtrack album reaching a peak of # 13 and remaining on the charts for eight weeks .
= = Marketing = =
Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 was first hinted at three months after the January 2010 release of Final Fantasy XIII . Kitase said in an interview " If we could do a XIII @-@ 2 , we could direct all our attention to the story and refine what we have already built . " Toriyama stated in the October 2010 Ultimania Omega companion book that he hoped to continue the story . Two months later , Nomura released a drawing of Lightning along with the words " She must not be forgotten " . On January 11 , 2011 , Square Enix registered the domain name FinalFantasy13 @-@ 2game.com via a proxy company that it had used to register websites for several other unannounced games . Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 was officially announced at the Square Enix 1st Production Department Premier in Tokyo on January 18 , 2011 . The teaser trailer showed Lightning , outfitted in armor , drawing her weapon and engaging Caius , who was not yet named . To promote the game 's release in Japan , Japanese singer Yuko Oshima was appointed the leader of a group of thirteen official test players .
= = = Downloadable content = = =
The game features downloadable content ( DLC ) in the form of downloadable outfits , weapons , accessories , scenarios , recruitable monsters and minigames . Although there had been initial plans to release DLC for Final Fantasy XIII , these ideas did not come to fruition . For Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 , the team designed and planned for content , including DLC , that would expand on the game since the beginning of its development . Players who own Final Fantasy XIII save data can unlock an additional wallpaper ( PS3 ) or gamer picture ( Xbox 360 ) for the save file . DLC released after the game contained additional weapons , costumes , and monsters . Post @-@ release downloads also included " Final Fantasy XIII Lost Report " , which offers a look back at Final Fantasy XIII 's story through the perspective of non @-@ playable characters from the game , and three downloadable scenarios for other characters : " Perpetual Battlefield " , which reveals Snow 's fate ; " Heads or Tails " , which shows how Sazh came to 500 AF Academia ; and " Requiem of the Goddess " , which shows Lightning 's struggle against Caius and explains how she became crystallized in the main story 's ending .
= = Reception = =
= = = Sales = = =
During its first week of release in Japan , Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 sold 524 @,@ 000 copies , and the PlayStation 3 version was the highest @-@ selling game for the system . The Xbox 360 version only reached 48th . Although high , initial sales were notably lower than what they were for the game 's predecessor , which sold 1 @.@ 5 million units in its first week . By the end of the year , the game had sold over 697 @,@ 000 units , and was the fifth @-@ best selling game of 2011 in Japan . It was just below four handheld video games , making it the highest @-@ selling home console game in Japan that year . It finished 2012 with over 840 @,@ 000 copies sold in Japan . In the United States , the game placed as the second @-@ best selling game of February 2012 , just below Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 3 . In the United Kingdom , Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 was the best @-@ selling game of February 2012 . By January 2013 , Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 had sold 3 @.@ 1 million copies worldwide , almost half of the 6 @.@ 6 million copies its predecessor sold by the same date . It would ship an additional 200 @,@ 000 to 400 @,@ 000 copies according to Square Enix press releases . Its Steam release sold over 330 @,@ 000 copies by early 2016 .
= = = Reviews = = =
Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 received very favorable reviews by Japanese reviewers , getting perfect scores from the Japanese magazines Famitsu and Dengeki PlayStation . Famitsu editor Ranbu Yoshida said that " it feels like a very different game from its predecessor " and that " it 's easy to lose yourself in changing and redoing areas you 've previously finished . " Assistant editor Norihiro Fujiwara added that " the setting and presentation is fantastic , and the issues people brought up with the first game — its linearity , its lack of meaty gameplay — are a thing of the past . You 're sucked into the game right from the beginning , and the story 's very easy to get into . " The game won the " Future Division " award at the 2011 Japan Game Awards and later won an " Award of Excellence " at the 2012 Japan Game Awards .
Outside Japan , the game received mostly positive reviews , which primarily focused on the changes in the game from its predecessor . Reviewers generally praised the graphics . The Edge review described the environments as " entirely captivating " and said that the " visual and audio design is marvellous " , and Kevin VanOrd of GameSpot praised the graphics as beautiful and visually diverse . Jeremy Parish of 1UP.com disagreed , however , saying that the art " represents a step back from the splendor of Final Fantasy XIII " . The music received mixed reviews ; Parish said that the music was great , applauding the unique styles , but Simon Parkin of Eurogamer felt that the music " suffers from a lack of coherent direction " , and tracks often failed to match their scenes . Dale North of Destructoid felt that the soundtrack was " wonderfully varied and lots of fun " and predicted that " traditionalist " fans of Final Fantasy music would not like it as much because of the varied new styles .
The gameplay was generally praised as well , with many reviewers noting the improvements in areas they saw as problems in the previous game . Parkin praised the game 's " smart , engaging mechanics " and the " novel structure " of the gameplay . Joe Juba of Game Informer said that the changes to Final Fantasy XIII 's battle system made it his favorite Final Fantasy battle system , and that the gameplay was " phenomenal " . Ryan Clements of IGN felt that the gameplay was an improvement over XIII 's , fixing many of its problems . Parish stated that XIII @-@ 2 was an inversion of XIII in that the gameplay took precedence over the story . He described the battle system as " a joy " and said that the game was " never not fun " . VanOrd agreed that the combat was fun , though he found it to be too easy . The Edge review , which was harsher on the game than most others , also found it to be too easy , which combined with what they saw as poor subquests and a lack of effort put in some regions made the gameplay uninteresting .
The story of the game received poor to mixed reviews . Parish felt that it was confusing and inessential to the game , while Juba said that it was " a disaster " which " screws up at almost every turn " , overshadowing the game 's good points . Parkin felt that the characters were weak and the story was not engaging , and Clements said that the story was insubstantial , which he found particularly disappointing as most Final Fantasy games focused heavily on their story . VanOrd was less negative towards the characters and story than most others , but still described the characters as good , but not great . He felt the game focused too much on the less interesting characters of Noel and Serah over Lightning and Caius , and said that the story was " semi @-@ coherent " and missed several emotional notes , particularly in the first half of the game .
= = Sequel = =
Hints and rumors began circulating about a sequel to Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 2 as early as December 2011 , when Square Enix registered the Final Fantasy XIII @-@ 3 web domain . At the time , the company stated that it was simply a precaution and did not mean there was such a game . After the game was released with a " To be continued " ending , Square Enix said that the ending was chosen to prompt players to explore the alternative endings and remain ready for the coming DLC levels . However , after the release of what was stated to be the final piece of DLC , officials at Square Enix announced that they would be releasing future Final Fantasy XIII @-@ related content . In late August 2012 , a teaser site was unveiled in preparation for the Final Fantasy 25th Anniversary Event , titled " A Storm Gathers " , promising a " new direction for the saga of key character Lightning " . At the event , it was announced that the title for this game would be Lightning Returns : Final Fantasy XIII , that it would be released in 2013 , and that it would serve as the ending to the story of the main Final Fantasy XIII character , Lightning .
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= Titanic ( 1997 film ) =
Titanic is a 1997 American epic romance @-@ disaster film directed , written , co @-@ produced , and co @-@ edited by James Cameron . A fictionalized account of the sinking of the RMS Titanic , it stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Kate Winslet as members of different social classes who fall in love aboard the ship during its ill @-@ fated maiden voyage .
Cameron 's inspiration for the film came from his fascination with shipwrecks ; he felt a love story interspersed with the human loss would be essential to convey the emotional impact of the disaster . Production began in 1995 , when Cameron shot footage of the actual Titanic wreck . The modern scenes on the research vessel were shot on board the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh , which Cameron had used as a base when filming the wreck . Scale models , computer @-@ generated imagery , and a reconstruction of the Titanic built at Playas de Rosarito in Baja California were used to re @-@ create the sinking . The film was partially funded by DreamWorks Pictures and 20th Century Fox . It was the most expensive film made at that time , with an estimated budget of $ 200 million .
Upon its release on December 19 , 1997 , Titanic achieved critical and commercial success . Nominated for fourteen Academy Awards , it tied All About Eve ( 1950 ) for the most Oscar nominations , and won eleven , including the awards for Best Picture and Best Director , tying Ben Hur ( 1959 ) for the most Oscars won by a single film . With an initial worldwide gross of over $ 1 @.@ 84 billion , Titanic was the first film to reach the billion @-@ dollar mark . It remained the highest @-@ grossing film of all time until Cameron 's 2009 film Avatar surpassed it in 2010 . A 3D version of Titanic , released on April 4 , 2012 to commemorate the centennial of the sinking , earned it an additional $ 343 @.@ 6 million worldwide , pushing the film 's worldwide total to $ 2 @.@ 18 billion . It became the second film to gross more than $ 2 billion worldwide ( after Avatar ) .
= = Plot = =
In 1996 , treasure hunter Brock Lovett and his team aboard the research vessel Akademik Mstislav Keldysh search the wreck of RMS Titanic for a necklace with a rare diamond , the Heart of the Ocean . They recover a safe containing a drawing of a young woman wearing only the necklace dated April 14 , 1912 , the day the ship struck the iceberg . Rose Dawson Calvert , the woman in the drawing , is brought aboard Keldysh and tells Lovett of her experiences aboard Titanic .
In 1912 Southampton , 17 @-@ year @-@ old first @-@ class passenger Rose DeWitt Bukater , her fiancé Cal Hockley , and her mother Ruth board the luxurious Titanic . Ruth emphasizes that Rose 's marriage will resolve their family 's financial problems . Distraught over the engagement , Rose considers suicide by jumping from the stern ; Jack Dawson , a penniless artist , intervenes and discourages her . Discovered with Jack , Rose tells a concerned Cal that she was peering over the edge and Jack saved her from falling . When Cal becomes indifferent , she suggests to him that Jack deserves a reward . He invites Jack to dine with them in first class the following night . Jack and Rose develop a tentative friendship , despite Cal and Ruth being wary of him . Following dinner , Rose secretly joins Jack at a party in third class .
Aware of Cal and Ruth 's disapproval , Rose rebuffs Jack 's advances , but realizes she prefers him over Cal . After rendezvousing on the bow at sunset , Rose takes Jack to her state room ; at her request , Jack sketches Rose posing nude wearing Cal 's engagement present , the Heart of the Ocean necklace . They evade Cal 's bodyguard and have sex in an automobile inside the cargo hold . On the forward deck , they witness a collision with an iceberg and overhear the officers and designer discussing its seriousness .
Cal discovers Jack 's sketch of Rose and an insulting note from her in his safe along with the necklace . When Jack and Rose attempt to inform Cal of the collision , he has his bodyguard slip the necklace into Jack 's pocket and accuses him of theft . Jack is arrested , taken to the master @-@ at @-@ arms ' office , and handcuffed to a pipe . Cal puts the necklace in his own coat pocket .
With the ship sinking , Rose flees Cal and her mother , who has boarded a lifeboat , and frees Jack . On the boat deck , Cal and Jack encourage her to board a lifeboat ; Cal claims he can get himself and Jack off safely . After Rose boards one , Cal tells Jack the arrangement is only for himself . As her boat lowers , Rose decides that she cannot leave Jack and jumps back on board . Cal takes his bodyguard 's pistol and chases Rose and Jack into the flooding first @-@ class dining saloon . After using up his ammunition , Cal realizes he gave his coat and consequently the necklace to Rose . He later boards a collapsible lifeboat by carrying a lost child .
After braving several obstacles , Jack and Rose return to the boat deck . The lifeboats have departed and passengers are falling to their deaths as the stern rises out of the water . The ship breaks in half , lifting the stern into the air . Jack and Rose ride it into the ocean and he helps her onto a wooden panel only buoyant enough for one person . He assures her that she will die an old woman , warm in her bed . Jack dies of hypothermia but Rose is saved .
With Rose hiding from Cal en route , the RMS Carpathia takes the survivors to New York City where Rose gives her name as Rose Dawson . She later finds out Cal committed suicide after losing all his money in the 1929 Wall Street crash .
Back in the present , Lovett decides to abandon his search after hearing Rose 's story . Alone on the stern of Keldysh , Rose takes out the Heart of the Ocean — in her possession all along — and drops it into the sea over the wreck site . While she is seemingly asleep or has died in her bed , photos on her dresser depict a life of freedom and adventure inspired by the life she wanted to live with Jack . A young Rose reunites with Jack at the Titanic 's Grand Staircase , applauded by those who died .
= = Cast = =
= = = Fictional characters = = =
Leonardo DiCaprio as Jack Dawson : Cameron said he needed the cast to feel as though they were really on the Titanic , relive its liveliness , and " to take that energy and give it to Jack , [ ... ] an artist who is able to have his heart soar " . Jack is portrayed as a homeless , poor man from Chippewa Falls , Wisconsin who has toured numerous places in the world , primarily Paris . He wins two tickets onto the RMS Titanic in a poker game and travels as a third @-@ class passenger with his friend Fabrizio . He is attracted to Rose at first sight and meets her when she attempts to throw herself off the stern of the ship . This enables him to mix with the first @-@ class passengers for a night . When casting the role , various established actors , including Matthew McConaughey , Chris O 'Donnell , Billy Crudup and Stephen Dorff , were considered , but Cameron felt that a few of the actors were too old for the part of a 20 @-@ year @-@ old . Tom Cruise was interested in portraying the character , but the asking price was too much for the studio to consider . Cameron considered Jared Leto for the role but he refused to audition . DiCaprio , 22 years old at the time , was brought to Cameron 's attention by casting director Mali Finn . Initially , he did not want to portray the character , and refused to read his first romantic scene on the set ( see below ) . Cameron said , " He read it once , then started goofing around , and I could never get him to focus on it again . But for one split second , a shaft of light came down from the heavens and lit up the forest . " Cameron strongly believed in DiCaprio 's acting ability , and told him , " Look , I 'm not going to make this guy brooding and neurotic . I 'm not going to give him a tic and a limp and all the things you want . " Cameron rather envisioned the character as a James Stewart type . Although Jack Dawson was a fictional character , there is a grave labeled " J. Dawson " in Fairview Cemetery in Halifax , Nova Scotia where 121 victims are buried . The real J. Dawson was Joseph Dawson , who shoveled coal in the bowels of the ship . " It wasn 't until after the movie came out that we found out that there was a J. Dawson gravestone , " said the film 's producer , Jon Landau , in an interview .
Kate Winslet as Rose DeWitt Bukater : Cameron said Winslet " had the thing that you look for " and that there was " a quality in her face , in her eyes , " that he " just knew people would be ready to go the distance with her " . Rose is a 17 @-@ year @-@ old girl , originally from Philadelphia , who is forced into an engagement to 30 @-@ year @-@ old Cal Hockley so she and her mother , Ruth , can maintain their high @-@ class status after her father 's death had left the family debt @-@ ridden . Rose boards the RMS Titanic with Cal and Ruth , as a first @-@ class passenger , and meets Jack . Winslet said of her character , " She has got a lot to give , and she 's got a very open heart . And she wants to explore and adventure the world , but she [ feels ] that 's not going to happen . " Gwyneth Paltrow , Winona Ryder , Claire Danes , and Gabrielle Anwar had been considered for the role . When they turned it down , 22 @-@ year @-@ old Winslet campaigned heavily for the role . She sent Cameron daily notes from England , which led Cameron to invite her to Hollywood for auditions . As with DiCaprio , casting director Mali Finn originally brought her to Cameron 's attention . When looking for a Rose , Cameron described the character as " an Audrey Hepburn type " and was initially uncertain about casting Winslet even after her screen test impressed him . After she screen tested with DiCaprio , Winslet was so thoroughly impressed with him , that she whispered to Cameron , " He 's great . Even if you don 't pick me , pick him . " Winslet sent Cameron a single rose with a card signed " From Your Rose " and lobbied him by phone . " You don 't understand ! " she pleaded one day when she reached him by mobile phone in his Humvee . " I am Rose ! I don 't know why you 're even seeing anyone else ! " Her persistence , as well as her talent , eventually convinced him to cast her in the role .
Billy Zane as Caledon Nathan " Cal " Hockley : Cal is Rose 's 30 @-@ year @-@ old fiancé . He is arrogant and snobbish , and the heir to a Pittsburgh steel fortune . He becomes increasingly embarrassed , jealous , and cruel about Rose 's relationship with Jack . The part was originally offered to Matthew McConaughey .
Frances Fisher as Ruth DeWitt Bukater : Rose 's widowed mother , who arranges her daughter 's engagement to Cal to maintain her family 's high @-@ society status . She loves her daughter , but believes that social position is more important than having a loving marriage . She scorns Jack , even though he saved her daughter 's life .
Gloria Stuart as Rose Dawson Calvert : Rose narrates the film in a modern @-@ day framing device . Cameron stated , " In order to see the present and the past , I decided to create a fictional survivor who is [ close to ] 101 years , and she connects us in a way through history . " The 100 @-@ year @-@ old Rose gives Lovett information regarding the " Heart of the Ocean " after he discovers a nude drawing of her in the wreck . She tells the story of her time aboard the ship , mentioning Jack for the first time since the sinking . At 87 , Stuart had to be made up to look older for the role . Of casting Stuart , Cameron stated , " My casting director found her . She was sent out on a mission to find retired actresses from the Golden Age of the thirties and forties . " Cameron said that he did not know who Stuart was , and Fay Wray was also considered for the role . " But [ Stuart ] was just so into it , and so lucid , and had such a great spirit . And I saw the connection between her spirit and [ Winslet 's ] spirit , " stated Cameron . " I saw this joie de vivre in both of them , that I thought the audience would be able to make that cognitive leap that it 's the same person . " Stuart died on September 26 , 2010 , at age 100 , approximately the same age elder Rose was in the film .
Bill Paxton as Brock Lovett : A treasure hunter looking for the " Heart of the Ocean " in the wreck of the Titanic in the present . Time and funding for his expedition are running out . He later reflects at the film 's conclusion that , despite thinking about Titanic for three years , he has never understood it until he hears Rose 's story .
Suzy Amis as Lizzy Calvert : Rose 's granddaughter , who accompanies her when she visits Lovett on the ship and learns her grandmother 's true identity and romantic past with Jack Dawson .
Danny Nucci as Fabrizio De Rossi : Jack 's Italian best friend , who boards the RMS Titanic with him after Jack wins two tickets in a poker game . Fabrizio does not board a lifeboat when the Titanic sinks and is killed when one of the ship 's funnels breaks and crashes into the water .
David Warner as Spicer Lovejoy : An ex @-@ Pinkerton constable , Lovejoy is Cal 's English valet and bodyguard , who keeps an eye on Rose and is suspicious about the circumstances surrounding Jack 's rescue of her . He dies when the Titanic splits in half , causing him to fall into a massive opening .
Jason Barry as Thomas " Tommy " Ryan : An Irish third @-@ class passenger who befriends Jack and Fabrizio . Tommy is killed when he is accidentally pushed forward and shot by a panicked First Officer Murdoch .
= = = Historical characters = = =
Although not — and not intended to be — an entirely historically accurate depiction of events , the film includes portrayals of several historical figures :
Kathy Bates as Margaret " Molly " Brown : Brown is looked down upon by other first @-@ class women , including Ruth , as " vulgar " and " new money " due to her sudden wealth . She is friendly to Jack and lends him a dinner jacket ( bought for her son ) when he is invited to dinner in the first @-@ class dining saloon . Although Brown was a real person , Cameron chose not to portray her real @-@ life actions . Molly Brown was dubbed " The Unsinkable Molly Brown " by historians because she , with the support of other women , commandeered Lifeboat 6 from Quartermaster Robert Hichens . Some aspects of this altercation are portrayed in Cameron 's film .
Victor Garber as Thomas Andrews : The ship 's builder , Andrews is portrayed as a very kind and pleasant man who is modest about his grand achievement . After the collision , he tries to convince the others , particularly Ismay , that it is a " mathematical certainty " that the ship will sink . He is depicted during the sinking of the ship as standing next to the clock in the first @-@ class smoking room , lamenting his failure to build a strong and safe ship . Although this has become one of the most famous legends of the sinking of the Titanic , this story , which was published in a 1912 book ( Thomas Andrews : Shipbuilder ) and therefore perpetuated , came from John Stewart , a steward on the ship who in fact left the ship in boat n . 15 at approximately 1 : 40 a.m. There were testimonies of sightings of Andrews after that moment . It appears that Andrews stayed in the smoking room for some time to gather his thoughts , then he continued assisting with the evacuation . Another reported sighting was of Andrews frantically throwing deck chairs into the ocean for passengers to use as floating devices . Andrews was last seen leaving the ship at the last moment .
Bernard Hill as Captain Edward John Smith : Smith planned to make the Titanic his final voyage before retiring . He retreats into the wheelhouse on the bridge as the ship sinks , dying when the windows implode from the water whilst he clings to the ship 's wheel . There are conflicting accounts as to whether he died in this manner or later froze to death in the water near the capsized collapsible lifeboat " B " .
Jonathan Hyde as J. Bruce Ismay : Ismay is portrayed as a rich , ignorant upper @-@ class man . In the film , he uses his position as White Star Line managing director to influence Captain Smith to go faster with the prospect of an earlier arrival in New York and favorable press attention ; while this action appears in popular portrayals of the disaster , it is unsupported by evidence . After the collision , he struggles to comprehend that his " unsinkable " ship is doomed . Ismay later boards Collapsible C ( one of the last lifeboats to leave the ship ) just before it is lowered . He was branded a coward by the press and public for surviving the disaster while many women and children had drowned .
Eric Braeden as John Jacob Astor IV : A first @-@ class passenger whom Rose ( correctly ) calls the richest man on the ship . The film depicts Astor and his 18 @-@ year @-@ old wife Madeleine ( Charlotte Chatton ) as being introduced to Jack by Rose in the first @-@ class dining saloon . During the introduction , Astor asks if Jack is connected to the " Boston Dawsons " , a question Jack neatly deflects by saying that he is instead affiliated with the Chippewa Falls Dawsons . Astor is last seen as the Grand Staircase glass dome implodes and water surges in .
Bernard Fox as Colonel Archibald Gracie IV : The film depicts Gracie making a comment to Cal that " women and machinery don 't mix " , and congratulating Jack for saving Rose from falling off the ship , though he is unaware that it was a suicide attempt . Fox had portrayed Frederick Fleet in the 1958 film A Night to Remember .
Michael Ensign as Benjamin Guggenheim : A mining magnate traveling in first @-@ class . He shows off his French mistress Madame Aubert ( Fannie Brett ) to his fellow passengers while his wife and three daughters wait for him at home . When Jack joins the other first @-@ class passengers for dinner after his rescue of Rose , Guggenheim refers to him as a " bohemian " . He is seen in the flooding Grand Staircase during the sinking , saying he is prepared to go down as a gentleman .
Jonathan Evans @-@ Jones as Wallace Hartley : The ship 's bandmaster and violinist who plays uplifting music with his colleagues on the boat deck as the ship sinks . As the final plunge begins , he leads the band in a final performance of Nearer , My God , to Thee , to the tune of Bethany , and dies in the sinking .
Mark Lindsay Chapman as Chief Officer Henry Wilde : The ship 's chief officer , who lets Cal on board a lifeboat because he has a child in his arms . Before he dies , he tries to get the boats to return to the sinking site to rescue passengers by blowing his whistle . After he freezes to death , Rose uses his whistle to attract the attention of Fifth Officer Lowe , which leads to her rescue .
Ewan Stewart as First Officer William Murdoch : The officer who is put in charge of the bridge on the night the ship struck the iceberg . During a rush for the lifeboats , Murdoch shoots Tommy Ryan as well as another passenger in a momentary panic , then commits suicide out of guilt . When Murdoch 's nephew Scott saw the film , he objected to his uncle 's portrayal as damaging to Murdoch 's heroic reputation . A few months later , Fox vice @-@ president Scott Neeson went to Dalbeattie , Scotland , where Murdoch lived , to deliver a personal apology , and also presented a £ 5000 donation to Dalbeattie High School to boost the school 's William Murdoch Memorial Prize . Cameron apologized on the DVD commentary , but stated that there were officers who fired gunshots to enforce the " women and children first " policy . According to Cameron , his depiction of Murdoch is that of an " honorable man , " not of a man " gone bad " or of a " cowardly murderer . " He added , " I 'm not sure you 'd find that same sense of responsibility and total devotion to duty today . This guy had half of his lifeboats launched before his counterpart on the port side had even launched one . That says something about character and heroism . "
Jonathan Phillips as Second Officer Charles Lightoller . The film depicts Lightoller informing Captain Smith that it will be difficult to see icebergs without breaking water . He is seen brandishing a gun and threatening to use it to keep order . He can be seen on top of Collapsible B when the first funnel collapses . Lightoller was the most senior officer to have survived the disaster .
Kevin De La Noy as Third Officer Herbert Pitman : In charge of Lifeboat 5 .
Simon Crane as Fourth Officer Joseph Boxhall : The officer in charge of firing flares and manning Lifeboat 2 during the sinking . He is shown on the bridge wings helping the seamen firing the flares .
Ioan Gruffudd as Fifth Officer Harold Lowe : The ship 's only officer to lead a lifeboat to retrieve survivors of the sinking from the icy waters . The film depicts Lowe rescuing Rose .
Edward Fletcher as Sixth Officer James Moody : The ship 's only junior officer to have died in the sinking . The film depicts Moody admitting Jack and Fabrizio onto the ship only moments before it departs from Southampton . Moody is later shown following Mr. Murdoch 's orders to put the ship to full speed ahead , and informs First Officer Murdoch about the iceberg . He is last seen clinging to one of the davits on the starboard side after having unsuccessfully attempted to launch collapsible A.
James Lancaster as Father Thomas Byles : Father Byles , a Catholic priest from England , is portrayed praying and consoling passengers during the ship 's final moments .
Lew Palter and Elsa Raven as Isidor Straus and Ida Straus : Isidor is a former owner of R.H. Macy and Company , a former congressman from New York , and a member of the New York and New Jersey Bridge Commission . During the sinking , his wife Ida is offered a place in a lifeboat , but refuses , saying that she will honor her wedding pledge by staying with Isidor . They are last seen lying on their bed embracing each other as water fills their stateroom .
Martin Jarvis as Sir Cosmo Duff @-@ Gordon : A Scottish baronet who is rescued in Lifeboat 1 . Lifeboats 1 and 2 were emergency boats with a capacity of 40 . Situated at the forward end of the boat deck , these were kept ready to launch in case of a person falling overboard . On the night of the disaster , Lifeboat 1 was the fourth to be launched , with 12 people aboard , including Duff @-@ Gordon , his wife and her secretary . The baronet was much criticized for his conduct during the incident . It was suggested that he had boarded the emergency boat in violation of the " women and children first " policy and that the boat had failed to return to rescue those struggling in the water . He offered five pounds to each of the lifeboat 's crew , which those critical of his conduct viewed as a bribe . The Duff @-@ Gordons at the time ( and his wife 's secretary in a letter written at the time and rediscovered in 2007 ) stated that there had been no women or children waiting to board in the vicinity of the launching of their boat , and there is confirmation that lifeboat 1 of the Titanic was almost empty and that First Officer William Murdoch was apparently glad to offer Duff @-@ Gordon and his wife and her secretary a place ( simply to fill it ) after they had asked if they could get on . Duff @-@ Gordon denied that his offer of money to the lifeboat crew represented a bribe . The British Board of Trade 's inquiry into the disaster accepted Duff @-@ Gordon 's denial of bribing the crew , but maintained that , if the emergency boat had rowed towards the people who were in the water , it might very well have been able to rescue some of them .
Rosalind Ayres as Lady Duff @-@ Gordon : A world @-@ famous fashion designer and Sir Cosmo 's wife . She is rescued in Lifeboat 1 with her husband . She and her husband never lived down rumors that they had forbidden the lifeboat 's crew to return to the wreck site in case they would be swamped .
Rochelle Rose as Noëlle , Countess of Rothes : The Countess is shown to be friendly with Cal and the DeWitt Bukaters . Despite being of a higher status in society than Sir Cosmo and Lady Duff @-@ Gordon , she is kind , and helps row the boat and even looks after the steerage passengers .
Scott G. Anderson as Frederick Fleet : The lookout who saw the iceberg . Fleet escapes the sinking ship aboard Lifeboat 6 .
Paul Brightwell as Quartermaster Robert Hichens : One of the ship 's six quartermasters and at the ship 's wheel at the time of collision . He is in charge of lifeboat 6 . He refuses to go back and pick up survivors after the sinking and eventually the boat is commandeered by Molly Brown .
Martin East as Reginald Lee : The other lookout in the crow 's nest . He survives the sinking .
Gregory Cooke as Jack Phillips : Senior wireless operator on board the Titanic whom Captain Smith ordered to send the distress signal .
Craig Kelly as Harold Bride : Junior wireless operator on board the Titanic .
Liam Tuohy as Chief Baker Charles Joughin : The baker appears in the film on top of the railing with Jack and Rose as the ship sinks , drinking brandy from a flask . According to the real Joughin 's testimony , he rode the ship down and stepped into the water without getting his hair wet . He also admitted to hardly feeling the cold , most likely thanks to alcohol .
Terry Forrestal as Chief Engineer Joseph G. Bell : Bell and his men worked until the last minute to keep the lights and the power on in order for distress signals to get out . Bell and all of the engineers died in the bowels of the Titanic .
= = = Cameos = = =
Several crew members of the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh appear in the film , including Anatoly Sagalevich , creator and pilot of the MIR self @-@ propelled Deep Submergence Vehicle . Anders Falk , who filmed a documentary about the film 's sets for the Titanic Historical Society , makes a cameo appearance in the film as a Swedish immigrant whom Jack Dawson meets when he enters his cabin ; Edward Kamuda and Karen Kamuda , then President and Vice President of the Society who served as film consultants , were cast as extras in the film .
= = Pre @-@ production = =
= = = Writing and inspiration = = =
James Cameron had a fascination with shipwrecks , and , for him , the RMS Titanic was " the Mount Everest of shipwrecks . " He was almost past the point in his life when he felt he could consider an undersea expedition , but said he still had " a mental restlessness " to live the life he had turned away from when he switched from the sciences to the arts in college . So when an IMAX film was made from footage shot of the wreck itself , he decided to seek Hollywood funding to " pay for an expedition and do the same thing . " It was " not because I particularly wanted to make the movie , " Cameron said . " I wanted to dive to the shipwreck . "
Cameron wrote a scriptment for a Titanic film , met with 20th Century Fox executives including Peter Chernin , and pitched it as " Romeo and Juliet on the Titanic " . Cameron stated , " They were like , ' Oooooohkaaaaaay – a three @-@ hour romantic epic ? Sure , that 's just what we want . Is there a little bit of Terminator in that ? Any Harrier jets , shoot @-@ outs , or car chases ? ' I said , ' No , no , no . It 's not like that . ' " The studio was dubious about the idea 's commercial prospects , but , hoping for a long @-@ term relationship with Cameron , they gave him a greenlight .
Cameron convinced Fox to promote the film based on the publicity afforded by shooting the Titanic wreck itself , and organized several dives to the site over a period of two years . " My pitch on that had to be a little more detailed , " said Cameron . " So I said , ' Look , we 've got to do this whole opening where they 're exploring the Titanic and they find the diamond , so we 're going to have all these shots of the ship . " Cameron stated , " Now , we can either do them with elaborate models and motion control shots and CG and all that , which will cost X amount of money – or we can spend X plus 30 per cent and actually go shoot it at the real wreck . " The crew shot at the real wreck in the Atlantic Ocean twelve times in 1995 and actually spent more time with the ship than its passengers . At that depth , with a water pressure of 6 @,@ 000 pounds per square inch , " one small flaw in the vessel 's superstructure would mean instant death for all on board . " Not only were the dives high @-@ risk , but adverse conditions prevented Cameron from getting the high quality footage that he wanted . During one dive , one of the submersibles collided with Titanic 's hull , damaging both sub and ship and leaving fragments of the submersible 's propeller shroud scattered around the superstructure . The external bulkhead of Captain Smith 's quarters collapsed , exposing the interior . The area around the entrance to the Grand Staircase was also damaged .
Descending to the actual site made both Cameron and crew want " to live up to that level of reality .... But there was another level of reaction coming away from the real wreck , which was that it wasn 't just a story , it wasn 't just a drama , " he said . " It was an event that happened to real people who really died . Working around the wreck for so much time , you get such a strong sense of the profound sadness and injustice of it , and the message of it . " Cameron stated , " You think , ' There probably aren 't going to be many filmmakers who go to Titanic . There may never be another one – maybe a documentarian . " Due to this , he felt " a great mantle of responsibility to convey the emotional message of it – to do that part of it right , too " .
After filming the underwater shots , Cameron began writing the screenplay . He wanted to honor the people who died during the sinking , so he spent six months researching all of the Titanic 's crew and passengers . " I read everything I could . I created an extremely detailed timeline of the ship 's few days and a very detailed timeline of the last night of its life , " he said . " And I worked within that to write the script , and I got some historical experts to analyze what I 'd written and comment on it , and I adjusted it . " He paid meticulous attention to detail , even including a scene depicting the Californian 's role in Titanic 's demise , though this was later cut ( see below ) . From the beginning of the shoot , they had " a very clear picture " of what happened on the ship that night . " I had a library that filled one whole wall of my writing office with Titanic stuff , because I wanted it to be right , especially if we were going to dive to the ship , " he said . " That set the bar higher in a way – it elevated the movie in a sense . We wanted this to be a definitive visualization of this moment in history as if you 'd gone back in a time machine and shot it . "
Cameron felt the Titanic sinking was " like a great novel that really happened " , but that the event had become a mere morality tale ; the film would give audiences the experience of living the history . The treasure hunter Brock Lovett represented those who never connected with the human element of the tragedy , while the blossoming romance of Jack and Rose , Cameron believed , would be the most engaging part of the story : when their love is finally destroyed , the audience would mourn the loss . He said : " All my films are love stories , but in Titanic I finally got the balance right . It 's not a disaster film . It 's a love story with a fastidious overlay of real history . "
Cameron framed the romance with the elderly Rose to make the intervening years palpable and poignant . While Winslet and Stuart stated their belief that , instead of being asleep in her bed , the character dies at the end of the film , Cameron stated that , although he knows what he intended with the ending , he will not reveal its intention , adding , " The answer has to be something you supply personally ; individually . "
= = = Scale modeling = = =
Harland and Wolff , the RMS Titanic 's builders , opened their private archives to the crew , sharing blueprints that were thought lost . For the ship 's interiors , production designer Peter Lamont 's team looked for artifacts from the era . The newness of the ship meant every prop had to be made from scratch . Fox acquired 40 acres of waterfront south of Playas de Rosarito in Mexico , and began building a new studio on May 31 , 1996 . A horizon tank of seventeen million gallons was built for the exterior of the reconstructed ship , providing 270 degrees of ocean view . The ship was built to full scale , but Lamont removed redundant sections on the superstructure and forward well deck for the ship to fit in the tank , with the remaining sections filled with digital models . The lifeboats and funnels were shrunk by ten percent . The boat deck and A @-@ deck were working sets , but the rest of the ship was just steel plating . Within was a fifty @-@ foot lifting platform for the ship to tilt during the sinking sequences . Towering above was a 162 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 49 m ) tower crane on 600 feet ( 180 m ) of rail track , acting as a combined construction , lighting , and camera platform .
The sets representing the interior rooms of the Titanic were reproduced exactly as originally built , using photographs and plans from the Titanic 's builders . " The liner 's first @-@ class staircase , which figures prominently in the script was constructed out of real wood and actually destroyed in the filming of the sinking . " The rooms , the carpeting , design and colors , individual pieces of furniture , decorations , chairs , wall paneling , cutlery and crockery with the White Star Line crest on each piece , completed ceilings , and costumes were among the designs true to the originals . Cameron additionally hired two Titanic historians , Don Lynch and Ken Marschall , to authenticate the historical detail in the film .
= = Production = =
Principal photography of Titanic began in July 1996 at Dartmouth , Nova Scotia with the filming of the modern day expedition scenes aboard the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh . In September 1996 , the production moved to the newly built Fox Baja Studios at Rosarito , Mexico where a full scale RMS Titanic had been constructed . The poop deck was built on a hinge which could rise from zero to ninety degrees in a few seconds as the ship 's stern rose during the sinking . For the safety of the stuntmen , many props were made of foam rubber . By November 15 , the boarding scenes were being shot . Cameron chose to build his RMS Titanic on the starboard side as a study of weather data showed prevailing north @-@ to @-@ south wind which blew the funnel smoke aft . This posed a problem for shooting the ship 's departure from Southampton , as it was docked on its port side . Any writing on props and costumes had to be reversed , and if someone walked to their right in the script , they had to walk left during shooting . In post @-@ production , the film was flipped to the correct direction .
A full @-@ time etiquette coach was hired to instruct the cast on the manners of the upper class gentility in 1912 . Despite this , several critics picked up on anachronisms in the film , not least involving the two main stars .
Cameron sketched Jack 's nude portrait of Rose for a scene which he feels has the backdrop of repression . " You know what it means for her , the freedom she must be feeling . It 's kind of exhilarating for that reason , " he said . The nude scene was DiCaprio and Winslet 's first scene together . " It wasn 't by any kind of design , although I couldn 't have designed it better . There 's a nervousness and an energy and a hesitance in them , " Cameron stated . " They had rehearsed together , but they hadn 't shot anything together . If I 'd had a choice , I probably would have preferred to put it deeper into the body of the shoot . " He said he and his crew " were just trying to find things to shoot " because the big set was not yet ready . " It wasn 't ready for months , so we were scrambling around trying to fill in anything we could get to shoot . " After seeing the scene on film , Cameron felt it worked out considerably well .
Other times on the set were not as smooth . The shoot was an arduous experience that " cemented Cameron 's formidable reputation as ' the scariest man in Hollywood ' . He became known as an uncompromising , hard @-@ charging perfectionist " and a " 300 @-@ decibel screamer , a modern @-@ day Captain Bligh with a megaphone and walkie @-@ talkie , swooping down into people 's faces on a 162ft crane " . Winslet chipped a bone in her elbow during filming , and had been worried that she would drown in the 17m @-@ gallon water tank the ship was to be sunk in . " There were times when I was genuinely frightened of him . Jim has a temper like you wouldn 't believe , " she said . " ' God damn it ! ' he would yell at some poor crew member , ' that 's exactly what I didn 't want ! ' " Her co @-@ star , Bill Paxton , was familiar with Cameron 's work ethic from his earlier experience with him . " There were a lot of people on the set . Jim is not one of those guys who has the time to win hearts and minds , " he said . The crew felt that Cameron had an evil alter ego , and nicknamed him " Mij " ( Jim spelt backwards ) . In response to the criticism , Cameron stated , " Film @-@ making is war . A great battle between business and aesthetics . "
During the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh shoot in Canada , an angry crew member put the dissociative drug PCP into the soup that Cameron and various others ate one night in Dartmouth , Nova Scotia . It sent more than 50 people to the hospital including actor Bill Paxton . " There were people just rolling around , completely out of it . Some of them said they were seeing streaks and psychedelics , " said actor Lewis Abernathy . Cameron managed to vomit before the drug took a full hold . Abernathy was shocked at the way he looked . " One eye was completely red , like the Terminator eye . A pupil , no iris , beet red . The other eye looked like he 'd been sniffing glue since he was four . " The person behind the poisoning was never caught .
The filming schedule was intended to last 138 days but grew to 160 . Many cast members came down with colds , flu , or kidney infections after spending hours in cold water , including Winslet . In the end , she decided she would not work with Cameron again unless she earned " a lot of money " . Several others left and three stuntmen broke their bones , but the Screen Actors Guild decided , following an investigation , that nothing was inherently unsafe about the set . Additionally , DiCaprio said there was no point when he felt he was in danger during filming . Cameron believed in a passionate work ethic and never apologized for the way he ran his sets , although he acknowledged :
I 'm demanding , and I 'm demanding on my crew . In terms of being kind of militaresque , I think there 's an element of that in dealing with thousands of extras and big logistics and keeping people safe . I think you have to have a fairly strict methodology in dealing with a large number of people .
The costs of filming Titanic eventually began to mount , and finally reached $ 200 million . Fox executives panicked , and suggested an hour of specific cuts from the three @-@ hour film . They argued the extended length would mean fewer showings , thus less money even though long epics are more likely to help directors win Oscars . Cameron refused , telling Fox , " You want to cut my movie ? You 're going to have to fire me ! You want to fire me ? You 're going to have to kill me ! " The executives did not want to start over , because it would mean the loss of their entire investment , but they also initially rejected Cameron 's offer of forfeiting his share of the profits as an empty gesture ; they felt that profits would be unlikely . Cameron explained forfeiting his share as complex . " ... the short version is that the film cost proportionally much more than T2 and True Lies . Those films went up seven or eight percent from the initial budget . Titanic also had a large budget to begin with , but it went up a lot more , " said Cameron . " As the producer and director , I take responsibility for the studio that 's writing the checks , so I made it less painful for them . I did that on two different occasions . They didn 't force me to do it ; they were glad that I did . "
= = Post @-@ production = =
= = = Effects = = =
Cameron wanted to push the boundary of special effects with his film , and enlisted Digital Domain to continue the developments in digital technology which the director pioneered while working on The Abyss and Terminator 2 : Judgment Day . Many previous films about the RMS Titanic shot water in slow motion , which did not look wholly convincing . He encouraged them to shoot their 45 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 14 m ) miniature of the ship as if " we 're making a commercial for the White Star Line " . Afterwards , digital water and smoke were added , as were extras captured on a motion capture stage . Visual effects supervisor Rob Legato scanned the faces of many actors , including himself and his children , for the digital extras and stuntmen . There was also a 65 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 20 m ) model of the ship 's stern that could break in two repeatedly , the only miniature to be used in water . For scenes set in the ship 's engines , footage of the SS Jeremiah O 'Brien 's engines were composited with miniature support frames and actors shot against a greenscreen . In order to save money , the first @-@ class lounge was a miniature set incorporated into a greenscreen backdrop .
An enclosed 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 @-@ US @-@ gallon ( 19 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 L ) tank was used for sinking interiors , in which the entire set could be tilted into the water . In order to sink the Grand Staircase , 90 @,@ 000 US gallons ( 340 @,@ 000 L ) of water were dumped into the set as it was lowered into the tank . Unexpectedly , the waterfall ripped the staircase from its steel @-@ reinforced foundations , although no one was hurt . The 744 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 227 m ) exterior of the RMS Titanic had its first half lowered into the tank , but being the heaviest part of the ship meant it acted as a shock absorber against the water ; to get the set into the water , Cameron had much of the set emptied and even smashed some of the promenade windows himself . After submerging the dining saloon , three days were spent shooting Lovett 's ROV traversing the wreck in the present . The post @-@ sinking scenes in the freezing Atlantic were shot in a 350 @,@ 000 @-@ US @-@ gallon ( 1 @,@ 300 @,@ 000 L ) tank , where the frozen corpses were created by applying a powder on actors that crystallized when exposed to water , and wax was coated on hair and clothes .
The climactic scene , which features the breakup of the ship directly before it sinks , as well as its final plunge to the bottom of the Atlantic , involved a tilting full @-@ sized set , 150 extras and 100 stunt performers . Cameron criticized previous Titanic films for depicting the final plunge of the liner as sliding gracefully underwater . He " wanted to depict it as the terrifyingly chaotic event that it really was " . When carrying out the sequence , people needed to fall off the increasingly tilting deck , plunging hundreds of feet below and bouncing off of railings and propellers on the way down . A few attempts to film this sequence with stunt people resulted in some minor injuries and Cameron halted the more dangerous stunts . The risks were eventually minimized " by using computer generated people for the dangerous falls " .
= = = Editing = = =
There was one " crucial historical fact " Cameron chose to omit from the film – the ship that was close to the Titanic , but had turned off its radio for the night and did not hear their SOS calls . " Yes , the [ SS ] Californian . That wasn 't a compromise to mainstream filmmaking . That was really more about emphasis , creating an emotional truth to the film , " stated Cameron . He said there were aspects of retelling the sinking that seemed important in pre and post @-@ production , but turned out to be less important as the film evolved . " The story of the Californian was in there ; we even shot a scene of them switching off their Marconi radio set , " said Cameron . " But I took it out . It was a clean cut , because it focuses you back onto that world . If Titanic is powerful as a metaphor , as a microcosm , for the end of the world in a sense , then that world must be self @-@ contained . "
During the first assembly cut , Cameron altered the planned ending , which had given resolution to Brock Lovett 's story . In the original version of the ending , Brock and Lizzy see the elderly Rose at the stern of the boat , and fear she is going to commit suicide . Rose then reveals that she had the " Heart of the Ocean " diamond all along , but never sold it , in order to live on her own without Cal 's money . She tells Brock that life is priceless and throws the diamond into the ocean , after allowing him to hold it . After accepting that treasure is worthless , Brock laughs at his stupidity . Rose then goes back to her cabin to sleep , whereupon the film ends in the same way as the final version . In the editing room , Cameron decided that by this point , the audience would no longer be interested in Brock Lovett and cut the resolution to his story , so that Rose is alone when she drops the diamond . He also did not want to disrupt the audience 's melancholy after the Titanic 's sinking .
The version used for the first test screening featured a fight between Jack and Lovejoy which takes place after Jack and Rose escape into the flooded dining saloon , but the test audiences disliked it . The scene was written to give the film more suspense , and featured Cal ( falsely ) offering to give Lovejoy , his valet , the " Heart of the Ocean " if he can get it from Jack and Rose . Lovejoy goes after the pair in the sinking first @-@ class dining room . Just as they are about to escape him , Lovejoy notices Rose 's hand slap the water as it slips off the table behind which she is hiding . In revenge for framing him for the " theft " of the necklace , Jack attacks him and smashes his head against a glass window , which explains the gash on Lovejoy 's head that can be seen when he dies in the completed version of the film . In their reactions to the scene , test audiences said it would be unrealistic to risk one 's life for wealth , and Cameron cut it for this reason , as well as for timing and pacing reasons . Many other scenes were cut for similar reasons .
= = = Music and soundtrack = = =
The soundtrack album for Titanic was composed by James Horner . For the vocals heard throughout the film , subsequently described by Earle Hitchner of The Wall Street Journal as " evocative " , Horner chose Norwegian singer Sissel Kyrkjebø , commonly known as " Sissel " . Horner knew Sissel from her album Innerst i sjelen , and he particularly liked how she sang " Eg veit i himmerik ei borg " ( " I Know in Heaven There Is a Castle " ) . He had tried twenty @-@ five or thirty singers before he finally chose Sissel as the voice to create specific moods within the film .
Horner additionally wrote the song " My Heart Will Go On " in secret with Will Jennings because Cameron did not want any songs with singing in the film . Céline Dion agreed to record a demo with the persuasion of her husband René Angélil . Horner waited until Cameron was in an appropriate mood before presenting him with the song . After playing it several times , Cameron declared his approval , although worried that he would have been criticized for " going commercial at the end of the movie " . Cameron also wanted to appease anxious studio executives and " saw that a hit song from his movie could only be a positive factor in guaranteeing its completion " .
= = Release = =
= = = Initial screening = = =
20th Century Fox and Paramount Pictures co @-@ financed Titanic , with Paramount handling the North American distribution and Fox handling the international release . They expected Cameron to complete the film for a release on July 2 , 1997 . The film was to be released on this date " in order to exploit the lucrative summer season ticket sales when blockbuster films usually do better " . In April , Cameron said the film 's special effects were too complicated and that releasing the film for summer would not be possible . With production delays , Paramount pushed back the release date to December 19 , 1997 . " This fueled speculation that the film itself was a disaster . " A preview screening in Minneapolis on July 14 " generated positive reviews " and " [ c ] hatter on the internet was responsible for more favorable word of mouth about the [ film ] " . This eventually led to more positive media coverage .
The film premiered on November 1 , 1997 , at the Tokyo International Film Festival , where reaction was described as " tepid " by The New York Times . Positive reviews started to appear back in the United States ; the official Hollywood premiere occurred on December 14 , 1997 , where " the big movie stars who attended the opening were enthusiastically gushing about the film to the world media " .
= = = Box office = = =
Including revenue from the 2012 reissue , Titanic earned $ 658 @,@ 672 @,@ 302 in North America and $ 1 @,@ 526 @,@ 700 @,@ 000 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $ 2 @,@ 185 @,@ 372 @,@ 302 . It became the highest @-@ grossing film of all time worldwide in 1998 , and remained so for twelve years , until Avatar ( 2009 ) , also written and directed by Cameron , surpassed it in 2010 . On March 1 , 1998 , it became the first film to earn more than $ 1 billion worldwide and on the weekend April 13 – 15 , 2012 — a century after the original vessel 's foundering , Titanic became the second film to cross the $ 2 billion threshold during its 3D re @-@ release . Box Office Mojo estimates that Titanic is the fifth highest @-@ grossing film of all time in North America when adjusting for ticket price inflation . The site also estimates that the film sold over 128 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run .
= = = = Initial theatrical run = = = =
The film received steady attendance after opening in North America on Friday , December 19 , 1997 . By the end of that same weekend , theaters were beginning to sell out . The film earned $ 8 @,@ 658 @,@ 814 on its opening day and $ 28 @,@ 638 @,@ 131 over the opening weekend from 2 @,@ 674 theaters , averaging to about $ 10 @,@ 710 per venue , and ranking number one at the box office , ahead of the eighteenth James Bond film , Tomorrow Never Dies . By New Year 's Day , Titanic had made over $ 120 million , had increased in popularity and theaters continued to sell out . Its highest grossing single day was Saturday , February 14 , 1998 , on which it earned $ 13 @,@ 048 @,@ 711 , more than eight weeks after its North American debut . It stayed at number one for 15 consecutive weeks in North America , a record for any film . The film stayed in theaters in North America for almost 10 months before finally closing on Thursday , October 1 , 1998 with a final domestic gross of $ 600 @,@ 788 @,@ 188 . Outside North America , the film made double its North American gross , generating $ 1 @,@ 242 @,@ 413 @,@ 080 and accumulating a grand total of $ 1 @,@ 843 @,@ 201 @,@ 268 worldwide from its initial theatrical run .
= = = = Commercial analysis = = = =
Before Titanic 's release , various film critics predicted the film would be a significant disappointment at the box office , especially due to it being the most expensive film ever made at the time . When it was shown to the press in autumn of 1997 , " it was with massive forebodings " since the " people in charge of the screenings believed they were on the verge of losing their jobs – because of this great albatross of a picture on which , finally , two studios had to combine to share the great load of its making " . Cameron also thought he was " headed for disaster " at one point during filming . " We labored the last six months on Titanic in the absolute knowledge that the studio would lose $ 100 million . It was a certainty , " he stated . As the film neared release , " particular venom was spat at Cameron for what was seen as his hubris and monumental extravagance " . A film critic for the Los Angeles Times wrote that " Cameron 's overweening pride has come close to capsizing this project " and that the film was " a hackneyed , completely derivative copy of old Hollywood romances " .
When the film became a success , with an unprecedented box office performance , it was credited for being a love story that captured its viewers emotions . The film was playing on 3 @,@ 200 screens ten weeks after it opened , and out of its fifteen straight weeks on top of the charts , jumped 43 % in total sales in its ninth week of release . It earned over $ 20 million a week for ten weeks , and after 14 weeks was still bringing in more than $ 1 million a week . 20th Century Fox estimated that seven percent of American teenage girls had seen Titanic twice by its fifth week . Although young women who saw the film several times , and subsequently caused " Leo @-@ Mania " , were often credited with having primarily propelled the film to its all @-@ time box office record , other reports have attributed the film 's success to positive word of mouth and repeat viewership due to the love story combined with the ground @-@ breaking special effects .
The film 's impact on men has also been especially credited . Now considered one of the films that " make men cry " , MSNBC 's Ian Hodder stated that men admire Jack 's sense of adventure , stowing away on a steamship bound for America . " We cheer as he courts a girl who was out of his league . We admire how he suggests nude modeling as an excuse to get naked . So when [ the tragic ending happens ] , an uncontrollable flood of tears sinks our composure , " he said . Titanic 's ability to make men cry was briefly parodied in the 2009 film Zombieland , where character Tallahassee ( Woody Harrelson ) , when recalling the death of his young son , states : " I haven 't cried like that since Titanic . "
In 2010 , the BBC analyzed the stigma over men crying during Titanic and films in general . " Middle @-@ aged men are not ' supposed ' to cry during movies , " stated Finlo Rohrer of the website , citing the ending of Titanic as having generated such tears , adding that " men , if they have felt weepy during [ this film ] , have often tried to be surreptitious about it . " Professor Mary Beth Oliver , of Penn State University , stated , " For many men , there is a great deal of pressure to avoid expression of ' female ' emotions like sadness and fear . From a very young age , males are taught that it is inappropriate to cry , and these lessons are often accompanied by a great deal of ridicule when the lessons aren 't followed . " Rohrer said , " Indeed , some men who might sneer at the idea of crying during Titanic will readily admit to becoming choked up during Saving Private Ryan or Platoon . " For men in general , " the idea of sacrifice for a ' brother ' is a more suitable source of emotion " .
Scott Meslow of The Atlantic stated while Titanic initially seems to need no defense , given its success , it is considered a film " for 15 @-@ year @-@ old girls " by its main detractors . He argued that dismissing Titanic as fodder for 15 @-@ year @-@ old girls fails to consider the film 's accomplishment : " that [ this ] grandiose , 3 + hour historical romantic drama is a film for everyone — including teenage boys . " Meslow stated that the despite the film being ranked high by males under the age of 18 , matching the ratings for teenage boy @-@ targeted films like Iron Man , it is common for boys and men to deny liking Titanic . He acknowledged his own rejection of the film as a child while secretly loving it . " It 's this collection of elements — the history , the romance , the action — that made ( and continues to make ) Titanic an irresistible proposition for audiences of all ages across the globe , " he stated . " Titanic has flaws , but for all its legacy , it 's better than its middlebrow reputation would have you believe . It 's a great movie for 15 @-@ year @-@ old girls , but that doesn 't mean it 's not a great movie for everyone else too . "
Quotes in the film aided its popularity . Titanic 's catchphrase " I 'm the king of the world ! " became one of the film industry 's more popular quotations . According to Richard Harris , a psychology professor at Kansas State University , who studied why people like to cite films in social situations , using film quotations in everyday conversation is similar to telling a joke and a way to form solidarity with others . " People are doing it to feel good about themselves , to make others laugh , to make themselves laugh " , he said .
Cameron explained the film 's success as having significantly benefited from the experience of sharing . " When people have an experience that 's very powerful in the movie theatre , they want to go share it . They want to grab their friend and bring them , so that they can enjoy it , " he said . " They want to be the person to bring them the news that this is something worth having in their life . That 's how Titanic worked . " Media Awareness Network stated , " The normal repeat viewing rate for a blockbuster theatrical film is about 5 % . The repeat rate for Titanic was over 20 % . " The box office receipts " were even more impressive " when factoring in " the film 's 3 @-@ hour @-@ and @-@ 14 @-@ minute length meant that it could only be shown three times a day compared to a normal movie 's four showings " . In response to this , " [ m ] any theatres started midnight showings and were rewarded with full houses until almost 3 : 30 am " .
Titanic held the record for box office gross for twelve years . Cameron 's follow @-@ up film , Avatar , was considered the first film with a genuine chance at surpassing its worldwide gross , and did so in 2010 . Various explanations for why the film was able to successfully challenge Titanic were given . For one , " Two @-@ thirds of Titanic 's haul was earned overseas , and Avatar [ tracked ] similarly ... Avatar opened in 106 markets globally and was no . 1 in all of them " and the markets " such as Russia , where Titanic saw modest receipts in 1997 and 1998 , are white @-@ hot today " with " more screens and moviegoers " than ever before . Brandon Gray , president of Box Office Mojo , said that while Avatar may beat Titanic 's revenue record , the film is unlikely to surpass Titanic in attendance . " Ticket prices were about $ 3 cheaper in the late 1990s . " In December 2009 , Cameron had stated , " I don 't think it 's realistic to try to topple Titanic off its perch . Some pretty good movies have come out in the last few years . Titanic just struck some kind of chord . " In a January 2010 interview , he gave a different take on the matter once Avatar 's performance was easier to predict . " It 's gonna happen . It 's just a matter of time , " he said .
Author Alexandra Keller , when analyzing Titanic 's success , stated that scholars could agree that the film 's popularity " appears dependent on contemporary culture , on perceptions of history , on patterns of consumerism and globalization , as well as on those elements experienced filmgoers conventionally expect of juggernaut film events in the 1990s – awesome screen spectacle , expansive action , and , more rarely seen , engaging characters and epic drama . "
= = = Critical reception = = =
Titanic garnered mainly positive reviews from film critics , and was positively reviewed by audiences and scholars , who commented on the film 's cultural , historical and political impacts . It holds an overall 88 % approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 178 reviews , with a rating average of 8 out of 10 . The site 's consensus reads : " A mostly unqualified triumph for Cameron , who offers a dizzying blend of spectacular visuals and old @-@ fashioned melodrama . " At Metacritic , which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 0 – 100 reviews from film critics , the film has a rating score of 74 based on 34 reviews , classified as a generally favorably reviewed film .
With regard to the film 's overall design , Roger Ebert stated , " It is flawlessly crafted , intelligently constructed , strongly acted , and spellbinding ... Movies like this are not merely difficult to make at all , but almost impossible to make well . " He credited the " technical difficulties " with being " so daunting that it 's a wonder when the filmmakers are also able to bring the drama and history into proportion " and " found [ himself ] convinced by both the story and the sad saga " . He named it his ninth best film of 1997 . On the television program Siskel & Ebert , the film received " two thumbs up " and was praised for its accuracy in recreating the ship 's sinking ; Ebert described the film as " a glorious Hollywood epic " and " well worth the wait , " and Gene Siskel found Leonardo DiCaprio " captivating " . James Berardinelli stated , " Meticulous in detail , yet vast in scope and intent , Titanic is the kind of epic motion picture event that has become a rarity . You don 't just watch Titanic , you experience it . " It was named his second best film of 1997 . Almar Haflidason of the BBC wrote that " the sinking of the great ship is no secret , yet for many exceeded expectations in sheer scale and tragedy " and that " when you consider that [ the film ] tops a bum @-@ numbing three @-@ hour running time , then you have a truly impressive feat of entertainment achieved by Cameron " . Joseph McBride of Boxoffice Magazine concluded , " To describe Titanic as the greatest disaster movie ever made is to sell it short . James Cameron 's recreation of the 1912 sinking of the ' unsinkable ' liner is one of the most magnificent pieces of serious popular entertainment ever to emanate from Hollywood . "
The romantic and emotionally charged aspects of the film were equally praised . Andrew L. Urban of Urban Cinefile said , " You will walk out of Titanic not talking about budget or running time , but of its enormous emotive power , big as the engines of the ship itself , determined as its giant propellers to gouge into your heart , and as lasting as the love story that propels it . " Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly described the film as , " A lush and terrifying spectacle of romantic doom . Writer @-@ director James Cameron has restaged the defining catastrophe of the early 20th century on a human scale of such purified yearning and dread that he touches the deepest levels of popular moviemaking . " Janet Maslin of The New York Times commented that " Cameron 's magnificent Titanic is the first spectacle in decades that honestly invites comparison to Gone With the Wind . " Richard Corliss of Time magazine , on the other hand , wrote a mostly negative review , criticizing the lack of interesting emotional elements .
Some reviewers felt that the story and dialogue were weak , while the visuals were spectacular . Kenneth Turan 's review in the Los Angeles Times was particularly scathing . Dismissing the emotive elements , he stated , " What really brings on the tears is Cameron 's insistence that writing this kind of movie is within his abilities . Not only is it not , it is not even close . " , and later claimed that the only reason that the film won Oscars was because of its box office total . Barbara Shulgasser of The San Francisco Examiner gave Titanic one star out of four , citing a friend as saying , " The number of times in this unbelievably badly written script that the two [ lead characters ] refer to each other by name was an indication of just how dramatically the script lacked anything more interesting for the actors to say . " Also , filmmaker Robert Altman called it " the most dreadful piece of work I 've ever seen in my entire life " . In his 2012 study of the lives of the passengers on the Titanic , historian Richard Davenport @-@ Hines said , " Cameron 's film diabolized rich Americans and educated English , anathematizing their emotional restraint , good tailoring , punctilious manners and grammatical training , while it made romantic heroes of the poor Irish and the unlettered " .
Titanic suffered backlash in addition to its success . In 2003 , the film topped a poll of " Best Film Endings " , and yet it also topped a poll by Film 2003 as " the worst movie of all time " . The British film magazine Empire reduced their rating of the film from the maximum five stars and an enthusiastic review , to four stars with a less positive review in a later edition , to accommodate its readers ' tastes , who wanted to disassociate themselves from the hype surrounding the film , and the reported activities of its fans , such as those attending multiple screenings . In addition to this , positive and negative parodies and other such spoofs of the film abounded and were circulated on the internet , often inspiring passionate responses from fans of various opinions of the film . Benjamin Willcock of DVDActive.com did not understand the backlash or the passionate hatred for the film . " What really irks me ... , " he said , " are those who make nasty stabs at those who do love it . " Willcock stated , " I obviously don 't have anything against those who dislike Titanic , but those few who make you feel small and pathetic for doing so ( and they do exist , trust me ) are way beyond my understanding and sympathy . "
Cameron responded to the backlash , and Kenneth Turan 's review in particular . " Titanic is not a film that is sucking people in with flashy hype and spitting them out onto the street feeling let down and ripped off , " he stated . " They are returning again and again to repeat an experience that is taking a 3 @-@ hour and 14 @-@ minute chunk out of their lives , and dragging others with them , so they can share the emotion . " Cameron emphasized people from all ages ( ranging from 8 to 80 ) and from all backgrounds were " celebrating their own essential humanity " by seeing it . He described the script as earnest and straightforward , and said it intentionally " incorporates universals of human experience and emotion that are timeless – and familiar because they reflect our basic emotional fabric " and that the film was able to succeed in this way by dealing with archetypes . He did not see it as pandering . " Turan mistakes archetype for cliche , " he said . " I don 't share his view that the best scripts are only the ones that explore the perimeter of human experience , or flashily pirouette their witty and cynical dialogue for our admiration . "
Empire eventually reinstated its original five star rating of the film , commenting , " It should be no surprise then that it became fashionable to bash James Cameron 's Titanic at approximately the same time it became clear that this was the planet 's favourite film . Ever . "
= = = Accolades = = =
Titanic began its awards sweep starting with the Golden Globes , winning four , namely Best Motion Picture – Drama , Best Director , Best Original Score , and Best Original Song . Kate Winslet and Gloria Stuart were also nominees . It won the ACE " Eddie " Award , ASC Award , Art Directors Guild Award , Cinema Audio Society Awards , Screen Actors Guild Award ( Best Supporting Actress for Gloria Stuart ) , The Directors Guild of America Award , and Broadcast Film Critics Association Award ( Best Director for James Cameron ) , and The Producer Guild of America Award . It was also nominated for ten BAFTA awards , including Best Film and Best Director ; it failed to win any .
The film garnered fourteen Academy Awards nominations , tying the record set in 1950 by Joseph L. Mankiewicz 's All About Eve and won eleven : Best Picture ( the second film about the Titanic to win that award , after 1933 's Cavalcade ) , Best Director , Best Art Direction , Best Cinematography , Best Visual Effects , Best Film Editing , Best Costume Design , Best Sound ( Gary Rydstrom , Tom Johnson , Gary Summers , Mark Ulano ) , Best Sound Effects Editing , Best Original Dramatic Score , Best Original Song . Kate Winslet , Gloria Stuart and the make @-@ up artists were the three nominees that did not win . James Cameron 's original screenplay and Leonardo DiCaprio were not nominees . It was the second film to win eleven Academy Awards , after Ben @-@ Hur . The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King would also match this record in 2004 .
Titanic won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Original Song , as well as three Grammy Awards for Record of the Year , Song of the Year , and Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television . The film 's soundtrack became the best @-@ selling primarily orchestral soundtrack of all time , and became a worldwide success , spending sixteen weeks at number @-@ one in the United States , and was certified diamond for over eleven million copies sold in the United States alone . The soundtrack also became the best @-@ selling album of 1998 in the U.S. " My Heart Will Go On " won the Grammy Awards for Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television . The film also won Best Male Performance for Leonardo DiCaprio and Best Movie at the MTV Movie Awards , Best Film at the People 's Choice Awards , and Favorite Movie at the 1998 Kids ' Choice Awards . It won various awards outside the United States , including the Awards of the Japanese Academy as the Best Foreign Film of the Year . Titanic eventually won nearly ninety awards and had an additional forty @-@ seven nominations from various award @-@ giving bodies around the world . Additionally , the book about the making of the film was at the top of The New York Times ' bestseller list for several weeks , " the first time that such a tie @-@ in book had achieved this status " .
