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= André Laguerre = Marc André Laguerre ( February 21 , 1915 – January 18 , 1979 ) was a journalist and magazine editor , best known as the managing editor of Sports Illustrated from 1960 to 1974 , during which time he oversaw the growth in the magazine from a niche publication to become the industry leader in weekly sports magazines . It was under his leadership that the annual Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue was first published . When he retired in 1974 , he had been managing editor of the magazine for 704 issues , then a record among magazines published by Time , Inc . , SI 's parent company . = = Early life and family = = André Laguerre was born June 7 , 1915 in England to Frenchman Léon James Laguerre and his English wife , Dorothy . He was the oldest of three children ; he had a younger brother , Leon and a younger sister , Odette . His father was in the French diplomatic corps , and the family moved frequently during his early years . Before the age of ten , Andre had lived in England , France and Syria . In the summer of 1927 , his father took a post at the French Consulate General in San Francisco . The family lived in the upper @-@ class neighborhood of Sea Cliff , and Andre attended a number of private schools , including the Santa Monica School and St. Ignatius College Preparatory . While in San Francisco , he became a fan of American sports , especially baseball , and also had his first job in journalism , as a copyboy for the San Francisco Chronicle . In 1929 , he was sent back to England for school . He graduated in 1931 , having earned an Oxford Certificate , but he declined to matriculate at Oxford University , instead preferring to pursue a career as a journalist . He enrolled in a correspondence course , and took a job at a book store to support himself . = = Early career and military service = = He worked hard for many years as a freelance journalist , and began to be noticed for his writing . He wrote for both English language and French language publications . In 1938 , he covered the Munich Agreement for the French daily Paris @-@ Soir . When World War II broke out , he enlisted in the French Army as a corporal . His first assignment was on patrol on the Maginot Line . He later served as a liaison to the British forces at Arras , and remained with them until the Battle of Arras forced their retreat . He stayed with the British forces until the Dunkirk evacuation in 1940 , where he was one of the last to be evacuated . His evacuation ship was sunk by a mine , and he was rescued by a British destroyer , bleeding heavily from a neck wound . Laguerre credited his rescue to his ease with the English language ( his rescuers took him for British ) . He criticised his rescuers in later years for refusing to help Frenchmen who were around him ; many of them drowned . After his rescue and recovery from his injuries , days after Charles de Gaulle 's famous June 18th Speech , he was given the option of being discharged from his duties , or to join the Free French forces . He chose the latter . He was assigned as a sentry guarding Charles de Gaulle 's headquarters . While at that post , he wrote a letter to de Gaulle suggesting techniques to improve the morale of Free French troops . De Gaulle took immediate notice , making him assistant to the chief press attachè . Within a few months , de Gaulle moved Laguerre into the chief position himself , making him his primary press liaison . He followed de Gaulle on his travels to North Africa in 1943 to inspect Free French forces there , and to Washington , D.C. to visit with American President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in 1944 . He stayed on de Gaulle 's staff for a while after the war , but after interviewing with Henry Luce , the head of Time , Inc . , he left de Gaulle 's service to accept a job writing for Time magazine . = = Time = = Laguerre began his Time career in 1946 as one of the magazine 's European correspondents . Working mainly out of the Time Paris bureau , he hobnobbed with Paris 's top citizens ; he was a frequent dinner guest of Albert Camus . He also maintained his connection to sports , first acquired in his youth in San Francisco , by moonlighting as a sports reporter for the Paris @-@ based English @-@ language International Herald Tribune , writing a horse racing column under the pseudonym " Eddie Snow " . Meanwhile , Laguerre was attracting the attention of Time , Inc . ' s top brass . In 1948 , he was promoted to Paris bureau chief and , in December 1950 , he was brought to New York by Time founder Henry Luce for a special one @-@ year assignment to work out of the main Time offices . He returned to Europe in 1951 to serve as London bureau chief . In 1955 , after the sudden death of the Paris bureau chief , he was given that position back , and for a time he held both posts simultaneously . While Time bureau chief of London and Paris , he also spent some time writing about his favorite subject , sports , for the magazine , for which he covered the 1948 Winter Olympics in St. Moritz , Switzerland , and the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , Finland . In early 1956 , he accepted a temporary assignment to head a contingent of writers to cover the 1956 Winter Olympics in Cortina d 'Ampezzo , Italy for Time , Inc . ' s fledgling Sports Illustrated , started two years earlier by Luce . His first article for the magazine was a piece on the dominance of the Soviet Union in their first Winter Olympics . Three months later , Luce installed him as assistant managing editor of Sports Illustrated . On June 7 , 1955 , Laguerre married Princess Nathalie Alexandria Kotchoubey de Beauharnais , a Russian princess and descendant of both Catherine the Great and Joséphine de Beauharnais . The couple had met in 1943 while André was working for General de Gaulle , and Nathalie was a reporter for Time . They had two daughters , Michèle Anne Laguerre and Claudine Hélène Laguerre . = = Sports Illustrated = = As assistant managing editor , his first major assignment was to head the team of reporters and photographers covering the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne , Australia . Among those traveling with Laguerre were Roger Bannister , the former British track and field star and first man in history to run a competition mile in under four minutes , and Roy Terrell , who would eventually succeed Laguerre as managing editor of Sports Illustrated . = = = Managing editor = = = Laguerre was promoted to managing editor of Sports Illustrated in May 1960 , after four years as assistant managing editor . His time at the magazine was instrumental in saving what was , when he took over , a financially insolvent publication . He would serve as managing editor for fourteen years , leading the magazine for a total of 704 issues , then a record among Time , Inc. managing editors . During his tenure , the circulation grew from 900 @,@ 000 to 2 @,@ 250 @,@ 000 issues , and the advertising budget grew from $ 11 @.@ 9 million to $ 72 @.@ 2 million . He altered the look and feel of the magazine , changing its focus from a lifestyle magazine that focused on leisure sports , to one that covered the major American team sports , at a time when television vastly altered the way in which such sports were covered . As such , he kept Sports Illustrated at the head of the growth of interest in these sports . He also placed a heavy emphasis on the use of color photography and late deadline , to keep the magazine up to date and visually appealing . He hired and encouraged writers who were masters at prose , emphasizing writing over sportswriting , and the crop of writers he brought to the magazine , including Frank Deford , Dan Jenkins , Budd Schulberg , and Gil Rogin , helped change the way people wrote about sports . Laguerre had been very guarded about his personal life among his coworkers . Deford , who worked closely with him for many years , and who looked up to him as a mentor , said of him , " Laguerre was a fascinating paradox : He was almost constitutionally withdrawn , but among the friends he chose , he was magnetic . " One publisher called him " A powerful personality " while another called him " A close @-@ mouthed , self @-@ contained man who seemed forbidding to some ... despite his reserve , [ his ] personality was pervading , dominating ; he exuded strength and leadership . " Among his more curious and enduring innovations was the Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue . The winter months , between the college bowl season and the start of Major League Baseball 's spring training , was a slow time for sports journalism . At the time , winter team sports like basketball and ice hockey were regional niche sports , and there was little to write about . Laguerre had instituted an annual February issue titled " Fun in the Sun " , where he sent his staff to an exotic locale to write about and photograph it for his readers . In 1964 , he asked Jule Campbell , then a fashion reporter for Sports Illustrated , to " go to some beautiful place and put a pretty girl on the cover " of that year 's " Fun in the Sun " issue . That year 's issue featured only five pages of girls in swimsuits , and still predominantly featured travel writing , including articles about snorkeling and fish @-@ watching . With the help of that year 's " Fun in the Sun " issue , 1964 became the first year that Sports Illustrated would turn a profit . Though originally only planned as a one @-@ off event , Laguerre was convinced by Sports Illustrated art director Dick Gangel to bring back the swimsuits in 1965 , only " a lot sexier " . Laguerre once again assigned Jule Campbell to scout models and locations . The 1965 issue contained an article entitled " The Nudity Cult " and de @-@ emphasized the travelogue @-@ like writing of previous " Fun in the Sun " issues from which it evolved . Since then , the Swimsuit Issue has become the biggest selling issue of the magazine , and a major cross @-@ over publication for the fashion and modeling worlds as well . Laguerre 's tenure as managing editor had a profound effect on the other 51 issues of the year as well . During the magazine 's first several years , prior to Laguerre 's arrival , the magazine did not place major American team sports at the forefront . As an example , during 1955 and 1956 , the magazine 's first two years , it featured as many articles on fishing as on professional football , 23 articles . By 1965 – 1966 , five years into Laguerre 's term , the magazine published only eight articles on fishing , while it published over 60 articles on pro football . Besides changing the types of sports being covered , the manner in which they were covered changed as well . Under earlier managing editors , the magazine 's writing and editorial staff was organized by department . Thus , there was a fashion department , a travel department , and a sports department , which covered all sports . Laguerre reorganized the magazine , giving each sport its own separate department , so there would be a dedicated staff of writers in the baseball department , and a different boxing department , and another for pro football , and so on . Laguerre also encouraged serious investigative journalism , and did not shy away from controversial issues . In 1961 , writer Ray Cave broke a story on point shaving in college basketball . In 1968 , under Laguerre 's direction , and under secrecy from his superiors , the magazine ran a five @-@ part series on the experience of black athletes in America . Laguerre 's later years showed less success as the magazine became an industry leader . In 1968 , its coverage of the Mexico City Olympics was heavily criticized , having been " scooped " on most stories by both Time and Life magazines . A 1969 book by Jack Olsen , titled The Girls in the Office , embarrassed Time Inc. over its treatment of its female employees , including those at Sports Illustrated . In 1970 , 23 women on staff at Sports Illustrated signed a petition demanding equal treatment . Laguerre relented , promoting Pat Ryan to senior editor , and paying her the same as the men in her same position . By 1973 , Laguerre 's leadership was under a direct challenge from within his staff and from his superiors . A January 1973 story in New York Magazine was highly critical of the degrading quality of the writing and of the stagnating corporate culture at Sports Illustrated . By September of that year , Laguerre was asked to step down as managing editor.He was offered an executive position in corporate offices which he refused and his resignation was complete by February 1 , 1974 . = = Later career and death = = After retiring as managing editor , he remained with Sports Illustrated in order to head a group looking into publishing international editions of the magazine . He was offered the job as managing editor of Playboy , and , insulted by the low $ 45 @,@ 000 salary Hugh Hefner offered him , he turned the job down . In 1975 , he founded a bi @-@ monthly horse @-@ racing magazine , Classic , which he headed until shortly before his death of a heart attack in New York on January 18 , 1979 at the age of sixty @-@ three .
= Windows 10 = Windows 10 is a personal computer operating system developed and released by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems . It was officially unveiled in September 2014 following a brief demo at Build 2014 . The first version of the operating system entered a public beta testing process in October 2014 , leading up to its consumer release on July 29 , 2015 . = = Description and features = = Windows 10 introduces what Microsoft described as " universal apps " ; expanding on Metro @-@ style apps , these apps can be designed to run across multiple Microsoft product families with nearly identical code ‍ — ‌ including PCs , tablets , smartphones , embedded systems , Xbox One , Surface Hub and Windows Holographic . The Windows user interface was revised to handle transitions between a mouse @-@ oriented interface and a touchscreen @-@ optimized interface based on available input devices ‍ — ‌ particularly on 2 @-@ in @-@ 1 PCs ; both interfaces include an updated Start menu which incorporates elements of Windows 7 's traditional Start menu with the tiles of Windows 8 . The first release of Windows 10 also introduces a virtual desktop system , a window and desktop management feature called Task View , the Microsoft Edge web browser , support for fingerprint and face recognition login , new security features for enterprise environments , and DirectX 12 and WDDM 2 @.@ 0 to improve the operating system 's graphics capabilities for games . Microsoft described Windows 10 as an " operating system as a service " that would receive ongoing updates to its features and functionality , augmented with the ability for enterprise environments to receive non @-@ critical updates at a slower pace , or use long @-@ term support milestones that will only receive critical updates , such as security patches , over their five @-@ year lifespan of mainstream support . Terry Myerson , executive vice president of Microsoft 's Windows and Devices Group , argued that the goal of this model was to reduce fragmentation across the Windows platform , as Microsoft aimed to have Windows 10 installed on at least one billion devices in the two to three years following its release . Windows 10 received mostly positive reviews upon its original release in July 2015 ; critics praised Microsoft 's decision to downplay user @-@ interface mechanics introduced by Windows 8 ( including the full screen apps and Start screen ) in non @-@ touch environments to provide a desktop @-@ oriented interface in line with previous versions of Windows , although Windows 10 's touch @-@ oriented user interface mode was panned for containing regressions upon the touch @-@ oriented interface of Windows 8 . Critics also praised the improvements to Windows 10 's bundled software over 8 @.@ 1 , Xbox Live integration , as well as the functionality and capabilities of Cortana personal assistant and the replacement of Internet Explorer with Microsoft Edge . Critics characterized the initial release of Windows 10 in July 2015 as being rushed , citing the incomplete state of some of the operating system 's bundled software ( such as the Edge web browser ) , as well as the stability of the operating system itself on launch . Windows 10 was also criticized for limiting how users can control its operation , including limited controls over the installation of updates on the main consumer @-@ oriented edition in comparison to previous versions . Privacy concerns were also voiced by critics and advocates , as the operating system 's default settings and certain features require the transmission of user data to Microsoft or its partners . Microsoft has also received criticism for how it has distributed Windows 10 to users of existing versions of Windows , which has included the automatic downloads of installation files to computers , the recurring display of pop @-@ ups advertising the upgrade , and allegations of the installation process being scheduled or initiated automatically without expressed user consent . As of June 2016 , Windows 10 use is on the rise , with previous versions of Windows declining in their share of total usage as measured by web traffic . The operating system is running on 350 million active devices and has an estimated usage share of 22 % on personal computers and 12 % across all platforms ( PC , mobile , tablet , and console ) . = = Development = = At the Microsoft Worldwide Partner Conference in 2011 , Andrew Lees , the chief of Microsoft 's mobile technologies , stated that the company intended to have a single software ecosystem for PCs , phones , tablets , and other devices . " We won ’ t have an ecosystem for PCs , and one for phones , and one for tablets ‍ — ‌ they 'll all come together . " In December 2013 , technology writer Mary Jo Foley reported that Microsoft was working on an update to Windows 8 codenamed " Threshold " , after a planet in Microsoft 's Halo video game franchise . Similarly to " Blue " ( which became Windows 8 @.@ 1 ) , Foley called Threshold a " wave of operating systems " across multiple Microsoft platforms and services , scheduled for the second quarter of 2015 . Foley reported that among the goals for Threshold was to create a unified application platform and development toolkit for Windows , Windows Phone and Xbox One ( which all use a similar Windows NT kernel ) . In April 2014 , at the Build Conference , Microsoft 's Terry Myerson unveiled an updated version of Windows 8 @.@ 1 that added the ability to run Windows Store apps inside desktop windows and a more traditional Start menu in place of the Start screen seen in Windows 8 . The new Start menu takes after Windows 7 's design by using only a portion of the screen and including a Windows 7 @-@ style application listing in the first column . The second column displays Windows 8 @-@ style app tiles . Myerson stated that these changes would occur in a future update , but did not elaborate . Microsoft also unveiled the concept of a " universal Windows app " , allowing Windows Store apps created for Windows 8 @.@ 1 to be ported to Windows Phone 8 @.@ 1 and Xbox One while sharing a common codebase , with an interface designed for different device form factors , and allowing user data and licenses for an app to be shared between multiple platforms . Windows Phone 8 @.@ 1 would share nearly 90 % of the common Windows Runtime APIs with Windows 8 @.@ 1 on PCs . Screenshots of a Windows build which purported to be Threshold were leaked in July 2014 , showing the previously presented Start menu and windowed Windows Store apps followed by a further screenshot in September 2014 of a build identifying itself as " Windows Technical Preview " , numbered 9834 , showing a new virtual desktop system , a notification center , and a new File Explorer icon . = = = Announcement = = = Threshold was officially unveiled during a media event on September 30 , 2014 , under the name Windows 10 ; Myerson said that Windows 10 would be Microsoft 's " most comprehensive platform ever " , providing a single , unified platform for desktop computers , laptops , tablets , smartphones , and all @-@ in @-@ one devices . He emphasized that Windows 10 would take steps towards restoring user interface mechanics from Windows 7 to improve the experience for users on non @-@ touch devices , noting criticism of Windows 8 's touch @-@ oriented interface by keyboard and mouse users . Despite these concessions , Myerson noted that the touch @-@ oriented interface would evolve as well on 10 . In describing the changes , Joe Belfiore likened the two operating systems to electric cars , comparing Windows 7 to a first @-@ generation Toyota Prius hybrid , and Windows 10 to an all @-@ electric Tesla ‍ — ‌ considering the latter to be an extension of the technology first introduced in the former . In regards to Microsoft naming the new operating system Windows 10 instead of Windows 9 , Terry Myerson stated that " based on the product that 's coming , and just how different our approach will be overall , it wouldn 't be right to call it Windows 9 . " He also joked that they could not call it " Windows One " ( alluding to several recent Microsoft products with a similar brand , such as OneDrive , OneNote , and Xbox One ) because Windows 1 @.@ 0 already existed . Tony Prophet , Microsoft Vice President of Windows Marketing , stated at a San Francisco conference in October 2014 that Windows 9 " came and went " , and that Windows 10 is not " an incremental step from Windows 8 @.@ 1 , " but " a material step . We 're trying to create one platform , one eco @-@ system that unites as many of the devices [ sic ] from the small embedded Internet of Things , through tablets , through phones , through PCs and , ultimately , into the Xbox . " Further details surrounding Windows 10 's consumer @-@ oriented features were presented during another media event held on January 21 , 2015 , entitled " Windows 10 : The Next Chapter " . The keynote featured the unveiling of Cortana integration within the operating system , new Xbox @-@ oriented features , Windows 10 Mobile , an updated Office Mobile suite , Surface Hub ‍ — ‌ a large @-@ screened Windows 10 device for enterprise collaboration based upon Perceptive Pixel technology , along with HoloLens ‑ augmented reality eyewear and an associated platform for building apps that can render holograms through HoloLens . Additional developer @-@ oriented details surrounding the " Universal Windows Platform " concept were revealed and discussed during Microsoft 's developers ' conference Build . Among them were the unveiling of " Islandwood " , which provides a middleware toolchain for compiling Objective @-@ C based software ( particularly , iOS software ) to run as universal apps on Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile . A port of Candy Crush Saga made using the toolkit , which shared much of its code with the iOS version , was demonstrated , alongside the announcement that the King @-@ developed game would be bundled with Windows 10 at launch . = = = Release = = = On June 1 , 2015 , Microsoft first announced that Windows 10 would be released on July 29 , 2015 . Microsoft began an advertising campaign centering on Windows 10 , " Upgrade Your World " , on July 20 , 2015 with the premiere of television commercials in Australia , Canada , France , Germany , Japan , the United Kingdom , and the United States . The commercials focused on the tagline " A more human way to do " , emphasizing new features and technologies supported by Windows 10 that sought to provide a more " personal " experience to users . The campaign culminated with launch events in thirteen cities on July 29 , which celebrated " the unprecedented role our biggest fans played in the development of Windows 10 " . = = Features = = Windows 10 harmonizes the user experience and functionality between different classes of device , and addresses shortcomings in the user interface that were introduced in Windows 8 . Windows 10 Mobile , the successor to Windows Phone 8 @.@ 1 , shares some user interface elements and apps with its PC counterpart . The Windows Runtime app ecosystem was revised into the Universal Windows Platform ( UWP ) . These universal apps are made to run across multiple platforms and device classes , including smartphones , tablets , Xbox One consoles , and other compatible Windows 10 devices . Windows apps share code across platforms , have responsive designs that adapt to the needs of the device and available inputs , can synchronize data between Windows 10 devices ( including notifications , credentials , and allowing cross @-@ platform multiplayer for games ) , and are distributed through a unified Windows Store . Developers can allow " cross @-@ buys " , where purchased licenses for an app apply to all of the user 's compatible devices , rather than only the one they purchased on ( e.g. , a user purchasing an app on PC is also entitled to use the smartphone version at no extra cost ) . On Windows 10 , Windows Store serves as a unified storefront for apps , Groove Music ( formerly Xbox Music ) , and Movies & TV ( formerly Xbox Video ) . Windows 10 also allows web apps and desktop software ( using either Win32 or .NET Framework ) to be packaged for distribution on the Windows Store . Desktop software distributed through Windows Store is packaged using the App @-@ V system to allow sandboxing . = = = User interface and desktop = = = A new iteration of the Start menu is used on the Windows 10 desktop , with a list of places and other options on the left side , and tiles representing applications on the right . The menu can be resized , and expanded into a full @-@ screen display , which is the default option in Tablet mode . A new virtual desktop system was added . A feature known as Task View displays all open windows and allows users to switch between them , or switch between multiple workspaces . Windows Store apps , which previously could be used only in full screen mode , can now be used in self @-@ contained windows similarly to other programs . Program windows can now be snapped to quadrants of the screen by dragging them to the corner . When a window is snapped to one side of the screen , Task View appears and the user is prompted to choose a second window to fill the unused side of the screen ( called " Snap Assist " ) . Windows ' system icons were also changed . Charms have been removed ; their functionality in Windows Store apps is accessed from an App commands menu on their titlebar . In its place is Action Center , which displays notifications and settings toggles . It is accessed by clicking an icon in the system tray , or dragging from the right of the screen . Notifications can be synced between multiple devices . The Settings app ( formerly PC Settings ) was refreshed and now includes more options that were previously exclusive to the desktop Control Panel . Windows 10 is designed to adapt its user interface based on the type of device being used and available input methods . It offers two separate user interface modes : a user interface optimized for mouse and keyboard , and a " Tablet mode " designed for touchscreens . Users can toggle between these two modes at any time , and Windows can prompt or automatically switch when certain events occur , such as disabling Tablet mode on a tablet if a keyboard or mouse is plugged in , or when a 2 @-@ in @-@ 1 PC is switched to its laptop state . In Tablet mode , programs default to a maximized view , and the taskbar contains a back button and hides buttons for opened or pinned programs ; Task View is used instead to switch between programs . The full screen Start menu is used in this mode , similarly to Windows 8 , but scrolls vertically instead of horizontally . = = = System security = = = Windows 10 incorporates multi @-@ factor authentication technology based upon standards developed by the FIDO Alliance . The operating system includes improved support for biometric authentication through the Windows Hello and Passport platforms ; devices with supported cameras ( requiring infrared illumination , such as Intel RealSense ) allow users to log in with face- or iris @-@ recognition , similarly to Kinect . Devices with supported readers support fingerprint @-@ recognition login . Credentials are stored locally and protected using asymmetric encryption . The Passport platform allows networks , software and websites to authenticate users using either a PIN or biometric login to verify their identity , without sending a password . The enterprise version of Windows 10 offers additional security features ; administrators can set up policies for the automatic encryption of sensitive data , selectively block applications from accessing encrypted data , and enable Device Guard ‍ — ‌ a system which allows administrators to enforce a high security environment by blocking the execution of software that is not digitally signed by a trusted vendor or Microsoft . Device Guard is designed to protect against zero @-@ day exploits , and runs inside a hypervisor so that its operation remains separated from the operating system itself . = = = Command line = = = Win32 console windows can now be resized without any restrictions , can be made to cover the full screen by pressing Alt + ↵ Enter , and can use standard keyboard shortcuts , such as those for cut , copy , and paste . Other features such as word wrap and transparency were also added . These functions can be disabled to revert to the legacy console , if needed . " Redstone " adds Windows Subsystem for Linux , a version of the Ubuntu user space that can run natively on Windows . The subsystem translates Linux system calls that Ubuntu uses to those of the Windows NT kernel . This allows the Bash and other 64 @-@ bit Ubuntu command line apps to run within the Windows console ; however , Bash cannot run Windows software and Windows cannot run Linux software . = = = Storage requirements = = = To reduce the storage footprint of the operating system , Windows 10 automatically compresses system files . The system can reduce the storage footprint of Windows by approximately 1 @.@ 5 GB for 32 @-@ bit systems and 2 @.@ 6 GB for 64 @-@ bit systems . The level of compression used is dependent on a performance assessment performed during installations or by OEMs , which tests how much compression can be used without harming operating system performance . Furthermore , the Refresh and Reset functions use runtime system files instead , making a separate recovery partition redundant , allowing patches and updates to remain installed following the operation , and further reducing the amount of space required for Windows 10 by up to 12 GB . These functions replace the WIMBoot mode introduced on Windows 8 @.@ 1 Update , which allowed OEMs to configure low @-@ capacity devices with flash @-@ based storage to use Windows system files out of the compressed WIM image typically used for installation and recovery . Windows 10 also includes a function in its Settings app that allows users to view a breakdown of how their device 's storage capacity is being used by different types of files , and determine whether certain types of files are saved to internal storage or an SD card by default . = = = Online services and functionality = = = Windows 10 introduces a new default web browser , Microsoft Edge . It features a new standards @-@ compliant rendering engine forked from Trident , annotation tools , and offers integration with other Microsoft platforms present within Windows 10 . Internet Explorer 11 is maintained on Windows 10 for compatibility purposes , but is deprecated in favor of Edge and will no longer be actively developed . Windows 10 incorporates Microsoft 's intelligent personal assistant , Cortana , which was first introduced with Windows Phone 8 @.@ 1 in 2014 . Cortana replaced Windows ' embedded search feature , supporting both text and voice input . Many of its features are a direct carryover from Windows Phone , including integration with Bing , setting reminders , a Notebook feature for managing personal information , as well as searching for files , playing music , launching applications and setting reminders or sending emails . Cortana is implemented as a universal search box located alongside the Start and Task View buttons , which can be hidden or condensed to a single button . Microsoft Family Safety is replaced by Microsoft Family , a parental controls system that applies across Windows platforms and Microsoft online services . Users can create a designated family , and monitor and restrict the actions of users designated as children , such as access to websites , enforcing age ratings on Windows Store purchases , and other restrictions . The service can also send weekly e @-@ mail reports to parents detailing a child 's computer usage . Unlike previous versions of Windows , Child accounts in a family must be associated with a Microsoft account ‍ — ‌ which allows these settings to apply across all Windows 10 devices that a particular child is using . Windows 10 also offers the Wi @-@ Fi Sense feature originating from Windows Phone 8 @.@ 1 ; users can optionally have their device automatically connect to suggested open hotspots , and share their home network 's password with contacts ( either via Skype , People , or Facebook ) so they may automatically connect to the network on a Windows 10 device without needing to manually enter its password . Credentials are stored in an encrypted form on Microsoft servers , and sent to the devices of the selected contacts . Passwords are not viewable by the guest user , and the guest user is not allowed to access other computers or devices on the network . Wi @-@ Fi Sense is not usable on 802.1X @-@ encrypted networks . Adding " _ optout " at the end of the SSID will also block the corresponding network from being used for this feature . Universal calling and messaging apps for Windows 10 are built in as of the November 2015 update : Messaging , Skype Video , and Phone . These offer built @-@ in alternatives to the Skype download and sync with Windows 10 Mobile . = = = Multimedia and gaming = = = Windows 10 provides heavier integration with the Xbox ecosystem . Xbox SmartGlass is succeeded by the Xbox app , which allows users to browse their game library ( including both PC and Xbox console games ) , and Game DVR is also available using a keyboard shortcut , allowing users to save the last 30 seconds of gameplay as a video that can be shared to Xbox Live , OneDrive , or elsewhere . Windows 10 also allows users to control and play games from an Xbox One console over a local network . The Xbox Live SDK allows application developers to incorporate Xbox Live functionality into their apps , and future wireless Xbox One accessories , such as controllers , are supported on Windows with an adapter . Microsoft also intends to allow cross @-@ buys and save synchronization between Xbox One and Windows 10 versions of games ; Microsoft Studios games such as ReCore and Quantum Break are intended as being exclusive to Windows 10 and Xbox One . Candy Crush Saga and Microsoft Solitaire Collection are also automatically installed upon installation of Windows 10 . Windows 10 adds native game recording and screenshot capture ability using the newly introduced game bar . Users can also have the OS continuously record gameplay in the background , which , then , allows the user to save the last few , user configurable , moments of gameplay to the hard disk . Windows 10 adds FLAC and HEVC codecs and support for the Matroska media container , allowing these formats to be opened in Windows Media Player and other applications . = = = = DirectX 12 = = = = Windows 10 includes DirectX 12 , alongside WDDM 2 @.@ 0 . Unveiled March 2014 at GDC , DirectX 12 aims to provide " console @-@ level efficiency " with " closer to the metal " access to hardware resources , and reduced CPU and graphics driver overhead . Most of the performance improvements are achieved through low @-@ level programming , which allow developers to use resources more efficiently and reduce single @-@ threaded CPU bottlenecking caused by abstraction through higher level APIs . DirectX 12 will also feature support for vendor agnostic multi @-@ GPU setups . WDDM 2 @.@ 0 introduces a new virtual memory management and allocation system to reduce workload on the kernel @-@ mode driver . = = Removed features = = Windows Media Center was discontinued , and is uninstalled when upgrading from a previous version of Windows . Upgraded Windows installations with Media Center will receive the paid app Windows DVD Player free of charge for a limited , but unspecified , time . Microsoft had previously relegated Media Center and integrated DVD playback support to a paid add @-@ on beginning on Windows 8 due to the cost of licensing the required DVD decoders , and the increasing number of PC devices that do not have optical drives at all . The OneDrive built @-@ in sync client , which was introduced in Windows 8 @.@ 1 , no longer supports offline placeholders for online @-@ only files in Windows 10 . Functionality to view offline files is expected to be added in the future by a new Windows app . Users are no longer able to synchronize Start menu layouts across all devices associated with a Microsoft account . A Microsoft developer justified the change by explaining that a user may have different applications they want to emphasize on each device that they use , rather than use the same configuration across each device . The ability to automatically install a Windows Store app across all devices associated with an account was also removed . Web browsers can no longer set themselves as a user 's default without further intervention ; changing the default web browser must be performed manually by the user from Settings ' " Default apps " page , ostensibly to prevent browser hijacking . Parental controls no longer support browsers other than Internet Explorer and Edge , and the ability to control browsing by a whitelist was removed . Also removed were the ability to control local accounts , the ability to scan a machine for applications to allow and block , and the " Curfew " feature where a parent could specify allowed times . The Food & Drink , Health & Fitness , and Travel apps have been discontinued . While all Windows 10 editions include fonts that provide broad language support , some fonts for Middle Eastern and East Asian languages ( Arabic , Chinese , Hindi , Japanese , Korean , etc . ) are no longer included with the standard installation to reduce storage space used , but are available without charge as optional font packages . When software invokes text in languages other than those for which the system is configured and does not use the Windows font fallback mechanisms designed always to display legible glyphs , Windows displays unsupported characters as a default " not defined " glyph , a square or rectangular box , or a box with a dot , question mark or " x " inside . Windows Defender could be integrated into File Explorer 's context menu in Windows 8.x , but Microsoft initially removed integration from Windows 10 , restoring it in Windows 10 build 10571 in response to user feedback . User control over Windows Updates was removed . In earlier versions users could opt for updates to be installed automatically , or to be notified so they could update as and when they wished , or not to be notified ; and they could choose which updates to install , using information about the updates . Windows 10 Pro and Enterprise users may be configured by an administrator to defer updates , but only for a limited time . For example , in its Canadian licensing agreement , users of Windows 10 " may stop receiving updates on your device by turning off Internet access . If and when you re @-@ connect to the Internet , the software will resume checking for and installing updates . " Under the Windows end @-@ user license agreement , users consent to the automatic installation of all updates , features and drivers provided by the service , and to the automatic removal or changes to features being modified or no longer provided . Build 14328 removes Windows Journal . Build 14342 modifies the Wi @-@ Fi Sense feature to remove its ability to share Wi @-@ Fi credentials with other contacts ; Wi @-@ Fi passwords can still be synced between devices tied to the same Microsoft account . = = Editions and pricing = = Windows 10 is available in four main editions for personal computer devices , of which the Home and Pro versions are sold at retail in most countries , and as pre @-@ loaded software on new computers . Home is aimed at home users , while Pro is aimed at small businesses and enthusiasts . Each edition of Windows 10 includes all of the capabilities and features of the edition below it , and add additional features oriented towards their market segments ; for example , Pro adds additional networking and security features such as BitLocker , Device Guard , Windows Update for Business , and the ability to join a domain . The remaining editions , Enterprise and Education , contain additional features aimed towards business environments , and are only available through volume licensing . As part of Microsoft 's unification strategies , Windows products that are based on Windows 10 's common platform but meant for specialized platforms are marketed as editions of the operating system , rather than as separate product lines . An updated version of Microsoft 's Windows Phone operating system for smartphones , and also tablets , was branded as Windows 10 Mobile . Editions of Enterprise and Mobile will also be produced for embedded systems , along with Windows 10 IoT Core , which is designed specifically for use in small footprint , low @-@ cost devices and Internet of Things ( IoT ) scenarios and is similar to Windows Embedded . = = = Preview releases = = = A public beta program for Windows 10 known as the Windows Insider Program ( previously Windows Technical Preview ) began with the first publicly available preview release on October 1 , 2014 . Insider preview builds are aimed towards enthusiasts and enterprise users for the testing and evaluation of updates and new features . Users of the Windows Insider program receive occasional updates to newer preview builds of the operating system and will continue to be able to evaluate preview releases after general availability ( GA ) in July 2015 ‍ — ‌ this is in contrast to previous Windows beta programs , where public preview builds were released less frequently and only during the months preceding GA . Windows Insider builds continued being released after the release to manufacturing ( RTM ) of Windows 10 . = = = Public release = = = Microsoft promoted that Windows 10 would become generally available ( GA ) on July 29 , 2015 . In comparison to previous Windows releases , which had a longer turnover between the release to manufacturing ( RTM ) and general release to allow for testing by vendors ( and in some cases , the development of " upgrade kits " to prepare systems for installation of the new version ) , an HP Inc. executive explained that because it knew Microsoft targeted the operating system for a release in 2015 , the company was able to optimize its then @-@ current and upcoming products for Windows 10 in advance of its release , negating the need for such a milestone . The general availability build of Windows 10 , numbered 10240 , was first released on July 15 , 2015 to Windows Insider channels for pre @-@ launch testing prior to its formal release . Although a Microsoft official stated that there would be no specific RTM build of Windows 10 , 10240 was described as an RTM build by media outlets because it was released to all Windows Insider members at once ( rather than to users on the " Fast ring " first ) , it no longer carried pre @-@ release branding and desktop watermark text , and because its build number had mathematical connections to the number 10 in reference to the operating system 's naming . The Enterprise edition was released to volume licensing on August 1 , 2015 . Users are able to in @-@ place upgrade through the " Get Windows 10 " application ( GWX ) and Windows Update , or the " Media Creation Tool " , which is functionally identical to the Windows 8 online installer , and can also be used to generate an ISO image or USB install media . In @-@ place upgrades are supported from most editions of Windows 7 with Service Pack 1 and Windows 8 @.@ 1 with Update 1 , while users with Windows 8 must first upgrade to Windows 8 @.@ 1 . Changing between architectures ( e.g. upgrading from 32 @-@ bit edition to a 64 @-@ bit editions ) via in @-@ place upgrades is not supported ; a clean install is required . In @-@ place upgrades may be rolled back to the device 's previous version of Windows , provided that 30 days have not passed since installation , and backup files were not removed using Disk Cleanup . Windows 10 was available in 190 countries and 111 languages upon its launch , and as part of efforts to " re @-@ engage " with users in China , Microsoft also announced that it would partner with Qihoo and Tencent to help promote and distribute Windows 10 in China , and that Chinese PC maker Lenovo would provide assistance at its service centers and retail outlets for helping users upgrade to Windows 10 . At retail , Windows 10 is priced similarly to editions of Windows 8 @.@ 1 , with U.S. prices set at $ 119 and $ 199 for Windows 10 Home and Pro respectively . A Windows 10 Pro Pack license allows upgrades from Windows 10 Home to Windows 10 Pro . Retail copies ship on USB flash drive media or DVD @-@ ROM media . New devices shipping with Windows 10 were also released during the operating system 's launch window . Windows RT devices cannot be upgraded to Windows 10 . = = = = Free upgrade offer = = = = For the first year of availability ( until July 29 , 2016 ) , upgrade licenses for Windows 10 are available at no charge to users who own a genuine license for an eligible edition of Windows 7 or Windows 8 , and have installed the latest service pack for their currently installed version ( SP1 and Windows 8 @.@ 1 respectively ) . Enterprise customers under an active Software Assurance ( SA ) contract with Microsoft are entitled to obtain Windows 10 Enterprise under their existing terms , as with previous versions of Windows . Enterprise customers whose SA agreement is expired or are under a volume license that does not have upgrade rights , all users running non @-@ genuine copies of Windows , and those without an existing Windows 7 or 8 license , are not entitled to freely upgrade to Windows 10 ; upgrading from a non @-@ genuine version is possible , but will result in a non @-@ genuine copy of 10 . On the RTM build of Windows 10 , to activate and generate the " digital entitlement " for Windows 10 , the operating system must first be installed as an in @-@ place upgrade . Once installed , the operating system can be reinstalled on that particular system via normal means without a product key , and the system 's license will automatically be detected via online activation . As of the November 2015 build , an existing Windows 7 or Windows 8 @.@ 1 product key can be entered during installation to activate the free license , without the need to upgrade first to " activate " the hardware with Microsoft 's activation servers . The Windows Insider Preview version of Windows 10 automatically updated itself to the generally released version as part of the version progression , and continues to be updated to new beta builds , as it had throughout the testing process . Microsoft has explicitly stated that Windows Insider is not a valid upgrade path for those running a version of Windows that is ineligible for the upgrade offer ; although , if it was not installed with a license carried over from an in @-@ place upgrade to 10 Insider Preview from Windows 7 or 8 , the Insider Preview does remain activated as long as the user does not exit the Windows Insider program . On June 1 , 2015 , the " Get Windows 10 " application ( " GWX " ) was activated on Windows devices running versions eligible to upgrade to , and compatible with , Windows 10 . Via a system tray icon , users can access an application that advertises Windows 10 and the free upgrade offer , checks for device compatibility , and allows users to " reserve " an automatic download of the operating system upon its release . On July 28 , a pre @-@ download process began in which Windows 10 installation files were downloaded to some computers that had reserved it . Microsoft stated that those who reserved Windows 10 would be able to install it through GWX in a phased rollout process , although the operating system can alternatively be downloaded at any time using a separate " Media Creation Tool " setup program ( similar to Windows 8 's setup program ) , that allows for the creation of DVD or USB installation media . = = = = Licensing = = = = During upgrades , Windows 10 licenses are not tied directly to a product key . Instead , the license status of the system 's current installation of Windows is migrated , and a " Digital entitlement " is generated during the activation process , which is bound to the hardware information collected during the process . If Windows 10 is reinstalled cleanly and there have not been any significant hardware changes since installation ( such as a motherboard change ) , the online activation process will automatically recognize the system 's digital entitlement if no product key is entered during installations . However , unique product keys are still distributed within retail copies of Windows 10 . As with previous non @-@ volume @-@ licensed versions of Windows , significant hardware changes will invalidate the digital entitlement , and require Windows to be re @-@ activated . = = Updates and support = = Windows 10 is serviced in a significantly different manner from previous releases of Windows . Its delivery is often described by Microsoft as a " service " , due to its ongoing updates , with Terry Myerson explaining that Microsoft 's aim is that " the question ' what version of Windows are you running ' will cease to make sense . " Unlike previous versions of Windows , Windows Update does not allow the selective installation of updates , and all updates ( including patches , feature updates , and driver software ) are downloaded and installed automatically . Users can only choose whether their system will reboot automatically to install updates when the system is inactive , or be notified to schedule a reboot . It is possible , however , to defer the download of updates if they are received over a WiFi ( not Ethernet ) network by marking the WiFi connection as metered ( this will also slow program updates , file synchronisation , and live tile updating ) . Updates can cause compatibility or other problems ; a Microsoft troubleshooter program allows bad updates to be uninstalled . Windows Update can also use a peer to peer system for distributing updates ; by default , users ' bandwidth is used to distribute previously downloaded updates to other users , in combination with Microsoft servers . Users can instead choose to only use peer @-@ to @-@ peer updates within their local area network . The original RTM release of Windows 10 ( " Windows 10 , released in July 2015 " ) receives mainstream support for five years after its original release , followed by five years of extended support , but this is subject to conditions . Microsoft 's support lifecycle policy for the operating system notes that " Updates are cumulative , with each update built upon all of the updates that preceded it " , that " a device needs to install the latest update to remain supported " , and that a device 's ability to receive future updates will depend on hardware compatibility , driver availability , and whether the device is within the OEM 's " support period " ‍ — ‌ a new aspect not accounted for in lifecycle policies for previous versions . Microsoft initially stated that Windows 10 would freely receive updates for the " supported lifetime of the device . " To comply with U.S. accounting laws , revenue for Windows 10 is deferred " on a straight @-@ line basis over the estimated period the software upgrades are expected to be provided by estimated device life " , defined as two to four years depending on " customer type . " = = = Upgraded builds = = = Upgraded builds of Windows 10 will occasionally be released , containing new features and other major improvements . The pace at which upgrades are received is dependent on which release channel is used ; the default branch for all users of Windows 10 Home and Pro is " Current Branch " , ( CB ) which receives stable builds as they are publicly released by Microsoft . Windows Insider branches receive unstable builds as they are released , at either a " Fast " pace ( immediately after release ) or " Slow " pace ( slightly delayed from their " Fast " release ) . The Pro and Enterprise editions may optionally use the " Current Branch for Business " release channel ( CBB , referred to in Windows Update settings as " Defer upgrades " ) , which receives the stable builds on a roughly four @-@ month delay from their CB release . CBB may defer build upgrades for up to eight months , after which the new build must be installed in order to maintain support and access to security updates . Administrators can also use the " Windows Update for Business " service to organize structured deployments of updates and build upgrades across their networks . By installing Windows 10 upgrades , installed programs may be subject to automatic removal if declared " incompatible " . Windows 10 Enterprise can also use the " Long @-@ term support branch " ( LTSB ) . LTSB milestones of Windows 10 are periodic snapshots of Windows 10 's CBB branch , and will receive only critical patches over their 10 @-@ year support lifecycle . Systems can also be placed one or two versions behind the most recent LTSB build to allow for structured deployments and internal lifecycles . Microsoft director Stella Chernyak explained that " we have businesses [ that ] may have mission @-@ critical environments where we respect the fact they want to test and stabilize the environment for a long time . " = = = = Threshold 2 = = = = The second stable build of Windows 10 , build 10586 ( also known as the " November Update " , " Version 1511 " , and " Threshold 2 " ( TH2 ) ) , began to be distributed via Windows Update on November 12 , 2015 . It contains various improvements to the operating system , its user interface , bundled services , as well as the introduction of Skype @-@ based universal messaging apps , and the Windows Store for Business and Windows Update for Business features . On November 21 , 2015 , 10586 was temporarily pulled from public distribution . The upgrade was re @-@ instated on November 24 , 2015 , with Microsoft stating that the removal was due to a bug that caused privacy and data collection settings to be reset to defaults when installing the upgrade . = = = = Redstone = = = = The third stable build of Windows 10 ( officially known as the " Anniversary Update " , and codenamed " Redstone " ( RS1 ) ) , is scheduled to be released on August 2 , 2016 , marking nearly one year since the original RTM release of Windows 10 . The " Redstone " branch is expected to comprise two major stable builds . While both were originally to be released during 2016 , it was later reported that the second had been delayed into 2017 so that it would be released in concert with that year 's wave of Microsoft first @-@ party devices . The Redstone branch introduces new features such as the Windows Ink platform , which will ease the ability to add stylus input support to applications and provide an " Ink Workspace " area , enhancements to Cortana 's proactive functionality. a dark user interface theme mode , and improvements to Universal Windows Platform intended for video games . Redstone will also support Windows Subsystem for Linux , a new component that provides an environment for running Linux @-@ compatible binary software in an Ubuntu @-@ based user mode environment . = = System requirements = = The basic hardware requirements to install Windows 10 are the same as for Windows 8 @.@ 1 and Windows 8 , and only slightly higher than Windows 7 . The 64 @-@ bit versions require a CPU that supports certain instructions . Devices with low storage capacity must provide a USB flash drive or SD card with sufficient storage for temporary files during upgrades . Some pre @-@ built devices may be described as " certified " by Microsoft . Certified tablets must include Power , Volume up , and Volume down keys ; ⊞ Win and Rotation lock keys are no longer required . As with Windows 8 , all certified devices must ship with UEFI Secure Boot enabled by default . Unlike Windows 8 , OEMs are no longer required to make Secure Boot settings user @-@ configurable , meaning that devices may optionally be locked to run only Microsoft @-@ signed operating systems . A supported infrared @-@ illuminated camera is required for Windows Hello face authentication . Device Guard requires a UEFI system with no third @-@ party certificates loaded , and CPU virtualization extensions ( including SLAT and IOMMU ) enabled in firmware . In January 2016 , Microsoft announced that Windows 10 will be the only Windows platform that it will officially support on known future CPU microarchitectures ; Windows 7 and Windows 8 @.@ 1 support for systems using Intel 's Skylake processors will be phased out ; and beginning with the upcoming generations of Intel ( Kaby Lake ) and AMD ( Bristol Ridge ) architectures , Windows 10 will be the only Windows platform supported . Further in the future , using the latest generation processors will always require the latest generation operating system . Terry Myerson said that Microsoft did not want to make further investments in optimizing older versions of Windows and associated software for newer generations of processors . = = Reception = = TechRadar felt that Windows 10 would be " the new Windows 7 " , citing the operating system 's more familiar user interface , improvements to bundled apps , performance improvements , a " rock solid " search system , and the Settings app being more full @-@ featured than its equivalents on 8 and 8 @.