Since its release , Titanic has appeared on the American Film Institute 's award @-@ winning 100 Years … series . So far , it has ranked on the following six lists :
= = = Home media = = =
Titanic was released worldwide in widescreen and pan and scan formats on VHS and laserdisc on September 1 , 1998 . The VHS was also made available in a deluxe boxed gift set with a mounted filmstrip and six lithograph prints from the movie . A DVD version was released on August 31 , 1999 in a widescreen @-@ only ( non @-@ anamorphic ) single @-@ disc edition with no special features other than a theatrical trailer . Cameron stated at the time that he intended to release a special edition with extra features later . This release became the best @-@ selling DVD of 1999 and early 2000 , becoming the first DVD ever to sell one million copies . At the time , fewer than 5 % of all U.S. homes had a DVD player . " When we released the original Titanic DVD , the industry was much smaller , and bonus features were not the standard they are now , " said Meagan Burrows , Paramount 's president of domestic home entertainment , which made the film 's DVD performance even more impressive .
Titanic was re @-@ released to DVD on October 25 , 2005 when a three @-@ disc Special Collector 's Edition was made available in the United States and Canada . This edition contained a newly restored transfer of the film , as well as various special features . An international two and four @-@ disc set followed on November 7 , 2005 . The two @-@ disc edition was marketed as the Special Edition , and featured the first two discs of the three @-@ disc set , only PAL @-@ enabled . A four @-@ disc edition , marketed as the Deluxe Collector 's Edition , was also released on November 7 , 2005 .
Also , available only in the United Kingdom , a limited 5 @-@ disc set of the film , under the title Deluxe Limited Edition , was released with only 10 @,@ 000 copies manufactured . The fifth disc contains Cameron 's documentary Ghosts of the Abyss , which was distributed by Walt Disney Pictures . Unlike the individual release of Ghosts of the Abyss , which contained two discs , only the first disc was included in the set .
As regards to television broadcasts , the film airs occasionally across the United States on networks such as TNT . To permit the scene where Jack draws the nude portrait of Rose to be shown on network and specialty cable channels , in addition to minor cuts , the sheer , see @-@ through robe worn by Winslet was digitally painted black . Turner Classic Movies also began to show the film , specifically during the days leading up to the 82nd Academy Awards .
= = = 3D conversion = = =
A 2012 re @-@ release , also known as Titanic in 3D , was created by re @-@ mastering the original to 4K resolution and post @-@ converting to stereoscopic 3D format . The Titanic 3D version took 60 weeks and $ 18 million to produce , including the 4K restoration . The 3D conversion was performed by Stereo D and Sony with Slam Content 's Panther Records remastering the soundtrack . Digital 2D and in 2D IMAX versions were also struck from the new 4K master created in the process . For the 3D release , Cameron opened up the Super 35 film and expanded the image of the film into a new aspect ratio , from 2 : 35 : 1 to 1 : 78 : 1 , allowing the viewer to see more image on the top and bottom of the screen . The only scene entirely redone for the re @-@ release was Rose 's view of the night sky at sea , on the morning of April 15 , 1912 . The scene was replaced with an accurate view of the night @-@ sky star pattern , including the Milky Way , adjusted for the location in the North Atlantic Ocean in April 1912 . The change was prompted by astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson , who had criticized the scene for showing an unrealistic star pattern . He agreed to send film director Cameron a corrected view of the sky , which was the basis of the new scene .
The 3D version of Titanic premiered at the Royal Albert Hall in London on March 27 , 2012 , with James Cameron and Kate Winslet in attendance , and entered general release on April 4 , 2012 , six days shy of the centenary of RMS Titanic embarking on her maiden voyage .
Rolling Stone film critic Peter Travers rated the reissue 3 @.@ 5 stars out of 4 , explaining he found it " pretty damn dazzling " . He said , " The 3D intensifies Titanic . You are there . Caught up like never before in an intimate epic that earns its place in the movie time capsule . " Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Owen Gleiberman gave the film an A grade . He wrote , " For once , the visuals in a 3 @-@ D movie don 't look darkened or distracting . They look sensationally crisp and alive . " Richard Corliss of Time who was very critical in 1997 remained in the same mood , " I had pretty much the same reaction : fitfully awed , mostly water @-@ logged . " In regards to the 3D effects , he noted the " careful conversion to 3D lends volume and impact to certain moments ... [ but ] in separating the foreground and background of each scene , the converters have carved the visual field into discrete , not organic , levels . " Ann Hornaday for The Washington Post found herself asking " whether the film 's twin values of humanism and spectacle are enhanced by Cameron 's 3 @-@ D conversion , and the answer to that is : They aren 't . " She further added that the " 3 @-@ D conversion creates distance where there should be intimacy , not to mention odd moments in framing and composition . "
The film grossed an estimated $ 4 @.@ 7 million on the first day of its re @-@ release in North America ( including midnight preview showings ) and went on to make $ 17 @.@ 3 million over the weekend , finishing in third place . Outside North America it earned $ 35 @.@ 2 million finishing second , and improved on its performance the following weekend by topping the box office with $ 98 @.@ 9 million . China has proven to be its most successful territory where it earned $ 11 @.@ 6 million on its opening day , going on to earn a record @-@ breaking $ 67 million in its opening week and taking more money in the process than it did in the entirety of its original theatrical run . The reissue ultimately earned $ 343 @.@ 4 million worldwide , with $ 145 million coming from China and $ 57 @.@ 8 million from Canada and United States .
The 3D conversion of the film was also released in the 4DX format in selected international territories , which allows the audience to experience the film 's environment using motion , wind , fog , lighting and scent @-@ based special effects .
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= Interstate 296 =
Interstate 296 ( I @-@ 296 ) is a part of the Interstate Highway System in the US state of Michigan . It is a state trunkline highway that runs for 3 @.@ 43 miles ( 5 @.@ 52 km ) entirely within the Grand Rapids area . Its termini are I @-@ 96 on the north side of Grand Rapids in Walker and I @-@ 196 near downtown Grand Rapids . For most of its length , the Interstate is concurrent with U.S. Highway 131 ( US 131 ) , which continues as a freeway built to Interstate Highway standards north and south of the shorter I @-@ 296 . The highway was first proposed in the late 1950s and opened in December 1962 , but the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) has since eliminated all signage for I @-@ 296 and removed the designation from their official state map . The designation is therefore unsigned , but still listed on the Interstate Highway System route log maintained by the Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) .
= = Route description = =
I @-@ 296 begins at the I @-@ 196 interchange west of the Grand River and downtown Grand Rapids . For a short distance , the three northbound lanes are on the left and the three southbound lanes are on the right , contrary to the normal traffic arrangement in the US . This anomaly is reversed north of the ramps for I @-@ 196 as the southbound lanes go over the northbound lanes . Running parallel to the Grand River on the west bank , the freeway designation begins across the river from the 6th Street Bridge Park and Belknap Hill north of the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum and the DeVos Place Convention Center . The west side of the freeway faces residential neighborhoods and the east side borders commercial businesses and the river . South of the Ann Street interchange , the highway crosses a line of the Grand Rapids Eastern Railroad . After crossing both the railroad and Ann Street , the highway widens to allow for a grassy median . The freeway leaves Grand Rapids and enters Walker north of Ann Street .
Approaching I @-@ 96 from the south , the freeway passes east of the DeltaPlex Arena , and it median widens further across the river from Comstock Riverside Park in Walker . An extra lane is added on the left , widening the freeway to four lanes . Unsigned I @-@ 296 occupies the left two lanes that form the left exit for I @-@ 96 from US 131 . At the split between I @-@ 296 and US 131 , I @-@ 296 curves northwest , and US 131 curves northeast to follow a bend in the Grand River . Once I @-@ 296 diverges from US 131 , the highway crosses a rail line owned by CSX Transportation and passes over West River Drive . To the northwest of these crossings , exits emerge on the right for eastbound I @-@ 96 and the left for northbound M @-@ 37 ( Alpine Avenue ) . Past these exits , I @-@ 296 merges into westbound I @-@ 96 and terminates . Southbound unsigned I @-@ 296 begins where the ramps to US 131 southbound split from eastbound I @-@ 96 at the Alpine Avenue overpass , merging with southbound US 131 north of Ann Street .
= = History = =
The development of a freeway along the modern @-@ day I @-@ 296 / US 131 corridor was proposed in the 1950s . The 1955 General Location of National System of Interstate Highways , an early platform for what would become the Interstate Highway System , contained an inset of the proposed freeways in and around the Grand Rapids area including a north – south freeway near the downtown area . Designated as part of the Interstate Highway System in 1957 , I @-@ 296 's construction was funded by the federal government .
The US 131 freeway was officially opened at 10 a.m. on December 17 , 1962 , between Pearl Street and ( at the time ) the I @-@ 196 / US 16 freeway north of downtown . This freeway section encompassed all of I @-@ 296 , which would connect I @-@ 196 north of town with I @-@ 96 downtown . ( The I @-@ 96 and I @-@ 196 designations were later flipped west of Grand Rapids . ) M @-@ 37 was relocated in Grand Rapids to utilize I @-@ 96 around the northeast side of town instead of I @-@ 296 / US 131 in 1969 .
At the end of the 1970s , MDOT took part in a FHWA @-@ backed initiative called the Positive Guidance Demonstration Project , and the two agencies audited signage practices in the vicinity of the I @-@ 96 / M @-@ 37 and I @-@ 296 / US 131 interchange in Walker . MDOT determined that usage of the I @-@ 296 designation was " a potential source of confusion for motorists . " FHWA agreed with the department 's proposal to eliminate all signage and public map references to the designation in April 1979 . MDOT then petitioned the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ( AASHTO ) on June 22 , 1979 , for their permission to make the change , saying " it is felt that the I @-@ 296 designation serves no useful purpose other than to designate an Interstate routing . " AASHTO approved the request on October 13 . On October 24 that year , MDOT also requested formal permission from the FHWA to remove all signage and map references to I @-@ 296 . The FHWA granted permission on December 3 , 1979 , on the condition that MDOT would continue to use the designation on official documents . The approval explicitly retained the highway in the Interstate system for funding and other purposes . The last state map to show the I @-@ 296 designation was published in 1979 , as the 1980 map lacks any reference to the designation . Other maps , like the one published by the Kent County Road Commission , occasionally show I @-@ 296 , and FHWA includes the designation in their Route Log and Finder List for the Interstate Highway System .
= = Exit list = =
The entire highway is in Kent County .
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= Stewie Kills Lois and Lois Kills Stewie =
" Stewie Kills Lois " and " Lois Kills Stewie " is a two @-@ part episode of the sixth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy , which was originally produced for the end of Season 5 . Respectively , both are the fourth and fifth episode of their season , and they premiered in the United States on Fox on November 4 and 11 , 2007 . In the former , housewife Lois receives cruise tickets from anthropomorphic dog Brian , and invites Peter on the cruise with her . This upsets Stewie , and he ultimately appears to murder Lois while she is on the cruise , only to find out that she had survived the attack as the year passes . In the latter , Lois is able to expose Stewie as the villain that he is , but he soon accomplishes his dream of world domination .
" Stewie Kills Lois " was written by David A. Goodman and directed by John Holmquist , while " Lois Kills Stewie " was written by Steve Callaghan and directed by Greg Colton . Both episodes received relatively positive reviews for their combined story arc and cultural references . " Lois Kills Stewie " featured appearances by Patrick Stewart , Paula Abdul , Randy Jackson , Simon Cowell , and Willem Dafoe ( although Dafoe did not provide his voice ) and both episodes featured cameos by various recurring voice actors for the series .
= = Plot = =
= = = " Stewie Kills Lois " = = =
It is Lois ' birthday , and Brian gives her a pair of cruise tickets with the intention of traveling with her , but she invites Peter instead . Stewie is upset at not being invited on the cruise , and concocts a plan to embarrass Lois . Brian makes Stewie realize that he has never followed through with any of his plans , and he resolves to change this . Meanwhile , Peter proves to be a frequent embarrassment to Lois . A mortified Lois walks onto the promenade to be away from Peter , but is confronted by Stewie , who has traveled to the ship by speedboat , and shoots at her , sending her overboard .
Six days pass since Stewie has killed Lois and Joe informs Peter that he has called off the search for Lois since he and his police squad cannot find her . A year passes since then , with Peter not only trying to find someone new , but also talking Joe into posing as Lois so that her death doesn 't leave Chris emotionally scarred and Meg gaining more self @-@ esteem , while Stewie indirectly reveals to Brian what he had done . Disturbed by the revelation , Brian vows to bring him to justice . Stewie realizes that keeping the evidence of his crime as souvenirs is too risky , and disposes of his gun and his drawings depicting Lois being killed . After Peter reveals that Lois ' life insurance policy has recently been cashed , Joe , Quagmire , and Cleveland search the Griffins ' garbage and find Stewie 's souvenirs . Joe is convinced that Peter is the one who killed Lois , given that Stewie inherited Peter 's handwriting . At his trial in the murder , Peter is close to receiving life in prison , but Lois suddenly appears in the courtroom , and reveals that Stewie tried to kill her .
= = = " Lois Kills Stewie " = = =
Everyone is shocked that Stewie would try to murder Lois , but she insists that he is evil , and explains what happened ; after being shot at and falling overboard , she was rescued by a reverse merman , and became employed at a fat camp and later a diner , where she found a new boyfriend in a white supremacist also visiting the diner , as she had developed amnesia . She eventually regains her memory after a blow to the head at a supremacist rally , and returns to Quahog . While Lois explains her situation , Stewie escapes , captures and restrains his family when they return home , and shoots Cleveland dead when he visits . Stewie kidnaps Brian and forces him into driving him to the CIA , where he gains access to a supercomputer and takes control of the planet 's power grid , thus dominating the world .
After Stewie implements numerous draconian laws , Lois becomes angered and prepares to assassinate him in order to save the world . After taking several weapons from Stewie 's secret weapons vault , she engages Stewie in a destructive battle in the Oval Office . Lois eventually gains the upper hand and prepares to shoot Stewie , but she cannot bring herself to do so , since he is her own child . Stewie takes the opportunity to disarm her and prepare to kill , but is shot dead by Peter before he can do so . They start to mourn over Stewie 's dead body , but it is then revealed that much of what has happened was actually a computer simulation . Brian wonders if a hypothetical external viewer of the simulation would feel cheated by what was ultimately a " dream sequence , " but Stewie argues that a computer simulation is totally different . Stewie then claims that he is not ready to kill Lois or take over the world , until the right time . As Brian and Stewie argue over the differences between " dream sequence " and " computer simulation , " Brian says Stewie ticks a lot of people off . Stewie claims that the computer simulation didn 't end like the final episode of The Sopranos where it just cut to black in mid @-@ sentence , but , just like in Made in America , the final episode of The Sopranos , the final scene cuts to black in mid @-@ sentence , followed by the end credits .
= = Production = =
" Stewie Kills Lois " and " Lois Kills Stewie " are the 102nd and 103rd episodes of Family Guy respectively . They are the fourth and fifth episodes of the sixth season of the show . " Stewie Kills Lois " was written by executive producer and former Futurama and South Park writer David A. Goodman . The episode was directed by John Holmquist . " Lois Kills Stewie " was written by recurring voice actor and future showrunner Steve Callaghan , and directed by Greg Colton . Colton and Callaghan previously worked on the season 5 episode " Whistle While Your Wife Works " .
Before the airing of the episode , a 100th episode tribute special , hosted by MacFarlane , aired on Fox . The special showcases various clips of MacFarlane 's favorite moments from the last 99 episodes of the show . It also included MacFarlane asking people questions related to Family Guy .
" Stewie Kills Lois " and " Lois Kills Stewie " , along with the final five episodes of the fifth season and the first seven episodes of the sixth season , were also released on DVD under the title " Volume 6 " by 20th Century Fox in the United States and Canada on October 21 , 2008 , five months after they had completed broadcast on television . The DVD release also features bonus material including deleted scenes , commentaries , and a ' making of ' feature .
Both episodes aired before the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike , and were the last episodes to air before it . In November 2007 , Variety reported that MacFarlane had joined the strike and refused to complete more Family Guy episodes . A spokesperson for Fox said : " Our hope is that he returns to work and completes his non @-@ writing obligations on those episodes " . Fox aired two new episodes during November 2007 . The following episode , " Padre de Familia " , was the first of these two episodes to air . The strike ended on February 12 , 2008 and the series resumed airing regularly .
In addition to the main cast , actors Patrick Stewart and Phil LaMarr , and American Idol judges Simon Cowell , Randy Jackson and Paula Abdul guest starred in the episode . The episode also featured the recurring voices of actress Jennifer Tilly and Patrick Warburton , and writers Danny Smith and John Viener in minor appearances . Future showrunner Mark Hentemann also made some appearances .
= = Cultural references = =
When Stewie becomes disappointed that Lois did not take him on the cruise , he relates that he has not expressed it much since he saw The Lake House . Peter and Lois watch the sunset ; Lois noting that she feels like Kate Winslet 's character in Titanic , but Peter believes that she was portrayed by Philip Seymour Hoffman . Leonardo DiCaprio is also referenced in the scene .
The cliffhanger ending where Lois returns to reveal Stewie as her attempted killer is a tribute to part one of the Star Trek : The Next Generation two @-@ parter " The Best of Both Worlds " with similar cliffhanger music and " To Be Continued ... " title cards . Since they 're both Trekkies , Seth MacFarlane and David A. Goodman had wanted to use the cliffhanger music from " The Best of Both Worlds " if they ever got up to 100 episodes of Family Guy . Paramount wouldn 't give them the rights , however , so composer Ron Jones , who wrote the music for " The Best of Both Worlds " and several other episodes of Star Trek : The Next Generation , wrote and recorded the music heard in the episode .
While looking for Stewie , Joe and other police officers travel to the Fortress of Solitude , where the maid Consuela works for Superman . Stewie is seen participating on American Idol in a cutaway , singing " Lost in Your Eyes " before judges Simon Cowell , Randy Jackson and Paula Abdul .
American Dad ! characters Stan Smith and Avery Bullock make a crossover appearance in " Lois Kills Stewie " when Stewie hacks into the supercomputer . This crossover is extended on the Volume 6 DVD when , before the confrontation , Brian and Stewie first bump into Stan and Bullock in the restroom . The episode concludes with a reference to The Sopranos as the screen blacks out on Stewie criticizing the series ' finale .
The news anchor , Tom Tucker , copies Dennis Miller 's signature phrase from Weekend Update on Saturday Night Live , saying , " Well , folks , that 's the news , and I am outta here ! " while drawing a circle on a paper .
" Stewie Kills Lois " features the recurring gag of the Kool @-@ Aid Man bursting through the courtroom wall at an inopportune time , exclaiming " OH YEAH ! ! " after a series of people in the courtroom say " Oh no ! ! " in turn . The Kool @-@ Aid Man then slowly backs out of the hole in the wall in embarrassment . This time , the judge implores the people of the court to please stop saying " Oh no ! , " because , as he puts it , " The f * * kin ' Kool @-@ Aid guy 's gonna keep showing up ! ! "
" Lois Kills Stewie " also mocks the varying quality of direct @-@ to @-@ video Disney films in general , in which a cutaway shows Jafar , the main antagonist in Aladdin , undergoing an eye exam . In addition , Lois is seen wearing John Rambo 's combat outfit from Rambo III in her final battle against Stewie .
= = Reception = =
Ahsan Haque of IGN rated " Stewie Kills Lois " a 9 / 10 , while rating " Lois Kills Stewie " a 9 @.@ 4 / 10 , saying " For the hundredth episode of Family Guy , Seth McFarlane and friends tackle the subject of one of Stewie Griffin 's greatest ambitions — his not @-@ so @-@ secret desire to kill his mother . For the disturbed fans waiting for some form of a matricidal manifestation , you can feel comfort knowing , without spoiling too much , that the youngest Griffin absolutely means business and ensures that he doesn 't fail this time around . [ ... ] There are some tense courtroom moments , a birthday celebration with the gift of Lionel Richie , a cruise ship , machine guns , and the reappearance of the Kool Aid Man that help round out this carefully crafted and well @-@ told cohesive storyline . With the amount of cheap manatee jokes kept to a reasonable level , this episode also manages to find an excellent balance between comedy and storytelling . It 's a fantastic way to celebrate the Family Guy one @-@ hundredth episode milestone . [ ... ] With the writers ' strike in full effect , it seems that this might be the last new episode of Family Guy we 'll be seeing for a while . It 's a bittersweet way to end the abruptly short season as the quality is reminiscent of the series ' brilliance from the early years and it seems like the show was really starting to hit its stride for the season . Hopefully the series will be able to live up to the high bar set by this two @-@ part classic upon its eventual return . "
Richard Keller of TV Squad gave " Stewie Kills Lois " a much more negative review . He pointed out that the episode was hyped because before the episode aired a retrospective premiered featuring clips from the last 99 episodes , he stated that the episode was a huge disappointment . He stated that he did not find the episode funny , but rather disjointed , with little story and too many cutaway gags and flashbacks . In his review of " Lois Kills Stewie " , Keller gave a much more positive review . He did mention that the end of the episode was somewhat predictable , as they had killed Cleveland and Stewie . He commented positively to some of the jokes of the episode , and in the overall he mentioned he liked the two episodes , but he was not so keen of the ending of the episode .
On her review of " Stewie Kills Lois " , Genevieve Koski of the The A.V. Club rated the episode a B + . She commented that it was " a bit weird " that the show was focusing on Stewie 's desire to kill Lois , since in the last couple of seasons the Stewie and Brian dynamic had taken precedence , while Lois was being more foil to Peter than Stewie . She felt that most of the cutaway humor felt familiar and that there was no real moment that would deserve any callback status in future episodes . She did praise the cliffhanger , stating that she was intrigued about how the storyline would turn out . She also praised the storyline and liked how it was able to create drama . In her review of " Lois Kills Stewie " , Koski rated the episode a B , calling the end of the story a bit predictable as she thought that the deaths of Lois , Cleveland and Stewie were a one time joke . She praised and disliked some jokes and gags in the episode , including Stewie demanding praise for his macaroni picture of an owl and Lois ' salvation via merman , respectively . She commented that the fight sequence was extended and highly choreographed .
" Lois Kills Stewie " was voted # 9 , and " Stewie Kills Lois " was voted # 8 on BBC Three 's list of Top Ten Family Guy Episodes .
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= Mary : A Fiction =
Mary : A Fiction is the only complete novel by the 18th @-@ century British feminist Mary Wollstonecraft . It tells the tragic story of a heroine 's successive " romantic friendships " with a woman and a man . Composed while Wollstonecraft was a governess in Ireland , the novel was published in 1788 shortly after her summary dismissal and her momentous decision to embark on a writing career , a precarious and disreputable profession for women in 18th @-@ century Britain .
Inspired by Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau 's idea that geniuses are self @-@ taught , Wollstonecraft chose a rational , self @-@ taught heroine , Mary , as the central character of her novel . Helping to redefine genius ( a word which at the end of the 18th century was only beginning to take on its modern meaning of exceptional or brilliant ) , Wollstonecraft describes Mary as independent and capable of defining femininity and marriage for herself . It is Mary 's " strong , original opinions " and her resistance to " conventional wisdom " that mark her as a genius . Making her heroine a genius allowed Wollstonecraft to criticize marriage as well : geniuses were " enchained " rather than enriched by marriage .
Through this heroine Wollstonecraft also critiques 18th @-@ century sensibility and its damaging effects on women . Mary rewrites the traditional romance plot through its reimagination of gender relations and female sexuality . Yet , because Wollstonecraft employs the genre of sentimentalism to critique sentimentalism itself , her " fiction " , as she labels it , sometimes reflects the same flaws of sentimentalism that she is attempting to expose .
Wollstonecraft later repudiated Mary , writing that it was laughable . However , scholars have argued that , despite its faults , the novel 's representation of an energetic , unconventional , opinionated , rational , female genius ( the first of its kind in English literature ) within a new kind of romance is an important development in the history of the novel because it helped shape an emerging feminist discourse .
= = Plot summary = =
Mary begins with a description of the conventional and loveless marriage between the heroine 's mother and father . Eliza , Mary 's mother , is obsessed with novels , rarely considers anyone but herself , and favours Mary 's brother . She neglects her daughter , who educates herself using only books and the natural world . Ignored by her family , Mary devotes much of her time to charity . When her brother suddenly dies , leaving Mary heir to the family 's fortune , her mother finally takes an interest in her ; she is taught " accomplishments " , such as dancing , that will attract suitors . However , Mary 's mother soon sickens and requests on her deathbed that Mary wed Charles , a wealthy man she has never met . Stunned and unable to refuse , Mary agrees . Immediately after the ceremony , Charles departs for the Continent .
To escape a family who does not share her values , Mary befriends Ann , a local girl who educates her still further . Mary becomes quite attached to Ann who is in the grip of an unrequited love and does not reciprocate Mary 's feelings . Ann 's family falls into poverty and is on the brink of losing their home , but Mary is able to pay off their debts after her marriage to Charles gives her limited control over her money .
Ann becomes consumptive and Mary travels with her to Lisbon in hopes of nursing her back to health . There they are introduced to Henry , who is also trying to regain his health . Ann dies and Mary is grief @-@ stricken . Henry and Mary subsequently fall in love but are forced to return to England separately . Mary , depressed by her marriage to Charles and bereft of both Ann and Henry , remains unsettled , until she hears that Henry 's consumption has worsened . She rushes to his side and cares for him until he dies .
At the end of the novel , Charles returns from Europe ; he and Mary establish something of a life together , but Mary is unhealthy and can barely stand to be in the same room with her husband ; the last few lines of the novel imply that she will die young .
= = Biographical and literary influences = =
Wollstonecraft wrote Mary at the town of Hotwells in Bristol while a governess for the Anglo @-@ Irish Kingsborough family . Her relationships with the family provided fodder for the novel , a work that Wollstonecraft herself admitted was " drawn from Nature " . Eliza , for example , is partially based on Lady Kingsborough , who Wollstonecraft believed cared more for her dogs than for her children . More importantly , the friendship between Mary and Ann closely resembles the relationship between Wollstonecraft and her intimate companion Fanny Blood , who meant " all the world " to her and , as Wollstonecraft 's husband William Godwin later put it , " for whom she contracted a friendship so fervent , as for years to have constituted the ruling passion of her mind " . Wollstonecraft 's representation of Fanny as Ann has been called " condescending " ; critics have speculated that because Wollstonecraft felt betrayed by Fanny 's decision to marry , she depicted Ann as a friend who could never satisfy the heroine .
Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau 's philosophical treatise on education , Emile ( 1762 ) , is one of the major literary influences on Mary . A few months before starting the work , Wollstonecraft wrote to her sister Everina : " I am now reading Rousseau 's Emile , and love his paradoxes ... however he rambles into that chimerical world in which I have too often wandered ... He was a strange inconsistent unhappy clever creature — yet he possessed an uncommon portion of sensibility and penetration " ( emphasis Wollstonecraft 's ) . Rousseau , she notes , " chuses [ sic ] a common capacity to educate — and gives as a reason , that a genius will educate itself " ( emphasis Wollstonecraft 's ) . When Mary was published , the title page included a quotation from Rousseau : " L 'exercice des plus sublimes vertus éleve et nourrit le génie " ( " the exercise of the most sublime virtues raises and nourishes genius " ) . The novel is therefore , in many ways , an early bildungsroman , or novel of education .
Wollstonecraft 's epigrammatic allusion to Rousseau 's Julie ( 1761 ) signifies her debt to the novel of sensibility , one of the most popular genres during the last half of the 18th century . Along with other female writers , such as Mary Hays , Helen Maria Williams , Charlotte Turner Smith , Mary Robinson , Maria Edgeworth , and Hannah More , Wollstonecraft felt compelled to respond to the Rousseauvean ideological aesthetic that had come to dominate British fiction . Romantic heroines , Wollstonecraft scholar Gary Kelly writes , " represent woman constructed for man : the heroic feminine victim of the courtly rake and gallant , the virtuous feminine companion of the ideal professionalized gentleman , and the intellectually and erotically subservient companion of the ideal bourgeois man " . Wollstonecraft would also attack Rousseau in her best @-@ known work , A Vindication of the Rights of Woman , because of his sexism in the second part of Emile . She announces in the " Advertisement " ( a section similar to a preface ) of Mary that she is offering her heroine , who is a " genius " , as a contrast to characters such as Samuel Richardson 's Clarissa and Rousseau 's Sophie . In addition the text is peppered with allusions to popular sentimental novels such as The History of Eliza Warwick ( 1778 ) and The Platonic Marriage ( 1787 ) , which critique their presentation of the heroine of feminine sensibility . Mary is more akin to the charitable and industrious heroines of Bluestocking Sarah Scott 's Millenium Hall ( 1762 ) than to the passive , weepy heroines found in most sentimental novels . Debate concerning the relationship between gender and sensibility continued into the early 19th century ; Jane Austen , for example , made it the explicit focus of her novel Sense and Sensibility ( 1811 ) .
= = Themes = =
As Wollstonecraft scholar Virginia Sapiro points out in her description of Mary , the novel anticipates many of the themes that would come to dominate Wollstonecraft 's later writings , such as her concern with the " slavery of marriage " and the absence of any respectable occupations for women . From the beginning of her career , Wollstonecraft was concerned with how sensibility affected women as well as the perception of women in society . All of her works address these topics from one vantage point or another . Connected to this is her analysis of the legitimate and illegitimate foundations for relationships between men and women . Wollstonecraft 's oeuvre is filled with continual reassessments of the definition of femininity and masculinity and the role that sensibility should fill in those definitions . In order to explore these ideas , Wollstonecraft continually turns to herself as an example ( all of her works are highly autobiographical , particularly her two novels and the Letters Written in Sweden , Norway , and Denmark ( 1796 ) ) . As one of Wollstonecraft 's first attempts to explore these questions , Mary is at times awkward and it occasionally falls short of what Gary Kelly calls the " Revolutionary feminism " of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ( 1792 ) and Maria : or , The Wrongs of Woman ( 1798 ) .
= = = Sensibility and the sentimental heroine = = =
Claudia Johnson argues that Mary is " a bold and dangerous novel " , because it presents a new kind of heroine , a " woman who has thinking powers " ( in Wollstonecraft 's words ) who is also capable of having intimate relationships with both men and women . Wollstonecraft attempts to show how a gifted woman can learn to think for herself : through solitary nature walks ; by reading philosophical and medical texts ; by travelling ; and through close friendships . Juxtaposing her new heroine with the traditional sentimental heroine , Wollstonecraft criticizes the " fatuous " and " insipid " romantic heroine . Eliza , Mary 's mother , with her fondness for vacuous novels and lapdogs , embodies this type . Wollstonecraft even pokes fun at readers who expect the book to conform to their romantic expectations and desires :
If my readers would excuse the sportiveness of fancy , and give me credit for genius , I would go on and tell them such tales as would force sweet tears of sensibility to flow in copious showers down beautiful cheeks , to the discomposure of rouge , & c . & c . Nay , I would make it so interesting , that the fair peruser should beg the hair @-@ dresser to settle the curls himself , and not interrupt her .
Mary , however , is depicted as authentic rather than artificial , detesting fashionable life rather than yearning after it . Mary 's charitable works , for example , are not a passing fad : they are a heartfelt reaction to social injustice . Even though she is older and intellectual instead of young and pretty , Mary asserts her right to sexual desire rather than sublimating it .
Mary 's erotic relationships with both Ann and Henry challenge traditional conceptions of the marriage plot . Most of Mary 's positive attributes , such as her rationality , her ability to reject convention , and her sexuality would have been read in the 18th century as masculine traits . Eliza , Ann , and Henry embody the feminine weakness and passivity , often associated with sentimentality , that Wollstonecraft was criticizing . Although the novel critiques sentimentality , the text appears , in the end , to be unable to resist those very conventions as Mary begins to pine for Henry . Furthermore , the book does not present an alternative way of life for women — it offers only death . Yet , at the same time , the last few lines of the novel hold out the promise of a better world " where there is neither marrying , nor giving in marriage " ( emphasis Wollstonecraft 's ) .
As literary scholar Diane Long Hoeveler has demonstrated , Mary is not only a sentimental novel , but , with its emphasis on death , hyperbolic emotion , and persecution , also a gothic novel . Hoeveler identifies in the text what she calls " Gothic feminism " , an ideology that values the persecuted heroine above all : it " is not about being equal to men " but rather " about being morally superior to men . It is about being a victim " . In other words , Hoeveler argues that the position of victim grants women moral authority . In a Freudian reading , she focuses on how Mary " displaces and projects her own anger and disappointment " onto other characters , such as Ann and Henry . In this interpretation , Ann and Henry become surrogate parents to Mary ; she is " unable to move out of her childish identifications with parental figures , and so she just keeps constructing one parent @-@ substitute after another , never being able to accept the demands and realities required for marriage " .
= = = = Genre : " A Fiction " = = = =
Wollstonecraft 's subtitle — A Fiction — explicitly rejects a number of popular 18th @-@ century genres , such as the longer " history " or novel ( Mary is substantially shorter than Richardson 's Clarissa , for example ) . In the advertisement , she defends writing a reality @-@ based " fiction " about a female genius :
Without arguing physically about possibilities — in a fiction , such a being may be allowed to exist ; whose grandeur is drawn from the operations of its own faculties , not subjugated to opinion ; but drawn by the individual from the original source . ( emphasis Wollstonecraft 's )
Through her choice of the subtitle " fiction " , Wollstonecraft implies that other genres , such as the novel , restrict the plots available for women ; she therefore attempts to invent a new genre , one that offers choice and self @-@ confidence to female characters .
= = = Love and friendship = = =
One of the key differences between Wollstonecraft 's novels and her philosophical treatises , as feminist critic Cora Kaplan has argued , is that her fiction celebrates female emotion and argues for its value while her treatises present emotion as " reactionary and regressive , almost counter @-@ revolutionary " . Johnson has extended this argument and contends that Wollstonecraft is interested in presenting the benefits of romantic friendship over marriage : " whereas Wollstonecraft shrinks from homosocial ' familiarity ' and advocates the ennobling properties of domestic heterosexuality in Rights of Woman , her novels not only resist the heterosexual plot , but displace it with protolesbian narratives wrested from sentimentality itself . " While many critics have argued that Mary " capitulates to " or " matures into " both sentimentality and heterosexuality , Johnson 's interpretation has become the standard .
Mary 's relationship with Ann challenges the definition of friendship ; as Johnson explains , it " is no ordinary friendship " . Mary looks to Ann , in Wollstonecraft 's words , " to experience the pleasure of being beloved " . Mary is " coded as masculine ( agentive , sublime ) while Ann is stereotypically feminine in [ her ] ' die @-@ away ' delicacy " . This gendered divide is even reflected in Mary 's choice of reading material ; she reads books associated with the masculine sublime such as Edward Young 's Night Thoughts ( 1742 – 45 ) and John Milton 's Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) . Although Ann does not feel the love for Mary that Mary does for her , Mary devotedly nurses Ann and is distraught by her death . The unusual intensity of this relationship is revealed in Wollstonecraft 's description of Mary 's sorrow :
The ladies . . . began to administer some common – place comfort , as , that it was our duty to submit to the will of Heaven , and the like trite consolations , which Mary did not answer ; but waving her hand , with an air of impatience , she exclaimed , " I cannot live without her ! — I have no other friend ; if I lose her , what a desart [ sic ] will the world be to me . " " No other friend , " re – echoed they , " have you not a husband ? "
Mary shrunk back , and was alternately pale and red . A delicate sense of propriety prevented her from replying ; and recalled her bewildered reason .
Johnson cautions against labelling Mary and Ann 's relationship lesbian , since the identity @-@ defining concepts of heterosexuality and homosexuality did not exist during the 18th century ; she maintains , rather , that their relationship is a bond which cannot be articulated through language . This bond is perhaps best described as erotic rather than overtly sexual . Further evidence to support such an interpretation comes from Wollstonecraft 's life . Wollstonecraft based her portrait of Ann on her close friend , Fanny Blood , and when her husband , William Godwin , came to write his Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman ( 1798 ) , he described Fanny and Wollstonecraft 's first meeting as similar to the one between the tortured lovers Charlotte and Werther in Goethe 's sentimental novel The Sorrows of Young Werther ( 1774 ) . One biographer of Wollstonecraft notes that Hester Chapone 's Letters on the Improvement of the Mind , which influenced Wollstonecraft 's earlier Thoughts on the Education of Daughters ( 1787 ) , dedicates several chapters to these " friends of the heart " ; such friendships would not have seemed unusual to 18th @-@ century readers .
After Ann 's death , Mary replaces her with Henry ; as Johnson writes , " this tale of forbidden and unnarratable passionate friendship becomes a tale of forbidden but narratable adulterous love " . Like Ann , Henry is a feminine counterpart to Mary 's masculine persona . Mary 's relationship with Henry is both erotic and paternal :
[ S ] he thought of him till she began to chide herself for defrauding the dead , and , determining to grieve for Ann , she dwelt on Henry 's misfortune and ill health . . . she thought with rapture that there was one person in the world who had an affection for her , and that person she admired — had a friendship for . He had called her his dear girl . . . My child ! His child , what an association of ideas ! If I had a father , such a father ! — She could not dwell on the thoughts , the wishes which obtruded themselves . Her mind was unhinged , and passion unperceived filled her whole soul .
In Johnson 's interpretation , Mary does not replace Ann with a masculine lover as one might expect in a sentimental novel but rather with a " feminine " , yet still acceptably male , lover .
= = = Genius and the autobiographical self = = =
In describing her heroine , Wollstonecraft drew on the emerging 18th @-@ century conception of the genius , a word that was slowly changing meaning from " a peculiar , distinctive , or identifying character or spirit " to " extraordinary intellectual power especially as manifested in creative activity " . She offered readers the first representation of a female genius . The masculinity , particularly the " energy and decisiveness " , that characterizes Mary is therefore portrayed positively and contrasted with the " passivity and sickliness " of the feminized Ann and Henry . It is Mary 's " strong , original opinions " and her resistance to " conventional wisdom " that mark her as a genius . Making her heroine a genius allowed Wollstonecraft to criticize marriage as well : geniuses were " enchained " rather than enriched by marriage .
Strength of mind , by which Wollstonecraft meant " the degree to which [ the mind ] can independently reach its own conclusions " ( emphasis in original ) , is central to her idea of the female genius . Merely imitating others is not enough , even if one imitates the " correct " actions and thoughts . Reason , for Wollstonecraft , is what controls the emotions ; without reason , she contends , people would fail to understand their own feelings . Moreover , reason allows for the distinction between a useful sensibility and a harmful sensualism . She writes : " sensibility is indeed the foundation of all our happiness ; but these raptures are unknown to the depraved sensualist , who is only moved by what strikes his gross senses . " Useful sensibility allows Mary to embark upon charity projects . Yet , this highly attuned sensibility separates the classes along emotional lines : only the middle @-@ class Mary is able to understand what the poor around her require .
Wollstonecraft modelled Mary after herself , even to the point of giving the heroine her own name . Using free indirect discourse , which blurs the line between the third @-@ person narrator and the first @-@ person dialogue of a text , she ties the narrator 's voice , which resembles the " Wollstonecraft " of the advertisement , to the heroine . This rhetorical device highlights the autobiographical elements in the story and emphasizes the reality of " the fiction " .
= = Reception = =
Although Wollstonecraft initially felt proud of Mary , a decade after its publication she no longer believed that the work aptly demonstrated her talents as an author ; she wrote to Everina in 1797 : " as for my Mary , I consider it as a crude production , and do not very willingly put it in the way of people whose good opinion , as a writer , I wish for ; but you may have it to make up the sum of laughter " . Wollstonecraft 's husband , William Godwin , disagreed , however , in his Memoirs of the Author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman :
This little work , if Mary had never produced any thing else , would serve , with persons of true taste and sensibility , to establish the eminence of her genius . The story is nothing . He that looks into the book only for incident , will probably lay it down with disgust . But the feelings are of the truest and most exquisite class ; every circumstance is adorned with that species of imagination , which enlists itself under the banners of delicacy and sentiment .
Most scholars agree with Wollstonecraft 's assessment of her writing . Nevertheless , they still believe that the novel is important because it attempts to depict a liberated and reasoning female genius . As feminist scholar Mitzi Myers argues , " in her focus on the subjective vision and internal life of her heroine , in her reliance on emotional nuance rather than plot , Wollstonecraft both transforms the traditions of late eighteenth @-@ century sentimental fiction for feminist purposes and anticipates twentieth @-@ century trends in the novel of feminine consciousness . " Mary helped initiate a tradition that would blossom in novels such as Charlotte Brontë 's Jane Eyre ( 1847 ) and Villette ( 1853 ) .
Published by Joseph Johnson , Mary itself was moderately successful , and sections of it were included in several collections of sentimental extracts that were popular at the time , such as The Young Gentleman and Lady 's Instructor ( 1809 ) . However , Johnson was still trying to sell copies of it in the 1790s and consistently listed it in the advertisements for her other works . It was not reprinted until the 1970s , when scholars became interested in Wollstonecraft and women 's writing more generally .
= = Modern reprints = =
Wollstonecraft , Mary . The Complete Works of Mary Wollstonecraft . Ed . Janet Todd and Marilyn Butler . 7 vols . London : William Pickering , 1989 . ISBN 0 @-@ 8147 @-@ 9225 @-@ 1 .
Wollstonecraft , Mary . Mary and The Wrongs of Woman . Ed . Gary Kelly . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 19 @-@ 283536 @-@ X.
Wollstonecraft , Mary . Mary : A Fiction . Ed . Gina Luria . New York : Garland , 1974 .
Wollstonecraft , Mary . Mary ; Maria ; Matilda . Ed . Janet Todd . New York : New York University Press , 1992 . ISBN 0 @-@ 8147 @-@ 9252 @-@ 9
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= Mind Meld =
Mind Meld : Secrets Behind the Voyage of a Lifetime is a 2001 American documentary film in which actors William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy discuss the Star Trek science fiction franchise and its effects on their lives . Shatner and Nimoy portrayed the characters James T. Kirk and Spock respectively in the 1960s Star Trek television series , the 1970s animated television series , and their film sequels . They talk about differences they had with Gene Roddenberry , the creator of Star Trek , and about the strained relationships between Shatner and some of the other cast members . It was in this film that Nimoy first publicly revealed that he had struggled with alcoholism while he was acting in the original television series . Shatner talks about the death of his third wife , Nerine Kidd , who accidentally drowned in a pool in 1999 after suffering from alcoholism .
Mind Meld was produced to advertise Shatner 's personal website . Filming took place at Nimoy 's home on September 5 , 2001 , and Billy West narrated the title sequence . The film 's title refers to a fictional practice in Star Trek — a mind meld is a telepathic link that Vulcans are able to create with other organisms . Mind Meld was released for sale on Shatner 's website on November 6 , 2001 , coinciding with the release of the director 's cut of Star Trek : The Motion Picture . Mind Meld attracted some notoriety because of an unintended sound in one scene that became a popular subject of flatulence humor among Star Trek fans and on morning zoo radio programs . Shatner denied being the source of this sound in multiple interviews ; he and Mind Meld 's director , Peter Jaysen , attributed it to equipment on set .
The film received mixed reviews from critics . Scott Brown of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an " F " , and said that the only people likely to watch the film were extreme Star Trek fans and people interested in hearing Shatner 's supposed flatulence . Laurence Lerman of Video Business praised the film for not " rehash [ ing ] anecdotes that have long been staples of Star Trek conventions and behind @-@ the @-@ scenes memoirs " , and instead for dealing with such topics as alcoholism , career difficulties , and conflicts on the set of Star Trek .
= = Contents = =
William Shatner and Leonard Nimoy respectively portrayed James T. Kirk and Spock in Star Trek , first in the 1960s television series ( later retitled Star Trek : The Original Series ) , then in the 1970s television series Star Trek : The Animated Series , and subsequently in several Star Trek films between 1979 and 1994 . In Mind Meld , they discuss the Star Trek media franchise and its enduring success . The film is , except for the title sequence , composed entirely of Shatner and Nimoy in conversation . Many of the topics they discuss were inspired by online questions from fans . The film starts in Nimoy 's backyard , where the two sit on patio chairs , and then moves into Nimoy 's library , which is filled with souvenirs .
The film focuses on the effects Star Trek had on the lives of Shatner and Nimoy , with each actor interviewing the other about his fame . They talk about Star Trek 's origins and the death of DeForest Kelley , who had portrayed Leonard McCoy in both The Original Series and The Animated Series . Shatner and Nimoy also discuss interactions between themselves and others on the set of Star Trek , including conflicts . Both Shatner and Nimoy describe having had strained relationships with Gene Roddenberry , the creator of Star Trek , and attest to other members of the Original Series cast disliking Shatner . Only one of these cast members is referred to by name : Nichelle Nichols , who portrayed Nyota Uhura . " I never fully comprehended what it was that was bothering them " , says Shatner .
Both men describe Star Trek as having put personal pressures on them that negatively affected their family lives . The conversation is mostly guided by Shatner , who prompts Nimoy to discuss issues he had regarding the legitimacy of consistently portraying an extraterrestrial , and other struggles with his acting career at the time . " It took me a while , " Nimoy says , " but I got rid of all that anger when I realized that I never had to worry about work ever since Star Trek went on the air . " Nimoy reveals that he was an alcoholic at the time of the original Star Trek series — something that was not publicly known before Mind Meld . He developed " a major drinking habit , probably during the second or third year " of the series , he says , and had his secretary bring him alcohol in paper cups at the end of each day of filming . Nimoy suggests that he became dependent on alcohol because of the deterioration of his marriage to Sandra Zober , his first wife . He says that , since divorcing Zober in 1987 and marrying actress Susan Bay in 1988 , he has been a teetotaler .
Shatner says that acting in Star Trek was " life @-@ consuming " and left him " barely any time for family " , and that this was the reason for his divorce from Gloria Rand , his first wife . He describes a subsequent succession of sexual partners , including , he says , Star Trek actresses . He also talks about the death of his father , Joseph Shatner , and of his third wife , Nerine Kidd , who accidentally drowned in a pool in 1999 , losing a battle with alcoholism . Shatner recalls that Nimoy had expressed concern about Kidd 's alcoholism and warned him about marrying her . Another topic is Nimoy 's fine @-@ art photography , which deals with spirituality and sensuality . Both Shatner and Nimoy say that , while they are glad that Star Trek became successful , they wish their subsequent fame had encroached less on their privacy . They also describe having been typecast as a result of their roles in Star Trek , and say that this has had repercussions on their respective acting careers . Shatner recounts his initial surprise that , at science fiction conventions , the fans seem to like each other more than they like the science fiction actors . The film concludes with Nimoy putting his arm around Shatner 's shoulder and saying , " You 're my best friend . "
= = Production = =
Mind Meld was produced as a way of advertising Shatner 's personal website , williamshatner.com , which offered features including the Shatner and Friends fan club 's quarterly newsletter , semi @-@ regular updates on Shatner 's life , and a photograph of Shatner with the gorilla Koko . Shatner said that another reason they decided to make the film was because Nimoy was visibly getting old . Shatner asked Nimoy if he would be willing to discuss his experiences with alcoholism in the film , and Nimoy agreed . Nimoy later said that no one had ever asked him about this part of his past , and that discussing it in Mind Meld " was an opportunity to put out some information that might be helpful to some people . "
Filming took place on September 5 , 2001 , in high @-@ definition video at Nimoy 's home , under the direction of Peter Jaysen . There was no script ; the conversation between Shatner and Nimoy was ad lib . The title sequence of Mind Meld is narrated by veteran voice actor Billy West , who had previously voiced such characters as Zim in the television series Invader Zim , Ralph in Joe 's Apartment , and Elmer Fudd in Looney Tunes : Back in Action . While the filming session resulted in approximately two hours of footage , a significant portion of this was not used , resulting in a final runtime of 75 minutes . In an interview with science fiction magazine Starlog , Shatner said , " I don 't think ... that anything was cut because it was too personal or inflammatory . Edits were only made for time . " The title of the film refers to a fictional practice in Star Trek ; a mind meld is a telepathic link that Spock is able to create with other organisms because he is half @-@ Vulcan . Shatner summarized the film as being " two friends talking one @-@ on @-@ one " .
= = Release = =
Mind Meld was released on VHS and DVD for sale on Shatner 's website on November 6 , 2001 , coinciding with the release of the director 's cut of Star Trek : The Motion Picture , a film that Shatner and Nimoy agreed was not as good as they had hoped it would be . Mind Meld was produced by Creative Light Entertainment , a company that produced another filmed interview the following year — Stan Lee 's Mutants , Monsters & Marvels , an interview of Marvel Comics publisher Stan Lee by film director Kevin Smith . The Mind Meld DVD offers widescreen and fullscreen options , Dolby Digital surround sound , and a five @-@ minute " making of " featurette . Mind Meld T @-@ shirts were available on Shatner 's website . The film 's release prompted Wil Wheaton , who had portrayed Wesley Crusher in Star Trek : The Next Generation , to change the name of his comic science fiction improvisational theatre company from " Mind Meld " to " EarnestBorg9 " .
Shatner referred to The Original Series as " cartoonish " in Mind Meld , but later , upon questioning by a reporter , said , " I never thought it was a cartoon ... I never thought it was beneath me . " In a February 2002 interview on Larry King Live , Shatner said Mind Meld was similar to My Dinner with Andre , and indicated that he and Nimoy were hoping to produce more films of a similar nature . Nimoy said of the film , " This is the most personal insight the fans will get into our relationship and into aspects of Bill and myself they 've never heard before . " In April 2002 , Mind Meld was screened at the Newport Beach Film Festival . Two years later , Mind Meld was included in the bonus material when the first six Star Trek films were re @-@ released as a special edition box set .
= = = Alleged flatulence = = =
Around 52 minutes and 47 seconds into the film , when Shatner is talking about the other Original Series actors disliking him , he shifts in his chair and a sound evocative of flatulence is audible . This sound , apparently unnoticed by the filmmakers , was first mentioned in the media by Adam Buckman in the New York Post on October 10 , 2001 . Buckman wrote that he played the sound for more than six colleagues who all agreed that it came from Shatner . This scene became a popular subject of flatulence humor among Star Trek fans and on morning zoo radio programs . Reviewers identified as many as six other similar noises in Mind Meld , between the 52 @-@ minute mark and the end .
Howard Stern played the sound on his radio show several times , including when Shatner appeared on the show to promote his upcoming television series Iron Chef USA on November 13 , 2001 . When Stern asked about the sound , Shatner said it had been produced by the boom operator . A similar claim was made on Shatner 's website , where the noise was attributed to a squeaky jib . On Conan O 'Brien 's Late Night program on November 14 , Shatner called it " outrageous " that Buckman should assume him to be the source of the sound rather than Nimoy . O 'Brien responded , " You 're the captain ! You outrank him ! It 's your responsibility ! " Pressed further by O 'Brien on the sound 's provenance , Shatner suggested that it may have been a dog bark or a bird call . According to Jaysen , the sound did not emanate from Shatner , and was most likely caused by cables rubbing against each other while a camera moved . " It was probably some machine that nobody heard " , Shatner said in a September 2002 interview . " The controversy is over . "
Jim Dawson devoted an entire chapter of his 2006 Modern History of the Fart to Shatner 's alleged flatulence in Mind Meld , which he compares to the sound of someone stepping on a tribble . G. Noel Gross of DVD Talk compared the excitement over this sound to that evinced by adolescent boys watching pornography , and compared the level of scrutiny devoted to the scene to that received by the Zapruder film of the Kennedy assassination .
= = Reception = =
Sarah Sloboda of The New York Times wrote that Mind Meld " provides a genuine glimpse of the lives of the stars shadowed by the roles that defined their public personas , and the mutual experience that binds them as friends " . Gross praised the video quality , but criticized the DVD functionality and features . He also wrote that " even in the heavier parts of this conversation , there 's a warmth and comradery there that 's rife with good humor " . Scott Brown of Entertainment Weekly gave the film an F , saying that the only people likely to watch the film other than extreme Star Trek fans are people interested in hearing the sound alleged to be Shatner 's flatulence , which Brown said can be clearly heard . He called the film " seemingly interminable " and said the discussion between Shatner and Nimoy shows that they " rival black holes in sheer self @-@ absorption " . According to John Henzell , writing for The Press of New Zealand , Mind Meld 's trailer took its subject matter so seriously that it became comical .
Vern Perry of the Orange County Register called the film fascinating , writing that it skilfully combined humor and earnestness . He wrote that it was moving to see the two actors talk about their personal lives with such vulnerability — particularly when Nimoy discusses his experiences with alcoholism . Greg Stacy of OC Weekly reported being " thoroughly charmed " by the film , and called " the affection between [ Shatner and Nimoy ] obvious and touching . "
Laurence Lerman of Video Business praised Mind Meld for not " rehash [ ing ] anecdotes that have long been staples of Star Trek conventions and behind @-@ the @-@ scenes memoirs " , but instead dealing with such topics as alcoholism , career difficulties , and conflicts on the set of Star Trek . Mike Clark of USA Today praised Shatner 's interviewing abilities and wrote that the film was engaging . Clark called Shatner 's and Nimoy 's conversation " surprisingly frank " , but added that Shatner was " full of himself " . A review in British newspaper The Guardian summarized Mind Meld as " a couple of gents sitting around talking " .
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= French battleship Provence =
Provence was a battleship of the French Navy built in the 1910s , named in honor of the French region of Provence . She was a member of the Bretagne class , alongside her two sister ships , Bretagne and Lorraine . Provence was laid down in May 1912 at the Arsenal de Lorient , launched in April 1913 , and commissioned into the fleet in March 1916 , after the outbreak of World War I. She was armed with a main battery of ten 340 mm ( 13 @.@ 4 in ) guns and had a top speed of 20 knots ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) .
Provence spent the bulk of her career in the French Mediterranean Squadron , where she served as the fleet flagship . During World War I , she was stationed at Corfu to prevent the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet from leaving the Adriatic Sea , but she saw no action . She was modernized significantly in the 1920s and 1930s , and conducted normal peace @-@ time cruises and training maneuvers in the Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean . She participated in non @-@ intervention patrols during the Spanish Civil War .
In the early days of World War II , Provence conducted patrols and sweeps into the Atlantic to search for German surface raiders . She was stationed in Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir when France surrendered on 22 June 1940 . Fearful that the Germans would seize the French Navy , the British Royal Navy attacked the ships at Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir . Provence was damaged and sank in the harbor , though she was refloated and moved to Toulon , where she became the flagship of the training fleet there . In late November 1942 , the Germans occupied Toulon and , to prevent them from seizing the fleet , the French scuttled their ships , including Provence . She was raised in July 1943 , and some of her guns were used for coastal defense in the area ; the Germans scuttled her a second time in Toulon as a blockship in 1944 . Provence was ultimately raised in April 1949 and sold to ship breakers .
= = Design = =
Provence was laid down at the Arsenal de Lorient on 1 May 1912 , launched on 20 April 1913 , and completed in June 1915 . She was commissioned into the French Navy on 1 March 1916 . The ship was 166 meters ( 544 ft 7 in ) long overall and had a beam of 26 @.@ 9 m ( 88 ft 3 in ) and a full @-@ load draft of 9 @.@ 8 m ( 32 ft 2 in ) . She displaced around 25 @,@ 000 metric tons ( 25 @,@ 000 long tons ) at full load and had a crew of between 1124 and 1133 officers and enlisted men . She was powered by four Parsons steam turbines with eighteen Belleville boilers . They were rated at 29 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 22 @,@ 000 kW ) and provided a top speed of 20 knots ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) . Coal storage amounted to 2 @,@ 680 t ( 2 @,@ 640 long tons ; 2 @,@ 950 short tons ) .
Provence 's main battery consisted of ten Canon de 340 mm Modéle 1912 guns mounted in five twin gun turrets , numbered from front to rear . They were placed all on the centerline ; two were in a superfiring pair forward , one amidships , and the last two in a superfiring arrangement aft . The secondary battery consisted of twenty @-@ two Canon de 138 mm Modèle 1910 guns in casemates along the length of the hull . She also carried seven 47 mm ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) Hotchkiss guns for defense against aircraft , two on the conning tower and one on the roof of each turret . The ship was also armed with four submerged 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes . The ship 's main belt was 270 mm ( 10 @.@ 6 in ) thick and the main battery was protected by up to 300 mm ( 11 @.@ 8 in ) of armor . The conning tower had 314 mm ( 12 @.@ 4 in ) thick sides .
= = Service = =
After entering service in 1916 , Provence and her sisters were assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Battle Squadron , with Provence as the fleet flagship . The three ships remained in the unit for the remainder of the war . They spent the majority of their time at Corfu to prevent the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet from attempting to break out of the Adriatic . The fleet 's presence was also intended to intimidate Greece , which had become increasingly hostile to the Triple Entente . Later in the war , men were drawn from their crews for anti @-@ submarine warfare vessels . As the Austro @-@ Hungarians largely remained in port for the duration of the war , Provence saw no action during the conflict . Indeed , she did not leave port at all for the entirety of 1917 . In April 1919 , she returned to Toulon . The French Navy intended to send the ship to the Black Sea to join operations against the Bolsheviks , but a major mutiny prevented the operation . She and Lorraine went to Constantinople in October 1919 , where they formed the core of the Eastern Mediterranean Squadron .
In June 1921 , Provence and Bretagne went to Le Havre for a naval review , and were back in Toulon in September . In 1922 , Provence and Lorraine were placed in reserve , leaving Bretagne the only member of her class in service ; while out of service , Provence underwent a significant refit . The work lasted from 1 February 1922 to 4 July 1923 , and was carried out in Toulon . The ship had her armament improved ; her main guns were given greater elevation to increase their range , and four 75 mm M1897 guns were installed on the forward superstructure . A heavy tripod mast with a fire control station and a rangefinder for the ship 's anti @-@ aircraft guns were also added .
Another refit followed on 12 December 1925 – 11 July 1927 . The elevation of the main battery guns was again increased , the bow section of the belt armor was removed , and half of her boilers were converted to oil @-@ firing models . A third and final modernization began on 20 September 1931 and lasted until 20 August 1934 . The rest of the coal @-@ fired boilers were replaced with six Indret oil @-@ fired boilers , new turbines and main battery guns were installed , along with eight new 75 mm anti @-@ aircraft guns . After emerging from the refit , Provence and Bretagne were assigned to the 2nd Squadron in the Atlantic . There , they joined fleet exercises off the Azores , Madeira , and Morocco . The two ships took part in a cruise to Africa in 1936 . In August , they were involved in non @-@ intervention patrols after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War ; these patrols lasted until April 1937 .
= = = World War II = = =
At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 , Provence was in Toulon along with Bretagne in the 2nd Squadron , with Provence serving as the flagship of Vice Admiral Ollive . On 21 October , she went into drydock for periodic maintenance , which lasted until 2 December . Two days later , Provence and Bretagne , along with numerous cruisers and destroyers , sortied from Dakar to cover French merchant shipping off West Africa and the Azores . Around the middle of the month , the French warships returned to port .
Provence was then sent to Casablanca , where she joined Force Y. The unit conducted several fruitless sweeps into the Atlantic . While in Gibraltar , she was damaged and forced to return to Toulon for repairs . While en route , she intercepted the Italian passenger ship Oceania ; Provence dispatched her to Marseilles so she could be inspected for contraband . Provence sailed for Oran on 24 January 1940 , and then returned to Force Y in Dakar . Force Y was transferred to Oran on 11 April ; they arrived five days later . On 27 April , Provence , her two sisters , and several cruisers were moved to Alexandria . On 18 May , Provence and Bretagne returned to Mers El Kébir .
Following the French surrender on 22 June , the French fleet was to be disarmed under German and Italian supervision , under the terms of the Armistice . The British high command , however , was concerned that the French ships would be seized by the Axis powers and placed in service . The Axis navies would then outnumber the British Royal Navy . Prime Minister Winston Churchill therefore ordered Vice Admiral James Somerville , the commander of Force H , to neutralize the French fleet at Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir . He was instructed to order the French vessels to join the British with the Free French , to move them to French possessions like Martinique where they would be outside the reach of the Axis powers , to move them to the USA where they would be interned , to scuttle themselves , or be sunk . On 3 July , Somerville arrived and delivered the ultimatum . After 10 hours of discussions and the French rejection of any part of the ultimatum , the British ships opened fire .
Provence returned fire about 90 seconds after the British attacked , though she had no success against her assailants . Bretagne was hit by several 15 @-@ inch ( 380 mm ) shells and exploded , killing most of her crew . Provence was also hit several times and badly damaged ; the shells set her on fire and caused her to settle to the bottom of the harbor , but she did not explode like her sister ship . The ship was subsequently refloated and temporarily repaired , and on 5 November , she was transferred to Toulon , arriving on the 8th . Provence was escorted by the destroyers Épée , Fleuret , Le Hardi , Lansquenet , and Mameluk . Beginning on 1 January 1942 , Provence became the flagship of the Flag Officer , Training Division . On 27 November , the German Army occupied Toulon , and to prevent them from seizing the fleet there , including Provence , the French scuttled their ships . At the time , Provence was moored next to the old pre @-@ dreadnought Condorcet and the seaplane carrier Commandant Teste . The Italians moved into Toulon and raised Provence on 11 July 1943 . Two of her 340 mm guns were removed from the ship and emplaced in a coastal battery at Saint @-@ Mandrier @-@ sur @-@ Mer outside Toulon . The Axis then scuttled the ship a second time , as a blockship in the harbor . Provence was ultimately raised in April 1949 and was broken up for scrap .
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= U.S. Route 491 =
U.S. Route 491 ( US 491 ) is a north – south U.S. Highway serving the Four Corners region of the United States . One of the newest designations in the U.S. Highway System , it was created in 2003 as a renumbering of U.S. Route 666 ( US 666 ) . With the 666 designation , this road was nicknamed the " Devil 's Highway " because of the significance of number 666 to many Christian denominations , which is believed by some that 666 is the Number of the Beast . This Satanic connotation , combined with a high fatality rate along the New Mexico portion , convinced some people the highway was cursed . The problem was compounded by persistent sign theft . These factors led to two efforts to renumber the highway , first by officials in Arizona , later in New Mexico . There have been safety improvement projects in recent years , and fatality rates have subsequently decreased .
The highway , now a spur route of US 91 via its connection to US 191 , runs through Colorado , New Mexico , and Utah , as well as the tribal nations of the Navajo Nation and Ute Mountain Ute Tribe . The highway passes by two mountains considered sacred by Native Americans : Ute Mountain and an extinct volcanic core named Shiprock . Other features along the route include Mesa Verde National Park and Dove Creek , Colorado , the self @-@ proclaimed pinto @-@ bean capital of the world .
= = Route description = =
US 491 serves the states of New Mexico , Colorado and Utah . Before 1992 , US 666 also served Arizona . The Arizona portion was renumbered separately and is now part of US 191 . The former US 666 was the only highway to have passed through each of the Four Corners states , even though it never came near the Four Corners Monument , which is accessed via US 160 . At several points along US 491 , mountain ranges in all of the Four Corners states are visible from a single location . The alignment of the highway is mostly north – south , however the Utah portion is signed east – west .
= = = New Mexico = = =
US 491 begins at Gallup , at a junction with Interstate 40 ( I @-@ 40 ) , and currently runs north along Muñoz Drive . The routing has changed to bypass the downtown area . The original route used 9th Street , starting at US 66 . US 491 leaves Gallup and passes north through the eastern half of the Navajo Nation . Along the way , the road passes through the small tribal communities and trading posts of Tohatchi , Buffalo Springs , Naschitti , Sheep Springs and Newcomb . The Navajo tribal capital at Window Rock , Arizona , is just west of the highway corridor , accessed by State Road 264 ( NM 264 ) . The largest city served by US 491 in the Navajo Nation is Shiprock , which takes its name from one of several extinct volcano cores in the area . Shiprock is known as " the winged rock " in the Navajo language , and the mountain is considered sacred by the Navajo people . Shiprock is where the US 491 crosses the San Juan River and is briefly concurrent with US 64 . After passing Shiprock , the route continues north to the Colorado state line . The New Mexico portion has been designated the " John Pinto Highway " by the New Mexico state legislature .
It is on the Trails of the Ancients Byway , one of the designated New Mexico Scenic Byways .
= = = Colorado = = =
The New Mexico – Colorado state line is where the highway passes from the Navajo Nation to Ute Mountain Ute tribal lands . The highway passes to the east of the tribe 's namesake , Ute Mountain , believed to belong to a great warrior god of the Ute People . US 491 proceeds diagonally to the northwest in the extreme southwestern corner of the state . The highway exits tribal lands near Cortez and Mesa Verde National Park . After leaving Cortez , the road gradually rises in elevation while proceeding towards Utah . Here , the route features large pinto bean farming regions including Dove Creek , which bills itself as the " pinto bean capital of the world " . Canyons of the Ancients National Monument is located along the ascent , just west of the highway . Along this ascent is an access road for Hovenweep National Monument at the state line . A portion of the road in Colorado has been designated the Trail of the Ancients , a National Scenic Byway , which uses US 491 as an access for these parks and monuments in southwest Colorado .
= = = Utah = = =
Once in Utah , US 491 gradually ascends to the Abajo Mountains . Still visible are large farming regions . Upon reaching an elevation of 7 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 100 m ) , the highway arrives at a weigh station and reaches the town of Monticello . US 491 enters the town on Central Street and terminates near the city park at an intersection with US 191 , which runs along Main Street . All highways in Utah are codified into law ; US 491 is defined at Utah Code Annotated § 72 @-@ 4 @-@ 137 ( 11 ) .
= = History = =
= = = Pre @-@ 1926 = = =
Before the Mexican – American War , when this area was ceded to the United States , the main trade route through this part of Mexico was the Old Spanish Trail . This trail extended from Santa Fe , New Mexico to Los Angeles . The trail had multiple routes ; however , the main route proceeded north towards Moab , Utah , one of the few places where the Colorado River can be crossed without having to traverse steep cliffs . The modern US 491 roughly correlates with the main route of the Old Spanish Trail between Cortez , Colorado and its northern terminus .
Before 1926 , all of modern US 491 existed as state routes . In New Mexico , US 666 absorbed a portion of State Road 32 ( NM 32 ) from Gallup to Shiprock , and completely replaced NM 121 from Shiprock to the Colorado state line . The portion in Colorado was numbered State Highway 108 ( SH 108 ) from the New Mexico state line to Cortez , and SH 10 from Cortez to Utah . At the time , SH 10 traversed the southern portion of Colorado . While most of this route was absorbed by the U.S. Highway System , a portion of it still exists . In Utah , the route was originally numbered State Route 9 ( SR 9 ) , which also included what is now US 191 from Monticello to Crescent Junction . Utah has since re @-@ used the SR 9 designation for a different road .
= = = U.S. Route 666 = = =
The route was upgraded to a U.S. Highway in 1926 , as U.S. Route 666 . This number was appropriate and in accordance with the road numbering guidelines for U.S. Highways , being the sixth spur along the highway 's parent highway , the famed cross @-@ continental highway U.S. Route 66 , from which US 491 breaks around Gallup , New Mexico . This number was assigned by the American Association of State Highway Officials ( AASHO ) , a coordinating body that created the U.S. Highway System . At that time , the northern terminus of the route was in Cortez , at an intersection with then US 450 ( modern US 160 ) .
Over time the route became known as the " Devil 's Highway " , a reference to the Number of the Beast . This nickname and association made some visitors uncomfortable , as well as making the signs targets for theft . Because of the highway 's number , accidents and other phenomena became repeated as legend . These legends convinced some people the highway was cursed . One unnamed highway patrol officer was quoted in USA Today as stating a drunk @-@ driving suspect told him , " Triple 6 is evil . Everyone dies on that highway . " Skeptics point out that the highway has a lower than average fatality rate in Utah and Colorado ; only the New Mexico portion is statistically a dangerous highway . Skeptics further state the high fatality rate in New Mexico can be explained by an inadequate design for the traffic loads at the time . Several people suggested that the highway improvements , started at the same time as the renumbering , have done more to reduce fatalities than the renumbering itself .
The curse of US 666 is briefly discussed in Jonathan D. Rosenblum 's book , Copper Crucible , which investigates the Arizona Copper Mine Strike of 1983 . This strike occurred along the highway near Morenci , Arizona . The highway was used as a plot element in films and television , including Route 666 , Natural Born Killers , and Repo Man , as well as a two @-@ part episode of the series Married With Children , titled " Route 666 " . These pieces are not accurate in portraying the route ; for example , one depicts the route in Nevada .
= = = Extensions into Arizona and Utah = = =
By 1942 , the southern terminus of the route was extended to Douglas , Arizona , at the Mexican border . It ran concurrent with US 66 for 30 miles ( 48 @.@ 3 km ) before the turn south . The Arizona portion of the highway is known as the Coronado Trail Scenic Byway , as it approximated the path of the Spanish explorer , Francisco Vásquez de Coronado . This portion is noted for mountainous terrain , with hairpin turns and steep grades , that reaches an altitude of over 9 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 700 m ) . The curves force a speed limit of 10 miles per hour ( 16 km / h ) in spots .
In 1970 , several U.S. Highways in the Four Corners region were re @-@ aligned . As part of this change , US 160 was rerouted west of Cortez to serve the Four Corners Monument and enter Arizona instead of Utah . US 666 was extended up part of the old route of US 160 to Monticello , Utah , at an intersection with then US 163 ( now US 191 ) .
In 1985 , the Utah Department of Transportation petitioned to extend US 666 northwest to Richfield , but the proposal was rejected . The proposed extension followed SR 95 , SR 24 , and SR 119 . A concurrency with US 191 would have been routed through Blanding and Monticello to connect to the rest of the route . One of the reasons cited for rejecting the proposal was that portions of SR 24 were not built to standards desired for additions to the U.S. Highway System .
= = = Elimination and renumbering of US 666 = = =
In 1985 , the US 66 designation was eliminated , leaving US 666 ( and other routes ) as " orphans " . This fact would be used as a supporting factor in later petitions to renumber the highway . In 1992 , the part in Arizona was renumbered as an extension of US 191 . This truncated US 666 again at Gallup , New Mexico , now at I @-@ 40 .
The route in the other three states became U.S. Route 491 in 2003 , mainly through efforts of New Mexico Governor Bill Richardson . He requested the change due to the " infamy brought by the inopportune naming of the road " . While campaigning for governor , Richardson promised to renumber the highway as part of a larger plan to improve the highway and build relations between New Mexico and the Navajo Nation . Although traditional Navajo culture does not share the belief of 666 being an evil number , some Navajos had attempted for years to change the number as a way to raise awareness about the dangerous highway . The highway had largely been ignored , with few improvements made since it was first paved . By 1997 , US 666 was named one of the 20 most dangerous highways in the United States . Some Navajo leaders were concerned that efforts to reduce poverty on Navajo lands , via promoting tourism and outside investment , were being hampered by the Christian aversion to the number .
In New Mexico 's motion to renumber the highway , they selected U.S. Route 393 . Since the route came nowhere near US 93 , AASHTO instead suggested US 491 , noting it as a branch of US 191 at Monticello , Utah . Although the next three @-@ digit child of US 91 would have been U.S. Route 291 , both the 291 and 391 designations were already in use as state route numbers in at least one of the affected states . At the news that the motion had passed , a New Mexico spokesperson stated , " The devil 's out of here , and we say goodbye and good riddance . " Referring to the motion passing with a different number from what New Mexico requested , another spokesperson responded , " As long as it 's not 666 and it 's nothing satanic , that 's OK . " US 666 officially ceased to exist on May 31 , 2003 , although temporary " New 491 – Old 666 " signs were posted after the change to aid travelers using old maps .
Although sign theft has always been a problem along this highway , thefts reached epidemic proportions when the pending number change was announced . Within days of the announcement , virtually every US 666 sign had been stolen , some for sale on eBay . Officials in Utah reported that five entire sign assemblies had been cut down with a chainsaw and stolen , while New Mexico officials reported that even signs welded to metal posts , as a theft deterrent , had been stolen . Officials speculated from one scene that someone had intentionally crashed a car into the sign post to break the welds .
The dedication of the " new " highway was postponed until July 30 , 2003 , to coincide with the start of construction projects to improve safety on the highway . At the dedication George Blue Horse , a Navajo medicine man , performed a ceremony to remove the curse from the highway . In the Navajo language he stated , " The road itself never ends . It goes on generation to generation . The new number is a good one . The new road will be a medicine . "
Newspapers and television stations interviewed people along the route about their opinions on the changing of the highway 's number . Even some people who believed in the 666 curse disagreed with the change . One went on record as stating highway officials , " are messing with the wrong guy . They 're making the devil mad . They should have left the 666 alone . " Others were more sarcastic . One Monticello resident stated , " We 'll really miss all the potheads stopping and taking pictures of the Route 666 sign . " Most residents took pride in living along the Devil 's Highway and opposed the change . Some commented that no matter the number they would still call the road the Devil 's Highway .
= = = Post @-@ renumbering = = =
Since the renumbering in 2003 , portions of US 491 in New Mexico have been upgraded to a four @-@ lane divided highway , with grade separations at the busiest interchanges . The New Mexico Department of Transportation has noted that , as sections are upgraded , fatality rates improve on the four @-@ lane portions , but remain high on the two @-@ lane portions . As construction has proceeded , the most dangerous portions of the highway have moved to points where the four @-@ lane portion ends , and traffic merges to two lanes . This has caused the department to coordinate the phases of the upgrades to minimize the number of two @-@ lane / four @-@ lane transitions . Construction on the final phase was originally scheduled to begin January 2008 , however the state applied for American Recovery and Reinvestment Act funds to finish the project and completion was delayed until 2012 .
= = Major intersections = =
Note : The Utah mileposts are posted in a north @-@ to @-@ south direction , while Colorado 's and New Mexico 's mileposts are posted in a south @-@ to @-@ north direction .
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= United States Battleship Division Nine ( World War I ) =
United States Battleship Division Nine was a division of four , later five , dreadnought battleships of the United States Navy 's Atlantic Fleet that constituted the American contribution to the British Grand Fleet during World War I. Although the U.S. entered the war on 6 April 1917 , hesitation among senior officers of the U.S. Navy as to the wisdom of dividing the American battle fleet prevented the immediate dispatch of any capital ships for service in the war zone . Following a direct request from the British Admiralty and a series of high level staff meetings , American opinion changed , and Battleship Division Nine joined the Grand Fleet on 7 December 1917 . Within that organization , the Division served as the Sixth Battle Squadron .
While serving with the Grand Fleet , Battleship Division Nine was forced to adapt quickly to unfamiliar British methods and standards . New signals and maneuvers were adopted relatively smoothly , while more stringent gunnery standards proved more difficult to achieve . On a personal level , relations between American and British officers and men were notably cordial .
Throughout 1918 , the Division participated in all major Grand Fleet exercises and deployments , as well as conducting several detached convoy missions in the North Sea . Following the signing of the Armistice on November 11 , 1918 , Battleship Division Nine was present for the surrender of the German High Seas Fleet on November 21 , 1918 . On December 1 , 1918 , the Division departed from the Grand Fleet to return to the U.S.
Although Battleship Division Nine 's service was limited mainly to convoy duty and the maintenance of the blockade of the German coast , its presence greatly augmented the strength of the Grand Fleet , thus making major combat between the British and German fleets even more unlikely in 1918 . By helping to keep the High Seas Fleet effectively blockaded in port , Battleship Division Nine played a role in ensuring Allied control of the oceans .
= = Background = =
When the U.S. entered World War I on the side of the Allies on 6 April 1917 , the war at sea was hanging in the balance . Having resumed unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917 , Germany had quickly inflicted staggering losses on the British merchant marine to an extent completely unknown to the American government , or indeed to anyone but a select few at the British Admiralty . At the first meeting between representatives of the two navies in April 1917 , the British First Sea Lord — Admiral Sir John Jellicoe — had astonished the new American naval envoy — Rear Admiral William S. Sims — by informing him that Allied shipping loses had recently surpassed 600 @,@ 000 long tons ( 610 @,@ 000 t ) per month , and that the Admiralty did not see any immediate solution to the problem .
Jellicoe announced that at present loss rates , Britain would be effectively starved into submission by November 1917 . After a meeting at Scapa Flow later in July between Sims , Jellicoe , and Admiral David Beatty ( commander of the Grand Fleet ) , the Admiralty requested that the U.S. Navy send four dreadnoughts and six destroyers to join the Grand Fleet . The Admiralty intended that the arrival of the American dreadnoughts would allow it to decommission five ships of the pre @-@ dreadnought King Edward VII class , freeing up four thousand officers and ratings to serve on new light cruisers , destroyers , and submarines then under construction .
Despite the endorsement of Admiral Sims , the Navy Department initially rejected the British request . Like other navies of the late @-@ 19th and early @-@ 20th centuries , the U.S. Navy rigidly adhered to the doctrine of Alfred Thayer Mahan , whose first tenet was that under no circumstances should a battle fleet be divided . U.S. Chief of Naval Operations Admiral William S. Benson and Admiral Henry T. Mayo — Commander of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet — were particularly worried that if Britain fell , as developments at sea suggested it might , the U.S. Navy would be left to face the German High Seas Fleet completely on its own .
Having already released precious destroyers for convoy duty , they were unwilling to further weaken the ability of the U.S. to defend itself through the scattering of the all @-@ important battle fleet . Furthermore , Admiral Benson was uneasy about the prospect , ever @-@ present in the early 20th century , of a second war breaking out with Japan . For the moment , the U.S. Navy would send destroyers to Europe , but no battleships .
A series of high level meetings in London , beginning with Admiral Mayo 's visit in August 1917 and culminating in a naval mission led by Admiral Benson in November , proved decisive in changing the viewpoint of the Navy Department . Despite Admiral Sims 's frequent warnings of the severity of British losses to the U @-@ boat campaign , it was not until both men had seen things with their own eyes that they truly understood the direness of the situation . On 10 November 1917 , Admiral Benson cabled Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels , recommending the dispatch of four dreadnoughts for service with the Grand Fleet , noting " If , in any encounter , it should be indicated that the outcome would have been more favorable or more decisive had more Allied forces been available , it would be difficult to satisfactorily explain the absence of our ships . " On the advice of his trusted aide , Secretary Daniels agreed to dispatch the ships .
The question now came down to which battleships to send . The Admiralty requested that the Americans send coal @-@ burning dreadnoughts , as , due to the submarine blockade , the British were extremely short of the oil needed to fuel the latest classes of American dreadnoughts , the oil @-@ burning Nevada @-@ class and Pennsylvania @-@ class ships . As a result , Secretary Daniels decided to send Battleship Division Nine , made up of the coal @-@ burners New York , Wyoming , Florida , and Delaware .
Though they were not the newest American ships , they were still formidable ; each was capable of a 21 kn ( 24 mph ; 39 km / h ) maximum speed and armed with ten or twelve 14 in ( 360 mm ) or 12 in ( 300 mm ) guns . Furthermore , they were commanded by an experienced and highly capable officer in Rear Admiral Hugh Rodman , a 37 @-@ year veteran who had been commended for valor at the Battle of Manila Bay , and was known both as an expert seaman and an extremely affable man . Both of these characteristics would serve him in good stead in his new role as joint admiral and diplomat . After nearly five months of hesitation , the departure of the division was finally set for the last week of November .
= = Crossing the Atlantic = =
The four ships of Battleship Division Nine — accompanied by the destroyer Manley — got underway from Lynnhaven Roads , Virginia on 25 November 1917 , bound for the anchorage of the Grand Fleet at Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands . What should have been an uneventful transit was complicated by weather that began bad and only got worse as the voyage progressed . After battling a vicious northwester that brought sleet , hail , and snow , the division was further buffeted by a severe gale off the Grand Banks that began on 29 November . Captain Henry Wiley of Wyoming would later recall of that storm , " At the height of the gale , it blew as hard as I have ever seen it , and the seas were the worst I could recollect . "
Severe storm damage allowed over 250 long tons ( 250 t ) of seawater to flood the forward compartments of New York , lowering her bow to the point where she was in danger of foundering in the heavy seas . Three days of continuous bailing were required to help keep her afloat . To make matters worse , the high winds — reportedly gusting to 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) — carried away the topmasts on all four battleships , rendering radio communication impossible .
The sheer force of the gale drove Delaware , Florida , and Manley off station in the night of 30 November . Though Florida eventually rejoined the flagship when the storm blew itself out , Delaware sailed on alone to the scheduled rendezvous with the British light cruiser Caroline off Cape Wrath , Scotland , where the division would reassemble in the early hours of 7 December . Manley — short of fuel after her fight with the sea — could not rejoin the rest of the force and proceeded directly to her ultimate destination , the naval base at Queenstown , Ireland .
Battered , Battleship Division Nine steamed into the anchorage of the Grand Fleet later that day to the tremendous cheering of the men on the assembled British warships . Wasting no time , Admiral Rodman called upon the commander of the Grand Fleet — Admiral Sir David Beatty — to offer the services of himself , his men , and his ships to the Allied cause . With Beatty 's acceptance , the American battleships , while retaining their American designation of Battleship Division Nine , officially became the Sixth Battle Squadron of the Grand Fleet .
= = New standards = =
From the beginning , the battleships of Division Nine faced a hard task in adapting to the new methods and practices they encountered in the Grand Fleet . Any difficulties , however , that might have arisen from this transition based on national pride or rivalry were dissipated in large part by the professional example set by Admiral Rodman himself . As he would later note of his squadron 's assimilation : " I realized that the British fleet had had three years of actual warfare and knew the game from the ground floor up ; that while we might know it theoretically , there would be a great deal to learn practically . There could not be two independent commands in one force if our work was to be harmonious , and the only logical course was to amalgamate our ships and serve under the command of the British commander @-@ in @-@ chief . " This cooperative attitude trickled down through the division , and elicited the admiration and appreciation of the British .
The first task facing the Americans was the adoption of an entirely new set of signals , radio codes , and cipher methods . Although the Americans had studied the general British code while crossing the Atlantic , it was some time before they could use it with anything like the proficiency of other ships in the Grand Fleet . To help in the transition , signalmen and radio operators from the Royal Navy were posted to the American battleships to aid their U.S. Navy counterparts . Though learning an entirely new system of signals was , as Admiral Rodman put it , " almost the same as if in reading we had substituted a new set of letters , " within three days of their arrival , the ships of Battleship Division Nine were able to take part in fleet maneuvers in the North Sea with no apparent difficulty .
Less successful at first were the efforts of the American battleships to match their British counterparts in excellence of gunnery . Having provided numerous veteran gun @-@ crews to serve aboard armed merchantmen in the previous months , the gunnery complements of Division Nine were badly depleted and filled with inexperienced officers and recent recruits . The inevitable effect of this loss of talent became apparent when , on December 17 , 1917 , Battleship Division Nine conducted its first full @-@ caliber target practice in nearby Pentland Firth .
The results were relatively poor . Where British battleships by the end of 1917 generally managed a rate of fire per salvo of 40 seconds or less , and an average spread ( that is , the distance measured between the closest and furthest shots in a salvo ) of 300 – 500 yd ( 270 – 460 m ) , the four ships of the American squadron proved both slow and inaccurate . The rate of fire of Delaware ( with an acceptable spread of 475 yd ( 434 m ) ) was 108 seconds , and Wyoming ' and Florida 's average spreads were 956 and 1 @,@ 131 yd ( 874 and 1 @,@ 034 m ) , respectively .
Only the flagship New York managed to match British practice in both categories . In Admiral Beatty 's words , the results were " distinctly poor and disappointing " , and led him to the initial conclusion that he could not consider the American division the equivalent of a British one . The Americans worked to catch up , however , and with every target practice registered improved results . By the end of June 1918 , Admiral Rodman was able to report that " the firing was exceptionally fine , most encouraging and much better than we have ever done previously " .
= = Operations = =
Within days of their arrival at Scapa Flow , Battleship Division Nine began participating in the frequent maneuvers and drills that typified the day to day existence of the Grand Fleet . Because of the good condition and high speed of the American battleships , Admiral Beatty assigned them to be one of the two divisions of " fast battleships " that operated at either ends of the Grand Fleet when it was steaming in battle line formation . As stipulated by the Grand Fleet Battle Orders , the Sixth Battle Squadron was to take station at the rear of the line , where its duty was to engage the rear division of German battleships . However , should the fleet execute a sudden turnaround maneuver , the American ships would become the van squadron , meaning they would lead into battle . The position was an important one , and the Americans were particularly proud of it .
Tasked with this assignment , the Americans got their first true practice in their new role at the end of January 1918 , when the entire Grand Fleet went to sea for four days of war games . Under Admiral Beatty 's direction , the fleet divided into two opposing forces , with " Blue Fleet " representing the German High Seas Fleet , and the " Red Fleet " including the Sixth Battle Squadron , playing the role of the Royal Navy . At a prearranged point in the middle of the North Sea , the two sides converged for " battle " . During one of these exercises , the American sailors were treated to their first encounter with an enemy warship when a German U @-@ boat 's conning tower was sighted by the two British battleships directly ahead of New York . Although one of the British battleships attempted to ram it and destroyers rushed to drop depth charges , the U @-@ boat managed to escape .
Though the maneuvers were otherwise unremarkable , they proved a valuable learning tool for the Americans , who got a chance not only to experience British methods , but the violent conditions of the North Sea , as well . As Admiral Rodman noted upon returning from the exercise , " I have seen the largest battleships apparently sucked under until only the superstructures on the upper deck were visible when they would slowly rise from their submergence and the water pour off their decks as it might from some huge turtle ... [ coming ] to the surface . "
= = = Convoy duty = = =
Hard as the Americans worked to incorporate themselves into the Grand Fleet , they had yet to shake a belief among the veteran British that they were amateurs merely playing at war . In writing to his American @-@ born wife following the maneuvers , Admiral Beatty noted that , " The American Squadron enjoyed themselves greatly while we were out , and did well , and will do better next time . I am sending old Rodman out on an operation of his own , which pleases him and gives them an idea that they are really taking part in the war . I trust they will come to no harm . "
Despite the qualified nature of this comment , the operation Beatty had in mind was both important and potentially dangerous . On 6 February 1918 , Battleship Division Nine stood out of Scapa Flow to guard the high value Scandinavian Convoy to and from Norway . Twice in the previous year , this convoy — with its essential cargos of iron ore , nitrates , and other chemicals — had been raided by German cruisers and destroyers , with the loss of 15 allied freighters . To avoid a repeat of these attacks , the British had taken to escorting the convoys with dreadnought squadrons . Still , the possibility existed that the Germans would send out their entire fleet to cut off and annihilate the overmatched battleship squadron , with severe strategic effect .
With this possibility in mind , the American battleships set out , accompanied by the ships of the British Third Light Cruiser Squadron and two flotillas of destroyers , all under the command of Admiral Rodman . This marked the first time in history that British warships had ever served under the command of a sea @-@ going American admiral . Although the outbound trip to Norway was uneventful , things began to heat up for the escort force on 8 February , as they waited just outside Norwegian territorial waters for the return convoy to assemble . Shortly before 14 : 00 , both Florida and Delaware reported sighting numerous torpedoes running in the water , and began maneuvering sharply to avoid being struck .
Delaware also fired a 3 in ( 76 mm ) shell at what appeared to be a conning tower about 2 @,@ 000 yd ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) distant , and the escorting destroyers dropped depth charges , with no apparent success . After the convoy returned to Scapa Flow on 10 February , Rodman officially reported to Admiral Beatty that two torpedoes had been fired at Florida , and two at Delaware , and that only the skillful handling of both ships had saved them from harm .
However , post @-@ war examination of German war records revealed that no German submarines had made any attacks that day . It is likely the two ships had instead seen the wakes of porpoises frolicking in the waves . As Captain Wiley of Wyoming noted , such misidentifications were common for inexperienced ships : " new ships arriving in the war zone usually did a good deal of shooting at submarines which were not submarines . With experience , they saw fewer . "
Less than a week after their return , Battleship Division Nine was once again called upon to protect the Scandinavian Convoy as part of a general Grand Fleet response to intelligence reports suggesting German battlecruisers were loose in the North Sea . The mission took place in a strong gale that caused damage to ships throughout the Fleet . Delaware suffered damage to her ventilators that caused the generators to stop working , cutting electrical power throughout the ship and forcing a reduction in speed to 12 kn ( 14 mph ; 22 km / h ) for nearly an hour . On New York , the strong seas carried a man overboard who could not be rescued , one of the 12 or more men lost throughout the Fleet that day . To make matters worse , the Grand Fleet failed to find the German battlecruisers , and was forced to return to Scapa Flow empty @-@ handed .
In March – April 1918 , Battleship Division Nine escorted the Scandinavian Convoy two more times . Both missions were hampered by storms that made the going particularly slow , but were otherwise uneventful . Still , confidence in the wisdom of using battleships as an escort was fading at the Admiralty , and Admiral Beatty in particular was opposed to it . When the American ships returned to the new Grand Fleet base at Rosyth at the end of the second mission on 20 April , it was the last time they were used to escort the Scandinavian Convoy .
Just days later , however , on 24 April 1918 , Battleship Division Nine joined the Grand Fleet in one last attempt to bring the High Seas Fleet to battle . German Admiral Reinhard Scheer , aware of the strategic potential of destroying a squadron of British battleships , had finally decided to make an attempt on the Scandinavian Convoy , using the overwhelming force of his entire fleet . Under strict radio silence , the High Seas Fleet sailed on the morning of 23 April to attempt an intercept , leaving the British completely unaware that they had left their base .
It was not until an engine malfunction aboard the German battlecruiser SMS Moltke forced it to break radio silence to ask for assistance that the British became aware of the presence of the Germans in the North Sea . A recent change in the sailing schedule of the Scandinavian Convoy , however , meant there was no exposed squadron of battleships in danger of being overwhelmed that day . Alerted by the enemy wireless transmissions , the entire Grand Fleet sortied to find the High Seas Fleet , offering the prospect of the decisive battle of the war .
However , with Moltke crippled , Admiral Scheer decided to return to base . Though scouting units of the Grand Fleet made brief contact with the Germans on the morning of 25 April , no action followed , and the High Seas Fleet made it home without incident . At one point in the chase , however , a reversal of course by the Germans meant that the entire Grand Fleet was forced to reorient itself in the opposite direction , placing Battleship Division Nine in the van . The result was that , if an encounter between the two fleets had occurred , American battleships would have led the British fleet into what could have been the largest naval battle of the war .
Years later , Admiral Rodman wrote in his memoir that he " often thought what a glorious day it would have been for the ships of our country to have led the Grand Fleet into action . " It was not to be , however , nor would another chance present itself : the German fleet did not sail as a unit again in World War I.
= = = New arrivals = = =
Through the first months of 1918 , the composition of Battleship Division Nine changed to reflect the lessons learned from operating in a war zone with the Grand Fleet . It soon became apparent that with only four ships , the division could not maintain the level of preparedness required by the constant need to be ready to sail at limited notice . The inevitable result was machinery breakdowns that reduced the squadron to three ships , a development considered unacceptable given the Division 's important position at the tail end of the battle line . The British — faced with the same problem — responded by allocating a spare battleship to each of their squadrons . In this way , each squadron always remained at full strength even when a ship was being repaired .
Recognizing the practicality of this solution , Admiral Rodman requested that the Navy Department send another battleship to operate with his division . Specifically , Rodman requested the ship be New York 's sister ship Texas , to better match Grand Fleet policy , which encouraged the use of matched pairs to aid in rangefinding . Although there was some grumbling at the Navy Department that a five ship division was counter to U.S. Navy policy , they eventually agreed , and on 11 February 1918 , Texas arrived at Scapa Flow .
This arrangement , however , left Wyoming — the third @-@ most powerful ship of the division — as the spare ship because she lacked a matched pair . As a result , Rodman requested that Delaware — the oldest ship in the division — be replaced with Wyoming 's sister ship Arkansas , leaving Florida as the spare . Arkansas , however , did not join Battleship Division Nine until 29 July 1918 . Delaware sailed from Scapa Flow for the United States the next day .
= = = Northern Mine Barrage = = =
In late June 1918 , Battleship Division Nine began escorting American mine laying craft participating in the setting of the Northern Mine Barrage , a gargantuan project spearheaded by the U.S. Navy designed to close the North Sea passage between Scotland and Norway to U @-@ boat traffic . A novel attempt to end the submarine menace relying heavily on American industrial capacity , the Barrage called for more than 70 @,@ 000 mines to be placed across a stretch of water 250 nmi ( 290 mi ; 460 km ) wide .
Because the minelayers were operating within range of German surface raiders , the American battleships were detailed to provide an escort for them , along with other units of the Grand Fleet . For the most part , these expeditions proved uneventful , but on two occasions , on 30 June and again on 8 August , lookouts on the battleships reported seeing U @-@ boats or torpedoes in the water , forcing the Division to maneuver accordingly . Like the previous sightings made while escorting the Scandinavian Convoy , subsequent review of German war records revealed that both cases were false alarms .
Just days after the second incident , however , Battleship Division Nine was called to more serious action . Having received intelligence that German vessels were loose in the North Sea , the Division sortied from Scapa Flow on 12 October , in company with the British Second Battlecruiser Squadron and the Third Light Cruiser Squadron in the hope of engaging the enemy raiders . From the beginning , the autumn weather was particularly rough , impeding progress and making any chance of sighting the German ships unlikely .
On the evening of 14 October , as New York led the force back into Pentland Firth , she was rocked by a violent underwater collision on her starboard side , followed shortly after by another to the stern that broke off two of her propeller blades , reducing the ship to one engine and a speed of 12 kn ( 14 mph ; 22 km / h ) . It was immediately clear to the men on board that she had struck an underwater object , but the depth of the channel meant it could not have been a shipwreck . Both Admirals Rodman and Beatty concluded that New York must have accidentally collided with a submerged German U @-@ boat . They agreed that the submarine had rammed its bow into the ship 's side , then been struck moments later by the ship 's propeller . In their opinion , the damage would have been fatal to the German craft .
Postwar examination of German records revealed that the submarine lost may have been UB @-@ 113 or UB @-@ 123 . This strange — and accidental — encounter marked the only time in all of Battleship Division Nine 's service with the Grand Fleet that one of its ships sank a German vessel .
New York 's ordeal was not over , however . Badly damaged by the loss of a propeller , the ship sailed to Rosyth under heavy escort for repairs on 15 October . At 01 : 00 the next morning , a U @-@ boat launched three torpedoes at the damaged vessel , all of which passed ahead of her . Unlike in previous cases , sufficient evidence existed to suppose that this torpedo attack was not a false alarm — a number of officers and men aboard New York clearly saw the wakes of the torpedoes in the full moonlight , and a submarine was spotted in the immediate vicinity by a patrol shortly after the attack .
The battleship 's wounded condition is possibly what saved her : although standard procedure was to steam at 16 kn ( 18 mph ; 30 km / h ) , New York could make only 12 kn ( 14 mph ; 22 km / h ) on her one operable propeller . Due to this , historian Jerry Jones believes that the German U @-@ boat captain misjudged the ship 's speed . With no further damage , however , the battleship was able to safely arrive at drydock in Rosyth . As the water dropped in the drydock , a large dent commensurate with a submarine bow was found in her hull .
As the war began to draw to a close , the ships of Battleship Division Nine remained busy . With frequent gunnery drill , the ships showed marked improvement in performance compared to the early days with the Fleet . The average spread for the whole division , including the newcomers Texas and Arkansas , was now less than 600 yd ( 550 m ) , which was much better than previously , if still not as good as the British average .
Maneuvers and war games continued , as well . During exercises in late September 1918 , the Grand Fleet , once again divided into Red and Blue Fleets , " engaged " each other at ranges as extreme as 23 @,@ 000 yd ( 21 @,@ 000 m ) , a battle @-@ distance unimagined prior to World War I. The rest of the Division 's time was spent in escorting minecraft on the Northern Barrage . Though a monumental endeavor , the barrage proved largely ineffective . After an investment of 70 @,@ 263 mines and more than $ 40 million ( the equivalent of $ 572 million in 2009 ) , only six submarines were confirmed as sunk by the barrage .
= = Life in the Grand Fleet = =
Throughout Battleship Division Nine 's time with the Grand Fleet , combating boredom was a constant difficulty . Located at the northeastern tip of Scotland , the islands surrounding Scapa Flow were little more than barren , cold , windswept specks of land devoid of the trappings of civilization . Due to the efforts of the officers to keep their men entertained , however , morale remained high throughout the war . The British worked hard to turn the anchorage into a more inviting place . Central to these efforts were sporting events . The Fleet held numerous inter @-@ ship competitions , including soccer , rugby , rowing , track , and boxing , which were followed with intense interest by the men of the respective ships .
When the Americans arrived , the British made every effort to include them in the athletics . Space was allotted on the sports fields to provide a football field and a baseball diamond . In short order , the division developed a baseball league that played 17 games during the summer of 1918 . Texas won the division championship , but lost to a visiting team from American naval headquarters in London . Football games occurred throughout the fall .
The American sailors participated in Fleet sporting events , as well , giving excellent account of themselves . At the Fleet track meet , Battleship Division Nine finished second , and did even better at the annual boxing championships , the pinnacle of the Grand Fleet sporting year . An engineman from Florida won the lightweight title , a chief carpenter 's mate from New York won the middleweight title , and a fireman from the same ship reached the heavyweight finals .
The men found other ways to keep busy besides sports . Throughout the year , every ship in the squadron produced theater productions , and motion pictures were shown whenever possible . Furthermore , leave was granted to the men on a frequent basis whenever the ships were in Rosyth for repairs . On 4 July 1918 , Admiral Beatty provided a special treat for the men of Battleship Division Nine by granting them a few days off from all drills and maneuvers in order to celebrate what he termed " this greatest of Liberty Days " .
On 22 July , the ships of the Grand Fleet received a visit from King George V. After inspecting the Fleet from the decks of the destroyer HMS Oak , the king presided over an investiture ceremony on board Admiral Beatty 's flagship HMS Queen Elizabeth . King George presented numerous decorations , but the first recipient was Admiral Rodman himself . Invested as a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath , Rodman received the highest honor awarded that day .
After lunch aboard Queen Elizabeth , the king visited Admiral Rodman 's flagship New York , where he inspected the ship . King George visited her engine and fire @-@ rooms , remarking with admiration to Rodman , " Admiral , your fire @-@ room is as clean as a dining room . " After the inspection , the pair retreated to Rodman 's cabin for coffee , a smoke , and casual conversation , something Rodman noted the king seemed to particularly enjoy .
Following his departure from the Grand Fleet , the king had a message sent to the officers and men of the ships he had just left . It began with a warm reference to the American squadron : " I am happy to have found myself once more with the Grand Fleet , and this pleasure has been increased by the opportunity I have had of seeing the splendid ships of the United States in line with our own , and of meeting Admiral Rodman together with the officers and men under him . We value their comradeship and are proud of their achievements . "
To this , Admiral Beatty replied : " We are glad that Your Majesty should have been able personally to observe our complete accord with the United States Squadron and the firm friendship which binds their officers and men to Your own . " These expressions accurately reflected the goodwill that existed between the officers and men of the two organizations . Admiral Rodman , for instance , later wrote that he came away from his service in the Grand Fleet as probably the most anglophile officer in the U.S. Navy , and many a relationship was forged among the junior officers that served both nations well in World War II .
Despite being located in remote Scapa Flow , Battleship Division Nine was unable to avoid a global killer that struck just as World War I was coming to a close . Spanish Influenza — which killed millions worldwide in 1918 @-@ 1919 — did not spare the Grand Fleet . By late fall , an average of seven men per day were dying of the virus throughout the Fleet , and some ships were so badly affected that they were practically unmanageable . Though they were not as badly hit as some of the British vessels , the American battleships were not immune . By early November , only Florida was not in quarantine , and Arkansas had 259 cases , with 11 deaths .
= = Armistice = =
Though the situation in the North Sea in late 1918 remained much as it had been for the previous four years — with the Grand Fleet maintaining its endless watch over the High Seas Fleet — the war on the Western Front was rapidly drawing to a close . Operation Michael , the last German offensive , had been stopped in late summer , and with the aid of hundreds of thousands of American doughboys , the Allies had begun to overwhelm the German Army . On 3 October , Prince Max of Baden replaced Georg von Hertling as Chancellor of Germany , and immediately asked President Woodrow Wilson to arrange an armistice .
To the naval leaders of the High Seas Fleet , however , there appeared to be no reason for an armistice . In their eyes , the German Imperial Navy remained unbeaten . Determined not to go down without a fight , Admiral Scheer , by this time head of the German Admiralty , ordered the new commander of the High Seas Fleet , Admiral Franz Hipper , to prepare for a final sortie against the Grand Fleet " even if it should become a death struggle " . Accordingly , Hipper developed Plan 19 , which called for destroyer strikes against the Thames Estuary and Flanders to draw the Grand Fleet south , where a waiting line of U @-@ boats would attempt to even the odds . At this point , the High Seas Fleet would emerge to engage its opponent in one last titanic encounter .
The admirals , however , were reckoning without their sailors . The enlisted men of the High Seas Fleet , aware that Germany had lost the war , had no interest in dying for the sake of the Navy 's honor . When the details of Plan 19 were leaked to the fleet , a mutiny almost instantly broke out , with sailors raising the red flag of revolution and refusing to obey their officers . Faced with a complete breakdown of discipline within his fleet , Admiral Hipper had no choice but to disperse his ships to their homeports in early November . Days later , on November 11 , 1918 , World War I came to an end .
With the defeat of Germany , the question became what to do with the ships of the High Seas Fleet . Because no neutral nation wanted to host the rebellious sailors of the mutinous armada , the Allies eventually decided to have the force interned at Scapa Flow , with the guns of the Grand Fleet 's ships nearby in case of any attempt at a break @-@ out . On November 15 , Beatty met with Hipper 's representative , Rear Admiral Hugo Meurer , to arrange the surrender of the German ships . Meurer agreed to surrender to Beatty in the Firth of Forth . From there , the German vessels would proceed to Scapa Flow , until their ultimate fate was decided by the Paris Peace Conference .
= = = The surrender of the German fleet = = =
On November 21 , the ships of Battleship Division Nine joined the rest of the Grand Fleet to witness Operation ZZ — the surrender of the German fleet . The Grand Fleet — composed of 370 ships and 90 @,@ 000 men — formed two columns through which the defeated German ships passed . Despite the magnitude of the occasion , it was a bittersweet moment for the men of the Grand Fleet . For four years , the British — later joined by the Americans of Battleship Division Nine — had tried constantly to bring the High Seas Fleet to a decisive battle . To see them coming to surrender , as Admiral Beatty put it , " like sheep being herded by dogs to their folds " , left many feeling cheated .
After the ceremony had concluded , Beatty declared , " The Fleet , my Fleet , is brokenhearted . " In a similar vein , Admiral Rodman wrote , " It was hard to realize that the ships which we had expected and hoped to engage , would all be given up without a struggle or fleet action , and surrender without a fight . " Though such statements reflected the fact that the Grand Fleet had not won the great battle its officers had sought , the peaceful surrender of the High Seas Fleet served as testimony to the strength the Grand Fleet had maintained continuously through four years of war .
= = = Significance = = =
With the war over , the ships of Battleship Division Nine departed from the Grand Fleet on December 1 , almost exactly one year after joining it . Though the fact that the American battleships never had the opportunity to confront their German opposites dampened the sense of their achievements , they nonetheless played an important part in the winning of the War at Sea . The presence of the American squadron augmented the strength of the Grand Fleet to the point where any confrontation attempted by the Germans would likely have been futile . Admiral Beatty put it best in his farewell speech to the American sailors , on December 1 :
I had always had certain misgivings [ that the German fleet would not come out to fight ] , and when the Sixth Battle Squadron became part of the Grand Fleet those misgivings were doubly strengthened , and I knew then they would throw up their hands . Apparently , the Sixth Battle Squadron was the straw that broke the camel 's back . "
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= Mayan languages =
The Mayan languages form a language family spoken in Mesoamerica and northern Central America . Mayan languages are spoken by at least 6 million Maya peoples , primarily in Guatemala , Mexico , Belize and Honduras . In 1996 , Guatemala formally recognized 21 Mayan languages by name , and Mexico recognizes eight more within their territory .
The Mayan language family is one of the best @-@ documented and most studied in the Americas . Modern Mayan languages descend from the Proto @-@ Mayan language , thought to have been spoken at least 5 @,@ 000 years ago ; it has been partially reconstructed using the comparative method . The proto @-@ Mayan language diversified into at least 6 different branches , the Huastecan , Quichean , Yucatecan , Qanjobalan , Mamean and Ch 'olan @-@ Tzeltalan branches .
Mayan languages form part of the Mesoamerican language area , an area of linguistic convergence developed throughout millennia of interaction between the peoples of Mesoamerica . All Mayan languages display the basic diagnostic traits of this linguistic area . For example , all use relational nouns instead of prepositions to indicate spatial relationships . They also possess grammatical and typological features that set them apart from other languages of Mesoamerica , such as the use of ergativity in the grammatical treatment of verbs and their subjects and objects , specific inflectional categories on verbs , and a special word class of " positionals " which is typical of all Mayan languages .
During the pre @-@ Columbian era of Mesoamerican history , some Mayan languages were written in the logo @-@ syllabic Maya script . Its use was particularly widespread during the Classic period of Maya civilization ( c . 250 – 900 ) . The surviving corpus of over 10 @,@ 000 known individual Maya inscriptions on buildings , monuments , pottery and bark @-@ paper codices , combined with the rich postcolonial literature in Mayan languages written in the Latin script , provides a basis for the modern understanding of pre @-@ Columbian history unparalleled in the Americas .
= = History = =
= = = Proto @-@ Mayan = = =
Mayan languages are the descendants of a proto @-@ language called Proto @-@ Mayan or , in K 'iche ' Maya , Nab 'ee Maya ' Tzij ( " the old Maya Language " ) . The Proto @-@ Mayan language is believed to have been spoken in the Cuchumatanes highlands of central Guatemala in an area corresponding roughly to where Q 'anjobalan is spoken today . The earliest proposal was that of Sapper ( 1912 ) which identified the Chiapas @-@ Guatemalan highlands as the likely " cradle " of Mayan languages was published by the German antiquarian and scholar Karl Sapper . Terrence Kaufman and John Justeson have reconstructed more than 3000 lexical items for the proto @-@ Mayan language .
According to the prevailing classification scheme by Lyle Campbell and Terrence Kaufman , the first division occurred around 2200 BCE , when Huastecan split away from Mayan proper after its speakers moved northwest along the Gulf Coast of Mexico . Proto @-@ Yucatecan and Proto @-@ Ch 'olan speakers subsequently split off from the main group and moved north into the Yucatán Peninsula . Speakers of the western branch moved south into the areas now inhabited by Mamean and Quichean people . When speakers of proto @-@ Tzeltalan later separated from the Ch 'olan group and moved south into the Chiapas highlands , they came into contact with speakers of Mixe – Zoque languages . According to an alternative theory by Robertson and Houston , Huastecan stayed in the Guatemalan highlands with speakers of Ch 'olan @-@ Tzeltalan , separating from that branch at a much later date than proposed by Kaufman .
In the Archaic period ( before 2000 BCE ) , a number of loanwords from Mixe – Zoquean languages seem to have entered the proto @-@ Mayan language . This has led to hypotheses that the early Maya were dominated by speakers of Mixe – Zoquean languages , possibly the Olmec . In the case of the Xincan and Lencan languages , on the other hand , Mayan languages are more often the source than the receiver of loanwords . Mayan language specialists such as Campbell believe this suggests a period of intense contact between Maya and the Lencan and Xinca people , possibly during the Classic period ( 250 – 900 ) .
= = = Classic Period = = =
During the Classic period the major branches began diversifying into separate languages . The split between Proto @-@ Yucatecan ( in the north , that is , the Yucatán Peninsula ) and Proto @-@ Ch 'olan ( in the south , that is , the Chiapas highlands and Petén Basin ) had already occurred by the Classic period , when most extant Maya inscriptions were written . Both variants are attested in hieroglyphic inscriptions at the Maya sites of the time , and both are commonly referred to as " Classic Maya language " . Although a single prestige language was by far the most frequently recorded on extant hieroglyphic texts , evidence for at least five different varieties of Mayan have been discovered within the hieroglyphic corpus — an Eastern Ch 'olan variety found in texts written in the southern Maya area and the highlands , a Western Ch 'olan variety diffused from the Usumacinta region from the mid @-@ 7th century on , a Yukatekan variety found in the texts from the Yucatán Peninsula , a Tzeltalan variety found in the Western Lowlands ( i.e. Toniná , Pomona ) , and possibly a highland Maya language belonging to K 'ichean major within texts painted on Nebaj ceramics . The reason why only few linguistic varieties are found in the glyphic texts is probably that these served as prestige dialects throughout the Maya region ; hieroglyphic texts would have been composed in the language of the elite .
Stephen Houston , John Robertson and David Stuart have suggested that the specific variety of Ch 'olan found in the majority of Southern Lowland glyphic texts was a language they dub " Classic Ch 'olti 'an " , the ancestor language of the modern Ch 'orti ' and Ch ’ olti ’ languages . They propose that it originated in western and south @-@ central Petén Basin , and that it was used in the inscriptions and perhaps also spoken by elites and priests . However , Mora @-@ Marín has argued that traits shared by Classic Lowland Maya and the Ch 'olti 'an languages are retentions rather than innovations , and that the diversification of Ch 'olan in fact post @-@ dates the classic period . The language of the classical lowland inscriotions then would have been proto @-@ Ch 'olan .
= = = Colonial period = = =
During the Spanish colonization of Central America , all indigenous languages were eclipsed by Spanish , which became the new prestige language . The use of Mayan languages in many important domains of society , including administration , religion and literature , came to an end . Yet the Maya area was more resistant to outside influence than others , and perhaps for this reason , many Maya communities still retain a high proportion of monolingual speakers . The Maya area is now dominated by the Spanish language . While a number of Mayan languages are moribund or are considered endangered , others remain quite viable , with speakers across all age groups and native language use in all domains of society .
= = = Modern period = = =
As Maya archaeology advanced during the 20th century and nationalist and ethnic @-@ pride @-@ based ideologies spread , the Mayan @-@ speaking peoples began to develop a shared ethnic identity as Maya , the heirs of the Maya civilization .
The word " Maya " was likely derived from the postclassical Yucatán city of Mayapan ; its more restricted meaning in pre @-@ colonial and colonial times points to an origin in a particular region of the Yucatán Peninsula . The broader meaning of " Maya " now current , while defined by linguistic relationships , is also used to refer to ethnic or cultural traits . Most Mayans identify first and foremost with a particular ethnic group , e.g. as " Yucatec " or " K 'iche ' " ; but they also recognize a shared Maya kinship . Language has been fundamental in defining the boundaries of that kinship . Fabri writes : " The term Maya is problematic because Maya peoples do not constitute a homogenous identity . Maya , rather , has become a strategy of self @-@ representation for the Maya movements and its followers . The Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala ( ALMG ) finds twenty @-@ one distinct Mayan languages . " This pride in unity has led to an insistence on the distinctions of different Mayan languages , some of which are so closely related that they could easily be referred to as dialects of a single language . But , given that the term " dialect " has been used by some with racialist overtones in the past , as scholars made a spurious distinction between Amerindian " dialects " and European " languages " , the preferred usage in Mesoamerica in recent years has been to designate the linguistic varieties spoken by different ethnic group as separate languages .
In Guatemala , matters such as developing standardized orthographies for the Mayan languages are governed by the Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala ( ALMG ; Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages ) , which was founded by Maya organisations in 1986 . Following the 1996 peace accords , it has been gaining a growing recognition as the regulatory authority on Mayan languages both among Mayan scholars and the Maya peoples .
= = Genealogy and classification = =
= = = Relations with other families = = =
The Mayan language family has no demonstrated genetic relationship to other language families . Similarities with some languages of Mesoamerica are understood to be due to diffusion of linguistic traits from neighboring languages into Mayan and not to common ancestry . Mesoamerica has been proven to be an area of substantial linguistic diffusion .
A wide range of proposals have tried to link the Mayan family to other language families or isolates , but none is generally supported by linguists . Examples include linking Mayan with the Uru – Chipaya languages , Mapuche , the Lencan languages , Purépecha and Huave . Mayan has also been included in various Hokan and Penutian hypotheses . The linguist Joseph Greenberg included Mayan in his highly controversial Amerind hypothesis , which is rejected by most historical linguists as unsupported by available evidence .
Writing in 1997 Lyle Campbell , an expert in Mayan languages and historical linguistics , argued that the most promising proposal is the " Macro @-@ Mayan " hypothesis , which posits links between Mayan , the Mixe – Zoque languages and the Totonacan languages , but more research is needed to support or disprove this hypothesis . In 2015 , Campbell noted that recent , yet unpublished , evidence uncovered by David Mora @-@ Marin strengthened the case for a relationship between Mayan and Mixe @-@ Zoquean languages , although he did not yet consider it conclusive .
= = = Subdivisions = = =
The Mayan family consists of thirty languages . Typically , these languages are grouped into 5 @-@ 6 major subgroups ( Yucatean , Huastecan , Ch 'olan @-@ Tseltalan , Q 'anjob 'alan , Mamean , and K 'ichean ) . The Mayan language family is extremely well documented , and its internal genealogical classification scheme is widely accepted and established , except for some minor unresolved differences .
One point still at issue is the position of Ch 'olan and Q 'anjobalan – Chujean . Some scholars think these form a separate Western branch ( as in the diagram below ) . Other linguists do not support the positing of an especially close relationship between Ch 'olan and Q 'anjobalan – Chujean ; consequently they classify these as two distinct branches emanating directly from the proto @-@ language . An alternative proposed classification groups the Huastecan branch as springing from the Ch 'olan @-@ Tzeltalan node , rather than as an outlying branch springing directly from the proto @-@ Mayan node .
= = Distribution = =
Studies estimate that Mayan languages are spoken by more than 6 million people . Most of them the speakers live in Guatemala where depending on estimates 40 % -60 % of the population speaks a Mayan language . In Mexico the Mayan speaking population was estimated at 2 @,@ 5 million people in 2010 , whereas the Belizean speaker population figures around 30 @,@ 000 .
= = = Western branch = = =
The Ch 'olan languages were formerly widespread throughout the Maya area , but today the language with most speakers is Ch 'ol , spoken by 130 @,@ 000 in Chiapas . Its closest relative , the Chontal Maya language , is spoken by 55 @,@ 000 in the state of Tabasco . Another related language , now endangered , is Ch 'orti ' , which is spoken by 30 @,@ 000 in Guatemala . It was previously also spoken in extreme west of Honduras and El Salvador , but the Salvadorian variant is now extinct and the Honduran one is considered moribund . Ch 'olti ' , a sister language of Ch 'orti ' , is also extinct . Ch 'olan languages are believed to be the most conservative in vocabulary and phonology , and are closely related to the language of the Classic @-@ era inscriptions found in the Central Lowlands . They may have served as prestige languages , coexisting with other dialects in some areas . This assumption provides a plausible explanation for the geographical distance between the Ch 'orti ' zone and the areas where Ch 'ol and Chontal are spoken .
The closest relatives of the Ch 'olan languages are the languages of the Tzeltalan branch , Tzotzil and Tzeltal , both spoken in Chiapas by large and stable or growing populations ( 265 @,@ 000 for Tzotzil and 215 @,@ 000 for Tzeltal ) . Tzeltal has tens of thousands of monolingual speakers .
Q 'anjob 'al is spoken by 77 @,@ 700 in Guatemala 's Huehuetenango department , with small populations elsewhere . The region of Q 'anjobalan speakers in Guatemala , due to genocidal policies during the Civil War and its close proximity to the Mexican border , was the source of a number of refugees . Thus there are now small Q 'anjob 'al , Jakaltek , and Awakatek populations in various locations in Mexico , the United States ( such as Tuscarawas County , Ohio and Los Angeles , California ) , and , through postwar resettlement , other parts of Guatemala . Jakaltek ( also known as Popti ' ) is spoken by almost 100 @,@ 000 in several municipalities of Huehuetenango . Another member of this branch is Akatek , with over 50 @,@ 000 speakers in San Miguel Acatán and San Rafael La Independencia .
Chuj is spoken by 40 @,@ 000 people in Huehuetenango , and by 9 @,@ 500 people , primarily refugees , over the border in Mexico , in the municipality of La Trinitaria , Chiapas , and the villages of Tziscau and Cuauhtémoc . Tojolab 'al is spoken in eastern Chiapas by 36 @,@ 000 people .
= = = Eastern branch = = =
The Quichean – Mamean languages and dialects , with two sub @-@ branches and three subfamilies , are spoken in the Guatemalan highlands .
Q 'eqchi ' ( sometimes spelled Kekchi ) , which constitutes its own sub @-@ branch within Quichean – Mamean , is spoken by about 400 @,@ 000 people in the southern Petén , Izabal and Alta Verapaz departments of Guatemala , and also in Belize by 9 @,@ 000 speakers . In El Salvador it is spoken by 12 @,@ 000 as a result of recent migrations .
The Uspantek language , which also springs directly from the Quichean – Mamean node , is native only to the Uspantán municipio in the department of El Quiché , and has 3 @,@ 000 speakers .
Within the Quichean sub @-@ branch K 'iche ' ( Quiché ) , the Mayan language with the largest number of speakers , is spoken by around 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 K 'iche ' Maya in the Guatemalan highlands , around the towns of Chichicastenango and Quetzaltenango and in the Cuchumatán mountains , as well as by urban emigrants in Guatemala City . The famous Maya mythological document , Popol Vuh , is written in an antiquated K 'iche ' often called Classical K 'iche ' ( or Quiché ) . The K 'iche ' culture was at its pinnacle at the time of the Spanish conquest . Q 'umarkaj , near the present @-@ day city of Santa Cruz del Quiché , was its economic and ceremonial center . Achi is spoken by 85 @,@ 000 people in Cubulco and Rabinal , two municipios of Baja Verapaz . In some classifications , e.g. the one by Campbell , Achi is counted as a form of K 'iche ' . However , owing to a historical division between the two ethnic groups , the Achi Maya do not regard themselves as K 'iche ' . The Kaqchikel language is spoken by about 400 @,@ 000 people in an area stretching from Guatemala City westward to the northern shore of Lake Atitlán . Tz 'utujil has about 90 @,@ 000 speakers in the vicinity of Lake Atitlán . Other members of the K 'ichean branch are Sakapultek , spoken by about 15 @,@ 000 people mostly in El Quiché department , and Sipakapense , which is spoken by 8 @,@ 000 people in Sipacapa , San Marcos .
The largest language in the Mamean sub @-@ branch is Mam , spoken by 478 @,@ 000 people in the departments of San Marcos and Huehuetenango . Awakatek is the language of 20 @,@ 000 inhabitants of central Aguacatán , another municipality of Huehuetenango . Ixil ( possibly three different languages ) is spoken by 70 @,@ 000 in the " Ixil Triangle " region of the department of El Quiché . Tektitek ( or Teko ) is spoken by over 6 @,@ 000 people in the municipality of Tectitán , and 1 @,@ 000 refugees in Mexico . According to the Ethnologue the number of speakers of Tektitek is growing .
The Poqom languages are closely related to Core Quichean , with which they constitute a Poqom @-@ K 'ichean sub @-@ branch on the Quichean – Mamean node . Poqomchi ' is spoken by 90 @,@ 000 people in Purulhá , Baja Verapaz , and in the following municipalities of Alta Verapaz : Santa Cruz Verapaz , San Cristóbal Verapaz , Tactic , Tamahú and Tucurú . Poqomam is spoken by around 49 @,@ 000 people in several small pockets in Guatemala .
= = = Yucatecan branch = = =
Yucatec Maya ( known simply as " Maya " to its speakers ) is the most commonly spoken Mayan language in Mexico . It is currently spoken by approximately 800 @,@ 000 people , the vast majority of whom are to be found on the Yucatán Peninsula . It remains common in Yucatán and in the adjacent states of Quintana Roo and Campeche .
The other three Yucatecan languages are Mopan , spoken by around 10 @,@ 000 speakers primarily in Belize ; Itza ' , an extinct or moribund language from Guatemala 's Petén Basin ; and Lacandón or Lakantum , also severely endangered with about 1 @,@ 000 speakers in a few villages on the outskirts of the Selva Lacandona , in Chiapas .
= = = Huastecan branch = = =
Wastek ( also spelled Huastec and Huaxtec ) is spoken in the Mexican states of Veracruz and San Luis Potosí by around 110 @,@ 000 people . It is the most divergent of modern Mayan languages . Chicomuceltec was a language related to Wastek and spoken in Chiapas that became extinct some time before 1982 .
= = Phonology = =
= = = Proto @-@ Mayan sound system = = =
Proto @-@ Mayan ( the common ancestor of the Mayan languages as reconstructed using the comparative method ) has a predominant CVC syllable structure , only allowing consonant clusters across syllable boundaries . Campbell & Kaufman ( 1985 ) Most Proto @-@ Mayan roots were monosyllabic except for a few disyllabic nominal roots . Due to subsequent vowel loss many Mayan languages now show complex consonant clusters at both ends of syllables . Following the reconstruction of Lyle Campbell and Terrence Kaufman , the Proto @-@ Mayan language had the following sounds . It has been suggested that proto @-@ Mayan was a tonal language , based on the fact that four different contemporary Mayan languages have tone ( Yucatec , Uspantek , San Bartolo Tzotzil and Mocho ' ) , but since these languages each can be shown to have innovated tone in different ways , Campbell considers this unlikely .
= = = Phonological evolution of Proto @-@ Mayan = = =
The classification of Mayan languages is based on changes shared between groups of languages . For example , languages of the western group ( such as Huastecan , Yucatecan and Ch 'olan ) all changed the Proto @-@ Mayan phoneme * / r / into [ j ] , some languages of the eastern branch retained [ r ] ( K 'ichean ) , and others changed it into [ tʃ ] or , word @-@ finally , [ t ] ( Mamean ) . The shared innovations between Huastecan , Yucatecan and Ch 'olan show that they separated from the other Mayan languages before the changes found in other branches had taken place .
The palatalized plosives [ tʲʼ ] and [ tʲ ] are not found in any of the modern families . Instead they are reflected differently in different branches , allowing a reconstruction of these phonemes as palatalized plosives . In the eastern branch ( Chujean @-@ Q 'anjobalan and Ch 'olan ) they are reflected as [ t ] and [ tʼ ] . In Mamean they are reflected as [ ts ] and [ tsʼ ] and in Quichean as [ tʃ ] and [ tʃʼ ] . Yucatec stands out from other western languages in that its palatalized plosives are sometimes changed into [ tʃ ] and sometimes [ t ] .
The Proto @-@ Mayan velar nasal * [ ŋ ] is reflected as [ x ] in the eastern branches ( Quichean – Mamean ) , [ n ] in Q 'anjobalan , Ch 'olan and Yucatecan , [ h ] in Huastecan , and only conserved as [ ŋ ] in Chuj and Jakaltek .
= = = Diphthongs = = =
Vowel quality is typically classified as having monophthongal vowels . In traditionally diphthongized contexts , Mayan languages will realize the V @-@ V sequence by inserting a hiatus @-@ breaking glottal stop or glide insertion between the vowels . Some K 'ichean @-@ branch languages have exhibited developed diphthongs from historical long vowels , by breaking / e : / and / o : / .
= = Grammar = =
The morphology of Mayan languages is simpler than that of other Mesoamerican languages , yet its morphology is still considered agglutinating and polysynthetic . Verbs are marked for aspect or tense , the person of the subject , the person of the object ( in the case of transitive verbs ) , and for plurality of person . Possessed nouns are marked for person of possessor . There are no cases or genders in Mayan languages .
= = = Word order = = =
Proto @-@ Mayan is thought to have had a basic verb – object – subject word order with possibilities of switching to VSO in certain circumstances , such as complex sentences , sentences where object and subject were of equal animacy and when the subject was definite . Today Yucatecan , Tzotzil and Tojolab 'al have a basic fixed VOS word order . Mamean , Q 'anjob 'al , Jakaltek and one dialect of Chuj have a fixed VSO one . Only Ch 'orti ' has a basic SVO word order . Other Mayan languages allow both VSO and VOS word orders .
= = = Numeral classifiers = = =
When counting it is , in many Mayan languages , necessary to use numeral classifiers which specify the class of items being counted ; the numeral cannot appear without an accompanying classifier . Some Mayan languages , such as Kaqchikel , do not use numeral classifiers . Class is usually assigned according to whether the object is animate or inanimate or according to an object 's general shape . Thus when counting " flat " objects , a different form of numeral classifier is used than when counting round things , oblong items or people . In some Mayan languages such as Chontal , classifiers take the form of affixes attached to the numeral ; in others such as Tzeltal , they are free forms . Jakaltek has both numeral classifiers and noun classifiers , and the noun classifiers can also be used as pronouns .
The meaning denoted by a noun may be altered significantly by changing the accompanying classifier . In Chontal , for example , when the classifier -tek is used with names of plants it is understood that the objects being enumerated are whole trees . If in this expression a different classifier , -ts 'it ( for counting long , slender objects ) is substituted for -tek , this conveys the meaning that only sticks or branches of the tree are being counted :
= = = Possession = = =
The morphology of Mayan nouns is fairly simple : they inflect for number ( plural or singular ) , and , when possessed , for person and number of their possessor . Pronominal possession is expressed by a set of possessive prefixes attached to the noun , as in Kaqchikel ru @-@ kej " his / her horse " . Nouns may furthermore adopt a special form marking them as possessed . For nominal possessors , the possessed noun is inflected as possessed by a third @-@ person possessor , and followed by the possessor noun , e.g. Kaqchikel ru @-@ kej ri achin " the man 's horse " ( literally " his horse the man " ) . This type of formation is a main diagnostic trait of the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area and recurs throughout Mesoamerica .
Mayan languages often contrast alienable and inalienable possession by varying the way the noun is ( or is not ) marked as possessed . Jakaltek , for example , contrasts inalienably possessed wetʃel " my photo ( in which I am depicted ) " with alienably possessed wetʃele " my photo ( taken by me ) " . The prefix we- marks the first person singular possessor in both , but the absence of the -e possessive suffix in the first form marks inalienable possession .
= = = Relational nouns = = =
Mayan languages which have prepositions at all normally have only one . To express location and other relations between entities , use is made of a special class of " relational nouns " . This pattern is also recurrent throughout Mesoamerica and is another diagnostic trait of the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area . In Mayan most relational nouns are metaphorically derived from body parts so that " on top of " , for example , is expressed by the word for head .
Relational nouns are possessed by the constituent that is the reference point of the relation , and the relational noun names the relation . Thus in Mayan one would say " the mountain 's head " ( literally " its head the mountain " ) to mean " on ( top of ) the mountain " . Thus in the Classical Quiché of the Popol Vuh we read u @-@ wach ulew " on the earth " ( literally " its face the earth " ) .
= = = Subjects and objects = = =
Mayan languages are ergative in their alignment . This means that the subject of an intransitive verb is treated similarly to the object of a transitive verb , but differently from the subject of a transitive verb .
Mayan languages have two sets of affixes that are attached to a verb to indicate the person of its arguments . One set ( often referred to in Mayan grammars as set A ) indicates the person of subjects of intransitive verbs , and of objects of transitive verbs . They can also be used with adjective or noun predicates to indicate the subject .
Another set ( set B ) is used to indicate the person of subjects of transitive verbs ( and in some languages , such as Yucatec , also the subjects of intransitive verbs , but only in the incompletive aspects ) , and also the possessors of nouns ( including relational nouns ) .
= = = Verbs = = =
In addition to subject and object ( agent and patient ) , the Mayan verb has affixes signalling aspect , tense , and mood as in the following example :
Tense systems in Mayan languages are generally simple . Jakaltek , for example , contrasts only past and non @-@ past , while Mam has only future and non @-@ future . Aspect systems are normally more prominent . Mood does not normally form a separate system in Mayan , but is instead intertwined with the tense / aspect system . Kaufman has reconstructed a tense / aspect / mood system for proto @-@ Mayan that includes seven aspects : incompletive , progressive , completive / punctual , imperative , potential / future , optative , and perfective .
Mayan languages tend to have a rich set of grammatical voices . Proto @-@ Mayan had at least one passive construction as well as an antipassive rule for downplaying the importance of the agent in relation to the patient . Modern K 'iche ' has two antipassives : one which ascribes focus to the object and another that emphasizes the verbal action . Other voice @-@ related constructions occurring in Mayan languages are the following : mediopassive , incorporational ( incorporating a direct object into the verb ) , instrumental ( promoting the instrument to object position ) and referential ( a kind of applicative promoting an indirect argument such as a benefactive or recipient to the object position ) .
= = = Statives and positionals = = =
In Mayan languages , words are usually viewed as belonging to one of four classes : verbs , statives , adjectives , and nouns .
Statives are a class of predicative words expressing a quality or state , whose syntactic properties fall in between those of verbs and adjectives in Indo @-@ European languages . Like verbs , statives can sometimes be inflected for person but normally lack inflections for tense , aspect and other purely verbal categories . Statives can be adjectives , positionals or numerals .
Positionals , a class of roots characteristic of , if not unique to , the Mayan languages , form stative adjectives and verbs ( usually with the help of suffixes ) with meanings related to the position or shape of an object or person . Mayan languages have between 250 and 500 distinct positional roots :
Telan ay jun naq winaq yul b 'e .