@ 1 . The Microsoft Edge web browser was praised for its performance , albeit not being in a feature @-@ complete state on @-@ launch . Whilst considering them a " great idea in principle " , concerns were shown for Microsoft 's focus on the universal app ecosystem , noting that " It 's by no means certain that developers are going to flock to Windows 10 from iOS and Android simply because they can convert their apps easily . It may well become a no @-@ brainer for them , but at the moment a conscious decision is still required . " Engadget was similarly positive , noting that the upgrade process was painless , and that Windows 10 's user interface had balanced aspects of Windows 8 with those of previous versions with a more mature aesthetic . Cortana 's always @-@ on voice detection was considered to be its " true strength " , also citing its query capabilities and personalization features , but noting that it was not as pre @-@ emptive as Google Now . Windows 10 's stock applications were praised for being improved over their Windows 8 counterparts , and for supporting windowed modes . The Xbox app was also praised for its Xbox One streaming functionality , although recommending its use over a wired network due to inconsistent quality over Wi @-@ Fi . In conclusion , it was argued that " Windows 10 delivers the most refined desktop experience ever from Microsoft , and yet it 's so much more than that . It 's also a decent tablet OS , and it 's ready for a world filled with hybrid devices . And , barring another baffling screwup , it looks like a significant step forward for mobile . Heck , it makes the Xbox One a more useful machine . " Ars Technica noted that Windows 10 's new Start menu system had an artificial cap of 500 entries , and that any apps beyond this cap would not appear in the Start menu 's " All apps " view , nor search results . The new Tablet mode interface was panned for removing the charms and app switching , making the Start button harder to use by requiring users to reach for the button on the bottom @-@ left rather than at the center of the screen when swiping with a thumb , and for making application switching less instantaneous through the use of Task View . Microsoft Edge was praised for being " tremendously promising " , and " a much better browser than Internet Explorer ever was " , but criticized it for its lack of functionality on @-@ launch . In conclusion , contrasting Windows 8 as being a " reliable " platform albeit consisting of unfinished concepts , Windows 10 was considered " the best Windows yet " and was praised for having a better overall concept in its ability to be " comfortable and effective " across a wide array of form factors , but that it was buggier than previous versions of Windows were on @-@ launch . ExtremeTech considered that Windows 10 restricted the choices of users , citing its more opaque setting menus , forcing users to give up bandwidth for the peer @-@ to @-@ peer distribution of updates , and for taking away user control of specific functions , such as updates , explaining that " it feels , once again , as if Microsoft has taken the seed of a good idea , like providing users with security updates automatically , and shoved the throttle to maximum . " Especially in combination with the free upgrade offer , some outlets also noted that Windows 10 heavily emphasized freemium services , such as media storefronts , Office 365 , and paid functionality in bundled games such as Microsoft Solitaire Collection ‍ — ‌ which requires purchase of a subscription to remove in @-@ game advertising and unlock additional features , even though said features were added to the app 's Windows 8 version in March 2013 . = = = Market share and sales = = = Twenty @-@ four hours after it was released , Microsoft announced that more than 14 million devices were running Windows 10 . On August 26 , Microsoft said more than 75 million devices were running Windows 10 , in 192 countries , and on more than 90 @,@ 000 unique PC or tablet models . According to Terry Myerson , there were more than 110 million devices running Windows 10 as of October 6 , 2015 . On January 4 , 2016 , Microsoft reported that Windows 10 had been activated on more than 200 million devices since the operating system 's launch in July 2015 . In the monthly hardware survey conducted by the video game distribution platform Steam , approximately 34 @.@ 05 % of all devices surveyed ran a version of Windows 10 ( either 32 @-@ bit or 64 @-@ bit architecture ) as of January 2016 , in comparison to 42 @.@ 08 % using Windows 7 . On 64 @-@ bit architecture only , Windows 10 was used by 32 @.@ 77 % , behind 34 @.@ 31 % on Windows 7 64 @-@ bit . According to StatCounter , Windows 10 overtook Windows 8 @.@ 1 in December 2015 . According to StatCounter market share statistics ( based on web use proxy ) , Iceland was the first country where Windows 10 was ranked first , ( not only on the desktop ) , it also holds across all platforms ( British Crown dependency Isle of Man got there earlier , late in 2015 ) with several bigger European countries following . At the end of June 2016 , Windows 10 had been installed on nearly 350 million devices . = = = Update system changes = = = Windows 10 Home is permanently set to download all updates automatically , including cumulative updates , security patches , and drivers , and users cannot individually select updates to install or not . Microsoft offers a diagnostic tool that can be used to hide updates and prevent them from being reinstalled , but only after they had been already installed , then uninstalled without rebooting the system . Tom Warren of The Verge felt that , given web browsers such as Google Chrome had already adopted such an automatic update system , such a requirement would help to keep all Windows 10 devices secure , and felt that " if you 're used to family members calling you for technical support because they 've failed to upgrade to the latest Windows service pack or some malware disabled Windows Update then those days will hopefully be over . " Concerns were raised that due to these changes , users would be unable to skip the automatic installation of updates that are faulty or cause issues with certain system configurations ‍ — ‌ although build upgrades will also be subject to public beta testing via Windows Insider program . There were also concerns that the forced installation of driver updates through Windows Update , where they were previously designated as " optional " , could cause conflicts with drivers that were installed independently of Windows Update . An example of such a situation occurred just prior to the general release of the operating system , when an Nvidia graphics card driver that was automatically pushed to Windows 10 users via Windows Update caused issues that prevented the use of certain functions , or prevented their system from booting at all . Criticism was also directed towards Microsoft 's decision to no longer provide specific details on the contents of cumulative updates for Windows 10 . On February 9 , 2016 , Microsoft retracted this decision and began to provide release notes for cumulative updates on the Windows website . Some users reported that during the installation of the November upgrade , some applications ( particularly utility programs such as CPU @-@ Z and Speccy ) were automatically uninstalled during the upgrade process , and some default programs were reset to Microsoft @-@ specified defaults ( such as Photos app , and Microsoft Edge for PDF viewing ) , both without warning . = = = Distribution practices = = = Microsoft has received mixed reception for its methods of promoting the free upgrade . The main subject of criticism is the " Get Windows 10 " ( GWX ) program used to advertise and initiate the download , which was first downloaded and installed via patch KB3035583 in March 2015 for Windows 8 @.@ 1 ; a Computerworld writer felt the program constituted a " nag " . Microsoft has also received criticism for using deceptive user interfaces to coax users into installing the operating system , downloading installation files without user consent , and making it difficult for users to suppress the advertising and notifications if they do not wish to upgrade to 10 . Registry keys and group policies can be used to partially disable the GWX mechanism , but the installation of patches to the GWX software via Windows Update may reset these keys back to defaults , and thus reactivate the software . Third @-@ party programs have also been created to assist users in applying measures to mitigate the GWX mechanism . In September 2015 , it was reported that Microsoft was triggering automatic downloads of the Windows 10 installation files on all compatible Windows 7 or 8 @.@ 1 computers with Windows Update configured to automatically download and install updates , regardless of whether or not they had specifically requested the upgrade . Microsoft officially confirmed the change , claiming it was " an industry practice that reduces time for installation and ensures device readiness . " This move has been criticized by users who have data caps or devices with low storage capacity , as resources were consumed by the automatic downloads of up to 6 GB of data . Other critics argued that Microsoft should not have triggered any downloading of Windows 10 installation files without user consent . In October 2015 , Windows 10 began to appear as an " Optional " update in the Windows Update interface , but checked off for installation on some systems . A Microsoft spokesperson stated that this was a mistake , and that the download would no longer be checked off by default . However , on October 29 , 2015 , Microsoft announced that it planned to consider Windows 10 as a " recommended " update in the Windows Update interface some time in 2016 , which will cause an automatic download of installation files and a one @-@ time prompt with a choice to install to appear . In December 2015 , it was reported that a new advertising dialog had begun to appear , only containing " Upgrade now " and " Upgrade tonight " buttons , and no obvious method to decline installation besides the close button . In March 2016 , some users also alleged that their Windows 7 and 8 @.@ 1 devices had automatically begun upgrading to 10 without their consent . In June 2016 , the GWX dialog 's behavior changed to make closing the window imply a consent to a scheduled upgrade . Despite this , an Infoworld editor disputed the claims that upgrades had begun without any consent at all ; testing showed that the upgrade to Windows 10 would only begin once the user accepts the end @-@ user license agreement ( EULA ) presented by its installer , and that not doing so would eventually cause the upgrade process to time out and produce a Windows Update error . It was concluded that these users may have unknowingly clicked the " Accept " prompt without full knowledge that this would begin the upgrade . On January 21 , 2016 , Microsoft was sued in small claims court by a user whose computer , shortly after the release of the OS , had attempted to upgrade to Windows 10 without her consent . The upgrade failed , and her computer was left in an unstable state thereafter , which disrupted the ability to run her travel agency . The court ruled in favor of the user and awarded her $ 10 @,@ 000 in damages , but Microsoft appealed . However , in May 2016 , Microsoft dropped the appeal and chose to pay the damages . Shortly after the suit was reported on by the Seattle Times , Microsoft confirmed that it was updating the GWX software once again to add more explicit options for opting out of a free Windows 10 upgrade ; the new notification is a full @-@ screen pop @-@ up window notifying users of the impending end of the free upgrade offer , and contains " Remind me later " , " Do not notify me again " and " Notify me three more times " options . = = = Privacy and data collection = = = Privacy advocates and other critics have expressed concern regarding Windows 10 's privacy policies and its collection and use of customer data . Under the default " Express " settings , Windows 10 is configured to send various information to Microsoft and other parties , including the collection of user contacts , calendar data , and " associated input data " to personalize " speech , typing , and inking input " , typing and inking data to improve recognition , allowing apps to use a unique " advertising ID " for analytics and advertising personalization ( functionality introduced by Windows 8 @.@ 1 ) and allow apps to request the user 's location data and send this data to Microsoft and " trusted partners " to improve location detection ( Windows 8 had similar settings , except that location data collection did not include " trusted partners " ) . Users can opt out from most of this data collection , but telemetry data for error reporting and usage is also sent to Microsoft , and this cannot be disabled on non @-@ Enterprise versions of Windows 10 . Microsoft 's privacy policy states , however , that " Basic " -level telemetry data is anonymized and cannot be used to identify an individual user or device . The use of Cortana also requires the collection of data " such as your device location , data from your calendar , the apps you use , data from your emails and text messages , who you call , your contacts and how often you interact with them on your device ” to personalize its functionality . Rock Paper Shotgun writer Alec Meer argued that Microsoft 's intent for this data collection lacked transparency , stating that " there is no world in which 45 pages of policy documents and opt @-@ out settings split across 13 different settings screens and an external website constitutes ' real transparency ' . " ExtremeTech pointed out that , whilst previously scroogling against Google for similar data collection strategies , " [ Microsoft ] now hoovers up your data in ways that would make Google jealous . " However , it was also pointed out that the requirement for such vast usage of customer data had become a norm , citing the increased reliance on cloud computing and other forms of external processing , as well as similar data collection requirements for services on mobile devices such as Google Now and Siri . In August 2015 , Russian politician Nikolai Levichev called for Windows 10 to be banned from use within the Russian government , as it sends user data to servers in the United States . The country had passed a federal law requiring all online services to store the data of Russian users on servers within the country by September 2016 , or be blocked . Writing for ZDNet , Ed Bott said that the lack of complaints by businesses about privacy in Windows 10 indicated " how utterly normal those privacy terms are in 2015 . " In a Computerworld editorial , Preston Gralla said , " The kind of information Windows 10 gathers is no different from what other operating systems gather . But Microsoft is held to a different standard than other companies . " Microsoft Services Agreement reads that the company 's online services may automatically " download software updates or configuration changes , including those that prevent you from accessing the Services , playing counterfeit games , or using unauthorized hardware peripheral devices . " Critics interpreted this statement as implying that Microsoft would scan for and delete unlicensed software installed on devices running Windows 10 . However , others pointed out that this agreement was specifically for Microsoft online services such as Microsoft account , Office 365 , Skype , as well as Xbox Live , and that the offending passage most likely referred to digital rights management on Xbox consoles and first @-@ party games , and not plans to police pirated video games installed on Windows 10 PCs . Despite this , some torrent trackers announced plans to block Windows 10 users , also arguing that the operating system could send information to anti @-@ piracy groups that are affiliated with Microsoft . Writing about these allegations , Ed Bott of ZDNet compared Microsoft 's privacy policy to Apple 's and Google 's and concluded that " after carefully reading the Microsoft Services Agreement , the Windows license agreement ... and the Microsoft Privacy Statement carefully , I don 't see anything that looks remotely like Big Brother . " Columnist Kim Komando argued that " Microsoft might in the future run scans and disable software or hardware it sees as a security threat , " consistent with the Windows 10 update policy .
= Sugar Ray Robinson = Sugar Ray Robinson ( born Walker Smith Jr . ; May 3 , 1921 – April 12 , 1989 ) was an American professional boxer . Frequently cited as the greatest boxer of all time , Robinson 's performances in the welterweight and middleweight divisions prompted sportswriters to create " pound for pound " rankings , where they compared fighters regardless of weight . He was inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990 . Robinson was 85 – 0 as an amateur with 69 of those victories coming by way of knockout , 40 in the first round . He turned professional in 1940 at the age of 19 and by 1951 had a professional record of 128 – 1 – 2 with 84 knockouts . From 1943 to 1951 Robinson went on a 91 fight unbeaten streak , the third longest in professional boxing history . Robinson held the world welterweight title from 1946 to 1951 , and won the world middleweight title in the latter year . He retired in 1952 , only to come back two and a half years later and regain the middleweight title in 1955 . He then became the first boxer in history to win a divisional world championship five times , a feat he accomplished by defeating Carmen Basilio in 1958 to regain the middleweight championship . Robinson was named " fighter of the year " twice : first for his performances in 1942 , then nine years and over 90 fights later , for his efforts in 1951 . Renowned for his flamboyant lifestyle outside the ring , Robinson is credited with being the originator of the modern sports " entourage " . After his boxing career ended , Robinson attempted a career as an entertainer , but it was not successful . He struggled financially until his death in 1989 . In 2006 , he was featured on a commemorative stamp by the United States Postal Service . = = Early life = = Robinson was born Walker Smith Jr. in Ailey , Georgia , to Walker Smith Sr. and Leila Hurst . Robinson was the youngest of three children ; his older sister Marie was born in 1917 and his older sister Evelyn was born in 1919 . His father was a cotton , peanut , and corn farmer in Georgia , who moved the family to Detroit where he initially found work in construction . According to Robinson , Smith Sr. later worked two jobs to support his family — cement mixer and sewer worker . " He had to get up at six in the morning and he 'd get home close to midnight . Six days a week . The only day I really saw him was Sunday ... I always wanted to be with him more . " His parents separated and he moved with his mother to the New York City neighborhood of Harlem at the age of twelve . Robinson originally aspired to be a doctor , but after dropping out of De Witt Clinton High school in ninth grade he switched his goal to boxing . When he was 15 , he attempted to enter his first boxing tournament but was told he needed to first obtain an AAU membership card . However , he could not procure one until he was eighteen years old . He received his name when he circumvented the AAU 's age restriction by borrowing a birth certificate from his friend Ray Robinson . Subsequently told that he was " sweet as sugar " by a lady in the audience at a fight in Watertown , New York , Smith Jr. became known as " Sugar " Ray Robinson . Robinson idolized Henry Armstrong and Joe Louis as a youth , and actually lived on the same block as Louis in Detroit when Robinson was 11 and Louis was 17 . Outside the ring , Robinson got into trouble frequently as a youth , and was involved with a violent street gang . He married at 16 . The couple had one son , Ronnie , and divorced when Robinson was 19 . He finished his amateur career with an 85 – 0 record with 69 knockouts — 40 coming in the first round . He won the Golden Gloves featherweight championship in 1939 , and the organization 's lightweight championship in 1940 . = = Boxing career = = = = = Early career = = = Robinson made his professional debut on October 4 , 1940 , winning via second @-@ round knockout over Joe Echevarria . Robinson fought five more times in 1940 , winning each time , with four wins coming by way of knockout . In 1941 , he defeated world champion Sammy Angott , future champion Marty Servo and former champion Fritzie Zivic . The Robinson @-@ Angott fight was held above the lightweight limit , since Angott did not want to risk losing his lightweight title . Robinson defeated Zivic in front of 20 @,@ 551 at Madison Square Garden — one of the largest crowds in the arena to that date . Robinson won the first five rounds according to The New York Times Joseph C. Nichols , before Zivic came back to land several punches to Robinson 's head in the sixth and seventh rounds . Robinson controlled the next two rounds , and had Zivic wobbly in the ninth . After a close tenth round , Robinson was announced as the winner on all three scorecards . In 1942 , Robinson knocked out Zivic in the tenth round in a January rematch . The knockout loss was only the second of Zivic 's career in more than 150 fights . Robinson knocked him down in the ninth and tenth rounds before the referee stopped the fight . Zivic and his corner protested the stoppage ; James P. Dawson of The New York Times stated " [ t ] hey were criticizing a humane act . The battle had been a slaughter , for want of a more delicate word . " Robinson then won four consecutive bouts by knockout , before defeating Servo in a controversial split decision in their May rematch . After winning three more fights , Robinson faced Jake LaMotta , who would become one of his more prominent rivals , for the first time in October . He defeated LaMotta via unanimous decision , although he failed to get Jake down . Robinson weighed 145 lb ( 66 kg ) compared to 157 @.@ 5 for LaMotta , but he was able to control the fight from the outside for the entire bout , and actually landed the harder punches during the fight . Robinson then won four more fights , including two against Izzy Jannazzo , from October 19 to December 14 . For his performances , Robinson was named " Fighter of the Year " . He finished 1942 with a total of 14 wins and no losses . Robinson built a record of 40 – 0 before losing for the first time to LaMotta in a 10 @-@ round re @-@ match . LaMotta , who had a 16 lb ( 7 @.@ 3 kg ) weight advantage over Robinson , knocked Robinson out of the ring in the eighth round , and won the fight by decision . The fight took place in Robinson 's former home town of Detroit , and attracted a record crowd . After being controlled by Robinson in the early portions of the fight , LaMotta came back to take control in the later rounds . After winning the third LaMotta fight less than three weeks later , Robinson then defeated his childhood idol : former champion Henry Armstrong . Robinson fought Armstrong only because Armstrong was in need of money . By now Armstrong was an old fighter , and Robinson later stated that he carried Armstrong . On February 27 , 1943 , Robinson was inducted into the United States Army , where he was again referred to as Walker Smith . Robinson had a 15 @-@ month military career . Robinson served with Joe Louis , and the pair went on tours where they performed exhibition bouts in front of US troops . Robinson got into trouble several times while in the military . He argued with superiors who he felt were discriminatory against him , and refused to fight exhibitions when he was told African American soldiers were not allowed to watch them . In late March , 1944 , Robinson was stationed at Fort Hamilton in Brooklyn , waiting to ship out to Europe , where he was scheduled to perform more exhibition matches . But on March 29 , Robinson disappeared from his barracks . When he woke up on April 5 in Fort Jay Hospital on Governor 's Island , he had missed his sailing for Europe and was under suspicion of deserting . He himself reported falling down the stairs in his barracks on the 29th , but said that he had complete amnesia , and he could not remember any events from that moment until the 5th . According to his file , a stranger had found him in the street on 1 April and helped him to a hospital . In his examination report , a doctor at Fort Jay concluded that Robinson 's version of events was sincere . He was examined by military authorities , who claimed he suffered from a mental deficiency . Robinson was granted an honorable discharge on June 3 , 1944 . He later wrote that unfair press coverage of the incident had " branded " him as a " deserter " . Robinson maintained his close friendship with Louis from their time in military service , and the two went into business together after the war . They planned to start a liquor distribution business in New York City , but were denied a license due to their race . Besides the loss in the LaMotta rematch , the only other mark on Robinson 's record during this period was a 10 @-@ round draw against José Basora in 1945 . = = = Welterweight champion = = = By 1946 , Robinson had fought 75 fights to a 73 – 1 – 1 record , and beaten every top contender in the welterweight division . However , he refused to cooperate with the Mafia , which controlled much of boxing at the time , and was denied a chance to fight for the welterweight championship . Robinson was finally given a chance to win a title against Tommy Bell on December 20 , 1946 . Robinson had already beaten Bell once via decision in 1945 . The two fought for the title vacated by Servo , who had himself lost twice to Robinson in non @-@ title bouts . In the fight , Robinson , who only a month before had been involved in a 10 @-@ round brawl with Artie Levine , was knocked down by Bell . The fight was called a " war , " but Robinson was able to pull out a close 15 round decision , winning the vacant welterweight title . In June 1947 , after four non @-@ title bouts , Robinson was scheduled to defend his title for the first time in a bout against Jimmy Doyle . Robinson initially backed out of the fight because he had a dream that he was going to kill Doyle . A priest and a minister convinced him to fight . Sadly , his dream proved true . On June 25 , 1947 Robinson dominated Doyle and scored a decisive knockout in the eighth round that knocked Doyle unconscious and resulted in Doyle 's death later that night . Robinson said that the impact of Doyle 's death was " very trying " . After his death , criminal charges were threatened against Robinson in Cleveland , up to and including manslaughter , though none actually materialized . After learning of Doyle 's intentions of using the bout 's money to buy his mother a house , Robinson gave Doyle 's mother the money from his next four bouts so she could purchase herself a home , fulfilling her son 's intention . In 1948 , Robinson fought five times , but only one bout was a title defense . Among the fighters he defeated in those non @-@ title bouts was future world champion Kid Gavilán in a close , controversial 10 @-@ round fight . Gavilán hurt Robinson several times in the fight , but Robinson controlled the final rounds with a series of jabs and left hooks . In 1949 , he boxed 16 times , but again only defended his title once . In that title fight , a rematch with Gavilán , Robinson again won via decision . The first half of the bout was very close , but Robinson took control in the second half . Gavilán would have to wait two more years to begin his own historic reign as welterweight champion . The only boxer to match Robinson that year was Henry Brimm , who fought him to a 10 @-@ round draw in Buffalo . Robinson fought 19 times in 1950 . He successfully defended his welterweight title for the last time against Charley Fusari . Robinson won a lopsided 15 round decision , knocking Fusari down once . Robinson donated all but $ 1 of his purse for the Fusari fight to cancer research . In 1950 , Robinson fought George Costner , who had also taken to calling himself " Sugar " and stated in the weeks leading up to the fight that he was the rightful deserver of the name . " We better touch gloves , because this is the only round , " Robinson said as the fighters were introduced at the center of the ring . " Your name ain 't Sugar , mine is . " Robinson then knocked Costner out in 2 minutes and 49 seconds . = = = Middleweight champion = = = Robinson stated in his autobiography that one of the main considerations for his move up to middleweight was the increasing difficulty he was having in making the 147 lb ( 67 kg ) welterweight weight limit . However , the move up would also prove beneficial financially , as the division then contained some of the biggest names in boxing . Vying for the Pennsylvania state middleweight title in 1950 , Robinson defeated Robert Villemain . Later that year , in defense of that crown , he defeated Jose Basora , with whom he had previously drawn . Robinson 's 50 @-@ second first round knockout of Basora set a record that would stand for 38 years . In October 1950 , Robinson knocked out Bobo Olson a future middleweight title holder . On February 14 , 1951 , Robinson and LaMotta met for the sixth time . The fight would become known as The St. Valentine 's Day Massacre . Robinson won the undisputed world middleweight title with a 13th round technical knockout . Robinson outboxed LaMotta for the first 10 rounds , then unleashed a series of savage combinations on LaMotta for three rounds , finally stopping the champion for the first time in their legendary six @-@ bout series — and dealing LaMotta his first legitimate knockout loss in 95 professional bouts . LaMotta had lost by knockout to Billy Fox earlier in his career . However , that fight was later ruled to have been fixed and LaMotta was sanctioned for letting Fox win . That bout , and some of the other bouts in the six @-@ fight Robinson @-@ LaMotta rivalry , was depicted in the Martin Scorsese film Raging Bull . " I fought Sugar Ray so often , I almost got diabetes , " LaMotta later said . Robinson won five of his six bouts with LaMotta . After winning his second world title , he embarked on a European tour which took him all over the Continent . Robinson traveled with his flamingo @-@ pink Cadillac , which caused quite a stir in Paris , and an entourage of 13 people , some included " just for laughs " . He was a hero in France due to his recent defeat of LaMotta — the French hated LaMotta for defeating Marcel Cerdan in 1949 and taking his championship belt ( Cerdan died in a plane crash en route to a rematch with LaMotta ) . Robinson met President of France Vincent Auriol at a ceremony attended by France 's social upper crust . During his fight in Berlin against Gerhard Hecht , Robinson was disqualified when he knocked his opponent with a punch to the kidney : a punch legal in the US , but not Europe . The fight was later declared a no @-@ contest . In London , Robinson lost the world middleweight title to British boxer Randolph Turpin in a sensational bout . Three months later in a rematch in front of 60 @,@ 000 fans at the Polo Grounds , he knocked Turpin out in ten rounds to recover the title . In that bout Robinson was leading on the cards but was cut by Turpin . With the fight in jeopardy , Robinson let loose on Turpin , knocking him down , then getting him to the ropes and unleashing a series of punches that caused the referee to stop the bout . Following Robinson 's victory , residents of Harlem danced in the streets . In 1951 , Robinson was named Ring Magazine 's " Fighter of the Year " for the second time . In 1952 , he fought a rematch with Olson , winning by a decision . He next defeated former champion Rocky Graziano by a third @-@ round knockout , then challenged world light heavyweight champion Joey Maxim . In the Yankee Stadium bout with Maxim , Robinson built a lead on all three judges ' scorecards , but the 103 ° F ( 39 ° C ) temperature in the ring took its toll . The referee , Ruby Goldstein , was the first victim of the heat , and had to be replaced by referee Ray Miller . The fast @-@ moving Robinson was the heat 's next victim – at the end of round 13 , he collapsed and failed to answer the bell for the next round , suffering the only knockout of his career . On June 25 , 1952 after the Maxim bout , Robinson gave up his title and retired with a record of 131 – 3 – 1 – 1 . He began a career in show business , singing and tap dancing . After about three years , the decline of his businesses and the lack of success in his performing career made him decide to return to boxing . He resumed training in 1954 . = = = Comeback = = = In 1955 , Robinson returned to the ring . Although he had been inactive for two and a half years , his work as a dancer kept him in peak physical condition : in his autobiography , Robinson states that in the weeks leading up to his debut for a dancing engagement in France , he ran five miles every morning , and then danced for five hours each night . Robinson even stated that the training he did in his attempts to establish a career as a dancer were harder than any he undertook during his boxing career . He won five fights in 1955 , before losing a decision to Ralph ' Tiger ' Jones . He bounced back , however , and defeated Rocky Castellani by a split decision , then challenged Bobo Olson for the world middleweight title . He won the middleweight championship for the third time via a second round knockout — his third victory over Olson . After his comeback performance in 1955 , Robinson expected to be named fighter of the year . However , the title went to welterweight Carmen Basilio . Basilio 's handlers had lobbied heavily for it on the basis that he had never won the award , and Robinson later described this as the biggest disappointment of his professional career . " I haven 't forgotten it to this day , and I never will " , Robinson wrote in his autobiography . They fought for the last time in 1956 , and Robinson closed the four fight series with a fourth round knockout . In 1957 , Robinson lost his title to Gene Fullmer . Fullmer used his aggressive , forward moving style to control Robinson , and knocked him down in the fight . Robinson , however , noticed that Fullmer was vulnerable to the left hook . Fullmer headed into their May rematch as a 3 – 1 favorite . In the first two rounds Robinson followed Fullmer around the ring , however in the third round he changed tactics and made Fullmer come to him . At the start of the fourth round Robinson came out on the attack and stunned Fullmer , and when Fullmer returned with his own punches , Robinson traded with him , as opposed to clinching as he had done in their earlier fight . The fight was fairly even after four rounds . But in the fifth , Robinson was able to win the title back for a fourth time by knocking out Fullmer with a lightning fast , powerful left hook . Boxing critics have referred to the left @-@ hook which knocked out Fullmer as " the perfect punch " . It marked the first time in 44 career fights that Fullmer had been knocked out , and when someone asked Robinson after the fight how far the left hook had travelled , Robinson replied : " I can 't say . But he got the message . " Later that year , he lost his title to Basilio in a rugged 15 round fight in front of 38 @,@ 000 at Yankee Stadium , but regained it for a record fifth time when he beat Basilio in the rematch . Robinson struggled to make weight , and had to go without food for nearly 20 hours leading up to the bout . He badly damaged Basilio 's eye early the fight , and by the seventh round it was swollen shut . The two judges gave the fight to Robinson by wide margins : 72 – 64 and 71 – 64 . The referee scored the fight for Basilio 69 – 64 , and was booed loudly by the crowd of 19 @,@ 000 when his decision was announced . The first fight won the " Fight of the Year " award from The Ring magazine for 1957 and the second fight won the " Fight of the Year " award for 1958 . = = = Decline = = = Robinson knocked out Bob Young in the second round in Boston in his only fight in 1959 . A year later , he defended his title against Paul Pender . Robinson entered the fight as a 5 – 1 favorite , but lost a split decision in front of 10 @,@ 608 at Boston Garden . The day before the fight Pender commented that he planned to start slowly , before coming on late . He did just that and outlasted the aging Robinson , who , despite opening a cut over Pender 's eye in the eighth round , was largely ineffective in the later rounds . An attempt to regain the crown for an unheard of sixth time proved beyond Robinson . Despite Robinson 's efforts , Pender won by decision in that rematch . On December 3 of that year , Robinson and Fullmer fought a 15 @-@ round draw for the WBA middleweight title , which Fullmer retained . In 1961 , Robinson and Fullmer fought for a fourth time , with Fullmer retaining the WBA middleweight title by a unanimous decision . The fight would be Robinson 's last title bout . Robinson spent the rest of the 1960s fighting 10 @-@ round contests . In October 1961 , Robinson defeated future world champion Denny Moyer via unanimous decision . A 12 – 5 favorite , the 41 @-@ year @-@ old Robinson defeated the 22 @-@ year @-@ old Moyer by staying on the outside , rather than engaging him . In their rematch four months later , Moyer defeated Robinson on points , as he pressed the action and made Robinson back up throughout the fight . Moyer won 7 – 3 on all three judges scorecards . Robinson lost twice more in 1962 , before winning six consecutive fights against mostly lesser opposition . In February 1963 , Robinson lost via unanimous decision to former world champion and fellow Hall of Famer Joey Giardello . Giardello knocked Robinson down in the fourth round , and the 43 @-@ year @-@ old took until the count of nine to rise to his feet . Robinson was also nearly knocked down in the sixth round , but was saved by the bell . He rallied in the seventh and eight rounds , before struggling in the final two . Robinson then embarked on an 18 @-@ month boxing tour of Europe . Robinson 's second no @-@ contest bout came in September , 1965 in Norfolk , Virginia in a match with an opponent who turned out to be an impostor . Boxer Neil Morrison , at the time a fugitive and accused robber , signed up for the fight as Bill Henderson , a capable club fighter . The fight was a fiasco , with Morrison being knocked down twice in the first round and once in the second before the disgusted referee , who said " Henderson put up no fight " , walked out of the ring . Robinson was initially given a TKO in 1 : 20 of the second round after the " obviously frightened " Morrison laid himself down on the canvas . Robinson fought for the final time in 1965 . He lost via unanimous decision to Joey Archer . Famed sports author Pete Hamill mentioned that one of the saddest experiences of his life was watching Robinson lose to Archer . He was even knocked down and Hamill pointed out that Archer had no knockout punch at all ; Archer admitted afterward that it was only the second time he had knocked an opponent down in his career . The crowd of 9 @,@ 023 at the Civic Arena in Pittsburgh gave Robinson several standing ovations , even while he was being thoroughly outperformed by Archer . On November 11 , 1965 , Robinson announced his retirement from boxing , saying : " I hate to go too long campaigning for another chance . " Robinson retired from boxing with a record of 173 – 19 – 6 ( 2 no contests ) with 108 knockouts in 200 professional bouts , ranking him among the all @-@ time leaders in knockouts . = = After retiring as a boxer = = In his autobiography , Robinson states that by 1965 he was broke , having spent all of the $ 4 million in earnings he made inside and out of the ring in his career . A month after his last fight , Robinson was honored with a Sugar Ray Robinson Night on December 10 , 1965 in New York 's Madison Square Garden . During the ceremony , he was honored with a massive trophy . However , there was not a piece of furniture in his small Manhattan apartment with legs strong enough to support it . Robinson was elected to the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1967 , two years after he retired . In the late 1960s he acted in some television shows , like Mission : Impossible . An episode of Land of the Giants called " Giants and All That Jazz " had Sugar as a washed up boxer opening a nightclub . He also appeared in a few films including the Frank Sinatra cop movie The Detective ( 1968 ) , the cult classic Candy ( 1968 ) , and the thriller The Todd Killings ( 1971 ) as a police officer . In 1969 , he founded the Sugar Ray Robinson Youth Foundation for the inner @-@ city Los Angeles area . The foundation does not sponsor a boxing program . He was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus that was treated with insulin . In Robinson 's last years , he was diagnosed with Alzheimer 's disease . He died in Los Angeles at the age of 67 and was interred in the Inglewood Park Cemetery , Inglewood , California . = = Personal life = = Robinson married Marjorie Joseph in 1938 ; the marriage was annulled the same year . Their son , Ronnie Smith , was born in 1939 . Robinson met his second wife Edna Mae Holly , a noted dancer who performed at the Cotton Club and toured Europe with Duke Ellington and Cab Calloway , in 1940 . According to Robinson , he met her at a local pool he frequented after his boxing workouts . In an attempt to get her attention he pushed her into the pool one day , and claimed it was an accident . After this attempt was met with disdain , he appeared at the nightclub she danced at and introduced himself . Soon the couple were dating and they married in 1943 . They had one son , Ray Robinson Jr . ( born 1949 ) and divorced in 1960 . She appeared on the first cover of Jet magazine in 1951 . In April 1959 , Robinson 's eldest sister Marie died of cancer at the age of 41 . In 1965 , Robinson married Millie Wiggins Bruce and the couple settled in Los Angeles . When Robinson was sick with his various ailments , his son accused Robinson 's wife of keeping him under the influence of medication to manipulate him . According to Ray Robinson Jr . , when Sugar Ray 's mother died , Sugar Ray could not attend his mother 's funeral because Millie was drugging and controlling him . However , Robinson had been hospitalized the day before his mother 's death due to agitation which caused his blood pressure to rise . Robinson Jr. and Edna Mae also claimed that they were kept away from Robinson by Millie during the last years of his life . He was a Freemason , a membership shared with a number of other athletes , including fellow boxer Jack Dempsey . Robinson was a Christian . = = Boxing style = = Rhythm is everything in boxing . Every move you make starts with your heart , and that 's in rhythm or you 're in trouble . Robinson was the modern definition of a boxer puncher . He was able to fight almost any style : he could come out one round brawling , the next counter punching , and the next fighting on the outside . Robinson also possessed great speed and knockout power . He fought a very conventional way with a firm jab , but threw hooks and uppercuts in flurries in an unconventional way . He possessed tremendous versatility — according to boxing analyst Bert Sugar , " Robinson could deliver a knockout blow going backward . " Robinson was efficient with both hands , and he displayed a variety of effective punches — according to a TIME magazine article in 1951 , " Robinson 's repertoire , thrown with equal speed and power by either hand , includes every standard punch from a bolo to a hook — and a few he makes up on the spur of the moment . " Robinson commented that once a fighter has trained to a certain level , their techniques and responses become almost reflexive . " You don 't think . It 's all instinct . If you stop to think , you 're gone . " = = Legacy = = Robinson has been ranked as the greatest boxer of all time by sportswriters , fellow boxers , and trainers . The phrase " pound for pound " , was created by sportswriters for him during his career as a way to compare boxers irrespective of weight . Hall of Fame fighters such as Muhammad Ali , Joe Louis , Roberto Durán and Sugar Ray Leonard have ranked Robinson as the greatest pound for pound boxer in history . In 1997 , The Ring ranked him as the best pound for pound fighter in history , and in 1999 , he was named " welterweight of the century , " " middleweight of the century , " and overall " fighter of the century " by the Associated Press . In 2007 , ESPN.com featured the piece " 50 Greatest Boxers of All Time " , in which it named Robinson the top boxer in history . In 2003 , The Ring magazine ranked him number 11 in the list of all @-@ time greatest punchers . Robinson was also ranked as the # 1 welterweight and the # 1 pound for pound boxer of all @-@ time by the International Boxing Research Organization . Robinson was one of the first African Americans to establish himself as a star outside sports . He was an integral part of the New York social scene in the 1940s and 1950s . His glamorous restaurant , Sugar Ray 's , hosted stars such as Frank Sinatra , Jackie Gleason , Nat " King " Cole , Joe Louis , and Lena Horne among others . Robinson was known as a flamboyant personality outside the ring . He combined striking good looks , with charisma , and a flair for the dramatic : He drove a flamingo @-@ pink Cadillac , and was an accomplished singer and dancer , who once pursued a career in the entertainment industry . According to ESPN.com 's Ron Flatter : " He was the pioneer of boxing 's bigger @-@ than @-@ life entourages , including a secretary , barber , masseur , voice coach , a coterie of trainers , beautiful women , a dwarf mascot and lifelong manager George Gainford . " When Robinson first traveled to Paris , a steward referred to his companions as his " entourage " . Although Robinson said he did not like the word 's literal definition of " attendants " , since he felt they were his friends , he liked the word itself and began to use it in regular conversation when referring to them . In 1962 , in an effort to persuade Robinson to return to Paris — where he was still a national hero — the French promised to bring over his masseur , his hairdresser , a man who would whistle while he trained , and his trademark Cadillac . This larger than life persona made him the idol of millions of African American youths in the 1950s . Robinson inspired several other fighters who took the nickname " Sugar " in homage to him such as Sugar Ray Leonard , Sugar Shane Mosley , and MMA fighter " Suga " Rashad Evans . = = Professional boxing record = =
= Lillehammer Olympiapark = Lillehammer Olympiapark AS , trading as Olympiaparken , is a company established following the 1994 Winter Olympics to operate the Olympic venues in Lillehammer , Norway . Owned by Lillehammer Municipality , it operates five sports venues : Birkebeineren Ski Stadium , Håkons Hall , Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track , Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena and the ski jumping hill of Lysgårdsbakken . In addition to serving sports events , the company provides tourist and group activities at the venues as well as catering to larger events . In the Lillehammer bid for the 1994 Winter Olympics , the agreement between Lillehammer Municipality and the state specified that the municipality was responsible for financing all necessary sports venues . However , after the games were awarded the responsibility was taken over by Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee ( LOOC ) and the town 's five venues were ultimately funded through state grants . To allow for post @-@ Olympic use , a fund was created by the state , of which Lillehammer Olympiapark received 146 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) . Unlike the Hamar venues , which survive on their fund 's yield , the Lillehammer venues have used up their capital . From 2014 the post @-@ Olympic use fund will be depleted and alternative organization and funding is being looked into . A leading proposal is that the bobsleigh and luge track be taken over by the state , while the remaining venues be retained by the company and jointly funded by the municipality and Oppland County Municipality . = = History = = As part of the 1985 and 1987 agreements with the Parliament of Norway ahead of the 1994 Winter Olympics bid , Lillehammer Municipality was responsible for financing and building all Olympic venues and associated facilities . To fulfill their obligation , the municipality established Lillehammer Olympiske Anlegg ( LOA ) in 1989 . Mr. Haavind was hired as the company 's first managing director . At the same time the Post @-@ Olympics Use Committee was established to ensure activity at the venues after the Olympics . LOA 's first task was , in cooperation with local and national authorities and LOOC , to decide on locations and budgets . By 1989 , political discussions had started regarding the creation of a fund to finance post @-@ Olympic use . The sledding track , especially , would incur high operating costs , estimated at between NOK 5 and 6 million per year . Total deficits for the five Lillehammer venues were in 1990 estimated at ca . NOK 15 million per year . Initially the government offered to grant NOK 55 million for the fund , but the Post @-@ Olympic Use Committee estimated that NOK 215 million would be necessary . They further proposed that the capital could be used as share capital in the proposed company Olympia Vekst , which would be jointly privately and publicly owned and operate the venues . The budgets were reviewed by Parliament on 23 April 1990 . They also decided to re @-@ organize the Olympics into a concern model , which saw both LOA and the Post @-@ Olympics Use Committees becoming subsidiaries of LOOC , and the Post @-@ Olympics Use Committees changing its name to Lillehammer Olympiavekst ( LOV ) . Separate companies were established to construct the venues in Hamar and Gjøvik , owned by the respective municipalities . The municipal governments of Øyer and Ringebu each received a 24 @.@ 5 @-@ percent stake in LOV . Lillehammer Municipality gained a 24 @.@ 5 @-@ percent stake in the new holding company , Lillehammer ' 94 AS . Gerhard Heiberg , President of LOOC , was appointed chair of both LOV and LOA . LOV was given the responsibility for operating the venues after the Olympics . LOOC and the Ministry of Local Government and Regional Development started negotiations concerning the fund in October 1990 . The government increased the fund size to NOK 130 million in January 1991 , as well as allocating NOK 70 of the reserve funding to post @-@ Olympic use . Lillehammer Municipality stated that they wanted a disproportionate share of the funding , but this was rejected by Minister Kjell Borgen . The fund would be insufficient , which caused a conflict between the five municipalities . Gjøvik and Hamar chose not to take an ownership stake in LOV as they did not want a Lillehammer @-@ based company to manage the towns ' main venues . At the same time , Lillehammer Municipality did not want the two other towns to own part of LOV , as they hoped the entire fund would be used to finance the five venues in Lillehammer . Gjøvik and Hamar took steps to create their own joint venture to operate their three arenas , while Borgen stated that all the venues should be allocated to one company . Ringebu Mayor Erik Winther stated that he felt that his municipality had been tricked into joining LOV and that they were not allowed to participate as an equal partner . Haavind was replaced by Bjørn Sund in 1991 . The post @-@ use funds were distributed such that LOA received NOK 76 million . It also acquired a thirty @-@ percent stake in Hamar Olympiske Anlegg , which operates Vikingskipet and Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre in Hamar , and Gjøvik Olympiske Anlegg , which operates Gjøvik Olympic Cavern Hall in Gjøvik . Lillehammer was the only of the five host municipalities to not use municipal grants to build their venues . By late 1991 , LOOC desired a closer cooperation , resulting in a merger between LOA and Lillehammer ' 94 which took the latter 's name . By 1 January 1993 also LOV and LOOC had also been merged to a single entity . Planning of post @-@ Olympic use and demobilization started in early 1993 . LOOC transferred the ownership of the Olympic venues in Lillehammer to the municipality for NOK 1 million on 7 September 1993 . By then the government had increased the post @-@ Olympic fund to NOK 200 million . Ownership of the Hamar and Gjøvik venues had previously been transferred to the respective municipal governments . The fund was established in September and is managed by a separate foundation , Stiftelsen Lillehammer Etterbruksfond . Additional capital for the fund was secured through LOOC 's financial buffers not being used and the surplus transferred to the funds . In June 1994 the fund was set to NOK 401 @.@ 3 million . Minister of Local Government and Regional Development , Gunnar Berge , stated in January 1995 that he was concerned that the post @-@ Olympic use funds were being used up too quickly and that money was being used for unsuitable projects . However , he rejected that the state should take control over the venues or the money . After one year , Lillehammer Olympiapark had used NOK 32 of 146 million , while the company Olympia Utvikling / Troll Park had used NOK 14 of 95 million . For the Lillehammer companies , this meant that the fund was estimated to run out after ten instead of twenty years . In contrast , Hamar Olympiske Anlegg had only used the fund 's yield . LOOC criticized the post @-@ Olympic use companies , stating that they were too bureaucratic , that their combined 100 employees were too many , and that one or two companies would be sufficient . By 1999 , Lillehammer Olympiapark had an annual revenue of NOK 20 million , of which a third came from the fund . Commercial activities contributed half the revenue , while the remaining fraction came from sports activities . Between 80 and 90 percent of the rental time went to sports activities . A report published by Lillehammer University College in 2007 concluded that all the 260 permanent jobs created in the Lillehammer area as a result of the Olympics were directly dependent on subsidies from the post @-@ Olympic use funds . In the late 2000s , Lillehammer Olympiapark was using between NOK 8 and 12 million per year . There was NOK 25 million left in the fund in 2012 , which is scheduled to be closed in 2014 , after it has served for 20 years . Lillehammer Olympiapark started planning the organization of the venues in 2010 . The company recommended that the subsidies be equally funded between Lillehammer Municipality , Oppland County Municipality and the Ministry of Culture . Specifically it recommended that the state take over ownership of the bobsleigh and luge track , while the county took partial ownership of Lillehammer Olympiapark . The state would thus continue to finance the track , which is the only such venue in Northern Europe , while the municipality and county finance the other four venues . The venues are recommended held to such a standard that they can host world cup and world championships in relevant sports . = = Operations = = As of 2010 , the company had a revenue of NOK 56 million , up NOK 10 million from 2009 , yielding a profit of NOK 2 million . The company employed between 51 and 55 people , it is based at Håkons Hall and is entirely owned by Lillehammer Municipality . The company 's revenue comes from a series of sources , the most important being events and tourists . At Lysgårdsbakken , the company operates a chairlift and viewing platform at the top of the tower , as well as a downhill and bobsleigh simulator . The company tailors events to companies with various activities at the hill , including a ceremony to light to Olympic Flame . Kanthaugen and its lift is rented out for tobogganing . The sledding track serves groups and tourists with activities such as wheelbob and for @-@ man bobsleigh with an authorized pilot , bobrafting , skeleton and skeleton rafting . Next to the track is an activity park with activities such as snowmobile and all @-@ terrain vehicle tracks . = = Venues = = = = = Birkebeineren Ski Stadium = = = The arena covers an area of 200 hectares ( 490 acres ) , and is 3 kilometers ( 2 mi ) from the town center . For the Olympics , 27 kilometers ( 17 mi ) of cross @-@ country tracks and 9 kilometers ( 6 mi ) of biathlon tracks were built . There are two stadiums , one for cross @-@ country skiing and one for biathlon . The former has a spectator capacity for 31 @,@ 000 , while the latter has a capacity for 13 @,@ 500 . Permanent buildings include a finishing house for biathlon , a finishing house for cross @-@ country and a plant room . The cross @-@ country stadium is 200 meters ( 660 ft ) long , while the biathlon stadium is 150 meters ( 490 ft ) long ; the biathlon stadium has 30 shooting stations . As a recreational venue , Birkebeineren connects to 450 kilometers ( 280 mi ) of skiing tracks , including a public 5 @-@ kilometer ( 3 mi ) lighted track which is lit until 22 : 00 every day during winter . During the summer , the tracks are available for jogging , running , roller skiing and similar activities . The FIS Cross @-@ Country World Cup has been hosted three times , in 1993 , 2000 and 2002 , all in February or March . The FIS Nordic Combined World Cup has been hosted seven times at the stadium , and the Biathlon World Cup four times , between 1993 and 1997 . = = = Håkons Hall = = = Håkons Hall is an arena which was used for ice hockey at the 1994 Winter Olympics . In the 1994 Winter Paralympics , Håkons Hall was used for the opening and closing ceremonies . The venue has a capacity for 11 @,@ 500 seated spectators and is the largest handball and ice hockey venue in the country . The stands are flexible and telescopic , allowing for flexibility in hall use and seating capacity . The arena can be configured with a 330 @-@ square @-@ meter ( 3 @,@ 600 sq ft ) stage . The hall can be set up to serve 2 @,@ 000 people at a banquet , or divided up to serve smaller groups . The venue has among other events hosted the finals of the 1999 IIHF World Championship in ice hockey , the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2004 , 2008 European Men 's Handball Championship , the 2010 European Women 's Handball Championship and the World Women 's Handball Championship in 1993 and 1999 . = = = Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track = = = Lillehammer Olympic Bobsleigh and Luge Track is 1 @,@ 710 meters ( 5 @,@ 610 ft ) long , with the competitive length for bobsleigh and men 's singles in luge being 1 @,@ 365 meters ( 4 @,@ 478 ft ) and for men 's doubles and women 's singles being 1 @,@ 065 meters ( 3 @,@ 494 ft ) . The track has 16 turns and contains 24 photocells for timekeeping . The track has a vertical drop of 112 meters ( 367 ft ) for the entire course , with an average eight percent and maximum fifteen percent grade . The start is located at 384 meters ( 1 @,@ 260 ft ) above mean sea level . It allows for a maximum speed of 130 kilometres per hour ( 81 mph ) and has a spectator capacity is 10 @,@ 000 . After the Olympics , the track has been used for the FIBT World Championships 1995 in skeleton and the FIL World Luge Championships 1995 . = = = Kanthaugen Freestyle Arena = = = Kanthaugen is located next to Lysgårsbakken , slightly uphill from Stampesletta , one kilometer ( half a mile ) east of Lillehammer 's town center . It consists of three hills , each tailor @-@ made for aerials , moguls and ski ballet , respectively . Above the Olympic hills is a 1 @-@ kilometer ( 0 @.@ 6 mi ) long tobogganing hill which uses the competitive area as a finish . At the base of the hill is the spectator area , which featured temporary bleachers during the Olympics . The spectator capacity for aerials and ski ballet is 15 @,@ 000 , while it is 12 @,@ 000 for moguls . Also at the foot of the hill is a jury tower overlooking the aerials hill . The venue is equipped with snowmaking equipment , a T @-@ bar lift and floodlights . In addition to freestyle skiing at the 1994 Winter Olympics , it has hosted FIS Freestyle Skiing World Cup events twice , on 26 to 28 March 1993 and on 3 to 5 March 1995 . = = = Lysgårdsbakken = = = The twin ski jumping hill consists of a large hill with a construction point ( K @-@ point ) of 123 and a hill size ( HS ) of 138 , and a normal hill has a K @-@ point of 90 and a hill size of 100 . The hill has a capacity for 35 @,@ 000 spectators , of which 7 @,@ 500 can be seated . In addition , up to 25 @,@ 000 people can followed the games from free areas around the venue . Auxiliary structures include a start house , a judges tower — which includes office space for organizers and judges — a media building , and a technical room below the stands , as well as a first aid room and restrooms . It also features a high @-@ pressure snow production facility with outtakes all along the approach and outrun . Transport to the large hill tower is accessible via a chair lift . Lysgårdsbakken is a regular site for FIS Ski Jumping World Cup and FIS Nordic Combined World Cup tournaments . FIS Ski Jumping World Cup has been hosted nearly every year since 1993 . Since 2004 , with the exception of 2007 and 2010 , Lysgårdsbakken is a co @-@ host of the Nordic Tournament . In 2005 , the hills were the eleventh @-@ most visited tourist attraction in Norway .