There is a man lying down fallen on the road .
Woqan hin k 'al ay max ek 'k'u .
I spent the entire day sitting down .
Yet ewi xoyan ay jun lob 'aj stina .
Yesterday there was a snake lying curled up in the entrance of the house .
In these three Q 'anjob 'al sentences , the positionals are telan ( " something large or cylindrical lying down as if having fallen " ) , woqan ( " person sitting on a chairlike object " ) , and xoyan ( " curled up like a rope or snake " ) .
= = = Word formation = = =
Compounding of noun roots to form new nouns is commonplace ; there are also many morphological processes to derive nouns from verbs . Verbs also admit highly productive derivational affixes of several kinds , most of which specify transitivity or voice .
Some Mayan languages allow incorporation of noun stems into verbs , either as direct objects or in other functions . However , there are few affixes with adverbial or modal meanings .
As in other Mesoamerican languages , there is widespread metaphorical use of roots denoting body parts , particularly to form locatives and relational nouns such as Tzeltal / Tzotzil ti ' na " door " ( lit . " mouth of house " ) , or Kaqchikel chi ru @-@ pam " inside " ( lit . " mouth its @-@ stomach " ) .
= = Mayan loanwords = =
A number of loanwords of Mayan or potentially Mayan origins are found in other languages , principally Spanish , English , and some neighboring Mesoamerican languages . In addition , there are words in Mayan languages that are known or suspected to ultimately derive from non @-@ Mayan languages , especially Spanish .
According to Mayan language scholars , the English word " shark " comes directly from the Yucatec Maya xoc for " fish " . The OED print edition describes the origin of shark as " uncertain " , noting that it " seems to have been introduced by the sailors of Captain ( afterwards Sir John ) Hawkins 's expedition , who brought home a specimen which was exhibited in London in 1569 " .
Another Mayan loanword is " cigar " . " Sic " is Mayan for " tobacco " and " sicar " means " to smoke tobacco leaves " . This is the most likely origin for cigar and thus cigarette .
The English word " hurricane " , which is a borrowing from the Spanish word huracán is considered to be related to the name of Maya storm deity Jun Raqan . However , it is probable that the word passed into European languages from a Cariban language or Taino .
= = Writing systems = =
The complex script used to write Mayan languages in pre @-@ Columbian times and known today from engravings at several Maya archaeological sites has been deciphered almost completely . The script is a mix between a logographic and a syllabic system .
In colonial times Mayan languages came to be written in a script derived from the Latin alphabet ; orthographies were developed mostly by missionary grammarians . Not all modern Mayan languages have standardized orthographies , but the Mayan languages of Guatemala use a standardized , Latin @-@ based phonemic spelling system developed by the Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala ( ALMG ) . Orthographies for the languages of Mexico are currently being developed by the Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas ( INALI ) .
= = = Glyphic writing = = =
The pre @-@ Columbian Maya civilization developed and used an intricate and fully functional writing system , which is the only Mesoamerican script that can be said to be almost fully deciphered . Earlier @-@ established civilizations to the west and north of the Maya homelands that also had scripts recorded in surviving inscriptions include the Zapotec , Olmec , and the Zoque @-@ speaking peoples of the southern Veracruz and western Chiapas area — but their scripts are as yet largely undeciphered . It is generally agreed that the Maya writing system was adapted from one or more of these earlier systems . A number of references identify the undeciphered Olmec script as its most likely precursor .
In the course of the deciphering of the Maya hieroglyphic script , scholars have come to understand that it was a fully functioning writing system in which it was possible to express unambiguously any sentence of the spoken language . The system is of a type best classified as logosyllabic , in which symbols ( glyphs or graphemes ) can be used as either logograms or syllables . The script has a complete syllabary ( although not all possible syllables have yet been identified ) , and a Maya scribe would have been able to write anything phonetically , syllable by syllable , using these symbols .
At least two major Mayan languages have been confidently identified in hieroglyphic texts , with at least one other language probably identified . An archaic language variety known as Classic Maya predominates in these texts , particularly in the Classic @-@ era inscriptions of the southern and central lowland areas . This language is most closely related to the Ch 'olan branch of the language family , modern descendants of which include Ch 'ol , Ch 'orti ' and Chontal . Inscriptions in an early Yucatecan language ( the ancestor of the main surviving Yucatec language ) have also been recognised or proposed , mainly in the Yucatán Peninsula region and from a later period . Three of the four extant Maya codices are based on Yucatec . It has also been surmised that some inscriptions found in the Chiapas highlands region may be in a Tzeltalan language whose modern descendants are Tzeltal and Tzotzil . Other regional varieties and dialects are also presumed to have been used , but have not yet been identified with certainty .
Use and knowledge of the Maya script continued until the 16th century Spanish conquest at least . Bishop Diego de Landa Calderón of the Catholic Archdiocese of Yucatán prohibited the use of the written language , effectively ending the Mesoamerican tradition of literacy in the native script . He worked with the Spanish colonizers to destroy the bulk of Mayan texts as part of his efforts to convert the locals to Christianity and away from what he perceived as pagan idolatry . Later he described the use of hieroglyphic writing in the religious practices of Yucatecan Maya in his Relación de las cosas de Yucatán .
= = = Colonial orthography = = =
Colonial orthography is marked by the use of c for / k / ( always hard , as in cic / kiik / ) , k for / q / in Guatemala or for / k ’ / in the Yucatán , h for / x / , and tz for / ts / ; the absence of glottal stop or vowel length ( apart sometimes for a double vowel letter for a long glottalized vowel , as in uuc / u ’ uk / ) , the use of u for / w / , as in uac / wak / , and the variable use of z , ç , s for / s / . The greatest difference from modern orthography , however , is in the various attempts to transcribe the ejective consonants .
In ca . 1550 , Francisco de la Parra invented distinctive letters for ejectives in the Mayan languages of Guatemala , the tresillo and cuatrillo ( and derivatives ) . These were used in all subsequent Franciscan writing , and are occasionally seen even today . In 1605 , Alonso Urbano doubled consonants for ejectives in Otomi ( pp , tt , ttz , cc / cqu ) , and similar systems were adapted to Mayan . Another approach , in Yucatec , was to add a bar to the letter , or to double the stem .
* Only the stem of 𝕡 is doubled , but that is not supported by Unicode .
A ligature ꜩ for tz is used alongside ꜭ and ꜫ . The Yucatec convention of dz for / tsʼ / is retained in Maya family names such as Dzib .
= = = Modern orthography = = =
Since the colonial period , practically all Maya writing has used a Latin alphabet . Formerly these were based largely on the Spanish alphabet and varied between authors , and it is only recently that standardized alphabets have been established . The first widely accepted alphabet was created for Yucatec Maya by the authors and contributors of the Diccionario Maya Cordemex , a project directed by Alfredo Barrera Vásquez and first published in 1980 . Subsequently , the Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages ( known by its Spanish acronym ALMG ) , founded in 1986 , adapted these standards to 22 Mayan languages ( primarily in Guatemala ) . The script is largely phonemic , but abandoned the distinction between the apostrophe for ejective consonants and the glottal stop , so that ejective / tʼ / and the non @-@ ejective sequence / tʔ / ( previously t ' and t7 ) are both written t ' . Other major Maya languages , primarily in the Mexican state of Chiapas , such as Tzotzil , Tzeltal , Ch 'ol , and Tojolab 'al , are not generally included in this reformation , and are sometimes written with the conventions standardized by the Chiapan " State Center for Indigenous Language , Art , and Literature " ( CELALI ) , which for instance writes " ts " rather than " tz " ( thus Tseltal and Tsotsil ) . In Mexico , names of archaeological sites and other items of historical record retain the colonial spellings , rather than the revised orthography .
One element of the revised orthographies that is not widely accepted , especially outside the Guatemalan context , is the conversion of proper nouns ( such as names of archaeological sites , modern settlements , and cultures ) . Thus , the Cordemex continues to use the term " Yucatán " ( rather than " Yukatan " ) in its preface , despite the fact that its orthography does not utilize a " c " , and most scholarly archaeological texts continue to print the original spellings for archaeological sites and cultures that have been canonized in the literature over the centuries .
= = Literature = =
From the classic language to the present day , a body of literature has been written in Mayan languages . The earliest texts to have been preserved are largely monumental inscriptions documenting rulership , succession , and ascension , conquest and calendrical and astronomical events . It is likely that other kinds of literature were written in perishable media such as codices made of bark , only four of which have survived the ravages of time and the campaign of destruction by Spanish missionaries .
Shortly after the Spanish conquest , the Mayan languages began to be written with Latin letters . Colonial @-@ era literature in Mayan languages include the famous Popol Vuh , a mythico @-@ historical narrative written in 17th century Classical Quiché but believed to be based on an earlier work written in the 1550s , now lost . The Título de Totonicapán and the 17th century theatrical work the Rabinal Achí are other notable early works in K 'iche ' , the latter in the Achí dialect . The Annals of the Cakchiquels from the late 16th century , which provides a historical narrative of the Kaqchikel , contains elements paralleling some of the accounts appearing in the Popol Vuh . The historical and prophetical accounts in the several variations known collectively as the books of Chilam Balam are primary sources of early Yucatec Maya traditions . The only surviving book of early lyric poetry , the Songs of Dzitbalche by Ah Bam , comes from this same period .
In addition to these singular works , many early grammars of indigenous languages , called " artes " , were written by priests and friars . Languages covered by these early grammars include Kaqchikel , Classical Quiché , Tzeltal , Tzotzil and Yucatec . Some of these came with indigenous @-@ language translations of the Catholic catechism .
While Mayan peoples continued to produce a rich oral literature in the postcolonial period ( after 1821 ) which has been collected by linguists and ethnologists gathering oral literature , very little written literature was produced in this period .
Because indigenous languages were excluded from the education systems of Mexico and Guatemala after independence , Mayan peoples remained largely illiterate in their native languages , learning to read and write in Spanish , if at all . However , since the establishment of the Cordemex and the Guatemalan Academy of Mayan Languages ( 1986 ) , native language literacy has begun to spread and a number of indigenous writers have started a new tradition of writing in Mayan languages . Notable among this new generation is the K 'iche ' poet Humberto Ak 'ab 'al , whose works are often published in dual @-@ language Spanish / K 'iche ' editions , as well as K 'iche ' scholar Luis Enrique Sam Colop ( 1955 – 2011 ) whose translations of the Popol Vuh into both Spanish and modern K 'iche ' achieved high acclaim .
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= The Boat Race 1883 =
The 40th Boat Race , an annual side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames , took place on 15 March 1883 . Following confusion at the start of the race and a snow storm during the event , Oxford won by a margin of three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in a time of 21 minutes 18 seconds .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions having won the previous year 's race by seven lengths , and held the overall lead , with 21 victories to Cambridge 's 17 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) .
Cambridge 's coaches were John Goldie ( who had rowed for Cambridge four times in the 1869 , 1870 , 1871 and 1872 races ) and Herbert Edward Rhodes ( who was also a four @-@ time Blue , rowing in each race between 1873 and 1876 ) . Oxford were coached by William Grenfell ( who rowed for Oxford in the 1877 and 1878 races ) and Walter Bradford Woodgate ( who represented Oxford in the 1862 and 1863 races ) . Woodgate also briefly coached the Light Blues the same year . The umpire for the race was Robert Lewis @-@ Lloyd ( who had rowed for Cambridge four times between 1856 and 1859 ) and the starter was Edward Searle , who had fulfilled that position since the 1840 race .
Oxford chose to discard their old boat which they had used since the 1878 race in favour of one built by Harry Clasper . The Cambridge crew was subject to several late changes to the stroke seat ; three times in quick succession the occupant was replaced as a result of illness and tactical decisions .
= = Crews = =
The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 2 @.@ 75 lb ( 77 @.@ 3 kg ) , 4 @.@ 75 pounds ( 2 @.@ 2 kg ) more than their opponents . Oxford 's crew contained six former Blues , including A. R. Paterson , L. R. West and cox E. H. Lyon , all of whom were making their third appearance in the event . Cambridge saw five participants return , including the Cambridge University Boat Club president Charles William Moore and Peter Wilson Atkin who were rowing in their third Boat Race . The race featured two non @-@ British participants : Cambridge 's Steve Fairbairn ( whose brother Charles had competed in the 1879 race ) was born in Victoria in Australia , while Oxford 's George Quinlan Roberts hailed from Tasmania .
= = Race = =
Cambridge were pre @-@ race favourites although former Oxford rower and author George Drinkwater noted that the public had been unaware of the significant improvements from Oxford following their transition to the Clasper vessel . Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . The race started at 5 : 39 p.m. and quickly descended into chaos : darkness was falling and it became quickly apparent that the Cambridge crew had not heard the command to " go " from the starter Searle . By now , according to Oxford 's bow G. C. Bourne , he was " old with a feeble voice " , and although the Oxford stroke L. R. West saw Searle drop his handkerchief , and set off , the Cambridge boat did not move .
West seized the initiative and took the Dark Blue crew off to an immediate lead which , despite a " blinding snowstorm " , they extended to three lengths by Hammersmith Bridge . They went on to win by three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in a time of 21 minutes 18 seconds . It was Oxford 's fourth consecutive victory and took the overall record to 22 – 17 in their favour .
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= Djaoeh Dimata =
Djaoeh Dimata ( [ dʒaˈu diˈmata ] ; Perfected Spelling : Jauh Dimata ; Indonesian for Out of Sight ) is a 1948 film from what is now Indonesia written and directed by Andjar Asmara for the South Pacific Film Corporation ( SPFC ) . Starring Ratna Asmara and Ali Joego , it follows a woman who goes to Jakarta to find work after her husband is blinded in an accident . SPFC 's first production , Djaoeh Dimata took two to three months to film and cost almost 130 @,@ 000 gulden .
The first domestically produced feature film to be released in five years , Djaoeh Dimata received favourable reviews , although financially it was outperformed by Roestam Sutan Palindih 's Air Mata Mengalir di Tjitarum ( released soon after ) . The film 's cast remained active in the Indonesian film industry , some for another thirty years , and SPFC produced six more works before closing in 1949 . A copy of the film is stored at Sinematek Indonesia .
= = Plot = =
A poor villager , Asrad ( Ali Joego ) , is blinded following a traffic accident and thus unable to work . As a result , his wife Soelastri ( Ratna Asmara ) travels to the capital , Jakarta , to find a job . As Asrad does not trust his wife and fears she may be unfaithful , he writes her a letter telling her to not come back . Soelastri becomes a singer , and – unknown to Asrad – soon achieves wide acclaim . Her most popular song , " Djaoeh Dimata " , receives heavy airplay on the radio and soon becomes one of Asrad 's favourites . Ultimately Soelastri is brought home by Soekarto ( Iskandar Sucarno ) , who attempts to pass her off as a maid for Asrad . When Asrad recognises his wife 's voice , they are reconciled .
= = Background = =
The first two years of the 1940s saw a growth in the cinema of the Dutch East Indies , with over forty domestic productions released . Following the Japanese occupation in February 1942 , production slowed greatly and nearly all film studios were closed . The last studio , the ethnic Chinese @-@ owned Multi Film , was confiscated by the Japanese to establish the film production company Nippon Eigasha in Jakarta , the colony 's capital . This included Multi Film 's equipment , with which Nippon Eigasha produced one feature film – Rd Ariffien 's Berdjoang ( Struggle ; 1943 ) – six short films , and several newsreels . All were pro @-@ Japanese propaganda .
After the Japanese surrender in August 1945 , a number of native Indonesian employees of Nippon Eigasha formed Berita Film Indonesia , which first made use of the studios . This company was allied with the newly proclaimed Indonesian government . During the ensuing revolution , allied Dutch and British forces occupied Jakarta in November 1945 . The Dutch took over the studio , and production of newsreels at Multi Film 's studios began in 1947 under the banner Regerings Film Bedrijf . The following year the Dutch established a subsidiary company to produce fictional films . This new company , the South Pacific Film Corporation ( SPFC ) , was subsidised in part by the Netherlands Indies Civil Administration , a continuation of the former Dutch colonial government of the Indies .
= = Production = =
SPFC hired Andjar Asmara , a former journalist and stagewriter who had been active with The Teng Chun 's Java Industrial Film before the Japanese occupation , to direct Djaoeh Dimata ; he based the screenplay on his stageplay of the same name . However , as with his pre @-@ war ventures , the native Indonesian Andjar was more of an acting and dialogue coach ; the Dutch cinematographer , A.A. Denninghoff @-@ Stelling , held more creative power over the final product . Max Tera served as assistant cinematographer on this black @-@ and @-@ white film .
The film starred Ratna Asmara ( wife of Andjar ) , Ali Yugo , Iskandar Sucarno , and Djauhari Effendi , all of whom had previous theatrical experience . Ratna and Ali , together with Andjar , had been members of the travelling troupe Dardanella in the early 1930s and entered the film industry together in 1940 with Kartinah . Iskandar and Djauhari , meanwhile , had been active in the theatre during the occupation ; both made their feature film debuts with Djaoeh Dimata .
Principal photography was conducted on sets constructed by artistic director Hajopan Bajo Angin in SFPC 's studio in Jakarta . The company 's equipment was of good quality , but conditions were detrimental to filming ; a contemporary report notes that one take , done inside the studio , was ruined by the sound of a passing car . Filming , which took two to three months , was completed on 10 November 1948 . Production costs were almost 130 @,@ 000 gulden , which was partially obtained from ethnic Chinese backers . The film included multiple songs , including Gesang Martohartono 's 1940 hit " Bengawan Solo " .
= = Release and reception = =
Djaoeh Dimata was released in late 1948 , the first domestic feature film since Berdjoang . Despite this five @-@ year gap , film critic Usmar Ismail writes that it did not stray from the formula which had been proven before the war , one which Indonesian film historian Misbach Yusa Biran notes focused on songs , beautiful scenery and romance . Roestam Sutan Palindih 's Air Mata Mengalir di Tjitarum ( Tears Flow in Citarum ) , which had similar themes , was released shortly after Djaoeh Dimata by the rival Tan & Wong Bros. ; it proved the greater financial success . Only three domestic productions were released in 1948 ; the last was another SPFC production , entitled Anggrek Bulan ( Moon Orchid ) , which was also directed by Andjar .
Reviews of the film , which was rated for all ages , were mixed . One in the Jakarta @-@ based Het Dagblad found the film to have many ( unspecified ) weak moments as well as strong ones . It particularly praised Ali 's acting as a blind man , as well as Denninghoff @-@ Stelling 's camerawork . Another reviewer , in the magazine Mestika , described Ratna as an " unprecedented tragedienne " capable of making viewers cry " unrestrained tears of emotion " . After Djaoeh Dimata was released in Singapore in June 1949 , a reviewer for The Straits Times praised the film 's " fine photography and almost perfect sound " .
Andjar directed two further films for South Pacific , Anggrek Bulan and Gadis Desa ( Maiden from the Village ; 1949 ) . Ratna had no further acting roles , although in 1950 she became Indonesia 's first female director with Sedap Malam ( Sweetness of the Night ) , for Djamaluddin Malik 's company Persari . Ali , Iskandar , and Djauhari remained active as actors , Ali and Iskandar through the 1960s and Djauhari until the 1970s . SPFC made another six films before shutting down at the end of the Indonesian National Revolution in 1949 . A 35 mm copy of Djaoeh Dimata is stored at Sinematek Indonesia in Jakarta .
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= George S. Patton 's speech to the Third Army =
Patton 's Speech to the Third Army , alternatively known simply as " Patton 's Speech " or " The Speech " , was a series of speeches given by General George S. Patton to troops of the United States Third Army in 1944 , prior to the Allied invasion of France . Patton , already established as a highly effective and charismatic leader , sought to motivate the inexperienced Third Army for its pending combat duty . In the oration , Patton implored his soldiers to do their duty regardless of personal fear , imploring them to aggressiveness and constant offensive action . Patton 's profanity @-@ laced speaking was viewed as unprofessional by some other officers but the speech resounded well with his men . Some historians have acclaimed the oration as Patton 's greatest speaking as well as one of the greatest motivational speeches of all time .
An abbreviated and less profane version of the speech became iconic after the 1970 movie Patton , as performed by actor George C. Scott before an enormous American flag . The performance was instrumental in bringing Patton into popular culture and transforming him into a folk hero .
= = Background = =
In January 1944 , Lieutenant General George S. Patton was given command of the Third United States Army , a field army which was newly arrived in the United Kingdom and which was composed largely of inexperienced troops . Patton 's job had been to train the Third Army to prepare it for the upcoming Allied invasion of France , where it would join in the Operation Cobra breakout into Brittany seven weeks after the Operation Overlord amphibious invasion at Normandy .
By 1944 , Patton had been established as a highly effective and successful leader , noted for his ability to inspire his men with charismatic speeches , which he delivered from memory because of a lifelong trouble with reading . Patton deliberately cultivated a flashy , distinctive image in the belief that this would inspire his troops . He carried a trademark ivory @-@ handled , Smith & Wesson Model 27 .357 Magnum . He was usually seen wearing a highly polished helmet , riding pants , and high cavalry boots . His jeep bore oversized rank placards on the front and back , as well as a klaxon horn which would loudly announce his approach from afar . Patton was an effective combat commander , having rehabilitated the U.S. II Corps during the North African Campaign and then led the Seventh United States Army through the Invasion of Sicily during 1943 , at times personally appearing to his troops in the middle of battle in hopes of inspiring them . Patton 's army had beaten British general Bernard Law Montgomery to Messina which gained him considerable fame , though a " slapping incident " sidelined his career for several months thereafter .
At the time of the speeches , Patton was attempting to keep a low profile among the press , as he had been ordered to by General Dwight Eisenhower . Patton was made a central figure in an elaborate phantom army deception scheme , and the Germans believed he was in Dover preparing the First United States Army Group for an invasion of Pas de Calais . On each occasion , he would wear his polished helmet , full dress uniform , and gleaming riding boots , and carry a riding crop to snap for effect . Patton frequently kept his face in a scowl he referred to as his " war face " . He would arrive in a Mercedes and deliver his remarks on a raised platform surrounded by a very large audience seated around the platform and on surrounding hills . Each address was delivered to a division @-@ sized force of 15 @,@ 000 or more men .
= = The speech = =
Patton began delivering speeches to his troops in the United Kingdom in February 1944 . The extent of his giving the particular speech that became famous is unclear , with different sources saying it had taken this form by March , or around early May , or in late May . The number of speeches given is also not clear , with one source saying four to six , and others suggesting that every unit in the Third Army heard an instance . The most famous and well known of the speeches occurred on 5 June 1944 , the day before D @-@ Day . Though he was unaware of the actual date for the beginning of the invasion of Europe ( as the Third Army was not part of the initial landing force ) , Patton used the speech as a motivational device to excite the men under his command and prevent them from losing their nerve . Patton delivered the speech extemporaneously , without notes of his own , and so though it was substantially the same at each occurrence , the order of some of its parts varied . One notable difference occurred in the speech he delivered on 31 May 1944 , while addressing the U.S. 6th Armored Division , when he began with a remark that would later be among his most famous :
No bastard ever won a war by dying for his country . You won it by making the other poor dumb bastard die for his country .
Patton 's words were later written down by a number of troops who witnessed his remarks , and so a number of iterations exist with differences in wording . Historian Terry Brighton constructed a full speech from a number of soldiers who recounted the speech in their memoirs , including Gilbert R. Cook , Hobart R. Gay , and a number of other junior soldiers . Patton only wrote briefly of his orations in his diary , noting , " as in all of my talks , I stressed fighting and killing . " The speech later became so popular that it was called simply " Patton 's speech " or " The speech " when referencing the general .
Be seated .
Men , all this stuff you hear about America not wanting to fight , wanting to stay out of the war , is a lot of bullshit . Americans love to fight . All real Americans love the sting and clash of battle . When you were kids , you all admired the champion marble shooter , the fastest runner , the big @-@ league ball players and the toughest boxers . Americans love a winner and will not tolerate a loser . Americans play to win all the time . That 's why Americans have never lost and will never lose a war . The very thought of losing is hateful to Americans . Battle is the most significant competition in which a man can indulge . It brings out all that is best and it removes all that is base .
You are not all going to die . Only two percent of you right here today would be killed in a major battle . Every man is scared in his first action . If he says he 's not , he 's a goddamn liar . But the real hero is the man who fights even though he 's scared . Some men will get over their fright in a minute under fire , some take an hour , and for some it takes days . But the real man never lets his fear of death overpower his honor , his sense of duty to his country , and his innate manhood .
All through your army career you men have bitched about what you call ' this chicken @-@ shit drilling . ' That is all for a purpose — to ensure instant obedience to orders and to create constant alertness . This must be bred into every soldier . I don 't give a fuck for a man who is not always on his toes . But the drilling has made veterans of all you men . You are ready ! A man has to be alert all the time if he expects to keep on breathing . If not , some German son @-@ of @-@ a @-@ bitch will sneak up behind him and beat him to death with a sock full of shit . There are four hundred neatly marked graves in Sicily , all because one man went to sleep on the job — but they are German graves , because we caught the bastard asleep before his officer did .
An army is a team . It lives , eats , sleeps , and fights as a team . This individual hero stuff is bullshit . The bilious bastards who write that stuff for the Saturday Evening Post don 't know any more about real battle than they do about fucking . And we have the best team — we have the finest food and equipment , the best spirit and the best men in the world . Why , by God , I actually pity these poor bastards we 're going up against .
All the real heroes are not storybook combat fighters . Every single man in the army plays a vital role . So don 't ever let up . Don 't ever think that your job is unimportant . What if every truck driver decided that he didn 't like the whine of the shells and turned yellow and jumped headlong into a ditch ? That cowardly bastard could say to himself , ' Hell , they won 't miss me , just one man in thousands . ' What if every man said that ? Where in the hell would we be then ? No , thank God , Americans don 't say that . Every man does his job . Every man is important . The ordnance men are needed to supply the guns , the quartermaster is needed to bring up the food and clothes for us because where we are going there isn 't a hell of a lot to steal . Every last damn man in the mess hall , even the one who boils the water to keep us from getting the GI shits , has a job to do .
Each man must think not only of himself , but think of his buddy fighting alongside him . We don 't want yellow cowards in the army . They should be killed off like flies . If not , they will go back home after the war , goddamn cowards , and breed more cowards . The brave men will breed more brave men . Kill off the goddamn cowards and we 'll have a nation of brave men .
One of the bravest men I saw in the African campaign was on a telegraph pole in the midst of furious fire while we were moving toward Tunis . I stopped and asked him what the hell he was doing up there . He answered , ' Fixing the wire , sir . ' ' Isn 't it a little unhealthy up there right now ? ' I asked . ' Yes sir , but this goddamn wire has got to be fixed . ' I asked , ' Don 't those planes strafing the road bother you ? ' And he answered , ' No sir , but you sure as hell do . ' Now , there was a real soldier . A real man . A man who devoted all he had to his duty , no matter how great the odds , no matter how seemingly insignificant his duty appeared at the time .
And you should have seen the trucks on the road to Gabès . Those drivers were magnificent . All day and all night they crawled along those son @-@ of @-@ a @-@ bitch roads , never stopping , never deviating from their course with shells bursting all around them . Many of the men drove over 40 consecutive hours . We got through on good old American guts . These were not combat men . But they were soldiers with a job to do . They were part of a team . Without them the fight would have been lost .
Sure , we all want to go home . We want to get this war over with . But you can 't win a war lying down . The quickest way to get it over with is to get the bastards who started it . We want to get the hell over there and clean the goddamn thing up , and then get at those purple @-@ pissing Japs . The quicker they are whipped , the quicker we go home . The shortest way home is through Berlin and Tokyo . So keep moving . And when we get to Berlin , I am personally going to shoot that paper @-@ hanging son @-@ of @-@ a @-@ bitch Hitler .
When a man is lying in a shell hole , if he just stays there all day , a Boche will get him eventually . The hell with that . My men don 't dig foxholes . Foxholes only slow up an offensive . Keep moving . We 'll win this war , but we 'll win it only by fighting and showing the Germans that we 've got more guts than they have or ever will have . We 're not just going to shoot the bastards , we 're going to rip out their living goddamned guts and use them to grease the treads of our tanks . We 're going to murder those lousy Hun cocksuckers by the bushel @-@ fucking @-@ basket .
Some of you men are wondering whether or not you 'll chicken out under fire . Don 't worry about it . I can assure you that you 'll all do your duty . War is a bloody business , a killing business . The Nazis are the enemy . Wade into them , spill their blood or they will spill yours . Shoot them in the guts . Rip open their belly . When shells are hitting all around you and you wipe the dirt from your face and you realize that it 's not dirt , it 's the blood and gut of what was once your best friend , you 'll know what to do .
I don 't want any messages saying ' I 'm holding my position . ' We 're not holding a goddamned thing . We 're advancing constantly and we 're not interested in holding anything except the enemy 's balls . We 're going to hold him by his balls and we 're going to kick him in the ass ; twist his balls and kick the living shit out of him all the time . Our plan of operation is to advance and keep on advancing . We 're going to go through the enemy like shit through a tinhorn .
There will be some complaints that we 're pushing our people too hard . I don 't give a damn about such complaints . I believe that an ounce of sweat will save a gallon of blood . The harder we push , the more Germans we kill . The more Germans we kill , the fewer of our men will be killed . Pushing harder means fewer casualties . I want you all to remember that . My men don 't surrender . I don 't want to hear of any soldier under my command being captured unless he is hit . Even if you are hit , you can still fight . That 's not just bullshit either . I want men like the lieutenant in Libya who , with a Luger against his chest , swept aside the gun with his hand , jerked his helmet off with the other and busted the hell out of the Boche with the helmet . Then he picked up the gun and he killed another German . All this time the man had a bullet through his lung . That 's a man for you !
Don 't forget , you don 't know I 'm here at all . No word of that fact is to be mentioned in any letters . The world is not supposed to know what the hell they did with me . I 'm not supposed to be commanding this army . I 'm not even supposed to be in England . Let the first bastards to find out be the goddamned Germans . Some day , I want them to rise up on their piss @-@ soaked hind legs and howl ' Ach ! It 's the goddamned Third Army and that son @-@ of @-@ a @-@ bitch Patton again ! '
Then there 's one thing you men will be able to say when this war is over and you get back home . Thirty years from now when you 're sitting by your fireside with your grandson on your knee and he asks , ' What did you do in the great World War Two ? ' You won 't have to cough and say , ' Well , your granddaddy shoveled shit in Louisiana . ' No sir , you can look him straight in the eye and say ' Son , your granddaddy rode with the great Third Army and a son @-@ of @-@ a @-@ goddamned @-@ bitch named George Patton ! '
All right , you sons of bitches . You know how I feel . I 'll be proud to lead you wonderful guys in battle anytime , anywhere . That 's all .
= = Impact = =
The troops under Patton 's command received the speech well . The general 's strong reputation caused considerable excitement among his men , and they listened intently , in absolute silence , as he spoke . A majority indicated they enjoyed Patton 's speaking style . As one officer recounted of the end of the speech , " the men instinctively sensed the fact and the telling mark that they themselves would play in world history because of it , for they were being told as much right now . Deep sincerity and seriousness lay behind the General 's colorful words , and the men well knew it , but they loved the way he put it as only he could do it . " Patton gave a humorous tone to the speech , as he intentionally sought to make his men laugh with his colorful delivery . Observers later noted the troops seemed to find the speeches very funny . In particular , Patton 's use of obscene humor was well received by the enlisted men , as it was " the language of the barracks " .
A notable minority of Patton 's officers were unimpressed or displeased with their commander 's use of obscenities , viewing it as unprofessional conduct for a military officer . Among some officers ' later recounting of the speech , " bullshit " would be replaced by " baloney " and " fucking " by " fornicating " . At least one account replaced " we 're going to hold the enemy by the balls " to " we 're going to hold the enemy by the nose . " Among the critics of Patton 's frequent use of vulgarities was General Omar Bradley , Patton 's former subordinate . It was well known that the two men were polar opposites in personality , and there is considerable evidence that Bradley disliked Patton both personally and professionally . In response to criticisms of his coarse language , Patton wrote to a family member , " When I want my men to remember something important , to really make it stick , I give it to them double dirty . It may not sound nice to a bunch of little old ladies , at an afternoon tea party , but it helps my soldiers to remember . You can 't run an army without profanity , and it has to be eloquent profanity . An army without profanity couldn 't fight its way out of a piss @-@ soaked paper bag . "
Under Patton , the Third Army landed in Normandy during July 1944 and would go on to play an integral role in the last months of the war in Europe , closing the Falaise Pocket in mid @-@ August , and playing the key role in relieving the siege of Bastogne during the Battle of the Bulge in December , a feat regarded as one of the most notable achievements in the war . The rapid offensive action and speed that Patton called for in the speech became actions which brought the Third Army wide acclaim in the campaign .
Historians acclaim the speech as one of Patton 's best works . Author Terry Brighton called it " the greatest motivational speech of the war and perhaps of all time , exceeding ( in its morale boosting effect if not as literature ) the words Shakespeare gave King Henry V at Agincourt . " Alan Axelrod contended it was the most famous of his many memorable quotes .
The speech became an icon of popular culture after the 1970 film Patton , which was about the general 's wartime exploits . The opening of the movie saw actor George C. Scott , as Patton , delivering a toned @-@ down version of the speech before an enormous American flag . It began with a version of Patton 's " No bastard ever won a war by dying for his country ... " quote . Scott 's iteration omitted much of the middle of the speech relating to Patton 's anecdotes about Sicily and Libya , as well as his remarks about the importance of every soldier to the war effort . In contrast to Patton 's humorous approach , Scott delivered the speech in an entirely serious , low and gruff tone . Still , Scott 's depiction of Patton in this scene is an iconic depiction of the General which earned Scott an Academy Award for Best Actor , and was instrumental in bringing Patton into popular culture as a folk hero .
In the 8th episode of Ken Burns ' PBS documentary The Civil War , Southern writer and historian , Shelby Foote makes reference to the opening scene in the film Patton , in particular to Patton 's quote , " Americans have never lost a war . " Foote states , " That ’ s a rather amazing statement for him to make as Patton because Patton ’ s grandfather was in Lee ’ s Army of Northern Virginia and he certainly lost a war . "
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= Hilston Park =
Hilston Park is a country house and estate located between the villages of Newcastle and Skenfrith , in Monmouthshire , Wales , close to the border with Herefordshire , England . The house and park are situated in the Monnow valley , beside the B4347 road , 7 @.@ 9 miles ( 12 @.@ 7 km ) by road northwest of Monmouth and just over 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) southwest of Skenfrith .
The Palladian mansion , built in 1838 for Bristolian banker George Cave , is a Grade II * listed building and the park 's flower meadow is a Site of Special Scientific Interest . The park includes two early 20th century lodges at both entrance gates , a ruined coach house , a lake and boathouse , a pond , and several streams , several gardens and areas of woodland , and Hilston Tower , a late 18th @-@ century folly made of red sandstone in the northeastern corner of the grounds . The house now serves as a residential outdoor education centre run by Gwent Outdoor Centres , an organisation jointly supported by the local authorities of Newport , Torfaen , Blaenau Gwent and Monmouthshire .
= = History = =
Hilston House was for many years the principal estate and mansion in the parish of St. Maughans . In the 17th and 18th centuries it was the residence of the Needham family , although Henry Milbourne , an important 17th century magistrate of the county , is also reported to have lived here at one time . Sebastian Needham is said to have been buried at Skenfrith , on 26 March 1723 , having fathered nine children . The house remained in the family , who were Catholic , for four generations . Following this stable period of ownership , accounting for about a century , the estate then changed hands a considerable number of times within the next 70 years . It was eventually sold by John Needham , a barrister of Grays Inn , to Sir William Pilkington when Needham moved to Somerset . Pilkington sold it to James Jones of the Graig , who sold it to Sir Robert Brownrigg , G.C.B. a distinguished officer in the Peninsula War . He died on 27 May 1833 , aged 76 years and his monument may be seen on the south wall of St. Maughan 's Church . After his death the house was sold to Thomas Coates of Lancashire . Shortly afterwards , on 12 September 1838 , the house was destroyed by fire .
It was then sold to George Cave , a banker of Bristol , who was responsible for building a new Palladian mansion which remains today . He sold it to Alfred Crawshay , who sold it to John Hamilton who finally completed the building . His son , Captain Pryce Hamilton , brother to Alice Mary Sinclair , seems to have added considerably to the Hilston Estate and it appears that he also purchased Norton Court from Henry Somerset , 8th Duke of Beaufort , and bought Skenfrith Mill and Lower Duffryn around 1870 .
Pryce Hamilton sold Hilston House in about 1873 to James Graham , High Sheriff of Monmouthshire in 1881 , who passed the house on to Douglas William Graham , who was living at Hilston in 1902 , when the hall was panelled with the oak from the hall of the Lower Duffryn . Graham was also responsible for other improvements , the stone and brick buildings at Home Farm , the Lodges , New Cottages and the reservoir . It was then owned for some time by the Lawley family , who had made their fortune in shipping and cotton in Manchester . In the 1930s , Hilston Park was the residence of Edmund Henry Bevan ( High Sheriff of Northamptonshire in 1912 ) , whose riches were by inheritance from the Portland cement made at Bevan Works in Northfleet , Kent . He married Joan Mary Conyers Norton , the eldest daughter of the 5th Baron Grantley , in the 1930s .
It was purchased by T. E. Davies in the 1940s , who sold the house and estate on 17 October 1947 . In the 1950s , the house was converted to a school . It became an outdoor education centre in 1971 . It continues today as a residential centre , operated since 1996 by Gwent Outdoor Education Service , a joint service supported by the four local authorities of Blaenau Gwent , Monmouthshire , Newport and Torfaen . It caters mainly for school and college students on organised visits , and hosts activities such as orienteering and archery , with other activities such as canoeing and caving at nearby sites .
= = Architecture and layout = =
= = = Grounds = = =
= = = = Gardens and lodges = = = =
Hilston House , which is situated in the western half of the park , has two entrances . The south drive " skirts the forecourt to the N and sweeps round southwards past the lake and straight to the B4347 " , and the main drive in tarmac , from the northwest , " drive winds through a wooded area to a level forecourt of grass with a rectangular tarmac area in front of the main entrance to the house . " Two early 20th century lodges are contained on the estate , one at the northern end of the front drive and the other to the south , on the B4347 . One of these , Lower Dyffryn , is an E @-@ shaped building of Early Tudor style , with a slate roof , three gables , and a projecting chimney @-@ breast . The coach @-@ house on the northeastern side of the drive was largely demolished in 1972 ; all that remains is its rear and side walls .
In the early 1920s , the estate was described as being 1 @,@ 050 acres ( 420 ha ) , and that there were 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) of fishing along the River Monnow . The park 's flower meadow is a Site of Special Scientific Interest . Cadw cites the reason for it being listed as an SSSI in 1990 as " 19th @-@ century park and garden , with some well preserved features , including ornamental lake and folly tower " . Much of the park is under agricultural cultivation , and several streams arising from springs , mainly in the western side of the park flow through and enter the River Monnow . To the southeast of the house is an Italian rose garden which contains a circular stone pool and fountain . To the northeast of the house is a large walled kitchen garden , rectangular in shape , and framed by red brick walls , mostly 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) in height , but 2 @.@ 2 metres ( 7 ft 3 in ) on the eastern side and 2 metres ( 6 ft 7 in ) to the east of the door on the southern side . The kitchen garden is orientated in a southwest @-@ northeast direction , with a buttressed northern wall , two entrances on the western side , and one on each of the northern , eastern and southern walls . In the summer months it is used as a caravan park . The area to the north of the kitchen garden contains mainly ruined sheds and glasshouses and was wildly overgrown at the time of its surveying in December 1990 .
= = = = Lake = = = =
A lake and silted artificial pond is situated to the southwest of the house , separated by a belt of woodland consisting of mainly deciduous , coniferous trees and shrubs , and also pines , cypresses , monkey puzzle trees , copper beeches , yews and laurel trees . The lake , roughly 100 metres ( 330 ft ) at longest from north to south and roughly 60 metres ( 200 ft ) at its widest point , is cited by Cadw to be " fed by a spring at its [ north ] end , and dammed at its [ south ] end by a massive earthen dam across the valley floor . " The lake contains a " kidney @-@ shaped island " , framed by a sloping stone revetment wall , and a similar smaller island nearer the eastern shore . On the eastern side of the lake is a boathouse and grotto . The grotto is situated in the middle of a revetment wall of about 2 metres high built of large irregularly placed stones , and is characterised as a semi @-@ circular alcove , 1 @.@ 8 metres ( 5 ft 11 in ) in height , 2 @.@ 5 metres ( 8 ft 2 in ) in depth and 1 @.@ 2 metres ( 3 ft 11 in ) in width .
= = = = Hilston Tower = = = =
There is also a woodland , a former Forestry Commission plantation , planted around 1960 in the north @-@ eastern corner of the park on a small hill , which contains a circular folly tower , of three storeys , in the centre . The tower , built from red sandstone , is believed to date to the late 18th century . The northern side is considerably more eroded by the weather than the southern side . The tower is marginally wider at the base and has no internal floor structure , but contains holes for floor joists and stair treads . There are four windows on the ground floors and narrower windows higher up .
= = = House = = =
Much work was done on the house in the expectation of a visit by George IV , which never happened . The main building has been described as " a major early Victorian stuccoed classical mansion , about which little is known " . The two @-@ storeyed north front features nine bays , the outermost ones slightly recessed , with a central pedimented porte @-@ cochère of four massive Ionic columns . The southeast front has a single @-@ storey portico running the length of the front , which leads to a conservatory at the northeast end of the house . The architect is not known . The building was extended on its eastern side and its interior remodelled , around 1912 , when a large ballroom in the Arts and Crafts style , designed by Arthur Grove was added . This features elaborate plasterwork and decoration in the form of signs of the zodiac . It became a Grade II * listed building on 5 January 1952 .
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= Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 =
Gol Transportes Aéreos Flight 1907 ( ICAO : GLO 1907 ) was a Boeing 737 @-@ 8EH , registration PR @-@ GTD , on a scheduled domestic passenger flight from Manaus , Brazil , to Rio de Janeiro . On 29 September 2006 , Local time 16 : 48 BRT , it collided in midair with an Embraer Legacy 600 business jet over the Brazilian state of Mato Grosso . All 154 passengers and crew aboard the Boeing 737 died when the aircraft broke up in midair and crashed into an area of dense jungle , while the Embraer Legacy , despite sustaining serious damage to its left wing and tail , landed safely with its seven occupants uninjured .
The accident , which triggered a crisis in Brazilian civil aviation , was the deadliest in that country 's aviation history at the time , surpassing VASP Flight 168 , which crashed in 1982 with 137 fatalities near Fortaleza . It was subsequently surpassed by TAM Airlines Flight 3054 , which crashed on 17 July 2007 with 199 fatalities . It was also the first crash of a Boeing 737 @-@ 800 , and the deadliest aviation accident involving a Boeing 737 ( all series ) aircraft at that time , eventually surpassed by Air India Express Flight 812 , which crashed at Mangalore , India , on 22 May 2010 with 158 fatalities .
The accident was investigated by both the Brazilian Air Force 's Aeronautical Accidents Investigation and Prevention Center ( Portuguese : Centro de Investigação e Prevenção de Acidentes Aeronáuticos ( CENIPA ) ) and the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) , with a final report issued on 10 December 2008 . CENIPA concluded that the accident was caused by errors committed both by air traffic controllers and by the American pilots on the delivery flight of the Embraer Legacy , while the NTSB determined that all pilots acted properly and were placed on a collision course by a variety of " individual and institutional " air traffic control errors .
= = Boeing aircraft and crew = =
The Gol Transportes Aéreos twin turbofan Boeing 737 @-@ 8EH aircraft , was a new Short Field Performance variant . It had made its first flight on August 22 , 2006 and been delivered to Gol on 12 September 2006 , less than 3 weeks before the accident , with 186 seats ( 36 Economy Plus and 150 Economy seats ) . Gol Flight 1907 ( ICAO code " GLO 1907 " ) departed Eduardo Gomes International Airport in Manaus on 29 September 2006 , at 15 : 35 Brazil Standard Time ( BST ) ( 18 : 35 UTC ) , en route to Rio de Janeiro @-@ Galeão International Airport , with a planned intermediate stop at Brasília International Airport .
There were 148 passengers and six crew members on board the Boeing airliner . The crew consisted of Captain Decio Chaves Jr . , 44 , First Officer Thiago Jordão Cruso , 29 , and four flight attendants . The captain , who had also been serving as a Boeing 737 flight instructor for Gol , had 15 @,@ 498 total flight hours , with 13 @,@ 521 in Boeing 737 aircraft . The first officer had 3 @,@ 981 total flight hours , with 3 @,@ 081 in Boeing 737 aircraft .
There were 6 American , 3 Colombian , 4 French , 10 Argentine , 3 Australian , 2 South African , 5 Mexican , 4 Venezuelan , 1 Japanese , 2 Portuguese and 3 Canadian passengers on board . The remaining 111 occupants , including the 6 crew members , were Brazilian .
= = Embraer aircraft and crew = =
The twin turbofan Embraer Legacy 600 business jet , serial number 965 and registration N600XL , newly built by Embraer and purchased by ExcelAire Service Inc. of Ronkonkoma , New York , was on a delivery flight by ExcelAire from the Embraer factory to the U.S. It departed from São José dos Campos @-@ Professor Urbano Ernesto Stumpf Airport ( SJK ) , near São Paulo , at 14 : 51 BST , and was on its way to Eduardo Gomes International Airport ( MAO ) in Manaus as a planned en route stop .
The ExcelAire flight crew consisted of Captain Joseph Lepore , 42 , and First Officer Jan Paul Paladino , 34 , both U.S. citizens . Lepore had been a commercial pilot for more than 20 years and had logged 9 @,@ 388 total flight hours , with 5 @.@ 5 hours in the Legacy 600 . Paladino had been a commercial pilot for a decade and had accumulated more than 6 @,@ 400 flight hours , including 317 hours flying as captain of Embraer ERJ @-@ 145 and ERJ @-@ 135 jet aircraft for American Eagle Airlines . ( The ERJ @-@ 145 and ERJ @-@ 135 aircraft are regional jets of the same family as the Legacy . ) Paladino had also served as first officer for American Airlines , flying MD @-@ 82 , MD @-@ 83 and Boeing 737 @-@ 800 aircraft between the U.S. and Canada . Both pilots were legally qualified to fly the Embraer Legacy as captain .
The five passengers consisted of two Embraer employees , two ExcelAire executives , and The New York Times business travel columnist Joe Sharkey , who was writing a special report for Business Jet Traveler .
= = Collision = =
Just before 17 : 00 BST , the Boeing airliner and the Embraer business jet collided almost head @-@ on at 37 @,@ 000 feet ( 11 @,@ 000 m ) , approximately midway between Brasilia and Manaus , near the town of Matupá , 750 kilometers ( 470 mi ) southeast of Manaus . The left winglet of the Embraer cut off about half of the Gol plane 's left wing . This caused the Boeing to nosedive and enter an uncontrollable spin , which quickly led to an in @-@ flight breakup and crash into an area of dense rainforest , 200 kilometres ( 120 mi ) east of the municipality of Peixoto de Azevedo . All 154 passengers and crew on board died and the aircraft was destroyed , with the wreckage scattered in pieces around the crash site .
The Embraer jet , despite serious damage to the left horizontal stabilizer and left winglet , was able to continue flying , though its autopilot disengaged and it required an unusual amount of force on the yoke to keep the wings level .
With radio relay assistance from Polar Air Cargo Flight 71 , a Boeing 747 cargo aircraft flying in the area at the time , the Embraer 's crew successfully landed the crippled jet at Cachimbo Airport , part of Campo de Provas Brigadeiro Velloso , a large military complex of the Brazilian Air Force at about 160 kilometers ( 100 mi ) from the collision point .
Passenger and journalist Joe Sharkey described his experience aboard the Embraer in an article for The New York Times , titled " Colliding With Death at 37 @,@ 000 Feet , and Living " , filed on 1 October 2006 :
And it had been a nice ride . Minutes before we were hit , I had wandered up to the cockpit to chat with the pilots , who said the plane was flying beautifully . I saw the readout that showed our altitude : 37 @,@ 000 feet . I returned to my seat . Minutes later came the strike ( it sheared off part of the plane 's tail , too , we later learned ) .
= = Detention and charging of Embraer crew = =
Immediately after the Embraer 's emergency landing at the Cachimbo Airport , BAF and Agência Nacional de Aviação Civil ( ANAC ) officials detained and interviewed its flight crew . The officials also removed the two " black boxes " — Cockpit Voice Recorder ( CVR ) and Flight Data Recorder ( FDR ) — from the Embraer , and sent them to São José dos Campos , São Paulo , and from there to Ottawa , Canada , for analysis .
In an initial deposition , the Embraer flight crew testified that they were cleared to flight level 370 , approximately 37 @,@ 000 feet ( 11 @,@ 000 m ) above mean sea level , by Brasilia ATC , and were level at that assigned altitude when the collision occurred . They also asserted that at the time of the collision they had lost contact with Brasilia ATC , and their anti @-@ collision system did not alert them to any oncoming traffic .
On 2 October 2006 , the Embraer 's captain and first officer were ordered by the Mato Grosso Justice Tribunal to surrender their passports pending further investigation . The request , made by the Peixoto de Azevedo prosecutor , was granted by judge Tiago Sousa Nogueira e Abreu , who stated that the possibility of pilot error on the part of the Embraer crew could not be ruled out . The Embraer crew were forced to remain in Brazil until their passports were released to them on 5 December 2006 , more than two months after the accident , after federal judge Candido Ribeiro ruled there were no legal grounds for " restricting the freedom of motion of the foreigners . "
Prior to their scheduled departure to the United States , the crew were formally charged by Brazilian Federal Police with " endangering an aircraft " , which carries a penalty of up to twelve years in prison . The pilots had to explain why they did not turn on the transponder . The two pilots were allowed to leave the country after signing a document promising to return to Brazil for their trial or when required by Brazilian authorities . They picked up their passports and flew back to the United States .
= = Search and recovery operation = =
The Brazilian Air Force sent five fixed @-@ wing aircraft and three helicopters to the region for an extensive search and rescue ( SAR ) operation . As many as 200 personnel were reported to be involved in the operation , among them a group of Kayapo people familiar with the forest . The crash site of Gol Flight 1907 was spotted on 30 September by the BAF , at coordinates 10 ° 29 ′ S 53 ° 15 ′ W , 200 km ( 120 mi ) east of Peixoto de Azevedo , near Fazenda Jarinã , a cattle ranch . It was reported that rescue personnel had difficulty reaching the crash site due to the dense forest . The Brazilian airport administrator Infraero at first indicated the possibility of five survivors , but a later statement from the Brazilian Air Force , based on data collected by BAF personnel who rappelled ( abseiled ) to the crash site and local police who assisted in the SAR effort , confirmed that there were no survivors . Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva declared three days of national mourning .
The Flight Data Recorder and a non @-@ data part of the Cockpit Voice Recorder from the Boeing 737 were found on 2 October 2006 and handed over to the investigators , who sent them to the Transportation Safety Board of Canada ( TSB ) in Gatineau , Quebec , Canada , for analysis . On 25 October 2006 , after nearly four weeks of intensive searching in the jungle by about 200 Brazilian Army troops equipped with metal detectors , the memory module of the Boeing 's Cockpit Voice Recorder was finally found . The module was discovered intact , separated from other wreckage pieces , embedded in about 20 centimetres ( 8 in ) of soil , and was also sent for analysis by the TSB in Canada .
On 4 October , the recovery crews began moving the bodies to the temporary base established at the nearby Jarinã ranch . The BAF deployed a C @-@ 115 Buffalo aircraft to transport the bodies to Brasília for identification .
The recovery teams worked intensively for nearly seven weeks in a dense jungle environment , searching for and identifying the victims ' remains . The final victim was recovered and identified by DNA testing by 22 November 2006 .
= = Investigation = =
The accident was investigated by the Brazilian Air Force Aeronautical Accidents Investigation and Prevention Center ( CENIPA ) and the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) . The NTSB , in accordance with the provisions of ICAO Annex 13 , participated in the investigation representing the state of manufacture of the Boeing , state of registry and operator of the Embraer , and state of manufacture of the Honeywell avionics equipment installed in both planes .
Once the black boxes and communication transcripts were obtained , the investigators interviewed the ExcelAire 's flight crew and the air traffic controllers , trying to piece together the scenario which allowed two modern jet aircraft , equipped with the latest anti @-@ collision gear , to collide with each other while on instrument flights in positive control airspace .
The Embraer 's flight plan consisted of flying at FL370 up to Brasilia , on airway UW2 , followed by a planned descent at Brasilia to FL360 , proceeding outbound from Brasilia northwest @-@ bound along airway UZ6 to the Teres fix , an aeronautical waypoint located 282 nmi ( 324 mi , 522 km ) northwest of Brasilia , where a climb to FL380 was planned . According to the filed flight plan , the Embraer was scheduled to have been level at FL380 , proceeding towards Manaus , while passing the eventual collision point , which was about 307 kilometres ( 191 mi ) northwest of Teres .
The ExcelAire 's crew asserted in their depositions and subsequent interviews that they were cleared by air traffic control ( ATC ) to FL370 for the entire trip , all the way to Manaus . The actual transcript of the clearance given to the Embraer 's crew prior to takeoff at São José dos Campos at 14 : 41 : 57 BST , as later released by CENIPA , was :
November Six Zero Zero X @-@ ray Lima , ATC clearance to Eduardo Gomes , flight level three seven zero direct Poços de Caldas , squawk transponder code four five seven four , after take @-@ off perform Oren departure .
The Embraer 's crew 's altitude clearance to FL370 was further confirmed after their handoff to Brasilia , during which they had the following radio exchange with ATC at 15 : 51 BST :
This was the last two @-@ way radio communication between the Embraer 's crew and ATC prior to the collision .
= = = Embraer flight and communication sequence = = =
The Embraer took off from São José dos Campos at 14 : 51 , reaching FL370 at 15 : 33 , 42 minutes later , where it remained until the collision .
ATC maintained normal two @-@ way radio contact with the Embraer up until 15 : 51 , when the last successful radio exchange with the Embraer was made on VHF frequency 125 @.@ 05 MHz with Brasilia Center . At that point the Embraer was just approaching the Brasilia VOR . The Embraer overflew the Brasilia VOR at 15 : 55 , four minutes later , and proceeded northwest @-@ bound along UZ6 . At 16 : 02 , seven minutes after crossing the Brasilia VOR , secondary radar contact was lost with the Embraer , thus stopping the display of the Embraer 's reported altitude ( Mode C ) on the controller 's radar screen .
No attempt was made by either the Embraer or Brasilia Center to contact each other from 15 : 51 until 16 : 26 when , 24 minutes after the loss of secondary radar contact , Brasilia Center called the Embraer and received no reply .
Brasilia Center then unsuccessfully attempted to contact the Embraer six more times , between 16 : 30 and 16 : 34 . At 16 : 30 the Embraer 's primary radar target became intermittent , and disappeared completely from the radar screen by 16 : 38 , eight minutes later . Brasilia Center unsuccessfully attempted to effect a handoff of the Embraer to Amazonic Center at 16 : 53 , by calling the Embraer in the blind .
The Embraer , on the other hand , started calling Brasilia Center , also unsuccessfully , from 16 : 48 and continued with twelve more unsuccessful attempts until 16 : 53 . Some limited contact was made at that point , but the Embraer was unable to copy the Amazonic Center frequencies . The Embraer then continued its attempts to reach Brasilia Center , seven more times until the collision .
The collision occurred at 16 : 56 : 54 BST at FL370 , and it was confirmed that neither Traffic Collision Avoidance System ( TCAS ) system had activated or alerted its respective crew , nor did any crew see the oncoming traffic visually or initiate any evasive action prior to the collision . While both planes were equipped with TCAS , it was later determined that the Embraer 's transponder had ceased operating almost an hour earlier , at 16 : 02 , rendering both planes unable to automatically detect each other .
At 16 : 59 : 50 , about three minutes after the collision , Amazonic Center started to receive the Embraer 's secondary radar reply , with its correct altitude and last assigned code . At 17 : 00 : 30 Amazonic Center unsuccessfully attempted to contact the Embraer by radio .
The Embraer started calling on the emergency frequency , 121 @.@ 5 MHz , immediately after the collision , but as it was later determined in the CENIPA report , the emergency transceivers in the area were not operational and thus the crew was unable to reach ATC on that frequency .
At 17 : 01 : 06 the Embraer established contact on the emergency frequency with a Boeing 747 cargo aircraft , Polar 71 , which attempted to relay to ATC their request for an emergency landing , and continued to provide relay and translation assistance to the Embraer until its eventual landing .
At 17 : 18 : 03 the Embraer contacted the Cachimbo Airport ( SBCC ) tower directly to coordinate its emergency landing there , and landed safely at Cachimbo at 17 : 23 : 00 .
= = = Gol 1907 flight and communication sequence = = =
Gol 1907 took off from Manaus at 15 : 35 , flying southeast @-@ bound along UZ6 and reaching FL370 at 15 : 58 , 23 minutes later , where it remained until the collision . There were no radio or radar contact problems with the flight until its handoff to Brasilia Center . There were no known attempts by ATC to warn Flight 1907 of the conflicting traffic .
= = = NTSB Safety Recommendation = = =
On 2 May 2007 , the National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) issued a Safety Recommendation document that included an interim summary of the investigation to date , as well as some immediate safety recommendations that the NTSB believes should be implemented by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) to enhance flight safety . The NTSB reported that the Embraer apparently experienced a Traffic Collision Avoidance System ( TCAS ) outage , unknown to its flight crew prior to the collision , according to the Cockpit Voice Recorder ( CVR ) :
Preliminary findings in the ongoing investigation indicate that , for reasons yet to be determined , the collision avoidance system in the Legacy airplane was not functioning at the time of the accident , thereby disabling the system 's ability to detect and be detected by conflicting traffic . In addition , CVR data indicate that the flight crew was unaware that the collision avoidance system was not functioning until after the accident .
The NTSB added that the design of the Embraer 's avionics is such that the non @-@ functioning of the TCAS that apparently occurred is shown by a small static white text message , which may not be noticeable by the flight crew . The NTSB noted :
Using only static text messages to indicate a loss of collision avoidance system functionality is not a reliable means to capture pilots ' attention because these visual warnings can be easily overlooked if their attention is directed elsewhere in the flight environment .
Based on its observations , the NTSB recommended to the FAA that design changes be implemented to improve the noticeability of TCAS annunciation , and that the FAA advise pilots of all aircraft to become more familiar with the details of this accident , potential loss of transponder and / or TCAS function , and how to recognize them .
= = Final reports = =
= = = CENIPA = = =
On 10 December 2008 , more than two years after the accident , the Aeronautical Accidents Investigation and Prevention Center ( CENIPA ) issued its final report , describing its investigation , findings , conclusions and recommendations . The CENIPA report includes a " Conclusions " section that summarizes the known facts and lists a variety of contributing factors relating to both air traffic controllers and the ExcelAire 's flight crew . According to CENIPA , the air traffic controllers contributed to the accident by originally issuing an improper clearance to the Embraer , and not catching or correcting the mistake during the subsequent handoff to Brasilia Center or later on . CENIPA also found errors in the way the controllers handled the loss of radar and radio contact with the Embraer .
CENIPA concluded that the ExcelAire pilots also contributed to the accident with , among others , their failure to recognize that their transponder was inadvertently switched off , thereby disabling the collision avoidance system on both aircraft , as well as their overall insufficient training and preparation .
= = = NTSB = = =
The U.S. NTSB issued its own report on the accident , which was also appended to the CENIPA report with the following Probable Cause statement :
The evidence collected during this investigation strongly supports the conclusion that this accident was caused by N600XL and GOL1907 following ATC clearances which directed them to operate in opposite directions on the same airway at the same altitude resulting in a midair collision . The loss of effective air traffic control was not the result of a single error , but of a combination of numerous individual and institutional ATC factors , which reflected systemic shortcomings in emphasis on positive air traffic control concepts .
The NTSB further added the following contributing factors :
Contributing to this accident was the undetected loss of functionality of the airborne collision avoidance system technology as a result of the inadvertent inactivation of the transponder on board N600XL . Further contributing to the accident was inadequate communication between ATC and the N600XL flight crew .
= = = Conflicting CENIPA and NTSB conclusions = = =
While agreeing on most basic facts and findings , CENIPA and NTSB , which collaborated in the accident investigation , arrived at disagreeing interpretations and conclusions . The CENIPA report concludes the accident was caused by mistakes made both by air traffic controllers and by the ExcelAire pilots , whereas the NTSB focuses on the controllers and the ATC system , concluding that both flight crews acted properly but were placed on a collision course by the air traffic controllers .
According to Aviation Week , " the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) strongly disagreed with the Brazilian conclusions regarding the Legacy pilots ' actions as a causal factor , noting , ' The crew flew the route precisely as cleared and complied with all ATC instructions , ' as did the GOL airlines crew . " Aviation Week adds that " the Brazilian military operates that country 's air traffic control system , conducted the investigation and authored the report . "
= = Aftermath = =
= = = Aviation crisis = = =
The crash of Flight 1907 precipitated a major crisis in Brazil 's civil aviation system , which included massive flight delays and cancellations , air traffic controller work @-@ to @-@ rule slowdowns and strikes , and public safety concerns about Brazil 's airport and air traffic infrastructure .
Historically , Brazil was ruled by its armed forces from 1964 until 1985 . Since then , a civilian government has taken over , but the country 's airways ( as of 2009 ) continued to be controlled and operated by the Brazilian Air Force ( BAF ) and run by generals , overseen by a civilian defense minister . Most of Brazil 's air traffic controllers are military non @-@ commissioned officers , and all Area Control Centers are run by the BAF .
In October 2006 , as details surrounding the crash of Flight 1907 began to emerge , the investigation seemed to be at least partly focused on possible air traffic control errors . This led to increasing resentment by the controllers and exacerbated their already poor labor relations with their military superiors . The controllers complained about being overworked , underpaid , overstressed , and forced to work with outdated equipment . Many have poor English skills , limiting their ability to communicate with foreign pilots , which played a role in crash of Flight 1907 . In addition , the military 's complete control of the country 's aviation was criticized for its lack of public accountability .
Amid rising tensions , the air traffic controllers began staging a series of work actions , including slowdowns , walkouts , and even a hunger strike . This led to chaos in Brazil 's aviation industry : major delays and disruptions in domestic and international air service , stranded passengers , canceled flights , and public demonstrations . Those who blamed various civilian and military officials for the growing crisis called for their resignation .
On 26 July 2007 , after an even deadlier crash in Brazil ( TAM Airlines Flight 3054 on 17 July 2007 ) claimed the lives of 199 people , President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva fired his defense minister , Waldir Pires , who had been in charge of the country 's aviation infrastructure and safety since March 2006 , and was widely criticized for their failures . On the same day , Lula appointed former Supreme Court president Nelson Jobim to replace Pires , and vowed to improve Brazil 's air traffic control system .
= = = Legal action = = =
= = = = Civil litigation = = = =
On 6 November 2006 , the families of ten of the deceased filed a lawsuit for negligence against ExcelAire and Honeywell , alleging that the ExcelAire pilots were flying at an " incorrect altitude " and that the Honeywell transponder was not functioning at the time of the collision . Other suits were subsequently filed on behalf of other victims , with similar allegations against ExcelAire and Honeywell . The victims ' families also filed suits against other U.S. based defendants , including the two Embraer pilots , as well as Raytheon , Lockheed Martin and Amazon Tech ( manufacturers of Brazil 's air traffic control equipment ) , and ACSS ( manufacturer of the Embraer 's TCAS ) .
The attorney representing the Embraer crew , Miami @-@ based Robert Torricella , responded to the allegation that the crew was flying at an " incorrect altitude " by stating that according to international regulations , clearances and directives issued by ATC supersede a previously filed flight plan , and in this case :
... the flight plan cleared by air traffic control at the time of departure required the Embraer to fly all the way to Manaus at 37 @,@ 000 feet and , absent contrary directives from air traffic control , the Embraer was obligated to follow its cleared flight plan . As the findings of the investigation are made public , we are confident that ExcelAire 's pilots will be exonerated .
A Honeywell spokesperson stated that " Honeywell is not aware of any evidence that indicates that its transponder on the Embraer Legacy was not functioning as designed or that Honeywell was responsible for the accident . "
On 2 July 2008 , U.S. District Court judge Brian Cogan of the Eastern District of New York dismissed the families ' suits against all the U.S. based defendants under the premise of forum non @-@ conveniens . Without ruling on the merits of the cases , and while allowing discovery to continue , Cogan recommended the Brazilian court system as a more appropriate jurisdiction for the dispute .
= = = = Criminal proceedings = = = =
On 1 June 2007 , Murilo Mendes , a Brazilian federal judge in the small city of Sinop , Mato Grosso , near the crash site of the Boeing , indicted the two Embraer pilots and four Brasilia @-@ based air traffic controllers for " exposing an aircraft to danger . " On 8 December 2008 , he dismissed charges of negligence against the pilots , but left in place a charge of " imprudence " . He also dismissed all charges against two of the four Brasilia @-@ based controllers and reduced the charges against the other two , but supported bringing new charges against a fifth controller , based in São José dos Campos , the Embraer 's departure point . On 12 January 2010 , his ruling was overturned by Judge Candido Ribeiro in a federal court in Brasilia , reinstating the negligence charges against the pilots .
On 26 October 2010 , a military court convicted air traffic controller Sgt. Jomarcelo Fernandes dos Santos , sentencing him to 14 months in jail for failing to take action when he saw that the Embraer 's anti @-@ collision system had been turned off . Santos will remain free pending the outcome of the appeal process . Four other controllers were acquitted for lack of proof . On 17 May 2011 , Judge Mendes sentenced air traffic controller Lucivando Tiburcio de Alencar to a term of up to three years and four months but ruled he is eligible to do community service in Brazil instead and acquitted Santos on charges of harming Brazil 's air transport safety .
On 16 May 2011 , Judge Mendes sentenced the two pilots to four years and four months of prison in a " semi @-@ open " facility for their role in the collision , but he commuted the sentences to community service to be served in the United States . Brazilian authorities accused the pilots of turning off the Legacy 's transponder moments before the accident and turning it on again only after the crash , but it was denied by the crew in a deposition via videoconference . Mendes said in his sentence that pilots had failed to verify the functioning of equipment for more than an hour , a length of time he called " an eternity " in aviation . On 9 October 2012 , Brazilian federal prosecutors announced that they had successfully appealed the sentence of the pilots , asking to increase their sentences by 17 months ( a total of 5 years and 9 months ) . The new trial was scheduled for 15 October , with the pilots again facing trial in absentia . On that date , the court upheld the prior convictions , but modified the sentences to 37 months for each , requiring that the pilots " report regularly to authorities and stay home at night . "
= = = Survivor aircraft = = =
N600XL remained impounded at Cachimbo for almost three years , but in mid @-@ 2009 American company General Aviation Services agreed to buy the aircraft . The company partnered with Gantt Aviation and Constant Aviation to check and prepare it for its ferry to the US . Constant completed the work and finally on 19 November 2010 ( more than 4 years after the accident ) the aircraft , now with the new registration of N965LL , arrived at Cleveland International Airport to be refurbished and put up for sale .
The plane was reported to be on sale in March 2011 , even though repairs to the left wingtip and stabilizer were still being completed in August 2011 . The plane was then sold to a private owner in 2013 registered XA @-@ MHA .
= = = Dramatization = = =
In 2007 Discovery Channel Brazil aired A Tragédia do Vôo 1907 ( " The Tragedy of Flight 1907 " ) , a documentary about the disaster . The Association Family and Friends of Victims in Flight 1907 stated that the documentary exhibited bias on behalf of the Legacy pilots .
The crash was the subject of a Season 5 episode of Mayday ( also known as Air Crash Investigation ) entitled Phantom Strike ( also titled Death Over the Amazon and Radio Silence ) .
The Smithsonian Channel 's " Air Disasters " documentary series , featured this accident in the second season 's third episode titled " System Breakdown " , released in 2011 . Available on Netflix as of Oct. 2015 .
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= Love Ballad ( Tove Lo song ) =
" Love Ballad " is a song by Swedish recording artist and songwriter Tove Lo . It was co @-@ written by Lo , Ludvig Söderberg and Jakob Jerlström , and was produced by her co @-@ writers under their production name The Struts . In 2012 , after signing a publishing deal with Warner / Chappell Music and co @-@ writing songs for artists including Girls Aloud and Icona Pop , Lo decided to become an independent singer to keep her most personal songs for herself . She eventually released her debut single " Love Ballad " to Swedish radio stations on 15 October 2012 . It was digitally released on 5 November 2012 . The track was later included on Lo 's debut extended play Truth Serum and her debut studio album Queen of the Clouds , both of which were released in 2014 .
" Love Ballad " is a pop song with drum instrumentation ; its lyrics detail the protagonist 's exaggerated ways to show affection to a romantic partner . Critics described it as an " ode to falling dangerously in love with someone " and a parody of love songs . The song drew the attention of music blogs and received positive reviews from some critics but failed to chart anywhere . A music video for the song , which was directed by Motellet Film and Lo , was released on 5 October 2012 . It shows the singer covered in black paint and performing acrobatics in the middle of a road and on a football field . Lo performed the track several times , including on the Swedish campaign Musikhjälpen and at Notting Hill Arts Club in London , United Kingdom .
= = Background and release = =
After the dissolution of her band Tremblebee , Tove Lo focused on writing songs and she signed a publishing deal with Warner / Chappell Music in 2011 . In the following year , she co @-@ wrote " Something New " for Girls Aloud , and " We Got the World " and " Ready for the Weekend " for Icona Pop . After she signed the publishing deal , she felt " lost " and unsure of her identity . She was also going through a difficult time during a relationship , which led her to write songs that were not related to her life . However , at one point , she " couldn 't handle it anymore " and needed to write a personal song . Lo then co @-@ wrote " Love Ballad " with Ludvig Söderberg and Jakob Jerlström ; it was their first collaboration . Söderberg and Jerlström also produced the track under their production name The Struts . According to Lo , an artist became interested in recording the song but considered it " too brutal " and wanted to change some of the lyrics . Because of this , Lo kept the song for herself . She said that after co @-@ writing " Love Ballad " , she started to write songs " that I felt I needed to get out of me " .
Lo eventually self @-@ released " Love Ballad " as her first single . It was sent to Swedish radio station P3 on 15 October 2012 . It was digitally released on 5 November 2012 . The song drew the attention of music blogs , which led Lo to start a career as a independent singer so she could record her most personal songs . " Love Ballad " was later featured on the Nordic edition of Lo 's debut extended play Truth Serum ( 2014 ) and as a bonus track on the Noth American version of her debut studio album Queen of the Clouds ( 2014 ) .
= = Inspiration and composition = =
" Love Ballad " is an uptempo pop song featuring drum instrumentation . According to Lo , the songs on her extended play Truth Serum are about her " most intense " failed relationship . She stated , " In its entirety , [ Truth Serum tells ] a love story from beginning to end . The song ' Love Ballad ' is about the moment you decide to give everything to another person , while ' Habits ' shows what happens when everything is screwed up and you just want to freak out . ' Out of Mind ' deals with the stage after that , when your broken heart has mended , but the scars are still there " . In an interview with Klap Magazine , Lo said , " ' Love Ballad ' is actually supposed to be a way of telling the one I love I 'd do anything for him . He 's worth the pain . A bit exaggerated but that 's what it feels like when you 're so into someone " . According to Rich Thane of The Line of Best Fit , the track details the " carefree beginnings of a new romance " . Michael Cragg of The Guardian described the song as an " ode to falling dangerously in love with someone " . Cragg also said the singer is " willing to share her drugs " with her lover in the verse " Jump off a cliff / I 'd give you my last spliff / I 'd do it for you / Ain 't love sweet ? " . According to Mark Savage of BBC News , the track " parodies the preposterous promises " made by musicians in love songs ; he cited the line " Chop off my hands / Chop off my feet / I 'd do it for you / Ain 't love sweet ? " as an example .
= = Reception = =
" Love Ballad " received positive reviews by some critics . Doron Davidson @-@ Vidavski of The Line of Best Fit called it an " infectious debut single " , while a reviewer from Scandipop wrote that the song is " rousingly melodic in both its production and its topline " . Michael Cragg of The Guardian said Lo had started her career " in fine style " with the song . A reviewer for Nu Wave Pony described it as a " lyrically obsessive and heart @-@ wrenching pop song " and said that " it plays like a catchy summer song " . Richard S. Chang of Redbull.com ranked it at number four on his top 5 of the Best Tove Lo songs . Writing for Discopop , Mark Savage said that " Love Ballad " is superior to " Stay High " , the remixed version of " Habits ( Stay High ) " .
Despite the positive reviews and its popularity among music blogs , " Love Ballad " failed to chart anywhere . In an interview with Gulf Times , Lo said she thought the song 's poor commercial reception was due to her change of stage name . She stated , " [ ' Love Ballad ' ] didn 't sell particularly well . I 'd used my real name , Tove Nilsson , when I was in Tremblebee so perhaps no @-@ one knew who I was " .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Love Ballad " was co @-@ directed by Tove Lo and Motellet Film . Lo also wrote the video 's script ; she said : " Imagine sitting on a football field in the dark , freezing , after seven hours , covered only in black house paint , trying to put on fake eyelashes ! " . MTV Sweden premiered the video on 5 October 2012 , and Lo released it on her YouTube channel on 8 October 2012 . The video begins with Lo covered in black paint and walking in the middle of a road . In the next scene , she covers four men , who go to play rugby on a football field , in paint . Later , Lo is shown walking upside @-@ down and performing other acrobatics on the road and the football field . Then , she appears wearing a hibiscus dress while singing the song in a rubbish dump . In the next scenes , Lo is walking topless through a field of flowers . Near the end , she is standing on the football field while the four men run up to her and cover her in paint . The video is interspersed with scenes of Lo performing the song with images of cities and explosions projected onto her .
= = Live performances = =
On 10 December 2012 , Lo performed " Love Ballad " and " Paradise " on the Swedish campaign Musikhjälpen . On 10 April 2013 , she performed " Love Ballad " , " Habits ( Stay High ) " , " Out of Mind " and " Not Made For This World " at Swedish radio station P3 . Lo performed " Love Ballad " alongside other songs from Truth Serum and " Run On Love " during her first UK show at Notting Hill Arts Club , London , on 2 April 2014 . For the performance , she was accompanied by two drummers . A reviewer from Discopop said he was " blown away " and that it was " so refreshing to be at a pop show that engages the heart as well as the senses " . Michael Cragg of The Guardian rated the show with four stars out of five and deemed it as " a punchy UK debut " . Lo performed the same set list at her Hoxton Square Bar & Kitchen show on 6 May 2014 .
On 1 October 2014 , Lo performed " Love Ballad " and other songs at Webster Hall in Manhattan , New York City . On 30 March 2015 , she held a concert at KOKO in London , UK , and performed the track among others from Truth Serum and Queen of the Clouds . Amelia Maher of London In Stereo wrote , " With the opening bars to ' Over ' and ' Love Ballad ' there is something different in [ Lo 's ] tone as she carelessly lays her soul bare for all to see and reveals that she isn 't just a raunchy one trick pony " . On 14 August 2015 , Lo performed the song at the Way Out West festival in Gothenburg , Sweden . On 11 September 2015 , she held a concert at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin , Germany , and performed " Love Ballad " and tracks from Truth Serum and Queen of the Clouds .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Truth Serum .
Locations
Recorded at Warner / Chappell Studios , Stockholm
Mastered at Cutting Room , Stockholm
Personnel
Songwriting – Tove Lo , Jakob Jerlström , Ludvig Söderberg
Production – The Struts
Lead vocals – Tove Lo
Mixing – Lars Norgren
Programming – The Struts
Mastering – Björn Engelmann
Instrumentation – The Struts
= = Release history = =
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= Everything That Happens Will Happen Today =
Everything That Happens Will Happen Today is the second album made in collaboration between David Byrne and Brian Eno , released on August 18 , 2008 , by Todo Mundo . The album explores themes of humanity versus technology and optimism in spite of bleak circumstance through the blending of electronic and gospel music . Critical reception was largely positive and the album received awards for both the musical content as well as the packaging and technical production .
This album is the first joint effort between the two musicians since 1981 's My Life in the Bush of Ghosts and Eno 's work producing and co @-@ writing with Talking Heads . Byrne and Eno worked on the tracks in their home studios throughout 2007 and early 2008 and sent digital copies of the recordings to one another over e @-@ mail . The single " Strange Overtones " was released for free to promote the album and Byrne toured through 2008 and 2009 , performing songs from this release as well as the duo 's previous collaborations . This tour was later documented with the live extended play Everything That Happens Will Happen on This Tour – David Byrne on Tour : Songs of David Byrne and Brian Eno and the concert film Ride , Rise , Roar .
Everything That Happens Will Happen Today was released with a marketing strategy that involved Byrne creating the vanity label Todo Mundo and hiring Internet startup company Topspin Media to promote the album online using word @-@ of @-@ mouth and Internet sales to market the music . Several formats were created to allow users to have options on how to listen to the music — from free streaming audio to a deluxe package housed in a tin .
= = Background = =
In December 2007 , David Byrne announced on the BBC Radio music show The Weekender that he was working with former collaborator Brian Eno on a brand new album of " proper songs , " describing it as a " completely different thing " from the experimental My Life in the Bush of Ghosts . While the two were discussing the 2006 re @-@ release of that album at a dinner party , Eno suggested adding lyrics and vocals to some of his unfinished songs , some of which were eight years old . The duo did not initially plan on making an entire album , but eventually felt confident enough to finish a full collection of songs . Although the two had discussed making an album together for several years , this was their first sincere effort since the early 1980s .
Byrne visited Eno 's London studio to listen to the demos and the two decided to collaborate to finish writing the songs , leaving Eno and Peter Chilvers to convert a variety of digital music formats into MIDI , thereby stripping out extraneous information and making them suitable for Byrne to embellish . ( Chilvers would be thanked in the liner notes for " Digital Archaeology " . ) The two continued to work on this and other musical projects for several months and agreed that if the project was not enjoyable , they would abandon it . The duo decided to not announce their new collaboration for fear that they may not complete an album 's worth of new material , or that they would end up re @-@ treading their previous collaborations and decide against releasing the new songs .
= = = Composition = = =
Eno had several musical compositions , but could not write lyrics to accompany them , whereas Byrne had several lyrics with no accompaniment . Eno wanted to make the vocals the " central event " of the music by pairing gospel singing with unexpected electronic music that also included elements of West African music . The songwriting 's emphasis on vocals was partially inspired by Phillip Bimstein . In late 2007 , Byrne took a Compact Disc of stereo mixes of the demos from Eno and spent a year trying to write lyrics to finish the songs , attempting to balance the simple chords that Eno had written with the more complex ones Byrne prefers . Although it was uncharacteristic for Eno , many of the songs were written on acoustic guitar , with the help of Steinberg Cubase . The musicians exchanged Eno 's demos with the lyrics and vocal melodies completed by Byrne over e @-@ mail and by June 2008 , 14 songs had been recorded . Eno initially gave positive feedback , which encouraged Byrne to continue writing and only became critical as the project was finishing . Toward the end of the recording , Eno sent increasingly challenging tracks to see if Byrne could complete them — the final two ended up on the album as " I Feel My Stuff " and " Poor Boy " .
At the outset , Byrne was hesitant to add lyrics to the tracks because they sounded too much like folk music . He characterized the process as very slow and full of trepidation , in part because of expectations from their previous collaboration and also due to the strict division of labor they had between writing instrumentation and vocalization . Eno only provided a few vocal demos and suggested simple changes like adding an extra verse . Byrne made minimal changes to the instrumentation on several tracks and avoided changing chords in the melody to suit his singing style . The duo only worked in the studio together on two occasions , including one full week and a weekend on another occasion and neither partner got a veto in the process of track selection or production . According to Byrne , the main challenge in this writing technique " was more emotional than technical : to write simple heartfelt tunes without drawing on cliché . "
He later explained , " In a nutshell , Brian wrote most of the music , and I composed most of the vocal melodies and lyrics , and then sang them . " If Byrne 's vocal harmonies were radical enough , Eno would revise the instrumentation to accompany it , but Byrne avoided writing instrumentation and chose to adapt to the instrumentals as written . Using a style similar to the Talking Heads album Speaking in Tongues , Byrne scatted and murmured some lyrics before they were completed , due to Byrne 's preference for the sonic quality of lyrics rather than their literal meaning and his method of writing lyrics using free association . In composing lyrics for the album , Byrne attempted to write keeping in mind what would please Eno as his collaborator . He also attempted to write harmonies for Eno , who decided against singing any lead vocals on the album . Eno does perform backing vocals throughout the album , which he credits on one track as " inhuman piano "
Both musicians continued to work on their own projects during the composition of Everything That Happens Will Happen Today . Byrne conducted the second season of Big Love and completed his collaborations with Fatboy Slim on the album and musical Here Lies Love and the single " Toe Jam " . Eno produced Coldplay 's Viva la Vida or Death and All His Friends and U2 's No Line on the Horizon . Byrne and Eno discussed the former 's collaboration with Fatboy Slim and Chris Martin of Coldplay wrote lyrics to the instrumental track for " One Fine Day " , but acquiesced when he heard Byrne 's version ( the band would also adapt another one of Eno 's instrumental compositions that Byrne did not finish into a track on Viva la Vida ) . Once Byrne 's version of " One Fine Day " was finished , the two began in earnest writing the rest of the tracks . Byrne initially had a long delay in writing material , but as the project progressed , he got to working several hours a day on the album and put his collaboration with Fatboy Slim on hold to finish the songs in the early part of 2008 . Since the two did not work together face @-@ to @-@ face as they had in the past , it was harder for them to complete material quickly , and they had to rush to complete two of the tracks were finished at the end of the sessions . He later described the process as easy once details were sort out and summed up this method as " pure joy " and declared writing collaboratively to be easier than writing solo . He even credited the time between their last collaboration and the transatlantic distance as a strength , since it allowed the two to keep their own schedules . Eno agreed , as it gave him time to focus on a small piece of music without holding up Byrne 's progress . Byrne later used a similar approach through 2010 and 2011 in collaborations with St. Vincent ( Love This Giant ) and Will Oldham ( the soundtrack to This Must Be the Place ) .
= = = Themes = = =
The two were inspired by gospel music and both have described their music as " electronic gospel " — in particular the tracks " Life Is Long " and " One Fine Day " . In addition to subtle Biblical themes in the lyrics , Eno was influenced by gospel musicality , which he initially discovered through Talking Heads while working on More Songs About Buildings and Food by listening to " Surrender to His Will " by Reverend Maceo Woods and The Christian Tabernacle Choir . For several years leading up to this project , Eno had primarily listened to gospel music — even joining a gospel choir — and was attracted to the music 's unrestrained vocals and lack of pessimism as well as its inclusive nature . Eno had been thinking about gospel for several years , but could not write lyrics to hopeful songs .
While Byrne considers the music " [ un ] like any contemporary gospel record that you would hear out there , " it is " informed by that feeling and those kind of lyrics , which allude to hope in the face of despair . " Eno also considers the album " something that combines something very human and fallible and personal , with something very electronic and mathematical sometimes . " The music combines electronic and gospel influences to " make that picture of the human still trying to survive in an increasingly complicated digital world ... It 's quite easy to make just digital music and it 's quite easy to make just human music , but to try and make a combination is sort of , exciting , I think . " Tracks such as " My Big Nurse " combine apocalypticism and comfort , blending hopefulness and despair .
The instrumental demos were primarily written in major chords , which Byrne considered slightly " ominous " and surprising from Eno . In spite of this , Byrne 's lyrics ended up being hopeful and spiritual , with themes of redemption — what he considers " optimism in spite of the dread . " The tension between optimism and pessimism and the spiritual themes quickly emerged over the course of a year in which Byrne was writing lyrics , which he has speculated might be an antidote to being " completely pessimistic and cynical about politics and the state of the world ; " for instance , " The River " is about the effects of Hurricane Katrina . He has also cited the political climate of the Iraq War , the beginning of the late @-@ 2000s recession , the policies of the George W. Bush administration , and his 2004 divorce from Adelle Lutz as factors that inspired him to create uplifting music . As he explained , " I was surprised that 's what came out ... The tracks are very different from what I would have done myself . I lean toward things that are more complicated . " Eno also thinks the album is much better than the songs he imagined when composing them solo .
Eno has also said the album is about " paint [ ing ] a picture of the human trying to survive in an increasingly digital world " and Byrne considered his job as lyricist to " bring more humanity " to Eno 's instrumentals , which can be " cold and academic . " Themes of humanity struggling with technology are apparent on several tracks and Byrne has characterized the " overall vibe " of the album as " We 're going to get through this . Humanity will prevail . " The lyrical content includes " a sinister inflection " but " many songs feel fairly uplifting and the overall tone is hopeful . " Byrne focused on mundane events and attempted to write in a style that was " simple but not corny , basic but heartfelt . " His inspiration in writing lyrics for " One Fine Day " was the story of Valentino Achak Deng as told in Dave Eggers ' What Is the What — the two are thanked in the liner notes and Byrne had previously performed at a fundraiser for Eggers ' 826 Valencia . The story of the Lost Boys of Sudan is emblematic of the spiritual themes of the album as they go through " all kinds of unrelenting horrors , but [ are ] eternally hopeful and even cheerful , in a way that defies all logic . " The music on this album also expresses homesickness — a lyrical trend that is apparent in Byrne 's work with Talking Heads .
= = = Production = = =
By March 2008 , the duo had recruited Seb Rochford to play drums with Byrne in New York City . Later that month , multi @-@ instrumentalist and previous Eno collaborator Leo Abrahams was enlisted to perform guitar , percussion instruments , and piano in his London home studio . Abrahams and Rochford would continue working on the tracks in Abrahams ' studio through May and their work was e @-@ mailed to other collaborators — Byrne attended one session to play guitar . Other musicians worked with Byrne in New York City and Eno in London , such as frequent Byrne collaborator Mauro Refosco , Eno 's daughters Darla and Irial , and Jarvis Cocker of Pulp , who added uncredited guitar in London . The duo attempted to record as much of the music from home studios as possible and played almost all instrumentation themselves , saving the drums and percussion for the studio . In addition to the tracks that were released , the musicians had some other instrumentals that Byrne did not complete .
Speaking at an April 2008 event in New York , Byrne confirmed the release of a new album , calling it a " record of sung songs " in contrast to the experimental music from My Life in the Bush of Ghosts and later told the New York Daily News that " Brian had written a lot of music , but needed some words , which I know how to do . What 's it sound like ? Electronic gospel . That 's all I 'm saying . " Eno also explained the differences between this album and their previous one saying , " [ T ] his is quite different from My Life in that the intention of that album was to not use our voices at all , but instead to find voices and stick them on to the music . This new one is different — these are songs written and sung by David ... They go from electronic folk gospel to quite indefinable areas of music . "
Throughout the middle of the year , Abrahams recorded drums at his home studio and Cherif Hashizume recorded more at Cafe Music Studios , while Robert Harder at Harder Sound recorded the drums on " My Big Nurse " , " Never Thought " , " The Painting " , and " Life Is Long " . Abrahams collected all of the recordings to have them mixed and Byrne booked tour dates in anticipation of completing the album . Mixing continued through June 2008 in New York by previous Byrne collaborator Patrick Dillett at Kampo Studios , who recorded brass and percussion . They e @-@ mailed the mixes to Eno for final approval and sent the finalized audio to Greg Calbi at Sterling Sound for mastering . On July 28 , 2008 , details of the album became public knowledge when Byrne posted on his blog that he and Eno had finished the new album and it would be released on August 18 . The album website was launched on the same day , with a promotional video of Byrne introducing the new album .
= = = Design = = =
The physical releases of the album came with graphics and packaging designed by Stefan Sagmeister with Richard The , Joe Shouldice , and Jared Stone ; illustration by Stephan Walter ; and production by Gamil Design . Sagmeister had earlier received a Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package Grammy in 2005 for art direction on the Talking Heads ' Once in a Lifetime box set and also designed the cover to Byrne 's Feelings . This album would also win a Grammy in 2010 for Best Record Packaging and was additionally recognized by Creative Review .
His inspiration for the packaging was based on the song " Home " and the artwork reflects an urban scene of a house by a roadside ; the liner notes provide closeups on the home and the artwork on the Compact Disc is the grass from the lawn . Sagmeister proceeded to create not only an image for the cover , but an entire three @-@ dimensional model for the house , which was later released as the deluxe edition packaging . Upon repeated listenings to the album , he became convinced that there was a sinister element to the setting and provided clues to the " dark edge " of the scene , such as a discarded condom wrapper in the gutter , a man looking out the window with binoculars , and a gasoline canteen in the kitchen .
The deluxe package comes in a tin with a microchip that plays a sound of someone walking down a hallway in the house and slamming a door when the package is opened . The urban themes of the packaging are expanded in this edition , with the album entitled " Stick " and the bonus content " Rock " ; discs are designed to look like they are covered in grass . This design of a pixelated , dimetric projection domestic scene has been compared to The Sims .
= = Release = =
The album was self @-@ released on August 18 , 2008 , exclusively through the album 's website . It was made available there free for streaming and for purchase as a download of DRM @-@ free MP3s . The duo released the album from other online digital music services starting the following month , including 7digital , Amazon MP3 , eMusic , the iTunes Store , Napster , and the Zune Marketplace . No record label was involved in releasing the digital format and independent distributors were allowed to handle the physical product , which was released on November 25 as an enhanced CD and a deluxe @-@ packaged CD in a tin .
= = = Formats and release history = = =
Initially , three distinct versions of the album were released :
Digital only – as 320 kbit / s MP3s , with a 17 @-@ page PDF digital booklet designed by Stefan Sagmeister .
Digital album with CD – everything included above as well as an Enhanced CD ; initial orders were mailed to customers by November 30 , 2008 .
Deluxe CD – everything from both packages above as well as a bonus disc with four exclusive songs , a short film about the album directed by Hillman Curtis , and a screensaver . The discs were housed in a three @-@ dimensional version of the packaging that also contained expanded liner notes , a die with obscure phrases such as " A Dirty Bird " and " The Human Brain " printed on it , and a red and white capsule fit for human consumption . Delays caused this version to be shipped in December 2008 .
In addition , customers are entitled to lossless FLAC versions of the album at no extra cost . By mid @-@ December 2008 , 12 percent of customers chose to download the FLAC option .
This album is catalogued as the second release from Byrne 's vanity label Todo Mundo after Big Love : Hymnal ; copies of the CD were marked CD @-@ TODO @-@ 002 . The CD was released in Japan with a bonus track — " Poor Boy " ( Eno & Leo Abrahams Remix ) — and obi strip in November 2008 through Beat Records with catalogue number BRC @-@ 218 . On February 17 , 2009 , the album was released on 180 @-@ gram vinyl LP as LP @-@ TODO @-@ 002 .
= = = Singles = = =
The first single off the album — " Strange Overtones " — was released on August 4 , 2008 , as a free digital download available only through the album 's website . The track has been described as " a song about writing a song " and features thematic elements of humanity versus technology that are explored throughout the album . It was downloaded over 40 @,@ 000 times within the first three days it was available . In September 2008 , Jon Yeo created a music video for the track featuring the paintings of Brian Eno . In May 2009 , the song was replaced by " One Fine Day " as a free download to promote the EP Everything That Happens Will Happen on This Tour – David Byrne on Tour : Songs of David Byrne and Brian Eno .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Critical reception was mostly positive ; the album has an average score of 75 percent based on 24 reviews aggregated by Metacritic . Positive reviews have emphasized the pop songcraft on the album , calling it " exceedingly pleasant " ( Billboard ) and " vibrant " ( Tucson Weekly ) . Writing for the BBC , Chris Jones summed up the album by saying that it would not break any musical boundaries , but listeners will find music that was " intriguingly and , sometimes , maddeningly infectious . "
The music has been compared to the tone of alternative rock bands Radiohead , The Flaming Lips , and R.E.M. ' s 1998 album Up . Furthermore , Barry Walters of Spin has compared the music to former Eno collaborators U2 and several reviewers have compared the musicality to Paul Simon — especially his 2006 Eno collaboration Surprise . The vocals have been declared similar to Neil Young ; and the arrangement has been compared to The Beach Boys . Although the music was informed by gospel and digital music , comparisons have been made with genres as diverse as country due to the vocal delivery and old school hip hop . One weakness addressed by several reviewers is the unoriginality of the music , especially in comparison to the duo 's previous collaborations .
Contrasting Everything That Happens Will Happen Today with My Life in the Bush of Ghosts , some have found a connection between the two . Reviewers have found similarities in Eno 's solo album Another Green World and the Eno @-@ produced Talking Heads albums Fear of Music and Remain in Light , as well as Little Creatures , which was produced by the band . This is partly due to the unique use of technology in the creation of all of the albums associated with Eno . Other commentators have emphasized the differences between the two projects . For instance , The Age 's Bernard Zuel considers these expectations built by the earlier work to be " unfair ... and inaccurate . " The Observer review by Kitty Empire labels this album " conservative " and John Doran of The Quietus calls it " less exciting " — Erie Times @-@ News reviewer Dr. Rock goes as far as to call it an " antithesis " to Bush of Ghosts . In particular , the experimental nature of the former has been contrasted with the pop music style of this album and the lack of African beats and world music . Audra Schroeder of The Austin Chronicle noted " Thirty years after first collaborating on the Talking Heads , these two don 't have to mine the past since there 's nothing that remarkable about Everything . " Francis Jones summed up his review for Hot Press by concluding " No boundaries were harmed in its making but ETHWHT is an album of unquestionably great songs " and Louise Gray of New Internationalist declared that , " it 's not got the edgy , funky bricolage that characterized the earlier album and nor does it seek that . " At the same time , other reviewers have found the break with the experimental nature of My Life in the Bush of Ghosts to be positive . Jim DeRogatis from the Chicago Sun @-@ Times observed :
" [ E ] ven 27 years ago , there was nothing all that original or appealing about an ethnologically @-@ minded mix of various world rhythms and random vocal snippets captured via shortwave radio . Anyone who claims these boys invented sampling clearly never heard Can or musique concrete . Right off the bat , Everything That Happens Will Happen Today is a much more accessible , enjoyable and arguably better album than My Life in the Bush of Ghosts--at least if you care about conventional pop / rock songcraft . "
Reviews have emphasized the contrast between optimism and foreboding on the album , as well as the struggle of humanity against technology . In addition , several reviewers have noted parallels between this album and Byrne 's Big Love : Hymnal , particularly their common spiritual themes and atmospheric moods . Resident Advisor 's review also notes the shift in Eno 's recordings toward more gospel vocals . Steve Matteo of Crawdaddy ! wrote that Eno 's production dominates the album , whereas Filter 's Ken Scrudato considers the album primarily a David Byrne venture . Consequence of Sound 's review notes continuity between this album and Byrne 's 2004 release Grown Backwards , while The Village Voice has declared this album " more expansive and adventurous " than anything else Byrne has released in decades and Greg Kot of The Chicago Tribune wrote that the album features " one of the strongest vocal performances of Byrne 's career . "
= = = Awards = = =
The album was nominated for three Grammy Awards — Best Alternative Music Album , Best Recording Package , and Best Boxed or Special Limited Edition Package — on December 2 , 2008 . On February 8 , 2009 , designer Stefan Sagmeister won the award for Best Recording Package at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards . The deluxe edition packaging was given a bronze medal by the Art Directors Club of New York . The album was nominated for a Technical Excellence & Creativity Award in the Record Production / Album category .
Several year @-@ end lists included the album amongst the best releases of 2008 :
DeRogatis ' and Kot 's reviews were featured on Sound Opinions and the album was also placed on two individual writers ' lists for No Ripcord 's best of the year . Two contributors to No Depression included the album on their best @-@ of lists for 2008 . The A.V. Club commissioned celebrities to give their picks for album of the year and Tim Heidecker chose this album , describing it as " the most interesting and listenable pop record of the year , in my book . " The Fader 's 2008 year in review named this one of the " Top Twelve Albums That We Thought Would Have a Bigger Impact On Our Lives " , but later declared the album " career @-@ defining . " The publication dedicated their annual icon issue to Byrne in 2009 in part due to the success of this album .
Several songs from this album appeared on The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop singles poll for 2008 — " Strange Overtones " came in at 60 , " Life Is Long " placed 337 , " My Big Nurse " was 350 , " Everything That Happens " ended up at 748 , and " I Feel My Stuff " reached 942 . In addition , a vote was cast for " Strange Undertones " .
= = = Sales figures and chart performance = = =
Although the artists have not released sales figures , they have indicated that the album was purchased across the globe during the first 24 hours it was available and that the servers hosting the album delivered " several terabytes " by September 6 . A report in late December asserted that they had sold " nearly 20 @,@ 000 downloads . " In March 2009 , Ian C. Rogers of Topspin Media explained that 20 percent of those who listened to the album streaming chose to purchase it and 30 percent of them included a physical copy of the CD ; trends that would hold through September of that year . By October 2008 , Byrne explained that they had recouped their losses on the album and that sales had " paid back the recording costs and costs for building the Web site . " He would later explain that this business model worked well for established acts as well as smaller bands , due to minimal production and distribution costs . Their business model also allowed them to self @-@ release and plan a tour immediately after finishing the music production , rather than wait months for record label advancement .
The album did not chart until it was physically released — a development which surprised Byrne . In the first week of December , Everything That Happens Will Happen Today reached the top spot on the College Music Journal AAA charts and third on the CMJ Radio 200 . The album entered the Billboard 200 for the week of January 17 , 2009 , debuting at 182 with 4 @,@ 008 copies sold . It peaked the following week at 174 before dropping off the charts . It was on the Independent Albums chart for 10 weeks , reaching 18 .
= = Promotion = =
While Byrne and Eno did a few interviews for the album and subsequent tour , the two attempted to market the album via word @-@ of @-@ mouth and Internet hype rather than a traditional marketing scheme . Eno was convinced in part because of his own preferences for digital music from the iTunes Store rather than CDs as well as the success of Radiohead 's 2007 album In Rainbows and the self @-@ promotional strategies of Nine Inch Nails for the albums Year Zero , Ghosts I – IV , and The Slip . Byrne was also impressed by Radiohead 's release strategy as a means of valuing music . The duo carefully avoided Internet leaks by not giving out promotional copies of the album to journalists , but Byrne did preview the song " One Fine Day " prior to the release by performing it with a choir of senior citizens and Eno invited Mark Coles for the BBC World Service program The Beat to his home to listen to the songs on Eno 's laptop .
In 2010 , several of the songs from this album — " Home " , " I Feel My Stuff " , " Life Is Long " , " My Big Nurse " , and " Strange Overtones " — were included in the Todo Mundo soundtrack album to the film Wall Street : Money Never Sleeps along with other David Byrne songs .
= = = Marketing = = =
Byrne and Eno have both expressed their displeasure with the music industry and traditional models of marketing music , with Eno calling the music business an " exciting mess " and saying :
" The music industry ... were selling [ physical products , such as CDs ] quite expensively actually , that fostered a generally quite lazy attitude within record companies ... Suddenly now we have a quite different situation which it seems to me , artists understand much better than record companies do ... [ Y ] oung artists are very comfortable with starting their careers on Facebook or MySpace or something like that — and they 're way ahead of the record companies in some respects . "
Byrne has written for Wired , outlining the relative merits of different distribution models with this one reflecting his " self @-@ distribution model " in which " the artist stands to receive the largest percentage of income from sales per unit — sales of anything . A larger percentage of fewer sales , most likely , but not always . Artists doing it for themselves can actually make more money than the massive pop star , even though the sales numbers may seem minuscule by comparison . " The motivation for creating and marketing this album directly came in part from the very article Byrne wrote as well as Eno 's belief that music fans want more than just the music on an album and prefer collectible deluxe editions as well as the live performances that promote them . A month after releasing the album , Byrne was skeptical of market saturation claiming " I sense that a lot of people don 't know we have a record out " and hoped to counterbalance that ignorance with his tour . He also described the digital music market as " so infinite [ that ] it 's easy for music to get lost out there " and has noted that this business model would not work for performers who are not already established .
The duo enlisted a music marketing startup company — Topspin Media — to design their site , delivery options for the digital music , and promotional web widgets . Like the entirety of the recording process , the marketing was self @-@ financed and controlled by the artists , with Topspin taking a portion of the money made from digital sales . This allowed the artists to control creative aspects of producing music as well as the overhead costs associated with marketing an album . The company used viral marketing techniques to collect potential customers ' e @-@ mail addresses and encourage them to post the album streaming on their blogs . By early November , the collected e @-@ mail addresses amounted to 37 percent of the album sales . Topspin has also created a Flickr pool encouraging users to upload screenshots of the widget posted to web sites . No advertisements were taken out for the album .
Byrne and Eno were praised by Fast Company for their innovative use of Internet marketing and distribution for this album as well as several other releases and the promotion of this album has been lauded as a way of undermining copyright infringement . Key to their success was the software that Topspin Media developed and later commercially released as a bundle for other companies and artists to use , explaining that " In the first eight weeks following the launch of the David Byrne and Brian Eno self @-@ released record , Everything That Happens Will Happen Today , the Topspin platform helped us generate Direct @-@ to @-@ Fan revenue at the very least the equivalent to what we would have expected from a label advance , " that went directly to Byrne and Eno . Based in part on the success of marketing this album , representatives of Topspin were invited to teach a course on music marketing at Berklee College of Music in September 2009 and Ian C. Rogers led a panel discussion at South by Southwest on options for independent music artists . The album 's multiple formats have been praised as a method of incentivizing buying physical copies of albums .
= = = Songs of David Byrne and Brian Eno Tour = = =
Byrne assembled a band to tour for the album , performing music throughout the latter half of 2008 and early 2009 across North America , Europe , and Australasia . He hired more singers than he had on previous tours to reproduce the complex vocal harmonies of the album and was inspired to bring along dancers after seeing Sufjan Stevens promote the album Illinois as well as the Japanese films Funky Forest and The Taste of Tea . Byrne was initially uninvolved in the choreography , but made more suggestions as the tour went on and after he saw a live performance by Deerhoof that incorporated dancing with instruments . He began booking tour dates before the album was completed and continued writing his book The Bicycle Diaries throughout the tour .
In planning the set lists for the tour , Byrne initially considered only promoting this album but decided to include songs from his previous collaborations with Eno as well , including the Talking Heads albums More Songs About Buildings and Food , Fear of Music , and Remain in Light and Byrne 's The Catherine Wheel soundtrack . By playing music from all of their collaborations , Byrne hoped to " draw a line linking this new material with what we did 30 years ago " with the goal of clarifying the connection between all of the duo 's previous work . In reviewing their past music , he found that " [ t ] here might be more continuity than I imagined , which I hope is going to work in my favor . " Although Eno was invited to participate and early reports indicated that he would , Eno ultimately chose not to tour with Byrne , letting Byrne decide how to present this music live .
= = = Everything That Happens Will Happen on This Tour = = =
On May 11 , 2009 , the live EP Everything That Happens Will Happen on This Tour – David Byrne on Tour : Songs of David Byrne and Brian Eno was released digitally through Todo Mundo to benefit Amnesty International . The album features four songs recorded in December 2008 on the tour . Topspin Media offered the same digital download options to purchase the EP and the company created a second embeddable media player to promote the album .
= = = Ride , Rise , Roar = = =
On February 11 , 2010 , it was announced that a documentary film entitled Ride , Rise , Roar chronicling the tour would be released to the 2010 film festival circuit . The debut was at South by Southwest on March 15 , 2010 , where it was screened in all three media categories — film , interactive , and music . Byrne attended some British screenings for question and answer sessions .
Ride , Rise , Roar is the feature @-@ length directorial debut by Hillman Curtis — Byrne approached him after his satisfaction with the short film that accompanies the deluxe edition of Everything That Happens Will Happen Today . The documentary includes concert footage , film of the planning and rehearsals for the tour , and exclusive interviews with Byrne , Eno , and the supporting musicians and dancers . Curtis was initially contacted to document the tour with no clear objective for the film and decided to focus on the collaboration between Byrne and his tour mates as well as the unique challenge of combining popular music with modern dance .
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by David Byrne ; all music by Byrne ( vocals ) and Brian Eno ( instrumentation ) , except " Strange Overtones " co @-@ written by Leo Abrahams .
" Home " – 5 : 06
" My Big Nurse " – 3 : 21
" I Feel My Stuff " – 6 : 25
" Everything That Happens " – 3 : 46
" Life Is Long " – 3 : 45
" The River " – 2 : 30
" Strange Overtones " – 4 : 17
" Wanted for Life " – 5 : 06
" One Fine Day " – 4 : 55
" Poor Boy " – 4 : 19
" The Lighthouse " – 3 : 46
Japanese release
" Poor Boy " ( Eno & Leo Abrahams Remix ) – 3 : 51
Deluxe Edition bonus tracks
" Never Thought " – 4 : 08
" Walking Along the River " – 4 : 38
" The Eyes " – 3 : 29
" The Painting " – 4 : 33
= = Personnel = =
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= HMS Hood =
HMS Hood ( pennant number 51 ) was the last battlecruiser built for the Royal Navy . Commissioned in 1920 , she was named after the 18th @-@ century Admiral Samuel Hood . One of four Admiral @-@ class battlecruisers ordered in mid @-@ 1916 , Hood had serious design limitations , though her design was drastically revised after the Battle of Jutland and improved while she was under construction . For this reason she was the only ship of her class to be completed . As one of the largest and , ostensibly , the most powerful warships in the world , Hood was the pride of the Royal Navy and , carrying immense prestige , was known as ‘ The Mighty Hood ’ .
Hood was involved in several showing the flag exercises between her commissioning in 1920 and the outbreak of war in 1939 , including training exercises in the Mediterranean Sea and a circumnavigation of the globe with the Special Service Squadron in 1923 and 1924 . She was attached to the Mediterranean Fleet following the outbreak of the Second Italo @-@ Abyssinian War . When the Spanish Civil War broke out , Hood was officially assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet until she had to return to Britain in 1939 for an overhaul . By this time , advances in naval gunnery had reduced Hood 's usefulness . She was scheduled to undergo a major rebuild in 1941 to correct these issues , but the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 forced the ship into service without the upgrades .
When war with Germany was declared , Hood was operating in the area around Iceland , and she spent the next several months hunting between Iceland and the Norwegian Sea for German commerce raiders and blockade runners . After a brief overhaul of her propulsion system , she sailed as the flagship of Force H , and participated in the destruction of the French Fleet at Mers @-@ el @-@ Kebir . Relieved as flagship of Force H , Hood was dispatched to Scapa Flow , and operated in the area as a convoy escort and later as a defence against a potential German invasion fleet .
In May 1941 , she and the battleship Prince of Wales were ordered to intercept the German battleship Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen , which were en route to the Atlantic where they were to attack convoys . On 24 May 1941 , early in the Battle of the Denmark Strait , Hood was struck by several German shells , exploded and sank . Due to her perceived invincibility , the loss had a profound effect on the British people .
The Royal Navy conducted two inquiries into the reasons for the ship 's quick demise . The first , held very quickly after the ship 's loss , concluded that Hood 's aft magazine had exploded after one of Bismarck 's shells penetrated the ship 's armour . A second inquiry was held after complaints that the first board had failed to consider alternative explanations , such as an explosion of the ship 's torpedoes . It was more thorough than the first board and concurred with the first board 's conclusion .
Despite the official explanation , some historians continued to believe that the torpedoes caused the ship 's loss , while others proposed an accidental explosion inside one of the ship 's gun turrets that reached down into the magazine . Other historians have concentrated on the cause of the magazine explosion . The discovery of the ship 's wreck in 2001 confirmed the conclusion of both boards , although the exact reason the magazines detonated will always be a mystery since that area of the ship was entirely destroyed in the explosion .
= = Design and description = =
The Admiral @-@ class battlecruisers were designed in response to the German Mackensen @-@ class battlecruisers , which were reported to be more heavily armed and armoured than the latest British battlecruisers of the Renown and the Courageous classes . The design was revised after the Battle of Jutland to incorporate heavier armour and all four ships were laid down . Only Hood was completed , because the ships were very expensive and required labour and material that could be put to better use building merchant ships needed to replace those lost to the German U @-@ boat campaign .
Hood was significantly larger than her predecessors of the Renown class . As completed , she had an overall length of 860 feet 7 inches ( 262 @.@ 3 m ) , a maximum beam of 104 feet 2 inches ( 31 @.@ 8 m ) , and a draught of 32 feet ( 9 @.@ 8 m ) at deep load . This was 110 feet ( 33 @.@ 5 m ) longer and 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) wider than the older ships . She displaced 42 @,@ 670 long tons ( 43 @,@ 350 t ) at load and 46 @,@ 680 long tons ( 47 @,@ 430 t ) at deep load , over 13 @,@ 000 long tons ( 13 @,@ 210 t ) more than the older ships . The ship had a complete double bottom . Hood had a metacentric height of 4 @.@ 2 feet ( 1 @.@ 3 m ) at deep load , which minimised her roll and made her a steady gun platform .
The additional armour added during construction increased her draught by about 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) at deep load , which reduced her freeboard and made her very wet . At full speed , or in heavy seas , water would flow over the ship 's quarterdeck and often entered the messdecks and living quarters through ventilation shafts . This characteristic earned her the nickname of " the largest submarine in the Navy " . The persistent dampness , coupled with the ship 's poor ventilation , was blamed for the high incidence of tuberculosis aboard . The ship 's complement varied widely over her career ; in 1919 , she was authorised 1433 men as a squadron flagship ; in 1934 , she had 81 officers and 1244 men aboard .
The propulsion system consisted of 24 Yarrow boilers , connected to Brown @-@ Curtis geared steam turbines driving four propellers . The battlecruiser 's turbines were designed to produce 144 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 107 @,@ 000 kW ) , which would propel the ship at 31 knots ( 57 km / h ; 36 mph ) , but during sea trials in 1920 , Hood 's turbines provided 151 @,@ 280 shp ( 112 @,@ 810 kW ) , which allowed her to reach 32 @.@ 07 knots ( 59 @.@ 39 km / h ; 36 @.@ 91 mph ) . She carried approximately 3 @,@ 895 long tons ( 3 @,@ 958 t ) of fuel oil , which gave an estimated range of 7 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 13 @,@ 900 km ; 8 @,@ 600 mi ) at 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) .
= = = Armament = = =
Hood carried eight 42 @-@ calibre BL 15 @-@ inch Mk I guns in hydraulically powered twin gun turrets . The guns could depress to − 5 ° and elevate to + 30 ° . At maximum elevation , they fired a 1 @,@ 920 @-@ pound ( 870 kg ) shell to a maximum range of 30 @,@ 180 yards ( 27 @,@ 600 m ) . The turrets were designated ' A ' , ' B ' , ' X ' and ' Y ' from front to rear . 120 shells were carried for each gun .
Hood 's secondary armament was a dozen 50 @-@ calibre BL 5 @.@ 5 @-@ inch Mk I guns , each with 200 rounds . They were shipped on shielded single pivot mounts fitted along the upper deck and the forward shelter deck . This high position allowed them to be worked during heavy weather as they were less affected by waves and spray compared with the casemate mounts of earlier British capital ships . Two of these guns on the shelter deck were temporarily replaced by QF 4 @-@ inch Mk V anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) guns between 1938 and 1939 . All the 5 @.@ 5 @-@ inch guns were removed during another refit in 1940 . The gun fired a 82 @-@ pound ( 37 kg ) shell to a maximum range of 17 @,@ 770 yards ( 16 @,@ 250 m ) .
The original anti @-@ aircraft armament consisted of four QF 4 @-@ inch Mk V guns on single mounts . These were joined in early 1939 by four twin mounts for the 45 @-@ calibre QF 4 @-@ inch Mark XVI dual purpose gun . The single guns were removed in mid @-@ 1939 and a further three twin Mark XIX mounts were added in early 1940 . This mounting could elevate from − 10 to + 80 ° . The Mk XVI gun fired about twelve 35 @-@ pound ( 16 kg ) high @-@ explosive shells per minute at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 660 ft / s ( 810 m / s ) . Against surface targets , it had a range of 19 @,@ 850 yards ( 18 @,@ 150 m ) and a maximum ceiling of 39 @,@ 000 ft ( 12 @,@ 000 m ) , but an effective anti @-@ aircraft range of much less .
In 1931 , a pair of octuple mountings for the 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) QF 2 @-@ pounder Mk VIII gun were added on the shelter deck , abreast the funnels , and a third mount was added in 1937 . These gun mounts could depress to − 10 ° and elevate to a maximum of + 80 ° . The Mk VIII 2 @-@ pounder gun fired a 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) 0 @.@ 91 @-@ pound ( 0 @.@ 41 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 920 ft / s ( 590 m / s ) to a distance of 3 @,@ 800 yards ( 3 @,@ 500 m ) . The gun 's rate of fire was approximately 96 – 98 rounds per minute .
Two quadruple mountings for the 0 @.@ 5 @-@ inch Vickers Mk III machine gun were added in 1933 with two more mountings added in 1937 . These mounts could depress to − 10 ° and elevate to a maximum of + 70 ° . The machine guns fired a 1 @.@ 326 @-@ ounce ( 37 @.@ 6 g ) bullet at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 520 ft / s ( 770 m / s ) . This gave the gun a maximum range of about 5 @,@ 000 yd ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) , although its effective range was only 800 yd ( 730 m ) . To these were added five Unrotated Projectile ( UP ) launchers in 1940 , each launcher carrying twenty 7 @-@ inch ( 180 mm ) rockets . When they detonated , the rockets shot out lengths of cable that were kept aloft by parachutes ; the cable was intended to snag aircraft and draw up the small aerial mine which would destroy the aircraft .
Six fixed 21 @-@ inch ( 530 mm ) torpedo tubes were mounted on Hood , three on each broadside . Two of these were submerged forward of ' A ' turret 's magazine and the other four were above water , abaft the rear funnel . The Mk IV torpedoes had a warhead of 515 pounds ( 234 kg ) of TNT . They had two speed and range settings : 25 knots ( 46 km / h ; 29 mph ) with a maximum range of 13 @,@ 500 yards ( 12 @,@ 300 m ) or 40 knots ( 74 km / h ; 46 mph ) to 5 @,@ 000 yards ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) . Approximately 28 torpedoes were carried .
= = = Fire control = = =
Hood was completed with two fire @-@ control directors . One was mounted above the conning tower , protected by an armoured hood , and was fitted with a 30 @-@ foot ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) rangefinder . The other was fitted in the spotting top above the tripod foremast and equipped with a 15 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) rangefinder . Each turret was also fitted with a 30 @-@ foot ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) rangefinder .
The secondary armament was primarily controlled by directors mounted on each side of the bridge . They were supplemented by two additional control positions in the fore @-@ top , which were provided with 9 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) rangefinders , fitted in 1924 – 25 . The anti @-@ aircraft guns were controlled by a simple high @-@ angle 2 @-@ metre ( 6 ft 7 in ) rangefinder mounted on the aft control position , fitted in 1926 – 27 . Three torpedo @-@ control towers were fitted , each with a 15 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) rangefinder . One was on each side of the amidships control tower and the third was on the centreline abaft the aft control position .
During the 1929 – 31 refit , a High @-@ Angle Control System ( HACS ) Mark I director was added on the rear searchlight platform and two positions for 2 @-@ pounder " pom @-@ pom " anti @-@ aircraft directors were added at the rear of the spotting top , although only one director was initially fitted . The 5 @.@ 5 @-@ inch control positions and their rangefinders on the spotting top were removed during the 1932 refit . In 1934 , the " pom @-@ pom " directors were moved to the former locations of the 5 @.@ 5 @-@ inch control positions on the spotting top and the 9 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) rangefinders for the 5 @.@ 5 @-@ inch control positions were reinstalled on the signal platform . Two years later , the " pom @-@ pom " directors were moved to the rear corners of the bridge to get them out of the funnel gases . Another " pom @-@ pom " director was added on the rear superstructure , abaft the HACS director in 1938 . Two HACS Mark III directors were added to the aft end of the signal platform the following year , and the Mark I director aft was replaced by a Mark III . During Hood 's last refit in 1941 , a Type 279 air warning radar and a Type 284 gunnery radar were installed , although the Type 279 radar lacked its receiving aerial and was inoperable .
= = = Protection = = =
Hood 's armour scheme was originally based on that of the battlecruiser Tiger with an 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) waterline belt . Unlike on Tiger , the armour was angled outwards 12 ° from the waterline to increase its relative thickness in relation to flat @-@ trajectory shells . This change increased the ship 's vulnerability to plunging ( high @-@ trajectory ) shells as it exposed more of the vulnerable deck armour . 5 @,@ 000 long tons ( 5 @,@ 100 t ) of armour was added to the design in late 1916 , based on British experiences at the Battle of Jutland , at the cost of deeper draught and slightly decreased speed . To save construction time , this was accomplished by thickening the existing armour , rather than redesigning the entire ship . Hood 's protection accounted for 33 % of her displacement , a high proportion by British standards , but less than was usual in contemporary German designs ( for example , 36 % for the battlecruiser SMS Hindenburg ) .
The armoured belt consisted of face @-@ hardened Krupp cemented armour ( KC ) , arranged in three strakes . The main waterline belt was 12 inches ( 305 mm ) thick between ' A ' and ' Y ' barbettes and thinned to 5 to 6 inches ( 127 to 152 mm ) towards the ship 's ends , but did not reach either the bow or the stern . The middle armour belt had a maximum thickness of 7 inches ( 178 mm ) over the same length as the thickest part of the waterline armour and thinned to five inches abreast ' A ' barbette . The upper belt was 5 inches thick amidships and extended forward to ' A ' barbette , with a short 4 @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) extension aft .
The gun turrets and barbettes were protected by 11 to 15 inches ( 279 to 381 mm ) of KC armour , except for the turret roofs which were five inches thick . The decks were made of high @-@ tensile steel . The forecastle deck ranged from 1 @.@ 75 to 2 inches ( 44 to 51 mm ) in thickness while the upper deck was 2 inches ( 51 mm ) thick over the magazines and 0 @.@ 75 inches ( 19 mm ) elsewhere . The main deck was 3 inches ( 76 mm ) thick over the magazines and 1 inch ( 25 mm ) elsewhere , except for the 2 @-@ inch @-@ thick slope that met the bottom of the main belt . The lower deck was 3 inches thick over the propeller shafts , 2 inches thick over the magazines and 1 inch elsewhere .
The 3 @-@ inch plating on the main deck was added at a very late stage of construction and the four aftermost 5 @.@ 5 @-@ inch guns and their ammunition hoists were removed in partial compensation . Live firing trials with the new 15 @-@ inch APC ( armour @-@ piercing , capped ) shell against a mock @-@ up of Hood showed that this shell could penetrate the ship 's vitals via the 7 @-@ inch middle belt and the 2 @-@ inch slope of the main deck . A proposal was made to increase the armour over the forward magazines to 5 inches and 6 inches over the rear magazines in July 1919 in response to these trials . To compensate for the additional weight , the two submerged torpedo tubes and the armour for the rear torpedo warheads were removed , and the armour for the aft torpedo @-@ control tower was reduced in thickness from 6 to 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 38 mm ) . However , the additional armour was never fitted pending further trials . As completed , Hood remained susceptible to plunging shells and bombs . The torpedo warhead armour was reinstated during the ship 's 1929 – 31 refit .
For protection against torpedoes , she was given a 7 @.@ 5 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 3 m ) deep anti @-@ torpedo bulge that ran the length of the ship between the fore and aft barbettes . It was divided into an empty outer compartment and an inner compartment filled with five rows of water @-@ tight " crushing tubes " intended to absorb and distribute the force of an explosion . The bulge was backed by a 1 @.@ 5 @-@ inch @-@ thick torpedo bulkhead .
= = = Aircraft = = =
Hood was initially fitted with flying @-@ off platforms mounted on top of ' B ' and ' X ' turrets , from which Fairey Flycatchers could launch . During her 1929 – 31 refit , the platform was removed from ' X ' turret and a trainable , folding catapult was installed on her quarterdeck , along with a crane to recover a seaplane . She embarked a Fairey IIIF from No. 444 Flight of the Royal Air Force . During the 1932 West Indies cruise , the catapult proved to be difficult to operate in anything but a calm sea , as it was frequently awash in bad weather . The catapult and crane were removed in 1932 , along with the flying @-@ off platform on ' B ' turret .
= = = Battlecruiser or fast battleship = = =
Although the Royal Navy always designated Hood as a battlecruiser , some modern writers such as Anthony Preston have classified her as a fast battleship , since Hood appeared to have improvements over the fast Queen Elizabeth @-@ class battleships . On paper , Hood retained the same armament and level of protection , while being significantly faster . Around 1918 , American commanders , including Vice @-@ Admiral William Sims , commander of US naval forces in Europe , and Admiral Henry T. Mayo , commander of the Atlantic Fleet , became extremely impressed by Hood which they described as a " fast battleship " , and they advocated that the US Navy develop a fast battleship of its own . However , the US continued with their established design direction , the slower but well @-@ protected South Dakota @-@ class battleship and the fast and lightly armoured Lexington @-@ class battlecruiser , both of which were later cancelled in accordance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 .
Influences from Hood showed on subsequent Lexington designs , with the reduction of the main armour belt , the change to " sloped armour " , and the addition of four above @-@ water torpedo tubes to the four underwater tubes of the original design . To add to the confusion , Royal Navy documents of the period often describe any battleship with a maximum speed over 24 knots ( 44 km / h ; 28 mph ) as a battlecruiser , regardless of the amount of protective armour . For instance , the never @-@ built G3 battlecruiser was classified as such , although it would have been more of a fast battleship than Hood .
The scale of Hood 's protection , though adequate for the Jutland era , was at best marginal against the new generation of 16 @-@ inch ( 406 mm ) gunned capital ships that emerged soon after her completion in 1920 , typified by the American Colorado @-@ class and the Japanese Nagato @-@ class battleships . The Royal Navy were fully aware that the ship 's protection flaws still remained , even in her revised design , so Hood was intended for the duties of a battlecruiser and she served in the battlecruiser squadrons through most of her career . Late in her career , Hood was outclassed by the armour and protective arrangement of World War II @-@ era fast battleships , but few available " big gun " vessels could match Bismarck 's speed , and in 1941 the Admiralty included Hood among the ships sent to engage the German battleship .
= = Construction = =
Construction of Hood began at the John Brown & Company shipyards in Clydebank , Scotland , on 1 September 1916 . Following the loss of three British battlecruisers at the Battle of Jutland , 5 @,@ 000 tons of extra armour and bracing were added to Hood 's design . Most seriously , the deck protection was flawed — spread over three decks , it was designed to detonate an incoming shell on impact with the top deck , with much of the energy being absorbed as the exploding shell had to penetrate the armour of the next two decks . The development of effective time @-@ delay shells at the end of World War I made this scheme much less effective , as the intact shell would penetrate layers of weak armour and explode deep inside the ship . In addition , she was grossly overweight compared to her original design , making her a wet ship with a highly stressed structure .
She was launched on 22 August 1918 by the widow of Rear Admiral Sir Horace Hood , a great @-@ great @-@ grandson of Admiral Samuel Hood , for whom the ship was named . Sir Horace Hood had been killed while commanding the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron and flying his flag in Invincible — one of the three battlecruisers which blew up at the Battle of Jutland . In order to make room in John Brown 's shipyard for merchant construction , Hood sailed for Rosyth to complete her fitting @-@ out on 9 January 1920 . After sea trials , she was commissioned on 15 May 1920 , under Captain Wilfred Tompkinson . She had cost £ 6 @,@ 025 @,@ 000 to build ( roughly equivalent to £ 217 million today ) . With her conspicuous twin funnels and lean profile , Hood was widely regarded one of the finest @-@ looking warships ever built . She was also the largest warship afloat when she was commissioned and retained that distinction for the next 20 years . Her size and powerful armament earned her the nickname of " Mighty Hood " and she came to symbolise the might of the British Empire itself .
= = Inter @-@ war service = =
Shortly after commissioning on 15 May 1920 , Hood became the flagship of the Battlecruiser Squadron of the Atlantic Fleet , under the command of Rear Admiral Sir Roger Keyes . After a cruise to Scandinavian waters that year , Captain Geoffrey Mackworth assumed command . Hood visited the Mediterranean in 1921 and 1922 to show the flag and to train with the Mediterranean Fleet , before sailing on a cruise to Brazil and the West Indies in company with the Battlecruiser Squadron .
Captain John im Thurn was in command when Hood , accompanied by the battlecruiser Repulse and Danae @-@ class cruisers of the 1st Light Cruiser Squadron , set out on a world cruise from west to east via the Panama Canal in November 1923 . The objective of the cruise was to remind the Dominions of their dependence on British sea power and encourage them to support it with money , ships and facilities . They returned home ten months later in September 1924 having visited South Africa , India , Australia , New Zealand , Canada and the United States and some smaller colonies and dependencies en route .
While in Australia in April 1924 , the squadron escorted the battlecruiser HMAS Australia out to sea where she was scuttled in compliance with the Washington Naval Treaty . The Battlecruiser Squadron visited Lisbon in January 1925 to participate in the Vasco da Gama celebrations before continuing on to the Mediterranean for exercises . Hood continued this pattern of a winter training visit to the Mediterranean for the rest of the decade . Captain Harold Reinold relieved Captain im Thurn on 30 April 1925 and was relieved in turn by Captain Wilfred French on 21 May 1927 .
Hood was given a major refit from 1 May 1929 to 10 March 1931 , and afterwards resumed her role as flagship of the Battlecruiser Squadron under the command of Captain Julian Patterson . Later that year , her crew participated in the Invergordon Mutiny over pay cuts for the sailors . It ended peacefully and Hood returned to her home port afterwards . The Battlecruiser Squadron made a Caribbean cruise in early 1932 , and Hood was given another brief refit between 31 March and 10 May at Portsmouth . Captain Thomas Binney assumed command on 15 August 1932 and the ship resumed her previous practice of a winter cruise in the Mediterranean the next year . Captain Thomas Tower replaced Captain Binney on 30 August 1933 . Her secondary and anti @-@ aircraft fire @-@ control directors were rearranged during another quick refit between 1 August and 5 September 1934 .
While en route to Gibraltar for a Mediterranean cruise , Hood was rammed in the port side quarterdeck by the battlecruiser Renown on 23 January 1935 . The damage to Hood was limited to her left outer propeller and an 18 @-@ inch ( 460 mm ) dent , although some hull plates were knocked loose from the impact . Temporary repairs were made at Gibraltar before the ship sailed to Portsmouth for permanent repairs between February and May 1935 . The captains of both ships were court @-@ martialled , as was the squadron commander , Rear Admiral Sidney Bailey . Tower and Bailey were acquitted , but Renown 's Captain Sawbridge was relieved of command . The Admiralty dissented from the verdict , reinstated Sawbridge , and criticised Bailey for ambiguous signals during the manoeuvre .
The ship participated in King George V 's Silver Jubilee Fleet Review at Spithead the following August . She was attached to the Mediterranean Fleet shortly afterwards and stationed at Gibraltar at the outbreak of the Second Italo @-@ Abyssinian War in October . Captain Arthur Pridham assumed command on 1 February 1936 and Hood returned to Portsmouth for a brief refit between 26 June and 10 October 1936 . She formally transferred to the Mediterranean Fleet on 20 October , shortly after the beginning of the Spanish Civil War . On 23 April 1937 , the ship escorted three British merchantmen into Bilbao harbour despite the presence of the Nationalist cruiser Almirante Cervera that attempted to blockade the port . Hood was refitted at Malta in November and December 1937 and had her submerged torpedo tubes removed . Captain Pridham was relieved by Captain Harold Walker on 20 May 1938 and he in turn was relieved when the ship returned to Portsmouth in January 1939 for an overhaul that lasted until 12 August .
Hood was due to be modernised in 1941 to bring her up to a standard similar to that of other modernised World War I @-@ era capital ships . She would have received new , lighter turbines and boilers , a secondary armament of eight twin 5 @.@ 25 @-@ inch gun turrets and six octuple 2 @-@ pounder pom @-@ poms . Her 5 @-@ inch upper armour strake would have been removed and her deck armour reinforced . A catapult would have been fitted across the deck and the remaining torpedo tubes removed . In addition the conning tower would have been removed and her bridge rebuilt . The ship 's near @-@ constant active service , resulting from her status as the Royal Navy 's most battle @-@ worthy fast capital ship , meant that her material condition gradually deteriorated , and by the mid @-@ 1930s she was in need of a lengthy overhaul .
The outbreak of World War II made it impossible to remove her from service , and as a consequence she never received the scheduled modernisation afforded to other capital ships such as the battlecruiser Renown and several of the Queen Elizabeth @-@ class battleships . The ship 's condensers were in such bad condition by this time that much of the output from the fresh @-@ water evaporators was required to replenish the boiler feed water and could not be used by the crew to wash and bathe or even to heat the mess decks during cold weather as the steam pipes were too leaky . These problems also reduced her steam output so that she was unable to attain her designed speed .