= EVA Air = EVA Air Corporation ( pronounced " E @-@ V @-@ A Air " ; Chinese : 長榮航空 ; pinyin : Chángróng Hángkōng ; Pe ̍ h @-@ ōe @-@ jī : Tióng @-@ êng Hâng @-@ khong ) ( TWSE : 2618 ) is a Taiwanese international airline based at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport near Taipei , Taiwan , operating passenger and dedicated cargo services to over 40 international destinations in Asia , Australia , Europe , and North America . EVA Air is largely privately owned and flies a fully international route network . It is a 5 star airline , rated by Skytrax . It is the second largest Taiwanese airline . EVA Air is headquartered in Luzhu , Taoyuan City , Taiwan . Since its founding in 1989 as an affiliate of shipping conglomerate Evergreen Group , EVA Air has expanded to include air cargo , airline catering , ground handling , and aviation engineering services . Its cargo arm , EVA Air Cargo , links with the Evergreen worldwide shipping network on sea and land . Its domestic and regional subsidiary , UNI Air , operates a medium and short @-@ haul network to destinations in Taiwan , Macau and China with its main hub in Kaohsiung , Taiwan . As of January 2015 , EVA Air is the 3rd safest airline in the world , with no hull losses , accidents , or fatalities since its establishment . EVA Air operates a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing aircraft , with Airbus A330 , Boeing 747 , Airbus A321 , and Boeing 777 airliners primarily used on passenger routes , along with Boeing 747 freighters used on cargo routes . The airline was one of the first carriers to introduce the Premium Economy class ( called Elite class in EVA Air ) , which it debuted in 1991 . Elite class is onboard Boeing 777 and selected Boeing 747 aircraft . = = History = = = = = Launch = = = In September 1988 , during the 20th anniversary celebration of Evergreen Marine Corporation ’ s founding , company chairman Chang Yung @-@ fa announced his company ’ s intentions to establish Taiwan ’ s first private international airline . The opportunity to create a major Taiwanese airline had just arisen following a decision by the Taiwanese government to liberalise the country ’ s air transportation system . Government requirements still mandated global experience and financial capital requirements for any company seeking permission to initiate international airline service from Taiwan . Upon recipient of regulatory approval , EVA Airways Corporation was formally established in March 1989 . The airline was originally to be called Evergreen Airways , however this was deemed too similar to the unrelated Evergreen International cargo airline . In October 1989 , the newly formed EVA Airways Corporation placed a US $ 3 @.@ 6 billion order for 26 aircraft from Boeing and McDonnell Douglas , including Boeing 747 @-@ 400 and MD @-@ 11 airliners . Operations began on 1 July 1991 with a small fleet of EVA Air Boeing 767 @-@ 300ER aircraft featuring business and economy class seating . Initial destinations from Taipei were Bangkok , Seoul , Jakarta , Singapore , and Kuala Lumpur . By the end of the year , the EVA Air network had expanded to include additional cities in East Asia and its first European destination , Vienna . First year revenues reached US $ 40 million . = = = Expansion in the 1990s = = = In 1992 , EVA Air received the first of its Boeing 747 @-@ 400 aircraft on order , and launched its premium economy class , " Economy Deluxe " , on its 747 transpacific flights to Los Angeles , beginning in December of that year . EVA Air 's premium economy cabin , one of the first in the airline industry , featured a wider 2 @-@ 4 @-@ 2 abreast configuration , legrests , individual seatback video , and enhanced meal services . EVA Air 's Economy Deluxe cabin ( later renamed " Evergreen Deluxe " and " Elite Class " ) proved popular with the traveling public . For international services , EVA Air 's 747s were configured with 104 premium economy seats as part of a 370 @-@ seat , four @-@ class cabin , in addition to first , business and economy classes . In 1993 , EVA Air added flights to Seattle , New York , Bangkok and Vienna with the Boeing 747 @-@ 400 . By 1994 , EVA Air was providing regular service to 22 destinations worldwide , and carrying over 3 million passengers annually . In 1995 , the airline posted its first profit on revenues of US $ 1 @.@ 05 billion , one year ahead of schedule . Internationally , EVA Air 's rapid expansion and increased passenger volume was boosted by its safety record , in contrast to its primary competitor , China Airlines . In addition to receiving IOSA ( IATA Operational Safety Audit ) certification , EVA Air in 1997 achieved simultaneous official ISO 9002 certification in the areas of Passenger , Cargo , and Maintenance Services . Dedicated EVA Air Cargo operations began in April 1995 , with the first weekly McDonnell Douglas MD @-@ 11 freighter flights to Taipei , Singapore , Penang , San Francisco , New York , and Los Angeles . EVA Air Cargo 's fleet was expanded to five freighters by the end of the year . Previously , EVA Air Cargo operations mainly relied on passenger aircraft cargo space . In the mid – 1990s , EVA Air expanded into the domestic Taiwan market by acquiring shares in Makung International Airlines , followed by Great China Airlines and Taiwan Airways . On 1 July 1998 , all three carriers , as well as EVA 's existing domestic operations , merged under the UNI Air title . UNI Air became EVA Air 's domestic intra @-@ Taiwanese subsidiary , operating shorthaul flights out of its base in Kaohsiung , Taiwan 's southern port and second @-@ largest city . = = = Maturation in the early 2000s = = = In 2000 , EVA Air embarked on its first major long @-@ haul fleet renewal . The airline became one of the launch customers for the Boeing 777 @-@ 300ER , ordering four aircraft plus eight options . At the same time , the airline placed three orders for the Boeing 777 @-@ 200LR . In January 2001 , EVA Air ordered its first Airbus aircraft , the A330 @-@ 200 . The Boeing 777 aircraft were intended for United States and European services , while the Airbus A330 aircraft were intended for regional Asian routes . In 2001 , EVA Air began listing public stock offerings on the Taiwan Stock Exchange . Initially , one percent of the company 's shares was offered over @-@ the @-@ counter , with one @-@ quarter held by parent company Evergreen Marine Corporation and EVA Air employees , respectively . In 2002 , EVA Air underwent internal corporate reforms , with staff reductions and streamlined management . This culminated a process which had begun in 1997 , when the Asian financial crisis began affecting profitability . The 2002 – 2003 SARS contagion also affected passenger traffic for medium @-@ haul flights in Southeast Asia , while long @-@ haul flights to North America , Japan , and Europe were less affected . In 2004 , EVA Air converted its remaining eight options for Boeing 777 @-@ 300ERs into firm orders . The first Boeing 777 @-@ 300ER entered service as EVA Air 's new flagship aircraft in July 2005 . With the arrival of its new Boeing 777s , EVA Air launched a comprehensive revamp of its cabins , introducing lie @-@ flat seats in its new Premium Laurel business class cabin , and upgrading its premium economy product to the new Elite Class cabin . The airline 's A330s were introduced with two @-@ class Premium Laurel and Economy cabins . In December 2005 , EVA Air and its associated divisions had 5 @,@ 098 employees , and the airline 's network spanned 40 passenger destinations worldwide , with additional cargo destinations . = = = Repositioning in the late 2000s = = = In 2007 , EVA Air announced a nonstop Taipei to New York ( John F. Kennedy International Airport ) service , to be operated with its new long @-@ range Boeing 777 @-@ 300ERs . At the same time , the airline withdrew passenger service from Taipei to Paris . On 31 October 2008 , EVA Air announced a resumption of Taipei to Paris service with thrice @-@ weekly passenger flights beginning 21 January 2009 . In 2008 , the airline also announced the suspension of services to Auckland . The carrier also prepared to increase direct flights to China , after initiating weekly charter flights in July 2008 following changes to the Three Links travel agreements . For the 2007 – 2008 period , EVA Air coped with a 34 % surge in fuel prices , which contributed to a US $ 61 @.@ 2 million 2007 loss . In August 2008 , EVA Air reported a second quarterly loss due to increased fuel costs . In response , the airline implemented cost @-@ saving measures , including flight schedule reductions and fee increases . In early 2008 , EVA Air 's business office in El Segundo , California , announced a major staff reduction , with over half the staff advised that they would no longer be employed by May 2008 . Functions performed by those local staff were shifted to Taiwan by half , such as the reservation center . EVA Air carried 6 @.@ 2 million passengers in 2007 , and employed 4 @,@ 800 staff members as of April 2008 . The carrier returned to profitability in the first quarter of 2009 , with a US $ 5 @.@ 9 million net gain . In August 2010 , EVA Air was named one of the top 10 international airlines in Travel + Leisure 's World 's Best Awards . = = = Further Expansion in the early 2010s = = = In 2010 , EVA Air released a newsflash about their service to Toronto , which began on 29 March 2010 . In November 2010 , EVA Air began nonstop flights connecting the inner @-@ city Taipei Songshan and Tokyo Haneda airports . In 2010 , Chang Kuo @-@ wei , son of Chang Yung @-@ fa , returned to serve as EVA Air 's president , and the carrier recorded increased sales and yearly profits . In early 2011 , the carrier announced that it had applied for airline alliance membership with Star Alliance , and later that year clarified that it was in talks to join either Oneworld or Star Alliance by 2013 . In June 2011 , the carrier began nonstop flights from Taipei to Guam , and in October 2011 the carrier announced nonstop service from New York ( JFK ) to Taipei . On 27 March 2012 , EVA Air announced that it would join Star Alliance in 2013 . On 24 September 2012 EVA Air signed a partnership with Amadeus IT Group Altéa suite for its Altéa Revenue Management system . On 18 June 2013 , EVA Air became a full member of Star Alliance . In October 2014 , EVA AIR announced to expand its North American network by adding new routes to Houston in 2015 and Chicago in 2016 , alone with expanding 55 flights per week to 63 flights per week to North America . The Houston route launch will be complimented by the introduction of the seventh and last Hello Kitty jet , Kikilala @-@ themed " Shining Star " Boeing 777 @-@ 300ER . In October 2015 , EVA AIR announced its intent to purchase up to 24 Boeing 787 Dreamliners and two additional 777 @-@ 300ER ( Extended Range ) jetliners from Boeing . EVA Airways will join the 787 @-@ 10 launch customer team . = = = Recent developments = = = In November 2015 , Eva Air unveiled a new livery on their 22nd 777 along with new boarding music and improved service on board . In January 2016 , Evergreen Group chairman Chang Yung @-@ fa died , leaving the company to his son from the second marriage , Chang Kuo @-@ Wei . In March 2016 , a coup by the three children of Chang Yung @-@ fa in the first marriage removed Chang Kuo @-@ Wei as chairman and replaced him with Lin Pang @-@ Shui ( Steven Lin ) . In June 2016 , EVA Air is given a Skytrax 5 @-@ star rating , along with ANA , Asiana Airlines , Cathay Pacific , Garuda Indonesia , Hainan Airlines , Qatar Airways and Singapore Airlines . = = Corporate affairs and identity = = = = = Management = = = As of 2011 , EVA Air 's corporate leadership is headed by Chairman Lin Bou @-@ shiu and President Cheng Chuan @-@ yi . EVA Air 's president plays a primary role in managing EVA 's business operations . Other members of EVA Air 's board manage support and service services of the company , including its catering and maintenance divisions . Related areas outside EVA Air 's direct management include UNI Holidays , Evergreen 's Evasión travel service and Evergreen Laurel Hotels . EVA Air has its headquarters , known as the EVA Air Building , in Luzhu , Taoyuan City . EVA Air is largely privately owned . Primary shareholders are Evergreen Marine Corporation ( 20 % ) , Evergreen founder Chang Yung @-@ fa ( 15 % ) , and Evergreen International Corporation ( 11 % ) . Foreign investors and individual stockholders combined hold 28 % of EVA Air shares . = = = Cultural details = = = EVA Air has differentiated its onboard service by using Taiwanese ( Hokkien ) , Mandarin , Hakka , English , and other languages for its in @-@ flight cabin announcements . The order of Hokkien and Mandarin has varied since the carrier 's launch . EVA Air has also used Taiwanese folk songs in its boarding music , including an orchestral form of " Longing for Spring Wind " performed by the Evergreen Group 's Evergreen Symphony Orchestra . The carrier 's aircraft and employee color scheme has at times been interpreted by observers as support for the Pan @-@ Green Coalition of Taiwanese politics , mainly due to Evergreen founder Chang Yung @-@ fa 's political views in the 2000 presidential election , but this association changed following Chang 's support of the Pan @-@ Blue Coalition in the 2004 presidential election . The carrier has further abstained from displaying official markings of Taiwan on its aircraft , and received expedited approval of international landing rights as a result . = = = Branding = = = = = = = Name and logo = = = = The name " EVA " was taken from two letters of " Evergreen " and the first letter of " Airways . " The name " EVA " is always spelled in capital letters . The airline uses the logo of its parent company , using green with an orange trim . = = = = Livery and uniforms = = = = The standard EVA Air livery utilizes dark green , signifying durability , and orange , representing technological innovation . The tail globe logo is intended to represent stability and reliability , and its positioning on the tail , with one corner off the edge , represents service innovation . The EVA Air livery was updated in 2002 , adding a larger typeface and the use of green covering the aircraft below the window line . The tail design and logo remained unchanged . Since 2003 , EVA Air has adopted its current uniform , featuring dark green dresses with cropped jackets . Chief pursers are distinguished by orange highlights , gold bands , and orange stripes ; flight attendants feature green trim and white stripes . The current uniform replaced the former green @-@ and @-@ orange necktie ensembles used in EVA Air 's first twelve years . = = = = Marketing slogans = = = = EVA Air has used different slogans throughout its operational history . The first slogan appeared on English advertising in the United States , while the 1996 and 2003 versions were introduced internationally in both English and Mandarin . In 2005 , a second " Sharing the world " slogan was introduced to complement the arrival of the airline 's Boeing 777s . EVA Air slogans have been as follows : Flying into the Future ( 2016 – present ) = = = Divisions = = = = = = = EVA Air Cargo = = = = Founded concurrently with the passenger operations of EVA Air , EVA Air Cargo operates facilities in Europe , Asia , and North America . Its cargo operations have diversified to include transportation of high @-@ tech equipment and special care items such as museum artwork and live zoological specimens . EVA Air has stated its goal of achieving a 50 / 50 split in revenues between its passenger and cargo operations . The airline 's cargo operations are mainly operated via a fleet of Boeing 747 @-@ 400 , MD @-@ 11 dedicated freighters , Boeing 747 @-@ 400 Combi aircraft , and additional belly cargo space on passenger aircraft . Following the establishment of its A330 fleet and the introduction of Boeing 777 long @-@ haul aircraft , the airline converted some of its older Boeing 747 @-@ 400 passenger aircraft to freighters to meet cargo market demands . EVA Air Cargo established its European Cargo Center in Brussels in 2003 and opened its Southern China Cargo Center in Hong Kong in 2006 . As of 2007 , EVA Air Cargo has 43 weekly cargo flights to London , Vienna , Brussels and US destinations including Los Angeles , Dallas / Ft . Worth , Chicago , Atlanta and New York . The carrier also has code @-@ shares with international airlines including Air Nippon ( a subsidiary of All Nippon Airways ) , British Airways World Cargo , Austrian Airlines and Lufthansa Cargo . In recent years , the airline has focused its North American cargo operations solely on point @-@ to @-@ point routes . By 2004 , EVA Air Cargo ranked among the world 's top 10 largest air freight companies . Industry publication Air Cargo World ranked EVA Air Cargo 6th out of 50 in its 2008 Air Cargo Excellence Survey , a measure of cargo service customer service and performance . In 2008 , EVA Air handled the transport of two Chinese pandas , donated as a gift to the Taipei Zoo . = = = = Maintenance and support = = = = EVA Air service divisions further include pilot and cabin attendant training facilities , along with its Evergreen Sky Catering and Evergreen Airline Services ground support divisions . EVA Air has partnered with General Electric since 1998 to operate the Evergreen Aviation Technologies Corporation ( EGAT ) , a heavy maintenance and aircraft overhaul service . Evergreen Aviation Technologies Corporation provides safety , repair , and refit services for EVA Air , other airlines ' aircraft , and has handled the modification of four Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter aircraft for Boeing 's 787 Dreamliner program . = = = Financial report = = = Eva Air 's financial results are shown below : = = Destinations = = Most EVA Air flights originate out of Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport , its main hub near Taipei , Taiwan . At Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport , EVA Air 's flight operations are concentrated in Terminal 2 . Additionally , EVA Air and its domestic subsidiary UNI Air operate numerous flights out of Kaohsiung International Airport . A focus city for EVA Air outside Taiwan is Bangkok 's Suvarnabhumi Airport , with westerly connections to all its European destinations except for Paris , which is flown non @-@ stop . Through the mid @-@ 2000s , EVA Air 's route network was affected by the political status of Taiwan , which has historically limited access for Taiwanese airlines to Europe and certain Asian countries . Because Taiwanese carriers did not have direct access to China , EVA Air has used Hong Kong and Macau as interline destinations . EVA Air operated regular charter flights to China in 2008 . The airline began regularly scheduled , direct cross @-@ strait operations in December 2008 , following the restoration of direct travel links . EVA air currently plans to expand its North America network . Houston route was open in June 2015 , while Chicago route will be open around 2016 . EVA currently plans to increase North American flights from 58 flights to 77 flights a week . EVA also plans to launch service to Delhi and Washington DC around late 2016 or early 2017 . EVA Air launched service to Istanbul on 5 March 2016 , operating a 777 @-@ 300ER reg . B @-@ 16726 . This flight is operated 4 times a week . EVA Air also launched service to Cebu , Philippines on 27 March 2016 using its A321 @-@ 200 aircraft . This flight operates daily . EVA Air has announced that it will launch Taipei @-@ Chicago O 'Hare on November 2 , using a 777 @-@ 300ER . = = = Codeshare agreements = = = EVA Air has existing codeshare agreements with over a dozen carriers , which include the following : = = Fleet = = The EVA Air fleet consists of the following aircraft ( as of July 2016 ) : = = = Fleet gallery = = = Hover over each photo to view label detail = = = Former fleet = = = = = = Special liveries = = = In October 2005 , EVA Air launched a campaign with Japanese company Sanrio to create the " Hello Kitty Jet , " featuring the popular Japanese character . Using the airline 's A330 @-@ 200 , the exterior adopted a livery of Hello Kitty characters . A year later , the airline launched a second Hello Kitty Jet . The aircraft featured a Hello Kitty motif on exterior and interior fittings and features . Both planes were used to serve Japanese destinations , and from mid – July 2007 , also Taipei @-@ Hong Kong routes . The original Hello Kitty livery was retired in 2009 , but in 2011 EVA Air announced its return in redesigned form to mark the carrier 's 20th anniversary and renew interest in Japanese tourism . For this occasion , EVA Air had ordered brand @-@ new Airbus A330 @-@ 300s to be painted in an all @-@ new Hello Kitty livery . After the introduction of the " refreshed " Hello Kitty Livery on three EVA Air A330 's , EVA Air decided to introduce two additional Hello Kitty A330 jets , launched in May and June 2012 . The fourth and fifth Hello Kitty jets are known as " Hello Kitty Speed Puff " and " Hello Kitty Happy Music " respectively . In 2013 , the carrier rolled out its sixth Hello Kitty jet " Hand in Hand " , this time on a Boeing 777 @-@ 300ER . The plane featured all the main characters from the Sanrio family . In 2015 , the seventh and final Hello Kitty jet , Kikilala @-@ themed " Shining Star " Boeing 777 @-@ 300ER , rolled out . In July 2006 , EVA Air 's third new Boeing 777 @-@ 300ER was Boeing 's center stage at the 2006 Farnborough Airshow in a static display . The aircraft , with its special 777 @-@ 300ER " Rainbow " livery , was leased by Boeing for a week to be presented at the show . The first three EVA Air Boeing 777 aircraft featured this livery , which were repainted in 2013 ( B @-@ 16701 in Star Alliance livery , B @-@ 16702 in regular livery , B @-@ 16703 in Hello Kitty " Hand in Hand " livery ) . For the 2010 Taipei International Flora Exposition , EVA Air debuted a floral @-@ inspired design for its A330 @-@ 200 aircraft , highlighting the carrier 's official sponsorship of the event ; the " Flora Expo cabin concept " introduced interior products such as in @-@ flight meals with a flower motif . = = = Fleet plans = = = EVA Air 's long @-@ haul fleet is based on the Boeing 777 @-@ 300ER , with the carrier 's initial order for 15 all delivered by 2011 . In 2006 , the airline decided against its existing three Boeing 777 @-@ 200LR orders ( stating that with the 777 @-@ 300ERs it has sufficient passenger capacity ) , and the 777 @-@ 200LR orders were converted into 777 @-@ 300ER orders . In late 2010 , EVA Air indicated it planned to lease three A330 @-@ 300 aircraft for Asian routes in 2011 . In mid @-@ 2011 , EVA Air announced plans to acquire further 777 @-@ 300ERs to complete the replacement of its 747 @-@ 400 aircraft on Europe and U.S. routes , along with A321 series narrow @-@ body jets to replace its MD @-@ 90 fleet . On 8 May 2012 , EVA Air signed orders with Boeing for 3 additional 777 @-@ 300ERs , and also announced its lease of 4 more 777 @-@ 300ERs from GECAS . Due to falling of freight demands , the airline restructured its cargo fleet by retiring the MD @-@ 11s . The last 747 combi flight was conducted on January 5 , 2015 as BR868 from Hong Kong to Taipei , ending its 22 @-@ year service . After the release of Airbus A330neo , Eva air puts its A330 renewal plans on hold . Eva air also considers ordering more A321 ( either the CEO variant or the NEO variant ) , and possibly order the 777Fs to replace the existing fleet of 747 @-@ 400Fs and the already phased out MD @-@ 11Fs . The carrier plans to operate up to 100 aircraft . At the Paris Airshow 2015 , Eva Air announced its Intention to purchase 5 777F and 4 A330 @-@ 300 . EVA Air confirmed the order of up to 24 Boeing 787 @-@ 10 and two additional Boeing 777 @-@ 300ER.They also announced the additional lease of 787 aircraft from ALC . EVA announced in late 2015 that it will be retiring all their A330 @-@ 200 aircraft by the end of 2016 , replacing them with the newly ordered A330 @-@ 300 . = = = 747 retirements = = = As the 777s continue to phase in , the 747s are being progressively retired . On January 5 , 2015 , EVA Air had retired their first 747 variant , the combi variant . In 2016 , EVA announced that the last 747 @-@ 400 passenger service will be mid @-@ May 2017 . Last planned 747 @-@ 400 long range service will be 26 March 2017 . The aircraft will continue to operate the two daily 747 @-@ 400 to Shanghai until mid @-@ may . The airline also plans to retire the 747 freighters when the 777 freighters are delivered . = = Services = = = = = Check @-@ in = = = At Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport , EVA Air has introduced the EVA Air Check @-@ in Kiosks at T2 , counters 6A , allowing passengers to check in and print their boarding passes electronically , since December 2009 . The kiosks are currently available at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport and Taipei Songshan Airport . Over time , EVA will install these counters in airports in China and other international EVA Air destinations . Outside of Taiwan , it is only currently available in Los Angeles . Previously , if passengers were to check in for an EVA Air flight , they would have to go to an airline representative at the counters . = = = Onboard = = = EVA Air offers three classes of service on its long @-@ haul flights : " Royal Laurel " / " Premium Laurel " ( business ) , " Elite Class " ( premium economy ) and Economy Class . All cabins feature satellite phones , audio video on demand ( AVOD ) entertainment , SMS service , and in a number of Boeing 777 cabins , mood lighting ( B @-@ 16718 @-@ B @-@ 16727 ) . Domestic and short @-@ haul international services flown by EVA Air and UNI Air MD @-@ 90 aircraft also feature a short @-@ haul business class . In the latter half of 2007 , EVA Air 's Boeing 747 @-@ 400 fleet was upgraded to feature the airline 's latest seating classes ; the addition of Premium Laurel class on the Boeing 747 @-@ 400 succeeded the previous " Super First " and " Super Business " cabins . In early 2012 , EVA Air officials unveiled a redesigned " Royal Laurel " business class , including 180 @-@ degree , fully flat seats in reverse herringbone layout , which was first introduced on Boeing 777 @-@ 300ER services in June 2012 between Taipei and New York . = = = = Cabin classes = = = = EVA Air currently has five classes , which are listed below . In May 2012 , EVA Air announced to introduce a new business class product on select , redesigned Boeing 777 @-@ 300ER aircraft : Royal Laurel class . The cabin features 38 180 ° lie @-@ flat bed seats in a reverse herringbone configuration pitched at 2 @,@ 000 and 650 mm ( 79 and 26 in ) wide . Laptop power and multi @-@ port connectors ( USB / iPod ) are available at each seat . The Royal Laurel class seating arrangement is in a 1 – 2 – 1 abreast arrangement . The airline is offering the service with these redesigned B777s on the TPE @-@ JFK route , and gradually offering the service for LAX , SFO , YYZ , CDG , AMS and LHR ( the latter two routes fly via BKK ) routes by 2013 . Cabin upgrades are projected to be completed August 2013 . Premium Laurel , EVA Air 's existing business class cabin , was introduced in 2003 with the A330 @-@ 200 , and expanded to more destinations with the Boeing 777 @-@ 300ER in 2005 and refitted Boeing 747 @-@ 400 ( replacing " Super First " ) in 2007 . Seats are pitched at 1 @,@ 549 mm ( 61 @.@ 0 in ) in Premium Laurel in a pod @-@ style layout , and can convert to an angled lie @-@ flat bed . Laptop power is available . Premium Laurel class seating is in a 2 – 2 – 2 abreast arrangement on the Boeing 777 , Boeing 747 ( 2 – 2 in the forward nose section ) , and A330.In 2016 , Premium Laurel was upgraded to the new B / E Aerospace seats in a 2 @-@ 2 @-@ 2 configuration . Elite Class , EVA Air 's premium economy product , is offered in a dedicated cabin on the Boeing 777 and 747 @-@ 400 . Elite Class has wider seating and legroom ( in a 2 @-@ 4 @-@ 2 layout ) , and a seat similar to short @-@ haul business class with an extendable legrest , 970 to 1 @,@ 020 mm ( 38 to 40 in ) pitch , adjustable winged headrests , and laptop power . Service levels in Elite Class are similar to Economy Class , but food and amenities are improved , along with the seating . Elite passengers further receive an amenity kit on most flights . Economy Class is available on all EVA Air aircraft , featuring 840 mm ( 33 in ) pitch , touchscreen personal entertainment screens , sliding seat cushions , and adjustable winged headrests . Each seat is also equipped with a personal handset satellite telephone which can be used with a credit card . Economy seating is in 3 – 3 – 3 arrangement on the Boeing 777 , 3 – 4 – 3 on the Boeing 747 ( main deck ) , 3 @-@ 2 on the MD90 , 3 – 3 on the A321 & Boeing 747 ( upper deck ) , and 2 – 4 – 2 on all A330s . In Economy Class of A321 and MD 90 , there is no personal entertainment , with only overhead sceens . A new Economy and Elite cabin is available on select 777 @-@ 300ER aircraft . Those new seats have improved entertainment systems and USB and 110V AC ports in each seat . It includes a seat @-@ back screen that is 11 @.@ 1 inches , compared to the previous 9 inches . Those new seats are only available on selected flights to North America . Wi @-@ fi is available for purchase . EVA Air has finished refurnishing most of their 777 @-@ 300ER aircraft with the newest premium economy and economy product , along with the installation of Wifi . EVA Air has begun the process of repainting their fleet with the new livery that was debuted on B @-@ 16725 in November 2015 . = = = = In @-@ flight entertainment = = = = EVA Air 's audio video on demand ( AVOD ) entertainment system , Star Gallery , is available in all classes , except Airbus A321 Economy class . This system has 40 movies and short features , interactive games , and over 100 music albums . Programs are mainly in Mandarin and English , with some selections in Japanese , German and French . Sky Gallery entertainment categories include such areas as Sky Hollywood ( films ) , Sky Concert Hall ( music and playlist creator ) , Kids ' World ( entertainment geared toward younger travelers ) , among others . The Panasonic Avionics 3000i system can display Mandarin , English , or Japanese text . On certain aircraft , Panasonic EX3 system is installed . Since 2005 , customers can also send SMS text messages and emails to the ground using their personal handsets and seatback screens . Seatback video is not available in Economy Class on A321 aircraft . enVoyage is EVA 's inflight magazine and features articles in English , Mandarin and Japanese . EVA Air 's duty @-@ free shopping brochure , EVA Air Sky Shop , is included at each seat in either paper or video form , with sales occurring in @-@ flight , typically after meal services . EVA Air also stocks a supply of newspapers and magazine publications on international flights , selection depending on route . = = = = Catering = = = = EVA Air offers a variety of meals on intercontinental routes , depending on seat class , destination and flight length . Western and Eastern menu selections are typically offered , including seasonal menu selections varied by destination . Special meal offerings can be requested in each class during booking , including children 's , religious , vegetarian , and other meals . In Royal Laurel and Premium Laurel Class , passengers can pre @-@ order gourmet entreés , depending on destination , including specialties produced by Din Tai Fung , the award @-@ winning Taiwanese restaurant . Royal Laurel cabins on the Boeing 777 also feature an in @-@ flight refreshment bar , and European wine selections are served . = = = EVA Air Lounges = = = EVA Air operates airline lounges , under the brand name EVA Air Lounge , in major destination airports . Passengers eligible to enter these facilities include first and business class passengers , Infinity MileageLands Diamond , Gold , and Silver card holders , Star Alliance Gold members , and airlines who have contracted the lounge facilities . EVA Air 's four flagship lounges , located at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport are : The Garden ( Infinity MileageLands Diamond , American Express Centurion / EVA Air Cobrand Platinum Cardholders , and Citibank EVA Air Cobrand World Card ) The Infinity ( Infinity MileageLands Diamond , Royal Laurel / Premium Laurel Class passengers , Star Alliance First / Business Class Passengers , American Express Centurion / EVA Air Cobrand Platinum Cardholders , and Citibank EVA Air Cobrand World Cardholders ) The Star ( Infinity MileageLands Diamond / Gold , Royal Laurel / Premium Laurel Class Passengers , Star Alliance First / Business Class Passengers , Star Alliance Gold members , American Express Centurion / EVA Air Cobrand Platinum Cardholders , Citibank EVA Air Cobrand World Cardholders , Business customers , elite status members of codeshare partners , and star alliance airlines which contracts EVA services ) The Club by EVA Air ( Infinity MileageLands Silver , Citibank Diamond Cardholders , Diners Club cardholders , and Citibank EVA Air Cobrand Titanium / Platinum Cardholders , Non Star Alliance member airlines contracted with EGAT ) . EVA Air lounge services typically include refreshments , business facilities , and television and reading entertainment . The lounge at Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport , Terminal 2 , has separate eating facilities at different levels . EVA Air also operates EVA Air Lounges at Bangkok International Airport , Hong Kong Chep Lap Kok Airport , San Francisco International Airport , and Kaohsiung International Airport . = = = Infinity MileageLands = = = EVA Air 's frequent flyer program , Infinity MileageLands , awards members points based on miles traveled and class of service . Infinity MileageLands points are redeemable for upgrades and free tickets , and can also be accumulated through credit card use , rental car agencies , Evergreen Laurel Hotels , and other participating services . Membership benefits include a dedicated reservation line , dedicated customer service hotlines , dedicated check in services , holiday gifts ( Diamond Card Holders ) , Evergreen Lounge access , additional baggage allowance with priority handling , and discounts on car rentals and hotels . Membership into the program is free . The program is divided into four tiers : Green , Silver , Gold , and Diamond . Infinity MileageLands privileges are additive by membership tier , with higher tiers including all benefits listed for prior tiers . The program accepts miles flown on partner airlines and Star Alliance partners such as All Nippon Airways and United Airlines , provided that the flights are booked and logged according to EVA Air frequent flier rules . Co @-@ branded American Express , Citibank , and Diners Club cards can also earn miles . Qualification levels and general benefits are listed on the EVA Air website . = = Safety Ranking , Incidents and Accidents = = To date , EVA Air has not had any aircraft losses or passenger fatalities in its operational history . As of 21 January 2014 , EVA Air is ranked number 3 in safety after Qantas and Cathay Pacific out of more than 800 individual airlines by Aero International , a German monthly devoted to civil aviation . At JACDEC Airline Safety Ranking 2015 , EVA Air was ranked 3rd place , behind Cathay Pacific and Emirates . ( out of 60 major airlines ) . On May 30 , 2012 , EVA Air Cargo Flight BR661 ( Boeing 747 @-@ 400F ) clipped the tail of American Eagle Flight 4265 . The regional jet had arrived from Springfield , Mo . , and was taxiing toward a gate at Terminal 3 . The accident occurred around 1 p.m. CT . The incident occurred as the American Eagle jet was pulling into Gate G20 . Damage to the two aircraft appeared to be minor and both returned to service after repair . On May 26 , 2015 , EVA Air flight BR12 ( Boeing 777 @-@ 300ER B @-@ 16718 , Delivered May 2014 ) from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport to Los Angeles landed safely at Los Angeles International Airport at 15 : 40 ( 3 : 40 pm ) . It departed from Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport at 18 : 57 ( 6 : 57 pm ) Taiwan time with 305 passengers , 3 pilots and 15 flight attendants on board . Approximately 20 minutes before the flight landed , the FAA received a telephone call that the flight was the target of a security threat . As soon as the aircraft landed , authorities took it to a secure area in a cargo bay . FBI agents , the Los Angeles Police Bomb Squad and other officials continued their investigation . After a thorough investigation , the FBI , Los Angeles Police Department Bomb Squad and airport officials have confirmed that the security threat against EVA Air BR12 flight from Taipei to Los Angeles was a false alarm . Passengers began getting off of the aircraft for security screenings at 17 : 15 ( 5 : 15 pm PDT ) and , now , authorities have released the Boeing 777 @-@ 300ER back to EVA Air to resume operations . The aircraft was initially scheduled to operate as EVA flight BR11 scheduled to depart from Los Angeles to Taipei at 17 : 15 ( 5 : 15 pm PDT ) . EVA used another from a later flight to use on flight BR11 due to the time needed for though security checks . EVA BR11 was delayed by 2 hours 15 minutes and took off at 19 : 30 ( 7 : 30 pm PDT ) with 298 passengers on board .
= Vintage amateur radio = Vintage amateur radio is a subset of amateur radio activity , considered a form of nostalgia or hobby much like antique car collecting , where enthusiasts collect , restore , preserve , build , and operate amateur radio equipment from bygone years , most notably those using vacuum tube technology . Popular modes of operation include voice communication using amplitude modulation ( AM ) , and Morse code using continuous wave ( CW ) radiotelegraphy . Among enthusiasts , there is considerable interest in owning , restoring and operating vintage military and commercial radio equipment , much of it more than 40 years old . Some undertake to construct their own gear , known in ham slang as homebrewing , using vintage parts and designs . A number of amateur radio clubs and organizations sponsor contests , events , and swap meets that cater to this specialized aspect of the hobby . = = Appeal = = Many amateurs prefer the relatively precise digital frequency displays and stability of modern , state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art , microprocessor based amateur radios . Vintage radio enthusiasts contend that modern amateur equipment lacks the aesthetic appeal and " soul " of amateur electronic gear from the vacuum tube era . Additionally , many find satisfaction in taking commercially @-@ made amateur equipment from the 1930s @-@ 1970s ( affectionately called boat anchors by US amateurs because of their large size and weight ) and carefully restoring it . Enthusiasts feel that the spacious electrical and mechanical designs of boat anchor radios are more easily worked on than the miniaturized layouts of modern Japanese gear . Fixing a modern transceiver often involves nothing more than a VLSI chip replacement . Vintage amateur radio devotees enjoy the more primitive experience that boat anchor radios offer , calling it " real radio " . Enthusiasts claim that boat anchors sound better than modern equipment , saying that the tube audio from vintage gear is " warmer " and more aesthetically pleasing . Some hobbyists see vintage radio operation as a valuable asset to help preserve the history and heritage of radio for future generations , and may assist in the restoration and operation of vintage radio equipment for historical exhibits , museums and museum ships . = = AM activity = = Amplitude modulation ( AM ) was once the main voice mode in amateur radio before being superseded by Single @-@ sideband modulation ( SSB ) . But AM has recently become a nostalgic specialty interest on the shortwave ham bands . Vintage radio operation has drawn a wide range of amateur radio enthusiasts from rock star Joe Walsh , WB6ACU , to former Federal Communications Commission attorney Riley Hollingsworth , K4ZDH . A majority of " AM 'ers " stations consist of vintage transmitters and receivers housed in separate cabinets . Some operators have even obtained old AM broadcast transmitters from radio stations that have upgraded their equipment . Others build their equipment from scratch ( called homebrewing ) using both modern and vintage @-@ era components . In the United States , shortwave HF frequencies ( in MHz ) on which amateur radio AM activity can be found include 1 @.@ 885 , 1 @.@ 930 , 1 @.@ 985 , 3 @.@ 870 @-@ 3 @.@ 885 , 7 @.@ 290 @-@ 7 @.@ 295 , 7 @.@ 160 , 14 @.@ 286 , 14 @.@ 330 , 21 @.@ 425 , and 29 @.@ 000 @-@ 29 @.@ 200 , and sometimes feature " special event " stations using unique call signs . In the United Kingdom , AM activity can be found almost every day on frequencies between 3 @.@ 615 and 3 @.@ 625 MHz . The French AM activity can be found almost every day the morning between 6h30 and 8h00 the frequency 3 @.@ 550 MHz . Conversations ( QSO 's in ham slang ) are typically configured as " roundtables " consisting of several participants . Interested newcomers are usually encouraged to switch their modern transceivers to AM mode , introduce themselves , and join the conversation . = = Classic gear = = Vintage operating activity is not limited to the AM mode . Many devotees use their " classic " amateur gear from vintage @-@ era American manufacturers like Eico , EF Johnson , National , Heathkit , Hammarlund , Drake , Collins , WRL , Swan , Signal / One , Lafayette and Hallicrafters , to make radiotelegraphy ( CW ) , SSB , FM and RTTY two @-@ way contacts . Although 1930s through 1970s gear is considered " vintage " , collectors may differ on the cutoff dates . Some even sub @-@ specialize in military radio collecting and undertake to restore and operate surplus communications equipment , much of it dating back to World War II , from the ubiquitous US Signal Corps SCR @-@ 300 and SCR @-@ 536 walkie talkies to exotic gear like the British Paraset , a small espionage transceiver supplied to Resistance forces in France , Belgium and the Netherlands . There is considerable interest in vintage military and commercial radio equipment among EU amateur radio operators , especially gear from British manufacturers such as Marconi , Racal , Eddystone , Pye , and a variety of Russian , German , Canadian , British RAF and British Army equipment , such as the well known Wireless Set No. 19 . = = = Glowbugs = = = " Glowbugs " are a related aspect of vintage radio and harken back to the early days of amateur radio , when the majority of hams hand @-@ crafted their own equipment . Smaller in size than " boat anchors " , " glowbug " is a term used by US amateurs to describe a simple home @-@ made tube @-@ type radio set , reminiscent of the shortwave radio @-@ building craze of the 1920s and 1930s . " Glow " refers to the glow of the vacuum tubes and " bug " to the gear 's relatively diminutive size . The Doerle regenerative receiver and Hartley transmitter circuits are considered " classic " glowbug designs . Generally , any small , home @-@ built tube @-@ type transmitter or receiver may be referred to as a glowbug . The majority of glowbug transmitters are designed to be used in the CW radiotelegraphy mode . As late as the 1960s , glowbugs were part of many beginner ham stations , and the ARRL Radio Amateur Handbook for those years exhibited a number of such simple , tube @-@ based designs . Today , glowbug operators are enjoying a resurgence of interest among QRP enthusiasts and others with a penchant for constructing their own equipment . Many hams are assembling " glowbug rigs " on improvised chassis such as tin cakepans and wooden boards , and putting them on the air between 7040 – 7050 kHz and 7114 – 7125 kHz . Amateur radio Glowbug enthusiasts can often be heard communicating on the shortwave bands via CW using Morse code . Popular frequencies to hear glowbug contacts are around 3560 kHz and also 3579 @.@ 5 kHz , chosen because crystals for this frequency can be salvaged from discarded color TV sets , along with other transmitter components . = = Clubs , events , and publications = = Many vintage radio clubs sponsor special events and contests , such as the " AM QSO Party " sponsored by the Antique Wireless Association , the " Heavy Metal Rally " sponsored by Electric Radio Magazine , and the " Classic Radio Exchange " . Such operating events are not traditional ham radio contests inasmuch as they are a night of friendly QSO ’ s using home @-@ built , restored commercial ham , broadcast or military equipment . The Amateur Radio Lighthouse Society and The AM Radio Network 's " Expedition to Thomas Point Shoal Lighthouse " in Chesapeake Bay , MD commemorated the history of lighthouses with a vintage special event station using the call sign K3L . Britain 's Vintage and Military Amateur Radio Society ( affiliated with the Radio Society of Great Britain ) coordinates regular on @-@ air " nets " where enthusiasts gather as well as massive technical files for the benefit of members . The Surplus Radio Society , a Dutch society of collectors of old ex @-@ military radio equipment and other nostalgic receivers and transmitters holds weekly radio activity nets every Sunday on 3 @.@ 575 MHz CW / 3 @.@ 705 MHz AM and sponsors several flea markets and exchange fairs each year . The Canada @-@ based The Wireless Set No. 19 Group , with members virtually world @-@ wide , caters to those who collect , restore and / or operate vintage military communications equipment , with emphasis on the World War II Wireless Set No. 19 radio . Many members are Amateur Radio operators who use the equipment for on @-@ air contacts with others . The ARRL publishes " Vintage Radio " , a collection of articles from QST magazine describing vintage equipment and restoration , and CQ Amateur Radio magazine releases a yearly " Classic Radio Calendar " featuring full @-@ color vintage radio images . = = Safety = = Those accustomed to making repairs on solid state equipment are cautioned that vacuum tube gear contain potentially lethal voltages . The practice of discharging power @-@ supply capacitors and keeping one hand in your pocket when working on powered @-@ up gear are essential safety measures . Some older equipment directly connects the metal chassis to one side of the incoming AC line , a practice which results in the entire unit becoming electrified if the wall plug is inserted backwards . Many older radios , such as vintage receivers , are not safety @-@ fused . Restorers generally replace the AC line cord with a more modern 3 wire plug and install an in @-@ line or chassis mount fuseholder . The use of a common station ground connection to all equipment is encouraged . Those who collect , restore or otherwise use vintage radio equipment should also be aware of possible radioactive substances .
= Galerina marginata = Galerina marginata is a species of poisonous fungus in the family Hymenogastraceae of the order Agaricales . Prior to 2001 , the species G. autumnalis , G. oregonensis , G. unicolor , and G. venenata were thought to be separate due to differences in habitat and the viscidity of their caps , but phylogenetic analysis showed that they are all the same species . The fruit bodies of this fungus have brown to yellow @-@ brown caps that fade in color when drying . The gills are brownish and give a rusty spore print . A well @-@ defined membranous ring is typically seen on the stems of young specimens but often disappears with age . In older fruit bodies , the caps are flatter and the gills and stems browner . The species is a classic " little brown mushroom " — a catchall category that includes all small to medium @-@ sized , hard @-@ to @-@ identify brownish mushrooms , and may be easily confused with several edible species . Galerina marginata is widespread in the Northern Hemisphere , including Europe , North America , and Asia , and has also been found in Australia . It is a wood @-@ rotting fungus that grows predominantly on decaying conifer wood . An extremely poisonous species , it contains the same deadly amatoxins found in the death cap ( Amanita phalloides ) . Ingestion in toxic amounts causes severe liver damage with vomiting , diarrhea , hypothermia , and eventual death if not treated rapidly . About ten poisonings have been attributed to the species now grouped as G. marginata over the last century . = = Taxonomy and naming = = What is now recognized as a single morphologically variable taxon named Galerina marginata was once split into five distinct species . Norwegian mycologist Gro Gulden and colleagues concluded that all five represented the same species after comparing the DNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA for various North American and European specimens in Galerina section Naucoriopsis . The results showed no genetic differences between G. marginata and G. autumnalis , G. oregonensis , G. unicolor , and G. venenata , thus reducing all these names to synonymy . The oldest of these names are Agaricus marginatus , described by August Batsch in 1789 , and Agaricus unicolor , described by Martin Vahl in 1792 . Agaricus autumnalis was described by Charles Horton Peck in 1873 , and later moved to Galerina by A. H. Smith and Rolf Singer in their 1962 worldwide monograph on that genus . In the same publication they also introduced the G. autumnalis varieties robusta and angusticystis . Another of the synonymous species , G. oregonensis , was first described in that monograph . Galerina venenata was first identified as a species by Smith in 1953 . Since Agaricus marginatus is the oldest validly published name , it has priority according to the rules of botanical nomenclature . Another species analysed in Gulden 's 2001 study , Galerina pseudomycenopsis , also could not be distinguished from G. marginata based on ribosomal DNA sequences and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses . Because of differences in ecology , fruit body color and spore size combined with inadequate sampling , the authors preferred to maintain G. pseudomycenopsis as a distinct species . A 2005 study again failed to separate the two species using molecular methods , but reported that the incompatibility demonstrated in mating experiments suggests that the species are distinct . In the fourth edition ( 1986 ) of Singer 's comprehensive classification of the Agaricales , G. marginata is the type species of Galerina section Naucoriopsis , a subdivision first defined by French mycologist Robert Kühner in 1935 . It includes small brown @-@ spored mushrooms characterized by cap edges initially curved inwards , fruit bodies resembling Pholiota or Naucoria and thin @-@ walled , obtuse or acute @-@ ended pleurocystidia that are not rounded at the top . Within this section , G. autumnalis and G. oregonensis are in stirps Autumnalis , while G. unicolor , G. marginata , and G. venenata are in stirps Marginata . Autumnalis species are characterized by having a viscid to lubricous cap surface while Marginata species lack a gelatinous cap — the surface is moist , " fatty @-@ shining " , or matte when wet . However , as Gulden explains , this characteristic is highly variable : " Viscidity is a notoriously difficult character to assess because it varies with the age of the fruitbody and the weather conditions during its development . Varying degrees of viscidity tend to be described differently and applied inconsistently by different persons applying terms such as lubricous , fatty , fatty @-@ shiny , sticky , viscid , glutinous , or ( somewhat ) slimy . " The specific epithet marginata is derived from the Latin word for " margin " or " edge " , while autumnalis means " of the autumn " . Common names of the species include the " marginate Pholiota " ( resulting from its synonymy with Pholiota marginata ) , " funeral bell " , " deadly skullcap " , and " deadly Galerina " . G. autumnalis was known as the " fall Galerina " or the " autumnal Galerina " , while G. venenata was the " deadly lawn Galerina " . = = Description = = The cap reaches 1 @.@ 7 to 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 67 to 1 @.@ 57 in ) in diameter . It starts convex , sometimes broadly conical , and has edges ( margins ) that are curved in against the gills . As the cap grows and expands , it becomes broadly convex and then flattened , sometimes developing a central elevation , or umbo , which may project prominently from the cap surface . Based on the collective descriptions of the five taxa now considered to be G. marginata , the texture of the surface shows significant variation . Smith and Singer give the following descriptions of surface texture : from " viscid " ( G. autumnalis ) , to " shining and viscid to lubricous when moist " ( G. oregonensis ) , to " shining , lubricous to subviscid ( particles of dirt adhere to surface ) or merely moist , with a fatty appearance although not distinctly viscid " , to " moist but not viscid " ( G. marginata ) . The cap surface remains smooth and changes colors with humidity ( hygrophanous ) , pale to dark ochraceous tawny over the disc and yellow @-@ ochraceous on the margin ( at least when young ) , but fading to dull tan or darker when dry . When moist , the cap is somewhat transparent so that the outlines of the gills may be seen as striations . The flesh is pale brownish ochraceous to nearly white , thin and pliant , with an odor and taste varying from very slightly to strongly like flour ( farinaceous ) . The gills are typically narrow and crowded together , with a broadly adnate to nearly decurrent attachment to the stem and convex edges . They are a pallid brown when young , becoming tawny at maturity . Some short gills , called lamellulae , do not extend entirely from the cap edge to the stem , and are intercalated among the longer gills . The stem ranges from 3 to 6 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 to 2 @.@ 4 in ) long , 3 to 9 mm ( 0 @.@ 12 to 0 @.@ 35 in ) thick at the apex , and stays equal in width throughout or is slightly enlarged downward . Initially solid , it becomes hollow from the bottom up as it matures . The membranous ring is located on the upper half of the stem near the cap , but may be sloughed off and missing in older specimens . Its color is initially whitish or light brown , but usually appears a darker rusty @-@ brown in mature specimens that have dropped spores on it . Above the level of the ring , the stem surface has a very fine whitish powder and is paler than the cap ; below the ring it is brown down to the reddish @-@ brown to bistre base . The lower portion of the stem has a thin coating of pallid fibrils which eventually disappear and do not leave any scales . The spore print is rusty @-@ brown . = = = Microscopic characteristics = = = The spores measure 8 – 10 by 5 – 6 µm , and are slightly inequilateral in profile view , and egg @-@ shaped in face view . Like all Galerina species , the spores have a plage , which has been described as resembling " a slightly wrinkled plastic shrink @-@ wrap covering over the distal end of the spore " . The spore surface is warty and full of wrinkles , with a smooth depression where the spore was once attached via the sterigmatum to the basidium ( the spore @-@ bearing cell ) . When in potassium hydroxide ( KOH ) solution , the spores appear tawny or darker rusty @-@ brown , with an apical callus . The basidia are four @-@ spored ( rarely with a very few two @-@ spored ones ) , roughly cylindrical when producing spores , but with a slightly tapered base , and measure 21 – 29 by 5 – 8 @.@ 4 µm . Cystidia are cells of the fertile hymenium that do not produce spores . These sterile cells , which are structurally distinct from the basidia , are further classified according to their position . In G. marginata , the pleurocystidia ( cystidia from the gill sides ) are 46 – 60 by 9 – 12 µm , thin @-@ walled , and hyaline in KOH , fusoid to ventricose in shape with wavy necks and blunt to subacute apices ( 3 – 6 µm diameter near apex ) . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edges ) are similar in shape but often smaller than the pleurocystidia , abundant , with no club @-@ shaped or abruptly tapering ( mucronate ) cells present . Clamp connections are present in the hyphae . = = = Similar species = = = Galerina marginata may be mistaken for a few edible mushroom species . Pholiota mutabilis produces fruit bodies roughly similar in appearance and also grows on wood , but may be distinguished from G. marginata by its stems bearing scales up to the level of the ring , and from growing in large clusters ( which is not usual of G. marginata ) . However , the possibility of confusion is such that this good edible species is " not recommended to those lacking considerable experience in the identification of higher fungi . " Furthermore , microscopic examination shows smooth spores in Pholiota . G. marginata may be easily confused with other edibles such as Armillaria mellea and Kuehneromyces mutabilis . Regarding the latter species , one source notes " Often , G. marginata bears an astonishing resemblance to this fungus , and it requires careful and acute powers of observation to distinguish the poisonous one from the edible one . " K. mutabilis may be distinguished by the presence of scales on the stem below the ring , the larger cap , which may reach a diameter of 6 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) , and spicy or aromatic odor of the flesh . The related K. vernalis is a rare species and even more similar in appearance to G. marginata . Examination of microscopic characteristics is typically required to reliably distinguish between the two , revealing smooth spores with a germ pore . Another potential edible lookalike is the " velvet foot " , Flammulina velutipes . This species has gills that are white to pale yellow , a white spore print , and spores that are elliptical , smooth , and measure 6 @.@ 5 – 9 by 2 @.@ 5 – 4 µm . A rough resemblance has also been noted with the edible Hypholoma capnoides , as well as Conocybe filaris , another poisonous amatoxin @-@ containing species . = = Habitat and distribution = = Galerina marginata is a saprobic fungus , obtaining nutrients by breaking down organic matter . It is known to have most of the major classes of secreted enzymes that dissolve plant cell wall polysaccharides , and has been used as a model saprobe in recent studies of ectomycorrhizal fungi . Because of its variety of enzymes capable of breaking down wood and other lignocellulosic materials , the Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute ( JGI ) is currently sequencing its genome . The fungus is typically reported to grow on or near the wood of conifers , although it has been observed to grow on hardwoods as well . Fruit bodies may grow solitarily , but more typically in groups or small clusters , and appear in the summer to autumn . Sometimes , they may grow on buried wood and thus appear to be growing on soil . Galerina marginata is widely distributed throughout the Northern Hemisphere , found in North America , Europe , Japan , Iran , continental Asia , and the Caucasus . In North America , it has been collected as far north as the boreal forest of Canada and subarctic and arctic habitats in Labrador , and south to Jalisco , Mexico . It is also found in Australia . = = Toxicity = = The toxins found in Galerina marginata are known as amatoxins . Amatoxins belong to a family of bicyclic octapeptide derivatives composed of an amino acid ring bridged by a sulfur atom and characterized by differences in their side groups ; these compounds are responsible for more than 90 % of fatal mushroom poisonings in humans . The amatoxins inhibit the enzyme RNA polymerase II , which copies the genetic code of DNA into messenger RNA molecules . The toxin naturally accumulates in liver cells , and the ensuing disruption of metabolism accounts for the severe liver dysfunction cause by amatoxins . Amatoxins also lead to kidney failure because , as the kidneys attempt to filter out poison , it damages the convoluted tubules and reenters the blood to recirculate and cause more damage . Initial symptoms after ingestion include severe abdominal pain , vomiting , and diarrhea which may last for six to nine hours . Beyond these symptoms , toxins severely affect the liver which results in gastrointestinal bleeding , a coma , kidney failure , or even death , usually within seven days of consumption . Galerina marginata was shown in various studies to contain the amatoxins α @-@ amanitin and γ @-@ amanitin , first as G. venenata , then as G. marginata and G. autumnalis . The ability of the fungus to produce these toxins was confirmed by growing the mycelium as a liquid culture ( only trace amounts of β @-@ amanitin were found ) . G. marginata is thought to be the only species of the amatoxin @-@ producing genera that will produce the toxins while growing in culture . Both amanitins were quantified in G. autumnalis ( 1 @.@ 5 mg / g dry weight ) and G. marginata ( 1 @.@ 1 mg / g dry weight ) . Later experiments confirmed the occurrence of γ @-@ amanitin and β @-@ amanitin in German specimens of G. autumnalis and G. marginata and revealed the presence of the three amanitins in the fruit bodies of G. unicolor . Although some mushroom field guides claim that the species ( as G. autumnalis ) also contains phallotoxins ( however phallotoxins cannot be absorbed by humans ) , scientific evidence does not support this contention . A 2004 study determined that the amatoxin content of G. marginata varied from 78 @.@ 17 to 243 @.@ 61 µg / g of fresh weight . In this study , the amanitin amounts from certain Galerina specimens were higher than those from some Amanita phalloides , a European fungus generally considered as the richest in amanitins . The authors suggest that " other parameters such as extrinsic factors ( environmental conditions ) and intrinsic factors ( genetic properties ) could contribute to the significant variance in amatoxin contents from different specimens . " The lethal dose of amatoxins has been estimated to be about 0 @.@ 1 mg / kg human body weight , or even lower . Based on this value , the ingestion of 10 G. marginata fruit bodies containing about 250 µg of amanitins per gram of fresh tissue could poison a child weighing approximately 20 kilograms ( 44 lb ) . However , a 20 @-@ year retrospective study of more than 2100 cases of amatoxin poisonings from North American and Europe showed that few cases were due to ingestion of Galerina species . This low frequency may be attributed to the mushroom 's nondescript appearance as a " little brown mushroom " leading to it being overlooked by collectors , and by the fact that 21 % of amatoxin poisonings were caused by unidentified species . The toxicity of certain Galerina species has been known for a century . In 1912 , Charles Horton Peck reported a human poisoning case due to G. autumnalis . In 1954 , a poisoning was caused by G. venenata . Between 1978 and 1995 , ten cases caused by amatoxin @-@ containing Galerinas were reported in the literature . Three European cases , two from Finland and one from France were attributed to G. marginata and G. unicolor , respectively . Seven North American exposures included two fatalities from Washington due to G. venenata , with five cases reacting positively to treatment ; four poisonings were caused by G. autumnalis from Michigan and Kansas , in addition to poisoning caused by an unidentified Galerina species from Ohio . Several poisonings have been attributed to collectors consuming the mushrooms after mistaking them for the hallucinogenic Psilocybe stuntzii . = = = Cited books = = = Evenson VS . ( 1997 ) . Mushrooms of Colorado and the Southern Rocky Mountains . Westcliffe Publishers. pp. 25 – 6 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 56579 @-@ 192 @-@ 3 . Smith AH , Singer R. ( 1964 ) . A Monograph of the Genus Galerina . New York , New York : Hafner Publishing Co .
= American robin = The American robin ( Turdus migratorius ) is a migratory songbird of the thrush family . It is named after the European robin because of its reddish @-@ orange breast , though the two species are not closely related , with the European robin belonging to the Old World flycatcher family . The American robin is widely distributed throughout North America , wintering from southern Canada to central Mexico and along the Pacific Coast . It is the state bird of Connecticut , Michigan , and Wisconsin . According to some sources , the American robin ranks behind only the red @-@ winged blackbird ( and just ahead of the introduced European starling and the not @-@ always @-@ naturally @-@ occurring house finch ) as the most abundant extant land bird in North America . It has seven subspecies , but only T. m. confinis of Baja California Sur is particularly distinctive , with pale gray @-@ brown underparts . The American robin is active mostly during the day and assembles in large flocks at night . Its diet consists of invertebrates ( such as beetle grubs , earthworms , and caterpillars ) , fruits , and berries . It is one of the earliest bird species to lay eggs , beginning to breed shortly after returning to its summer range from its winter range . Its nest consists of long coarse grass , twigs , paper , and feathers , and is smeared with mud and often cushioned with grass or other soft materials . It is among the first birds to sing at dawn , and its song consists of several discrete units that are repeated . The adult robin is preyed upon by hawks , cats , and larger snakes , but when feeding in flocks , it can be vigilant and watch other birds for reactions to predators . Brown @-@ headed cowbirds lay eggs in robin nests ( see brood parasite ) , but robins usually reject the cowbird eggs . = = Taxonomy = = This species was first described in 1766 by Carl Linnaeus in the twelfth edition of his Systema Naturae as Turdus migratorius . The binomial name derives from two Latin words : turdus , " thrush " , and migratorius from migrare " to go " . The term robin for this species has been recorded since at least 1703 . There are about 65 species of medium to large thrushes in the genus Turdus , characterized by rounded heads , longish pointed wings , and usually melodious songs . A study of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene indicates that the American robin is not part of the Central / South American clade of Turdus thrushes ; instead it shows genetic similarities to the Kurrichane thrush , T. libonyanus , and the olive thrush , T. olivaceus , both African species . This conflicts with a 2007 DNA study of 60 of 65 Turdus species which places the American robin 's closest relative as the rufous @-@ collared robin ( T. rufitorques ) of Central America . Though having distinct plumage , the two species are similar in vocalization and behavior . Beyond this , it lies in a small group of four species of otherwise Central American distribution , suggesting it recently spread northwards into North America . Seven subspecies of American robin are recognized . These subspecies intergrade and are only weakly defined . T. m. migratorius , the nominate subspecies , breeds in the US and Canada , other than down the west coast , to the edge of the tundra from Alaska and northern Canada east to New England and then south to Maryland , northwest Virginia , and North Carolina . It winters in southern coastal Alaska , southern Canada , most of the US , Bermuda , the Bahamas and eastern Mexico . T. m. nigrideus breeds from coastal northern Quebec to Labrador and Newfoundland and winters from southern Newfoundland south through most of the eastern US states to southern Louisiana , southern Mississippi and northern Georgia . It is uniformly darker or blackish on the head , with a dark gray back . The underparts are slightly more red than those of the nominate subspecies . T. m. achrusterus breeds from southern Oklahoma east to Maryland and western Virginia and south to northern Florida and the Gulf states . It winters through much of the southern part of the breeding range . It is smaller than the nominate subspecies . The black feathers of the forehead and crown have pale gray tips . The underparts are paler than those of the nominate subspecies . T. m. caurinus breeds in southeast Alaska through coastal British Columbia to Washington and northwest Oregon . It winters from southwest British Columbia south to central and southern California and east to northern Idaho . It is very slightly smaller than the nominate subspecies and very dark @-@ headed . The white on the tips of the outer two tail feathers is restricted . T. m. propinquus breeds from southeast British Columbia , southern Alberta , southwest Saskatchewan south to southern California and northern Baja California . It winters throughout much of the southern breeding range and south to Baja California . It is the same size as or slightly larger than nominate T. m. migratorius , but paler and tinged more heavily brownish @-@ gray . It has very little white on the tip of the outermost tail feather . Some birds , probably females , lack almost any red below . Males are usually darker and may show pale or whitish sides to the head . T. m. confinis breeds above 1 @,@ 000 m ( 3 @,@ 300 ft ) in the highlands of southern Baja California . This form is particularly distinctive , with pale gray @-@ brown underparts . It is relatively small , and the palest subspecies , with uniform pale gray @-@ brown on the head , face and upperparts . It usually lacks any white spots to the tips of the outer tail feathers , which have white edges . It is sometimes classed as a separate species , the San Lucas robin , but the American Ornithologists ' Union regards it as only a subspecies , albeit in a different group from the other races . T. m. phillipsi is resident in Mexico south to central Oaxaca . It is slightly smaller than propinquus but has a larger bill ; the male 's underparts are less brick @-@ red than the nominate subspecies , and have a rustier tone . = = Description = = The nominate subspecies of the American robin is 23 to 28 cm ( 9 @.@ 1 to 11 @.@ 0 in ) long with a wingspan ranging from 31 to 41 cm ( 12 to 16 in ) , with similar size ranges across all races . The species averages about 77 g ( 2 @.@ 7 oz ) in weight , with males ranging from 72 to 94 g ( 2 @.@ 5 to 3 @.@ 3 oz ) and females ranging from 59 to 91 g ( 2 @.@ 1 to 3 @.@ 2 oz ) . Among standard measurements , the wing chord is 11 @.@ 5 to 14 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 5 to 5 @.@ 7 in ) , the culmen is 1 @.@ 8 to 2 @.@ 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 71 to 0 @.@ 87 in ) and the tarsus is 2 @.@ 9 to 3 @.@ 3 cm ( 1 @.@ 1 to 1 @.@ 3 in ) . The head varies from jet black to gray , with white eye arcs and white supercilia . The throat is white with black streaks , and the belly and undertail coverts are white . The robin has a brown back and a reddish @-@ orange breast , varying from a rich red maroon to peachy orange . The bill is mainly yellow with a variably dark tip , the dusky area becoming more extensive in winter , and the legs and feet are brown . The sexes are similar , but the female tends to be duller than the male , with a brown tint to the head , brown upperparts and less bright underparts . However , some birds cannot be safely sexed on plumage alone . The juvenile is paler in color than the adult male and has dark spots on its breast , and whitish wing coverts . First @-@ year birds are not easily distinguishable from adults , but they tend to be duller , and a small percentage retains a few juvenile wing coverts or other feathers . = = Distribution and habitat = = This bird breeds throughout most of North America , from Alaska and Canada southward to northern Florida and Mexico . While robins occasionally overwinter in the northern part of the United States and southern Canada , most migrate to winter south of Canada from Florida and the Gulf Coast to central Mexico , as well as along the Pacific Coast . Most depart south by the end of August and begin to return north in February and March ( exact dates vary with latitude and climate ) . Despite being depicted in the film Mary Poppins " feathering its nest " in London , this species is actually a rare vagrant to western Europe , where the majority of records , more than 20 , have been in Britain . In autumn 2003 , migration was displaced eastwards leading to massive movements through the eastern U.S. , and presumably this is what led to no fewer than three American robins being found in Britain , with two attempting to overwinter in 2003 – 2004 , although one was taken by a sparrowhawk . The most recent sighting in Britain occurred in January 2007 . This species has also occurred as a vagrant to Greenland , Jamaica , Hispaniola , Puerto Rico and Belize . Vagrants to Europe , where identified to subspecies , are nominate T. m. migratorius , but the Greenland birds also included T. m. nigrideus , and some of the southern overshots may have been T. m. achrusterus . The American robin 's breeding habitat is woodland and more open farmland and urban areas . It becomes less common as a breeder in the southernmost part of the Deep South of the United States , and there prefers large shade trees on lawns . Its winter habitat is similar but includes more open areas . = = = Conservation status = = = The American robin has an extensive range , estimated at 16 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 km2 ( 6 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 sq mi ) , and a large population of about 320 million individuals . The species is not believed to approach the thresholds for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List ( i.e. , declining more than 30 % in ten years or three generations ) , and is therefore evaluated as least concern . At one point , the bird was killed for its meat , but it is now protected throughout its range in the United States by the Migratory Bird Act . Birds in central California of the subspecies propinquus are considered to be still increasing their range , and this is probably the case elsewhere in the U.S.A. = = = Disease = = = The American robin is a known reservoir ( carrier ) for West Nile virus . While crows and jays are often the first noticed deaths in an area with West Nile virus , the American robin is suspected to be a key host , and holds a larger responsibility for the transmission of the virus to humans . This is because , while crows and jays die quickly from the virus , the American robin survives the virus longer , hence spreading it to more mosquitoes , which then transmit the virus to humans and other species . = = Behavior = = The American robin is active mostly during the day , and on its winter grounds it assembles in large flocks at night to roost in trees in secluded swamps or dense vegetation . The flocks break up during the day when the birds feed on fruits and berries in smaller groups . During the summer , the American robin defends a breeding territory and is less social . = = = Diet = = = The American robin 's diet generally consists of around 40 percent small invertebrates ( mainly insects ) , such as earthworms , beetle grubs , caterpillars and grasshoppers , and 60 percent wild and cultivated fruits and berries . Their ability to switch to berries allows them to winter much farther north than most other North American thrushes . They will flock to fermented Pyracantha berries , and after eating sufficient quantities will exhibit intoxicated behavior such as falling over while walking . Robins forage primarily on the ground for soft @-@ bodied invertebrates , and find worms by sight , pouncing on them and then pulling them up . Nestlings are fed mainly on worms and other soft @-@ bodied animal prey . In some areas , robins , particularly of the coastal race T. m. caurinus , will feed on beaches , taking insects and small mollusks . The robin uses auditory , visual , olfactory and possibly vibrotactile cues to ﬁnd prey , but vision is the predominant mode of prey detection . It is frequently seen running across lawns picking up earthworms , and its running and stopping behavior is a distinguishing characteristic . In addition to hunting visually , it also has the ability to hunt by hearing . Experiments have discovered that it can find worms underground by simply using its listening skills . It typically will take several short hops and then cock its head left , right or forward to detect movement of its prey . In urban areas , robins will gather in numbers soon after lawns are mowed or where sprinklers are in use . They also are attracted to freshly turned earth in gardens , where worms and grubs are abundant targets . Occasionally , they may visit bird feeders if mealworms or animal @-@ fat suet is offered . = = = Threats = = = Juvenile robins and eggs are preyed upon by squirrels , snakes , and some birds , such as blue jays , Steller 's jay , common grackles , American crows , and common ravens . Adults are primarily taken by Accipiter hawks , cats , dogs , and larger snakes ( especially rat snakes ) . They may be taken by nearly every variety of North American accipitrid , from the smallest , the sharp @-@ shinned hawk , to one of the two largest , the golden eagle , most every North American falcon from the smallest , the American kestrel , to the largest , the gyrfalcon , and almost all owl species from northern pygmy owls to snowy owls . Overall , 28 raptorial bird species are known to hunt robins . Adult robins are most vulnerable when distracted by breeding activities though may also be attacked on the ground or even in flight . However , when feeding in flocks , the American robin is able to remain vigilant and watch other flock members for reactions to predators . The American robin is known to be a rejecter of cowbird eggs , so brood parasitism by the brown @-@ headed cowbird is rare . Even when it occurs , the parasite 's chick does not normally survive to fledging . In a study of 105 juvenile robins , 77 @.@ 1 % were infected with one or more species of endoparasite , with Syngamus species the most commonly encountered , found in 57 @.@ 1 % of the birds . = = = Breeding = = = The American robin begins to breed shortly after returning to its summer range . It is one of the first North American bird species to lay eggs , and normally has two to three broods per breeding season , which lasts from April to July . The nest is most commonly located 1 @.@ 5 – 4 @.@ 5 m ( 4 @.@ 9 – 14 @.@ 8 ft ) above the ground in a dense bush or in a fork between two tree branches , and is built by the female alone . The outer foundation consists of long coarse grass , twigs , paper , and feathers . This is lined with smeared mud and cushioned with fine grass or other soft materials . A new nest is built for each brood , and in northern areas the first clutch is usually placed in an evergreen tree or shrub while later broods are placed in deciduous trees . The American robin does not shy away from nesting close to human habitation and will frequently construct nests under eaves or awnings on human homes when such locations provide adequate shelter . Robins are not cavity nesters , and so will generally not use a bird house , but will take advantage of artificial nesting platforms that have been provided . A clutch consists of three to five light blue eggs , and is incubated by the female alone . The eggs hatch after 14 days , and the chicks leave the nest a further two weeks later . The altricial chicks are naked and have their eyes closed for the first few days after hatching . While the chicks are still young , the mother broods them continuously . When they are older , the mother will brood them only at night or during bad weather . The chicks are fed worms , insects , and berries . Waste accumulation does not occur in the nest because adults collect and take it away . Chicks are fed , and then raise tails for elimination of waste , a solid white clump that is collected by a parent prior to flying off . All chicks in the brood leave the nest within two days of each other . Even after leaving the nest , the juveniles will follow their parents around and beg food from them . Juveniles become capable of sustained flight two weeks after fledging . The adult male and female both are active in protecting and feeding the fledged chicks until they learn to forage on their own . The adult robin gives alarm calls and dives in a threatening manner towards creatures it considers potential predators , such as approaching cats , dogs and humans . The fledglings are able to fly short distances after leaving the nest . The wings of juvenile birds develop rapidly , and it only takes a couple of weeks for them to become proficient at flying . The cryptically colored young birds perch in bushes or trees for protection from predators . Bird banders have found that only 25 % of young robins survive the first year . The longest known lifespan in the wild of an American robin is 14 years ; the average lifespan is about 2 years . = = = Vocalization = = = The male American robin , as with many thrushes , has a complex and almost continuous song . Its song is commonly described as a cheerily carol , made up of discrete units , often repeated , and spliced together into a string with brief pauses in between . The song varies regionally , and its style varies by time of day . The song period is from early March in California to late July or early August ; some birds , particularly in the east , sing occasionally into September or later . The American robin is often among the first songbirds singing as dawn rises or hours before , and last as evening sets in . It usually sings from a high perch in a tree . The song of T. m. confinis is weaker than that of the nominate subspecies , and lacks any clear notes . The robin also sings when storms approach and again when storms have passed . In addition to its song , the American robin has a number of calls used for communicating specific information such as when a ground predator approaches , and when a nest or robin is being directly threatened . Even during nesting season , when robins exhibit mostly competitive and territorial behavior , they may still band together to drive away a predator . = = In culture = = The American robin is the state bird of Connecticut , Michigan , and Wisconsin . It was also depicted on the 1986 Birds of Canada series Canadian $ 2 note , but this note has since been withdrawn . Robin 's egg blue is a color named after the bird 's eggs . The American robin has a place in Native American mythology . The story of how the robin got its red breast by fanning the dying flames of a campfire to save a Native American man and a boy is similar to those that surround the European robin . The Tlingit people of Northwestern North America held it to be a culture @-@ hero created by Raven to please the people with its song . One of the houses of the Raven Tribe from the Nisga 'a Nation holds the robin as a house crest . The Peace Bridge robins were a family of American robins that attracted minor publicity in the mid @-@ 1930s for their prominent nest on the Canadian side of the Peace Bridge connecting Buffalo , New York to Fort Erie , Ontario . The robin is considered a symbol of spring . A well @-@ known example is a poem by Emily Dickinson , " I Dreaded That First Robin So " . Among other 19th @-@ century poems about the first robin of spring is " The First Robin " by Dr. William H. Drummond , which according to the author 's wife is based on a Quebec superstition that whoever sees the first robin of spring will have good luck . The harbinger of spring sobriquet is borne out by the fact that robins tend to follow the 37 ° F ( 3 ° C ) isotherm north in spring , but also south in fall . American popular songs featuring this bird include " When the Red , Red Robin ( Comes Bob , Bob , Bobbin ' Along ) " , written by Harry M. Woods and a hit for Al Jolson and others , and " Rockin ' Robin " , written by Roger Thomas and a hit for Bobby Day and others . Although the comic @-@ book superhero Robin was inspired by an N. C. Wyeth illustration of Robin Hood , a later version had his mother nicknaming him Robin because he was born on the first day of spring . His red shirt suggests the bird 's red breast .
= Ballard Carnegie Library = The Ballard Carnegie Library , also known until 1963 as the Seattle Public Library – Ballard Branch , is a historic library in the Ballard neighborhood in Seattle , Washington . The library was predated by a freeholders ' library in the 1860s , which eventually gave way to a reading room that was organized and funded by a women 's ' group in 1901 . With a grant for $ 15 @,@ 000 , among other funds , a new library for the then independent City of Ballard was created as a Carnegie library . The building , located at 2026 N.W. Market Street in downtown Ballard , opened to the public on June 24 , 1904 . Notable as the first major branch of the Seattle public library system , after Seattle annexed the City of Ballard into itself in 1907 , and for employing one of the first African American librarians in Seattle , the Ballard Carnegie Library was in service until 1963 , when a newer and more modern facility replaced it . After its sale , the old library building housed a variety of private commercial enterprises , including an antique shop , a restaurant and a kilt manufacturer . After being nominated in 1976 for the recognition by Seattle architect Larry E. Johnson , it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places ( NRHP ) in 1979 ( ID # 79002535 ) . = = History = = In the late 1860s , when Ballard was a new settlement along the edge of Salmon Bay , a homesteader named Ira Wilcox Utter helped create a freeholders ' library . Later , in 1901 , the Women 's Christian Temperance Union of Ballard began raising money with fairs and socials for a new reading room on Ballard Avenue ; it moved and expanded several times to different locations . Having decided to build a proper library , the Ballard City Council established a library board in 1903 and the city applied to the philanthropist Andrew Carnegie for a library grant to help underwrite the costs of construction of a new library . The library was built on a lot of 100 feet ( 30 @.@ 5 m ) square , which was purchased for $ 2 @,@ 100 raised by local businesses and citizens , supported by the earlier fundraising and book collections of the women 's union , and a $ 15 @,@ 000 grant from Carnegie . When construction was completed , the building included features such as a 500 @-@ seat auditorium and a men 's smoking room , which was later converted into a reading room . Part of the construction work was executed by a chain gang . Initially , the library had a cache of books waiting for the completion and grand opening that was provided by local residents and schools , as Carnegie 's gift for the construction did not cover the initial costs of new books . A call was also put out for citizens to donate books to the new facility to expand the collection . In 1907 , the Seattle Public Library took control of the Carnegie library , when Ballard was annexed by the neighboring City of Seattle government . Early Scandinavian immigrants to Ballard and the Pacific Northwest in particular made use of the new facility ; Ballard as an area has a strong historical presence of Scandinavian people . Early in the library 's existence , it had a turnstile at the entrance to its book stacks , to count the number of book borrowers that passed through . With the arrival of World War I , the Carnegie Library became home to various community activities , such as dispensing information on the war , and also provided Red Cross and English language classes . In 1942 , during World War II , one of the first African American librarians in Seattle , Lucille Smith , was assigned to the Carnegie library . In 1956 , Seattle voters approved a municipal bond to replace what was by then considered the " inadequate and impractical " library . The Ballard Carnegie Library eventually was shut in 1963 , when a new , larger public library was built in the area , and the Carnegie building became an antique store . One of the cited reasons for the closure and sale of the library building were expert claims that the building would never survive an earthquake ( of which Seattle had numerous instances , both before and after 1963 ) . The building has , in fact , survived several quakes since 1963 . = = The building today = = The building is now owned by Karoline Morrison and her husband , Dennis Beals ; The former library was home to Carnegie 's , a French restaurant from 2003 until 2010 . As of April 2010 , the building is home to Ström and Ström Consulting , providing legal and marketing services to mental health professionals . As of March 2011 , the building is also home to Root . Integrative Health , a holistic wellness center offering massage therapy , chiropractic , nutrition , mental health counseling , acupuncture , naturopathic medicine , and creative writing services . The area around Market Street in Ballard , where the library building is located , is one of the areas of Seattle that is quickly rising in land value , and has been compared to Belltown , a growing Seattle neighborhood that is affected by gentrification . As the Carnegie Library building is without the City of Seattle 's " City landmark status " despite its NRHP status , the structure is at risk from new development . As of 2012 , the building is occupied by the Kangaroo and Kiwi Pub
= Siege of Klis = The Siege of Klis or Battle of Klis ( Croatian : Opsada Klisa or Bitka kod Klisa , Turkish : Klise Kuşatması ) was a siege of Klis Fortress in the Kingdom of Croatia within Habsburg Monarchy . The siege of the fortress , which lasted for more than two decades , and the final battle near Klis in 1537 , were fought as a part of the Ottoman – Habsburg wars between the defending Croatian @-@ Habsburg forces under the leadership of Croatian feudal lord Petar Kružić , and the attacking Ottoman army under the leadership of the Ottoman general Murat @-@ beg Tardić . After decisive Ottoman victory at the Battle of Krbava field in 1493 , and especially after the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , the Croats continued defending themselves against the Ottoman attacks . The Ottoman conquest during the early years of the 16th century prompted the formation of the Uskoks , which were led by Croatian captain Petar Kružić , also called ( Prince of Klis ) . As a part of the Habsburg defensive system , Uskoks used the base at Klis as an important defensive position . They fought almost alone against the Ottomans , and for more than two decades defended the fortress against the Ottoman attacks . After the final battle , which resulted in an Ottoman victory and in Petar Kružić 's death , the Klis defenders , who were lacking in water supplies , finally surrendered to the Ottomans in exchange for their freedom on 12 March 1537 . Citizens fled the town , while the Uskoci retreated to the city of Senj , where they continued fighting the Ottoman army . Klis became an administrative centre or sanjak ( Kilis Sancağı ) of the Bosnia Eyalet , and would remain so for a century . = = Background = = After the fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia into the Ottoman hands in 1463 , the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Croatia remained unprotected , the defense of which was left to Croatian gentry who kept smaller troops in the fortified border areas at their own expense . Decisive Ottoman victory at the Battle of Krbava field in 1493 , shook all of Croatia . However , it did not dissuade the Croats from making more decisive and persistent attempts at defending themselves against the attacks of the much larger enemy . A new wave of Ottoman conquest began in 1521 , after which a good portion of Croatia was conquered or pillaged . On 29 August 1526 , at the Battle of Mohács , the Christian forces led by King Louis II were defeated by Ottoman forces led by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent . Louis was killed in the battle , which resulted in the end of the independent Kingdom of Hungary as he died without an heir . Both the Kingdoms of Hungary and Croatia became disputed territories with claims from both the Habsburg and Ottoman empires . Ferdinand I , Archduke of Austria , a member of the House of Habsburg , the brother of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and a future Holy Roman Emperor himself , married the sister of Louis II and was elected King by the nobles of both Hungary and Croatia . Owing to its location , Klis Fortress was an important defensive position during the Ottoman conquest of the Balkans . The fortress stands along the route by which the Ottomans could penetrate the mountain barrier separating the coastal lowlands from around Split , from Ottoman @-@ held Bosnia . The Croat feudal lord Petar Kružić gathered together a garrison composed of Croat refugees , who used the base at Klis both to hold the Ottomans at bay , and to engage in marauding and piracy against coastal shipping . Although nominally accepting the sovereignty of the Habsburg Emperor Ferdinand , who obtained the Croatian crown in 1527 , Kružić and his freebooting Uskoks were a law unto themselves . = = Siege = = = = = Failed attempts = = = From 1513 , Petar Kružić was one of the commanding officers of Klis Fortress . The Ottomans attempted to conquer the Klis Fortress on several occasions . The first major attempt was by Skender @-@ beg Ornosović in 1515 . The Ottomans captured Klis , a village just below the fortress bearing the same name , but the garrison in the fortress above held . Kružić was promoted to captain of the Klis Fortress by the ban Petar Berislavić in 1520 . The second major attempt was in 1520 , and a year later another attempt was made by Makut @-@ paša , with additional 2 @,@ 000 infantry , 50 horsemen and siege equipment . Another unsuccessful attempt was made in 1522 , by Hasan @-@ paša from Mostar and Mehmed @-@ beg Mihalbegović . Later that year , Mihalbegović made another attempt at a siege with 3 @,@ 000 men , but failed again . During 1523 , Klis Fortress was again under attack by the Sultan 's army . Attempts were also made by Gazi Husrev @-@ beg in 1526 and 1528 , and later in 1531 and 1532 . In 1534 , the Ottomans under Mihalbegović laid a months @-@ long siege with a constant concentrated cannonade to the fortress . Ferdinand urged the Pope to send ships to relieve the Ottoman siege . Although the Ottomans eventually lifted the siege , Ferdinand was displeased that the Pope had provided no assistance in the defense of the fortress . In 1535 , the Ottomans tried to seize the fortress by treachery , and again in 1536 , but they failed on both occasions . During that year the Ottomans started a new siege which would last until the final fall of the fortress . When a large Ottoman force threatened the fortress , Kružić appealed to Ferdinand for help , but the Emperor 's attention was diverted by an Ottoman attack in Slavonia . Kružić led the defense of Klis , and with his soldiers fought almost alone against the Ottomans , as they repeatedly hurled armies against the fortress . No troops from the Hungarian king arrived , as they were slaughtered by the Ottomans at the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , and the Venetians baulked at sending any help . Only the pope was willing to provide some men and money . = = = Final battle = = = Pope Paul III claimed some rights in Klis , and in September , 1536 , there was talk in the Curia of strengthening the defenses of the fortress . The Pope notified Ferdinand that he was willing to share the costs of maintaining a proper garrison in Klis . Ferdinand did send aid to Klis and was apparently hopeful of holding the fortress , when the Ottomans again laid siege to it . Ferdinand recruited men from Trieste and elsewhere in the Habsburg lands , and the Pope sent soldiers from Ancona . There were about 3 @,@ 000 infantry in the reinforcements , which made a sizeable relief force , that were commanded by Petar Kružić , Niccolo dalla Torre , and a papal commissioner Jacomo Dalmoro d 'Arbe . On 9 March 1537 they disembarked near Klis , at a place called S. Girolamo , with fourteen pieces of artillery . After Ibrahim 's death , Suleiman sent 8 @,@ 000 men under the command of Murat @-@ beg Tardić ( Amurat Vaivoda ) , a Croatian who had been born in Šibenik , to go and lay siege to Klis fortress ( Clissa ) , and fight against Kružić . An initial encounter of the Christian relief force with the Ottomans was indecisive , but , on 12 March they were overwhelmed by the arrival of a great number of Ottomans . The attempts to relieve the citadel ended in farce . Badly @-@ drilled reinforcements sent by the Habsburgs fled in fear of the Ottomans , and their attempts to re @-@ board their boats at Solin Bay caused many vessels to sink . Niccolo dalla Torre and the papal commissioner managed to escape . Kružić himself – who had left the fortress to make contact with the reinforcements - was captured and executed ; the sight of his head on a stick overwhelmed the remaining defenders of Klis , who were now willing to give up the fortress in return for safe passage north . After Kružić 's death , and with a lack of water supplies , the Klis defenders finally surrendered to the Ottomans in exchange for their freedom , on 12 March 1537 . Many of the citizens fled the town , while the Uskoci retreated to the city of Senj , where they continued fighting the Ottoman army . = = Aftermath = = During the Ottoman wars in Europe , Klis Fortress became an administrative centre or sanjak ( Kilis Sancağı ) of the Bosnia Eyalet , and would remain so for a century . As the first Sanjak @-@ Beg of Klis , Murat @-@ beg Tardić built a notable mosque inside the Klis Fortress . That same year , the Ottoman forces took Vrana , while Nadin and Perušić fell in 1538 . Months after the fall of Klis , the Ottoman – Venetian War of 1537 @-@ 1540 started , and in that war , as well as the Ottoman – Venetian War of 1570 @-@ 1573 , the Ottomans took much of the Dalmatian hinterland near Šibenik and Zadar . On 7 April 1596 , Split noblemen Ivan Alberti and Nikola Cindro , along with Uskoci , Poljičani , and Kaštelani irregulars , organized a liberation of Klis . Assisted by dissident elements of the Ottoman garrison , they succeeded . Mustafa @-@ beg responded by bringing more than 10 @,@ 000 soldiers under the fortress . General Ivan Lenković , leading 1 @,@ 000 Uskoci , came in relief of the 1 @,@ 500 Klis defenders . During the battle , Ivan Lenković and his men retreated after he was wounded in battle , and the fortress was lost to the Ottomans , on 31 May . Nevertheless , this temporary relief resounded in Europe and among the local population . The Venetians fought for decades before they finally managed to re @-@ take Klis . During the Cretan War of 1645 @-@ 1669 , the Venetians in Dalmatia enjoyed the support of the local population , particularly the Morlachs ( Morlacchi ) . Venetian commander Leonardo Foscolo seized several forts , retook Novigrad , temporarily captured the Knin Fortress , and managed to compel the garrison of Klis Fortress to surrender .