= = World War II = =
Captain Irvine Glennie assumed command in May 1939 and Hood was assigned to the Home Fleet 's Battlecruiser Squadron while still refitting ; when war broke out later that year , she was employed principally in patrolling the vicinity of Iceland and the Faroe Islands to protect convoys and intercept German merchant raiders and blockade runners attempting to break out into the Atlantic . On 25 September 1939 , the Home Fleet sortied into the central North Sea to cover the return of the damaged submarine Spearfish . The fleet was spotted by the Germans and attacked by aircraft from the KG 26 and KG 30 bomber wings . Hood was hit by a 250 kg ( 550 lb ) bomb from a Junkers Ju 88 bomber that damaged her port torpedo bulge and her condensers . By early 1940 , Hood 's machinery was in dire shape and limited her best speed to 26 @.@ 5 knots ( 49 @.@ 1 km / h ; 30 @.@ 5 mph ) ; she was refitted between 4 April and 12 June .
= = = Operation Catapult = = =
Hood and the aircraft carrier Ark Royal were ordered to Gibraltar to join Force H on 18 June where Hood became the flagship . Force H took part in the destruction of the French fleet at Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir in July 1940 . Just eight days after the French surrender , the British Admiralty issued an ultimatum that the French fleet at Oran intern its ships in a British or neutral port to ensure they would not fall into Axis hands . The terms were rejected and the Royal Navy opened fire on the French ships berthed there . The results of Hood 's fire are not known exactly , but she damaged the French battleship Dunkerque , which was hit by four fifteen @-@ inch shells and was forced to beach herself . Hood was straddled during the engagement by Dunkerque ; shell splinters wounded two men . Dunkerque 's sister ship , Strasbourg , managed to escape from the harbour . Hood and several light cruisers gave chase , but gave up after two hours : Hood had dodged a salvo of torpedoes from a French sloop and had stripped a turbine reaching 28 knots ( 52 km / h ; 32 mph ) .
= = = Return to home waters = = =
Hood was relieved as flagship of Force H by Renown on 10 August , after returning to Scapa Flow . On 13 September , after a short refit , she was sent to Rosyth along with the battleships Nelson and Rodney and other ships , to be in a better position to intercept a German invasion fleet . When the threat of an invasion diminished , the ship resumed her previous roles in convoy escort and patrolling against German commerce raiders . Twice , Hood was dispatched against enemy warships . On 28 October she sailed to intercept the " pocket battleship " Admiral Scheer , and again on 24 December to locate the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper , but Hood failed to find either ship .
In January 1941 , the ship began a refit that lasted until March ; even after the refit she was still in poor condition , but the threat from the German capital ships was such that she could not be taken into dock for a major overhaul until more of the King George V @-@ class battleships came into service . Captain Ralph Kerr assumed command during the refit , and Hood was ordered to sea in an attempt to intercept the German battleships Gneisenau and Scharnhorst upon the refit 's completion in mid @-@ March . Unsuccessful , she was ordered to patrol the Bay of Biscay against any breakout attempt by the German ships from Brest . Hood was ordered to the Norwegian Sea on 19 April when the Admiralty received a false report that the German battleship Bismarck had sailed from Germany . Afterwards , she patrolled the North Atlantic before putting into Scapa Flow on 6 May .
= = = Battle of the Denmark Strait = = =
When Bismarck sailed for the Atlantic in May 1941 , Hood , together with the newly commissioned battleship Prince of Wales , was sent out in pursuit along with several other groups of British capital ships to intercept the German ships before they could break into the Atlantic and attack Allied convoys . Hood was commanded by Captain Ralph Kerr and was flying the flag of Vice @-@ Admiral Lancelot Holland . The German ships were spotted by two British heavy cruisers ( Norfolk & Suffolk ) on 23 May , and Holland 's ships intercepted Bismarck and her consort , the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen , in the Denmark Strait between Greenland and Iceland on 24 May .
The British squadron spotted the Germans at 05 : 37 ( ship 's clocks were set four hours ahead of local time – the engagement commenced shortly after dawn ) , but the Germans were already aware of their presence , Prinz Eugen 's hydrophones having previously detected the sounds of high @-@ speed propellers to their south @-@ east . The British opened fire at 05 : 52 with Hood engaging Prinz Eugen , the lead ship in the German formation , and the Germans returned fire at 05 : 55 , both ships concentrating on Hood . Prinz Eugen was probably the first ship to score when a shell hit Hood 's boat deck , between her funnels , and started a large fire among the ready @-@ use ammunition for the anti @-@ aircraft guns and rockets of the UP mounts .
Just before 06 : 00 , while Hood was turning 20 ° to port to unmask her rear turrets , she was hit again on the boat deck by one or more shells from Bismarck 's fifth salvo , fired from a range of approximately 16 @,@ 650 metres ( 18 @,@ 210 yd ) . A shell from this salvo appears to have hit the spotting top , as the boat deck was showered with body parts and debris . A huge jet of flame burst out of Hood from the vicinity of the mainmast , followed by a devastating magazine explosion that destroyed the aft part of the ship . This explosion broke the back of Hood , and the last sight of the ship , which sank in only three minutes , was her bow , nearly vertical in the water . A note on a survivor 's sketch in the British RN Historical Branch Archives gives 63 ° 20 ′ N 31 ° 50 ′ W as the position of the sinking .
Hood sank with 1418 men aboard . Only three survived : Ordinary Signalman Ted Briggs , Able Seaman Robert Tilburn , and Midshipman William John Dundas . The three were rescued about two hours after the sinking by the destroyer Electra , which spotted substantial debris but no bodies .
= = = Aftermath of the sinking = = =
Prince of Wales was forced to disengage by a combination of damage from German hits and mechanical failures in her guns and turrets after Hood was sunk . Despite these problems , she had hit Bismarck three times . One of these hits contaminated a good portion of the ship 's fuel supply and subsequently caused her to steer for safety in occupied France where she could be repaired . Bismarck was temporarily able to evade detection , but was later spotted and sunk by the British on 27 May .
The official Admiralty communiqué on the loss , broadcast on the day of the sinking , reported that : " during the ... action , HMS Hood ... received an unlucky hit in a magazine and blew up . " The first formal board of enquiry into the loss , presided over by Vice @-@ Admiral Sir Geoffrey Blake , reported on 2 June , less than a fortnight after the loss . It endorsed this opinion , stating that :
( c ) ( The ) probable cause of the loss of HMS Hood was direct penetration of the protection by one or more 15 @-@ inch shells at a range of 16 @,@ 500 yards [ 15 @,@ 100 m ] , resulting in the explosion of one or more of the aft magazines .
The conduct of the inquiry became subject to criticism , largely because no verbatim record of witnesses ' testimony had been kept . Moreover , Sir Stanley V. Goodall , Director of Naval Construction came forward with an alternative theory , that the Hood had been destroyed by the explosion of her own torpedoes . As a result , a second Board was convened under Rear Admiral Sir Harold Walker and reported in September 1941 . This investigation was " much more thorough than was the first , taking evidence from a total of 176 eyewitnesses to the disaster " , and examined both Goodall 's theory and others ( see below ) . The Board came to a conclusion almost identical to that of the first board , expressed as follows :
That the sinking of Hood was due to a hit from Bismarck 's 15 @-@ inch shell in or adjacent to Hood 's 4 @-@ inch or 15 @-@ inch magazines , causing them all to explode and wreck the after part of the ship . The probability is that the 4 @-@ inch magazines exploded first .
Both boards of enquiry exonerated Vice @-@ Admiral Holland from any blame regarding the loss of Hood .
Memorials to those who died are spread widely around the UK , and some of the crew are commemorated in different locations . One casualty , George David Spinner , is remembered on the Portsmouth Naval memorial , the Hood Chapel at the Church of St John the Baptist , in Boldre , Hampshire , and also on the gravestone of his brother , who died while serving in the Royal Air Force in 1942 , in the Hamilton Road Cemetery , Deal , Kent .
= = Modern theories on the sinking = =
The exact cause of the loss of Hood remains a subject of debate . The principal theories include the following causes :
A direct hit from a shell penetrated to a magazine aft . Such a shell could only have come from Bismarck , since Prinz Eugen was no longer firing at Hood at the time of the explosion . As noted above , this version of events was almost taken for granted at the time of the sinking . Doubt first arose as a result of eyewitness testimony that the explosion that destroyed Hood originated near the mainmast , well forward of the aft magazines ( for example , the sketch shown prepared for the second board of enquiry by Captain Leach of Prince of Wales ) . At the second board , expert witnesses suggested that what was observed was the venting , through the engine @-@ room ventilators , of a violent — but not instantaneous — explosion or deflagration in the 4 @-@ inch magazines . The same deflagration would have collapsed the bulkhead separating the 4 @-@ inch and 15 @-@ inch magazines , resulting very quickly in a catastrophic explosion similar to those previously witnessed at Jutland . This theory was ultimately adopted by the board .
A shell , falling short and travelling underwater , struck below the armoured belt and penetrated to a magazine . During the same action , Prince of Wales received a hit of this type from a 15 @-@ inch shell , which travelled underwater for about 80 feet ( 25 m ) , struck about 28 feet ( 8 m ) below the waterline , penetrated several light bulkheads and fetched up , without exploding , against the torpedo bulkhead . The second board considered this theory improbable , arguing that the fuse , had it worked at all , would have detonated the shell before it reached the ship . According to Jurens 's calculations , one of Bismarck 's shells that fell approximately 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) short of Hood could have penetrated the side of the ship beneath the armour belt and would have detonated in the vicinity of the ship 's magazines if the fuse worked .
The ship was destroyed by the explosion of her own torpedoes . According to Goodall 's theory , the ship 's torpedoes could have been detonated either by the fire raging on the boat deck or , more probably , by a direct hit from Bismarck . This would have blown out the side of the ship , destroying the girder strength of the hull ; the force of water entering the hole , at a speed of nearly 30 knots ( 56 km / h ) , would then shear the stern section from the rest of the hull .
The fire on the boat deck penetrated to a magazine . Evidence given to the second board indicated that the doors for the 4 @-@ inch ammunition supply trunks were closed throughout the action . It remains possible that a door or trunk could have been opened up by an enemy shell , admitting flames to the magazine . Alternative routes for admission of flame could have been the ventilation or venting arrangements of the magazines or , as Ted Briggs suggested , through the floor of a 15 @-@ inch gunhouse .
The explosion was initiated by 4 @-@ inch ammunition stored outside the magazines . Writing in 1979 , the naval historian Antony Preston claimed that the aft magazines of Hood were " surrounded by additional 4 @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) anti @-@ aircraft shells outside the armoured barbettes . Such unprotected stowage could have been detonated either by the boat @-@ deck fire or by a shell from Bismarck . "
The ship was blown up by her own guns . At the second board , eyewitnesses reported unusual types of discharge from the 15 @-@ inch guns of Hood , suggesting that a shell could have detonated within the gun , causing an explosion within the gunhouse . It is possible that , under the stress of combat , the safety measures , introduced after the disasters at Jutland to prevent such an explosion reaching the magazines , could have failed .
An extensive review of these theories ( excepting that of Preston ) is given in Jurens 's 1987 article . Its main conclusion is that the loss was almost certainly precipitated by the explosion of a 4 @-@ inch magazine , but that there are several ways this could have been initiated , although he rules out the boat deck fire or the detonation of her torpedoes as probable causes . In Jurens 's opinion , the popular image of plunging shells penetrating Hood 's deck armour is inaccurate , as by his estimation the angle of fall of Bismarck 's 15 @-@ inch shells at the moment of the loss would not have exceeded about 14 ° , an angle so unfavourable to penetration of horizontal armour that it is actually off the scale of contemporaneous German penetration charts . Moreover , computer @-@ generated profiles of Hood show that a shell falling at this angle could not have reached an aft magazine without first passing through some part of the belt armour . On the other hand , the 12 @-@ inch belt could have been penetrated , if Hood had progressed sufficiently far into her final turn .
A more recent development is the discovery of Hood 's wreck . Inspection of the wreck has confirmed that the aft magazines did indeed explode . The stern of the Hood was located , with the rudder still in place , and it was found that this was set to port at the time of the explosion . Furthermore , a section of the bow immediately forward of ' A ' turret is missing , which has led historian and former Dartmouth lecturer Eric J. Grove and expedition leader David Mearns to believe that " either just before or just after leaving the surface , the bow suffered massive internal damage from an internal explosion " , possibly a partial detonation of the forward 15 @-@ inch magazines . It has been suggested that the fatal fire spread from the aft end of the ship through the starboard fuel tanks , since the starboard side of Hood " appears to be missing most , if not all of its torpedo bulge plating " .
The evidence of the wreck refutes Goodall 's theory of a torpedo explosion , while the eyewitness evidence of venting from the 4 @-@ inch magazine prior to the main explosion conflicts with the theory that the Hood was blown up by her own guns . The other theories listed above remain valid possibilities .
= = Wreck = =
In 2001 , British broadcaster Channel 4 commissioned shipwreck hunter David Mearns and his company , Blue Water Recoveries , to locate the wreck of Hood , and if possible , produce underwater footage of both the battlecruiser and her attacker , Bismarck . This was to be used for a major event documentary to be aired on the 60th anniversary of the ships ' battle . This was the first time anyone had attempted to locate Hood 's resting place . Mearns had spent the previous six years privately researching the fate of Hood with the goal of finding the battlecruiser , and had acquired the support of the Royal Navy , the HMS Hood Association and other veterans groups , and the last living survivor , Ted Briggs .
The search team and equipment had to be organised within four months , to take advantage of a narrow window of calm conditions in the North Atlantic . Organisation of the search was complicated by the presence on board of a documentary team and their film equipment , along with a television journalist who made live news reports via satellite during the search . The search team also planned to stream video from the remotely operated underwater vehicle ( ROV ) directly to Channel 4 's website .
After footage of Bismarck was collected , Mearns and the search team began scanning a 600 @-@ square @-@ nautical @-@ mile ( 2 @,@ 100 km2 ) search box for Hood ; completely covering the area was estimated to take six days . Areas that Mearns felt were more likely to hold the wreck were prioritised , and the side @-@ scan sonar located the battlecruiser in the 39th hour of the search .
Hood 's wreck lies on the seabed in pieces among two debris fields at a depth of about 2 @,@ 800 metres ( 9 @,@ 200 ft ) . The eastern field includes the small piece of the stern that survived the magazine explosion , as well as the surviving section of the bow and some smaller remains such as the propellers . The 4 @-@ inch fire @-@ control director lies in the western debris field . The heavily armoured conning tower is located by itself a distance from the main wreck . The amidships section , the biggest part of the wreck to survive the explosions , lies inverted south of the eastern debris field in a large impact crater . The starboard side of the amidships section is missing down to the inner wall of the fuel tanks and the plates of the hull are curling outward ; this has been interpreted as indicating the path of the explosion through the starboard fuel tanks . It is further supposed that the small debris fields are the fragments from the aft hull where the magazines and turrets were located , since that section of the hull was totally destroyed in the explosion . The fact that the bow section separated just forward of ' A ' turret is suggestive that a secondary explosion might have occurred in this area . Other researchers have claimed that the final salvo fired by Hood was not a salvo at all , but flame from the forward magazine explosion , which gave the illusion of Hood firing for the last time . This damage , ahead of the armoured bulkhead , could have been implosion damage suffered while Hood sank , as a torpedo room that had been removed during one of her last refits approximates the site of the break . It was the opinion of Mearns and White who investigated the wreck that this was unlikely as the damage was far too limited in scale , nor could it account for the outwardly splayed plates also observed in that area . Bill Jurens points out that there was no magazine of any kind at the location of the break and that the location of the break just forward of the forward transverse armoured bulkhead suggests that the ship 's structure failed there as a result of stresses inflicted when the bow was lifted into the vertical position by the sinking stern section . Furthermore , the current position of the plates at the edge of the break only reflects their last position , not the direction that they first moved .
The forward section lies on its port side , with the amidships section keel up . The stern section rises from the seabed at an angle . This position shows the rudder locked into a 20 ° port turn , confirming that orders had been given ( just prior to the aft magazines detonating ) to change the ship 's heading and bring the aft turrets ' X ' and ' Y ' to bear on the German ships .
In 2002 , the site was officially designated a war grave by the British government . As such , it remains a protected place under the Protection of Military Remains Act of 1986 .
= = = Expeditions to retrieve ship 's bell = = =
In 2012 , the British Government gave permission for Mearns to return to the site of Hood 's final resting place to retrieve one of her two ship 's bells which were lying in a small open debris field some way from the wreck herself . With the backing of the HMS Hood Association , Mearns planned to return the bell to Portsmouth where it would form part of the first official and permanent memorial to the sacrifice of her last crew at the newly refitted National Museum of the Royal Navy . The expedition also took the opportunity to re @-@ film the wreck and survey her using techniques unavailable in 2001 . As before , with the exception of the attempted retrieval of the ship 's bell , a strict look @-@ but @-@ don 't @-@ touch policy was adhered to .
The original attempt , sponsored by Paul Allen and using his yacht Octopus , was abandoned after ten days in September 2012 due to unfavourable weather conditions . In 2015 , the same team attempted a second recovery operation and the Hood 's bell was finally retrieved on 7 August 2015 . It is expected to undergo conservation work before being put on display .
= = = Surviving relics = = =
Some relics from the time of Hood 's sinking still exist . A large fragment of the wooden transom from one of Hood 's boats was washed up in Norway after her loss and is preserved in the National Maritime Museum in London . A metal container holding administrative papers was discovered washed ashore on the Norwegian island of Senja in April 1942 , almost a year after the Battle of the Denmark Strait . The container and its contents were subsequently lost , but its lid survived and was eventually presented to the Royal Navy shore establishment HMS Centurion in 1981 .
Other surviving relics are items that were removed from the ship prior to her sinking :
= = = = 5 @.@ 5 @-@ inch guns = = = =
Two of Hood 's 5 @.@ 5 @-@ inch guns were removed and replaced during a refit in 1935 , and subsequently shipped to Ascension Island , where they were installed as a shore battery in 1941 , sited on a hill above the port and main settlement , Georgetown , where they remain . The guns were restored by the Royal Air Force in 1984 .
The Ascension Island guns saw action only once , on 9 December 1941 , when they fired on the German U @-@ boat U @-@ 124 , as it approached Georgetown on the surface to shell the cable station or sink any ships at anchor . No hits were scored , but the submarine crash @-@ dived .
= = = = Fragments of propeller from a collision with HMS Renown = = = =
As a result of a collision off the coast of Spain on 23 January 1935 , one of Hood 's propellers struck the bow of Renown . While dry @-@ docked for repairs , Renown had fragments of this propeller removed from her bilge section . The pieces of the propeller were kept by dockyard workers : " Hood " v " Renown " Jan. 23rd . 1935 was stamped on one surviving example , and " Hood V Renown off Arosa 23 – 1 – 35 " on another . Of the known surviving pieces , one is privately held and another was given by the Hood family to the Hood Association in 2006 . Recently a third piece has come to light in Glasgow , where the Hood was built . It is held by a private collector and stamped HMS HOOD v HMS RENOWN 23 1 35 .
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= Surb Karapet Monastery =
Surb Karapet Monastery ( Armenian : Մշո Սուրբ Կարապետ վանք , Mšo Surb Karapet vank ' , also known by other names ) was an Armenian monastery in the historic province of Taron , about 30 km ( 19 mi ) northwest of Mush ( Muş ) , in present @-@ day eastern Turkey .
Surb Karapet translates to " Holy Precursor " and refers to John the Baptist , whose remains are believed to have been stored at the site by Gregory the Illuminator in the early fourth century . The monastery subsequently served as a stronghold of the Mamikonians — the princely house of Taron , who claimed to be the holy warriors of John the Baptist , their patron saint . It was expanded and renovated many times in later centuries . By the 20th century it was a large fort @-@ like enclosure with four chapels .
Historically , the monastery was the religious center of Taron and was a prominent pilgrimage site . It was considered the most important monastery in Turkish ( Western ) Armenia and the second most important of all Armenian monasteries after Etchmiadzin . From the 12th century the monastery was the seat of the diocese of Taron , which had an Armenian population of 90 @,@ 000 in the early 20th century . It attracted pilgrims on several occasions annually and host large celebrations . The monastery was burned and robbed during the Armenian Genocide of 1915 and later abandoned . Its stones have since been used by the local Kurds for building purposes .
= = Names = =
Throughout history the monastery has been known by several names . One of the common names was Glakavank ( Գլակավանք ) , meaning " Monastery of Glak " after its first father superior , Zenob Glak . It is also spelled Glaka vank ( classical spelling : Գլակայ վանք ; reformed spelling : Գլակա վանք ) or Klaga vank ( from Western Armenian ) . Due to its location it was also called Innaknian vank ( Իննակնեան վանք in classical spelling , and Իննակնյան վանք in reformed ) , translating to " Monastery of the Nine Springs " .
Turkish sources refer to it as Çanlı Kilise ( Turkish : " Church with Bell Towers " ) , or Çengelli Kilise ( meaning " Church with Bells " in Kurdish , also the name of the village in which it is located ) . They sometimes provide a version of its Armenian name : Surpgarabet Manastırı . Turkish sources and travel guides generally omit the fact that it was an Armenian monastery .
= = History = =
= = = Foundation to the Middle Ages = = =
According to tradition , the site was founded in the early fourth century by Gregory the Illuminator , who went to Taron to spread Christianity , following the conversion of King Tiridates III of Armenia . At the time , there were two Hindu temples and brass statues established by two Indian princes dedicated to the gods Gisané and Demeter on the site of the cloister . They were razed to the ground by Gregory the Illuminator , who erected a martyrion to house the remains of Saints Athenogenes and John the Baptist which he had brought from Caesarea . According to other sources the pagan temples were dedicated to Vahagn and Astghik . James R. Russell suggests that in Armenia some of the qualities of the pagan god Vahagn were passed down to John the Baptist . Folk belief held that devs ( demons ) were kept underneath the monastery ; they would be released during the Second Coming by John the Baptist ( Surb Karapet ) . Christina Maranci suggested that the foundation of the monastery is " most probably connected with the rise of the monastic movement " in Bagratuni Armenia in the 940s .
Zenob Glak , a Syriac archbishop , became its first father superior . He is sometimes mentioned as the author of History of Taron ( Patmutiun Tarono , Պատմութիւն Տարօնոյ ) , although the work is generally attributed to the otherwise unknown John Mamikonean and " scholars are convinced that the work is an original composition of a later period ( post @-@ eighth century ) , written as a deliberate forgery . " Its main purpose seems to be asserting the monastery 's preeminence . A relatively short " historical " romance , it tells the story of the five members of the Mamikonians , Taron 's princely house : Mushegh , Vahan , Smbat , his son Vahan Kamsarakan , and the latter 's son Tiran , who were known as the Holy Warriors of John the Baptist , their patron saint . They defended the monastery and other churches in the district .
The sixth century chronicler Atanas Taronatsi ( Athanas of Taron ) served as its father superior . He is best remembered for collocation of the Armenian calendar . The monastery 's possessions were expanded in the seventh century , but the building was reduced to ruins by an earthquake in the same century . It was subsequently rebuilt and the chapel of Surb Stepanos ( St. Stephen ) was founded .
In the late ninth century , following the establishment of Bagratid Armenia , a school was founded at the monastery . In the 11th century Grigor Magistros built a palace within the monastery , but it was destroyed by fire in 1058 along with St. Gregory ( Grigor ) Church which had a wooden roof . Following the death of the Sökmen II Shah Armen in 1185 the monastery was attacked by Muslims . Archbishop Stepanos was killed and the monks abandoned the monastery for a year .
= = = Modern period = = =
In the mid @-@ 16th century the Surb Karapet chapel was built . According to the 17th @-@ century traveler Evliya Çelebi the leadership of the monastery made large gifts to Turkish pashas in order to secure the monastic properties . From the 16th to the 18th centuries the monastery often sheltered Armenians fleeing the Ottoman – Persian Wars . In the 1750s , the Surb Karapet church was destroyed by Persian troops . In the 18th century , several earthquakes hit the monastery . The one in 1784 being especially devastating ; destroyed the main church , the refectory , part of the bell tower and the southern wall . In 1788 the monastic complex underwent complete reconstruction — its gavit ( a square or quadrangular chamber placed in front of the church and on the same axis , destined for both civil and religious use ) was enlarged , and renovation was carried out in its belfry , the monks ' cells , scriptorium , ramparts and other sections .
= = = = 19th century = = = =
In 1827 Kurdish gangs seized and robbed the monastery , destroying the furniture and manuscripts . However , the monastery prospered at the beginning in 1862 when Mkrtich Khrimian became its father superior and , simultaneously , prelate of Taron . Khrimian sought to reform the way donations were handled by establishing a council which would finance community projects . Before him , most of the money went to the monks and affluent Armenians of the region who offered fierce opposition to him , including two attempts on his life . In his first year he founded a largely secular school at the monastery , called Zharangavorats . Among others , the fedayi Kevork Chavush and Hrayr Dzhoghk , the singer Armenak Shahmuradyan , and the writer Gegham Ter @-@ Karapetian ( Msho Gegham ) studied there . From April 1 , 1863 until June 1 , 1865 Khrimian published the journal The Eaglet of Taron ( Artzvik Tarono , « Արծւիկ Տարօնոյ » ) at the monastery . It was written in modern Armenian , rendered to be easily readable for the ordinary people . The journal sought to raise the national consciousness of the Armenians . Edited by Garegin Srvandztiants , a total of 43 issues were published . Khrimian left the monastery in 1868 when he became the Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople .
The monastery , according to two French travelers in 1890 , possessed large areas of land and it took several hours to get from one end to another . The estate was covered by forests , arable fields and had three farms with around a thousand goats and sheep , a hundred oxen and cattle , sixty horses , twenty donkeys and four mules , which were taken care of by 156 servants . In 1896 an orphanage was founded next to the monastery . It housed a school for 45 children and a library .
According to British traveler H. F. B. Lynch , who visited the monastery in 1893 , with the presence of the Kurdish threat and the suspicions of the Turkish government " this once flourishing monastery has been stripped of much of its glamour ; indeed the monks are little better than prisoners of State . " The monastery was robbed in 1895 during the Hamidian massacres . By the early 20th century the monastery 's structure was deteriorating . The decline continued until the start of World War I.
= = = Destruction and current state = = =
During the Armenian Genocide of 1915 the monastery housed a large number of Armenians escaping the deportations and massacres . Turkish forces and Kurdish irregulars sieged it , but the Armenians within resisted for more than two months . According to contemporary reports , around five thousand Armenians were massacred " near the wall of the monastery " , while the monastery itself was " sacked and robbed " . According to the American missionaries Clarence Ussher and Grace Knapp , the Turks slaughtered " three thousand men , women , and children " gathered at the courtyard of the monastery on command of a German officer .
In 1916 the Russian troops and Armenian volunteers temporarily took control of the area and transferred around 1 @,@ 750 manuscripts to Etchmiadzin . Among them is an 18th @-@ century reliquary of the right hand of John the Baptist made of silver repoussé . The area was recaptured by the Turks in 1918 and , subsequently , ceased to exist not only as a spiritual center , but also as an architectural monument . It remained abandoned until the 1960s when Kurdish families settled on the site .
Many buildings in the village include stones from the monastery and khachkars ( cross stones ) , which are embedded in the walls . The remaining stones are " being systematically carried off by the local Kurds for their own building purposes . " According to historian Robert H. Hewsen , as of 2001 , only traces of two chambers of the chapel of Surb Stepanos remain , while the rest of the monastery 's remains consist of " foundations and ruined walls " , which are used as barns .
Reconstruction efforts
In May 2015 Aziz Dagcı , the President of the NGO " Union of Social Solidarity and Culture for Bitlis , Batman , Van , Mush and Sasun Armenians " , made a formal appeal to the Turkish Ministries of Culture and Interior requesting the reconstruction of the monastery and the removal of all 48 houses and 6 barns on its former location . Dagcı stated that according to the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne the Turkish government obliged to preserve the religious institutions and structures of ethno @-@ religious minorities , including those of the Armenian community . He added that he first forwarded a letter to government agencies in 2012 who promised to clean the site within six months .
= = Architecture = =
The monastery was surrounded by strong walls and was similar to a fortress . Historian Dickran Kouymjian called it " a vast walled hermitage " . Lynch , who visited it in 1893 , described the monastery as follows : " A walled enclosure , like that of a fortress , a massive door on grating hinges — such is your first impression of this lonely fane . [ ... ] You enter a spacious court , and face a handsome belfry and porch , the façade inlaid with slabs of white marble with bas @-@ reliefs . " A decade earlier , English traveler Henry Fanshawe Tozer wrote of the monastery : " The buildings ... are of stone , very massive and very irregular , rising one above another at various angles . There was hardly any pretence of architecture , and none of the picturesque appearance which is so characteristic of Greek monasteries . "
= = = Structure = = =
The monastery complex was composed of the main church , dedicated to the Holy Cross ( Surb Khach ) and four chapels to the east : Surb Astvatsatsin ( Holy Mother of God ) , Surb Stepanos ( Saint Stephen ) , Surb Karapet ( Holy Precursor ) and Surb Gevorg ( Saint George ) . The main church was not a typical Armenian church but was a large hall and is believed to have originally functioned as a zhamatun ( chamber ) . It was built of mostly gray stones and was supported by 16 columns . The chapels of Surb Karapet and Surb Stepanos had domes , with " high cylindrical drums and conical roofs " . The chapel of Surb Astvatsatsin was provided to Syriac ( Assyrian ) monks on the feast of St. John .
The three @-@ storey bell tower was built in the 18th century . There were also monk cells , a refectory , accommodations for pilgrims , the 19th @-@ century prelacy building and a monastic school .
= = Cultural significance = =
The monastery was historically the religious center of Taron . From the 12th century the monastery was the seat of the diocese of Taron , which had an Armenian population of 90 @,@ 000 ( circa 1911 ) . It was considered the largest and most eminent shrine in Western ( Turkish ) Armenia . It was the second most important Armenian monastery after Etchmiadzin . It remained a prominent pilgrimage site until the First World War . People from every corner of Armenia made pilgrimages to the monastery . They usually held festivities at the monastery 's yard . It was considered by believers to be " almighty " and was renowned for its perceived ability to heal the physically and mentally ill .
The monastery was popularly known as Մշո սուլթան Սուրբ Կարապետ Msho sultan Surb Karapet , literally translating to " Sultan Surb Karapet of Mush " . The epithet " Sultan " was bestowed as a reference to its high status as the " lord and master " of Taron .
The monastery housed tombs of several Mamikonian princes , " for whom the shrine served as a sepulchral abbey . " According to Lynch , the tombs of Mushegh , Vahan the Wolf , Smbat and Vahan Kamsarakan could have been found near the southern wall of the monastery .
= = = Annual events = = =
The monastery was a center of large annual celebrations . Various secular events took place in the surroundings , such as horse races , tightrope walking and gusan competitions during the festivals of Vardavar and Assumption of Mary . Horse racing competitions were held on Vardavar and involved a large number of people . Tightrope walking , widely practiced by the Armenians of Taron , was historically related to the worship of the monastery .
= = = Ashugh tradition = = =
The monastery was a traditional pilgrimage site for Armenian ashughs ( folk musicians ) . It has been compared to Mount Parnassus in Greece , which was the home of the Muses . The prominent 18th @-@ century ashugh Sayat @-@ Nova is recorded to have made a trip to the monastery to seek divine grace .
= = Cultural references = =
Numerous songs were dedicated to the monastery .
In the 1866 novel Salbi ( Սալբի ) Raffi mentions the monastery and describes its perceived almightiness .
Hovhannes Tumanyan describes the monastery in the 1890 poem " The morning of Taron " ( Տարոնի առավոտը ) as " magnificently ornamented " .
In the seven @-@ thousand @-@ line long poem " Ever @-@ Tolling Bell Tower " ( « Անլռելի զանգակատուն » ) Paruyr Sevak mentions the monastery and its well @-@ known bells . The poem , published in 1959 , is dedicated to Komitas , who was among those intellectuals who were deported on April 24 , 1915 during the genocide . It is recognized as " one of the most powerful literary responses to the Armenian Genocide . "
In the historical novel The Call of Plowmen ( « Ռանչպարների կանչը » , published in 1979 ) , Khachik Dashtents describes a winter scene at the monastery .
In October 2010 during the discussion of a bill in the Armenian Parliament that would formally recognize the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh Republic , opposition MP Raffi Hovannisian ended his speech saying " Let us be guided by Msho Sultan Surb Karapet " ( Մշո սուլթան Սուրբ Կարապետ մեզի լինի օգնական ) .
= = Silver cross = =
In August 2013 an Armenian @-@ style silver cross attributed by the seller to the Surb Karapet Monastery appeared on the Russian auction website Bay.ru and was valued at $ 70 @,@ 000 . The Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin said that they were trying " to verify the details regarding the news reports about the auction . " Art historian Levon Chookaszian noted the seller did not provide much information . He added that " All we can see is that it is delicate silver work and nothing else is known [ about it ] . "
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= Makoto Yuki ( Persona ) =
Makoto Yuki ( 結城 理 , Yūki Makoto ) is a fictional character introduced in the Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 3 role @-@ playing video game developed by Atlus . In the game , Makoto is an orphan who transfers to Gekkoukan High School in Iwatodai City and discovers a phenomenon called the Dark Hour during which supernatural entities called Shadows roam freely . After awakening an ability within himself called Persona , Makoto finds himself intertwined in the ongoing struggle against the Shadows with his new schoolmates .
He was designed by Shigenori Soejima , who aimed to create an ordinary youth who the player could relate to . In the manga adaptation , he goes by the name Minato Arisato ( 有里 湊 , Arisato Minato ) . His character was reworked for the animated film adaptation where director Noriaki Akitaya explained pressure in giving the silent character his own personality . He was then given the name Makoto Yuki to further distinguish him from his previous portrayals . Makoto later appeared the spin @-@ off game : Persona Q : Shadow of the Labyrinth as well . Critical reception to Makoto 's character has been generally positive for both his role in the games for how he handles his social life . His development in the film gathered similar responses . He is voiced by Akira Ishida in Japanese and by Yuri Lowenthal in English .
= = Design and characterization = =
The Persona 3 protagonist was the first character Shigenori Soejima designed for the game . Early designs of the character made him look mature and collected since the artist viewed him as a " cliche [ ed ] cool guy . " Soejima took longer to design the protagonist than any other character as the game 's other characters would be made to complement his design . In Art of Persona 3 , Soejima remarked that " Initially , he looked more honest , like an ordinary , handsome young man . But , I worked to achieve greater ambiguity in his expression . " He further noted that the character managed to have a " hidden coolness . " In retrospect , he found that the character was not ambiguous enough and thus when creating the Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 4 protagonist , Soejima made Yu Narukami with the idea that his entire personality be decided and portrayed by the player 's in @-@ game actions and decisions .
Director Noriaki Akitaya had faced a similar dilemma for his animated film version . He explained that one of his biggest challenges was , " .. getting the protagonist , who is the player in the game , and making him into a character named Makoto Yuki for the film , then figuring out how to integrate him [ Makoto ] into the story . " This led Akitaya to be extremely careful about how he went about constructing the character in terms of his speech , gestures and behavior all the while staying true to what was already established in the game . Akitaya admitted that he would not have been able to meet the expectations of the individual fans of the game since they were able to choose their own unique name and personality for the Protagonist . Instead Akitaya took the route of incorporating the most general traits of fan reactions to the Protagonist to form Yuki 's character .
Akitaya stated that his favorite scene in the film occurred when Makoto summoned his Persona for the first time . He elaborated that Makoto 's maniacal laugh and heavy breathing helped bring depth to the scene and establish animation director Keisuke Watabe 's character designs as being one of the main attractions of the film . Akitaya had joked that during initial pre @-@ production the Protagonist 's name was still not determined and instead proposed the placeholder " Tsukitarō Yamada " ( 山田 月太郎 , Yamada Tsukitarō ) until the first draft was developed . However even as Jun Kumagai began working on the screenplay , the placeholder went unchanged for the next four to five months and Akitaya found himself growing attached to it despite eventually changing it .
Akira Ishida voiced Makoto in this Japanese adaptation . He noted that since he was presented with the roles of both Pharos and Makoto , recording the scene of Makoto 's initial meeting with Pharos was something he enjoyed . In the English version of Persona 3 the role of both Makoto and Ryoji is taken by Yuri Lowenthal . As with his previous role as protagonist of the Digital Devil Saga games , Lowenthall did not have extensive dialogue lines . His main task was shouting out the names of Personas : localization editor Yu Namba was initially worried about his performance , but Lowenthall managed to pronounce the names correctly . He attributed this to his love for Dungeons & Dragons .
= = Appearances = =
= = = In Persona 3 = = =
Makoto Yuki is the Protagonist ( 主人公 , Shujinkō , lit . " protagonist " or " hero " ) of Persona 3 . He moves into the Iwatodai dorm , learning of his ability to summon the Personas Orpheus ( オルフェウス , Orufeusu ) and Thanatos ( タナトス , Tanatosu ) of The Death Arcana when the dorm is attacked by Shadows during the Dark Hour . Mitsuru asks him to join SEES and he is later elected the team 's leader in combat . The Protagonist is unique among his cohorts in that he has the Wild Card ability which enables him to wield multiple Personas and switch between them during battle . Over the course of the game , he also gains Messiah ( メサイア , Mesaia ) of The Judgement Arcana and Orpheus Telos ( オルフェウス ･ 改 , Orufeusu Kai ) of The Fool Arcana in Persona 3 FES . With the power of the Wild Card he has access to over 150 different Personas . He is also the only character with access to the Velvet Room , in which the player is able to fuse together multiple Personas together to create a new and more powerful one . Over the course of the game , the player is challenged to manage the Protagonist 's day @-@ to @-@ day schedule as he attends school , takes part in extracurricular activities , and spends time with classmates and other characters . Igor , the proprietor of the Velvet Room , encourages the Protagonist to form Social Links with people , as they will determine his potential in combat . Social Links with characters in @-@ game are represented by one of the Major Arcana and grants various bonuses during Persona fusion , increasing the player 's proficiency in battle .
As he works with SEES , the Protagonist builds up the Social Link for the Fool Arcana ( 愚者 , Gusha ) , which symbolizes beginning and infinite possibilities of the journey ahead . When the Protagonist decides to spare Ryoji Mochizuki , the Social Link of the Fool Arcana changes into the Judgement Arcana ( 審判 , Shinpan ) , which symbolizes the end of his journey and looking back at what has transpired this far . The final Social Link the Protagonist attains is the Universe Arcana ( 宇宙 , Uchū ) , a card from the Thoth tarot that replaces World Arcana ( 世界 , Sekai ) , symbolizing the full awareness of the protagonist 's place in the world .
The Protagonist is an orphan ; his parents died ten years prior to the events of Persona 3 , which sees him returning to the city he grew up in . In December , the player learns that a Shadow known as " Death " ( デス ) was sealed in the Protagonist as a child by Aigis , who was unable to defeat it herself . The Death Shadow was able to lead the Protagonist to twelve other greater Shadows ; by defeating them , The Appriser was created , a being which summons Nyx to the world to bring about its destruction . SEES battles The Appriser on the roof of Tartarus , but are not able to stop Nyx 's descent to Earth . The Protagonist enters Nyx and using the power of his accumulated Social Links , seals it away with the " Great Seal " — at the cost of his own self .
= = = Other appearances = = =
Persona 3 FES extends upon the original game with the introduction of an epilogue called The Answer . These events reveal that the protagonist died after becoming the Great Seal used to seal Nyx away . After being led to the Great Seal , SEES discovers it to be under attack by a creature called Erebus . Although Makoto does not appear in Shin Megami Tensei : Persona 4 and the sequel Persona 4 Arena , it is revealed in those games Igor 's assistant Elizabeth left her position to find a way to rescue the Protagonist from his fate as the Great Seal .
In the PlayStation Portable port Persona 3 Portable , an option was added to control a female protagonist , voiced by Marina Inoue in the Japanese adaptation , and Laura Bailey in the English adaptation . He is also featured in several radio dramas that tell new stories related to games . In the manga , the Protagonist is named Minato Arisato ( 有里 湊 , Arisato Minato ) . There , he is portrayed as a quiet teenager who often tired or drowsy , who likes to eat and cook food . The character also appears in Persona Q : Shadow of the Labyrinth , where he joins forces with the Persona 4 cast to defeat the Shadows . In the stage adaption , Persona 3 : The Weird Masquerade , the male Protagonist is named Sakuya Shiomi ( 汐見 朔也 , Shiomi Sakuya ) while the female version is named Kotone Shiomi ( 汐見 琴音 , Shiomi Kotone ) .
In the anime film series , Persona 3 The Movie , he takes the name of Makoto Yuki . Makoto is portrayed as an ambivalent individual with an initial neutral viewpoint on the film 's theme of life and death , making his growth via new found experiences the focus of the movie .
= = Reception = =
Critical reception to Makoto Yuki 's character has been positive . GameSpy 's Patrick Joynt praised the character 's social life in Persona 3 as it allowed the player to interact with several other characters and learn about their interesting stories . GamesRadar commented that while Makoto is a " Japanese RPG stereotype " it was refreshing to see him dealing with his social life . Damian Thomas from RPGFan saw the interactions between the main character and his dorm mates as one of the game 's best parts due to the character growth in each social link .
Reaction to the character 's portrayal in the animated film Persona 3 The Movie : No. 1 , Spring of Birth was also met with praise . Richard Eisenbeis of Kotaku described Makoto Yuki as being an initially " ambivalent , broken character .. " whose growth takes center stage and gave the film " a suitable sense of completion . " Elliot Gay from Japanator saw Makoto 's growth from a " empty , aloof , and distant young man " who " lacks any kind of real determination to do anything " to his growth as a person as one of the film 's main focus . His relationship with Aigis and his comical actions have also been prasied by Gay during a review for the second film .
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= 18 Miles Out =
" 18 Miles Out " is the tenth episode of the second season of the post @-@ apocalyptic horror television series The Walking Dead . It originally aired on AMC in the United States on February 26 , 2012 . The episode was written by Scott M. Gimple and series showrunner Glen Mazzara and directed by Ernest Dickerson . In the episode , Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) and Shane Walsh ( Jon Bernthal ) debate Randall ( Michael Zegen ) ' s fate , leading to a physical battle between the two . Meanwhile , the survivors at the Greene farm deal with Beth Greene ( Emily Kinney ) ' s suicidal behavior .
Gimple added Rick and Shane 's climactic fight scene into the episode 's script , while Dickerson collaborated with stunt coordinator Lonnie Smith , Jr. on the choreography . An 800 @-@ pound motorcycle was used in the sequence , which was lightened by emptying the gas tank . " 18 Miles Out " features recurring appearances from several actors and actresses including Lauren Cohan ( Maggie ) , Emily Kinney ( Beth Greene ) , and Michael Zegen .
" 18 Miles Out " was well received by a number of television commentators , who praised the storyline and character development . Upon airing , it attained 7 @.@ 04 million viewers and a 3 @.@ 8 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings . The episode became the second most @-@ viewed cable telecast of the day , as well as the second most @-@ watched cable television program of the week .
= = Plot = =
Randall ( Michael Zegen ) , the teenager who Rick Grimes ( Andrew Lincoln ) rescued , has fully recovered from his leg injury . Rick and Shane Walsh ( Jon Bernthal ) tie him up , blindfold , gag him with duct tape , and put him in the back of their SUV , with plans to drop him at a school 18 miles out from Hershel 's farm . During their journey , Rick confronts Shane about what happened with Otis at the high school and his attraction to his wife Lori ( Sarah Wayne Callies ) , all which Shane admits and eventually apologizes for . At the same time , Shane suggests that Rick would not have made the same decision he did with Otis in order to protect his family . Rick angrily responds that he would do anything to protect his wife , son , and unborn child .
After Rick explains his suggestions about the upcoming winter and using knives more to save ammunition , the three eventually find a seemingly secure building and leave Randall there , armed with a knife . Randall pleads for his life , until he blurts out that he went to school with Maggie Greene ( Lauren Cohan ) and knows her father ( Scott Wilson ) , leading them to suspect that he knows the farm 's location . Shane eventually attempts to kill him but is stopped when Rick tackles him . They eventually argue about what they will do with Randall , escalating into a physical battle . The fight ends when Shane throws a wrench at Rick , which misses and smashes open a window , which releases a large group of walkers trapped inside a building . The three men fend off the walkers ; Rick rescues Randall and leaves Shane trapped in a school bus . Rick then changes his mind and rescues Shane from the school bus . Since he is too dangerous to let go free , Randall is once again bound , gagged , and blindfolded in the back of the SUV as Rick contemplates killing him , although he needs time to think . Rick returns Shane 's pistol and tells Shane he needs to follow Rick 's command from then on if he wants to remain part of the group . Shane reluctantly agrees .
At the farmhouse , Lori , Maggie , and Andrea ( Laurie Holden ) are taking care of Maggie 's younger sister Beth ( Emily Kinney ) , who is now conscious . Maggie confides that Glenn ( Steven Yeun ) has lost confidence because he feels their relationship made him lose focus at the shootout in the bar , hence Lori advises her to make Glenn " man up " . The women eventually realize Beth has become suicidal and place her under suicide watch . Lori and Andrea argue ; Andrea believes the decision to stay alive should be Beth 's alone , while Lori strongly disagrees ; Andrea and Lori criticize each other in the process .
Andrea then proceeds to take over responsibility for Beth , after convincing Maggie to take a break . She locks Beth inside the room , opens the bathroom door , and leaves Beth alone to make her own choice . She advises the pain will never subside , " but you make room for it " . Beth attempts suicide by using a shard of broken mirror to cut her wrist , but Maggie and Lori manage to pry the bathroom door open in time to save Beth , who is bleeding profusely but relatively okay . Andrea returns to the house to check on Beth and is confronted by a furious Maggie . Andrea reasons that she allowed Beth to explore her choices , and Beth is now more convinced than ever that suicide is not an option . Maggie condemns Andrea 's actions and forbids her from ever again setting foot inside the house .
= = Production = =
" 18 Miles Out " was directed by Ernest Dickerson and co @-@ written by Scott M. Gimple and showrunner Glen Mazzara . The storyline between Rick Grimes and Shane Walsh reaches a climax in " 18 Miles Out " , in which the two men get into a heated argument , ultimately engaging in a physical confrontation . Gimple conceived and wrote the scene into the episode 's script . In the fight scene , the moves were choreographed . Dickerson collaborated with Lonnie Smith , Jr. who served as the stunt coordinator . Smith cast two stuntmen to demonstrate and act out the scene for Lincoln and Bernthal so they could duplicate the choreography . Jeremy Connors portrayed Rick , while Trent Bry played the role of Shane . In the fight sequence , Shane topples a motorcycle onto Rick 's legs , temporarily immobilizing him . The motorcycle weighed an estimated 800 pounds ; in order to decrease the weight of the vehicle , Dickerson and his team emptied the gas tank . This was rehearsed at the series ' production studios . Scalan Backus , The Walking Dead 's special effects technician , rigged the vehicle 's footpeg to prevent it from sliding and making contact with the actors ' legs . Backus also added a rod with a secure stable so it would give further clearance to the actors and increase the motorcycle 's height from the ground . The cameramen filmed the shots at an angle , creating the illusion that the vehicle did hit the actors ' legs . Writer Robert Kirkman summated on the aftermath of the confrontation :
At the end of this week 's episode , Rick is of the mind that they 're square ; they 've got everything out in the open , they 've each said their piece and they both know where each other stands , they 've had their big blowout and they 're riding back in that car and Rick thinks he 's handled it . He doesn 't necessarily think he 's got his friend back , but he thinks the matters are settled . From the look of Shane in that car , I don 't know that he 's necessarily thinking that . For the most part , this conflict may be put on the back burner for the time being . It definitely seems like Shane still has a bone to pick .
While returning to Hershel 's farm , Shane stares at a walker in an abandoned field . Kirkman stated the walker symbolizes the growing scope of the zombie virus . " We 're really just trying to show that that kind of thing is inescapable , " he said . " You 're just driving down the street , you look over and , ' Oh , there you go , there ’ s a zombie . ' We 're trying to show that this world is becoming more and more populated by zombies . Our thinking is that large population centers like Atlanta are really where the heart of this began and as [ Rick and crew ] moved out to Hershel ’ s farm they didn ’ t really encounter very many walkers because they are moving out of the city center at a faster rate than the zombie population . And that zombie population is starting to catch up with them . The area is starting to become more and more dense with walkers . "
Lori Grimes accuses Andrea of participating very little in household tasks . Kirkman avouched that since the initiation of the zombie apocalypse , many of the characters have reverted to traditional gender roles ; " Lori is really just aggravated over a lot of things and she 's lashing out . She was serious and she wants Andrea to pull her weight ; certain people are stuck with certain tasks and to a certain extent people are retreating back into traditional gender roles because of how this survival @-@ crazy world seems to work . Lori has a lot of things going on so she 's definitely going to be behaving somewhat irrationally at times as she tries to cope with the pregnancy and the conflict between Rick and Shane as well as dealing with the fact that Rick was out on the road again . She 's going through a lot of stuff . "
= = Cultural references = =
" 18 Miles Out " features several references to music , film , media , and other pop culture phenomena . The episode is structured similarly to the Breaking Bad episode " 4 Days Out " . Alan Sepinwall of HitFix wrote : " ' 18 Miles Out ' has a title that 's very similar to ' 4 Days Out ' , one of the most memorable episodes of Breaking Bad , and a structure that 's relatively similar : our two leads go on a long drive together for what should be a routine bit of business , have a lot of conversations about where they are at this point , and then hit a major obstacle that might keep them from driving home alive . " While driving in his car , Rick tells Shane of an incident with a close relative , who was sitting in blizzard @-@ like conditions while listening to a narrative of Lord of the Rings . A scene towards the end of the episode contains the song Driver 's Seat by rock band Sniff ' n ' the Tears . In the concluding scene of " 18 Miles Out " , the song " Civilian " by indie folk band Wye Oak can be heard playing in the background .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" 18 Miles Out " was originally broadcast on February 26 , 2012 in the United States on AMC . Upon airing , the episode attained 7 @.@ 04 million viewers and a 3 @.@ 8 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings . Although it obtained the highest @-@ rating in the 18 – 49 demographic out of any cable telecast of the day , " 18 Miles Out " was the second most @-@ viewed cable television program of the week . Its total viewership was slightly below that of the 2012 NBA All @-@ Star Game , which garnered 7 @.@ 07 million viewers . The episode became the second highest @-@ rated cable program of the week dated February 26 . Ratings and total viewership increased moderately from the previous episode , " Triggerfinger " , which received 6 @.@ 89 million viewers and a 3 @.@ 6 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic .
= = = Critical response = = =
" 18 Miles Out " was critically acclaimed by television commentators . Bex Schwartz of Rolling Stone opined that the installment was an excellent and well @-@ written episode , proclaiming that it " balanced zombie action with human drama " . In his B grade review for the episode , Zack Halden of The A.V. Club felt that " 18 Miles Out " was one of the second season 's more solid attempts ; " While there 's no question this is still serialized , the story here had a clear beginning , middle , and end , and we stay focused the whole time on two plot arcs : Rick and Shane deciding what to do with Randall [ ... ] while Lori , Maggie , and Andrea deal in their own individual ways with Beth ’ s desire to kill herself . " Halden resumed that it made him hopeful of future installments of The Walking Dead . Matt Barone of Complex , Andrew Conrad of The Baltimore Sun , and IGN 's Eric Goldman asserted that " 18 Miles Out " was one of the series ' best episodes , while The Star @-@ Ledger 's Mark Mauer thought that it was redundant , ultimately concluding that " it indulged in another subplot centered on a petty argument " . Goldman professed that the episodic direction was more focused than previous installments . Concluding his review , he gave the episode a 9 @.@ 5 out of 10 , signifying an " amazing " rating . SFX journalist Ian Berriman echoed analogous sentiments , inevitably issuing " 18 Miles Out " a four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half star rating . He called it the season 's best episode , and wrote that it was filled with " action , explosive arguments , [ and ] difficult decisions " .
Aaron Rutkoff of Wall Street Journal touted the installment ; " The writers ' oratorical impulses were mostly kept in check , giving us instead an action @-@ filled A plot in the field and a suspenseful B plot on the farm , and both have serious stakes . The motif connecting the two plots : knives . This episode was all about knives . " Gary Roszko of The Huffington Post stated that " 18 Miles Out " was a nice transition from what he thought was the typical development of the show . Sepinwall asserted that the episode was the strongest telecast since the second season premiere , " What Lies Ahead " . While CraveOnline writer Blair Marnell felt that it was a good telecast , he declared that " 18 Miles Out " was slightly inferior to its predecessor . New York 's Starlee Kine was critical of the flashbacks in the episode , who described the process as baffling . She wrote , " It was done in the oddest way , though , where the flashbacks didn ’ t add any additional information than that which we already knew . It was as though the writers thought a flashback could be used in place of their characters having backstories , instead of as a vehicle to convey them . "
Critics lauded the development of the storyline between Shane and Rick . Writing for Best Week Ever , Dan Hopper stated that it presented a cold and eerie outlook on the future of the two men . Nate Rawlings of Time evaluated their physical confrontation as " darn good " , and Alex Crumb of The Faster Times called it " wholly satisfying " . Entertainment Weekly writer Darren Franich commended the fight scene ; " The Shane / Rick fight was great , a brilliantly extended scuffle that started out with an air of boys @-@ will @-@ be @-@ boys pettiness but quickly escalated into something genuinely homicidal . " Goldman summated on the scene : " Of course , it was also gratifying to finally see that conflict turn physical , with a fight we 've been waiting to see for a long time . Rick vs. Shane was appropriately brutal and did a very good job of representing the two men 's different tactics — Rick was no doubt a formidable and dangerous guy in a fight , wailing on Shane with a series of punches . But Shane was going for the kill , using anything he could grab as a weapon , as he shoved a motorcycle onto Rick at one point and then threw a massive wrench at him in an effective , ' Holy S * * t ! ' moment . "
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= 2008 Monaco Grand Prix =
The 2008 Monaco Grand Prix ( formally the LXVI Grand Prix de Monaco ) was a Formula One motor race held on 25 May 2008 at the Circuit de Monaco ; contested over 76 laps , it was the sixth race of the 2008 Formula One season . The race was won by the season 's eventual Drivers ' Champion , Lewis Hamilton , for the McLaren team . BMW Sauber driver Robert Kubica finished second , and Felipe Massa , who started from pole position , was third in a Ferrari .
Conditions were wet at the start of the race . Massa maintained his lead into the first corner , but his teammate Kimi Räikkönen was passed for second by Hamilton , who had started in third position on the grid . Hamilton suffered a punctured tyre on lap six , forcing him to make a pit stop from which he re @-@ entered the race in fifth place . As the track dried and his rivals made their own pit stops Hamilton became the race leader , a position he held until the end of the race . Kubica 's strategy allowed him to pass Massa during their second pit stops , after the latter 's Ferrari was forced to change from wet to dry tyres . Räikkönen dropped back from fifth position to ninth after colliding with Adrian Sutil 's Force India late in the race . Sutil had started from 18th on the grid and was in fourth position before the incident , which allowed Red Bull driver Mark Webber to finish fourth , ahead of Toro Rosso driver Sebastian Vettel in fifth .
The race was Hamilton 's second win of the season , his first in Monaco , and the result meant that he led the Drivers ' Championship , three points ahead of Räikkönen and four ahead of Massa . Ferrari maintained their lead in the Constructors ' Championship , 16 points ahead of McLaren and 17 ahead of BMW Sauber , with 12 races of the season remaining .
= = Report = =
= = = Background = = =
The Grand Prix was contested by 20 drivers , in ten teams of two . The teams , also known as " constructors " , were Ferrari , McLaren @-@ Mercedes , Renault , Honda , Force India @-@ Ferrari , BMW Sauber , Toyota , Red Bull @-@ Renault , Williams @-@ Toyota and Toro Rosso @-@ Ferrari . Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought four different tyre types to the race : two dry @-@ weather tyre compounds , the softer marked by a single white stripe down one of the grooves , and two wet @-@ weather compounds , the extreme wet also marked by a single white stripe .
Before the race , Ferrari driver Kimi Räikkönen led the Drivers ' Championship with 35 points , and his teammate Felipe Massa was second with 28 points . McLaren driver Lewis Hamilton was third , also on 28 points , with one win fewer than Massa ; BMW driver Robert Kubica was fourth on 24 points , ahead of his teammate Nick Heidfeld on 20 points . In the Constructors ' Championship , Ferrari were leading with 63 points , 19 points ahead of BMW Sauber , and 21 points ahead of McLaren @-@ Mercedes .
Ferrari had responded to Hamilton 's win in the opening round of the season in Australia by winning each of the subsequent four races , giving them a commanding lead in the Constructors ' Championship . Ferrari 's dominance had been highlighted by two one @-@ two finishes : Massa ahead of Räikkönen in Bahrain and Räikkönen 's win over Massa at the following round in Spain . A strong drive despite an unfavourable strategy had helped Hamilton to split the Ferrari drivers on the podium in Turkey , coming second , behind Massa but ahead of Räikkönen . Ferrari had not won in Monaco since 2001 , and had been unable to match McLaren 's pace in 2007 . After tests at the Circuit Paul Ricard in mid @-@ May , Räikkönen said his team had developed a strong car for the tight , low @-@ speed Monaco circuit , but they still expected a challenge from McLaren and BMW Sauber . Hamilton claimed that McLaren would be competitive at Monaco , but Kubica played down his team 's chances , saying " I think a win will be very difficult . "
Toro Rosso 's main 2008 car , the STR3 , was also introduced that weekend ; the team had used a modified version of their 2007 car , the STR2 , for the opening five races . Originally due to be introduced at the previous race in Turkey , a crash in testing had left the team short of spare parts , delaying the car 's race debut . As the STR3 used a different transmission than that used in the STR2 , Toro Rosso driver Sebastian Vettel was forced to take a five @-@ place penalty on the grid for an unscheduled change of gearbox . His teammate Sébastien Bourdais escaped a similar penalty because he had failed to finish the race in Turkey , allowing him a free gearbox change .
= = = Practice and qualifying = = =
Three practice sessions were held before the Sunday race – two on Thursday , and one on Saturday . The Thursday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted 90 minutes ; the third session , on Saturday morning , lasted for an hour . One hour into the first session , officials noticed a loose drain cover in the run through Beau Rivage , and suspended practice . Ferrari and McLaren took the top four spots after the resumption – Räikkönen ahead of Hamilton , McLaren driver Heikki Kovalainen , and Massa . Behind Williams driver Nico Rosberg , Kubica was the best of the BMW Saubers in sixth ; his teammate Heidfeld was forced to retire because of an engine failure , and stopped his car in Casino Square after just 13 laps . Despite further delays during the second session – both Renaults crashed in separate incidents at Sainte Devote , requiring the marshals to sweep the track of debris – Hamilton again proved strong , fastest ahead of Rosberg , Räikkönen , Massa , Kovalainen and Kubica . Apart from the Renaults , two more cars struck the barriers : Toyota driver Jarno Trulli scraped the wall out of Piscine ; Adrian Sutil 's Force India lost its front wing after tagging the barrier at Rascasse . While light rain fell on Saturday morning , Kovalainen set the fastest time in the final session , before losing control at Piscine and damaging the rear of his car . The rain increased as the marshals cleared the debris , and in the ensuing poor track conditions Kovalainen 's time remained unbeaten . Hamilton managed second fastest , ahead of Räikkönen , Rosberg , Kubica and Massa .
Saturday afternoon 's qualifying session was divided into three parts . In the first 20 @-@ minute period , cars finishing 16th or lower were eliminated . The second qualifying period lasted for 15 minutes , at the end of which the fastest ten cars went into the final period , to determine their grid positions for the race . Cars failing to make the final period were allowed to be refuelled before the race but those competing in it were not , and so carried more fuel than they had done in the earlier qualifying sessions .
Massa clinched his third pole position of the season with a time of 1 : 15 @.@ 787 , and was joined on the front row by teammate Räikkönen . Hamilton took third place on the grid , with a qualifying time just 0 @.@ 052 seconds slower than Massa 's . Kovalainen edged out Kubica to take fourth , the latter struggling to get heat into his tyres for his final run . Rosberg 's attacking style took him to sixth ; Renault driver Fernando Alonso , Trulli and Red Bull driver Mark Webber occupied the next three places . Webber 's teammate David Coulthard ended his second session in the barriers after the tunnel , after his car jerked sideways at the crest under braking . Although Coulthard was unhurt , the position of his stricken car and the subsequent caution flags surrounding it denied many drivers the opportunity to make their final flying laps in the session . Honda driver Jenson Button , who took 12th behind Timo Glock of Toyota , blamed the disruption for his performance , having prepared his car specifically for the final run . Heidfeld suffered from similar tyre problems to his teammate and managed 13th ; Williams driver Kazuki Nakajima and Honda driver Rubens Barrichello took the next two places ahead of Bourdais in the new STR3 . Renault driver Nelson Piquet lined up from 17th and Vettel managed 18th before his gearbox penalty demoted him to 19th . The Force Indias of Sutil and Giancarlo Fisichella qualified slowest ; Fisichella 's penalty for a change of gearbox after morning practice meant he started from 20th on the grid .
= = = Race = = =
On Sunday morning Coulthard became the third driver to incur a gearbox penalty , after changing his transmission following his crash during qualifying . The penalty moved him from 10th to 15th on the grid . In contrast to Saturday 's dry qualifying session , frequent showers soaked the track on Sunday morning , making racing slippery and potentially hazardous . Although the showers subsided by early afternoon , they resumed 20 minutes before the start , the changeable conditions forcing teams to delay tyre choices for as long as possible . By the time of the three @-@ minute warning most drivers had opted for the standard wet tyre ; only Piquet started the race on the extreme wet . Kovalainen 's engine stalled as the cars set off on their formation lap ; his car was pushed back to the pit lane by his mechanics , where it was restarted and a new steering wheel fitted to solve the problem .
Massa held his lead into the first corner at Sainte Devote , while behind him Hamilton used the pit lane exit to pass Räikkönen down the inside . Kovalainen 's vacated fourth position was filled by Kubica , as Alonso moved into fifth , passing Rosberg . The latter pitted soon after for a new front wing after making contact with Alonso at the hairpin , promoting Trulli to sixth . These positions were maintained for several laps , but the distances between the cars increased , in part because the spray thrown up by their wheels made close racing difficult . The conditions proved to be crucial when Hamilton made contact with barriers on the outside of Tabac on lap six , necessitating his return to the pits for a new set of tyres . The McLaren mechanics fuelled the car for a longer second stint and Hamilton emerged in fifth , the distances between his competitors ' cars resulting in him losing only three places during the pit stop . Alonso had a similar accident to Hamilton 's at Massenet two laps later , and emerged in seventh after pitting and taking on extreme wets .
Massa 's lead – 12 seconds over the second @-@ placed Räikkönen by lap six – was reduced to nothing when the safety car was deployed on the eighth lap . Coulthard and Bourdais had crashed into the barriers at Massenet just seconds apart , requiring the marshals to separate the cars and lift them off the track . When the safety car pulled off after three laps , Massa consolidated his lead over his teammate . Räikkönen , however , was called into the pit lane for a drive @-@ through penalty after to failing to have his tyres attached by the three @-@ minute warning before the race , dropping him back to fourth . Kubica , now second , took the lead when Massa slid off down the escape road at Sainte Devote , the undamaged Ferrari rejoining in second as the rain eased . The two swapped positions again after their pit stops – Kubica on lap 26 and Massa on lap 33 – but Hamilton , carrying more fuel than his rivals , took the lead .
As a dry line appeared on the track , Hamilton extended his lead over Massa , from 13 to 37 seconds , by the time he pitted for the second time on lap 54 . His timing proved fortunate , as he changed to dry tyres just as such a strategy emerged as the strongest , and he emerged 13 seconds ahead of Massa . The Ferrari 's own pit stop two laps later dropped Massa behind Kubica . Hamilton 's lead was reduced when the safety car once again deployed on lap 62 after Rosberg crashed at Piscine , hitting both sides of the track and scattering debris . Rosberg was unhurt .