= The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour = The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour was the fifth concert tour by American singer Beyoncé . Announced in February 2013 with initial dates in Europe and North America , the tour contained seven legs and 132 shows . It began in Belgrade , Serbia on April 15 , 2013 and concluded in Lisbon , Portugal on March 27 , 2014 . Its title is a reference to her marriage with American rapper Shawn " Jay @-@ Z " Carter , who made multiple guest appearances throughout the tour . The tour featured royal themes with the singer emulating different queens through her fashion for which she collaborated with numerous designers and fashion houses . The set list of the shows in 2013 included songs from all four studio albums of Beyoncé 's solo career . After the release of her eponymous fifth studio album , the 2014 shows were changed to incorporate tracks from the album . The tour was lauded by music critics who praised Beyoncé for her energetic performances , dancing and vocal abilities . Following the announcement of the tour , all the tickets made available for the shows sold out , which prompted more dates to be added to the itinerary . The tour grossed $ 188 @.@ 6 million in 2013 and the 2014 shows grossed $ 41 @.@ 1 million , bringing the tour 's total gross revenue to $ 229 @.@ 7 million . This made The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour the highest @-@ grossing female and solo tour of 2013 , Beyoncé 's highest @-@ grossing tour to date , and one of the highest @-@ grossing tours of the decade . Performances of numerous songs from the tour were broadcast and behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage was released . = = Background = = During a press conference for Super Bowl XLVII on January 31 , 2013 , Beyoncé revealed that she would make an announcement after her performance at the halftime show and added that " fans should just stay tuned to see " . Beyoncé announced the tour and its name after her performance the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show on February 3 . The tour 's title refers to her marriage with Shawn ' Jay @-@ Z ' Carter . However , the official poster of the tour with the name written on it was leaked on the ticket 's website Live Nation prior to the official announcement . It shows Beyoncé wearing a Victorian golden royal top and a crown , referencing Queen Elizabeth I. Rosie Swash of The Guardian described it as a " visual stamp of authority " . Along with the tour 's name , initial dates in Europe and North America were announced , and later more were added in Latin America , Australia , and New Zealand . Following the announcement of the tour 's title , Beyoncé was criticized by several critics and feminists alike for entitling it after her husband 's name as she has been regarded as a feminist . Questions were raised about how Beyoncé agreed to be known as a bride of another celebrity person . During an interview with Vogue , Beyoncé described herself as a " modern @-@ day feminist " and further spoke about her decision to reference her husband 's name : " I feel like Mrs. Carter is who I am , but more bold and more fearless than I 've ever been ..... It comes from knowing my purpose and really meeting myself once I saw my child . I was like , ' OK , this is what you were born to do ' . The purpose of my body became completely different . " After the second European leg was announced on December 11 , 2013 , a new poster was revealed and used for the promotion of all the newly added shows . = = Development = = The concert at The O2 Arena in London was announced on February 3 , along with a short advertisement for the tour ; an extended version of the clip appeared in late February . It shows Beyoncé dressed with a golden corset and a royal gown with jewels . She is seen walking into a dance hall in slow @-@ motion with several servants and a DJ , dressed as a jester tries to distract her . The end of the advertisement shows black @-@ and @-@ white snippets of behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage of the video . Alexis L. Loinaz of E ! compared her aristocratic look in the video to Marie Antoinette , Queen Elizabeth I , and Lady Gaga . In March 2013 , Beyoncé posted a new poster for the tour on her official Facebook page showing her striking four different poses , wearing a blond wig , a white top and blue shorts . In May 2013 , Beyoncé launched an online store for the tour in which different clothes were available for purchase . The following month , she added a limited edition to her Heat line of perfumes , titled Heat : The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour . Inspired by the tour , Beyoncé stated that the fragrance was meant to " give them [ fans ] a special remembrance of this tour and ... reflect the power , passion and playfulness I put into my performances " . On April 24 , 2013 , it was announced by Beyoncé 's publicist that all photographers except Beyoncé 's personal photographer Frank Micelotta , were banned from the tour stating that " no photo credentials " will be present . The ban was interpreted as a reaction to the " unflattering " pictures from Beyoncé 's Super Bowl XLVII halftime performance showing her " jubilant exertions " , that appeared on websites such as Gawker and BuzzFeed . The pictures were not removed even after her publicist Yvette Noel @-@ Schure asked the websites through an e @-@ mail to change their articles , using " some better photos " . On May 13 , 2013 , the general counsel of the National Press Photographers Association ( NPPA ) Mickey H. Osterreicher , wrote a letter to Noel @-@ Schure on behalf of 19 other organizations requesting from him to " immediately revise your guidelines to restore photo credentialing " for the rest of the tour in Europe and the US . For the tour , the singer took part in " Miss A Meal " , a food @-@ donation campaign and supported the charity Goodwill during her tour , where fans were asked to bring food , clothes and household goods at the stops . Throughout the tour , an auction for the campaign was held by Beyoncé and her mother , Tina Knowles on the website Charitybuzz in which the auction value was $ 25 @,@ 000 . The winner got a chance to work behind the scenes of Beyoncé 's concert in Los Angeles and assist Knowles in the wardrobe department , got a VIP ticket for the concert and had a personal meeting with the singer . Eight hundred dancers auditioned to be included in Beyoncé 's performance at the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show and a selected group of them , consisting only of females , were chosen for the performance as well as for the tour . French dancing duo Les Twins also accompanied Beyoncé on stage performing street dances . Three backing singers The Mamas , and an eleven @-@ piece female band who had also supported the singer during her previous tours performed during the concerts . Two stages were used during the performances : a main stage where the singer performed throughout most of the concert and a B @-@ stage closer to the audience where she was transferred with a rope , flying over the crowd midway through the set , performing three songs there . The set list of the 2013 portion of the tour included approximately twenty five songs from Beyoncé 's four solo studio albums : Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) , B 'Day ( 2006 ) , I Am ... Sasha Fierce ( 2008 ) , and 4 ( 2011 ) . The majority of the songs originated from 4 – seven songs were performed from that album . Many of the tracks performed contained different choreographies and arrangements compared to the previous performances by the singer ; several of them were intertwined with other artists ' material . For the 2014 shows many of the previously performed songs were removed and eight new songs from Beyoncé 's fifth self @-@ titled studio album were added to the concert 's set list . = = Fashion = = For the 2013 shows , Beyoncé worked with multiple designers for the tour 's costumes including Emilio Pucci , Riccardo Tisci from Givenchy , The Blonds , Julien MacDonald , Dean and Dan Caten ( DSQUARED2 ) , creative director Tamara Ralph of Ralph & Russo who was personally requested by the singer to design an outfit , David Koma , Alon Livné , Vrettos Vrettakos designers from Kenzo , Gucci , Roberto Cavalli and Dennis Kolpodinos . For the performance at the 2013 Made in America , Beyoncé wore a new costume designed by Timothy White , accomponied with shoes made by Reed Krakoff . The outfit designed by DSQUARED2 was from their spring / summer 2013 collection at the Glamazon catwalk show and was inspired by models of the ' 90s . Several costumes were also designed by Emilio Pucci 's Peter Dundas who described them as a " modern take on glamour " , taking them from his fall / winter 2013 collection . He focused on the singer being able to perform the choreography during her performances . Stuart Weitzman designed the shoes for Beyoncé , her back @-@ up dancers and band collaborating with stylists Ty Hunter , Raquel Smith , and Beyoncé 's mother Tina Knowles . Weitzman created them in different colors with military elements . Beyoncé wanted Weitzman to focus on her being able to dance wearing the shoes without noticing they were on her feet . One of Beyoncé 's costumes which was worn during the first concerts was a gold bodysuit designed by The Blonds embellished with golden breasts complete with a nipple detail . The costume was a collaboration between the group , Beyoncé , Knowles , and Hunter . It was hand embroidered in 600 hours with approximately 30 @,@ 000 Swarovski crystals . According to The Blonds , it was meant to give the illusion of being covered in crystallized honey and reflect Beyoncé 's personality for the tour . They were inspired by Beyoncé 's songs of female empowerment and female nudes painted by Tamara de Lempicka . The costume received wide media and fan attention and divided critics ' opinions . InStyle 's Meghan Blalock described the costume as the " most scandalous " that the singer has worn in her career . For the 2014 shows , the singer wore numerous new designs collaborating again with DSQUARED2 , Givenchy , Pucci and Weitzman as well as with new designers such as Tom Ford , Versace and Karen Langley . Beyoncé 's makeup for the tour focused on trying to emulate cosmic stars with the underlying themes based on the stratosphere . Other references used as inspiration for the makeup included : film noir , 60 's London , cyber beauty , cosmic constellations , and felines . The tourbook for The Mrs. Carter Show was meant to artistically illustrate all the different visual aspects of the tour through multi @-@ media collage and image manipulation . By using collage , Beyoncé 's team created images inspired by the singer and her songs and image manipulation was explored , with photos being solarized , layered and stacked . With the tourbook , fans had an opportunity to " bring a part of the tour home with them " , as Beyoncé 's team stated . A dress created by Amato Haute Couture 's Furne One which was worn by Beyoncé for the tour book was originally designed and worn by Estonian singer @-@ songwriter Kerli during her Utopia EP photoshoot who praised the look after seeing it . The concert included several costume changes during which video interludes were projected on the screen during the singer 's absence . An 18th Century France influence was found in the white @-@ powder makeup and the opening costume as well as a Louis XVI theme throughout the show with oversized wigs and bustiers . The dresses and looks were also noted to channel queens Marie Antionette , Cleopatra , and Elizabeth I by several critics . The Observer 's Kitty Empire described the concert as a fashion show with a regal , Dangerous Liaisons theme . Jocelyn Vena of MTV News described the costumes as " Eye @-@ catching ... dazzling ... [ and ] provocative " . Rosa Silverman of The Daily Telegraph commented that Beyoncé was " mesmerizing the crowds with her showstopping outfits ... she took to the stage in a series of racy costumes that made no attempt to hide her famous curves . " Erika Ramirez of Billboard commented that most of Beyoncé 's " stunning " costumes were dazzled with sequins . = = Concert synopsis = = = = = 2013 shows = = = The concert opened with a pre @-@ recorded video montage showing black and white footage of gothic architecture as well as dancers dressed in white , marching across a stage length screen , preparing to crown Beyoncé who was dressed as a queen . The montage continued as female dancers wearing hoop @-@ skirt cages and masks started appearing on stage . The video wall raised afterwards and a brief pyrotechnics display began as Beyoncé appeared onstage standing for several seconds prior to the performance of " Run the World ( Girls ) " preceded by an extended timpani interlude . She sang the song while performing a choreography which included a routine of faux kicking her male dancers . " End of Time " followed with Beyoncé dancing as fireworks were also displayed on stage . " Flaws and All " was performed as the third song on the set list with Beyoncé dedicating it to her fan group , the BeyHive . " If I Were a Boy " was mashed with The Verve 's song " Bitter Sweet Symphony " taking the latter 's string motif and incorporating several lines . " Get Me Bodied " saw Beyoncé interacting with the audience through call and response , asking them to repeat " Hey , Mrs. Carter " . " Baby Boy " was performed against a holographic background as Beyoncé and several female dancers performed synchronised moves in front of the screen which flashed realistic images of more identical dancers . The singer concluded the song with a Dutty Wine dance at the end of the performance , before immediately continuing with " Diva " which was set to the groove of " Clique " . " Naughty Girl " was later performed into a neon strip @-@ lit with a snippet of Donna Summer 's " Love to Love You Baby " interpolated within it . Beyoncé also performed a seductive dance in front of an open fire display onstage . " Party " was performed after with a prominent Las Vegas showgirl theme . For " Freakum Dress " two ballerinas appeared on stage and performed a choreography along with a video projection on the screen . Beyoncé later appeared in a deep @-@ plunging , thigh @-@ high split long red dress performing the song along with her dancers . For " I Care " the singer was dressed in a black leather fedora , seated on a bar stool . Beyoncé sang " I Miss You " while shadow dancing was illustrated on the screen behind her . " Schoolin ' Life " was performed with a light show complete with ' 80s neon lights while she performed a dance routine with her dancers . An uptempo version of " Why Don 't You Love Me " with a choreography by Beyoncé and Les Twins was preceded by a video projection showing a vintage montage of her . The singer performed the song with a call and response interaction between her and the audience dressed in a 1920s fringed dress . The performance of " 1 + 1 " saw Beyoncé in a blue cat @-@ suit kneeling and laying atop a grand piano . During the end of " 1 + 1 " , she was transformed from the main stage to the B @-@ stage , located closer to the crowd with a wire through a cloud of glitter . " Irreplaceable " was performed after that with an audience sing @-@ along . " Love on Top " and an abbreviated version of Destiny 's Child 's " Survivor " followed ; Beyoncé dedicated the latter song to the members of the aforementioned girl group , Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams . Beyoncé was taken back to the main stage being transferred with the same wire . " Crazy in Love " was the first song performed on the main stage with a new brassy arrangement , different from Beyoncé 's other live performances of the song . During " Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) " , she integrated a snippet from the song " Movin ' on Up " . Images of pyramids , animated lions and elephants and a portrait of the singer wearing a Nefertiti @-@ style crown were displayed on the screen before the performance of " Grown Woman " , keeping in line with the song 's African influence . During the performance , the singer and her dancers wore African @-@ inspired costumes . A montage was shown with the song " I Was Here " being played in the background showing footage of the singer with Barack Obama , taking part in charity work , during a vacation with Jay @-@ Z and excerpts of her 2013 performance at the Super Bowl . An a cappella performance of the opening lines of " I Will Always Love You " preceded " Halo " as the closing song of the concert . " Green Light " and " Suga Mama " were used for the encore of the concert at numerous stops . = = = 2014 shows = = = The performances of the songs that had already been performed during the 2013 shows remained the same ; however some of them were shortened and mixed together . Many new songs from the singer 's fifth album were added to the set list with a specific staging and theme . The projections shown on the stage followed the concept behind the singer 's visual album . The performance of " Flawless " , the second song on the set , opened with the words from Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 's TED talk projected with big letters on the screen and later Beyoncé performed a choreography with her female dancers similarly to the song 's music video . A performance of " Yoncé " followed with a new choreography with her dancers . " Blow " was merged with " Naughty Girl " ( 2003 ) and featured a burlesque and disco @-@ era theme . During the end of the performance a projection of Pac @-@ Man , the character of the game with the same name , eating cherries was projected on an LED screen onstage . " Partition " was performed in a similar fashion to its music video with Beyoncé appearing with a silhouette , dancing on a couch in front of a purple light . For " Drunk in Love " , the singer performed a choreographed chair dance . During " Haunted " , strobing lights and dancers were present on stage . " Heaven " and " XO " were performed as the concert 's last songs along with " Halo " . = = Critical reception = = Mike Wass from the website Idolator called the show a " concert extravaganza in the style of Michael Jackson or Madonna " praising the fact that the singer made a progress in the production values compared with her previous performances , mostly due to the expensive and high @-@ quality visual projections which " create atmosphere and add another layer to the production " . He further praised the singer 's " extraordinary talent " during the performances hailing her as " the greatest entertainer of her generation " after seeing the show which showcased " an icon at top of her game " . Tiffany Poole from The Oklahoman praised the fashion , video backdrops and " some of the most impersonated dance moves on YouTube " concluding , " To say that Beyoncé puts on a good show would be grossly understated . " Billboard writer Gail Mitchell hailed the concert as a " musical and visual extravaganza " complete with a kaleidoscope of colorful imagery and dancing , which according to him enhanced the music complete with the singer 's strong vocals , rather than overshadowing it . He concluded that the tour claimed " the multi @-@ talented artist 's intent to join the rarefied ranks of ultimate entertainer " . Nick Hasted of The Independent wrote that the tour followed the stadium trends containing " big @-@ budget movie clips and Broadway musical dance moves , with platoons of backing singers and dancers acting as extras " further hailing it as a " Cecil B. DeMille spectacle " . He finished his reviews by concluding , " what makes this show 's largely enervating juggernaut breathe is Beyoncé 's tireless physical effort . She has created a literal body of work " . Alexis Petridis of The Guardian who compared the singer 's performance with Tina Turner praised the show 's " bombastic " opening and wrote that " there 's something powerful and relentless " about it . He concluded " while onstage Beyoncé feels weirdly unassailable " . Mikael Wood of Los Angeles Times noted , " What left the deepest impression was something far more elemental : Beyoncé 's ability to make self @-@ aggrandizement seem like an expression of humility ... [ Her ] ambition seemed in proportion with her fans ' expectations ; she came by the sense of scale honestly . " The Observer 's Kitty Empire highlighted the art direction of the show as " nothing short of breathtaking , making awesome and repeated use of silhouette , of great white blocks of video screens , of live dancers interacting with video " . She praised the singer 's " fierce " tireless dancing and concluded , " But for all the hauteur here , in couture and bearing , Beyoncé delivers genuine warmth at close range . " Bernadette McNulty from The Daily Telegraph found " air of an ancient goddess worship ceremony ... [ and ] of an expensive revue show " in the concert . Although she felt that the choreographies often outshined the music , McNulty concluded : " Yet Beyonce was never less than compelling to watch , and often blistering in her vocal attack " . Philip Matusavage of musicOMH praised Beyoncé 's abilities to perform live , calling her " insanely talented " and considered the performance at the B @-@ stage a show highlight ; however he commented that the production values of the show , consisting solely of a video screen were " relatively low @-@ key " compared to other pop arena concerts . Matusavage further criticized the repetition of the songs and dance routines which had been previously performed during the singer 's other concerts as the tour 's " most notable problem " . Shirley Halperin of The Hollywood Reporter felt that the singer " tore through her ... set with the ferocity of a grown woman who has something to prove " and felt that she tried " her damnedest to win the crowd over with an equal dose of sex appeal and good old @-@ fashioned hyping " further showcasing " unequaled showmanship and those killer vocals " which placed her at the top of R & B music . However Halperin criticized the show 's set list mainly due to the majority of the songs from the album 4 , writing , " Bey sounded terrific on all , of course , but with a ... ready @-@ to @-@ party audience angling to groove in the aisles , rather than sway with their hands to the heavens , overall it missed the mark . " Digital Spy 's Robert Copsey praised the high @-@ energy nature of the show with vigorous dancing and " blistering " pace but felt that there was a lack of hits performed in the show 's first half . NME editor Emily Mackay echoed his statements giving a mixed review for the tour , further criticizing the lack of hits in the set list and adding that only a " paucity of material " was incorporated in the set . She further dismissed the placement of interlude films in the show . A negative review came from San Jose Mercury News ' Jim Harrington who called the tour " flawed " , criticized its set list consisting of " plenty of filler [ s ] " and the many dissipating costume changes she went through for the show . He further noted that the singer looked and sounded well but blamed the way the show and the production were choreographed . The revamped show in 2014 received acclaim by critics . Isabel Mohan from The Daily Telegraph acclaimed the revamped show praising the singer 's sex appeal and noted that although the set included many new songs , the singer " remained strikingly composed and confident throughout a show which proved her talent , charisma and awe @-@ inspiring thighs " . Sidney Madden who praised the upgraded set list further commended the show 's fashion . Digital Spy 's Robert Copsey felt that the show 's set list was better than the original one describing the tour as " wall @-@ to @-@ wall amazing Beyoncé " . He concluded in his review , " The relentless pace , ever @-@ changing visuals and sheer amount of songs crammed into the set is a lot to take in , let alone the fact that Beyoncé delivers the entire thing with power yet impeccable ease . When it comes to putting on a show of this calibre , these days she 's really only competing with herself . " The Observer 's Kitty Empire praised the singer 's ranuchiness during the tour different from the other performers and concluded by writing , " There is no question as to Beyoncé 's own powers . She can stop and start her all @-@ female band ... with a click of her fingers , and keep climbing octaves until you think her lungs are about to jump out of her chest . She sings ( with a range that only gets wider and deeper with every tour ) and dances ( flawlessly ) for more than one and a half hours . " David Pollock of The Independent felt that , " this near two @-@ hour epic is a ferocious distillation of musical styles old and new and a stunning declaration of intent that Knowles intends to be recognised as the defining pop artist of her era . It was , at the very least , one of the hardest working shows likely to be witnessed on a stage this year , and with barely a drop of minutely @-@ choreographed sweat to be seen . " The tour received a nomination in the category for Choice Summer Tour at the 2013 Teen Choice Summer Tour losing to One Direction 's Take Me Home Tour . It was also nominated for Concert Marketing & Promotion Award and Eventful Fans ' Choice Award at the 2013 Billboard Music Awards . The tour is nominated in the category for Best Tour at the 2014 Billboard Mid @-@ Year Music Awards . = = Commercial performance = = Following the general on @-@ sale of tickets , tour stops in several cities across America sold out in minutes after being announced . Due to the high demand , one extra show was added in Amsterdam , one extra show in Antwerp , two extra shows in London and a third date in Manchester . In North America , extra dates were added in Washington , D.C. Los Angeles and New York City . Phone firm O2 , which was behind the pre @-@ sale of the UK shows , said it could have sold out London 's O2 Arena 150 times with the number of website hits with a spokesman noting the " unprecedented level of demand from O2 customers looking to buy tickets " . Following the frenzied rush for tickets during the general sale , the UK tour had completely sold out within three minutes . Tickets for Rock in Rio became available for general sale on April 4 , 2013 and within two hours , the first day of the festival , in which Beyoncé was headlining , had sold out all 65 @,@ 000 tickets . 20 @,@ 000 tickets had already sold out from the pre @-@ sale a few months before . On July 7 , 2013 , Beyoncé 's performance at the Essence Music Festival broke the attendance record with over 70 @,@ 000 people in attendance . On June 24 , 2013 , a second wave of tour dates were announced via Beyoncé 's official website . Included in this was a second US leg as well as a Latin American leg , containing multiple stadium dates in Brazil . It was revealed that Beyoncé set the record for the highest number of concert attendees in Brazil for the year 2013 , with more than 230 @,@ 000 fans attending her 5 shows in the country . On July 7 , 2013 , the Australasia leg of the tour was announced , with dates set for shows in Australia and New Zealand , where Beyoncé held a concert for the first time in her career . Fan club tickets for the October 18 , 2013 show in Auckland , New Zealand sold out in 3 minutes . The general sale for the New Zealand shows became available to the public on July 19 , 2013 and within 15 minutes all allocations of tickets were sold out for the three shows . A fourth and final Auckland show was then added . Promoter Live Nation confirmed The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour was officially the fastest selling tour of all time at Vector Arena . It also became the concert with the highest attendance at Vector Arena by a solo artist , with 44 @,@ 596 tickets sold . Beyoncé 's two shows at the Perth Arena went on to hold the number one and two spots for highest attendance in a single show , dethroning previous record holder Pink . It was then announced that Beyoncé 's Australasian leg of the tour was one of the most successful tours in the continent from any artist , playing for more than 220 @,@ 000 fans and earning 40 million Australian dollars . On December 11 , 2013 , a second European leg through 2014 was announced bringing the total number of shows to 132 , thus becoming Beyoncé 's longest running tour to date . Similar to the first European leg , a frenzied rush for tickets , further enhanced by the release of the singer 's self @-@ titled fifth studio album three days before ticket sales began , resulted in extra dates being added for all United Kingdom shows , Dublin , Cologne , Amsterdam and Antwerp . For the second European leg , Beyoncé had beaten the record she herself had set earlier in the year , by selling 40 @,@ 000 tickets in under one hour for the two 2014 concerts at Antwerp . Pollstar ranked The Mrs. Carter Show at number 2 on its year @-@ end chart of the top twenty grossing worldwide tours with a gross of $ 188 @.@ 6 million from the 2013 shows . Tickets were sold with an average gross of $ 2 @,@ 449 @,@ 248 per city . In April 2014 , Billboard reported that Beyoncé 's 2014 European shows grossed $ 41 @.@ 1 million and played for an audience of 384 @,@ 730 . This brought The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour 's total gross to $ 229 @.@ 7 million when combined with the 107 shows performed in 2013 , and the total attendance to 2 @,@ 082 @,@ 848 , averaging 15 @,@ 779 attendance and $ 1 @.@ 74 million gross per night . The tour is Beyoncé 's highest grossing to date , and one of the highest grossing tours of the decade . = = Broadcasts and recordings = = Professional footage from the tour was officially released on April 22 , 2013 through Beyoncé 's YouTube channel and website . It showed the opening moments of the show and performances of " Run the World ( Girls ) " , " Love on Top " and " Halo " during the first concerts . A series of eight behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage of the rehearsals and preparations for the tour were released on Beyoncé 's website on May 21 , 2013 . During " The Sound of Change Live " charity concert held at Twickenham Stadium in London on June 1 , 2013 , various clips and performances were broadcast worldwide to over 150 countries which were believed to have reached over 1 billion people . A thirty @-@ second trailer for the tour was released on June 24 , 2013 containing live vocals of Beyoncé 's " Get Me Bodied " and a dubstep audio mix . It showed footage from the tour 's commercial and multiple snippets of live performances from the show . On August 29 , 2013 , Beyoncé posted a video titled " Bey Good " on her official website showing scenes of her with fans backstage and during the concerts . During Beyoncé 's performance at the Made in America Festival , the two opening songs — " Run the World ( Girls ) " and " End of Time " — were streamed live via YouTube . Beyoncé 's performance at Rock in Rio was broadcast in its entirety , and also streamed via YouTube . On August 22 , 2013 , Beyoncé released a black @-@ and @-@ white promotional retro video for the tour dates in Brazil . It was set to Frank Sinatra 's version of the song " The Girl from Ipanema " . The video featured the singer in a bikini swimming in the water , writing Brazil in the sand and relaxing on a hammock as well as various shots of the city . In March 2014 , a new promotional video was released midway through the second European leg and first leg of the 2014 tour . This was the first venture of the tour to include new performances and songs from Beyoncé 's recently released self @-@ titled fifth studio album . The video showed professional clips from some new performances and also featured a variety of backstage activity from the revamped tour . A video titled " Goodbye to The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour " was uploaded by the singer on her official YouTube channel on March 27 , 2014 showing portions of live performances from the final leg of the tour , behind the scenes moments and visits to cities as " XO " was played in the background . In June 2014 it was announced that HBO would air Beyonce : X10 , a 10 @-@ episode series of four @-@ minute segments of concert performances debuting weekly before new episodes of True Blood starting June 29 . The performances were captured in various cities during the tour . They are included on a bonus disc in the platinum edition release of Beyoncé 's 2013 self @-@ titled album , which was released on November 24 , 2014 . = = Set list = = = = Shows = = Cancellations and rescheduled shows = = Personnel = = Credits and personnel are taken from the Official The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour Program .
= Finn Hudson = Finn Hudson is a fictional character from the Fox musical comedy @-@ drama series Glee . The character was portrayed by Cory Monteith and appears in Glee starting with its pilot episode , first broadcast on May 19 , 2009 . Finn was developed by Glee creators Ryan Murphy , Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan . Glee follows the trials of the New Directions glee club at the fictional William McKinley High School in the town of Lima , Ohio . Finn is initially the quarterback of his high school football team . A popular jock at the top of the school ’ s social hierarchy , when he finds himself forced to join the school 's glee club , he discovers that he loves it , although he risks alienation from his friends by remaining a member . His storylines see him struggle with his decision to stay in the club , which is at the bottom of the social ladder , while he maintains his popular reputation and the respect of the other jocks . The character has dealt with his attraction to both head cheerleader Quinn Fabray ( Dianna Agron ) and glee club star singer Rachel Berry ( Lea Michele ) , the series ' female lead . Following Monteith 's death on July 13 , 2013 , it was announced that Finn 's own death would occur in the third episode of the fifth season , titled " The Quarterback " . Monteith felt that Finn has had to grow up a lot during his time on the show . The actor said , " Finn started off as the stereotypical dumb jock but as the show has gone on , Finn ’ s not dumb anymore , really , he ’ s just a little naïve . " Early reviews of Finn from television critics were mixed ; Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club said that he and Michele were " both agreeable and a little desperate for an outlet " in the pilot episode . Commenting on the fifth episode of the first season , Eric Goldman of IGN wrote , " We got to see a bit of a darker side to Finn [ ... ] it 's good to see this , because up until now , Finn 's been a bit too straight @-@ laced to totally invest in . " In the second season 's eighth episode , " Furt " , Entertainment Weekly 's Tim Stack said , " It 's been a while since we ’ ve gotten some Finn focus , and I think I just missed Cory Monteith . But I also forgot what a good , natural actor he can be . " Monteith as Finn won the 2011 Teen Choice Award for Choice TV : Actor Comedy , and was nominated in the same category in 2010 . Although he was not a singer before being cast as Finn , Monteith sang lead or joint lead on a large number of songs on the show , most of which have charted in the US and abroad . " Jessie 's Girl " , which Finn performed as a solo , was certified gold in Australia , one of only three singles to do so from the show 's releases in that country ; he was joint lead on " Don 't Stop Believin ' " in the pilot episode , the show 's first single sung by the glee club , which was certified gold and platinum in Australia and the US . = = Development = = = = = Casting and creation = = = Finn Hudson is portrayed by Cory Monteith . He has also been portrayed as a child by Jerry Phillips in " Pilot " and as a preschooler by Jake Vaughn in the episode " The Substitute " . When Glee was being cast , Monteith 's Vancouver agent , Elena Kirschner , submitted a video of him drumming with some pencils and Tupperware containers . Series creator ( Ryan Murphy ) took notice of the video , but pointed out that he had to be singing , as auditioning actors for Glee with no theatrical experience were required to prove they could sing and dance as well as act . Monteith submitted a second , musical tape , in which he sang " a cheesy , ' 80s music @-@ video @-@ style version " of REO Speedwagon 's " Can 't Fight This Feeling " . He then attended a mass audition in Los Angeles ; his vocal skills were considered weak , but he later performed very well with one of Glee 's casting directors , who said that his audition captured the most elusive quality of Finn 's , his " naive , but not stupid sweetness " . Monteith said of his casting process , " I was like a lot of kids , looking for something to be interested in . Something to be passionate about . All you need is permission . Not only for Glee , but for anything in life . " In December 2010 , Murphy announced that some members of the cast of Glee would be replaced after the end of the third season in spring 2012 , to coincide with their graduation . Murphy said : " Every year we 're going to populate a new group . There 's nothing more depressing than a high schooler with a bald spot . " He added , " I think you have to be true to the fact that here is a group of people who come and go in these teachers ' lives . " Although Murphy said in July 2011 that Monteith would be one of the actors leaving at the end of the third season , Falchuk later stated that while Monteith , along with Lea Michele and Chris Colfer , will graduate at the end of the third season , " because they 're graduating doesn 't mean they 're leaving the show . " Falchuk insisted that " it was never our plan or our intention to let them go … . They are not done with the show after this season . " = = = Characterization = = = Finn originated as a character who " walks a fine line between following his dreams and balancing what other people expect of him . " Monteith 's former acting coach said : " You 've got to be incredibly smart to understand how dim Finn can be " , though Monteith appreciated the fact that Finn is more than " just a dumb jock " . He has admitted that he is sometimes frustrated by Finn 's " convenient dumb @-@ guy writing " , and commented , " I think every actor wants to be stretched . But it 's also important to realize that whatever we 're doing works . I realize that this happens to an actor about once every ten lifetimes . To be on a show that 's this good , it 's rarified air . " Finn has matured during his run on the series — in January 2011 , Monteith noted that he had " grown up a little bit " and become " a little wiser " . He later expanded , " Finn 's not dumb anymore , really , he ’ s just naive . The opposite of me . I love Finn ’ s optimism . He ’ s very idealistic ; he wants a good girl to love him , and he chases after what he wants in life — that I can relate to . " The actor hopes that in time his character will be able to grow and mature more . He said in an interview with MTV , " I think the harder it is for him , the better , you know ? I think Finn has a lot of growing up to do and I think that Finn has a lot of struggle left for him . I think dealing with a lot of his dad stuff , the passing of his father and dealing with the unrequited love all of a sudden from Rachel , I think the more trouble he goes through , the more interesting it is for me as an actor . " Over the course of his run on the series , Finn 's primary relationship has been with the glee club 's main singer , Rachel . In a meeting with the press at PaleyFest2011 , which occurred when the characters were in the middle of a months @-@ long breakup , Monteith commented : " That 's a very important central relationship to the show . I think it 's important , and I think they 're endgame , but I can 't be sure of when . I try not to get too attached to the pairing , so I can focus on storyline that does come my way . " Falchuk said of the Finn – Rachel relationship ahead of the third season , " We 're not interested in breaking them up this year but at the same time the challenge is they are graduating , they are different kinds of people and where does that take you ? " During the PaleyFest2011 Glee cast interview , Monteith said , " There are a lot of people who really , really want Finn and Rachel to be together . But at the same time , I think that it 's really interesting when they 're clearly in love with each other but they 're apart . I think it makes for good television . " He added , " I think there 's a different dynamic to Finn with Quinn and with Rachel , and single . " = = Storylines = = = = = Season 1 = = = Finn is introduced as quarterback of the William McKinley High School football team . He is blackmailed into joining the school glee club , New Directions , by its faculty director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) . Despite being ostracized by the other football players , including his best friend Puck ( Mark Salling ) , Finn comes to enjoy being in the club . This worries his girlfriend , head cheerleader Quinn Fabray ( Dianna Agron ) , so she joins New Directions to keep an eye on him , afraid that lead singer Rachel Berry 's ( Lea Michele ) interest in Finn may be reciprocated . Quinn discovers that she is pregnant , as she had cheated on Finn with Puck , but tells Finn that the baby is his , though they never actually had intercourse . She subsequently moves in with Finn and his mother Carole ( Romy Rosemont ) after her parents find out about her pregnancy and evict her . When Rachel figures out that Puck is the father and informs Finn , he attacks Puck , breaks up with Quinn , and quits the glee club in a fury ; but after cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) sabotages the glee club 's first show choir competition , he is able to set aside his anger and return to lead the club to victory . He and Rachel briefly date , but he ends the relationship to concentrate on his own well @-@ being . By the time Finn realizes that he truly does want to be with Rachel , he is chagrined to discover that she has started dating Jesse St. James ( Jonathan Groff ) , the lead singer of rival glee club Vocal Adrenaline . Cheerleader Santana Lopez ( Naya Rivera ) offers to take Finn 's virginity to improve her social status and his , and he accepts , but afterward he regrets having done so and claims to Rachel that he did not go through with it ; she , in turn , falsely claims to have had sex with Jesse . By the time the club reach the next stage of show choir competitions , Jesse has betrayed Rachel and broken up with her . As Finn and Rachel are about to go onstage , Finn tells her that he loves her ; although they lose the competition , they become a couple and continue dating well into the next school year . Glee club member Kurt Hummel ( Chris Colfer ) , who is gay , has a longstanding crush on Finn , and sets up his father Burt ( Mike O 'Malley ) with Finn 's mother Carole in the hopes of spending more time with him . Finn initially opposes the relationship , worried that his mother will forget about his late father , but relents when Burt tells Finn that he loves Carole , though Kurt is dismayed by the deepening rapport between Finn and Burt . Finn and his mother eventually move in with the Hummels , but when Finn , uncomfortable about rooming with Kurt who he knows has a crush on him but will not admit it , uses a homophobic slur against Kurt during an argument , Burt throws him out . Finn is ashamed , and makes amends by standing up for Kurt when he is victimized by bullies . The following fall , the bullying against Kurt has intensified , but Finn refuses to stand up for him this time , concerned that it may jeopardize his position as quarterback . When their parents marry , Finn uses his best man speech as an opportunity to apologize to Kurt , which begins a brotherly bond between the two . In the spring , the two of them team up to arrange the funeral of Sue Sylvester 's sister , Jean ( Robin Trocki ) , when Sue is too upset to do so , after which Sue ends her long @-@ running campaign to destroy the glee club . = = = Season 2 = = = At the beginning of the second season , Finn runs afoul of the new football coach , Shannon Beiste ( Dot @-@ Marie Jones ) , who briefly kicks him off the team , but he is eventually reinstated , and soon becomes quarterback again . Rachel learns the truth about Finn sleeping with Santana . Hurt , she makes out with Puck to get even with Finn ; this betrayal causes Finn to break up with her . The football team clinches a spot in the championship game , but animosity is running high between glee and non @-@ glee members and harming the team 's performance . In " The Sue Sylvester Shuffle " , Coach Beiste and Will Schuester force the entire football team to join the glee club for a week to settle their differences and dispel their prejudices . After a promising start , the non @-@ glee members quit the club and are kicked off the team ; at the same time , Sue arranges to have the cheerleading Regionals rescheduled to conflict with the football championship to sabotage both Beiste and Will , whose glee club now has to do the halftime show . With the football team down to half strength and the glee club without its cheerleader members , football players Finn and Puck settle their differences ; Puck convinces the non @-@ glee football players to perform in the halftime show , which will also get them back on the team , while Finn convinces Quinn , Santana , and Brittany ( Heather Morris ) to quit the Cheerios and perform in the halftime show instead . The show is a great success , and the football team wins the championship game . Emboldened by leading the team to the championship , Finn sets his eyes on a new prize : Quinn , who is in a serious relationship with football player and glee club member Sam Evans ( Chord Overstreet ) . After setting up a kissing booth ostensibly to raise money for the glee club , Finn succeeds in kissing Quinn , and they make an assignation . Although Quinn ultimately decides to stay with Sam , he finds out about her cheating on him with Finn , and breaks up with her . Finn and Quinn reunite , campaign together for prom king and queen and go to junior prom together , but Finn is kicked out for fighting with a newly returned Jesse over Rachel , and prom king and queen are won by other students . Finn ultimately breaks up with Quinn again because he realizes how deep his feelings are for Rachel . At Nationals , as the New Directions are about to go on stage , Finn begs Rachel to come back to him , but though she professes her love , she refuses , still torn between her lifelong dream of Broadway stardom and her love for him . At the end of their duet — " Pretending " , written by Finn — the audience responds with awkward silence as Rachel and Finn actually kiss ; the club consequently fails to place at Nationals . Back in Ohio , Rachel tells Finn she is moving to New York for college and will not be coming back ; he reminds her that they have a whole year until graduation and they kiss , renewing their relationship . = = = Season 3 = = = As the new school year begins , Finn , a senior , has trouble figuring out what he wants to do with his life after graduation . In the fifth episode , " The First Time " , Finn is not recruited to play football in college , as he had hoped . He and Rachel decide to have sex together for the first time . In the episode " Mash Off " , Santana , who has joined the rival Troubletones , is relentlessly bullying Finn . After a fake apology pushes him to the edge , Finn tells her to just " come out of the closet " and accuses her of being a coward for tearing other people down only because she can 't admit to everyone that she 's in love with Brittany . They are overheard by a girl whose uncle is running against Sue in a congressional campaign , and he uses Santana 's lesbianism — because she 's Sue 's cheerleading co @-@ captain — against Sue in a campaign commercial , effectively " outing " her . Santana , devastated by this , slaps Finn , but he later claims it was a " stage slap " to prevent her from being suspended . In the episode " Yes / No " , Finn asks Rachel to marry him . In the episode " On My Way " , the wedding is set for after the Regionals competition , which New Directions wins , but it is canceled after Quinn is badly injured in a car crash on her way to the ceremony . They change the wedding date to after graduation , but after Finn fails to get into his New York acting school while she has been accepted by hers and she decides to wait a year , he instead sends her off to New York without him , and tells her that he has enlisted in the army and is " setting her free " . = = = Season 4 = = = Finn has not been in touch with Rachel or Kurt all summer and into the fall — the two friends are now rooming together in Brooklyn while Rachel is attending NYADA — but he reappears unexpectedly at the end of the third episode . He has been given an early discharge from the army after injuring himself . He finds out she kissed Brody ( Dean Geyer ) , a NYADA junior , and feels that he doesn 't belong in her world in New York , so he returns to Lima without telling her . She then breaks up with him . In Lima , Finn is working at Burt 's tire shop again , and Artie enlists his help to co @-@ direct the school musical , Grease , which had been Finn 's suggestion . When Rachel comes to see the musical in the " Glease " episode , their reunion does not go well , and they agree to refrain from contact when Rachel visits Lima in the future . Will takes a leave of absence from McKinley to be a member of a blue @-@ ribbon panel in Washington , DC , so starting in " Dynamic Duets " , Finn becomes the interim director of New Directions . While he has a rocky start in the position , they come to accept him as their leader . At Sectionals , the glee club loses to the Warblers after Marley ( Melissa Benoist ) passes out on stage , interrupting the performance . Afterward , Finn does what he can to keep the club together and finally succeeds despite Sue 's opposition — she has deprived New Directions of rehearsal space at school . The Warblers are disqualified , and New Directions is again eligible to compete in Regionals ; the choir room is returned to them . Finn enlists Emma , who is deep in wedding preparations in advance of Will 's return , to help him judge a glee club competition for which member is the best diva . When he finds her panicking over the reception arrangements , he kisses her . In " I Do " , when Emma flees the church the day of the wedding , Finn blames himself , but Rachel sets him straight , and he and Rachel sleep with each other post @-@ reception . In " Girls ( and Boys ) On Film " , Finn teams up with Artie to help find Emma for Will ; he later confesses to Will that he kissed Emma , and Will is unable to forgive him . Since working with Will is untenable , Finn leaves New Directions though he enjoyed directing them ; Marley tells him he 's a good teacher , and he should get a teaching degree . He goes to college , where he shares a dorm room with Puck — who isn 't actually attending the school . Will later asks Finn to return to co @-@ lead New Directions , and he agrees . Meanwhile , Santana has discovered that Brody , who is now living with Rachel , is a gigolo , and tells Finn , who flies to New York and warns Brody away , ultimately beating him up and saying , " Stay away from my future wife . " When Rachel finds out and breaks up with Brody , she admits that the relationship never would have worked because she was using it to try to get over her heartache about Finn . Rachel later thanks him for his intervention in " Sweet Dreams " when she calls him to get advice for choosing an audition song for the upcoming Broadway revival of Funny Girl . = = = Season 5 = = = " The Quarterback " , the third episode of the fifth season , opens three weeks after Finn 's funeral . No cause of death is given . Kurt , in a voiceover , explains that it is not the circumstances of Finn 's death that matters , but how he lived his life . = = = Season 6 = = = In the flash back episode " 2009 " , the original Glee club members have second thoughts about Finn being the leader of the new club . After talking about how different Finn is from the other school jocks , they decide to let him stay in the club . The scene moves to the New Directions , with Finn , singing Don 't Stop Believing from the " Pilot " episode . In " A Wedding " , Burt and Carole tell the reunited Kurt and Blaine that Finn taught them to live the most out of every day . In the series finale " Dreams Come True " , U.S. Vice President Sue Sylvester rededicates the McKinley High auditorium to be named in honor of Finn . = = Musical performances = = As Finn is the most frequent male lead in New Directions numbers , Monteith features in a great many musical performances which have been released as singles available for digital download and are also featured in the show 's soundtrack albums . He frequently shares vocal leads with the main female singer , Rachel , as in the pilot episode 's closing song , Journey 's " Don 't Stop Believin ' " , the single of which has sold over a million copies and been certified platinum in the US and Australia . Like Finn , Monteith was a novice singer when the show started . In an interview with GQ 's Alex Pappademus , he noted that , early on , " you could hear the Auto @-@ Tune . " He was not called on to sing much on the first few episodes , as he rapped in " Push It " for " Showmance " , had a short solo phrase in the song " I Wanna Sex You Up " in " Acafellas " , and was not featured as a vocal lead in " Preggers " . Over the next three episodes , he shares the lead on four group numbers . Three are with Rachel : Queen 's " Somebody to Love " , " No Air " and " Keep Holding On " . The fourth is a boys @-@ only mash @-@ up of Bon Jovi 's " It 's My Life " with Usher 's " Confessions Part II " , where Finn sings lead on the " It 's My Life " sections and Artie on the rest . Excluding a scene from the pilot of him singing a portion of " Can 't Fight This Feeling " in the shower , Finn 's first solo songs are not until the show 's tenth episode , " Ballad " . Finn sings " I 'll Stand By You " to the unborn child he thinks is his , and later sings " ( You 're ) Having My Baby " to Quinn , the mother of the child , in front of her parents , who respond with her mother being forced to watch as her father evicts her from the family home . He has two solo numbers later in the season : " Hello , I Love You " by The Doors , characterized by Bobby Hankinson of the Houston Chronicle as " one of Finn 's best vocal performances to date " , and " Jessie 's Girl " by Rick Springfield ; the latter song charted in the top ten in Australia , Canada and Ireland , and was certified gold in Australia , one of only three singles from Glee to have received gold certification in that country . Finn sings lead more frequently in the second half of the first season , as he is featured in over a dozen songs , including several with Rachel . However , in Glee 's second season , he sings lead in fewer songs than in the first , though he again sings a significant proportion with Rachel , including the duets " Don 't Go Breaking My Heart " , " With You I 'm Born Again " , " Last Christmas " , and the one ostensibly written by Finn at the end of the season , " Pretending " . His first solo performance of the second season , in the episode " Grilled Cheesus " , is R.E.M. ' s " Losing My Religion " . Monteith said he and series music producer Adam Anders " had a bit of a different idea " about how the song should be performed . While Anders " always brings the songs in very positive , very upbeat " , he felt the song " was expressing a betrayal " , and with Finn feeling both betrayal and anger , Monteith wanted his performance to reflect that . Anthony Benigno of the Daily News commented positively on the arrangement of Monteith 's song , and graded the performance an " A " , but Erica Futterman of Rolling Stone was critical of the arrangement , and said Monteith 's performance was " more awkward than inspired . " Finn 's other solo is " I 've Gotta Be Me " in the episode " Born This Way " . In the episode " Furt " , when Finn 's mother marries Kurt 's father and the glee club provides music for the wedding , two of the songs are by Bruno Mars : " Marry You " , which is sung by the entire club as a big processional production number , and " Just the Way You Are " , which is sung by Finn to Kurt at the reception . Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal characterized the " two Bruno Mars songs " as " brilliant in execution and touching in sentiment " , and Futterman agreed : " the Bruno Mars songs gave the show two of its best performances this season " . While Benigno and Stack also praised " Just the Way You Are " , and both gave the song an " A " , Jen Harper of BuddyTV thought Monteith 's vocals as Finn " aren 't the strongest " and AOL TV 's Jean Bentley also wished Finn had not been the soloist . In " The Sue Sylvester Shuffle " , Finn led his football teammates , some of whom were performing with the glee club under duress , in The Zombies ' " She 's Not There " . VanDerWerff called it " one of the better numbers of the season " , and Futterman felt that Monteith 's vocals were a " perfect fit " for the song . Finn 's sole duet with Quinn , Fleetwood Mac 's " I Don 't Want to Know " from the episode " Rumours " , was given an " A − " by Entertainment Weekly 's Sandra Gonzalez , and Futterman said it was " better than Quinn and Sam 's ' Lucky ' " , which she had called " charming " when it was performed in " Duets " . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = The character of Finn has gotten mixed to positive reviews from television critics . VanDerWerff praised the " terrific " cast in the pilot episode , and wrote that Monteith and Michele " are both agreeable and a little desperate for an outlet as the show choir 's central two singers " . The Chicago Tribune 's Maureen Ryan opined that " Cory Monteith gives quarterback Finn Hudson a jock @-@ ish authority mixed with an appealingly square naivete . " Korbi Ghosh of Zap2it enjoyed Finn 's " sweet nature " and observed , " it 's clear that at Finn 's core , he 's a good person . " Shawna Malcom of the Los Angeles Times noted a contradiction in his characterization in the episode " Preggers " — she questioned whether the intelligence he demonstrated in striving for a football scholarship was incongruent in a character who believed he had impregnated Quinn by sharing a hot tub with her . Goldman welcomed the emergence of Finn 's " darker side " as he manipulated Rachel in " The Rhodes Not Taken " , as " up until now , Finn 's been a bit too straight @-@ laced to totally invest in " . Denise Martin of the Los Angeles Times added , " Did anyone not want to kill Finn for coming on to Rachel to get her to come back to the club ? ( Yes , the logic was there . He wants to win a scholarship so he can provide for the baby he thinks is his . But a girl 's heart is a fragile thing , and like Rachel tells him , he could have just tried being honest . ) " In his review of " Ballad " , Goldman commented : " Finn singing ' I 'll Stand By You ' to the unborn baby he thinks is his was very sweet " . He found the scene that followed Finn 's revelation of Quinn 's pregnancy to her parents the grimmest on Glee to that point . The intense sequence featuring Finn , Kurt and Burt in " Theatricality " garnered praise for Monteith from James Poniewozik of Time , who wrote : " One thing I love about his performance , here and throughout Glee , is that he plays Finn as a kid , which of course he still is . He 's basically a good kid , but as his ' faggy ' outburst shows , he 's flawed and often overwhelmed . And while he has little to do during Burt 's lecture but react , his reactions are great : he 's scared and defensive , but shows Finn 's guilt at the same time . " When Finn 's mother marries Kurt 's father in the second season 's eighth episode , " Furt " , Stack was pleased to see Finn being featured : " It ’ s been a while since we ’ ve gotten some Finn focus , and I think I just missed Cory Monteith . But I also forgot what a good , natural actor he can be . " While giving " The Sue Sylvester Shuffle " episode a " C " grade , VanDerWerff wrote as an aside , " Let ’ s pause for a moment to give Cory Monteith some praise , though , since he was asked to do a lot of difficult things in this episode , in regards to selling the idea of Finn as a leader , bringing disparate groups together , and he mostly managed that task , much better than he has in past episodes . " While reviewing " Funeral " , the season 's penultimate episode , Gonzalez said , " I was glad that the writers chose [ … ] Finn and Kurt to be the ones to connect with Sue because I think they 're two of the most genuine characters on the show . [ … ] I think they pulled it off well . " In his review of " Funeral " , VanDerVerff noted that Finn was not the best vocalist among the male students : " the show hits on something very odd in its DNA : Finn continues to be the male lead of the group because he ’ s the male lead of the show , less because he ’ s the best singer New Directions has . [ ... ] But because he ’ s trying to get better , that ’ s OK " . At the conclusion of the second season , Poniewozik wrote that he had not found the relationship between Finn and Rachel " the most compelling story " of the season , and as such " didn 't enjoy ' New York ' as much as [ he ] might have " , and VanDerWerff commented that their storyline had " ceased being too interesting long ago . " However , the former conceded " I may not be that invested in Finn / Rachel , but the startling moment where the audience disappeared in the middle of their kiss made me feel like I was " , and the latter opined that their kiss resonated , despite being unoriginal and " too neat way of suggesting that Rachel can 't have both Finn and her Broadway dreams " . = = = Accolades = = = Monteith won the 2011 Teen Choice Award in the Choice TV : Actor Comedy category for his portrayal of Finn , and was a member of the Glee cast ensemble given the Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series award at the 16th Screen Actors Guild Awards . He received several other nominations for the role , including Teen Choice Awards in 2009 for Choice TV : Breakout Star Male and in 2010 for Choice TV : Comedy Actor , and the 17th Screen Actors Guild Awards ensemble nomination for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series .
= Imbrex and tegula = The imbrex and tegula ( plurals imbrices and tegulae ) were overlapping roof tiles used in ancient Greek and Roman architecture as a waterproof and durable roof covering . They were made predominantly of fired clay , but also sometimes of marble , bronze or gilt . In Rome , they replaced wooden shingles , and were used on almost every type of structure , from humble outbuildings to grand temples and public facilities . The tegula ( Greek solenes ) was a plain flat tile , or a flat tile with raised edges , which was laid flat upon the roof , while the imbrex ( Greek kalupter ) was a semi @-@ cylindrical roofing tile , like a half @-@ pipe , laid over the joints between the tegulae . When well @-@ made and properly imbricated ( overlapped ) , there was little need for further waterproofing or sealant . The roofing area was generally surrounded by antefixae which were often decorated , and had several decorative anthemia to cover each end row imbrex . The concept of imbrex and tegula roofing in pitched roof construction is still in use today as an international feature of style and design , and is the origin of the term imbrication for the condition of things arranged in overlapping layers . = = History and development = = Imbrices and tegulae were first made by the Greeks . Like bricks , they were formed of wet clay in a four @-@ sided mould , often shaped with a piece of wire , and then baked in an oven or kiln . More sophisticated moulds were developed over time . Tegulae were originally made perfectly flat , or with nothing more than a ridge underneath the upper border , which allowed the tile to be " hung " upon a sloping roof so that it would not slide to the ground . Later , tegulae were formed with a raised border on the two vertical sides , which would channel rainwater to the bottom of the tile , rather than allowing it to seep between tiles to dampen the roofing materials . Another improvement occurred when these two raised borders were made to converge , forming a broad v @-@ shaped trapezoid with the narrowest edge downwards , nestling into the widest part of the tile below it to form a continuous channel . The imbrices completed the waterproofing of the roof by arching over the joints between the vertical edges of the tegulae , dividing the roof into channels . Rain water flowed off the curved imbrices into the channels and down over the surfaces of the tegulae , and descended into the gutter ( canalis ) . In formal architecture the canalis had a plain or ornamented frontal piece set atop the entablature , immediately above the cornice . The semicircular opening at the front of the lowermost imbrex was often capped with an ornamental fronton , and the spouts which drained the gutters were frequently decorated with lions ' heads ( capita leonina ) or other fantastic or grotesque faces . By Roman times many tiles were being made under the auspices of various Roman legions , and were imprinted with a stamp of the legion 's insignia . Imbrices and tegulae are common finds in archaeological sites , and their design and markings can be of use in dating the sites and identifying the inhabitants . For instance , a 1993 archaeological dig in Merseyside in England uncovered over 300 kg ( 660 lb ) of tile and kiln remains . Some of the tegulae were stamped with the " LXXVV " insigniae of the Legio XX Valeria Victrix . Romans also often recycled broken tiles by incorporating them into mortar . Tiles of marble were first used around the year 620 BC . Besides the superior beauty and durability of the material , these tiles could be made of a much larger size than those of clay . Consequently , they were used in the construction of the greatest temples , such as the Temple of Zeus at Olympia , the Parthenon at Athens , and the Serapeum at Puteoli ( modern Pozzuoli ) . Still more expensive and magnificent tiles were made of bronze and gilt . = = Gallery = =
= Lance Bass = James Lance Bass born May 4 , 1979 ) is an American pop singer , dancer , actor , film and television producer , and author . He grew up in Mississippi and rose to fame as the bass singer for the American pop boy band NSYNC . NSYNC 's success led Bass to work in film and television . He starred in the 2001 film On the Line , which his company , Bacon & Eggs , also produced . Bass later formed a second production company , Lance Bass Productions , as well as a now @-@ defunct music management company , Free Lance Entertainment , a joint venture with Mercury Records . After completion of NSYNC 's Pop Odyssey Tour , Bass moved to Star City , Russia , in much publicized pursuit of a seat on a Soyuz space capsule . Bass was certified by both NASA and the Russian Space Program after several months of cosmonaut training , and planned to join the TMA @-@ 1 mission to the International Space Station . However , after his financial sponsors backed out , Bass was denied a seat on the mission . In July 2006 , Bass revealed that he is gay in a cover story for People magazine . He was awarded the Human Rights Campaign Visibility Award in October 2006 , and released an autobiography , Out of Sync , in October 2007 , which debuted on the New York Times Best Seller list . = = Early life and education = = James Lance Bass was born in Laurel , Mississippi , to James Irvin Bass , Jr . , a medical technologist , and Diane ( née Pulliam ) , a middle school mathematics , English , and career discovery teacher . Along with his older sister , Stacy , Bass grew up in nearby Clinton Mississippi , and was raised as a Southern Baptist . Bass has described his family as devoutly Christian and conservative and has said that his childhood was " extremely happy " . As a young boy , Bass developed an interest in space , and at age 9 traveled to Cape Canaveral , Florida , with his father to watch his first live space shuttle launch . Of this experience Bass said , " I was certain from then on that my future was to be involved with space . " Shortly after , Bass attended space camp in Titusville , Florida , and aspired to attend college and study engineering , with the hope that he would one day work for NASA . When Bass was 11 years old , his father was transferred to a different hospital , and the family moved to Clinton , Mississippi ( Nsync Driven , 2002 ) Bass began singing in his Baptist church choir , and was encouraged to audition for local performance groups by his childhood best friend , Darren Dale , the youngest child of former longtime Mississippi Insurance Commissioner George Dale . Bass joined the Mississippi Show Stoppers , a statewide music group sponsored by the Mississippi Agriculture and Forestry Museum , and the Attaché Show Choir , a national @-@ award @-@ winning competitive show choir group at Clinton High School . He was also a member of a seven @-@ man vocal group named Seven Card Stud , which competed at state fairs and performed at several social and political events for Senator Trent Lott . At Clinton High School , Bass was elected vice president of his junior class and has said that he performed well in math and science . However , Bass later stated that his primary focus during high school was singing , and when looking back , he remembers " hardly anything " about academia . = = Career = = = = = Music = = = Bass ' music career has consisted primarily of his singing with NSYNC and running a small management company . = = = = NSYNC = = = = In 1995 , during his junior year of high school , Bass received a call from Justin Timberlake and his mother , Lynn Harless , who asked Bass if he would be interested in auditioning for the pop group NSYNC after the group 's original bass singer , Jason Galasso , had quit . Timberlake 's vocal coach ( who had worked with Bass during his time as a Mississippi Show Stopper ) recommended Bass as a replacement . Bass was accepted into the group after auditioning in front of the other bandmembers and Lou Pearlman , and soon left school to move to Orlando , Florida , and rehearse full @-@ time . Bass has said that he did not know how to dance before he joined NSYNC , and therefore found much of the group 's choreography difficult to learn . According to an episode of VH1 's Driven , Jan Boltz , president of BMG 's German division , offered NSYNC a recording contract under the condition that they replace Bass , whose dancing , he felt , " wasn 't at the same level as all the others . " However , the other members of the group refused to accept the contract without Bass , and the group 's manager , Johnny Wright , convinced Bolz that Bass 's dancing would quickly improve . Bolz conceded , and the group soon moved to Munich , Germany to record their first album with BMG . ' N Sync began extensive touring in Europe , and Bass 's mother quit her job to tour with the group as a chaperone , as Bass was still a minor . After gaining significant notability in Europe , NSYNC was signed to American record label RCA in 1997 . The group 's first single , " I Want You Back " began receiving major radio play in the United States , and NSYNC soon found themselves becoming an " overnight sensation " , a period which Bass describes in his autobiography as " the death of my own innocence " . Along with increasing fame and recognition in the United States the band also experienced a highly publicized legal battle with Pearlman , due to what the group believed were illicit business practices on his part . NSYNC sued Pearlman and his record company , Trans Continental , for defrauding the group of more than 50 % of their earnings , rather than his original promise of only receiving one @-@ sixth of the profits . The group threatened to leave and sign with Jive Records , which prompted Pearlman and RCA to countersue NSYNC for $ 150 million US , citing breach of contract . The injunction was thrown out of court and , after winning back their earnings , NSYNC signed with Jive . Bass has been estranged from Pearlman ever since . In March 2000 , NSYNC released No Strings Attached , which became the fastest @-@ selling record of all time , selling 1 @.@ 1 million copies in its first day of release . In 2001 , the group followed up with their Celebrity album , which scored the second highest first @-@ week album sales ever , trumped only by the group 's previous album . NSYNC went on to sell over 56 million records worldwide . In 2002 , the group announced that they would be taking a " hiatus " , during which Timberlake began to record solo material . ' N Sync has not recorded new material since , and Bass has stated that he feels the group has officially disbanded . In 2007 , Bass stated that he had faith Timberlake would return after six months off to record another album with NSYNC , and that he felt betrayed by Timberlake 's 2004 decision to pursue his solo career instead . Bass has also said that he has little hope for a reunion , since Timberlake has " made it clear that he wouldn 't be interested in discussing another album any time soon . " Despite these statements , Bass has denied that he harbors any ill feelings towards Timberlake , saying : " At that time ... it did feel like betrayal . I felt heartbroken . All these emotions went through me . Today , I ’ m really happy , and Justin and I are really great friends . I don ’ t hate him at all . And I understand what he was going through , and it was as hard for him as it was for any of us . " = = = = Free Lance Entertainment = = = = In 2000 , Bass formed a music management company named Free Lance Entertainment , which was a joint venture with Mercury Nashville , a division of Mercury Records . Vowing to keep the company " a strictly family @-@ run operation , " Bass employed his parents and sister as talent scouts , and recruited childhood friend and aspiring country singer Meredith Edwards for the company 's first release . Edwards began touring with NSYNC as an opening act in the fall of 2000 , and Bass teamed up with MTV to hold a nationwide talent search for more artists later that year . However , Free Lance soon folded after disappointing sales of Edwards 's debut album , Reach . = = = Acting = = = = = = = Film , television and theater = = = = Bass guest @-@ starred on the WB drama series 7th Heaven , playing Rick Palmer , a love interest for Beverley Mitchell 's character , Lucy . The following year , while NSYNC was in the midst of recording Celebrity , Bass received his first starring role in the 2001 motion picture On The Line . Bass played Kevin , a man who falls in love with a woman on a Chicago train and begins a search to find her again . The film was produced by Bass 's production company , A Happy Place ( later renamed Bacon & Eggs ) , and featured appearances by Jerry Stiller , Al Green , Bon Jovi guitarist Richie Sambora , former WWE wrestler Chyna , and Bass 's bandmates Timberlake , Kirkpatrick and Fatone , the latter in a major role . The film also featured a soundtrack which included previously unreleased songs by NSYNC and Britney Spears . Bass collaborated with Joey Fatone , Mandy Moore , Christian Burns and True Vibe ( as the " On The Line Allstars " ) for the film 's theme song , " On The Line " . Despite heavy marketing towards NSYNC teen fans , the film was a commercial failure , grossing only $ 4 @.@ 2 million US domestically despite its $ 10 million US budget . The film , along with Bass 's acting , was also poorly received by critics . Bass later said that he felt the film 's success was greatly hindered by its release date , which came one week after the World Trade Center attacks of September 11 , 2001 . In his 2007 autobiography , Bass wrote , " That was it – our film was finished ... once the country went to war , there was no way our film was going to be on anyone 's top @-@ priority list . " After On The Line , Bass appeared in Zoolander and Wes Craven 's Cursed as himself , and played a wedding singer in I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry . Bass has also lent his voice to several animated television programs , such as Robot Chicken and Disney 's Kim Possible , Handy Manny and Higglytown Heroes . In the video game realm , Bass voiced the Final Fantasy VII character Sephiroth in Kingdom Hearts . On August 14 , 2007 , Bass began a six @-@ month stint playing Corny Collins in the Broadway musical Hairspray , coinciding with the play 's five @-@ year stage anniversary . Bass ended his run in Hairspray on January 6 , 2008 . Lance has also made an appearance in the movie Tropic Thunder . As a guest star on Gravity Falls episode " Boyz Crazy " , Bass plays in the boy band , Sev 'ral Timez ( which is a parody of NSYNC ) . In 2014 , Bass guest starred on an episode of the Comedy Central series , Review , in which he visited space along with the show 's lead character . In 2015 , Bass joined season two of The Meredith Vieira Show as a full @-@ time contributing panelist . Bass and his mother will compete with other related duos in the upcoming FOX reality cooking series My Kitchen Rules . = = = Dancing with the Stars = = = Bass was a contestant on Season 7 of Dancing with the Stars , and was paired with swing dance champ Lacey Schwimmer . Bass and Schwimmer reached the grand finale in competition with Brooke Burke partnering with Derek Hough and Warren Sapp partnering with Kym Johnson . Lance Bass finished in third place with the title going to Burke . = = = Production = = = In January 2001 , Bass formed his first film production company , A Happy Place , with film producers Rich Hull , Wendy Thorlakson and Joe Anderson . The company was geared towards family @-@ friendly films , and received the Movieguide award for " Excellence in Family @-@ Oriented Programming " for its first feature film , On The Line . After On The Line , A Happy Place changed its name to Bacon & Eggs and produced its second feature film , Lovewrecked , in 2005 . The film debuted on the ABC Family Channel in January 2007 , and starred Amanda Bynes , Chris Carmack and Jamie @-@ Lynn Sigler , with Bass in a minor role . This too received mostly negative reviews . Bass later formed a separate production company named Lance Bass Productions . On May 14 , 2007 , Brian Graden announced that Lance Bass Productions would be working with the Logo network in executive producing a reality television show about the music business . It was reported that the show will focus on the creation and development of an all @-@ gay boy band . To date no such project has been developed or aired . In 2008 , Bass co @-@ produced The Grand , and Bass 's company is reported to be developing a music docudrama about the life of rock bands on tour . In October 2011 , Bass debuted his own boy band called Heart2Heart . In August 2013 , Bass became an executive producer of the documentary film Kidnapped for Christ along with Mike C. Manning . The film sheds light on controversial behavior modification methods used on children , sent there by their parents , at an Evangelical Christian reform school in the Dominican Republic . The film was sold to Showtime , to be released on television July 10 , 2014 . = = = Radio = = = Bass is the host of Dirty Pop with Lance Bass , a daily evening drive time radio show focusing on pop culture and entertainment news on OutQ , a LGBT @-@ geared station on Sirius XM . Bass is also the host of the weekly " Pop2Kountdown " on Pop2K , which counts down the 30 biggest hits from that week from a different year in the 2000s . = = Personal life = = Bass dated actress Danielle Fishel of TV 's Boy Meets World throughout 1999 and 2000 . Fishel stated that she was heavily invested in the relationship , commenting that she was " like , so in love " with Bass . Bass ended the relationship after one year , and continued to exclusively date women until he was 22 . In his autobiography , Bass documents two gay relationships that predated media speculation ; one with a Miami , Florida , native named Jesse , with whom Bass lived for two years , and another with an Idaho native named Joe . Bass began dating Amazing Race winner Reichen Lehmkuhl in early 2006 , a courtship that garnered tabloid coverage and led to Bass 's decision to come out . Bass described his relationship with Lehmkuhl as " very stable " ; however , the couple split several months later . Shortly after his split with Lehmkuhl , Bass briefly dated Brazilian model and LXTV host Pedro Andrade . From August 2007 to March 2008 , Bass dated New York @-@ based hairdresser Ben Thigpen . After a year and a half of dating , Bass became engaged to Michael Turchin in September 2013 . Bass and Turchin married on December 20 , 2014 in Los Angeles . In a 2006 interview , Bass stated that he has Attention @-@ Deficit Disorder . Bass 's favorite music bands are Aerosmith , The Goo Goo Dolls , and Journey , and his favorite actress is Lucille Ball , whom he grew up watching on I Love Lucy re @-@ runs . He is a self @-@ described " huge Dr. Seuss fan " , devoting an entire room in his Jackson , Mississippi estate to Seuss memorabilia . Bass has said that he is a Christian and that he regularly attends church , though he considers himself to be non @-@ denominational . He is the godfather of former bandmate Joey Fatone 's daughters , Briahna and Kloey . Bass and Fatone are best friends . = = = Sexual orientation = = = Bass came out as gay in a cover story for People magazine on July 26 , 2006 . There had been considerable media speculation about his orientation due to numerous paparazzi snapshots of him at gay bars and nightclubs , most notably during the preceding Independence Day weekend in Provincetown , Massachusetts . Celebrity gossip blogger Perez Hilton had also been posting items on his website about Bass 's orientation since September 2005 , and New York gossip column Page Six ran a blurb on July 12 , 2006 , that reported a sighting of Bass at a gay bar with his then @-@ boyfriend , Reichen Lehmkuhl . Bass 's publicist , Ken Sunshine , chose to release the story exclusively to People magazine , who bumped actor Johnny Depp off of that week 's cover in favor of Bass . In his coming out interview , Bass stated , Bass 's announcement received a large amount of media attention . The American public 's reaction was generally positive , with Bass receiving " overwhelming support " from many teenagers and young adults who grew up listening to ' N Sync . However , Bass received criticism from the LGBT community when he referred to himself and his friends as " straight acting " in his People interview , stating , " I call them the SAGs — the straight @-@ acting gays . We 're just normal , typical guys . I love to watch football and drink beer . " This comment angered some members of the LGBT community , who believed that Bass not only implied that effeminate gay men were not ' normal ' , but further enforced unneeded stereotypes . In a 2007 interview with The Advocate , Bass called his comment a " mistake " and noted that he was unaware of the negative implications surrounding the term . Bass stated , " Every community is hard to please . Our community is very fickle . It 's a touchy community because it 's the last civil rights movement we have left here in America . So when someone new like myself comes along and says off @-@ the @-@ mark things , yeah , I can see how people would get pissed . " Bass found himself in the midst of further controversy later that year when he , along with then @-@ boyfriend Reichen Lehmkuhl , was awarded the 2006 Human Rights Campaign Visibility Award on October 7 , 2006 . The Washington Blade printed a guest editorial from a long @-@ time HRC supporter who claimed that neither recipient had done enough to deserve the award and that The Human Rights Campaign was simply capitalizing on Bass 's fame to sell tickets . The Human Rights Campaign stood by Bass and defended his award , responding to critics by saying , " Bass is the biggest music star since Melissa Etheridge to come out , and maybe some people think HRC should just ignore these moments of cultural significance , but his declaration did initiate a positive , national conversation that continues today . " = = = Relationship and marriage = = = Bass began dating painter Michael Turchin in January 2011 and they became engaged in September 2013 . They married on December 20 , 2014 at the Park Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles . Former NSYNC bandmates Joey Fatone , Chris Kirkpatrick and JC Chasez were in attendance ; Justin Timberlake , who was then headlining his The 20 / 20 Experience World Tour , was not present . The ceremonial event was filmed and televised in a special E ! presentation : Lance Loves Michael : The Lance Bass Wedding that aired on February 5 , 2015 . Bass and Turchin were the first same @-@ sex couple to exchange vows on cable television . = = = Spaceflight plans = = = In February 2002 , Lena Banks , a space advocate and founder / producer of Think Tank Ink Productions , contacted Lance Bass to propose his involvement in her Youngest Person in Space project . Ms. Banks brought her longtime associate David Krieff of Destiny Productions on board and through a series of events in August 2002 , Bass entered cosmonaut training in Star City , Russia . Bass was considered as the US host of a space competition show to be entitled The Big Mission , which had been successful in Denmark , in which several contestants would go through rigorous training in order to win a seat on a Russian Soyuz space capsule . However , the game show concept was reconsidered , as the producers of the show decided it would be a much better idea to shoot a documentary of a celebrity actually training and going into space , and airing it on a major network . Lena Banks came up with the idea of the Youngest Person in Space many years before Dennis Tito had his historical flight . Through a series of events in early 2002 the chance of using Bass was presented when a colleague mentioned her space project to a friend and the friend 's daughter shouted out , " Lance Bass wants to go into space ! " The girl , who was an NSYNC fan , learned of Bass ' lifelong dream of space travel when she read it online via a MTV forum . Lena Banks spoke to Lance Bass 's management who then went to him with the proposal . " At first he thought we were joking , " Lena Banks remarks . " I assured him it was for real ; he accepted and we moved forward with the project . " In order to be admitted into training , Bass had to go through strenuous physicals that saved his life . It was discovered he had cardiac arrhythmia , and he agreed to undergo heart surgery to correct it . Prior to this , in 1999 , he collapsed after a concert because of his condition . After several months of training , Bass received cosmonaut certification and went on to Houston 's Johnson Space Center ( JSC ) to take part in astronaut training . He was scheduled to fly into space on the Soyuz TMA @-@ 1 mission that was to be launched on October 30 , 2002 . The capsule was scheduled to fly to the International Space Station and land in a desert in Kazakhstan . Several months before Bass was scheduled to fly , the original deal to air the documentary about Bass fell through . Bass 's camp turned to MTV , who initially agreed to sponsor the trip but then backed out over " payment , insurance , and indemnification issues . " Shortly after , all of Bass 's other sponsorships fell through , including one sponsor that pulled out because they worried about the image of their brand possibly being tarnished if Bass were to die on the mission . Bass was eventually rejected from the program , and was replaced on the flight by Russian cosmonauts Yuri Lonchakov , Sergei Zalyotin and Belgium 's Frank De Winne . = = = = Space advocacy = = = = In 2003 , Bass began serving as World Space Week 's Youth Spokesman . Bass has stated that he believes young people becoming more interested in space exploration " will help the future of our planet " . From 2003 to 2005 , Bass spent World Space Week traveling to American high schools speaking with students about space exploration and encouraging them to explore careers in the fields of science and mathematics . Bass is a member of the National Space Society , a non @-@ profit educational space advocacy organization founded by Dr. Wernher Von Braun . Bass has served on the National Space Society 's Board of Governors since October 2004 , alongside other space advocates such as actor Tom Hanks and author and futurist Sir Arthur C. Clarke . In a 2007 interview with GQ magazine , Bass stated that he " absolutely " still intends on going to space , and that he hopes to work on a space documentary . Bass has also retained fluency in Russian , which he was required to learn during his training . = = = Autobiography = = = Following public response surrounding his coming out , Bass announced that he was releasing an autobiography . The book , entitled Out of Sync , was published on October 23 , 2007 . It was co @-@ written by The New York Times best @-@ selling biographer Marc Eliot , who also wrote the book 's introduction , and was published by Simon Spotlight Entertainment , a division of Simon & Schuster . The 208 @-@ page book covers what Bass describes as " the first chapter " in his life , from his childhood growing up in rural Mississippi , to his efforts to obtain a seat on a Russian space capsule and the proceeding financial issues he had with his sponsors , and culminating with Bass 's decision to go public with his sexuality . The book includes details about boyfriends that he kept from family and friends , and recounts NSYNC 's 2002 decision to go on an " extended hiatus " . Bass stated that Justin Timberlake was the sole reason NSYNC did not get back together . Out of Sync debuted on the New York Times Best Seller list for the week of November 11 , 2007 . = = = Philanthropy and causes = = = Bass has been involved with a number of charities during his career . In 2001 , Bass founded The Lance Bass Foundation , a non @-@ profit organization that was designed to meet the health needs of low @-@ income children . In 2003 , Bass donated $ 30 @,@ 000 US to establish the Amber Pulliam Special Education Endowment at The University of Southern Mississippi . The endowment is in honor of his younger cousin , Amber Pulliam , who has Down syndrome , and was established to financially aid students from Mississippi 's Pine Belt who plan a career in special education . After 2005 's Hurricane Katrina , Bass launched " uBid For Hurricane Relief " , a celebrity auction to benefit victims of the hurricane , with uBid.com. Proceeds from the auction were split between the Child Welfare League of America , The Brett Favre Fourward Mississippi Foundation , and Ashton Kutcher 's RockWorks Foundation . Many of Bass 's family members in Mississippi were directly affected by the hurricane . That same year , Bass appeared on an episode of Extreme Makeover : Home Edition with a donation to a Russian woman to save a camp for disabled children in Russia . Bass is a member of the Environmental Media Association 's board of directors . He has also been involved with Animal Avengers , Shannon Elizabeth 's animal rescue organization . He has two dogs which he adopted from a rescue shelter , both of whom he posed with in a PETA ad urging people to adopt rather than buy animals . In August 2007 , Bass wrote a guest commentary for LOGO 's " Visible Vote ' 08 " blog , in which he expressed support for gay marriage . In September 2007 , Bass participated in a series of GLAAD television advertisements promoting tolerance for the LGBT community . Bass has also been involved in fundraising for the Gay , Lesbian and Straight Education Network . = = Filmography = =
= Burning of Falmouth = The Burning of Falmouth ( October 18 , 1775 ) was an attack by a fleet of Royal Navy vessels on the town of Falmouth , Massachusetts ( site of the modern city of Portland , Maine , and not to be confused with the modern towns of Falmouth , Massachusetts or Falmouth , Maine ) . The fleet was commanded by Captain Henry Mowat . The attack began with a naval bombardment which included incendiary shot , followed by a landing party meant to complete the town 's destruction . The attack was the only major event in what was supposed to be a campaign of retaliation against ports that supported Patriot activities in the early stages of the American Revolutionary War . Among the colonies , news of the attack led to rejection of British authority and the establishment of independent governments . It also led the Second Continental Congress to contest British Naval dominance by forming a Continental Navy . Both Mowat and his superior , Vice @-@ Admiral Samuel Graves , who had ordered Mowat 's expedition , suffered professionally as a consequence of the act . = = Background = = Following the battles of Lexington and Concord on April 19 , 1775 , the British army was besieged in the City of Boston . The British were supported and supplied by the Royal Navy under the command of Vice @-@ Admiral Samuel Graves , who was under Admiralty instruction to suppress the burgeoning rebellion . Under his orders , vessels were searched for military stores and potential military communications . Laid @-@ up vessels were stripped of their masts and rudders to prevent their use by privateers and military equipment was salvaged from readily @-@ accessible recent wrecks . Captain Henry Mowat had been in the port of Falmouth ( present @-@ day Portland , Maine ) in May 1775 , during Thompson 's War when local Patriots captured several ships carrying supplies for Boston and weaponry from Fort Pownall at the mouth of the Penobscot River . Graves ' Admiralty orders ( issued in July 1775 and received by him on October 4 ) required that he " carry on such Operations upon the Sea Coasts ... as you shall judge most effective for suppressing ... the Rebellion " . Graves ordered Mowat to " lay waste burn and destroy such Sea Port towns as are accessible to His Majesty 's ships ... and particularly Machias where Margueritta was taken " . = = Sailing to Falmouth = = Mowat left Boston harbor on October 6 , 1775 aboard his 16 @-@ gun hydrographic survey sloop HMS Canceaux , in company with the 20 @-@ gun ship Cat , the 12 @-@ gun schooner HMS Halifax , the bomb sloop HMS Spitfire , and the supply ship HMS Symmetry . While his instructions were broad in the number of possible targets , he opted against attacks on harbors on Cape Ann , where the buildings were too widely spaced for naval cannon fire to be effective . On October 16 he reached the outer parts of Falmouth harbor and anchored there . The people of Falmouth had mixed reactions to the presence of the British fleet . Some recognized the Canceaux and believed there was no danger ; but militia members remembering Thompson 's War were more suspicious . The next day was windless : Mowat kedged the ships into the inner harbor and anchored them near the town . He sent one of his lieutenants ashore with a proclamation stating that he was there to " execute a just punishment " for the town 's state of rebellion . He gave the townspeople two hours to evacuate . As soon as they received this ultimatum , the townspeople sent a deputation to plead with Mowat for mercy . He promised to withhold fire if the town swore an oath of allegiance to King George . They must also surrender all their small arms and powder , along with their gun carriages . In response , the people of Falmouth began to move out of the town . No oaths were sworn . A small number of muskets were surrendered , but no gun carriages . = = Attack = = Mowat had set a deadline of 9 : 00 am on October 18 for the town 's response . By 9 : 40 the town appeared to be deserted , so he ran a red flag up the Canceaux 's masthead , and ordered the fleet to begin firing . Incendiary cannonballs set fire to the harbor installations and most of the town 's houses and public buildings . One witness reported : The firing began from all the vessels with all possible briskness , discharging on all parts of the town ... a horrible shower of balls from three to nine pounds weight , bombs , carcasses , live shells , grapeshot and musketballs . ... The firing lasted , with little cessation , until six o 'clock . When the bombardment appeared inadequate to Mowat , he sent a landing party to set fire to any buildings that had survived . The town militia offered little significant resistance , as most were helping their families to safety . In spite of this , some of the landed British marines were killed or wounded . By evening , according to Mowat , " the body of the town was in one flame " . = = Aftermath = = Following the bombardment , Mowat went on to Boothbay , where he set fire to a few houses and raided for livestock , but his expedition was faltering to an end . The decks of some of his ships had been inadequately braced for prolonged gunnery , and many of his guns had jumped their mounts . He returned to Boston , and remained there as winter was setting in . When Admiral Graves was relieved in December 1775 , these punitive raids were gradually abandoned . One of the last , undertaken to avenge British military losses to revolutionary Patriots , was the burning of Norfolk , Virginia , on January 1 , 1776 , instigated by Lord Dunmore , the Royal Governor of the Colony of Virginia . = = = Damage assessment = = = More than 400 buildings and houses were recorded as damaged or destroyed by fire . In his report to Graves , Mowat stated that eleven small vessels were destroyed in the harbor itself , and four captured , at the cost of one man killed and one wounded . The people were left to fend for themselves for the winter . A visitor to the town reported that , a month later , there was " no lodging , eating or housekeeping in Falmouth " . On October 26 , the town formed a committee to raise funds for the distressed families . More than 1 @,@ 000 people ( out an estimated population of 2 @,@ 500 ) , including at least 160 families , had been left homeless by the raid . The Massachusetts Provincial Congress authorized £ 250 to be paid to the distressed families , and arranged for the distribution of up to 15 bushels of corn to those left destitute . As late as 1779 , additional grants were made to needy families in Falmouth . Despite numerous earlier entreaties to a wide variety of parties , significant recompense was not made until 1791 , when Congress granted two tracts of land as compensation . These tracts became the towns of New Portland and Freeman . The town of Falmouth accounted losses in the raid at over £ 50 @,@ 000 . The citizens of Falmouth began rebuilding their town . In 1784 they built over 40 homes and 10 shops . By 1797 over 400 homes had been built , or rebuilt , along with factories , offices , and municipal buildings . Part of the Falmouth Neck was politically separated in 1786 to form the city of Portland . = = = Political reaction = = = News of the raid caused uproar in the colonies . Propagandists emphasised its cruelty . The Massachusetts Provincial Congress authorized the issue of letters of marque , licensing privateer actions against the British navy . The Second Continental Congress heard of the event just as word arrived of King George 's Proclamation of Rebellion . Outraged by the news , Congress recommended that some provinces adopt self @-@ rule and that Royal Navy ships in South Carolina be seized . The attack on Falmouth stimulated Congress to advance its plans for establishment of a Continental Navy . It authorized the commissioning of two ships on October 30 " for the protection and defense of the united Colonies " . The Falmouth incident was again mentioned on November 25 , when Congress passed legislation described by John Adams as " the true origin of the American Navy " . When news of the event first reached England , it was dismissed as rebel propaganda . When the reports were confirmed , Graves ' superior , Lord George Germain expressed surprise rather than offence , noting that " I am to suppose that Admiral Graves had good reason for the step he took " , in spite of orders ( not received by Graves until after Mowat had sailed for Falmouth ) to not take such acts unless the town clearly refused to do business with the British . Graves was relieved of his command in December 1775 , in part due to his failure to suppress the rebel naval forces . Germain issued the orders before Falmouth burned . News of the event also reached France , which was carefully monitoring political developments in North America . The French foreign secretary wrote : " I can hardly believe this absurd as well as barbaric procedure on the part of an enlightened and civilized nation . " Mowat 's career suffered as a result of his actions . He was repeatedly passed over for promotion , and achieved it only when he downplayed his role in the event , or omitted it entirely from his record . = = Similar acts of reprisal = = On August 30 , 1775 , Royal Naval Captain James Wallace , commanding HMS Rose , fired into the town of Stonington , Connecticut , after the townspeople there prevented Rose 's tender from capturing a vessel it had chased into the harbor . Apparently not seeking to burn the town , he did not fire any heated rounds or incendiaries . Wallace also fired on the town of Bristol , Rhode Island , in October 1775 , after its townspeople refused to deliver livestock to him .