Of the 20 cars which started the race , Sutil had gained the most places by the second safety car period . The Force India started from 18th , rose one place after Kovalainen was pushed back to the pits , passed Piquet on the second lap and Bourdais a lap later . Sutil benefited as Button , Rosberg , Glock and Trulli pitted for repairs over the following laps , to sit in 11th by lap 14 . Alonso , on extreme wet tyres behind Heidfeld , attempted to pass the BMW at the hairpin , but succeeded only in damaging his front wing and forming a stationary queue behind him . He also benefitted by overtaking three cars under yellow flags and would have been penalised if he had finished the race . Sutil took advantage of the situation and passed four cars to take seventh , behind Heidfeld and Webber . Running a long first stint until lap 53 , he moved to fourth as the cars ahead of him pitted . Vettel gained 12 places from the start , battling with Barrichello and Nakajima early on before jumping several places on his first stint as his rivals pitted , eventually switching to dry tyres when he stopped on lap 52 . Webber improved three places from the start to sit in sixth , ahead of Vettel , Barrichello and Nakajima .
The safety car was withdrawn on lap 68 . Later on the same lap , Räikkönen lost control of his car under braking out of the tunnel , and by the time he regained control his speed was too great to avoid a collision with Sutil . The Ferrari damaged its front wing and pitted for a replacement before resuming , but the damage to Sutil 's rear suspension led to his retirement . Webber benefited from the incident and moved to fourth place , while Räikkönen dropped back to ninth .
The slow pace during the opening laps meant the race ended after two hours , or 76 laps , rather than the 78 laps originally scheduled . Hamilton , despite suffering a slow puncture on the final lap , crossed the finish line to take his first win in Monaco . Kubica followed in second , ahead of Massa and Webber . Vettel took the STR3 to its first points in its maiden race , coming fifth , ahead of Barrichello and Nakajima . Kovalainen recovered from his stall to finish eighth , one place ahead of Räikkönen , who set the fastest lap of the race on lap 74 , a 1 : 16 @.@ 689 . He was followed by Alonso , Button , Glock and Trulli . Heidfeld was the last of the classified finishers , in 14th position , four laps behind Hamilton . Fisichella retired with a gearbox failure after 36 laps ; Piquet – two laps after he switched to dry tyres on lap 46 – finished his race in the barriers at Sainte Devote . Sutil , Rosberg , Coulthard and Bourdais were the four other retirements .
= = = Post @-@ race = = =
The top three finishers appeared in Prince Albert II of Monaco 's Royal box to collect their trophies . In the subsequent press conference Hamilton said that conditions early in the race made driving difficult : " When the weather is like this , when it starts to rain and we had an idea it was going to start to dry , the important thing is to keep it on the track but I can 't explain how difficult it was for all of us . You were aquaplaning all the time and you were tip @-@ toeing almost . " Hamilton also said that his crash at Tabac had been the result of a stream of water running over the track , causing his car to oversteer and resulting in a puncture to his right rear tyre . Nevertheless , he praised his team and strategy for helping him take the victory . Kubica said that tyre problems in his middle stint meant he was unable to overtake Massa , who was driving a heavier car . Noticing Glock 's success on dry tyres , Kubica asked his team to make a similar change , resulting in his pass on Massa . During the post @-@ race interview Massa said that although he was fuelled to the end of the race after his first pit stop , the drying track forced him to pit again for new tyres : " It was a shame that we made a little mistake on the strategy but it is good to be on the podium . "
Sutil expressed his disappointment after being knocked out of the race when he was on course to record his team 's first points :
I can 't believe it , it was so close . It feels like a pain in my heart . It is like a dream gone to a nightmare – suddenly you are in the car and it looks all fantastic , then you have to accept it is not going to happen ... It was after the restart after the final safety car that Kimi had a problem under braking and crashed into the back of my car . The race was over and it was a real shock . A few tears came out as the adrenaline was high – I just can 't explain it .
Räikkönen apologised to Sutil for their collision , blaming cold brakes for his loss of control . Mike Gascoyne , Force India 's technical chief , called for the stewards to investigate the incident , but after deliberation no action was taken . " The frustration is that if that was a Force India driver hitting a world champion we 'd expect to get a one or two @-@ race ban , but the other way round nothing ever seems to happen " said Gascoyne . Sutil was called to the stewards ' room and reprimanded for passing three cars under yellow flags on lap 13 . Because he had retired , he was issued with merely a warning , but had he finished the race he would have been given a 25 @-@ second time penalty , which would have dropped him out of the point @-@ scoring positions .
Hamilton 's win was praised by Jackie Stewart , a three @-@ time winner of the Monaco Grand Prix . " At his age , Lewis can win this race many times , " he said . " This is the first , I hope , of many victories for him in Monaco so that he can join the greats of Formula One . " Damon Hill , the 1996 World Champion , said Hamilton " did very well indeed . I was most impressed , and the race as a whole was also a great advertisement for what F1 should be about . " The race result left Hamilton leading the Drivers ' Championship with 38 points . Räikkönen , who failed to score in Monaco , was second on 35 points , one point ahead of Massa and three ahead of Kubica . Heidfeld was sixth on 20 points . In the Constructors ' Championship , Ferrari maintained their lead with 69 points , McLaren jumped to second on 53 points , and BMW Sauber dropped to third on 52 points , with 12 races of the season remaining .
= = Classification = =
= = = Qualifying = = =
= = = Race = = =
= = Championship standings after the race = =
Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
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= Row hammer =
Row hammer ( also written as rowhammer ) is an unintended side effect in dynamic random @-@ access memory ( DRAM ) that causes memory cells to leak their charges and interact electrically between themselves , possibly altering the contents of nearby memory rows that were not addressed in the original memory access . This circumvention of the isolation between DRAM memory cells results from the high cell density in modern DRAM , and can be triggered by specially crafted memory access patterns that rapidly activate the same memory rows numerous times .
The row hammer effect has been used in some privilege escalation computer security exploits . Different hardware @-@ based techniques exist to prevent the row hammer effect from occurring , including required support in some processors and types of DRAM memory modules .
= = Background = =
In dynamic RAM ( DRAM ) , each bit of stored data occupies a separate memory cell that is electrically implemented with one capacitor and one transistor . The charge state of a capacitor ( charged or discharged ) is what determines whether a DRAM cell stores " 1 " or " 0 " as a binary value . Huge numbers of DRAM memory cells are packed into integrated circuits , together with some additional logic that organizes the cells for the purposes of reading , writing and refreshing the data .
Memory cells ( blue squares in the illustration provided in this section ) are further organized into matrices and addressed through rows and columns . A memory address applied to a matrix is broken into the row address and column address , which are processed by the row and column address decoders ( in the illustration , vertical and horizontal green rectangles , respectively ) . After a row address selects the row for a read operation ( the selection is also known as row activation ) , bits from all cells in the row are transferred into the sense amplifiers that form the row buffer ( red squares in the illustration ) , from which the exact bit is selected using the column address . Consequently , read operations are of a destructive nature because the design of DRAM requires memory cells to be rewritten after their values have been read by transferring the cell charges into the row buffer . Write operations decode the addresses in a similar way , but as a result of the design entire rows must be rewritten for the value of a single bit to be changed .
As a result of storing data bits using capacitors that have a natural discharge rate , DRAM memory cells lose their state over time and require periodic rewriting of all memory cells , which is a process known as refreshing . As another result of the design , DRAM memory is susceptible to random changes in stored data , which are known as soft memory errors and attributed to cosmic rays and other causes . There are different techniques that counteract soft memory errors and improve the reliability of DRAM , of which error @-@ correcting code ( ECC ) memory and its advanced variants ( such as lockstep memory ) are most commonly used .
= = Overview = =
Increased densities of DRAM integrated circuits ( ICs ) have led to physically smaller memory cells capable of storing smaller charges , resulting in lower operational noise margins , increased rates of electromagnetic interactions between memory cells , and greater possibility of data loss . As a result , disturbance errors have been observed , being caused by cells interfering with each other 's operation and manifesting as random changes in the values of bits stored in affected memory cells . The awareness of disturbance errors dates back to the early 1970s and Intel 1103 as the first commercially available DRAM IC ; since then , DRAM manufacturers have employed various mitigation techniques to counteract disturbance errors , such as improving the isolation between cells and performing production testing . However , researchers proved in a 2014 analysis that commercially available DDR3 DRAM chips manufactured in 2012 and 2013 are susceptible to disturbance errors , while using the term row hammer to name the associated side effect that led to observed bit flips .
The opportunity for the row hammer effect to occur in DDR3 memory is primarily attributed to DDR3 's high density of memory cells and the results of associated interactions between the cells , while rapid DRAM row activations have been determined as the primary cause . Frequent row activations cause voltage fluctuations on the associated row selection lines , which have been observed to induce higher @-@ than @-@ natural discharge rates in capacitors belonging to nearby ( adjacent , in most cases ) memory rows , which are called victim rows ; if the affected memory cells are not refreshed before they lose too much charge , disturbance errors occur . Tests show that a disturbance error may be observed after performing around 139 @,@ 000 subsequent memory row accesses ( with cache flushes ) , and that up to one memory cell in every 1 @,@ 700 cells may be susceptible . Those tests also show that the rate of disturbance errors is not substantially affected by increased environment temperature , while it depends on the actual contents of DRAM because certain bit patterns result in significantly higher disturbance error rates .
A variant called double @-@ sided hammering involves targeted activations of two DRAM rows surrounding a victim row : in the illustration provided in this section , this variant would be activating both yellow rows with the aim of inducing bit flips in the purple row , which in this case would be the victim row . Tests show that this approach may result in a significantly higher rate of disturbance errors , compared to the variant that activates only one of the victim row 's neighbouring DRAM rows .
= = = Mitigation = = =
Different methods exist for more or less successful detection , prevention , correction or mitigation of the row hammer effect . Tests show that simple ECC solutions , providing single @-@ error correction and double @-@ error detection ( SECDED ) capabilities , are not able to correct or detect all observed disturbance errors because some of them include more than two flipped bits per memory word . A less effective solution is to introduce more frequent memory refreshing , with the refresh intervals shorter than the usual 64 ms , but this technique results in higher power consumption and increased processing overhead ; some vendors provide firmware updates that implement this type of mitigation . One of the more complex prevention measures performs counter @-@ based identification of frequently accessed memory rows and proactively refreshes their neighboring rows ; another method issues additional infrequent random refreshes of memory rows neighboring the accessed rows regardless of their access frequency . Research shows that these two prevention measures cause negligible performance impacts .
Since the release of Ivy Bridge microarchitecture , Intel Xeon processors support the so @-@ called pseudo target row refresh ( pTRR ) that can be used in combination with pTRR @-@ compliant DDR3 dual in @-@ line memory modules ( DIMMs ) to mitigate the row hammer effect by automatically refreshing possible victim rows , with no negative impacts on performance or power consumption . When used with DIMMs that are not pTRR @-@ compliant , these Xeon processors by default fall back on performing DRAM refreshes at twice the usual frequency , which results in slightly higher memory access latency and may reduce the memory bandwidth by up to 2 – 4 % .
The LPDDR4 memory standard published by JEDEC includes optional hardware support for the so @-@ called target row refresh ( TRR ) that prevents the row hammer effect without negatively impacting performance or power consumption . Additionally , some manufacturers implement TRR in their DDR4 products , although it is not part of the DDR4 memory standard published by JEDEC . Internally , TRR identifies possible victim rows , by counting the number of row activations and comparing it against predefined chip @-@ specific maximum activate count ( MAC ) and maximum activate window ( tMAW ) values , and refreshes these rows to prevent bit flips . The MAC value is the maximum total number of row activations that may be encountered on a particular DRAM row within a time interval that is equal or shorter than the tMAW amount of time before its neighbouring rows are identified as victim rows ; TRR may also flag a row as a victim row if the sum of row activations for its two neighboring rows reaches the MAC limit within the tMAW time window .
Due to their necessity of huge numbers of rapidly performed DRAM row activations , row hammer exploits issue large numbers of uncached memory accesses that cause cache misses , which can be detected by monitoring the rate of cache misses for unusual peaks using hardware performance counters . Version 6 @.@ 0 @.@ 0 of the memtest86 memory diagnostic software , released on February 13 , 2015 , includes a so @-@ called hammer test that checks whether computer hardware is susceptible to disturbance errors .
= = Implications = =
Memory protection , as a way of preventing processes from accessing memory that has not been assigned to each of them , is one of the concepts behind most modern operating systems . By using memory protection in combination with other security @-@ related mechanisms such as protection rings , it is possible to achieve privilege separation between processes , in which programs and computer systems in general are divided into parts limited to the specific privileges they require to perform a particular task . Using privilege separation can also reduce the extent of potential damage caused by computer security attacks by restricting their effects to specific parts of the system .
Disturbance errors ( explained in the section above ) effectively defeat various layers of memory protection by " short circuiting " them at a very low hardware level , practically creating a unique attack vector type that allows processes to alter the contents of arbitrary parts of the main memory by directly manipulating the underlying memory hardware . In comparison , " conventional " attack vectors such as buffer overflows aim at circumventing the protection mechanisms at the software level , by exploiting various programming mistakes to achieve alterations of otherwise inaccessible main memory contents .
= = = Exploits = = =
The initial research into the row hammer effect , publicized by a group of authors in June 2014 , described the nature of disturbance errors and indicated the potential for constructing an attack , but did not provide any examples of a working security exploit . Another research paper , created by a group of authors and published in October 2014 , did not imply the existence of any security @-@ related issues arising from the row hammer effect .
On March 9 , 2015 , Google 's Project Zero revealed two working privilege escalation exploits based on the row hammer effect , establishing its exploitable nature on the x86 @-@ 64 architecture . One of the revealed exploits targets the Google Native Client ( NaCl ) mechanism for running a limited subset of x86 @-@ 64 machine instructions within a sandbox , exploiting the row hammer effect to escape from the sandbox and gain the ability to issue system calls directly . This NaCl vulnerability , tracked as CVE @-@ 2015 @-@ 0565 , has been mitigated by modifying the NaCl so it does not allow execution of the clflush ( cache line flush ) machine instruction , which has been found to be required for constructing an effective row hammer attack .
The second exploit revealed by Project Zero runs as an unprivileged Linux process on the x86 @-@ 64 architecture , exploiting the row hammer effect to gain unrestricted access to all physical memory installed in a computer . By combining the disturbance errors with memory spraying , this exploit is capable of altering page table entries ( PTEs ) used by the virtual memory system for mapping virtual addresses to physical addresses , which results in the exploit gaining unrestricted memory access . Due to its nature and the inability of the x86 @-@ 64 architecture to make clflush a privileged machine instruction , this exploit can hardly be mitigated on computers that do not use hardware with built @-@ in row hammer prevention mechanisms . While testing the viability of exploits , Project Zero found that about half of the 29 tested laptops experienced disturbance errors , with some of them occurring on vulnerable laptops in less than five minutes of running row @-@ hammer @-@ inducing code ; the tested laptops were manufactured between 2010 and 2014 and used non @-@ ECC DDR3 memory .
In July 2015 , a group of security researchers published a paper that describes an architecture- and instruction @-@ set @-@ independent way for exploiting the row hammer effect . Instead of relying on the clflush instruction to perform cache flushes , this approach achieves uncached memory accesses by causing a very high rate of cache eviction using carefully selected memory access patterns . Although the cache replacement policies differ between processors , this approach overcomes the architectural differences by employing an adaptive cache eviction strategy algorithm . The proof of concept for this approach is provided both as a native code implementation , and as a pure JavaScript implementation that runs on Firefox 39 . The JavaScript implementation , called Rowhammer.js , uses large typed arrays and relies on their internal allocation using large pages ; as a result , it demonstrates a very high @-@ level exploit of a very low @-@ level vulnerability .
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= Raid on Haverhill ( 1708 ) =
The Raid on Haverhill was a military engagement that took place on August 29 , 1708 during Queen Anne 's War . French , Algonquin , and Abenaki warriors under the command of Jean @-@ Baptiste Hertel de Rouville descended on Haverhill , then a small frontier community in the Province of Massachusetts Bay . In the surprise attack , 16 people were killed and another 14 to 24 were taken captive . A rapid militia muster gave chase , and in a skirmish later in the day , nine of the French and Indian party were killed and some of their prisoners escaped .
Haverhill was not the original target of the raiders . Expecting a larger Indian contingent , French authorities planned to engage in a series of raids on the communities of the Piscataqua River . However , the unwillingness of some Indian tribes to participate in the expedition forced the French to reduce the scope of the operation and choose an easier target . The raid was more costly to the French than previous frontier raids like that in 1704 on Deerfield , Massachusetts because the province had been warned of the raiders ' advance .
= = Background = =
When Queen Anne 's War ( as the War of the Spanish Succession was called in the colonies of British America ) broke out in 1702 , it sparked war on the already tense frontier between the English colonies of New England and the colonies of New France , including Acadia and Canada . French military officers from the troupes de la marine , the defense force of New France , often led parties of Indians from their settlements along the Saint Lawrence River south to the northern frontiers of New England , which then included small communities in what is now northern Massachusetts and southern New Hampshire and Maine .
The largest and most successful raid of the war occurred in February 1704 , when Jean @-@ Baptiste Hertel de Rouville led about 250 men , principally Indians on a raid against the frontier town of Deerfield in the Province of Massachusetts Bay . Hertel de Rouville 's band killed or took prisoner many of the townsfolk , returning to Canada on a difficult trek in which a number of the prisoners died ; many of the surviving captives were adopted into Indian communities afterward . Massachusetts fortified its frontier with militia in response to this raid , and launched a raid against Acadia in retaliation .
The Massachusetts village of Haverhill was also subjected to smaller @-@ scale raids in 1704 , but it was not originally the target of the ambitious expedition planned by New France 's Governor @-@ General Philippe de Rigaud Vaudreuil in 1708 . In the aftermath of the failed English siege of Port Royal , Acadia in 1707 , Vaudreuil was criticized by French Marine Minister the Comte de Pontchartrain for failing to apply sufficient pressure on the New England colonies . Vaudreuil was also concerned over the increasing tendency of Indians that were under French influence to engage in illicit trade with the Province of New York , cutting into New France 's economic activity . Vaudreuil decided to address these issues by organizing a major raid into New England that was intended to be even larger in scope than the Deerfield raid .
Vaudreuil 's plan was to amass a force of as many as 400 men for attacks on the towns of New Hampshire on the Piscataqua River . In order to maintain some secrecy over the size and target of the expedition , forces from several points along the Saint Lawrence River would descend to Lake Winnipesaukee , where they would rendezvous with Abenaki and Pennacook tribal parties . The main French party departed from Trois @-@ Rivières , and consisted of about 100 men , drawn from Canadian militia and the troupes de la marine , under the command of Hertel de Rouville . This party included a number of veterans from the Deerfield raid , and they were accompanied by bands of Abenaki and Nipissing . A band of 220 Iroquois from the Kanehsatake and Kahnawake tribes was to depart Montreal under the command of René Boucher de La Perrière , and additional Huron and Abenakis were to come from near Quebec .
Reports that a major expedition was being planned made their way via Indian traders to Albany , New York , and from there to Boston . Because the expedition 's targets were not known , little could be done to prepare specific defenses . A party of about 40 provincial militia were sent to Haverhill in response to these reports .
= = Expedition difficulties = =
Elements of the expedition departed in mid @-@ July from the Saint Lawrence River . As the Quebec party ascended the Saint @-@ François River , a Huron died in an accident . This was viewed as a bad portent by many of the Indians , and the Hurons turned back . Among the Iroquois from Montreal , who traveled via Lake Champlain , some men fell sick and the rest refused to continue , in what some contemporaries thought was a ruse by the Iroquois to avoid conflict . Vaudreuil believed this was the case , and reports reached the English at Albany that the Iroquois had deliberately chosen to abandon the expedition " not to join war against New England . " Despite these setbacks , Vaudreuil ordered Hertel de Rouville to press on , even if he received no further reinforcements . When his company reached Lake Winnipesaukee , he found that no eastern Indians willing to participate in the expedition had been found . Hertel de Rouville was consequently left with a band of about 160 men , which limited his options for raiding targets to places that were less fortified .
Haverhill was chosen as the target for several reasons . The village layout was already well @-@ known from the 1704 raids and from an earlier raid in the Nine Years ' War . It was not particularly large ( 25 to 30 houses ) , its location lent itself poorly to defense , and only some of the houses were fortified . A fast @-@ moving raiding party could be in and out of the village before the alarm could be raised . The party arrived outside Haverhill and prepared to begin the raid on Sunday , August 29 . It was joined at some point on its travels by the exiled Abenaki war chief Escumbuit , who lived not far from Haverhill , and had received word of the expedition 's advance .
At the time , responsibility for Haverhill 's defense was divided . The local militia was under the command of Simon Wainwright , whose house had a view of the entire village . The town 's defenses had been supplemented by three small ( three to four man ) garrisons of colonial troops under the overall command of Major Turner .
= = Raid = =
The raiders successfully sneaked past the outer garrisons of provincial militia , and were first spotted in the pre @-@ dawn light by a villager . Firing his gun to raise the alarm , he ran for the village , with the French and Indians in noisy pursuit . The action quickly became general as the raiders descended on the houses in the village . One of the colonial garrisons was stationed in the home of the minister , Benjamin Rolfe , who had barred the door in an attempt to keep the raiders out . Raiders fired through the door , wounding Rolfe , and then broke the door down . They then slaughtered Rolfe , his wife , infant child , and the colonial militiamen , who , " paralyzed by fear " , were begging for mercy . In another house , one baby was thrown through an open window by a raider but suffered no injury . A number of villagers escaped by hiding in cellars whose trapdoors were not discovered by the raiders . Captain Wainwright was preparing to organize a defense when gunfire from the raiders passed through the door to his house , killing him instantly .
The raiding and pillaging continued until the sounds of approaching militia companies reached the raiders , who quickly lit the town meetinghouse on fire and left with their accumulated prisoners and loot . The reinforcements came from neighboring communities ( some from as far away as Salem ) and mustered under Major Turner 's command when they arrived . One party of Haverhill militiamen discovered the raiders ' baggage camp several miles from the village , and took their packs . Captain Samuel Ayer 's company , numbering about 20 , pursued the retreating raiders . Eventually strengthened by further militia , he engaged the encumbered raiders . In a furious rear @-@ guard action the raiders fought off the militia ( killing Ayer in the action ) , but lost nine killed , including Hertel de Rouville 's brother , and 18 wounded . Because of the skirmish , the raiders abandoned some of their loot , and some of their prisoners got away . The village recorded that 30 to 40 people were killed or captured , which included those who escaped in the later skirmish .
= = Aftermath = =
The raiders ' return to Canada was difficult . Joseph Bartlett , one of their captives , described the privations suffered due the loss of the force 's baggage . One day they caught a hawk , which was divided among 15 men ; his share , the head , was " the largest meal I had these four days . " Bartlett remained in captivity with the Indians for four years . Some of the Frenchmen , rather than attempt the journey without their supplies , surrendered themselves to Massachusetts authorities .
French accounts of the raid greatly exaggerated the numbers involved , claiming that several hundred had been killed , and that the post @-@ raid skirmish had involved as many as 200 English colonists . The raid was more costly to the French than previous raids had been : because of better preparedness on the part of the Massachusetts militia , the French suffered a higher proportion of casualties than they had in the Deerfield raid .
The raid was the last large @-@ scale attack the French launched against Massachusetts in the war . Minor attacks occurred along its frontier , and Wells , then part of Massachusetts but now in Maine , was attacked by a substantial force in 1712 . Port Royal fell in 1710 to an expedition that included British marines , and the British abandoned a 1711 naval expedition against Quebec after some of its troop transports ran aground at the mouth of the St. Lawrence with significant loss of life .
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= The Story of a Fierce Bad Rabbit =
The Story of A Fierce Bad Rabbit is a children ’ s book written and illustrated by Beatrix Potter , and first published by Frederick Warne & Co. in December 1906 . The book tells of a bad little rabbit who is fired upon by a hunter and loses his tail and whiskers . The book was intended for babies and very young children , and was originally published on a strip of paper that folded into a wallet and was tied with a ribbon . The format was unpopular with booksellers , and eventually reprinted in the standard small book format of the Peter Rabbit library . Although the book sold well , there are not many left in existence . It provides the young child with an introduction to books and the Peter Rabbit universe .
= = Plot = =
A bad rabbit finds a good rabbit sitting on a bench eating a carrot his mother gave him . Wanting the carrot , he takes it from the good rabbit and scratches him . The good rabbit escapes and hides in a nearby hole . Meanwhile , a hunter notices the bad rabbit sitting on the bench and mistakes him for a bird . He fires at the bad rabbit , but finds nothing but a carrot and a rabbit tail on the bench . The good rabbit then sees the bad rabbit running away without his whiskers and tail .
= = Composition and publication = =
The Tale of A Fierce Bad Rabbit was written for Louie Warne , the daughter of Potter 's publisher , Harold Warne . The child thought Peter Rabbit much too well @-@ behaved and wanted a story about a truly bad rabbit . Potter was experimenting with toy books at the time and A Fierce Bad Rabbit was published for Christmas 1906 in a panorama format of fourteen pictures and text printed from left to right on a long strip of paper that folded accordion @-@ fashion into a wallet tied with a ribbon . The format was popular with readers but unpopular with booksellers who found the item too difficult to keep folded , tied , and in its place once curious customers opened and examined it .
In 1916 , Potter completed a new frontispiece for the tale , and A Fierce Bad Rabbit was reprinted in a slightly smaller format than the other books in the Peter Rabbit library . Today , the book is printed in the standard small format of the series .
= = Critical commentaries = =
Potter 's three panorama books of 1906 – The Story of A Fierce Bad Rabbit , The Story of Miss Moppet , and The Sly Old Cat – are vignettes rather than the typical tales she produced of causality , extended plot , and variety of character . Each story has a very limited cast of characters with one dominant character ( the title character ) , and each is dependent upon an archetypal animosity : rabbit versus hunter and cat versus rodent . In their simplicity and unusual format , these stories were intended for babies and very young children , but Potter was never at her best when writing for a clearly defined audience . A Fierce Bad Rabbit fails for this reason , and for its overt moralizing and stiff illustrations . Most damaging to the book 's success are the two rabbits . Both lack the adorable cuteness of Peter Rabbit and his kin .
A Fierce Bad Rabbit focuses on a traditional rather than a creative approach to storytelling and reflects Potter 's inexperience with babies and very young children . She appears to be more interested in naming and designating this or that rather than developing plot and exploring character . She names and directs the child 's attention to the rabbit 's tail , whiskers , and claws , for example , rather than to the animal 's facial expression . When the hunter appears , he is blandy introduced with , " This is a man with a gun . " The gun goes off as expected with the stereotypical " BANG ! " instead of a more creative onomatopoeia term Potter would have surely devised had she been writing this book for older children .
The panorama books are not Potter 's best efforts , but do demonstrate her ability to pare text and illustrations to essentials . She worked best though with more complicated plots and characters , and with specific settings rather than generalized backgrounds . Her inexperience with babies and very young children is evident in the original panorama format itself for a long strip of paper and a wallet are likely to be mutilated by the very young . The story in its current standard small book format of the Peter Rabbit series is considered to provide very young children with an introduction to books in general and to the world of Peter Rabbit .
Pop culture references : The book is referenced in the final episode of To Play the King . The Prime Minister states that Britain is " a nation of fierce , bad rabbits , " and that Potter , more than any other writer , influenced his personal prose style .
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= Orange Line ( MBTA ) =
The Orange Line is one of the four subway lines of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority . It extends from Forest Hills in Jamaica Plain , Boston in the south to Oak Grove in Malden in the north . It meets the Red Line at Downtown Crossing , the Blue Line at State , and the Green Line at Haymarket and North Station . It connects with Amtrak service at Back Bay and North Station , and MBTA Commuter Rail service at Back Bay , North Station , Ruggles station in Roxbury , and Forest Hills . From 1901 to 1987 , it provided the first elevated rapid transit in Boston ; the last elevated section was torn down in 1987 when the southern portion of the line was moved to the Southwest Corridor .
All stations on the Orange Line are handicapped accessible . These stations are equipped with high @-@ level platforms for easy boarding , as well as elevators for easy platform access .
= = History = =
= = = Construction = = =
The Main Line of the electric Boston Elevated Railway opened in segments , starting in 1901 . It proceeded from Sullivan Square along the Charlestown Elevated to the Canal Street Incline near North Station . It was carried underground by the Tremont Street Subway ( now part of the Green Line ) , returning above ground at the Pleasant Street Incline ( now closed , located just south of Boylston station ) . A temporary link connected from there to the Washington Street Elevated , which in 1901 ran from this point via Washington Street to Dudley Square ( which is most of what is now Phase 1 of the Silver Line ) .
Also in 1901 , the Atlantic Avenue Elevated opened , branching at Causeway Street to provide an alternate route through downtown Boston ( along the shoreline , where today there is no rail transit ) to the Washington Street Elevated .
In 1908 , a new Washington Street Tunnel opened , allowing Main Line service to travel from the Charlestown Elevated , underground via an additional new portal at the Canal Street Incline , under downtown Boston and back up again to meet the Washington Street Elevated and Atlantic Avenue Elevated near Chinatown . Use of the parallel Tremont Street Subway was returned exclusively to streetcars .
By 1909 , the Washington Street Elevated had been extended south to Forest Hills . Trains from Washington Street were routed through the new subway , either all the way to Sullivan Square , or back around in a loop via the subway and then the Atlantic Avenue Elevated .
In 1919 , the Charlestown Elevated was extended north from Sullivan Square to Everett , over surface right @-@ of @-@ way parallel to Alford Street / Broadway , with a drawbridge over the Mystic River . The Boston Elevated had long @-@ term plans to continue this extension further north to Malden , a goal which would only be achieved decades later , under public ownership and not via the Everett route .
= = = Closure of Atlantic Avenue Elevated and ownership changes = = =
Following a 1928 accident at a tight curve on Beach Street , the southern portion of the Atlantic Avenue Elevated , between South Station and Tower D on Washington Street , was closed ( except for rush @-@ hour trips from Dudley to North Station via the Elevated ) , breaking the loop ; non @-@ rush @-@ hour Atlantic Avenue service was reduced to a shuttle between North and South Stations . In 1938 , the remainder of the Atlantic Avenue Elevated was closed , leaving the subway as the only route through downtown - what is now the Orange Line between Haymarket and Chinatown stations .
Ownership of the railway was transferred from the private Boston Elevated Railway to the public Metropolitan Transit Authority ( MTA ) in 1947 ; the MTA was itself reconstituted as the modern Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority ( MBTA ) in 1964 .
= = = Orange Line naming = = =
The line was known as the Main Line Elevated under the Boston Elevated Railway , and the Forest Hills – Everett Elevated ( Route 2 on maps ) under the Metropolitan Transportation Authority .
After taking over operations in August 1964 , the MBTA began rebranding many elements of Boston 's public transportation network . On August 26 , 1965 , the four rapid transit lines were assigned colored names related to their history and geography . The Elevated became the Orange Line after Orange Street , an old name for the section of Washington Street immediately south of downtown , under which the Washington Street Tunnel runs . When designing the rebranding , Cambridge Seven Associates originally planned for yellow instead of orange , but yellow was rejected after testing .
In January and February 1967 , the four original Washington Street Tunnel stations were renamed . Transfer stations were given the same name for all lines : Winter and Summer stations plus Washington on the Red Line became Washington , Milk and State plus Devonshire on the Blue Line became State Street after the cross street , and Union and Friend plus Haymarket Square on the Green Line became Haymarket after Haymarket Square . Boylston Street was renamed Essex to avoid confusion with nearby Boylston station on the Green Line .
In May 1987 , Essex was renamed Chinatown after the adjacent Chinatown neighborhood , and Washington renamed Downtown Crossing after the adjacent shopping district . In March 2010 , New England Medical Center station was renamed as Tufts Medical Center two years after the eponymous hospital changed its name .
= = = Rerouting of Charlestown and Everett service = = =
The Boston Transportation Planning Review looked at the line in the 1970s , considering extensions to reach the beltway Route 128 , with termini at Reading in the north and Dedham in the south . As a result of this review , the Charlestown Elevated - which served the Charlestown neighborhood north of downtown Boston and the inner suburb Everett - was demolished and replaced in 1975 .
The Haymarket North Extension rerouted the Orange Line through an underwater crossing of the Charles River . Service in Charlestown was replaced with service along Boston and Maine tracks routed partially beneath an elevated section of Interstate 93 , ultimately to Wellington and then to Oak Grove in Malden , Massachusetts instead of Everett . Rail service to Everett was replaced with buses .
= = = Closure of Washington Street Elevated = = =
Construction of Interstate 95 into downtown Boston was cancelled in 1972 after local protest over the necessary demolition . However , land for I @-@ 95 's Southwest Corridor through Roxbury had already been cleared of buildings ; moreover , the state had already committed to using this vacant land for transportation purposes . As a result , instead of an 8 @-@ lane Interstate highway with a relocated Orange Line running in its median ( in a manner similar to the Chicago Transit Authority 's Dan Ryan and Congress and Jefferson Park lines ) , the space would be occupied by the realigned Orange Line , a reconstructed three @-@ track mainline for Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor and MBTA Commuter Rail trains , and a linear park . After this re @-@ routing was accomplished in 1987 , the Washington Street Elevated was torn down , the last major segment of the original elevated line to be demolished .
Between April 30 and May 3 , 1987 , the Washington Street Elevated south of the Chinatown station was closed to allow the Orange Line to be tied into the new Southwest Corridor . On May 4 , 1987 , the Orange Line was rerouted from the southern end of the Washington Street Tunnel onto the new Southwest Corridor . Instead of rising up to elevated tracks , it now veered west at the Massachusetts Turnpike and followed the Pike and the old Boston and Albany Railroad right @-@ of @-@ way to the existing MBTA Commuter Rail stop at Back Bay . It then continued along new tracks , partially covered and partially open but depressed , to Forest Hills . This MBTA right @-@ of @-@ way is also shared by Amtrak as part of the national Northeast Corridor intercity passenger rail service .
While ending more or less at the same terminus ( Forest Hills ) , the new routing bypassed significantly to the west of its previous route on Washington Street ; local residents were promised replacement service . Originally , plans provided for light rail vehicles street running in mixed traffic , from Washington Street to Dudley Square , then diverting southeastward on Warren Street towards Dorchester . In 2002 , Phase 1 of the Silver Line bus rapid transit was added to connect Washington Street to the downtown subways , attempting to address this service need . This replacement service was controversial , as many residents preferred the return of rail transportation .
= = = Renovations during the Big Dig = = =
Haymarket and North Station received major renovations during the Big Dig in the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century , as the Causeway Street Elevated portion of the Green Line was buried , its physical connection to the Orange Line was improved to make transfers easier , the Canal Street Incline was finally closed , and the Green Line was re @-@ rerouted through a new portal closer to the river , near the Zakim Bunker Hill Bridge .
= = = Assembly = = =
In the early 2000s , Somerville began planning an infill station between Sullivan and Wellington to serve the new Assembly Square development . The $ 57 million station was funded by the state 's Executive Office of Housing and Economic Development , FTA Section 5309 New Starts program , and Federal Realty Investment Trust ( the developer of Assembly Square ) . Construction began in late 2011 and finished in mid 2014 . The new station , Assembly , opened on September 2 , 2014 . It was the first new station on the MBTA subway system since 1987 .
= = = Winter issues and resiliency work = = =
During the unusually brutal winter of 2014 @-@ 2015 , the entire MBTA system was shut down on several occasions by heavy snowfalls . The aboveground sections of the Orange and Red lines were particularly vulnerable due to their exposed third rail , which iced over during storms . When a single train stopped due to power loss , other trains soon stopped as well ; without continually running trains pushing snow off the rails , the lines were quickly covered in snow . ( Because the Blue Line was built with overhead lines on its surface section due to its proximity to corrosive salt air , it was not subject to icing issues . )
During 2015 , the MBTA is implementing its $ 83 @.@ 7 million Winter Resiliency Program , much of which focused on preventing similar issues with the Orange and Red lines . The Southwest Corridor section of the Orange Line is located in a trench and is protected from the worst weather , but the 1970s @-@ built Haymarket North Extension had older infrastructure and was in worse shape . From Sullivan Square north , it is exposed to the weather and largely built on an embankment , rendering it more vulnerable . That section is receiving new heated third rail , switch heaters , and snow fences to reduce the impacts of inclement weather . The work requires bustitution of the line from Sullivan Square to Oak Grove on many weeknights .
= = = Historical routes = = =
= = Station listing = =
= = Rolling stock = =
The " T " previously had a fleet of Pullman @-@ Standard heavy rail cars for the Orange Line . These cars , known as 01100s , had been in service since the 1950s , and saw service on both the elevated and the northern extension before they were retired in 1981 . Several remained on the property for some time before being scrapped . The 01100 cars were a favorite for fans , as the small motorman 's cab enabled passengers to stand at the front for an operator 's @-@ eye view .
The Orange Line is standard gauge heavy rail and uses a third rail for power . The current fleet is the 01200 series , built between 1979 and 1981 by Hawker Siddeley Canada Car and Foundry ( now Bombardier Transportation ) of Thunder Bay , Ontario , Canada . They are 65 feet ( 20 m ) long and 9 ft 3 in ( 2 @.@ 8 m ) wide , with three pairs of doors on each side . They are based on the PA3 model used by PATH in New Jersey . There are 120 cars , numbered 01200 @-@ 01319 . All in @-@ service Orange Line trains run in six @-@ car configurations .
= = = New trains = = =
In late 2008 , the MBTA began the planning process for new Orange and Red Line vehicles . The agency planned for a simultaneous order for 146 Orange Line cars ( to replace the whole fleet ) and 74 Red Line cars ( to replace the older 1500 and 1600 series cars ) . A similar order was used in the late 1970s for the current Orange Line cars and the old Blue Line cars , ordered at the same time and largely identical except for size . In October 2013 , MassDOT announced plans for a $ 1 @.@ 3 billion subway car order for the Orange and Red Lines , which would provide 152 new cars to replace the current 120 @-@ car fleet and add more frequent service .
On October 22 , 2014 , the MassDOT Board awarded Chinese manufacturer CNR a $ 566 @.@ 6 million contract to build 152 replacement railcars for the Orange Line , as well as additional cars for the Red Line . CNR will build the Type B cars at a new manufacturing plant in Springfield , Massachusetts , with initial deliveries expected in 2018 and all cars in service by 2023 . In conjunction with the new rolling stock , the remainder of the $ 1 @.@ 3 billion allocated for the project will pay for testing , signal improvements and expanded maintenance facilities , as well as other related expenses .
While waiting for new cars , service has deteriorated due to maintenance problems with the old cars . The number of trains at rush hour was reduced from 17 ( 102 cars ) to 16 ( 96 cars ) in 2011 ; in the same year , daily ridership surpassed 200 @,@ 000 . Increased running times - largely due to longer dwell times from increased ridership - resulted in headways being lengthened from 5 minutes before 2011 to 6 minutes in 2016 . The increased fleet size with the new trains will allow headways to be reduced to 4 to 5 minutes at peak . In the interim , a 2016 test of platform markings at North Station which show boarding passengers where to stand to avoid blocking alighting passengers , resulted in a one @-@ third decrease in dwell times .
= = = Facilities = = =
The Orange Line has two tracks ( one in each direction ) and a third track between Wellington and the Charles River portal . This track is used to bypass construction on the other two , and for testing newly delivered cars for the Orange and Blue lines . The primary maintenance and storage facility is at Wellington Station . Had the Orange Line been extended to Reading , the third track would have been the northbound local track and the present @-@ day northbound track would have become the express track .
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= Delaware Route 11 =
Delaware Route 11 ( DE 11 ) is a state highway in Kent County , Delaware . It runs from Maryland Route 302 ( MD 302 ) at the Maryland border near Templeville , Maryland northeast to DE 300 near Kenton . The road , known as Arthursville Road for its entire length , passes through the farmland of western Kent County and then through the town of Hartly , where it intersects DE 44 . The route was built as a state highway in the 1920s and 1930s and received the DE 11 designation by 1936 .
= = Route description = =
DE 11 begins at the Maryland border in western Kent County , where the road continues west into Maryland as MD 302 towards Templeville . From the state line , DE 11 heads northeast on two @-@ lane , undivided Arthursville Road through a mix of woods and farms , with occasional residences . The road enters the town of Hartly , where it passes several homes . In the center of town , the route crosses DE 44 and heads north before it curves northeast out of Hartly . DE 11 continues into rural areas , making another turn north . The road runs northeast and comes to an end at DE 300 to the southwest of Kenton .
DE 11 has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 2 @,@ 413 vehicles at the eastern terminus at DE 300 to a low of 1 @,@ 443 vehicles at the south end of Hartly . None of DE 11 is part of the National Highway System .
= = History = =
By 1920 what is now DE 11 existed as an unimproved county road . The portion of the route north of Hartly was built as a paved state highway in 1927 . The road south of Hartly was taken over by the state and paved by 1931 . DE 11 was assigned to its current alignment by 1936 . The route has not changed since its inception .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Kent County .
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= Typhoon Olive ( 1952 ) =
Typhoon Olive was the strongest Pacific typhoon in 1952 . The thirteenth tropical storm and the ninth typhoon of the season , it developed about 1 @,@ 600 mi ( 2 @,@ 600 km ) southwest of Honolulu , Hawaii on September 13 . The next day , the system attained tropical storm intensity . Beginning to rapidly intensify , Olive attained typhoon intensity on September 15 . Olive reached Category 5 intensity on the modern @-@ day Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale on September 16 .
Olive produced significant damage on Wake Island , where wind gusts reached 142 mph ( 229 km / h ) . Significant flooding was reported , and the majority of the structures were destroyed . However , few injuries were reported , and the island 's facilities were restored in 1953 . Typhoon Olive remains one of the most intense tropical cyclones to affect the island .
= = Meteorological history = =
On September 8 , an area of disturbed weather , located near 12 @.@ 0 ° N 169 @.@ 0 ° W , was plotted as a tropical wave on surface weather maps . Operationally , however , the system was not classified as a tropical storm until September 15 ; however , postseason analysis determined that the system acquired tropical storm intensity on 0000 UTC on September 15 . Tropical Storm Olive , moving west @-@ northwest near 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) , turned toward Wake Island on September 15 . Around 1800 UTC Olive was upgraded into typhoon , with winds of 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) . Continuing to intensify , Olive passed near Wake Island , where maximum sustained winds of 127 mph ( 204 km / h ) were recorded . Around this time , reconnaissance aircraft reported a minimum central pressure of 945 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 91 inHg ) . On September 16 , Olive intensified from a Category 2 to a Category 4 typhoon , attained the equivalence of super typhoon intensity , and strengthened to a peak intensity of 185 mph ( 298 km / h ) the following day far from land . On September 18 , Olive weakened from a Category 5 to a Category 2 typhoon and recurved northeast . On September 19 , the cyclone lost typhoon intensity . Tropical Storm Olive transitioned into an extratropical cyclone and was last monitored on September 21 .
= = Preparations and impact = =
On Wake Island , 750 people sheltered in World War II bunkers . Olive , the second typhoon to affect the island since 1935 , produced sustained wind speeds of 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) and peak gusts of 142 mph ( 229 km / h ) on the island . Significant flooding was also recorded . Damage was severe ; it is estimated that 85 % of the island 's structures were demolished due to the storm . All of the homes and the island 's hotel were destroyed . Additionally , the island 's chapel and quonset huts were destroyed . The island 's LORAN station , operated by the United States Coast Guard , was also destroyed . On September 18 , water and power services were restored . The facilities on the island were fully restored in 1953 . The total cost to repair damages caused by Olive amounted to $ 1 @.@ 6 million ( 1952 USD ; $ 13 million 2009 USD ) . No fatalities occurred on the island , and four injuries were reported . None of the 230 Pan American World Airways employees received injuries .
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= Mario Party 4 =
Mario Party 4 ( Japanese : マリオパーティ4 , Hepburn : Mario Pātī Fō ) is a party video game for the GameCube , developed by Hudson Soft and published by Nintendo . Mario Party 4 is the fourth installment in a series of board game style , and was the first game in the series to be released for GameCube . It was released in North America on October 21 , 2002 , in Japan on November 8 , 2002 , and in Europe and Australia on November 29 , 2002 . It is the fourth game in the Mario Party series . Mario Party 4 is followed by Mario Party 5 .
Mario Party 4 features eight playable characters : Mario , Luigi , Princess Peach , Yoshi , Wario , Donkey Kong , Princess Daisy and Waluigi from the Mario series , who can be directed as characters on six themed game boards in the game . The objective of the game is to earn as many stars as possible , which are obtained by purchase from a single predefined space on the game board . Each character 's movement is determined by a roll of a die , with a roll from each player forming a single turn . Each turn in Mario Party 4 is followed by a minigame in which characters compete for coins they can use to purchase items and stars . It is the final game in the Mario Party series to include Donkey Kong as a playable character until Mario Party 10 for the Wii U.
Mario Party 4 received above @-@ average reviews from the media , although there were several complaints regarding a lack of originality and slow pacing during games . The game won the Family Game of The Year award at the Interactive Achievement Awards of 2003 .
= = Gameplay = =
Mario Party 4 is based on an interactive board game played by four characters from the Mario series , which are controlled either by the player or the game 's Artificial Intelligence ( AI ) . The game features eight playable characters , although they do not have any different gameplay attributes from each other ( save for favouring certain items when controlled by the AI ) . Players can arrange their characters into opposing pairs , or play independently in a battle royale . As with most board games , each participant takes turns in rolling a dice block ( 1 to 10 ) to determine the number of spaces moved on the board . A minigame follows each round of four turns , which yields a coin prize for the winner . A set number of these are required to purchase a star , with the victor being the character with the most stars at the end of the game . The length of a game can vary as the predetermined number of minigames is adjustable in multiples of five . Stars are usually attained by purchase at the specific space on the board where it is set , with the star location changing to another space after every acquisition . Three extra stars can be obtained if " Bonus mode " is switched on , with a star each awarded to the player with the most minigames won , most coins collected , and most happening spaces visited . This mode also contains hidden blocks , which will grant either coins or a star when located and hit .
Mario Party 4 features six boards , five of which take their name from a secondary Mario character , such as Goomba . The boards are themed to correspond with their titular character , and contain specialised features to reflect this such as the roulette wheel in the casino @-@ based " Goomba 's Greedy Gala " . The on @-@ board characters follow a set route , although this becomes optional when arriving at a junction . The boards also contain multiple " Events " , which are generic stations placed on every board . These include " Lottery Shops " , where money is gambled on item prizes , and " Boo Houses " , where Boo is paid to steal either coins or a star from an opponent . The majority of spaces on the boards are denoted by either blue or red circles , with blue granting coins and red deducting them . Alternative spaces are also available , such as " happening spaces " , which trigger an event exclusive to the current board . " Mushroom Spaces " grant the user either a " Mega " or " Mini " Mushroom — " Mega Mushrooms " extend the movement range while " Mini Mushrooms " curtail it . Additionally , giant characters will bypass " Events " and stars while reduced characters can access special areas on the board via pipes . Multiple other items can be bought from on @-@ board shops , such as " Swap Cards " , which exchanges items between two players .
The minigames in Mario Party 4 are short , unrelated events with a specified objective that the players must attempt to meet to earn coins as a reward . Minigames are unlocked during the main " Party Mode " , although they can be played outside of the game board context in " Minigame Mode " . This allows the player to either freely play minigames ; select which minigames they want , and control conditions for victory in a match , such as the " 3 @-@ win @-@ match " ; or play 2 vs. 2 minigames to claim a space on a tic @-@ tac @-@ toe board . Minigames are split into seven categories : " 4 @-@ player " , " 1 vs 3 " , " 2 vs 2 " , " Battle " , " Bowser " , " Story " , and " etc . " . The first three occur randomly after each set of turns during a party , while " Battle " can only be triggered by landing on the corresponding space on the board . Unlike regular minigames , the players must contribute their money and then compete to reclaim it or earn more by winning the minigame . There are also rarer groups of minigames , such as the Bowser minigames requiring the loser to forfeit items or coins and the minimini games , which can only be accessed by characters reduced by the " Mini Mushroom " . A set of minigames that cannot be played during normal conditions are located in the " Extra room " , featuring Thwomp and Whomp .
The game features a loose plot in that the player must progress through " Story mode " to earn presents from the eponymous characters of the pertaining boards . These are presents that had been brought to the player 's birthday party in the game , which must be completed by earning the most stars in a board game and subsequently defeating the present giver in a special one @-@ on @-@ one Story minigame . This is all contained within the " Party Cube " , which grants the wishes of its users ; the story 's climax comes in the form of Bowser , who wishes to disrupt the party with his own board , hosted by Koopa Kid .
= = Development = =
Mario Party 4 , like all games in the Mario Party series , except for Mario Party 9 and Mario Party : Island Tour , was developed by Hudson Soft and published by Nintendo . It is the last Mario Party game to have Donkey Kong as a playable character ( until Mario Party 10 ) and to have Wario wearing his classic long @-@ sleeve shirt . It is also the first Mario Party game to have Yoshi 's main voice replacing his classic " record @-@ scratching " voice from the first three Mario Party games , and the first to have default teams . It is also the first Mario game to feature Princess Peach and Princess Daisy 's current main dresses , including Daisy 's short orange hair , with her current gold crown , and Caucasian skin color . It is also the only Mario Party game to have Bowser as a playable character , though only in a hidden minigame .
The game was first announced in a 2002 Nintendo press conference in Tokyo , with the announcements made by Shigeru Miyamoto and Satoru Iwata . It was targeted as part of the 2002 roster of Nintendo games , which they rated as their " biggest year " for software at the time . Nintendo presented a playable demonstration of the game at E3 2002 , featuring a limited set of minigames . The game featured voice acting from Charles Martinet ( Mario , Luigi , Wario , Waluigi and Donkey Kong ) , Jen Taylor ( Peach , Daisy and Toad ) , and Kazumi Totaka ( Yoshi ) , all three of whom worked on previous games in the Mario franchise .
= = Reception = =
Mario Party 4 received " average " reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic . In Japan , Famitsu gave it a score of 30 out of 40 .
GameSpot 's Ryan Davis praised the game 's minigame format , although he noted that " players who have already exhausted themselves on previous Mario Party titles may not find enough here to draw them back again " . Eurogamer 's Tom Bramwell acknowledged the variety and thematic features of the boards , but thought they were too large , resulting in a " glacial pace " when coupled with the on @-@ board animations . Despite this , IGN praised the boards for the thematic features on each one , which helped to " ease the tediousness " . The game 's controls were lauded for their compatibility with the minigames and simplicity , with most minigames requiring simple actions and button presses .
The game 's multiplayer was praised by reviewers , especially in comparison to the single @-@ player " Story Mode " . The multiplayer element was noted for appealing to a diverse demographic for its party game qualities and being an " ' everybody ' title " . Conversely , " Story mode " was criticised for exacerbating issues relating to pace , which was already remarked as having " snail 's pace " . Additionally , the Artificial Intelligence involved was bemoaned for contributing an imbalance in the game , with the random availability of quality items giving players an unfair advantage . The " reversal of fortune " space , which initiates a minigame by which the victor would receive another player 's stars or coins , was criticised for similar reasons , as it potentially penalises players who do well in the game . The minigames were mainly met with a positive reaction , with critics praising their simplicity . The grouping feature in the minigames were also welcomed for contributing a new dynamic of gameplay , although Bramwell commented that " It might seem a little odd to gang up with your competitors in some cases " .
Most reviewers noted the game 's graphical improvement from its predecessors , with the minigames ' visual style in particular receiving praise . Although IGN remarked that the game was graphically a " huge improvement since we last saw the franchise " , they proceeded to comment that " It 's a mixed bag of good and bad " . GameSpot complained that the character animations appear " a bit lifeless " and that the boards were not aesthetically pleasing . The game 's audio was met with an ambivalent reaction , with critics enjoying the music but complaining about the " annoying " character catchphrases . While not memorable , the music was lauded for fitting the game 's whimsical nature . Mario Party 4 won the " Family Game of The Year " award at the 2003 Interactive Achievement Awards . The game sold 1 @.@ 1 million units from its release to December 27 , 2007 in North America .
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= Wim Umboh =
Ahmad Salim ( 26 March 1933 – 24 January 1996 ) , better known by his birth name Wim Umboh but also known by the Chinese name Liem Yan Yung , was an Indonesian director who is best known for his melodramatic romances .
Born in North Sulawesi , Umboh was orphaned at the age of eight and later adopted by a Chinese @-@ Indonesian doctor . After high school , he moved to Jakarta and found work at Golden Arrow Studios as a janitor and , later , translator . In 1955 he made his screen debut as a director with Dibalik Dinding ( Behind the Walls ) . During his career , which spanned more than forty years , Umboh directed close to fifty movies , which garnered 29 Citra Awards from the Indonesian Film Festival . He was diagnosed with liver cancer in 1978 but , after recovering , he continued to work until his death from complications of diabetes and a stroke . Umboh was married three times and had two children .
An authoritarian director who strove for perfection , Umboh was known for experimenting with different technologies and , according to fellow director Teguh Karya , memorised the entire dialogue of his films during shooting . He preferred medium and close @-@ up shots . Umboh influenced numerous Indonesian directors , including Karya , Slamet Rahardjo , Garin Nugroho , and Arifin C. Noer , and his work launched the careers of several Indonesian stars , including Sophan Sophiaan and Roy Marten . Among his most famous works are Pengantin Remadja ( Teenage Bride ; 1971 ) , Mama ( 1972 ) , and Pengemis dan Tukang Becak ( The Beggar and the Pedicab Driver ; 1978 ) , the last of which was Umboh 's personal favourite .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life = = =
Umboh was born in Wauilinei , Manado , North Sulawesi , Dutch East Indies , on 26 March 1933 to a Chinese @-@ Indonesian family . He had 11 siblings . When Umboh was seven , their mother died , and when his father died the following year Umboh was adopted by a Chinese @-@ Indonesian doctor named Liem . After being adopted , he received the Chinese name Liem Yan Yung and began learning Mandarin . While working part @-@ time as a shoemaker , he finished high school ; in high school he began writing scripts for stageplays . In 1952 Umboh decided to go to Jakarta .
Umboh was introduced to the film industry in 1953 by Boes Boestami , who secured him a job as a janitor at Golden Arrow Studios , owned by Chok Chin Hsin ( also known as CC Hardy ) . He later became a Mandarin @-@ Indonesian translator for imported films and studied filmmaking from Chok . In the 1950s , he was a member of the Senen Artists ' Group , a group which met at Senen in Jakarta .
= = = Career = = =
Umboh made his directorial debut with Dibalik Dinding ( Behind the Walls ) in 1955 . This was followed in 1956 by Terang Bulan Terang di Tengah Kali ( Moonlight Shining in the Middle of the Stream ) , which also marked the first acting role of future director Sjumandjaja . That same year , he married R.O. Unarsih , with whom he had had a daughter named Maria the following year ; the couple divorced in 1957 . Umboh founded Aries Film together with Any Mambo in 1960 , and the studio released its first film , Istana Jang Hilang ( The Missing Palace ) . Three years later , he directed his daughter in Bintang Ketjil ( Small Star ) .
Umboh 's film Sembilan ( Nine ; 1967 ) was the first fully Indonesian film to be both in colour and CinemaScope ; it was released at a time when the Indonesian film industry was incredulous of the profitability of colour films . Umboh released Pengantin Remadja ( Teenage Bride ) in 1971 , which went on to win the Asian Film Festival ; the film cast Sophan Sophiaan and Widyawati in its starring roles and led to the pair taking romantic roles together several more times . Umboh 's 1972 film Mama was the first local production shot in 70 mm film and stereo sound . The film was also shot without a screenplay ; instead , Sjumandjaja wrote the script while shooting was in progress . In 1973 Umboh cast Sophan Sophiaan and Widyawati together again for his film Pernikahan ( Wedding ) , which went on to win eight Citra Awards at the Indonesian Film Festival ; the win was a record which held for 13 years , until Teguh Karya 's Ibunda ( Mother ) took away nine Citras in 1986 . On 23 May 1974 , he married actress Paula Roemokoy , a divorcée 17 years his junior , in a civil ceremony in Jakarta .
Umboh fell ill around the time he was filming Pengemis dan Tukang Becak ( The Beggar and the Pedicab Driver ; 1978 ) , which starred Christine Hakim and Alan Nuary . According to Sophan Sophian , Umboh fell in the bathroom when the film was being shot in Surakarta , Central Java , leaving Umboh was unconscious for eleven days . The film was finished by Lukman Hakim Nain , and Umboh was sent back to Jakarta after several blood infusions in Surakarta . He was treated at Husuda Hospital in Mangga Besar and diagnosed with aggressive liver cancer . At Husuda , he spent a week in the intensive care unit , during which time he lost 9 kilograms ( 20 lb ) , before being put in a regular room . The hospital stay devastated him financially , which led to a 2 @-@ year struggle with the tax office over back taxes . A heavy smoker , after his struggle with cancer he cut back on the habit .
By August 1980 Umboh had recovered enough strength to direct his next film , Disini Cinta Pertama Kali Bersemi ( Here Love Bloomed for the First Time ) , based on the novel by Mira W. Shortly before directing Putri Seorang Jenderal ( A General 's Daughter ; an adaptation of Motinggo Busye 's novel of the same name ) in 1981 , Umboh divorced Roemokoy . Umboh converted to Islam in 1983 and changed his name to Ahmad Salim . On 24 August of the following year Umboh married Inne Ermina Chomid , a police officer 's daughter of Sundanese descent 28 years his junior . As his health was improving , Umboh continued to make films , including Kabut Perkawinan ( The Fog of Wedlock ; 1984 ) . Umboh and Chomid had a son , William Umboh Ikhsan Salim , in 1986 .
= = = Later years and death = = =
After the Indonesian film industry crashed in 1992 Umboh directed two television serials : Pahlawan Tak Dikenal ( Unknown Hero ; 1994 ) and Apsari . The crash , along with his long illness , led his finances to destabilise , to the point where he lived in government housing . In 1994 Suara Pembaharuan ( now Suara Pembaruan ) , inaccurately reported him having died , a claim which Umboh publicly refuted . Umboh died at 4 : 45 am WIB ( UTC + 7 ) on 24 January 1996 in Jakarta of complications from diabetes and a stroke . He was buried in Jeruk Purut Cemetery , South Jakarta . Three weeks before his death , he was reportedly in good health and preparing to film a new serial entitled Gejolak Kampus Muda ( Symptoms of a Youth Campus ) .
= = Style = =
Umboh was an authoritarian perfectionist , who often reshot scenes he felt flawed and refused input from the actors . He sometimes worked together with other directors , including Sjumandjaja , Misbach Yusa Biran , and Arifin C. Noer , to improve the film 's flow . These collaborations influenced the atmosphere of the films ; for example , films shot with Noer like Sesuatu yang Indah ( Something Beautiful ; 1976 ) came across as surrealistic , while collaborations with Sjumandjaja were more realistic . Shooting scripts were often prepared minutes before shooting , but , according to Karya , Umboh memorised each line of dialogue and used his recollection during dubbing .
Most of the films directed by Umboh were romantic melodramas , a genre which had existed in Indonesia since the 1950s but was refined by Umboh . However , he preferred shooting films with a social message ; he considered Pengemis dan Tukang Becak his favourite film . When shooting , Umboh minimised his use of master shots , instead preferring to use medium and close @-@ up shots ; his obituary in Kompas notes that around 80 per cent of any given Umboh film used these latter two shots .
= = Legacy = =
Kompas notes that several Indonesian directors have been directly influenced by Umboh . Slamet Rahardjo and Garin Nugroho have continued his exploratory shooting techniques , while his editing and framing methods were further developed by Teguh Karya , Sophian , and Noer . The careers of numerous actors were launched by Umboh 's films , including Sophiaan , Roy Marten , Tanti Yosepha , and Yenny Rachman . In a 1996 interview with Republika , Widyawati credited Umboh for her marriage to Sophiaan as he had introduced them for Pengantin Remadja . In a eulogy at Umboh 's funeral , Rahardjo – then head of the Television Actors Guild – said that the Indonesian film industry would be " nothing " if it were not for Umboh 's contributions .
= = Awards = =
During his career , Umboh 's films received 29 Citra Awards , nine of which were specifically for Umboh as director or editor . Award @-@ winning films he directed include Pengantin Remadja , Mama , and Pengemis dan Tukang Becak .
= = Filmography = =
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= Lisa Gets an " A " =
" Lisa Gets an " A " " is the seventh episode of The Simpsons ' tenth season . It first aired on Fox in the United States on November 22 , 1998 . In the episode , Lisa cheats on a test for which she fails to study and receives an A + + + grade , but becomes guilt @-@ ridden . Meanwhile , Homer buys a lobster with the intention of fattening him up to eat . However , he becomes attached to it and decides to keep it as a pet named Pinchy .
" Lisa Gets an " A " " was directed by Bob Anderson , and although it was written by Ian Maxtone @-@ Graham , neither the main storyline nor the subplot was conceived by him . The main storyline was instead pitched by former staff writer Ron Hauge , while Richard Appel , who also was a staff writer , had pitched the episode 's subplot for a long time . The episode satirizes educational establishments , and features a parody of the video game Crash Bandicoot .
In its original American broadcast , " Lisa Gets an " A " " was seen by approximately 8 million viewers , and finished in 51st place in ratings the week it aired . Following its broadcast , a scene in the episode garnered criticism from the The Catholic League , but the controversy went largely ignored by The Simpsons ' staff . The episode received generally positive reviews from critics , and is considered one of the best episodes of the season .
= = Plot = =
After a long morning at church , the Simpsons go to the grocery store Eatie Gourmet 's to take advantage of free samples in lieu of a Sunday brunch and Bart 's suggestion that the family go Catholic so they can have " communion wafers and booze " . At the store , Homer wants to buy a lobster , but since the larger ones are too expensive , he decides to buy a small one and fatten him up before he " eats the profits " . Homer also tries to look for normal flavors of ice cream among the unusually named flavors at the " Ken & Harry 's " factory plant , so he puts Lisa into the freezer to look for some in the back , which ultimately causes her to catch a cold .
Although Lisa hates the idea , Marge wants Lisa to stay home from school for the next few days to recover from her cold . Lisa is derisive about playing one of Bart 's video games in order to pass the time , but soon becomes addicted to it , and consequently ignores the homework on The Wind in the Willows that she is given by Ralph . She even fakes the perpetuation of her illness so that she can continue playing the game . When Marge finally compels her to return to school , Lisa realizes she is unprepared for a test on the book , having not read it . In a panic she visits Bart , who brings her to Nelson , from whom she gets the test answers . Miss Hoover grades the tests over lunch , and Lisa is awarded the rare grade of A + + + . Meanwhile , Homer has become attached to his lobster and names him Pinchy . When the time comes to cook Pinchy , Homer cannot bring himself to do it , and instead declares him a part of the family .
The family is extremely proud of Lisa 's " achievement " , although she is guilt @-@ ridden at having cheated . The next day at school , Principal Skinner informs Lisa that her test grade has brought Springfield Elementary 's GPA up to the state 's minimum standard , and they now qualify for a basic assistance grant . Lisa admits that she cheated on the test , but Skinner and Superintendent Chalmers persuade her to keep it a secret so the school can keep the money . During the presentation , Lisa says that she understands about how desperate the school needs the basic assistance grant money , but also says that the truth is more important , confessing that she cheated . However , this was anticipated by Skinner , who fooled Lisa by staging a fake presentation before the real one , with the comptroller being revealed as Otto wearing a latex mask , allowing the school to keep the money anyway . Meanwhile , Homer discovers that he has accidentally cooked Pinchy while giving him a hot bath . Later that night , a distraught Homer eats his late friend , and finds him delicious .
= = Production = =
" Lisa Gets an " A " " was written by Ian Maxtone @-@ Graham and directed by Bob Anderson . Although the episode was written by Maxtone @-@ Graham , neither of the plots were conceived by him . The main plot involving Lisa was pitched by fellow Simpsons writer Ron Hauge , and the sub @-@ plot involving Homer adopting a lobster was conceived by former staff writer Richard Appel . The writers found it difficult to " get the subplot go [ ing ] , " and it took a long time to come up with the third act , according to Maxtone @-@ Graham . The writers debated what name Homer would give his lobster . Hauge pitched that his name would be " Shelly " , however they eventually settled on naming him " Pinchy " . Hauge also pitched the name of the grocery store Eatie Gourmet 's . At the end of the episode , when Homer is eating Pinchy , a lot of the dialogue was ad @-@ libbed by Dan Castellaneta , who portrays Homer among other characters in the series . It took a long time for the writers to come up with an ending to the episode 's main storyline . Eventually , they settled on an ending that parodied the 1973 caper film The Sting .
In real life , lobsters are black in color , turning red after being cooked . However , in " Lisa Gets an " A " " , Pinchy is red throughout the whole episode . The Dash Dingo video game was difficult to animate , according to Hauge , as the animators had to " make it look less than The Simpsons style " . In order to achieve the desired effect , the animators decided to pixelate the video game . The episode features the second appearance of Gavin , who first appeared in the season seven episode " Marge Be Not Proud " , and " Range Rover Mom " , Gavin 's mother . They were both voiced by Tress MacNeille . The false Comptroller Atkins was portrayed by series regular cast member Harry Shearer , while the real Atkins was voiced by Hank Azaria , who is also a regular cast member for the series . The name of the character was based on the name of Jacqueline Atkins , a writer 's assistant on The Simpsons . The episode also features Marcia Wallace , Pamela Hayden , Maggie Roswell , Russi Taylor and Karl Wiedergott .
The episode satirizes the " skewed priorities " sometimes associated with educational establishments . Even though Principal Skinner knows that Lisa cheated on her test , he " looks the other way " so that the school meets the requirements for government @-@ funding . In the DVD commentary for the episode , the episodes showrunner Mike Scully opined that " there is a lot of truth in this story [ ... ] There are certain requirements that the school has to meet in order to get state funding , and there are things that they 'd rather look the other way on if it 's gonna cost them money . This does really happen . "
While staying home from school , Lisa plays a video game called Dash Dingo . The video game is a spoof of the 1996 platform video game Crash Bandicoot . In a scene in the episode , Lisa imagines that she will fail the test . She imagines that the president of Harvard University , voiced by Dan Castellaneta , will be disappointed in her and recommend her to Brown University , where Otto was apparently on faculty . The scene was conceived by Maxtone @-@ Graham , whose alma mater was Brown University . He stated that all his friends from Brown and Harvard " loved " the joke . The liqueur Drambuie is also mentioned in the episode . With the government @-@ funded grant money , Springfield Elementary are able to afford a Coleco , a 1980s home computer .
= = Release and reception = =
= = = Broadcast and controversy = = =
In its original American broadcast on November 22 , 1998 , " Lisa Gets an " A " " received an 8 @.@ 0 rating , according to Nielsen Media Research , translating to approximately 8 million viewers . The episode finished in 51st place in the ratings for the week of November 16 – 22 , 1998 , tied with the ABC program Sabrina the Teenage Witch .
After its original broadcast , the episode garnered scrutiny from The Catholic League . In a scene in the episode , the Simpsons are on their way home from a church service , and Bart says " I ’ m starving . Mom , can we go Catholic so we can get Communion wafers and booze ? " To which Marge replies " No , no one is going Catholic . Three children is enough , thank you . " In an issue of the Catholic League 's monthly newspaper Catalyst , the organization wrote " The Fox animated TV show , " The Simpsons , " is loved by millions for its engaging characters . It was with regret , therefore , that we were forced to take issue with its November 22 episode [ " Lisa Gets an " A " " ] . " They added that William Anthony Donohue , the current president of the organization , had sent a letter to Fox , reading " Can you possibly explain why this dialogue was included in the show ? " In response , Thomas Chavez , Fox 's manager for broadcast standards and practices , wrote a " lengthy " letter , in part re @-@ printed on the same issue of Catalyst . It read :
According to Mark I. Pinsky of The gospel according to the Simpsons : bigger and possibly even better ! edition with a new afterword exploring South park , Family guy , and other animated TV shows , the Catholic League was " not persuaded " by Chavez ' letter , and stated that they " sarcastically " responded in Catalyst : " Now why didn ’ t we think of that ? Just goes to show how thoughtful the Hollywood gang really is . " According to Pinsky , the controversy did not have any impact on the show and was " simply ignored " by The Simpsons ' staff .
= = = Home release and critical reception = = =
On August 7 , 2007 , the episode was released as part of The Simpsons : The Complete Tenth Season DVD box set . Matt Groening , Mike Scully , George Meyer , Ian Maxtone @-@ Graham , Ron Hauge , Yeardley Smith and Mike B. Anderson participated in the DVD 's audio commentary of the episode .
Following its home video release , " Lisa Gets an " A " " received generally positive reviews from critics . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood of I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide described it as " A fabulously defining moment in Lisa 's life , showing what happens if you let your guard slip . " They continued by writing " What makes this work even more is the false ending which shows that everyone in Springfield is as adept at predicting Lisa 's morality as the viewers are . " They concluded their review by calling it " An absolutely inspired piece of comedy . " Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide wrote that he " [ took ] great delight in the way this episode skewers the skewed priorities of the educational establishment . " He added that " Lisa acts like her usual prissy self , but that factor acts to allow the show to succeed . " He concluded by writing that the episode " connects to real emotions pretty well and offers some funny moments . " Digital Entertainment New 's Jake McNeill described it as one of the season 's best episodes , giving particular praise to its subplot , which he called " great " . James Plath of DVD Town wrote that " the real fun in this episode comes from Homer 's attachment to a lobster he brings home . " Giving the episode a more mixed review , the Currentfilm.com staff called it " memorable " , although " the majority of the episode remains uneven " . They wrote that " The episode remains entertaining simply because of Homer 's subplot , " and compared Pinchy to Mojo the Helper Monkey from the season nine episode " Girly Edition " and Stampy the Elephant from the season five episode " Bart Gets an Elephant " , which they considered to be " great ( and brief ) Simpsons pets " .
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= Max Havoc : Curse of the Dragon =
Max Havoc : Curse of The Dragon is a straight @-@ to @-@ DVD action film directed by Albert Pyun and Isaac Florentine on the island of Guam in 2004 . Swiss actor Mickey Hardt plays Max Havoc , an ex @-@ kickboxer turned sports photographer . Max has to help an art dealer and her sister , played by Joanna Krupa and Tawney Sabley , flee from a yakuza clan trying to retrieve a valuable jade dragon statue . Aimed at the European market , the film was planned to kickstart a franchise , which would have included a sequel and a syndicated television series in the United States , but these plans did not materialize . A sequel , Max Havoc : Ring of Fire , was eventually shot in Canada .
The film was originally slated to be directed in Hawaii , but a series of mishaps led to filming on Guam . Most of the film was shot there by Pyun , including a cameo by Carmen Electra . A smaller part was added by Florentine to improve the film 's marketability , including added cameos by David Carradine and Richard Roundtree . It premiered on Guam in 2005 and on DVD in 2007 , earning around US $ 250 @,@ 000 . Most critics reviews were negative , chiding the plot , casting and the cliché portrayal of Guam , but some praised fight choreography and the " so bad it 's good " value .
Max Havoc : Curse of the Dragon has garnered press through lawsuits regarding its financing . Guam Economic Development and Commerce Authority ( GEDCA ) gave a $ 800 @,@ 000 loan guarantee to producer John F. S. Laing , which was forfeited as the film failed to recoup the investment . GEDCA alleged Laing defrauded them , while he claimed Guam authorities promised him funding he did not receive . This kicked off a lengthy legal battle , ending with a settlement between Laing and GEDCA .
= = Plot = =
The story centers around Max Havoc ( Mickey Hardt ) , an ex @-@ kickboxing champion known as " Mad Max " , turned globetrotting sports photographer . Max quit kickboxing after accidentally killing a fellow boxer during an unlikely comeback in the ring , but still suffers from flashbacks to the fight . After a bar scuffle over a biker girl ( Nikki Ziering ) , his agent ( Diego Walraff ) sends him to Guam for a publicity photo shoot . There , Max encounters Tahsi ( Richard Roundtree ) , his former kickboxing coach , now an antiques dealer , and promises to catch up with him later . While photographing an outrigger canoe race from a jet ski , Max rescues Christy Goody ( Tawney Sablan ) , a vacationer who was about to be unwittingly run over by the canoes . In the process , he knocks over one of the canoes , earning the wrath its head rower , Moko ( Pyun veteran Vincent Klyn ) . He is also admonished by Jane ( Joanna Krupa ) , Christy 's sister , for his brazen driving . However , she later apologizes and agrees to a dinner date .
In the meantime , Tahsi is approached by a thief ( Danielle Burgio ) , who has fled to Guam with a stolen rare jade dragon and wants to pawn it , promising to return in 24 hours . Tahsi agrees , but does not promise not to sell it . Indeed , Jane Goody , who turns out to be a friend of his , visits his shop and buys the dragon , despite Tahsi 's reluctance . She later has it appraised , learning it is worth many times more than she paid for it , heightening her hopes of paying the tuition for her sister 's medical degree . Later , an enforcer ( Arnold Chon ) for the yakuza group Black Dragons , the original owners of the jade dragon , appears in Tahsi 's shop with the thief in a headlock , demanding the figurine 's return . Tahsi refuses to reveal Jane 's identity and is killed along with the thief .
Max and the Goody sisters are soon involved in a streetfight with henchwoman Eiko ( Ji Ling ) . After Max saves the sisters , and is involved in a further fight with Quicksilver ( Johnny Trí Nguyễn ) , he is contacted by the leader of the criminals , Aya ( Marie Matiko ) , who is also Eiko 's lesbian lover . The Black Dragons explain that the jade dragon is actually an urn containing the ashes of their former leader , Yoshida , and that they believe it holds mystical value and will stop at nothing to get it back . Max and the sisters agree to return the dragon at noon the following day in return for their own personal safety . They are helped by locals , including beach vendor Debbie ( Carmen Electra ) and Moko , with whom Max reconciled at the scene of Tahsi 's killing . Nevertheless , Jane is torn between returning the figurine and protecting their lives , and ensuring that her sister finishes her M.D. The deal falls through as Jane 's cell phone battery dies , and she does not arrive at the meet in time . Max escapes the angry henchmen on a jet ski .
The head of the Black Dragons ( David Carradine , credited as Grand Master ) , pays a visit to Guam to take the matter into his own hands . It turns out that he is a man prominently seen ringside in Max 's flashbacks . The Black Dragons kidnap Christy , enticing Max and Jane to come to their hideout . Max and Grand Master reach an agreement that Max will fight Arnold Chon 's character to death . If Max wins , Max and the Goody sisters can go free . Max almost deals a deadly blow to the enforcer 's head , but stops himself at the last moment , sparing his life , yet winning the fight . He turns over the urn to the yakuza , and receives a priceless katana as a gift . Max and his allies celebrate the end of the adventure in a party . The film ends with Max embracing Jane Goody on a beach during sunset .
= = Cast = =
Director Albert Pyun cast Mickey Hardt as Max Havoc , as he was planning " toward European TV appeal , " based on Hardt 's role in the Donnie Yen film The Twins Effect and German TV series Puma : Fighter With a Heart ( German : Der Puma – Kämpfer mit Herz ) , where Yen did fight choreography . He originally planned to cast Joanna Krupa as the younger sister , Christy Goody , with Jane 's part going to an established actress , but Krupa ended up playing the older sister , and local actress Tawney Sablan was cast in her stead in her first film role . Rapper Fat Joe and Taiwanese actress Shu Qi did not make the cast , according to Pyun , due to film 's financial problems . Billed as a top star , Carmen Electra appears in two brief scenes as a beach vendor , who flirts with Max Havoc when he returns a life jacket .
= = Production = =
According to Pyun , the idea of Max Havoc has existed since at least 2001 . At the time , he was asked to direct the film in Hawaii . After the September 11 attacks , it was decided that filming in Miami was more economically viable . Pyun said that Hawaiian film star Mark Dacascos was interested in playing the character of Max Havoc , but that he backed out after anthrax appeared in Florida . Bali was considered next for filming but the idea was abandoned after the terrorist bombing there in 2002 . The director and producer settled on filming on Guam , voicing their interest to Guam officials in late 2003 . Max Havoc : Curse of the Dragon was supposed to be the first of two films to act as a backdoor pilot into a Max Havoc television series .
Filming began in March and finished in May 2004 . Some of the scenes were done in East Hagåtña Bay . Pyun had planned to shoot the film with a Vancouver @-@ based film crew , but after they were denied visas , he eventually had to resort to hiring a Los Angeles crew , which , he said , he later regretted . He complained about a lack of infrastructure for filming on Guam , as well as hostility from government officials once the film crew arrived on the island , and claimed that he was denied shooting on Waikiki Beach , which cost the film time and sponsorships . He also claimed he was not paid his director 's fee , calling the film " the worst financial decision [ he ] ever made . " Guam businesses and Max Havoc : Curse of the Dragon crew members also reported not being paid for work on the film .
The producer , John F. S. Laing , blamed Pyun for the failure of the film . After the filming was completed on Guam , director Isaac Florentine was hired to touch up the film in Los Angeles in order to improve its marketability , adding around ten minutes of screen time in the process . Florentine declined screen credit , stating in a later interview that he " [ did ] n 't feel it [ was ] fair " to Pyun . The L.A. shoot took ten days , and featured David Carradine and Richard Roundtree , who were not part of the original cut .
= = Release = =
Max Havoc : Curse of the Dragon premiered on Guam television on December 10 , 2005 . Because the film was poorly received and never played in theaters as promised , it was described as a " box office flop " by Guam 's press . In February 2005 , producer John F.S. Laing stated he had trouble finding a theatrical distributor for the film . As of 2010 , the film was reported to have grossed $ 15 @,@ 000 on Guam and $ 242 @,@ 229 internationally . On January 23 , 2007 , Max Havoc : Curse of the Dragon was released on DVD in Region 1 . The DVD extras contained interviews and several text pages about the cast , a three @-@ minute trailer , a poster , a collection of still images from the film , and a calendar for 2007 featuring actresses from the film . The film was not rated by the Motion Picture Association of America .
A sequel , titled Max Havoc : Ring of Fire , premiered on September 12 , 2006 and on DVD on August 21 , 2007 . The film was produced in Canada and directed by Terry Ingram . Mickey Hardt reprises his role as Max Havoc , who comes to Seattle to do a photoshoot of a tennis champion played by Christina Cox , but has to deal with a street gang and organized crime , while Dean Cain plays the main antagonist . Max Havoc : Ring of Fire received mixed @-@ to @-@ negative reviews , being called a " run of the mill B @-@ movie . " On September 30 , 2009 , both films were released as a double feature on Blu @-@ ray in Germany .
= = Reception = =
Max Havoc : Curse of the Dragon received mostly negative reviews . Reviewers were mostly focused on the film 's lacking plot and rampant cliché use . David Cornelius of DVD Talk described it as " the kind of moronic C @-@ level action flick that always stars some former martial arts champ " , noting that the controversy behind the funding of the film was more interesting than the film itself , and finishing with the advice to skip the film . Albert Valentin of Kung Fu Cinema was less critical of the film , praising choreography and Mickey Hardt 's performance in action sequences . Combustible Celluloid 's Jeffrey M. Anderson gave the film a neutral @-@ to @-@ positive review , mentioning " the overall ridiculousness of the film charmed [ him ] " , and commenting positively on the chemistry between Hardt 's and Krupa 's characters . Gene Park of Guam 's Pacific Daily News was , however , jarred by inaccuracies in the plot . He called the film a " guilty pleasure without the pleasure . " He thought the action editing was " epileptic " and compared the whole film to a travelogue . As of 2015 , review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes counts one positive and one negative review of the film .
Author Camilla Fojas later criticized Max Havoc : Curse of the Dragon for its shortcoming as a promotional vehicle for Guam and its film industry , noting the colonialistic portrayal of Guam , especially in the parting scene where U.S. mainland @-@ based characters bid farewell to Chamorro people in a cliché fashion .
= = Litigation = =
At the request of producer John F.S. Laing and director Albert Pyun , the Guam Economic Development and Commerce Authority gave an $ 800 @,@ 000 loan guarantee to Laing and his company Guam Motion Pictures Company ( GMPC ) to secure a third party loan from Comerica Bank in order to finance the film . GMPC was created by Laing on Guam to produce Max Havoc : Curse of the Dragon , while Laing 's stateside company , Rigel Entertainment , was to handle distribution . GMPC was also supposed to produce a further theatrical film and two travel documentaries . In June 2006 , Laing defaulted on the loan to Comerica and the guarantee was forfeited . The rights to the film were subsequently auctioned by Comerica . A newly formed Canadian company , Up North Entertainment , Inc . , bought the film for $ 83 @,@ 000 . Laing was listed as one of three directors of Up North Entertainment . Guam 's share of the foreclosure sale money was $ 9 @,@ 090 .
The film has been mired in litigation on Guam and in California . Laing filed a case in California against the Government of Guam , alleging that he agreed to guarantee the collateral , but that the agreement was procured under duress , and that he was underpaid by Guam government for a series of public service announcements featuring Carmen Electra . In March 2008 , the case was dismissed and Laing was ordered to pay Guam 's legal fees . Laing appealed twice and lost both appeals . GEDCA called Laing 's California lawsuit a " tactical maneuver " . Laing was also sued by the Government of Guam for fraud . Matthew Borden , attorney for the GEDCA , accused Laing of coming to the island with intention to defraud the government and people of Guam . In a retort , Laing claimed the Government of Guam pledged $ 3 million in loans and other incentives if he were to come to the island and make Max Havoc : Curse of the Dragon there . Guam officials denied making such a pledge and Laing admitted he did not possess any written agreements on the matter .
= = = Settlement = = =
A trial began in Guam Superior Court on February 13 , 2012 . After six years of litigation on Guam , a settlement was reached on May 11 . The GEDCA Board of Directors approved Laing 's offer of $ 350 @,@ 000 in place of paying back the original $ 800 @,@ 000 guarantee . The agreement stipulated that Laing would make a payment of $ 250 @,@ 000 on June 30 , with the remainder paid by September 30 .
By the June deadline , Laing had made a payment of $ 200 @,@ 000 . GEDCA requested the outstanding $ 50 @,@ 000 along with the $ 100 @,@ 000 remaining balance to be paid by Laing by the September deadline . When asked by a local talk radio station if the Max Havoc : Curse of the Dragon settlement money would be a windfall for GEDCA and could be used for future economic development projects on Guam , GEDCA administrator Karl Pangelinan stated that the money would barely pay for the legal fees incurred during the years of legal fighting with Laing . In September , Rigel Entertainment declared bankruptcy . On October 26 , GEDCA board met and established that Laing had made a partial late payment of $ 75 @,@ 000 on the $ 150 @,@ 000 still outstanding . A new deadline was set for January 31 , 2013 . Laing missed the January deadline , but in late February , GEDCA reported receiving the money , thus bringing the lawsuit to a close .
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= 2008 Brazilian Grand Prix =
The 2008 Brazilian Grand Prix ( formally the XXXVII Grande Prêmio do Brasil ) was a Formula One motor race held on 2 November 2008 at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace , Interlagos , in São Paulo , Brazil . It was the 18th and final race of the 2008 Formula One season . The 71 @-@ lap race was won by Ferrari driver Felipe Massa after starting from pole position . Fernando Alonso finished second in a Renault , and Kimi Räikkönen third in a Ferrari .
Massa started the race alongside Toyota driver Jarno Trulli . Massa 's teammate Räikkönen began from third next to McLaren driver Lewis Hamilton . Rain fell minutes before the race , delaying the start , and as the track dried Massa established a lead of several seconds . More rain late in the race made the last few laps treacherous for the drivers , but could not prevent Massa from winning the Grand Prix . Sebastian Vettel of Toro Rosso finished in fourth place behind Alonso and Räikkönen . Hamilton passed Toyota 's Timo Glock in the final corners of the race to finish fifth , securing him the points needed to take the Drivers ' Championship .
Hamilton received praise from many in the Formula One community , including former Champions Damon Hill and Michael Schumacher . The McLaren driver also received official congratulations from Queen Elizabeth II and British Prime Minister Gordon Brown . Massa 's win and Räikkönen 's third place helped Ferrari win the Constructors ' Championship . The Grand Prix was David Coulthard 's final race ; the Scot retired after 246 race starts .
= = Report = =
= = = Background = = =
Heading into the final race of the season , McLaren driver Lewis Hamilton was leading the Drivers ' Championship with 94 points ; Ferrari driver Felipe Massa was second on 87 points , seven points behind Hamilton . A maximum of ten points were available for the final race , which meant that Massa could still win the title if Hamilton finished in sixth place or lower . Otherwise , Hamilton would be Champion . In the event of a points tie , Massa would win the Championship on a count @-@ back , having more wins . Behind Hamilton and Massa in the Drivers ' Championship , Robert Kubica was third on 75 points in a BMW , and Massa 's Ferrari teammate Kimi Räikkönen was fourth on 69 points . In the Constructors ' Championship , Ferrari were leading on 156 points and McLaren – Mercedes were second on 145 points , 11 points behind , with a maximum of 18 points available . If the two Ferraris finished in the top six , the team would secure the Constructors ' Championship , even if the McLaren drivers were to finish as the top two . Prior to this race , Hamilton was criticised by many pundits for not keeping a cool head at the 2008 Japanese Grand Prix . The Times columnist Edward Gorman said that Hamilton should win the Championship , but :
Alternatively Hamilton may suffer another one of his rushes of blood to the head and do something utterly unnecessary at Interlagos , just as he did in Japan eight days ago and in Brazil last year , and throw it all away ... Suddenly defending even a seven @-@ point lead sounds a tall order .
Former Formula One team owner Eddie Jordan created controversy when he said that " if Massa tries to take him out as he did in Japan in order to steal the title then Lewis has to be ready for it , " adding " If he tries that on then Lewis has to turn his wheel into Massa to ensure he does not finish the race either – he has to take his wheel off . " Both Hamilton and Massa rejected the comments ; Massa said " Playing dirty has never been part of my game . I don 't want anything to do with it . The only thing on my mind is winning the race . "
The weekend marked David Coulthard 's final race . Coulthard 's Red Bull RB4 was decorated in the colours of " Wings for Life " , a charity dedicated to raising awareness of spinal cord injuries . Coulthard said " I 'm dedicating my last race to the vision of making paraplegia curable " . Red Bull Racing received approval from the Fédération Internationale de l 'Automobile , Formula One 's governing body , to run Coulthard 's car in different colours than his teammate Mark Webber . This was also the last Formula One race broadcast by ITV in the United Kingdom and Telecinco in Spain ; the rights went to the BBC and La Sexta , respectively , for 2009 . Also , this was the last race for the Honda team before they announced that they would pull out of F1 due to the global economic crisis .
= = = Practice and qualifying = = =
Three practice sessions were held before the race ; the first on Friday morning and the second on Friday afternoon . Both sessions lasted 90 minutes . The third session was held on Saturday morning and lasted an hour . The two sessions on Friday were affected by occasionally damp conditions , which made the track moderately slippery . Massa was quickest with a time of 1 : 12 @.@ 305 in the first session , less than two @-@ tenths of a second faster than Hamilton . Räikkönen was just off Hamilton 's pace , followed by Kubica , Heikki Kovalainen , and Fernando Alonso . Webber was seventh , still within a second of Massa 's time . In the second practice session , Alonso was fastest with a time of 1 : 12 @.@ 296 , less than six @-@ hundredths of a second quicker than second @-@ placed Massa . Jarno Trulli took third place , ahead of Räikkönen , Webber and Sebastian Vettel . Hamilton only managed ninth place , locking his McLaren 's wheels and struggling for grip . Kovalainen was only quick enough for fifteenth position . The Saturday morning session was held on a much warmer track , which reached temperatures as high as 36 ° C ( 97 ° F ) . Alonso was again quickest , posting a time of 1 : 12 @.@ 141 , narrowly faster than both McLaren drivers . Massa , Vettel , and Nick Heidfeld rounded out the top six positions . Räikkönen only managed twelfth , failing to improve on his times set early in the session .
The qualifying session on Saturday afternoon was split into three parts . The first part ran for 20 minutes and eliminated the cars from qualifying that finished the session 16th or lower . The second part of qualifying lasted 15 minutes and eliminated cars that finished in positions 11 to 15 . The final part of qualifying determined the positions from first to tenth , and decided pole position . Cars which competed in the final session of qualifying were not allowed to refuel before the race , and as such carried more fuel than in the previous sessions .
Massa clinched his sixth pole position for the season , and his third consecutive pole at Interlagos , with a time of 1 : 12 @.@ 368 . He was joined on the front row of the grid by Trulli , in his best qualifying performance of the season . Räikkönen qualified third , though he was happy with beginning the race on the racing line behind his teammate . Hamilton qualified fourth , half a second behind Massa , having battled both Ferrari drivers for time during the first two qualifying sessions . Hamilton 's slow pace in the final qualifying session compared to the first two suggested he was carrying more fuel than his title challengers . Hamilton 's teammate Kovalainen qualified fifth . Alonso , Vettel , Heidfeld , Sébastien Bourdais and Timo Glock rounded out the top ten . Kubica only managed 13th , having struggled with overall grip for much of the day . Coulthard , in his final Formula One race , qualified 14th ; Rubens Barrichello , in 15th , was quicker than Honda teammate Jenson Button in 17th . The Williams and Force India drivers qualified at the back of the grid , covering positions 16 to 20 with Button .
= = = Race = = =
The conditions on the grid were damp before the race , the air temperature at 28 ° C ( 82 ° F ) ; rain or thunderstorms were expected . The race was due to begin at 15 : 00 local time ( UTC @-@ 2 ) , but was delayed by ten minutes when heavy rain hit the track at 14 : 56 . Every team but one changed the tyres on both their cars from dry @-@ weather tyres to intermediate tyres . Kubica 's car was the exception , remaining on the dry set @-@ up . Following the formation lap , Kubica returned to the pits , his team changing the car 's tyres to intermediates . This meant the Polish driver would start the race from the pit @-@ lane .
Massa retained his pole position lead into the first corner , followed by Trulli , Räikkönen , Hamilton and Kovalainen . Coulthard was hit from behind by Nico Rosberg into turn two , spinning him around . The Red Bull car then collided with Rosberg 's Williams teammate Kazuki Nakajima . This damaged the suspension and forced Coulthard to retire in his final race . Piquet spun off at the next corner , his car hitting the barriers . Kovalainen was passed by Alonso and Vettel mid @-@ lap , dropping him to seventh . The accidents of Coulthard and Piquet prompted the deployment of the safety car at the end of the first lap . The track conditions began to dry early on ; Force India 's Giancarlo Fisichella was the first driver to stop for dry @-@ weather tyres , pitting at the end of lap two . He remained in 18th position . Racing resumed on lap five when the safety car pulled into the pit @-@ lane . Rosberg and Button both pitted on lap seven , each changing to dry @-@ weather tyres . Bourdais , Glock , Adrian Sutil and Nakajima followed a lap later . By lap 11 , the rest of the field had changed to dry @-@ weather tyres . Fisichella benefited from pitting the earliest for dry tyres , moving up the order to a high of fifth position .
Nakajima spun on lap 13 , losing five seconds on the lap . On lap 15 , Massa set a new fastest lap of 1 : 16 @.@ 888 , and extended his lead over Vettel . Hamilton remained behind Fisichella , and though his McLaren car appeared quicker , he was unable to pass the Force India driver until lap 18 . Glock passed Fisichella two laps later . Trulli and Bourdais collided on lap 20 into turn one , sending the Toro Rosso driver across the grass . Bourdais lost six places and rejoined in 13th place . Trulli 's Toyota teammate , Timo Glock , passed Fisichella later on in the same lap for sixth . Massa and Sebastian Vettel traded fastest lap times ; Vettel 's 1 : 14 @.@ 214 on lap 25 was surpassed by Massa 's 1 : 14 @.@ 161 a lap later . However , Vettel pitted soon after , having been lighter @-@ fuelled than his Ferrari opponent . He rejoined in sixth position , behind Glock . Kovalainen passed Trulli and Fisichella in separate manoeuvres , gaining seventh position . On lap 36 Massa set the fastest lap of the race , a 1 : 13 @.@ 736 .
Timo Glock was fuelled so he could complete the race without stopping again , when he pitted on lap 36 . Massa was the first of the Championship frontrunners to pit , on lap 38 ; Alonso and Hamilton pitted two laps after . When Räikkönen pitted on lap 43 , Massa had regained the lead , ahead of Alonso . Räikkönen rejoined ahead of Hamilton in third place . Fisichella 's stop was marred by transmission problems , dropping him to 18th position when he resumed . Vettel pitted again on lap 51 , his team fuelling him to the finish . He rejoined in fifth . By lap 54 , Massa had extended his already comfortable lead over Alonso to 9 @.@ 6 seconds . Vettel was closing in quickly on Hamilton , the McLaren driver needing to finish no lower than fifth to win the Championship .
Light rain began to fall on lap 63 . Heidfeld pitted and his BMW pit crew changed his tyres to intermediates , echoing their strategy at the Belgian Grand Prix which had granted the German a podium position . Kovalainen pitted on lap 65 ; Alonso and Räikkönen pitted a lap later . Hamilton and Vettel halted their battle for fourth position when they came into the pits to change onto intermediate tyres on lap 66 . Glock chose to remain on his dry @-@ weather tyres and rose from seventh to fourth place as those ahead of him pitted . Massa pitted on lap 67 , meaning that all of the frontrunners , with the exception of Glock , were now on intermediate tyres . The rain began to fall heavily on lap 69 , as Hamilton ran wide , which allowed Vettel to take fifth position . As Massa crossed the finish line to win the race , Hamilton battled Vettel for the crucial point needed to win the Championship . However , Vettel and Hamilton passed Glock in the final corners , the Toyota driver struggling for grip as his dry @-@ weather tyres slid on the wet track . Premature joy in the Ferrari garage soon turned to disappointment as Hamilton finished the race in fifth position , clinching the Championship by a single point and becoming Formula One 's youngest Championship winner until Vettel in 2010 . Räikkönen 's third @-@ place finish behind Alonso was enough to secure Ferrari the constructors ' title . After the race , one of the Hondas caught fire .
= = = Post @-@ race = = =
The top three finishers appeared on the podium and in the subsequent press conference . Massa said that he had " almost done everything perfectly " , and expressed his disappointment that despite winning the race he had not won the Championship . However , he gave his congratulations to Hamilton for his title win :
We need to congratulate Lewis because he did a great championship and he scored more points than us , so he deserves to be champion . I know how to lose and I know how to win and as I said before it is another day of my life from which I am going to learn a lot .
Massa 's Ferrari teammate Kimi Räikkönen expressed disappointment in the outcome of the Drivers ' Championship , but acknowledged the support of his team , saying " we won at least the team championship " . Ferrari president Luca di Montezemolo was reportedly so angry with the result , however , that he destroyed the television he was viewing the race on . McLaren boss Ron Dennis praised Hamilton , saying " He just keeps delivering and , at the end of the day , he 's just two years into his career . So there 's a long way to go . "
Hamilton received official congratulations from Queen Elizabeth II , following similar plaudits from British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and Opposition Leader David Cameron . Former Formula One Champions also congratulated Hamilton ; 1996 Formula One Champion Damon Hill called the McLaren driver " one of the greatest drivers we have had in this country " . Multiple Champion Michael Schumacher praised both Hamilton and Massa , saying the Ferrari driver 's performance indicated his winning abilities . Massa was praised for his sportsmanship after the race ; Joe Saward of GrandPrix.com said " He took defeat with a grace and a style that one rarely sees in modern sport . "
However , Eddie Jordan said that Hamilton " didn 't really give himself the best chance of winning the championship – and was very lucky " . The former team boss called McLaren 's strategy " a disaster " . GrandPrix.com expressed disbelief in the outcome : " It was a showdown so improbable that even Hollywood would not have made a film of it . The scriptwriters would have been laughed out of the studios . " Autosport magazine writer Adam Cooper called the race " epic " . After considering other Formula One title finales , Cooper concluded " nothing has ever matched what we saw [ in Brazil ] " .
Timo Glock remained certain the decision to stay on dry @-@ weather tyres , when other teams were pitting for wet @-@ weather tyres , was a correct one : " We were running seventh before the rain came and we would have probably finished there if it had been totally dry . Instead we finished sixth so that shows the strategy was the right one . " Glock added that the conditions were so poor " I didn 't even know that Lewis had overtaken me until after the race " .
Kubica 's finish in 11th position meant that he lost third place in the Championship to Räikkönen . After the race , Kubica said " We made too many mistakes during the weekend and this is the result . " His team said that they had received the wrong information about track conditions at the start of the race , which led them to keep the Polish driver 's car on dry @-@ weather tyres when the rest of the field had changed to intermediates .
David Coulthard expressed his disappointment in his early exit from his final Formula One race , saying that " I 'm pretty gutted , it 's not how I wanted to end my career . " The Scottish driver said that he had planned to perform doughnuts for the crowd , a celebration discouraged in Formula One . Coulthard left Formula One after 15 years with 246 race starts and 13 wins . Red Bull team principal Christian Horner said " It 's a great shame for David to be eliminated from his last Grand Prix at the first corner , but he can look back on a long and illustrious career where he 's achieved a great deal . " Coulthard continued to work for Red Bull Racing in 2009 as a testing and development consultant .
= = Classification = =
= = = Qualifying = = =
= = = Race = = =
= = Championship standings after the race = =
Bold text indicates the World Champions .
Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
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= Ethan Hawke =
Ethan Green Hawke ( born November 6 , 1970 ) is an American actor , writer and director . He has been nominated for four Academy Awards and a Tony Award . Hawke has directed two feature films , three Off @-@ Broadway plays , and a documentary , and wrote the novels The Hottest State ( 1996 ) and Ash Wednesday ( 2002 ) .
He made his film debut in 1985 with the science fiction feature Explorers , before making a breakthrough appearance in the 1989 drama Dead Poets Society . He then appeared in numerous films before taking a role in the 1994 Generation X drama Reality Bites , for which he received critical praise . In 1995 he starred in the romantic drama Before Sunrise , and later in its sequels Before Sunset ( 2004 ) and Before Midnight ( 2013 ) .
Hawke has been twice nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor ; his writing contributions to Before Sunset and Before Midnight were recognized , as were his performances in Training Day ( 2001 ) and Boyhood ( 2014 ) . Hawke was further honored with SAG Award nominations for both films , along with BAFTA Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for the latter .
His other films include the science fiction drama Gattaca ( 1997 ) , the contemporary adaptation of Hamlet ( 2000 ) , the action thriller Assault on Precinct 13 ( 2005 ) , the crime drama Before the Devil Knows You 're Dead ( 2007 ) , and the horror film Sinister ( 2012 ) .
= = Early life = =
Hawke was born in Austin , Texas , to Leslie ( née Green ) , a charity worker , and James Hawke , an insurance actuary . Hawke 's parents were high school sweethearts in Fort Worth , Texas , and married young , when Hawke 's mother was 17 . Hawke was born a year later . Hawke 's parents were students at the University of Texas at Austin at the time of his birth , and separated and later divorced in 1974 .
After the separation , Hawke was then raised by his mother . The two relocated several times , before settling in New York City , where Hawke attended the Packer Collegiate Institute in Brooklyn Heights . Hawke 's mother remarried when he was 10 and the family moved to West Windsor Township , New Jersey , where Hawke attended West Windsor Plainsboro High School ( renamed to West Windsor @-@ Plainsboro High School South in 1997 ) . He later transferred to the Hun School of Princeton , a secondary boarding school , from which he graduated in 1988 .
In high school , Hawke aspired to be a writer , but developed an interest in acting . He made his stage debut at age 13 , in a school production of George Bernard Shaw 's Saint Joan , and appearances in West Windsor @-@ Plainsboro High School productions of Meet Me in St. Louis and You Can 't Take It with You followed . At the Hun School he took acting classes at the McCarter Theatre on the Princeton campus , and after high school graduation he studied acting at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh , eventually dropping out after he was cast in Dead Poets Society ( 1989 ) . He twice enrolled in New York University 's English program , but dropped out both times to pursue acting roles .
= = Career = =
= = = 1985 – 1993 : Early years and Dead Poets Society = = =
Hawke obtained his mother 's permission to attend his first casting call at age 14 . He secured his first film role in 1985 's Explorers , in which he played an alien @-@ obsessed schoolboy alongside River Phoenix . The film received favorable reviews but had poor box office revenues , a failure which Hawke has admitted caused him to quit acting for a brief period after the film 's release . Hawke later described the disappointment as difficult to bear at such a young age , adding " I would never recommend that a kid act . " His next film appearance was not until 1989 's comedy drama Dad , where he played Ted Danson 's son and Jack Lemmon 's grandson .
In 1989 , Hawke made his breakthrough appearance , playing a shy student opposite Robin Williams 's inspirational English teacher in Dead Poets Society . The film was critically well @-@ received ; the Variety reviewer noted " Hawke ... gives a haunting performance . " With revenue of US $ 235 million worldwide , the film remains Hawke 's most commercially successful picture to date . Hawke later described the opportunities he was offered as a result of the film 's success as critical to his decision to continue acting : " I didn 't want to be an actor and I went back to college . But then the [ film 's ] success was so monumental that I was getting offers to be in such interesting movies and be in such interesting places , and it seemed silly to pursue anything else . "
Hawke 's next film , 1991 's White Fang , brought his first leading role . The film , an adaptation of Jack London 's novel of the same name , featured Hawke as Jack Conroy , a Yukon gold hunter who befriends a wolfdog ( played by Jed ) . According to The Oregonian , " Hawke does a good job as young Jack ... He makes Jack 's passion for White Fang real and keeps it from being ridiculous or overly sentimental . " Hawke then appeared in A Midnight Clear ( 1992 ) , a well @-@ received war film by Keith Gordon , and survival drama Alive ( 1993 ) , a film adaptation of Piers Paul Read 's 1974 book . Hawke portrayed Nando Parrado , one of the survivors of the crash .
= = = 1994 – 2000 : Critical success , Reality Bites and Before Sunrise = = =
Hawke 's next role was in the Generation X drama Reality Bites ( 1994 ) , in which he played Troy , a slacker who mocks the ambitions of his love interest ( played by Winona Ryder ) . Film critic Roger Ebert called Hawke 's performance convincing and noteworthy : " Hawke captures all the right notes as the boorish Troy . " The New York Times noted , " Mr. Hawke 's subtle and strong performance makes it clear that Troy feels things too deeply to risk failure and admit he 's feeling anything at all . " Nonetheless , the film was a box office disappointment . Hawke also appeared in the 1994 film Quiz Show . Although he was originally considered for the lead role of Charles Van Doren , he took on a supporting role and had his screen time cut considerably during production .
The following year Hawke again received critical acclaim , this time for his performance in Richard Linklater 's 1995 drama Before Sunrise . The film follows a young American ( Hawke ) and a young French woman ( Julie Delpy ) , who meet on a train and disembark in Vienna , spending the night exploring the city and getting to know one another . The San Francisco Chronicle praised Hawke and Delpy 's performances : " [ they ] interact so gently and simply that you feel certain that they helped write the dialogue . Each of them seems to have something personal at stake in their performances . "
Away from acting , Hawke directed the music video for the 1994 song " Stay ( I Missed You ) , " by singer @-@ songwriter Lisa Loeb , who was a member of Hawke 's theater company at the time the song was included in Reality Bites . In a 2012 interview , Hawke said that the song is the only number @-@ one popular song by an unsigned artist in the history of music . He published his first novel in 1996 , The Hottest State , about a love affair between a young actor and a singer . Hawke said of the novel , " Writing the book had to do with dropping out of college , and with being an actor . I didn 't want my whole life to go by and not do anything but recite lines . I wanted to try making something else . It was definitely the scariest thing I ever did . And it was just one of the best things I ever did . " The book met with a mixed reception . Entertainment Weekly said that Hawke " opens himself to rough literary scrutiny in The Hottest State . If Hawke is serious ... he 'd do well to work awhile in less exposed venues . " The New York Times thought Hawke did " a fine job of showing what it 's like to be young and full of confusion " , concluding that The Hottest State was ultimately " a sweet love story " .
In Andrew Niccol 's science fiction film Gattaca ( 1997 ) , " one of the more interesting scripts " Hawke said he had read in " a number of years " , he played the role of a man who infiltrates a society of genetically perfect humans by assuming another man 's identity . Although Gattaca was not a success at the box office it drew generally favorable reviews from critics ; The Fort Worth Star @-@ Telegram reviewer wrote that " Hawke , building on the sympathetic @-@ but @-@ edgy presence that has served him well since his kid @-@ actor days , is most impressive " .
Hawke appeared in the 1998 film Great Expectations , a contemporary film adaptation of the Charles Dickens novel of the same name . During the same year , Hawke 's second collaboration with Linklater , The Newton Boys , based on the true story of the Newton Gang , was released . In 1999 , Hawke starred in Snow Falling on Cedars , based on David Guterson 's novel of the same title . The film received ambivalent reviews and Entertainment Weekly wrote , " Hawke scrunches himself into such a dark knot that we have no idea who Ishmael is or why he acts as he does . "
Hawke 's next film role was in Michael Almereyda 's 2000 film Hamlet , in which he played the title character . The film transposed the famous William Shakespeare play to contemporary New York City , a technique Hawke felt made the play more " accessible and vital " . Salon reviewer wrote : " Hawke certainly isn 't the greatest Hamlet of living memory ... but his performance reinforces Hamlet 's place as Shakespeare 's greatest character . And in that sense , he more than holds his own in the long line of actors who 've played the part . "
In 2001 , Hawke appeared in two more Linklater movies : Waking Life and Tape , both critically acclaimed . In the animated Waking Life , he shared a single scene with former co @-@ star Delpy continuing conversations begun in Before Sunrise . The real @-@ time drama Tape , based on a play by Stephen Belber , took place entirely in a single motel room with three characters played by Hawke , Robert Sean Leonard and Uma Thurman . Hawke regarded Tape as his " first adult performance " , a performance noted by Roger Ebert for its " physical and verbal acting mastery " .
= = = 2001 – 2006 : Training Day , Oscar nominations and Directorial debut = = =
Hawke 's next role , and one for which he received substantial critical acclaim , came in Training Day ( 2001 ) . Hawke played rookie cop Jake Hoyt , alongside Denzel Washington , as one of a pair of narcotics detectives from the Los Angeles Police Department spending 24 hours in the gang neighborhoods of South Los Angeles . The film was a box office hit , taking $ 104 million worldwide , and garnered generally favorable reviews . Variety wrote that " Hawke adds feisty and cunning flourishes to his role that allow him to respectably hold his own under formidable circumstances . " Paul Clinton of CNN reported that Hawke 's performance was " totally believable as a doe @-@ eyed rookie going toe @-@ to @-@ toe with a legend [ Washington ] " . Hawke himself described Training Day as his " best experience in Hollywood " . His performance earned him Screen Actors Guild and Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor .
Hawke pursued a number of projects away from acting throughout the early 2000s . He made his directorial debut with Chelsea Walls ( 2002 ) , an independent drama about five struggling artists living in the famed Chelsea Hotel in New York City . The film was critically and financially unsuccessful . A second novel , 2002 's Ash Wednesday , was better received and made the New York Times Best Seller list . The tale of an AWOL soldier and his pregnant girlfriend , the novel attracted critical praise . The Guardian called it " sharply and poignantly written ... makes for an intense one @-@ sitting read " . The New York Times noted that in the book Hawke displayed " a novelist 's innate gifts ... a sharp eye , a fluid storytelling voice and the imagination to create complicated individuals " , but was " weaker at narrative tricks that can be taught " . In 2003 Hawke made a television appearance , guest starring in the second season of the television series Alias , where he portrayed a mysterious CIA agent .
In 2004 Hawke returned to film , starring in two features , Taking Lives and Before Sunset . Upon release , Taking Lives received broadly negative reviews , but Hawke 's performance was favored by critics , with the Star Tribune noting that he " plays a complex character persuasively " . Before Sunset , the sequel to Before Sunrise ( 1995 ) co @-@ written by Hawke , Linklater , and Delpy , was much more successful . The Hartford Courant wrote that the three collaborators " keep Jesse and Celine iridescent and fresh , one of the most delightful and moving of all romantic movie couples . " Hawke called it one of his favorite movies , a " romance for realists " . Before Sunset was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay , Hawke 's first screenwriting Oscar nomination .
Hawke starred in the 2005 action thriller Assault on Precinct 13 , a loose remake of John Carpenter 's 1976 film of the same title , with an updated plot . The film received reasonable reviews ; some critics praised the dark swift feel of the film , while others compared it unfavorably to John Carpenter 's original . Hawke also appeared that year in the political crime thriller Lord of War , playing an Interpol agent chasing an arms dealer played by Nicolas Cage . In 2006 , Hawke was cast in a supporting role in Fast Food Nation , directed by Richard Linklater based on Eric Schlosser 's best @-@ selling 2001 book . The same year Hawke directed his second feature , The Hottest State , based on his eponymous 1996 novel . The film was released in August 2007 to a tepid reception .
= = = 2007 – 2012 : Before the Devil Knows You 're Dead and Brooklyn 's Finest = = =
In 2007 , Hawke starred alongside Philip Seymour Hoffman , Marisa Tomei , and Albert Finney in the crime drama Before the Devil Knows You 're Dead . The final work of Sidney Lumet , the film received critical acclaim . USA Today called it " highly entertaining " , describing Hawke and Hoffman 's performances as excellent . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone praised Hawke 's performance , noting that he " digs deep to create a haunting portrayal of loss " .
The following year , Hawke starred with Mark Ruffalo in the crime drama What Doesn 't Kill You . Despite the favorable reception , the film was not given a proper theatrical release due to the bankruptcy of its distributor . In 2009 , Hawke appeared in two features : New York , I Love You , a romance movie comprising 12 short films , and Staten Island , a crime drama co @-@ starring Vincent D 'Onofrio and Seymour Cassel .
In 2010 , Hawke starred as a vampire hematologist in the science fiction horror film Daybreakers . Filmed in Australia with the Spierig brothers , the feature received reasonable reviews , and earned US $ 51 million worldwide . His next role was in Antoine Fuqua 's Brooklyn 's Finest as a corrupt narcotics officer . The film opened in March to a mediocre reception , yet his performance was well @-@ received , with the New York Daily News concluding , " Hawke — continuing an evolution toward stronger , more intense acting than anyone might 've predicted from him 20 years ago — drives the movie . "
In a 2011 television adaptation of Herman Melville 's Moby @-@ Dick , Hawke played the role of Starbuck , the first officer to William Hurt 's Captain Ahab . He then starred opposite Kristin Scott Thomas in Paweł Pawlikowski 's The Woman in the Fifth , a " lush puzzler " about an American novelist struggling to rebuild his life in Paris .
In 2012 , Hawke entered the horror genre for the first time , by playing a true crime writer in Scott Derrickson 's Sinister , which grossed US $ 87 million at the worldwide box office — the film was the first in a series of highly profitable films for Hawke after the start of the new decade . In the week prior to the US opening of Sinister , Hawke explained that he was previously turned off by horror because good acting is not always required for success ; however , the producer of Sinister , Jason Blum , formerly ran a theater company with Hawke , and made the offer to the actor based on the character and director :
... when I was younger , I ran a theater company with this guy , Jason Blum . And he loved horror movies and he went on to create his own little subgenre with " Paranormal Activity . " And he kept trying to talk to me about how I should love this whole genre . And I told him : I 've never had a script with a really great character and a real filmmaker attached to it that I 'd be interested in . So , he brought me into it .
= = = 2013 – present : Before Midnight and Boyhood = = =
During 2013 , Hawke starred in three films of different genres . Before Midnight , the third installment of the Before series , reunited Hawke with Delpy and Linklater . Like its predecessors , the film garnered a considerable degree of critical acclaim ; Variety wrote that " one of the great movie romances of the modern era achieves its richest and fullest expression in Before Midnight , " and called the scene in the hotel room " one for the actors ' handbook . " The film earned co @-@ writers Hawke , Linklater , and Delpy another Academy Award nomination , for Best Adapted Screenplay .
Hawke then starred in the horror @-@ thriller The Purge , about an American future where crime is legal for one night of the year . Despite mixed reviews , the film topped the weekend box office with a US $ 34 million debut , the biggest opening of Hawke 's career . Hawke 's third film of 2013 was the action film Getaway , which was both critically and commercially unsuccessful .
The release of Linklater 's Boyhood , a film shot over the course of 12 years , occurred in mid @-@ 2014 . It follows the life of an American boy from age 6 to 18 , with Hawke playing the protagonist 's father . The film became the best @-@ reviewed film of 2014 , and was named " Best Film " of the year by numerous critics associations . Hawke said in an interview that the attention was a surprise to him . When he first became involved with Linklater 's project , it did not feel like a " proper movie , " and was like a " radical ' 60s film experiment or something " . At the following awards season , the film was nominated for Academy Award for Best Picture , while winning Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama and BAFTA Award for Best Film . It also earned Hawke multiple awards nominations , including the Academy , BAFTA , Golden Globe , and SAG Award for Best Supporting Actor .
Hawke next worked with the Spierig brothers again on the science fiction thriller Predestination , in which Hawke plays a time @-@ traveling agent on his final assignment . Following its premiere at the 2014 SXSW Film Festival , the film was released in Australia in August 2014 and in the US in January 2015 . The film received largely positive reviews and was nominated for the AACTA Award for Best Film .
In September 2014 , Hawke 's documentary debut , Seymour : An Introduction , screened at the Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) , winning second runner @-@ up for TIFF 's People 's Choice Award for Best Documentary . Conceived after a dinner party at which both Hawke and Bernstein were present , the film is a profile of classical musician Seymour Bernstein , who explained that , even though he is typically a very private person , he was unable to decline Hawke 's directorial request because he is " so endearing " . Bernstein and Hawke developed a friendship through the filming process , and the classical pianist performed for one of Hawke 's theater groups . The film was well @-@ received among critics and enjoyed a limited release in March 2015 .
At the time of a November 2014 interview , Hawke was in the process of filming a new narrative film project about the life of jazz musician Chet Baker . Titled Born to Be Blue , the film is set in 1969 and focuses on Baker 's relationship with girlfriend Diane Vavra . In a December 2014 " Actors on Actors " feature for Variety Media , Hawke said in a filmed discussion with Keira Knightley that actors need " thin skin and a lot of perseverance " . Other upcoming projects for Hawke include the modern @-@ day adaptation of Shakespeare 's play Cymbeline ; the coming @-@ of @-@ age drama Ten Thousand Saints ; Andrew Niccol 's Good Kill ; and Alejandro Amenábar 's thriller film Regression .
= = = Stage career = = =
Hawke has described theater as his " first love " , a place where he is " free to be more creative " . Hawke made his Broadway debut in 1992 , portraying the playwright Konstantin Treplev in Anton Chekhov 's The Seagull at the Lyceum Theater in Manhattan . The following year Hawke was a co @-@ founder and the artistic director of Malaparte , a Manhattan theater company , which survived until 2000 . Outside the New York stage , Hawke made an appearance in a 1995 production of Sam Shepard 's Buried Child , directed by Gary Sinise at the Steppenwolf Theater in Chicago . In 1999 , he starred as Kilroy in the Tennessee Williams play Camino Real at the Williamstown Theater Festival in Massachusetts .
Hawke returned to Broadway in Jack O 'Brien 's 2003 production of Henry IV , playing Henry Percy ( Hotspur ) . New York magazine wrote : " Ethan Hawke 's Hotspur ... is a compelling , ardent creation . " Ben Brantley of the New York Times reported that Hawke 's interpretation of Hotspur might be " too contemporary for some tastes , " but allowed " great fun to watch as he fumes and fulminates . " In 2005 Hawke starred in the Off @-@ Broadway revival of David Rabe 's dark comedy Hurlyburly . New York Times critic Brantley praised Hawke 's performance as the central character Eddie , reporting that " he captures with merciless precision the sense of a sharp mind turning flaccid " . The performance earned Hawke a Lucille Lortel Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor .
From November 2006 to May 2007 , Hawke starred as Mikhail Bakunin in Tom Stoppard 's trilogy play The Coast of Utopia , an eight @-@ hour @-@ long production at the Lincoln Center Theater in New York . The Los Angeles Times complimented Hawke 's take on Bakunin , writing : " Ethan Hawke buzzes in and out as Bakunin , a strangely appealing enthusiast on his way to becoming a famous anarchist . " The performance earned Hawke his first Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actor in a Play . In November 2007 he directed Things We Want , a two @-@ act play by Jonathan Marc Sherman , for the artist @-@ driven Off @-@ Broadway company The New Group . The play has four characters played by Paul Dano , Peter Dinklage , Josh Hamilton , and Zoe Kazan . New York magazine praised Hawke 's " understated direction " , particularly his ability to " steer a gifted cast away from the histrionics " .
The following year Hawke received the Michael Mendelson Award for Outstanding Commitment to the Theater . In his acceptance speech Hawke said " I don 't know why they 're honoring me . I think the real reason they are honoring me is to help raise money for the theater company . Whenever the economy gets hit hard , one of the first thing [ sic ] to go is people 's giving , and last on that list of things people give to is the arts because they feel it 's not essential . I guess I 'm here to remind people that the arts are essential to our mental health as a country . "
In 2009 , Hawke appeared in two plays under British director Sam Mendes : as Trofimov in Chekhov 's The Cherry Orchard and as Autolycus in Shakespeare 's The Winter 's Tale . The two productions , launched in New York as part of the Bridge Project , went on an eight @-@ month tour in six countries . The Cherry Orchard won a mixed review from the New York Daily News , which wrote " Ethan Hawke ... fits the image of the ' mangy ' student Trofimov , but one wishes he didn 't speak with a perennial frog in his throat . " Hawke 's performance in The Winter 's Tale was better received , earning him a Drama Desk Award nomination for Outstanding Featured Actor in a Play .
In January 2010 , Hawke directed his second play , A Lie of the Mind , by Sam Shepard on the New York stage . It was the first major Off @-@ Broadway revival of the play since its 1985 premiere . Hawke said that he was drawn to the play 's take on " the nature of reality " , and its " weird juxtaposition of humor and mysticism " . In his review for the New York Times , Ben Brantley noted the production 's " scary , splendid clarity " , and praised Hawke for eliciting a performance that " connoisseurs of precision acting will be savoring for years to come " . Entertainment Weekly commented that although A Lie of the Mind " wobbles a bit in its late stages " , Hawke 's " hearty " revival managed to " resurrect the spellbinding uneasiness of the original " . The production garnered five Lucille Lortel Award nominations including Outstanding Revival , and earned Hawke a Drama Desk Award nomination for Outstanding Director of a Play .
Hawke next starred in the Off @-@ Broadway premiere of a new play , Tommy Nohilly 's Blood from a Stone , from December 2010 to February 2011 . The play was not a critical success , but Hawke 's portrayal of the central character Travis earned positive feedback ; The New York Times said he was " remarkably good at communicating the buried sensitivity beneath Travis 's veneer of wary resignation . " A contributor from the New York Post noted it was Hawke 's " best performance in years " . Hawke won an Obie Award for his role in Blood from a Stone . The following year Hawke played the title role in Chekhov 's Ivanov at the Classic Stage Company . In early 2013 he starred in and directed a new play Clive , inspired by Bertolt Brecht 's Baal and written by Jonathan Marc Sherman . He then returned to Broadway to take the title role in Macbeth at the Lincoln Center Theater , but his performance failed to win over the critics , with the New York Post calling it " underwhelming " for showing untimely restraint in a flashy production .
= = Personal life = =
Hawke lives in Boerum Hill , a Brooklyn neighborhood in New York City , and owns a small island in Nova Scotia , Canada . Hawke is a great @-@ grandnephew of Tennessee Williams on his father 's side . Hawke 's maternal grandfather , Howard Lemuel Green , served five terms in the Texas Legislature and was a minor @-@ league baseball commissioner .
= = = Family = = =
On May 1 , 1998 , Hawke married actress Uma Thurman , whom he had met on the set of Gattaca in 1996 . They have two children : daughter Maya ( b . 1998 ) and son Levon ( b . 2002 ) . The couple separated in 2003 , amid allegations of Hawke 's infidelity , and filed for divorce the following year . The divorce was finalized in August 2005 .
Hawke married for a second time in June 2008 , wedding Ryan Shawhughes , who had briefly worked as a nanny to his and Thurman 's children before graduating from Columbia University . Dismissing speculation about their relationship , Hawke said , " ... my [ first ] marriage disintegrated due to many pressures , none of which were remotely connected to Ryan . " They have two daughters : Clementine Jane ( b . 2008 ) and Indiana ( b . 2011 ) .
= = = Philanthropy = = =
Hawke is a long @-@ time supporter of the Doe Fund which helps homeless people obtain housing and employment . He has served as a co @-@ chair of the New York Public Library 's Young Lions Committee , one of New York 's major philanthropic boards . In 2001 Hawke co @-@ founded the Young Lions Fiction Award , an annual prize for achievements in fiction writing by authors under age 35 . In November 2010 , he was honored as a Library Lion by the New York Public Library . In May 2016 , Hawke joined the library ’ s board of trustees .
= = = Politics = = =
He supports the United States Democratic Party , and supported Bill Bradley , John Kerry and Barack Obama for President of the United States in 2000 , 2004 and 2008 , respectively . Hawke is also an activist for gay rights and in March 2011 , he and his wife released a video supporting same @-@ sex marriage in New York .
In an October 2012 interview , Hawke said that he prefers great art over politics , explaining that his preference shows " how little " he cares about the latter :
... I think about the first people of our generation to do great art . I see Michael Chabon write a great book ; when I see Philip Seymour Hoffman do Death of a Salesman last year — I see people of my generation being fully realized in their work , and I find that really kind of exciting . But politics ? I don 't know . Paul Ryan is certainly not my man .
= = Filmography = =
= = Publications = =
Hawke , Ethan ( 1996 ) . The Hottest State : A Novel ( 1st ed . ) . Boston : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 316 @-@ 54083 @-@ 4 . OCLC 34474927 .
Hawke , Ethan ( 2002 ) . Ash Wednesday : A Novel ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 375 @-@ 41326 @-@ 1 . OCLC 48967928 .
Hawke , Ethan ( 2015 ) . Rules for a Knight ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 @-@ 0307962331 .
Hawke , Ethan ( 2016 ) . Indeh : A Story of the Apache Wars ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Grand Central Publishing . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 401 @-@ 31099 @-@ 8 .
Hawke , Ethan ( April 2009 ) . " The Last Outlaw Poet " . Rolling Stone ( 1076 ) : 50 – 61 , 78 – 79 . ISSN 0035 @-@ 791X . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2009 .
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= Washington Park Subdivision =
The Washington Park Subdivision is the name of the historic 3 @-@ city block by 8 @-@ city block subdivision in the northwest corner of the Woodlawn community area , on the South Side of Chicago in Illinois that stands in the place of the original Washington Park Race Track . The area evolved as a redevelopment of the land previously occupied by the racetrack . It was originally an exclusively white neighborhood that included residential housing , amusement parks , and beer gardens .
During the late 1920s and 1930s , the area became the subject of discriminatory twenty @-@ year covenants , which were determined to be invalid by the United States Supreme Court , when challenged in a seminal case by Carl Hansberry . The case is a vital part of legal studies and considered an important part of a broad class of histories . The play Raisin in the Sun is based on Lorraine Hansberry 's struggles in this neighborhood .
= = Location = =
Due to the non @-@ rectangular shape of the Washington Park community area , the original Washington Park Race Track actually occupied the Southern two @-@ thirds of the Washington Park Subdivision , which is an 8 @-@ city block by 3 @-@ city block area in northwest corner of the Woodlawn community area and bounded by Dr. Martin Luther King Drive to the west , South Cottage Grove Avenue to the East , East 60th Street to the North and East 63rd Street to the South . This is the area directly south of Washington Park and both south and east of the Washington Park community area . It would be part of the Washington Park community area if the community area were to complete its logical proper rectangle .
= = Historical significance = =
Between 1884 and 1905 , the race track occupied part of the area now known as Washington Park Subdivision . After the city outlawed gambling , the area was redeveloped as a residential housing subdivision with neighboring commercial recreation such as the White City amusement park that flourished until the Great Depression . The neighborhood also included a beer garden that was remodeled by Frank Lloyd Wright .
Between 1900 and 1934 , the African American population in Chicago grew from 30 @,@ 000 to 236 @,@ 000 . In this time , Chicago 's demographics changed so that instead of having this population diluted in scattered places , it was concentrated in two large strips of land . The concentration was enforced by violence at first , but restrictive covenants became the preferred way to enforce segregation after a few decades .
When necessary , community organizations used violence to pursue their segregationist purposes , and between 1917 and 1921 , bomb use discouraged encroachment into majority white neighborhoods . The bombs were used at the residences of African Americans as well as the properties of real estate agents and bankers . In 1919 , African American banking magnate Jesse Binga , the owner of the first Chicago bank to be operated by African Americans , and the first African American who lived in the Washington Park Subdivison , endured five bombings of his home by angry whites . Binga lived on the block diagonally northwest of the northwest boundary of the subdivision at 5922 South Dr. Martin Luther King , Jr . Drive .
Although they were previously rare , racially restrictive covenants among property owners that outlawed the purchase , lease , or occupation of their properties by African Americans became common in Chicago in the 1920s , following the Great Migration . Local businessmen and the University of Chicago became alarmed at the prospect of poorer African Americans moving from the Black Belt due to a combination of racial succession and economic decline . In 1926 , the United States Supreme Court upheld racially restrictive covenants in Corrigan v. Buckley ( 271 U.S. 323 ( 1926 ) ) . In 1927 , the Chicago Real Estate Board ( CREB ) sent representatives throughout the city to promote such covenants , which it viewed as a progressive alternative to violence . The board representatives provided model contracts drafted by the Chicago Plan Commission as part of their efforts . By 1928 , the Hyde Park Herald reported that the covenants prevailed throughout the South Side , and 95 % of the homes in the subdivision were covenanted . Most African American neighborhoods were bounded by covenanted areas since 85 % of Chicago was covenanted .
= = Legal issues = =
Between 1928 and 1940 , the subdivision was a legal battleground . In 1928 , landlords in the subdivision signed the covenants in which they agreed that they would not rent to non @-@ whites . The language of the covenants state that no properties in the subdivision " ... shall be sold , given , conveyed or leased to any negro or negroes , and no permission or license to use or occupy any part thereof shall be given to any negro except house servants or janitors or chauffeurs employed thereon ... " The covenants were signed by " owners of land on the one or the other side of Evans , Langley , Champlain , St. Lawrence , Rhodes , Eberhart , Vernon and South Park Avenues , between 60th and 63rd Streets and on 60th , 61st and 62nd Streets between South Park and Cottage Grove Avenues " on September 30 , 1927 , and they were recorded at the Cook County Register of Deeds on February 1 , 1928 . They were intended to be valid and in force until January 1 , 1948 .
The Great Depression decreased white demand for the subdivision 's properties . A few well @-@ off African Americans convinced some owners to sell properties to them . The most famous case was that of Dr. James L. Hall , who rented a property located at 419 E. 60th St. from the white Issac Kleiman . In 1933 , Olive Ida Burke ( the wife of Mr. Burke — a future defendant in the famous Hansberry v. Lee case ) sued Kleiman in the case now known as Burke v. Kleiman . The circuit court granted an injunction in favor of the plaintiffs , which was upheld on appeal by the Supreme Court of Illinois . The plaintiffs stipulated that as of 1928 more than 95 % of the property owners signed the covenant . This stipulation was later proved false — only 54 % had actually signed .
In 1937 , Carl Hansberry purchased a property from James Joseph Burke located at 6140 South Rhodes . Anna M. Lee , and other promoters of the covenants , sued to prevent Hansberry 's family from living in the neighborhood . This led to the Hansberry v. Lee , 311 U.S. 32 ( 1940 ) case . Defendants argued that the stipulation made previously in Burke v. Kleiman that more than 95 % of the owners had signed the covenant was false and the case should be reajudicated . Plaintiffs , while admitting to the fact , contended that the principle of res judicata barred courts from rehearing the old arguments . The Illinois courts ruled in favor of plaintiffs . However the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People decided to represent the buyer in the United States Supreme Court . The case caught the attention of national real estate magazines and African American newspapers . The U. S. Supreme Court eventually reversed that ruling stating the application of res judicata in this case would violate Fourteenth Amendment . The play Raisin in the Sun was inspired by Lorraine Hansberry 's time in the neighborhood after her father won the repeal of restrictive covenants .
The result of Hansberry v. Lee led to racial succession . White tenants were often evicted to make way for higher @-@ paying African American renters . By 1950 , the subdivision was over 99 percent African American . The Hansberry case is a seminal case in civil procedure and class action legal studies . It is also considered an important study of African American , Chicago and legal history .
While the purchase case proceeded , some landlords subdivided properties and rented them to blacks at a premium . Some realtors began encouraging white families to move out so that they could rent properties to African Americans . Smaller property owners were pressed to sell to realtors or directly to African Americans because the neighborhood was undergoing a racial transformation . The conditions of this neighborhood are described in a section of Black Metropolis by St. Clair Drake and Horace Roscoe Cayton .
The Supreme Court ruling and several similar rulings led to the racial transformation of the Woodlawn and Hyde Park community areas . Political futures were determined by positions taken on this issue . Future five @-@ term Mayor of Chicago Richard J. Daley ran for Cook County Sheriff in 1946 as a progressive anti @-@ covenant candidate . Eventually , in Shelley v. Kraemer , 334 U.S. 1 ( 1948 ) , which was argued by Thurgood Marshall , the U. S. Supreme Court declared restrictive covenants in general unenforceable .
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