= 2010 Kobalt Tools 500 ( Phoenix ) = The 2010 Kobalt Tools 500 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race that was held on November 14 , 2010 at Phoenix International Raceway in Avondale , Arizona . Contested over 312 laps , it was the thirty @-@ fifth , and the ninth race in the Chase for the Sprint Cup during the 2010 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series season . The race was won by Carl Edwards , for the Roush Fenway Racing team . Ryan Newman finished second , and Joey Logano clinched third . Pole position driver Edwards maintained his lead on the first lap to begin the race , as Newman , who started in the second position on the grid , remained behind him . On the seventh lap , Kurt Busch became the leader of the race . Hamlin , the points leader before the race , led the most laps with a total of 190 . On lap 298 , Hamlin made a pit stop and became a lap behind . He didn 't return to the first ten positions afterward . Edwards maintained the lead to win the race . There were five cautions and 14 lead changes among six different drivers throughout the course of the race . It was Edwards ' first win in the 2010 season , and the 18th of his career . The result kept Edwards in fourth in the Drivers ' Championship , 264 points behind Denny Hamlin and 47 ahead of Matt Kenseth . Chevrolet maintained its lead in the Manufacturers ' Championship , 42 points ahead of Toyota and 88 ahead of Ford , with one race remaining in the season . A total of 75 @,@ 000 people attended the race , while 4 @.@ 201 million watched it on television . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = Phoenix International Raceway is one of five short tracks to hold NASCAR races ; the others are Richmond International Raceway , Dover International Speedway , Bristol Motor Speedway , and Martinsville Speedway . The standard track at Phoenix International Raceway is a four @-@ turn short track oval that is 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) long . The track 's turns were banked at 11 degrees , while the front stretch , the location of the finish line , was banked at three degrees . The back stretch , which has a dogleg shape instead of a straight , has 9 degrees of banking . The racetrack has seats for 76 @,@ 800 spectators . Before the race , Denny Hamlin led the Drivers ' Championship with 6 @,@ 325 points , and Jimmie Johnson stood in second with 6 @,@ 292 points . Kevin Harvick followed in third with 6 @,@ 266 points , 258 ahead of Carl Edwards and 266 ahead of Matt Kenseth in fourth and fifth . Jeff Gordon with 5 @,@ 994 was eight points ahead of Kyle Busch , as Tony Stewart with 5 @,@ 962 points , was nine ahead of Greg Biffle , and thirty @-@ four in front of Clint Bowyer . Kurt Busch and Jeff Burton were eleventh and twelfth with 5 @,@ 890 and 5 @,@ 852 points . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet was leading with 249 points , forty points ahead of their rival Toyota . Ford , with 158 points , was twenty @-@ six points ahead of Dodge in the battle for third . Johnson was the race 's defending champion . = = = Practice and qualifying = = = Three practice sessions were held before the Sunday race — one on Friday , and two on Saturday . The first session lasted 90 minutes , while the second session lasted 45 minutes . The third and final practice session lasted 60 minutes . During the first practice session , Edwards , for the Roush Fenway Racing team , was quickest ahead of Regan Smith in second and Stewart in the third position . Kyle Busch was scored fourth , and Brad Keselowski managed fifth . Juan Pablo Montoya , Kurt Busch , A. J. Allmendinger , Ryan Newman , and Harvick rounded out the top ten quickest drivers in the session . Afterward , during qualifying , forty @-@ six cars were entered , but only forty @-@ three were able to race because of NASCAR 's qualifying procedure . Edwards clinched his seventh pole position during his career , with a time of 26 @.@ 395 , which made a new track record . He was joined on the front row of the grid by Allmendinger . Kurt Busch qualified third , Biffle took fourth , and Jamie McMurray started fifth . Hamlin , one of the drivers in the Chase for the Sprint Cup , qualified seventeenth , while Johnson was scored twenty @-@ first . The three drivers that failed to qualify for the race were Joe Nemechek , Michael McDowell , and Jason Leffler . Once the qualifying session completed , Edwards commented , " The first thing that we ’ re going to have an advantage Sunday is with our pit stall , that ’ s going to help us a lot . I think we have an advantage because [ the title rivals ] have to be a little bit conservative . Guys like myself we ’ re really battling for fourth in points and battling for wins . We can go out and be a little more aggressive and maybe take advantage of that . " On the next evening , Edwards remained quickest , ahead of Kurt Busch and Gordon in second and third . Kenseth was fourth quickest , and Burton took fifth . Montoya , Dale Earnhardt , Jr . , Joey Logano , Biffle , and Harvick followed in the top @-@ ten . Other drivers in the chase , such as Hamlin , was fifteenth , and Johnson , who was seventeenth . During the third , and final practice session , Edwards , with a fastest time of 27 @.@ 202 , was quickest . Earnhardt , Jr. and Gordon followed in second and third with times of 27 @.@ 328 and 27 @.@ 337 seconds . Hamlin managed to be fourth fastest , ahead of Harvick and Logano . Johnson was scored seventh , Mark Martin took eighth , David Reutimann was ninth , and Biffle took tenth . = = = Race = = = The race , the thirty @-@ fifth out of a total of thirty @-@ six in the season , began at 3 : 00 p.m. EST and was televised live in the United States on ESPN . Prior to the race , weather conditions were dry with the air temperature around 63 ° F ( 17 ° C ) . Ken Bowers , chaplain of the race track , began pre @-@ race ceremonies with the invocation . Dr. Jesse McGuire performed the national anthem on his trumpet , and Steve Schultz , regional vice @-@ president of Lowe 's , gave the command for drivers to start their engines . Edwards retained the lead from the pole position throughout the beginning lap . On the second lap , Brendan Gaughan collided into the wall , prompting the first caution to be given . On the lap six restart , Edwards remained the leader . On the following lap , Kurt Busch passed Edwards to become the leader . On lap 7 , Biffle had fallen two positions as David Reutimann overtook him . Three laps later , Johnson moved up to the 13th position . By the fourteenth lap , Harvick had moved up eight positions since the beginning of the race . Harvick continued to move forward while Busch maintained the lead . On lap 28 , Edwards claimed the first position from Busch . By the 30th lap , Hamlin moved up to fifth on the grid after passing Reutimann . The next lap , Kyle Busch , Kurt 's younger brother , hit the wall , but sustained minor damages . On lap 41 , Hamlin moved up to third as Edwards maintained a 1 @.@ 5 @-@ second lead . Three laps later , Hamlin passed Kurt Busch to claim second . Kyle Busch moved up to fourth after passing Allmendinger on lap 54 . After 55 laps , Stewart had moved up to eighth while Johnson had moved up to 12th . Three laps later , the second caution was given , after Keselowski developed a flat tire and crashed into the wall . All the front @-@ runners made pit stops during the caution , with most asking for tires and adjustments . At the lap 65 restart , Edwards remained the leader before Hamlin moved past him on the following lap . On the 67th lap , Kurt Busch passed Edwards , moving him down to third . During lap 69 , Kenseth passed Busch to move to fifth . Two laps later , Johnson was scored ninth , while Harvick was 12th . Afterward , Kyle Busch fell to the eighth position by the 73rd lap . Stewart moved up to the eighth position three laps later while Hamlin had a lead of 1 @.@ 3 seconds . On lap 80 , McMurray scraped the wall , sustaining damage to the rear spoiler , which came loose from the rest of the car . Two laps later , McMurray 's team mate Montoya moved up to the 14th position after starting 35th . On the 86th lap , Johnson passed Kenseth to move up to the eighth position . Kenseth fell two positions after being passed by Allmendinger and Harvick . By lap 90 , Hamlin extended his lead to 2 @.@ 3 seconds ahead of Kurt Busch . One lap later , Gordon passed Kenseth to move to the 12th position . During the 96th lap , Stewart moved up to fourth after passing Martin Truex , Jr . Montoya moved up to 13th on the following lap after passing Biffle . On lap 101 , the third caution was given for debris . One lap later , the front runners made pit stops , giving the lead to Bobby Labonte , who didn 't come in until the next lap . At the lap 105 restart , Edwards was the leader before Hamlin reclaimed the first position a lap later . During the 117th lap , Biffle moved up to the eighth position , two laps before Johnson moved up to fifth after overtaking Newman . By lap 123 , Hamlin 's lead was around eight @-@ tenths of a second ahead of Edwards . Six laps later , Stewart passed his team mate Newman for the sixth position . On the following lap , Hamlin had over a one @-@ second lead over second @-@ placed Edwards . On the 131st lap , Kyle Busch passed his brother Kurt for the second position . Harvick passed Biffle to take over the eighth position six laps later . On lap 140 , Kurt Busch fell down to fifth after Johnson passed him . Three laps later , Kurt fell one more position to sixth once Newman overtook him . During lap 147 , Truex. passed Biffle for the ninth position . Kenseth passed Biffle four laps later to claim the tenth position . On lap 156 , Truex moved into eighth , after overtaking Kurt Busch . By lap 159 , Hamlin had a 2 @.@ 5 @-@ second lead over Edwards in the second position . Three laps later , Kenseth moved up to ninth while Kyle Busch moved to second after passing Edwards . On lap 166 , green flag pit stops began as Paul Menard made a pit stop . On the following lap , Elliott Sadler made a pit stop , four laps earlier than Hamlin . During the pit stops , three drivers were able to lead the race , Hamlin , Kyle Busch , and Kenseth . Once the pit stops concluded , Hamlin was scored the leader . On lap 180 , Kyle Busch moved up to the second position after passing Edwards . Six laps later , Mark Martin passed Kurt Busch to move into 13th . By lap 192 , Hamlin had a 1 @.@ 5 second lead over his team mate Kyle Busch . Six laps later , Harvick overtook Johnson to claim the fourth position . At lap 210 , Stewart passed Johnson for the fifth position as Jeff Burton moved up to the seventh . Afterward , Stewart passed Harvick for the fourth position on the 219th lap . Three laps later , Robby Gordon spun sideways , prompting the fourth caution to be given . All the front runners made pit stops during the caution , and Kyle Busch became the leader . At the lap 228 restart , Kyle Busch was first ahead of Hamlin , Edwards , Johnson , and Burton . On the following lap , Hamlin passed Busch for the first position . During the 231st lap , Edwards passed Busch to take over the second position , making Busch fall to third after two laps . Two laps later , the fifth caution was given because Travis Kvapil spun sideways . During the caution , the first eight cars did not pit , while the others did . Hamlin led on the restart ahead of Carl Edwards in second . At lap 242 , Kurt Busch moved up to ninth , after passing Stewart . Three laps later , Stewart fell to 12th , after being passed by Martin and Logano . By lap 249 , Hamlin had a 0 @.@ 75 second lead over second . On lap 252 , Jeff Burton moved up to the seventh position . Fourteen laps later , Edwards reclaimed the lead from Hamlin . On lap 268 , Montoya moved up to fourth after passing Johnson . By lap 274 , Edwards had a one @-@ second lead over Hamlin in second . On the following lap , Newman passed Johnson for fifth as Harvick moved to twelfth . Edwards continued to expand his lead to two seconds on lap 287 . At the 292nd lap , Johnson fell to sixth after being passed by Burton . Six laps later , Hamlin made a pit stop for fuel and two new tires , which caused him to fall to nineteenth . On lap 301 , Hamlin moved back on the lead lap , after passing Edwards . Logano passed Johnson for fourth as Burton made a pit stop on lap 303 . With six laps remaining , Johnson fell to sixth as Harvick moved to seventh . Edwards maintained the lead to win his first race of the 2010 season . Newman finished second , ahead of Logano in third and Biffle in fourth . Johnson clinched the fifth position , after starting twenty @-@ first . = = = Post @-@ race = = = Race winner Carl Edwards appeared in victory lane after his victory lap to start celebrating his first win of the season , in front of a crowd of 75 @,@ 000 people . After winning the race , he described his happiness saying , " A win is very important to us . It 's a very big accomplishment for us . " He continued , " I think it 's something that we needed for our confidence . We needed it as a payoff for all the hard work the guys have put in at the shop , the engine department . " Hamlin , who led the most laps , described his frustration : " The strategy and what @-@ not at the end just didn 't work our way . That 's all I can ask for , is to have the better car than those two guys – and we did . But , unfortunately , the strategy bit us . We 're just going to have to go there and do it the old @-@ fashioned way next week and try to beat them on the race track . " Afterward , Newman , who finished second , commented , " We were saving fuel the whole time . Made more sense to save fuel . We were two laps short . We just did what I thought we needed to do . If Carl made it , Carl made it . " Fifth place finisher Johnson described his happiness by saying : " We 're going to go home and we 're going to make sure we have the best engines , go through our simulation stuff , make sure our car is as fast as it can be and then race . We were in a good situation and could take the risk , take the chance . It worked out for us . In the Drivers ' Championship , Hamlin remained first with 6 @,@ 462 points , 15 ahead of Johnson in second . Harvick followed in third with 6 @,@ 416 points . Edwards and Kenseth rounded out the first five positions with 6 @,@ 198 and 6 @,@ 151 . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet maintained first place with 255 points , 42 ahead of Toyota and 88 ahead of Ford . Dodge remained fourth with 135 points . 4 @.@ 201 million people watched the race on television . The race took two hours , forty @-@ nine minutes and one second to complete , and the margin of victory was 4 @.@ 770 seconds . = = Results = = = = = Qualifying = = = = = = Race results = = = = = Standings after the race = =
= Bring Us Together = " Bring Us Together " was a political slogan popularized after the election of Republican candidate Richard Nixon as United States President in 1968 . The text was derived from a sign which 13 @-@ year @-@ old Vicki Lynne Cole stated that she carried at Nixon 's rally in her home town of Deshler , Ohio during the campaign . Richard Moore , a friend of Nixon , told the candidate 's speechwriters he had seen a child carrying a sign reading " Bring Us Together " at the Deshler rally . The speechwriters , including William Safire , began inserting the phrase into the candidate 's speeches . Nixon mentioned the Deshler rally and the sign in his victory speech on November 6 , 1968 , adopting the phrase as representing his administration 's initial goal — to reunify the bitterly divided country . Cole came forward as the person who carried the sign , and was the subject of intense media attention . Nixon invited Cole and her family to the inauguration , and she appeared on a float in the inaugural parade . The phrase " Bring Us Together " was used ironically by Democrats when Nixon proposed policies they disagreed with or refused to support . Cole declined to comment on Nixon 's 1974 resignation , but subsequently expressed her sympathy for him . In newspaper columns written in his final years before his 2009 death , Safire expressed doubts that Cole 's sign ever existed . = = Background = = The 1968 presidential campaign was one of the most bitterly fought in the nation 's history . Set among national divisions over the Vietnam War , social policy , and against the backdrop of riot and assassination , none of the campaigns made healing divisions a major theme — an early slogan by Democratic candidate Hubert Humphrey , " United With Humphrey " had been scrapped . The incumbent President , Democrat Lyndon Baines Johnson ( often called L.B.J. ) could give Humphrey little support because of his own unpopularity . By 1968 , candidates were appealing to the electorate through television , rather than through whistle @-@ stop train tours . Nixon had included them in his past national campaigns — he had broken off one such tour in 1952 to make the Checkers speech , and in 1960 , had stopped at Deshler . The rural Ohio village , about 45 miles ( 72 km ) southwest of Toledo , was popular among whistle @-@ stopping presidential candidates as two main lines of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad crossed there — other visitors in search of votes had included Al Smith , Harry Truman , and Barry Goldwater . Deshler voters would respond in 1968 by giving Nixon an overwhelming majority of their votes . = = Rally and sign = = Cole was an eighth grader in Deshler ; her father was the local Methodist minister while her mother taught third grade . On October 22 , 1968 , the day of Nixon 's stop in Deshler , Cole attended class as usual . During the morning session , one of her teachers announced that any girls interested in being " Nixonettes " ( girls asked to cheer and provide atmosphere at the rally ) should report to the fire station after school . Cole did so , along with her friend , Rita Bowman , and the girls were provided with paper red , white , and blue dresses ( to be worn over other clothing ) and signs . Cole 's said , " L.B.J. Convinced Us — Vote Republican " . That afternoon , Cole attended the rally , wearing her dress and holding her sign . The Nixon train pulled in , and the police lowered the rope which kept the crowd clear of the tracks . In interviews , Cole related that as the crowd surged forward , she dropped her sign amidst the pushing and shoving . Cole stated , " I wanted a sign to wave . I had lost my own placard and as the crowd moved forward as the train approached I saw this sign lying in the street and I just picked it up and held it high , hoping Mr. Nixon would see it . " Nixon gave a speech from the rear platform of the train . He praised the size of the crowd , stating , " There are four times as many people here than live in the town and more than the number that were here in 1960 . " The candidate asserted that though his opponent , Vice President Humphrey , claimed that Americans had never had it so good , he should tell that to the farmer . Nixon pledged that he would give special attention to agricultural issues and would make the Secretary of Agriculture a farmer 's advocate to the White House . He promised to restore order : " The most important civil right is the right to be free from [ local ] violence . " He noted the many youths in the crowd , stating , " Young Americans know their future is at stake . They don 't want four more years of the same . " He recalled that his father had hailed from Ohio : " his roots are here and mine are too ! " As Nixon spoke , Cole observed him , and thought he was a good family man , looking warm and friendly and appearing much as she expected him to . She later stated that she did not even look at the sign until she was teased about it by a classmate , who suggested the sign , " Bring Us Together Again " was about boys , not politics . She kept the dress , but told the media she threw away the sign . = = Nixon speeches and inauguration = = Nixon speechwriter William Safire had been told of the sign by a friend of Nixon , Richard Moore , who left the train at campaign stops to mingle with the crowd and seek items of local color for the speechwriters to use . Safire stated in his book on the early days of the Nixon administration ( originally published in 1975 ) that at Deshler , " Moore boarded the train with that mystic look that a writer gets when he has something delicious to work with , some piece of color that could be more than a gimmick . " According to Safire in a 2007 column , Moore stuck his head into the compartment occupied by Nixon 's speechwriters and stated , " There 's a little kid out there with a hand @-@ lettered sign that I think says ' Bring Us Together ' . " Safire wrote in that column that he inserted the phrase into Nixon 's remarks for the speech to be given at the next stop . Nixon used the phrase in concluding a rally at New York 's Madison Square Garden on October 31 , 1968 . Recalling the visit to Deshler , the Republican candidate stated , " There were many signs like those I see here . But one sign held by a teenager said , ' Bring Us Together Again ' . My friends , America needs to be brought together . " However , Nixon 's use of the phrase received little coverage until after the election . Deshler school officials heard of the speech , and asked students about the sign , but no one came forward . Safire included the incident in a draft victory statement , which Nixon looked at before addressing the nation as President @-@ elect . In his victory speech on November 6 , Nixon recalled the sign : I saw many signs in this campaign , some of them were not friendly ; some were very friendly . But the one that touched me the most was one that I saw in Deshler , Ohio , at the end of a long day of whistle @-@ stopping . A little town . I suppose five times the population was there in the dusk . It was almost impossible to see , but a teenager held up a sign , " Bring Us Together . " And that will be the great objective of this administration at the outset , to bring the American people together . Reconciliation among the American people was also a theme of Humphrey 's concession statement . " I have done my best . I have lost , Mr. Nixon has won . The democratic process has worked its will , so now let 's get on with the urgent task of uniting our country . " School officials again asked students about the sign after Nixon mentioned his visit to Deshler in the victory speech , and this time Cole came forward . She stated that she had not done so before as she had not written the sign . Reporters interviewed the girl in the principal 's office . Cole stated she felt Nixon was the one who could bring the country together again . Being interviewed by reporters from Washington , New York , and Chicago , she indicated , was more fun than sitting in history class . The Toledo Blade investigated the matter , but could not ascertain who made the sign , or what happened to it after Cole discarded it . John Baer , village chief of police , stated , " I think this has to be the most important thing that has ever happened around here . " Paul Scharf , editor of the Deshler Flag , stated he did not believe the mystery of the sign 's origin or fate would ever be cleared up . Safire stated he was told by Moore that the sign stood out as obviously handmade and not produced by the local Nixon campaign . As early as November 7 , the Northwest Signal , local paper for nearby Napoleon , Ohio , reported that Deshler merchants were considering taking up a collection to send Cole to Washington ; the following day the paper editorialized that she , along with whoever actually made the sign , be sent to Washington to see the inauguration . On November 19 , 1968 , campaign special assistant and longtime Nixon advisor Murray Chotiner proposed inviting the Cole family to the inauguration and having Vicki Cole ride the theme float . The President @-@ elect subsequently invited Reverend and Mrs. Cole and their family to attend the inauguration ; the family was brought to Washington by the Inaugural Committee . Vicki Cole carried a recreation of her sign on the theme float in the inaugural parade . Carla Garrity , a fourteen @-@ year @-@ old girl from Burbank , California , objected to Cole 's invitation to the inauguration on the ground that Cole had done nothing to deserve it . In a letter to her congressman , Ed Reinecke , Garrity stated she had worked very hard for Nixon and other Republican candidates , " Therefore , I am very much against that 13 @-@ year old girl in Ohio who held up the sign ' Bring us Together ' being invited to the inaugural . She didn 't even read or write it ! " Reinecke forwarded the letter to Nixon aide John Ehrlichman with the comment , " I suspect that Carla 's reaction may be shared by other young people who worked in the Nixon campaign " . Nixon assistant Charles E. Stuart replied to Reinecke , stating , " Vicki Lynne has been invited to the inauguration not because she carried the sign , or even because she made the sign , but rather because the sign which she did carry proved to be an inspiration to Mr. Nixon " and expressed his confidence the invitation would be well received by other young Nixon partisans . = = Political usage and aftermath = = The Inaugural Committee wanted to adopt " Bring Us Together " as the inaugural theme , appalling Safire , who said , " That wasn 't the theme of the campaign . " Safire and other aides felt the administration should seek to advance its agenda , rather than seeking consensus on policy , and White House Chief of Staff @-@ designate H. R. Haldeman was able to change the theme to " Forward Together . " Nevertheless , the phrase " Bring Us Together " was thrown in the face of the Nixon administration by Democrats each time something divisive was proposed , and was used as the title of a tell @-@ all expose by Leon Panetta after he was fired from the Nixon administration for dissenting from the White House 's " Southern strategy " on civil rights policy . According to Safire , the use of the phrase against Nixon shows a slogan which evokes emotion can cut both ways . Nixon 's advisors denied he had abandoned a desire to bring the American people together . However , they were divided between those who sought national unity , and those , such as campaign manager and Attorney General John N. Mitchell , who felt Nixon should concentrate on keeping the voters who had cast their ballots for him , and should seek to win over the voters who had favored third @-@ party candidate Alabama Governor George Wallace , as the key to reelection in 1972 . According to Safire , after taking office , Nixon and his advisors decided he need not bring the country together , but need only work to secure his reelection by appealing to voters who were not hostile to Nixon and his policies — they became known as the Silent Majority . Historian Stanley Kutler suggested in his book on the Nixon administration that Nixon 's policies widened divisions in America , but that the nation finally came together late in his presidency — to reject Nixon and demand his removal . In late 1970 , Vicki Cole indicated in an interview Nixon was doing the best he could . During the 1972 campaign , Cole served as Ohio chair of a future voters organization for the Nixon campaign . She then left politics , devoting her spare time to training and showing horses . In 1974 , Cole declined to comment on the resignation of President Nixon in the wake of the Watergate scandal , but stated in 1977 that she felt sympathy for him , though she believed his resignation was necessary . Safire , in his political dictionary published in 2008 , recollected that when he asked Moore , some years after the inauguration , whether he had really seen the girl holding the sign , or whether he had imagined it , " his eyes took on a faraway look " . In columns written in the final years before his 2009 death , Safire commented that the sign was " almost too good to be true " , and said of Moore , " [ h ] e may have made that up " .
= Second Persian invasion of Greece = The second Persian invasion of Greece ( 480 – 479 BC ) occurred during the Greco @-@ Persian Wars , as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece . The invasion was a direct , if delayed , response to the defeat of the first Persian invasion of Greece ( 492 – 490 BC ) at the Battle of Marathon , which ended Darius I 's attempts to subjugate Greece . After Darius 's death , his son Xerxes spent several years planning for the second invasion , mustering an enormous army and navy . The Athenians and Spartans led the Greek resistance . About a tenth of the Greek city @-@ states joined the ' Allied ' effort ; most remained neutral or submitted to Xerxes . The invasion began in spring 480 BC , when the Persian army crossed the Hellespont and marched through Thrace and Macedon to Thessaly . The Persian advance was blocked at the pass of Thermopylae by a small Allied force under King Leonidas I of Sparta ; simultaneously , the Persian fleet was blocked by an Allied fleet at the straits of Artemisium . At the famous Battle of Thermopylae , the Allied army held back the Persian army for seven days , before they were outflanked by a mountain path and the Allied rearguard was trapped and annihilated . The Allied fleet had also withstood two days of Persian attacks at the Battle of Artemisium , but when news reached them of the disaster at Thermopylae , they withdrew to Salamis . After Thermopylae , all of Boeotia and Attica fell to the Persian army , which captured and burnt Athens . However , a larger Allied army fortified the narrow Isthmus of Corinth , protecting the Peloponnesus from Persian conquest . Both sides thus sought a naval victory that might decisively alter the course of the war . The Athenian general Themistocles succeeded in luring the Persian navy into the narrow Straits of Salamis , where the huge number of Persian ships became disorganised , and were soundly beaten by the Allied fleet . The Allied victory at Salamis prevented a quick conclusion to the invasion , and fearing becoming trapped in Europe , Xerxes retreated to Asia leaving his general Mardonius to finish the conquest with the elite of the army . The following spring , the Allies assembled the largest ever hoplite army , and marched north from the isthmus to confront Mardonius . At the ensuing Battle of Plataea , the Greek infantry again proved its superiority , inflicting a severe defeat on the Persians and killing Mardonius in the process . On the same day , across the Aegean Sea an Allied navy destroyed the remnants of the Persian navy at the Battle of Mycale . With this double defeat , the invasion was ended , and Persian power in the Aegean severely dented . The Greeks would now move to the offensive , eventually expelling the Persians from Europe , the Aegean islands and Ionia before the war finally came to an end in 479 BC = = Background = = The Greek city @-@ states of Athens and Eretria had supported the unsuccessful Ionian Revolt against the Persian Empire of Darius I in 499 – 494 BC . The Persian Empire was still relatively young , and prone to revolts among its subject peoples . Moreover , Darius was a usurper , and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his rule . The Ionian revolt threatened the integrity of his empire , and Darius thus vowed to punish those involved ( especially those not already part of the empire ) . Darius also saw the opportunity to expand his empire into the fractious world of Ancient Greece . A preliminary expedition under Mardonius , in 492 BC , to secure the land approaches to Greece ended with the re @-@ conquest of Thrace and forced Macedon to become a fully subordinate kingdom part of Persia . It had previously been a vassal as early as the late 6th century BC , but remained having autonomy and not fully subordinate yet . In 491 BC , Darius sent emissaries to all the Greek city @-@ states , asking for a gift of ' earth and water ' in token of their submission to him . Having had a demonstration of his power the previous year , the majority of Greek cities duly obliged . In Athens , however , the ambassadors were put on trial and then executed ; in Sparta , they were simply thrown down a well . This meant that Sparta was also now effectively at war with Persia . Darius thus put together an ambitious task force under Datis and Artaphernes in 490 BC , which attacked Naxos , before receiving the submission of the other Cycladic Islands . The task force then moved on Eretria , which it besieged and destroyed . Finally , it moved to attack Athens , landing at the bay of Marathon , where it was met by a heavily outnumbered Athenian army . At the ensuing Battle of Marathon , the Athenians won a remarkable victory , which resulted in the withdrawal of the Persian army to Asia . Darius therefore began raising a huge new army with which he meant to completely subjugate Greece ; however , in 486 BC , his Egyptian subjects revolted , indefinitely postponing any Greek expedition . Darius then died while preparing to march on Egypt , and the throne of Persia passed to his son Xerxes I. Xerxes crushed the Egyptian revolt , and very quickly restarted the preparations for the invasion of Greece . = = Persian preparations = = Since this was to be a full @-@ scale invasion , it required long @-@ term planning , stock @-@ piling and conscription . It was decided that Xerxes ' Pontoon Bridges were to be set up to allow his army to cross the Hellespont to Europe , and that a canal should be dug across the isthmus of Mount Athos ( rounding which headland , a Persian fleet had been destroyed in 492 BC ) . These were both feats of exceptional ambition , which would have been beyond any contemporary state . However , the campaign was delayed one year because of another revolt in Egypt and Babylonia . In 481 BC , after roughly four years of preparation , Xerxes began to muster the troops for the invasion of Europe . Herodotus gives the names of 46 nations from which troops were drafted . The Persian army was gathered in Asia Minor in the summer and autumn of 481 BC . The armies from the Eastern satrapies was gathered in Kritala , Cappadocia and were led by Xerxes to Sardis where they passed the winter . Early in spring it moved to Abydos where it was joined with the armies of the western satrapies . Then the army that Xerxes had mustered marched towards Europe , crossing the Hellespont on two pontoon bridges . = = = Size of the Persian forces = = = = = = = Army = = = = The numbers of troops that Xerxes mustered for the second invasion of Greece have been the subject of endless dispute , because the numbers given in ancient sources are very large indeed . Herodotus claimed that there were , in total , 2 @.@ 5 million military personnel , accompanied by an equivalent number of support personnel . The poet Simonides , who was a contemporary , talks of four million ; Ctesias , based on Persian records , gave 800 @,@ 000 as the total number of the army ( without the support personnel ) that was assembled by Xerxes . While it has been suggested that Herodotus or his sources had access to official Persian Empire records of the forces involved in the expedition , modern scholars tend to reject these figures based on knowledge of the Persian military systems , their logistical capabilities , the Greek countryside , and supplies available along the army 's route . Modern scholars thus generally attribute the numbers given in the ancient sources to the result of miscalculations or exaggerations on the part of the victors , or disinformation by the Persians in the run up to the war . The topic has been hotly debated but the modern consensus revolves around the figure of 300 @,@ 000 – 500 @,@ 000 . Nevertheless , whatever the real numbers were , it is clear that Xerxes was anxious to ensure a successful expedition by mustering overwhelming numerical superiority by land and by sea , and also that much of the army died of starvation and disease , never returning to Asia . Herodotus tells us that the army and navy , while moving through Thrace , was halted at Doriskos for an inspection by Xerxes , and he recounts the numbers of troops found to be present : Herodotus doubles this number to account for support personnel and thus he reports that the whole army numbered 5 @,@ 283 @,@ 220 men . Other ancient sources give similarly large numbers . The poet Simonides , who was a near @-@ contemporary , talks of four million ; Ctesias gave 800 @,@ 000 as the total number of the army that assembled in Doriskos . An early and very influential modern historian , George Grote , set the tone by expressing incredulity at the numbers given by Herodotus : " To admit this overwhelming total , or anything near to it , is obviously impossible . " Grote 's main objection is the supply problem , though he does not analyse the problem in detail . He did not reject Herodotus 's account altogether , citing the latter 's reporting of the Persians ' careful methods of accounting and their stockpiling of supply caches for three years , but drew attention to the contradictions in the ancient sources . A major limiting factor for the size of the Persian army , first suggested by Sir Frederick Maurice ( a British transport officer ) is the supply of water . Maurice suggested in the region of 200 @,@ 000 men and 70 @,@ 000 animals could have been supported by the rivers in that region of Greece . He further suggested that Herodotus may have confused the Persian terms for chiliarchy ( 1 @,@ 000 ) and myriarchy ( 10 @,@ 000 ) , leading to an exaggeration by a factor of ten . Other early modern scholars estimated that the land forces participating in the invasion at 100 @,@ 000 soldiers or less , based on the logistical systems available to the Ancients . Munro and Macan note Herodotus giving the names of six major commanders and 29 myriarchs ( leaders of a baivabaram , the basic unit of the Persian infantry , which numbered about 10 @,@ 000 @-@ strong ) ; this would give a land force of roughly 300 @,@ 000 men . Other proponents of larger numbers suggest figures from 250 @,@ 000 to 700 @,@ 000 . One historian , Kampouris , even accepts as realistic Herodotus ' 1 @,@ 700 @,@ 000 for the infantry plus 80 @,@ 000 cavalry ( including support ) for various reasons including the size of the area from which the army was drafted ( from modern @-@ day Libya to Pakistan ) , the ratios of land troops to fleet troops , of infantry to cavalry and Persian troops to Greek troops . = = = = Fleet = = = = The size of the Persian fleet is also disputed , though perhaps less so . According to Herodotus the Persian fleet numbered 1 @,@ 207 triremes and 3 @,@ 000 transport and supply ships , including 50 @-@ oared galleys ( Penteconters ) ( πεντηκοντήρ ) . Herodotus gives a detailed breakdown of the Persian triremes : Herodotus also records that this was the number at the Battle of Salamis , despite the losses earlier in storms off Sepia and Euboea , and at the battle of Artemisium . He claims that the losses were replenished with reinforcements , though he only records 120 triremes from the Greeks of Thrace and an unspecified number of ships from the Greek islands . Aeschylus , who fought at Salamis , also claims that he faced 1 @,@ 207 warships there , of which 1 @,@ 000 were triremes and 207 fast ships . Diodorus and Lysias independently claim there were 1 @,@ 200 at Doriskos . The number of 1 @,@ 207 ( for the outset only ) is also given by Ephorus , while his teacher Isocrates claims there were 1 @,@ 300 at Doriskos and 1 @,@ 200 at Salamis . Ctesias gives another number , 1 @,@ 000 ships , while Plato , speaking in general terms refers to 1 @,@ 000 ships and more . These numbers are ( by ancient standards ) consistent , and this could be interpreted that a number around 1 @,@ 200 is correct . Among modern scholars some have accepted this number , although suggesting that the number must have been lower by the Battle of Salamis . Other recent works on the Persian Wars reject this number , 1 @,@ 207 being seen as more of a reference to the combined Greek fleet in the Iliad generally claim that the Persians could have launched no more than around 600 warships into the Aegean . = = Greek preparations = = The Athenians had been preparing for war with the Persians since the mid @-@ 480s BC , and in 482 BC the decision was taken , under the guidance of the politician Themistocles , to build a massive fleet of triremes that would be necessary for the Greeks to fight the Persians . The Athenians did not have the man @-@ power to fight on land and sea ; therefore combatting the Persians would require an alliance of several Greek city states . In 481 BC Xerxes sent ambassadors around Greece asking for earth and water , but making the very deliberate omission of Athens and Sparta . Support thus began to coalesce around these two states . = = = Hellenic alliance = = = A congress of states met at Corinth in late autumn of 481 BC , and a confederate alliance of Greek city @-@ states was formed . This confederation had the power to send envoys asking for assistance and to dispatch troops from the member states to defensive points after joint consultation . Herodotus does not formulate an abstract name for the union but simply calls them " οἱ Ἕλληνες " ( the Greeks ) and " the Greeks who had sworn alliance " ( Godley translation ) or " the Greeks who had banded themselves together " ( Rawlinson translation ) . Hereafter , they will be referred to as the ' Allies ' . Sparta and Athens had a leading role in the congress but interests of all the states played a part in determining defensive strategy . Little is known about the internal workings of the congress or the discussions during its meetings . Only 70 of the approximately 700 Greek cities sent representatives . Nevertheless , this was remarkable for the disjointed Greek world , especially since many of the city @-@ states in attendance were still technically at war with each other . The majority of other city @-@ states remained more @-@ or @-@ less neutral , awaiting the outcome of the confrontation . Thebes was a major absentee , and was suspected of being willing to aid the Persians once the invasion force arrived . Not all Thebans agreed with this policy , and 400 " loyalist " hoplites joined the Allied force at Thermopylae ( at least according to one possible interpretation ) . The most notable city actively siding with the Persians ( " Medised " ) was Argos , in the otherwise Spartan @-@ dominated Peloponnese . However , the Argives had been severely weakened in 494 BC , when a Spartan @-@ force led by Cleomenes I had annihilated the Argive army in Battle of Sepeia and then massacred the fugitives . = = = Size of allied forces = = = The allies had no ' standing army ' , nor was there any requirement to form one ; since they were fighting on home territory , they could muster armies as and when required . Different @-@ sized allied forces thus appeared throughout the campaign . These numbers are discussed fully in the article for each battle . = = Spring 480 BC : Thrace , Macedonia and Thessaly = = Having crossed into Europe in April 480 BC , the Persian army began its march to Greece . Five major food depots had been set up along the path : at White Headland on the Thracian side of the Hellespont , at Tyrodiza in Perinthian territory , at Doriskos at the Evros river estuary where the Asian army was linked up with the Balkan allies , at Eion on the Strymon river , and at Therme , modern @-@ day Thessaloniki . There , food had been sent from Asia for several years in preparation for the campaign . Animals had been bought and fattened , while the local populations had , for several months , been ordered to grind the grains into flour . The Persian army took roughly three months to travel unopposed from the Hellespont to Therme , a journey of about 360 miles ( 600 km ) . It paused at Doriskos where it was joined by the fleet . Xerxes reorganized the troops into tactical units replacing the national formations used earlier for the march . The Allied ' congress ' met again in the spring of 480 BC . A Thessalian delegation suggested that the allies could muster in the narrow Vale of Tempe , on the borders of Thessaly , and thereby block Xerxes 's advance . A force of 10 @,@ 000 Allies led by the Spartan polemarch Euenetus and Themistocles was thus despatched to the pass . However , once there , they were warned by Alexander I of Macedon that the vale could be bypassed by at least two other passes , and that the army of Xerxes was overwhelming ; the Allies therefore retreated . Shortly afterwards , they received the news that Xerxes had crossed the Hellespont . The abandonment of Tempe meant that all of Thessaly submitted to the Persians , as did many cities to the north of the pass of Thermopylae when it seemed help was not forthcoming . A second strategy was therefore suggested to the Allies by Themistocles . The route to southern Greece ( Boeotia , Attica and the Peloponnesus ) would require the army of Xerxes to travel through the very narrow pass of Thermopylae . This could easily be blocked by the Allies , despite the overwhelming number of Persians . Furthermore , to prevent the Persians bypassing Thermopylae by sea , the allied navy could block the straits of Artemisium . This dual strategy was adopted by the congress . However , the Peloponnesian cities made fall @-@ back plans to defend the Isthmus of Corinth should it come to it , while the women and children of Athens were evacuated en masse to the Peloponnesian city of Troezen . = = August 480 BC : Thermopylae and Artemisium = = When the Allies received the news that Xerxes was clearing paths around Mount Olympus , and thus intending to march towards Thermopylae , it was both the period of truce that accompanied the Olympic games , and the Spartan festival of Carneia , during both of which warfare was considered sacrilegious . Nevertheless , the Spartans considered the threat so grave that they despatched their king Leonidas I with his personal bodyguard ( the Hippeis ) of 300 men ( in this case , the elite young soldiers in the Hippeis were replaced by veterans who already had sons ) . Leonidas was supported by contingents from the Peloponnesian cities allied to Sparta , and other forces that were picked up en route to Thermopylae . The Allies proceeded to occupy the pass , rebuilt the wall the Phocians had built at the narrowest point of the pass , and waited for Xerxes 's arrival . When the Persians arrived at Thermopylae in mid @-@ August , they initially waited for three days for the Allies to disperse . When Xerxes was eventually persuaded that the Allies intended to contest the pass , he sent his troops to attack . However , the Greek position was ideally suited to hoplite warfare , the Persian contingents being forced to attack the phalanx head on . The Allies thus withstood two full days of battle and everything Xerxes could throw at them . However , at the end of the second day , they were betrayed by a local resident named Ephialtes who revealed a mountain path that led behind the Allied lines to Xerxes . Xerxes then sent his elite guards , the Immortals on a night march to outflank the Allied . When he was made aware of this maneuver ( while the Immortals were still en route ) , Leonidas dismissed the bulk of the Allied army , remaining to guard the rear with 300 Spartans , 700 Thespians , 400 Thebians and perhaps a few hundred others . On the third day of the battle , the remaining Allies sallied forth from the wall to meet the Persians and slaughter as many as they could . Ultimately , however , the Allied rearguard was annihilated , and the pass of Thermopylae opened to the Persians . Simultaneous with the battle at Thermopylae , an Allied naval force of 271 triremes defended the Straits of Artemisium against the Persians . Directly before Artemisium , the Persian fleet had been caught in a gale off the coast of Magnesia , losing many ships , but could still probably muster over 800 ships at the start of the battle . On the first day ( also the first of the Battle of Thermopylae ) , the Persians detached 200 seaworthy ships , which were sent to sail around the eastern coast of Euboea . These ships were to round Euboea and block the line of retreat for the Allied fleet . Meanwhile , the Allies and the remaining Persians engaged in the late afternoon , the Allies having the better of the engagement and capturing 30 vessels . That evening , another storm occurred , wrecking the majority of the Persian detachment which had been sent around Euboea . On the second day of the battle , news reached the Allies that their lines of retreat were no longer threatened ; they therefore resolved to maintain their position . They staged a hit @-@ and @-@ run attack on some Cilician ships , capturing and destroying them . On the third day , however , the Persian fleet attacked the Allies lines in full force . In a day of savage fighting , the Allies held on to their position , but suffered severe losses ( half the Athenian fleet was damaged ) ; nevertheless , the Allies inflicted equal losses on the Persian fleet . That evening , the Allies received news of the fate of Leonidas and the Allies at Thermopylae . Since the Allied fleet was badly damaged , and since it no longer needed to defend the flank of Thermopylae , they retreated from Artemisium to the island of Salamis . = = September 480 BC : Salamis = = Victory at Thermopylae meant that all Boeotia fell to Xerxes ; the two cities that had resisted him , Thespiae and Plataea , were captured and razed . Attica was also left open to invasion , and the remaining population of Athens was thus evacuated , with the aid of the Allied fleet , to Salamis . The Peloponnesian Allies began to prepare a defensive line across the Isthmus of Corinth , building a wall , and demolishing the road from Megara , thereby abandoning Athens to the Persians . Athens thus fell ; the small number of Athenians who had barricaded themselves on the Acropolis were eventually defeated , and Xerxes then ordered Athens to be torched . The Persians had now captured most of Greece , but Xerxes had perhaps not expected such defiance from the Greeks ; his priority was now to complete the war as quickly as possible ; the huge invasion force could not be supplied indefinitely , and probably Xerxes did not wish to be at the fringe of his empire for so long . Thermopylae had shown that a frontal assault against a well defended Greek position had little chance of success ; with the Allies now dug in across the isthmus , there was therefore little chance of the Persians conquering the rest of Greece by land . However , if the isthmus 's defensive line could be outflanked , the Allies could be defeated . Such an outflanking of the isthmus required the use of the Persian navy , and thus the neutralisation of the Allied navy . In summary , if Xerxes could destroy the Allied navy , he would be in a strong position to force a Greek surrender ; this seemed the only hope of concluding the campaign in that season . Conversely by avoiding destruction , or as Themistocles hoped , by destroying the Persian fleet , the Greeks could avoid conquest . In the final reckoning , both sides were prepared to stake everything on a naval battle , in the hope of decisively altering the course of the war . Thus it was that the Allied fleet remained off the coast of Salamis into September , despite the imminent arrival of the Persians . Even after Athens fell to the advancing Persian army , the Allied fleet still remained off the coast of Salamis , trying to lure the Persian fleet to battle . Partly as a result of subterfuge on the part of Themistocles , the navies finally engaged in the cramped Straits of Salamis . There , the large Persian numbers were an active hindrance , as ships struggled to manoeuvre and became disorganised . Seizing the opportunity , the Greek fleet attacked , and scored a decisive victory , sinking or capturing at least 200 Persian ships , and thus ensuring the Peloponnesus would not be outflanked . According to Herodotus , after this loss Xerxes attempted to build a causeway across the straits to attack Salamis ( although Strabo and Ctesias place this attempt before the battle ) . In any case this project was soon abandoned . With the Persians ' naval superiority removed , Xerxes feared that the Greeks might sail to the Hellespont and destroy the pontoon bridges . According to Herodotus , Mardonius volunteered to remain in Greece and complete the conquest with a hand @-@ picked group of troops , while advising Xerxes to retreat to Asia with the bulk of the army . All of the Persian forces abandoned Attica , with Mardonius over @-@ wintering in Boeotia and Thessaly . The Athenians were thus able to return to their burnt @-@ out city for the winter . = = Autumn / winter 480 / 479 BC = = = = = Siege of Potidaea = = = Herodotus tells us that a Persian general , Artabazus , having escorted Xerxes to the Hellespont with 60 @,@ 000 men , began the return journey to Mardonius in Thessaly . However , as he neared Pallene , " he thought it right that he should enslave the people of Potidaea , whom he found in revolt . " Despite attempts to capture the city by treachery , the Persians were forced to keep up the siege for three months . Then , attempting to use an unusually low tide to attack the town from sea , the Persian army was caught by the returning tide , many drowning and the survivors being attacked by the Potideans in boats . Artabazus was thus forced to lift the siege , and return to Mardonius with the remnants of his men . = = = Siege of Olynthus = = = While besieging Potidea , Artabazus also decided to besiege Olynthus , which was also in revolt . The town was held by the Bottiaean tribe , who had been driven out of Macedon . Having taken the town , he massacred the defenders , and handed over the town to the Chalcidian people . = = June 479 BC : Plataea and Mycale = = Over the winter , there seems to have been some tension between the Allies . In particular , the Athenians , who were not protected by the isthmus , but whose fleet were the key to the security of the Peloponnesus , felt hard done by . They demanded an Allied army march north the following year . When the other Allies failed to commit to this , the Athenian fleet probably refused to join the Allied navy in the spring . The navy , now under the command of the Spartan king Leotychides , thus skulked off Delos , while the remnants of the Persian fleet skulked off Samos , both sides unwilling to risk battle . Similarly , Mardonius remained in Thessaly , knowing an attack on the isthmus was pointless , while the Allies refused to send an army outside the Peloponessus . Mardonius moved to break the stalemate , by offering peace , self @-@ government and territorial expansion to the Athenians ( with the aim of thereby removing their fleet from the Allied forces ) , using Alexander I of Macedon as an intermediary . The Athenians made sure that a Spartan delegation was on hand to hear the offer , but rejected it . Athens was thus evacuated again , and the Persians marched south and re @-@ took possession of it . Mardonius now repeated his offer of peace to the Athenian refugees on Salamis . Athens , along with Megara and Plataea , sent emissaries to Sparta demanding assistance , and threatening to accept the Persian terms if not . The Spartans , who were at that time celebrating the festival of Hyacinthus , delayed making a decision for 10 days . However , when the Athenian emissaries then delivered an ultimatum to the Spartans , they were amazed to hear that a task force was in fact already marching to meet the Persians . When Mardonius heard that the Allied army was on the march , he retreated into Boeotia , near Plataea , trying to draw the Allies into open terrain where he could use his cavalry . The Allied army however , under the command of the Spartan regent Pausanias , stayed on high ground above Plataea to protect themselves against such tactics . Mardonius ordered a hit @-@ and @-@ run cavalry attack on the Greek lines , but the attack was unsuccessful and the cavalry commander killed . The outcome prompted the Allies to move to a position nearer the Persian camp , still on high ground . As a result , the Allied lines of communication were exposed . The Persian cavalry began to intercept food deliveries and finally managed to destroy the only spring of water available to the Allies . The Allied position now undermined , Pausanias ordered a night @-@ time retreat towards their original positions . This went awry , leaving the Athenians , and Spartans and Tegeans isolated on separate hills , with the other contingents scattered further away , near Plataea itself . Seeing that he might never have a better opportunity to attack , Mardonius ordered his whole army forward . However , as at Thermopylae , the Persian infantry proved no match for the heavily armoured Greek hoplites , and the Spartans broke through to Mardonius 's bodyguard and killed him . The Persian force thus dissolved in rout ; 40 @,@ 000 troops managed to escape via the road to Thessaly , but the rest fled to the Persian camp where they were trapped and slaughtered by the Allies , thus finalising their victory . On the afternoon of the Battle of Plataea , Herodotus tells us that rumour of the Allied victory reached the Allied navy , at that time off the coast of Mount Mycale in Ionia . Their morale boosted , the Allied marines fought and won a decisive victory at the Battle of Mycale that same day , destroying the remnants of the Persian fleet . As soon as the Peloponnesians had marched north of the isthmus , the Athenian fleet under Xanthippus had joined up with the rest of the Allied fleet . The fleet , now able to match the Persians , had first sailed to Samos , where the Persian fleet was based . The Persians , whose ships were in a poor state of repair , had decided not to risk fighting , and instead drew their ships up on the beach under Mycale . An army of 60 @,@ 000 men had been left there by Xerxes , and the fleet joined with them , building a palisade around the camp to protect the ships . However , Leotychides decided to attack the camp with the Allied fleet 's marines . Seeing the small size of the Allied force , the Persians emerged from the camp , but the hoplites again proved superior , and destroyed much of the Persian force . The ships were abandoned to the Allies , who burnt them , crippling Xerxes ' sea power , and marking the ascendancy of the Allied fleet . = = Aftermath = = With the twin victories of Plataea and Mycale , the second Persian invasion of Greece was over . Moreover , the threat of future invasion was abated ; although the Greeks remained worried that Xerxes would try again , over time it became apparent that the Persian desire to conquer Greece was much diminished . In many ways Mycale represents the start of a new phase of the conflict , the Greek counterattack . After the victory at Mycale , the Allied fleet sailed to the Hellespont to break down the pontoon bridges , but found that this was already done . The Peloponnesians sailed home , but the Athenians remained to attack the Chersonesos , still held by the Persians . The Persians in the region , and their allies made for Sestos , the strongest town in the region , which the Athenians then laid siege to ; after a protracted siege , it fell to the Athenians . Herodotus ended his Historia after the Siege of Sestos . Over the next 30 years , the Greeks , primarily the Athenian @-@ dominated Delian League , would expel the Persians from Macedon , Thrace , the Aegean islands and Ionia . Peace with Persia came in 449 BC with the Peace of Callias , finally ending the half @-@ century of warfare . = = Tactical analysis = = The Greek style of warfare had been honed over the preceding centuries . It revolved around the hoplite , members of the middle @-@ classes ( the zeugites ) who could afford the armour necessary to fight in this manner . The hoplite was , by the standards of the time , heavily armoured , with a breastplate ( originally bronze , but probably by this stage a more flexible leather version ) , greaves , a full helmet , and a large round shield ( the aspis ) . Hoplites were armed with a long spear ( the doru ) , which was evidently significantly longer than Persian spears , and a sword ( the xiphos ) . Hoplites fought in the phalanx formation ; the exact details are not completely clear , but it was a close @-@ knit formation , presenting a uniform front of overlapping shields , and spears , to the enemy . Properly assembled , the phalanx was a formidable offensive and defensive weapon ; on occasions when it is recorded to have happened , it took a huge number of light infantry to defeat a relatively small phalanx . The phalanx was vulnerable to being outflanked by cavalry , if caught on the wrong terrain , however . The hoplite 's heavy armour and long spears made them excellent troops in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat and gave them significant protection against ranged attacks by light troops and skirmishers . Even if the shield did not stop a missile , there was a reasonable chance the armour would . The Persian infantry used in the invasion were a heterogeneous group drawn from across the empire . However , according to Herodotus , there was at least a general conformity in the type of armour and style of fighting . The troops were , generally speaking , armed with a bow , ' short spear ' and sword , carried a wicker shield , and wore at most a leather jerkin . The one exception to this may have been the ethnic Persian troops , who may have worn a corslet of scaled armour . Some of the contingents may have been armed somewhat differently ; for instance , the Saka were renowned axemen . The ' elite ' contingents of the Persian infantry seem to have been the ethnic Persians , Medians , Cissians and the Saka . The foremost of the infantry were the royal guards , the Immortals , although they were still armed in the aforementioned style . Cavalry was provided by the Persians , Bactrians , Medes , Cissians and Saka ; most of these probably fought as lightly armed missile cavalry . The style of fighting used by the Persians was probably to stand off from an enemy , using their bows ( or equivalent ) to wear down the enemy before closing in to deliver the coup de grace with spear and sword . The Persians had encountered hoplites in battle before at Ephesus , where their cavalry had easily routed the ( probably exhausted ) Greeks . However , at the battle of Marathon , the Athenian hoplites had shown their superiority over the Persian infantry , albeit in the absence of any cavalry . It is therefore slightly surprising that the Persians did not bring any hoplites from the Greek regions , especially Ionia , under their control in Asia . Equally , Herodotus tells us that the Egyptian marines serving in the navy were well armed , and performed well against the Greek marines ; yet no Egyptian contingent served in the army . The Persians may not have completely trusted the Ionians and Egyptians , since both had recently revolted against Persian rule . However , if this is the case , then it must be questioned why there were Greek and Egyptian contingents in the navy . The Allies evidently tried to play on the Persian fears about the reliability of the Ionians in Persian service ; but , as far as we can tell , both the Ionians and Egyptians performed particularly well for the Persian navy . It may therefore simply be that neither the Ionians nor Egyptians were included in the army because they were serving in the fleet — none of the coastal regions of the Persian empire appear to have sent contingents with the army . In the two major land battles of the invasion , the Allies clearly adjusted their tactics to nullify the Persian advantage in numbers and cavalry , by occupying the pass at Thermopylae , and by staying on high ground at Plataea . At Thermopylae , until the path outflanking the Allied position was revealed , the Persians signally failed to adjust their tactics to the situation , although the position was well chosen to limit the Persian options . At Plataea , the harassing of the Allied positions by cavalry was a successful tactic , forcing the precipitous ( and nearly disastrous ) retreat ; however , Mardonius then brought about a general melee between the infantry , which resulted in the Persian defeat . The events at Mycale reveal a similar story ; Persian infantry committing themselves to a melee with hoplites , with disastrous results . It has been suggested that there is little evidence of complex tactics in the Greco @-@ Persian wars . However , as simple as the Greek tactics were , they played to their strengths ; the Persians however , may have seriously underestimated the strength of the hoplite , and their failure to adapt to facing the Allied infantry contributed to the eventual Persian defeat . = = Strategic analysis = = At the beginning of the invasion , it is clear that the Persians held most advantages . Regardless of its actual size , it is clear that the Persians had brought an overwhelming number of troops and ships to Greece . The Persians had a unified command system , and everyone was answerable to the king . They had a hugely efficient bureaucracy , which allowed them to undertake remarkable feats of planning . The Persian generals had significant experience of warfare over the 80 years in which the Persian empire had been established . Furthermore , the Persians excelled in the use of intelligence and diplomacy in warfare , as shown by their ( nearly successful ) attempts to divide @-@ and @-@ conquer the Greeks . The Greeks , by comparison , were fragmented , with only 30 or so city @-@ states actively opposing the Persian invasion ; even those were prone to quarrel with each other . They had little experience of large @-@ scale warfare , being largely restricted to small @-@ scale local warfare , and their commanders were chosen primarily on the basis of the political and social standing , rather than because of any experience or expertise . As Lazenby therefore asks : " So why did the Persians fail ? " The Persian strategy for 480 BC was probably to simply progress through Greece in overwhelming force . The cities in any territory that the army passed through would be forced to submit or risk destruction ; and indeed this happened with the Thessalian , Locrian and Phocian cities who initially resisted the Persians but then were forced to submit as the Persians advanced . Conversely , the Allied strategy was probably to try and stop the Persian advance as far north as possible , and thus prevent the submission of as many potential Allies as possible . Beyond this , the Allies seem to have realised that given the Persians ' overwhelming numbers , they had little chance in open battle , and thus they opted to try to defend geographical bottle @-@ necks , where the Persian numbers would count for less . The whole Allied campaign for 480 BC can be seen in this context . Initially they attempted to defend the Tempe pass to prevent the loss of Thessaly . After they realised that they could not defend this position , they chose the next @-@ most northerly position , the Thermopylae / Artemisium axis . The Allied performance at Thermopylae was initially effective ; however , the failure to properly guard the path that outflanked Thermopylae undermined their strategy , and led to defeat . At Artemisium the fleet also scored some successes , but withdrew due to the losses they had sustained , and since the defeat of Thermopylae made the position irrelevant . Thus far , the Persian strategy had succeeded , while the Allied strategy , though not a disaster , had failed . The defence of the Isthmus of Corinth by the Allies changed the nature of the war . The Persians did not attempt to attack the isthmus by land , realising they probably could not breach it . This essentially reduced the conflict to a naval one . Themistocles now proposed what was in hindsight the strategic masterstroke in the Allied campaign ; to lure the Persian fleet to battle in the straits of Salamis . However , as successful as this was , there was no need for the Persians to fight at Salamis to win the war ; it has been suggested that the Persians were either overconfident , or overeager to finish the campaign . Thus , the Allied victory at Salamis must at least partially be ascribed to a Persian strategic blunder . After Salamis , the Persian strategy changed . Mardonius sought to exploit dissensions between the Allies in order to fracture the alliance . In particular , he sought to win over the Athenians , which would leave the Allied fleet unable to oppose Persian landings on the Peloponnesus . Although Herodotus tells us that Mardonius was keen to fight a decisive battle , his actions in the run @-@ up to Plataea are not particularly consistent with this . He seems to have been willing to accept battle on his terms , but he waited either for the Allies to attack , or for the alliance to collapse ignominiously . The Allied strategy for 479 BC was something of a mess ; the Peloponnesians only agreed to march north in order to save the alliance , and it appears that the Allied leadership had little idea how to force a battle that they could win . It was the botched attempt to retreat from Plataea that finally delivered the Allies battle on their terms . Mardonius may have been overeager for victory ; there was no need to attack the Allies , and by doing so he played to the main Allied tactical strength , combat in the melee . The Allied victory at Plataea can also therefore be seen as partially the result of a Persian mistake . Thus , the Persian failure may be seen partly as a result of two strategic mistakes that handed the Allies tactical advantages , and resulted in decisive defeats for the Persians . The Allied success is often seen as the result of " free men fighting for their freedom " . This may have played a part , and certainly the Greeks seem to have interpreted their victory in those terms . One crucial factor in the Allied success was that , having formed an alliance , however fractious , they remained true to it , despite the odds . There appear to have been many occasions when the alliance seemed in doubt , but ultimately it withstood ; and while this alone did not defeat the Persians , it meant that even after the occupation of most of Greece , the Allies were not themselves defeated . This is exemplified by the remarkable fact that the citizens of Athens , Thespiae and Plataea chose to carry on fighting from exile rather than submit to the Persians . Ultimately , the Allies succeeded because they avoided catastrophic defeats , stuck to their alliance , took advantage of Persian mistakes , and because in the hoplite they possessed an advantage ( perhaps their only real advantage at the start of the conflict ) , which , at Plataea , allowed them to destroy the Persian invasion force . = = Significance = = The second Persian invasion of Greece was an event of major significance in European history . A large number of historians hold that , had Greece been conquered , the Ancient Greek culture that lies at the basis of Western civilization would have never developed ( and by extension Western civilization itself ) . While this may be an exaggeration ( it is obviously impossible to know ) , it is clear that even at the time the Greeks understood that something very significant had happened . Militarily , there was not much in the way of tactical or strategic innovation during the Persian invasion , one commentator suggesting it was something of " a soldier 's war " ( i.e. , it was the soldiers rather than generals that won the war ) . Thermopylae is often used as a good example of the use of terrain as a force multiplier , while Themistocles 's ruse before Salamis is a good example of the use of deception in warfare . The major lesson of the invasion , reaffirming the events at the Battle of Marathon , was the superiority of the hoplite in close @-@ quarters fighting over the more @-@ lightly armed Persian infantry . Taking on this lesson , the Persian empire would later , after the Peloponnesian War , start recruiting and relying on Greek mercenaries . = = = Ancient sources = = = Herodotus , The Histories Macan translation of books 7 – 9 of The Histories ( The Perseus Digital Library ) ( 1908 ) Macauley translation of The Histories Diodorus Siculus , Biblioteca Historica Ctesias , Persica ( from Photius 's Epitome ) = = = Modern sources = = = Holland , Tom ( 2006 ) . Persian Fire : The First World Empire and the Battle for the West . Abacus , ISBN 0 @-@ 385 @-@ 51311 @-@ 9 . Green , Peter ( 1996 ) . The Greco @-@ Persian Wars . University of California Press . de Souza , Philip ( 2003 ) . The Greek and Persian Wars , 499 – 386 BC . Osprey Publishing , ( ISBN 1 @-@ 84176 @-@ 358 @-@ 6 ) Lazenby , JF ( 1993 ) . The Defence of Greece 490 – 479 BC . Aris & Phillips Ltd . , ( ISBN 0 @-@ 85668 @-@ 591 @-@ 7 ) Burn , A.R. , " Persia and the Greeks " in The Cambridge History of Iran , Volume 2 : The Median and Achaemenid Periods , Ilya Gershevitch , ed . ( 1985 ) . Cambridge University Press . Sekunda , N & Chew , S ( 1992 ) . The Persian Army ( 560 – 330 BC ) , Elite series , Osprey Publishing . Bradford , E. Thermopylae : The Battle for the West . Da Capo Press , ISBN 0 @-@ 306 @-@ 81360 @-@ 2 . Strauss , Barry . The Battle of Salamis : The Naval Encounter That Saved Greece — and Western Civilization . New York : Simon and Schuster , 2004 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 @-@ 7432 @-@ 4450 @-@ 8 ; paperback , ISBN 0 @-@ 7432 @-@ 4451 @-@ 6 ) . Bury , J. B. & Meiggs , R. ( 2000 ) . A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great ( 4th Revised Edition ) . Palgrave Macmillan . Grote , G. A History of Greece : Part II Maurice , F ( 1930 ) . " The size of the army of Xerxes in the invasion of Greece 480 BC " . Journal of Hellenic Studies vol . 50 , pp. 115 – 128 . Delbrück , Hans ( 1920 ) . History of the Art of War . University of Nebraska Press . Reprint edition , 1990 . Translated by Walter , J. Renfroe . 4 Volumes . Warry , J. ( 1998 ) . Warfare in the Classical World . ISBN 1 @-@ 84065 @-@ 004 @-@ 4 . Engels , DW . ( 1978 ) . Alexander the Great and the Logistics of the Macedonian Army . Berkeley / Los Angeles / London . Roisman , Joseph ; Worthington , Ian ( 2011 ) . A Companion to Ancient Macedonia . John Wiley and Sons . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 44 @-@ 435163 @-@ 7 . Scott , JA ( 1915 ) . " Thoughts on the Reliability of Classical Writers , with Especial Reference to the Size of the Army of Xerxes " , The Classical Journal 10 ( 9 ) . von Fischer , R. Das Zahlenproblem in Perserkriege 480 – 479 v. Chr . Klio , N. F. , vol . VII . Cohen , R ( 1934 ) . La Grece et l 'hellenization du monde antique Tarn , WW . ( 1908 ) . " The Fleet of Xerxes " , The Journal of Hellenic Studies v.28 Obst , E. ( 1914 ) . Der Feldzug des Xerxes . Leipzig Munro , JAR ( 1929 ) . Cambridge Ancient History vol . IV Köster , AJ ( 1934 ) . Studien zur Geschichte des Antikes Seewesens . Klio Belheft 32 Οι δυνάμεις των Ελλήνων και των Περσών ( The forces of the Greeks and the Persians ) , E Istorika no . 164 19 October 2002 . Papademetriou , K ( 2005 ) . " Περσικό Πεζικό : Η δύναμη που κατέκτησε τη νοτιοδυτική Ασία " ( Persian Infantry : The force that conquered southwest Asia ) , Panzer magazine , Issue 22 September – October 2005 , Periscopio editions Athens . Kampouris , MΗ ( 2000 ) . " στρατηγική διάσταση των Μηδικών Πολέμων " ( " The strategic dimension of the Persian Wars " ) , Πόλεμος και Ιστορία ( War and History ) Magazine no.34 , October 2000 . Fehling , D ( 1989 ) . Herodotus and His " Sources " : Citation , Invention , and Narrative Art . Translated by J. G. Howie . Leeds : Francis Cairns . Finley , Moses ( 1972 ) . " Introduction " . Thucydides – History of the Peloponnesian War ( translated by Rex Warner ) . Penguin . ISBN 0 @-@ 14 @-@ 044039 @-@ 9 . Eikenberry , Lt. Gen. Karl W. ( Summer 1996 ) . " Take No Casualties " . Parameters : US Army War College Quarterly XXVI ( 2 ) : 109 – 118 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 @-@ 10 @-@ 17 .
= Another Green World = Another Green World is the third studio album by English musician Brian Eno , released by Island Records in September 1975 . Produced by Eno and Rhett Davies , it featured contributions from several guest musicians including Robert Fripp , Phil Collins , and John Cale . The album marked a transition from the rock @-@ based music of Eno 's previous releases toward the minimalist sensibility of his late ' 70s ambient work . Employing tactics derived from his Oblique Strategies cards for guidance , the album utilized a variety of unconventional recording techniques and instrumental approaches , and made use of fewer lyrics . Though the album failed to chart in the United States or the United Kingdom , Another Green World was initially met with high praise from critics . Contemporary reception of Another Green World has been very positive ; several critics and publications have placed the album on lists of the top albums of all time . = = Production = = Another Green World was recorded at Island Studios in London during the months of July and August 1975 . Brian Eno originally viewed his new album as an experiment and entered the recording studio with nothing written or prepared beforehand . For the first four days in the studio , Eno failed to be productive . To look for new ideas , Eno turned to his instructional cards , the Oblique Strategies , and began coming up with new ideas as he did with his previous album Taking Tiger Mountain ( By Strategy ) . Some of the album credits for the instruments have fanciful names that describe the sound they make . The " Castanet Guitars " are electric guitars played with mallets and are electronically treated to sound something like castanets . The " Leslie piano " is an acoustic piano miked and fed through a Leslie speaker with a built @-@ in revolving horn speaker . Eno described the " snake guitar " and " digital guitar " by stating " the kind of lines I was playing reminded me of the way a snake moves through the brush , a sort of speedy , forceful , liquid quality . Digital guitar is a guitar threaded through a digital delay but fed back on itself a lot so it makes this cardboard tube type of sound . " Like his previous two solo efforts , Eno had several guest musicians contributing to Another Green World . Unlike his previous albums , Eno worked on more solo material . Seven songs on the album have Eno playing all the instruments himself , including electronic and nonelectronic keyboards , guitars , and percussion . Among the guest musicians was Phil Collins , who played drums on Tiger Mountain and got along with Eno , which led to calling him and fellow Brand X bandmate Percy Jones to play on Another Green World . On recording the album , Collins recalled : [ Eno ] gave us all a bit of paper , and we made lists from one to 15 . Eno said ' No. 2 , we all play a G ; No. 7 we all play a C sharp ' ; an so on . So it was like painting by numbers ... [ Eno ] used to love me and Percy ; we 'd go in and run through our dictionary licks and he 'd record them and make a loop of them . Robert Fripp , who worked with Eno on ( No Pussyfooting ) and Here Come the Warm Jets , performed the solo on " St. Elmo 's Fire " . Eno asked Fripp to improvise a lightning @-@ fast guitar solo that would imitate an electrical charge between two poles on a Wimshurst high voltage generator . This was the basis for Eno crediting Fripp 's solo on this track as " Wimshurst Guitar " . = = Music and lyrics = = Another Green World represents a turning point in Eno 's musical career . While his previous albums contained quirky rock songs , only five of the fourteen tracks on the album have lyrics . Music critic Jim DeRogatis called it an " ambient / art @-@ pop " album . According to eMusic 's Richard Gehr , the album 's music veers from the guitar @-@ oriented experimental rock of Eno 's 1974 albums Here Come the Warm Jets and Taking Tiger Mountain ( By Strategy ) to the synth @-@ oriented ambient minimalism of his subsequent work . Its minimalist instrumentals are scattered among more structured art @-@ rock songs . According to AllMusic 's Steve Huey , most of the album has " paced instrumentals that , while often closer to ambient music than pop , are both melodic and rhythmic " , and are accompanied by few pop songs , including " St. Elmo 's Fire " , " I 'll Come Running " , and " Golden Hours " . The instrumental tracks explore a new kind of sound that is more quiet and restful , marking the change between Eno 's earlier rock songs and his later instrumental works in which texture and timbre are the most important musical elements . " Sky Saw " opens the album with the instruments constantly changing structure , except for one of the two bass parts which plays the same pattern throughout . Eno has re @-@ used differently mixed instrumentations of " Sky Saw " for a track for Music for Films and a song for Ultravox 's debut album which he would later produce . " Over Fire Island " has a jazz influence on the bass and drumming style . " In Dark Trees " and " The Big Ship " are two songs on which Eno plays all the instruments , namely the synthesiser , synthetic percussion and treated rhythm generator . The pulse of these songs is provided by the repeated rhythm coming from the rhythm box . These instrumental pieces and others like " Little Fishes " have been described as " highly imagistic , like paintings done in sound that actually resemble their titles " . To create the lyrics , Eno would later play the backing tracks singing nonsense syllables to himself , then taking them and forming them into actual words , phrases and meaning . This lyric @-@ writing method was used for all his vocal @-@ based recordings of the 1970s . The tracks that do feature lyrics are in the same free @-@ associative style as Eno 's previous albums . The humour in the lyrics has been described as " less bizarre than gently whimsical and addled " . = = Release and reception = = Another Green World was released in September 1975 and did not chart in either the United Kingdom or the United States . The album 's reception was for the most part very favourable . Henry Edwards of High Fidelity wrote positively of the album , claiming it to be Eno 's " most accessible to date " . Tom Hull of The Village Voice felt that , although it " wouldn 't be fair to say that Another Green World is Eno 's best album , " the album is definitely " his easiest to love . " Charley Walters of Rolling Stone found it a " major triumph " that Eno 's creative risks " so consistently pan out " , and said that it is " indeed an important record — and also a brilliant one " . Negative reviews of the album focused on the lack of the rock songs from Eno 's previous albums . Jon Pareles , writing in Crawdaddy ! , found its electronic excursions less challenging than Eno 's previous progressive rock songs and remarked , " This ain 't no Eno record . I don 't care what the credits say . It doesn 't even get on my nerves . " Lester Bangs of The Village Voice was lulled by much of the music and said that " those little pools of sound on the outskirts of silence seemed to me the logical consequence of letting the processes and technology share your conceptual burden " . Robert Christgau , who originally gave the album an " A – " in his review for The Village Voice , admitted that he resisted the album at first , but ultimately grew to " love every minute of this arty little collection of static ( i.e. , non @-@ swinging ) synthesizer pieces ( with vocals , percussion , and guitar ) . " He felt that its 13 pieces can be appreciated both individually and as a whole , and called the album " the aural equivalent of a park on the moon — oneness with nature under conditions of artificial gravity . " In 1977 , Another Green World was voted the 11th best album of 1976 in the Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop critics ' poll . Christgau , the poll 's creator , ranked it second on his own list for the poll . In 2004 , Virgin Records began reissuing Eno 's albums in remastered digipaks . Modern reception of Another Green World has been more unanimously positive . Steve Huey of AllMusic called the album " a universally acknowledged masterpiece " and " the perfect introduction to his achievements even for those who find ambient music difficult to enjoy . " Chris Ott of Pitchfork Media hailed it as one of Eno 's most important albums , and Q magazine wrote that it was " breathtakingly ahead of its time " . J. D. Considine , writing in The Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 2004 ) , said that Eno used the recording studio for the album " as an instrument , molding directed improvisations , electronic effects , and old @-@ fashioned songcraft into perfectly balanced aural ecosystems " . In his review for Blender , Douglas Wolk said that the audio clarity of the remastered edition " makes it easier to pay attention to every [ song 's ] subtle complexities . " The album has made several top albums lists . Pitchfork placed the album at number ten on its list of greatest albums of the 1970s . In 2012 , Rolling Stone ranked the album number 429 on its list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . In 2003 , Blender placed the album on its list of " 500 CDs You Must Own : Alternative Rock " , stating that the album is " Experimental yet accessible , it ’ s exactly the kind of album that Eno devotees long for from him today " . The album also ranked at number 36 in NME 's list of the greatest albums of the seventies . The title track was used as the theme music for BBC Two television 's arts series Arena . The album was included in Robert Dimery 's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die . = = Track listing = = All songs written by Brian Eno . Side A " Sky Saw " – 3 : 25 " Over Fire Island " – 1 : 49 " St. Elmo 's Fire " – 3 : 02 " In Dark Trees " – 2 : 29 " The Big Ship " – 3 : 01 " I 'll Come Running " – 3 : 48 " Another Green World " – 1 : 38 Side B " Sombre Reptiles " – 2 : 26 " Little Fishes " – 1 : 30 " Golden Hours " – 4 : 01 " Becalmed " – 3 : 56 " Zawinul / Lava " – 3 : 00 " Everything Merges with the Night " – 3 : 59 " Spirits Drifting " – 2 : 36 = = Personnel = = Credits adapted from Another Green World back cover . = = Charts = =
= HMS Dreadnought ( 1875 ) = HMS Dreadnought was an ironclad turret ship built for the Royal Navy during the 1870s . Construction was halted less than a year after it began and she was redesigned to improve her stability and buoyancy . Upon completion in 1879 , the ship was placed in reserve until she was commissioned in 1884 for service with the Mediterranean Fleet . Upon her return 10 years later , she became a coast guard ship in Ireland for two years . The ship then became a depot ship in 1897 before she was reclassified as a second @-@ class battleship in 1900 . Dreadnought participated in the annual fleet manoeuvres for the next two years before she became a training ship in 1902 . The ship was taken out of service three years later and sold for scrap in 1908 . = = Background and design = = Dreadnought was originally named Fury and was designed by the Director of Naval Construction ( DNC ) , Sir Edward Reed , as an improved and enlarged version of the preceding Devastation @-@ class ironclad turret ships . The ship was laid down , fully framed and partially plated up to the bottom of the waterline belt armour when work was ordered stopped in 1871 in light of the loss of the ironclad turret ship Captain in a heavy storm the previous year . A Committee on Designs was formed in January 1871 to evaluate existing ship designs with special consideration as to their stability and buoyancy and found that the designs of Devastation and Fury were lacking in both qualities and needed to be modified . Reed had resigned before Captain was lost and he vehemently opposed the changes made by the new DNC , Nathaniel Barnaby and his assistant , William White , himself a future DNC . The main changes were to increase the beam by 18 inches ( 457 mm ) and widen Reed 's armoured breastwork to cover the full width of the hull ; this increased the ship 's freeboard amidships which improved buoyancy and stability and provided additional , badly needed accommodation for the crew . In addition , the maximum thickness of the armour was increased from 12 to 14 inches ( 305 to 356 mm ) , it was extended all the way to the bow and reinforced the ram . Barnaby and White 's initial plan was to extend the breastwork fore and aft , almost to the ends of the ship , but this was changed to run all the way to the ends after the results of Devastation 's sea trials in 1873 – 74 revealed that her low bow caused major problems in head seas . Other changes was the substitution of more economical inverted vertical compound @-@ expansion steam engines for Reed 's original horizontal , low @-@ pressure engines , more powerful 12 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 320 mm ) guns for the 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) ones first chosen , and the fitting of hydraulic pumps to work the gun turrets . = = Description = = Dreadnought had a length between perpendiculars of 320 feet ( 97 @.@ 5 m ) and was 343 feet ( 104 @.@ 5 m ) long overall , some 35 feet ( 10 @.@ 7 m ) longer than the Devastation class . She had a beam of 63 feet 10 inches ( 19 @.@ 5 m ) , and a draught of 26 feet 6 inches ( 8 @.@ 1 m ) . The ship displaced 10 @,@ 886 long tons ( 11 @,@ 061 t ) . Dreadnought was the first ship to have a longitudinal watertight bulkhead that divided the engine and boiler rooms down the centreline . Her crew consisted of 369 officers and ratings . She proved to be a very steady ship with minimal rolling , although she was very wet as high seas usually swept her deck from end to end . The ship was the first large ironclad to have two 3 @-@ cylinder inverted vertical compound @-@ expansion steam engines . These were built by Humphry & Tennant and each drove a single four @-@ bladed , 20 @-@ foot ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) propeller . Dreadnought 's engines were powered by a dozen cylindrical boilers with a working pressure of 60 psi ( 414 kPa ; 4 kgf / cm2 ) . The engines were designed to produce a total of 8 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 6 @,@ 000 kW ) for a speed of 14 knots ( 26 km / h ; 16 mph ) , this was 2 @,@ 400 ihp ( 1 @,@ 800 kW ) more and 1 @.@ 5 knots ( 2 @.@ 8 km / h ; 1 @.@ 7 mph ) faster than the Devastation class . Dreadnought reached a maximum speed of 14 @.@ 5 knots ( 26 @.@ 9 km / h ; 16 @.@ 7 mph ) from 8 @,@ 216 ihp ( 6 @,@ 127 kW ) during her sea trials . The ship carried a maximum of 1 @,@ 800 long tons ( 1 @,@ 829 t ) of coal , enough to steam 5 @,@ 650 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 460 km ; 6 @,@ 500 mi ) at 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . Dreadnought was originally intended to be equipped with a pair of RML 12 @-@ inch rifled muzzle @-@ loading guns in each turret , but these were replaced by RML 12 @.@ 5 @-@ inch guns while the ship was being redesigned . The shell of the 12 @.@ 5 @-@ inch gun weighed 809 pounds ( 367 @.@ 0 kg ) while the gun itself weighed 38 long tons ( 39 t ) . The shell had a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 575 ft / s ( 480 m / s ) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 18 @.@ 4 inches ( 470 mm ) of wrought iron armour at the muzzle . The gun turrets were rotated by steam power and loaded by hydraulic power . The ship had a complete wrought iron , waterline armour belt that was 14 inches ( 356 mm ) thick amidships and tapered to 8 inches ( 203 mm ) outside the armoured citadel towards the ends of the ship . The armour plates were tapered to a thickness of 8 inches at their bottom edge and they extended 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 9 m ) above the waterline and 5 feet 3 inches ( 1 @.@ 6 m ) below it . The 184 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 56 @.@ 1 m ) armoured citadel protected the bases of the gun turrets , the funnel uptakes and the crew 's quarters . The sides of the citadel were 11 to 14 inches ( 279 to 356 mm ) thick and it had 13 @-@ inch ( 330 mm ) thick curved ends . The turrets were protected by two 7 @-@ inch ( 178 mm ) plates , each backed by wood . The aft 13 @-@ inch bulkhead of the original design was retained , but the forward one was made redundant by the forward extension of the belt . The conning tower ranged in thickness from 14 to 6 inches ( 356 to 152 mm ) and the upper deck was 3 inches ( 76 mm ) thick inside the citadel and 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 64 mm ) outside . = = Construction and career = = Dreadnought , the fifth ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy , was laid down on 10 September 1870 at No. 2 Slip , Pembroke Dockyard , Wales with the name of Fury . Construction was subsequently halted for a time in 1871 to redesign the ship and she was renamed Dreadnought on 1 February 1875 . The renamed ship was launched on 8 March by Mrs. Agnes Wood , daughter of William Courtenay , 11th Earl of Devon . She was completed on 15 February 1879 at a cost of £ 619 @,@ 739 . The ship was then immediately placed in reserve until 1884 when she was commissioned for service with the Mediterranean Fleet . Dreadnought was fitted with ten 1 @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) Nordenfelt guns on the hurricane deck when she was commissioned . The ship sailed for the Mediterranean Sea on 14 October and remained there for the next decade . The future King George V served aboard in 1886 – 88 . She returned to British waters in September 1894 and began a refit at Chatham Dockyard that included the replacement of her Nordenfelt guns with six quick @-@ firing ( QF ) 6 @-@ pounder ( 2 @.@ 2 in ( 57 mm ) ) and ten QF 3 @-@ pounder ( 1 @.@ 5 in ( 37 mm ) ) Hotchkiss guns . Dreadnought became a coast guard ship at Bantry Bay , Ireland in March 1895 . Two years later , in March 1897 , she was relieved of that duty and became a depot ship in July at Devonport . The ship was reboilered and had more QF guns installed in 1898 . Dreadnought was reclassified as a second @-@ class battleship in 1900 and took part in British fleet manoeuvres in that year and the following one . In June 1902 , she was refitted at Chatham to serve as a tender to HMS Defiance , torpedo school ship at Devonport , and later as a depot ship . She was taken out of service and transferred to the Kyles of Bute in 1905 . The ship was sold to T. Wards for scrap for £ 23 @,@ 000 on 14 July 1908 and was broken up by February 1909 .
= Billy Geen = William " Billy " Purdon Geen ( 14 March 1891 – 31 July 1915 ) was a rugby union wing and centre , who represented Wales , and played club rugby for Oxford University and Newport and county rugby for Monmouthshire . He was also invited to play for the Barbarians on several occasions . Geen unsuccessfully trialled for England in 1910 , but was selected and played for Wales on three occasions in the 1912 – 1913 season . Injury prevented him from playing more internationals , and his service in the First World War put an end to his career . Geen excelled athletically at Oxford , earning four Blues between 1910 and 1913 . However , in three successive Varsity Matches , he failed to score after dropping the ball over the tryline . In the holidays , he played club rugby for Newport , and he was part of the team that defeated the touring South African side of 1912 – 1913 . He was also a decent cricketer keeping wicket for Oxford University Authentics and Monmouthshire . Geen was commissioned second lieutenant into the 9th King 's Royal Rifle Corps in August 1914 and sent to the Western Front in May 1915 . He was killed in action in Hooge , Belgium . He is remembered on the Menin Gate memorial . = = Early life = = Geen was born in Newport , Wales . He went to school in England at Northam Place , Potter 's Bar , and then Haileybury College before being accepted into Oxford University . At Haileybury he was wicketkeeper for the cricket team ; he also captained the rugby team , playing at centre . = = Rugby career = = Although Geen was a decent cricketer , keeping wicket for Oxford University Authentics and Monmouthshire in the Minor Counties Championship between 1909 and 1912 , his rugby playing was more notable . He played wing for Oxford and Wales , and centre for Newport . He was " in the thick of everything " , a " class centre " with a " dodging style " , according to the rugby journalist E. H. D. Sewell . He also appeared for Blackheath and the Barbarians . He was , however , repeatedly injured and his form was at times inconsistent . The First World War prevented him from playing more for Wales . = = = Oxford University and England trial = = = Geen was selected to play for Oxford against Cambridge in four consecutive years from 1910 to 1913 . In the first of these , on 13 December 1910 , a 9 @,@ 000 @-@ strong crowd turned up at Queen 's , mostly to watch Ronnie Poulton , playing for Oxford . Cambridge started strong but a try by Bryn Lewis was disallowed in the opening minutes after a touch judge signalled that Geen had put his foot into touch in the preceding Oxford move . Moments later , Poulton ran through the Cambridge defence , drew the fullback and passed to Geen to dive in at the corner for a try . With Turner 's conversion , Oxford led 5 – 0 . A similar passage of play again saw Poulton put Geen through for a try , but he dropped the ball after crossing the line while trying to get closer to the posts . Geen got his second try after another break from Poulton . Cambridge meanwhile scored two tries and at half @-@ time were leading 15 – 13 . Fifteen minutes into the second half , a second try for Cambridge put them five points ahead . An injury to one of Cambridge 's scoring wings reduced the team to fourteen players ; a forward moved to cover the wing , giving Oxford an advantage in the forwards . Poulton capitalised on it : he scored from a dummy pass to Geen ; and ran in a solo try after receiving a pass from flyhalf Freddie Knott . The end score was 23 – 18 to Oxford . A couple of days before the Varsity Match , talk in the press had been of Geen 's likely selection for England for the forthcoming Home Nations Championship . Geen and Poulton , who together were considered the scoring force of the Oxford team , were both selected to play for England in the second trial match against The North in Leeds . Although Geen scored a try in the game , his form was lacking and he was outshone by Poulton . So for the third and final trial , England versus The Rest on 7 January 1911 , Geen was not selected . In the run up to the 1911 Varsity Match , the Poulton – Geen partnership was a constant threat to opposition teams . Ten days before the Varsity Match , Oxford beat London Scottish 39 – 3 . Twice Poulton put Geen in the clear , with the latter ending the day with four tries in total . On 12 December , Cambridge were favourites to win but Poulton captained Oxford to victory , in front of a crowd of 10 @,@ 000 . Geen 's form coming in to the game was suspect but he proved his worth . However , Poulton suffered a hamstring injury early on and his replacement Eric Thomas , a forward , lacked the speed and skills to combine effectively with Geen . Nevertheless , he came close to scoring , but , as he had done in the previous year 's match , he dropped the ball over the tryline . He was to repeat the error the following year . = = = Newport Rugby Club and Wales = = = Geen played for Newport Rugby Club before going to Oxford and returned to Newport during the holiday periods , providing " dazzling entertainment " . He was described by Tommy Vile 's biographer Philip J Grant as looking " the promising player in Wales " ; and scored 10 tries and a dropped goal in 14 games for the Monmouthshire club . On 24 October 1912 , he was part of the team that played and beat the touring South Africans 9 – 3 . He was not first choice for the game , but when George Hirst failed to recover from an injury sustained at Leicester the week before , Geen was his replacement . South Africa was as yet undefeated on the tour , with wins over Somerset , Devon , Cornwall , Monmouthshire , Glamorgan and Llanelli . Whereas Newport , according to " Dromio " ( W J Townsend Collins ) writing in the Argus , had been poor in attack in their previous three encounters and weak in defence in the last two . Townsend Collins later recollected that the South Africans were taller , heavier , stronger and faster . The Newport victory was the result of " superior tactics and superlative captaincy " . Just before half time , a try by Newport 's Jack Wetter was disallowed for a forward pass . The ball was then worked back to Fred Birt , standing within range in front of the posts , and he kicked a drop @-@ goal , putting the home side 4 – 0 ahead at the break . In the second half , the Springboks repeatedly attacked but the Newport defence kept them from crossing the line , although a break from Dick Luyt , the South African centre , left Douglas Morkel to score under the posts . Luyt failed to convert and Newport remained a point ahead . Newport scored again through a cross @-@ kick from Wetter , which Birt jumped on over the line for a try , which he then converted . Newport was one of only three teams to beat the Springboks on the tour and Geen played his part , bringing down Johan Stegmann when he was within sight of the try line . He was praised after the match for his play . The Times the following day reported : " Newport deserved the victory , if only for their remarkably sound and highly intelligent defence ... In spite , however , of the good play of the Newport forwards ... the South African backs would have scored at least three tries but for the fine tackling of Geen and Reg Plummer , the Newport wings , who saved one certain try by just stopping Otto Van Der Hoff on the line . " Geen was then selected and played three times for Wales in the 1912 – 1913 season . He earned his first cap against the same touring South Africans on 14 December . His next international appearance , under the captaincy of his Newport team mate Tommy Vile , was on 18 January 1913 against England . Wales were beaten in Cardiff 0 – 12 . After the game , and disappointed by the performance of most of the team , the selectors made nine changes for the upcoming match against Scotland . Only two backs were to be retained , Bobby Williams , the fullback , and Billy Geen , deemed the outstanding threequarter against England , moving from wing to centre . However , on the Wednesday preceding the encounter in Edinburgh , Geen withdrew after a training session due to an ongoing shoulder injury , and his place on the team was taken by Willie Watts . His final game for Wales was on 8 March 1913 against Ireland , when he showed " brilliance and judgment " ( according to Townsend Collins ) helping to create two tries towards a Welsh 16 – 13 victory . Geen was selected to play centre for the first match of the 1914 Home Nations against England at Twickenham but was forced to withdraw due to injury . He was replaced , once again , by Willie Watts , and probably missed out on four more caps for Wales . = = = Barbarian F.C. = = = In 1911 , Geen was approached by Barbarian F.C. , an invitational touring rugby team based in England , to join them on their 1911 Easter tour . Geen played in two matches of the tour , the first a 15 – 8 loss against Cardiff RFC where he was captained by Ireland 's Tommy Smyth . Despite missing the Swansea game two days later , Geen returned to the Barbarians squad to face Cheltenham , which ended in a 8 – 3 victory for the tourists . Later that year Geen was again invited to play for the Barbarians , another contest against Cardiff in their traditional Boxing Day encounter . In 1912 Geen played in his first Barbarians match outside Wales , facing the Leicester Tigers . His captain on that day was England international Edgar Mobbs , and although finishing on the losing side , Geen scored his first and only try for the Barbarians . With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 , competitive rugby union matches were suspended . Despite this , Edgar Mobbs organized two Barbarians matches against Leicester in early 1915 to aid recruiting and to raise charity funds . Mobbs then arranged one final Barbarians match against the Royal Army Medical Corps ( RAMC ) , leading a team made up of military personnel , including Geen in his last Barbarians appearance , to a 10 – 3 victory . Of Geen 's team @-@ mates on that day , Mobbs and another England international Arthur James Dingle , would also die in action during the war . = = = International appearances for Wales = = = = = Military service and death = = Geen was commissioned second lieutenant in the 9th Battalion , King 's Royal Rifle Corps on 21 August 1914 . He trained in Petworth and was sent to the Western Front in May 1915 . The 9th was assigned to the 14th ( Light ) Division and served with it during the Second Battle of Ypres . After six weeks ' combat , the battalion was withdrawn for rest but two days later was sent back to the front to reinforce the 41st Brigade . Geen was killed in action on 31 July 1915 at Hooge , Belgium . He was last seen leading his men in hand @-@ to @-@ hand fighting as they advanced towards ruined village buildings . Major John Hope wrote : " Geen fought gloriously , and was last seen alive leading his platoon in a charge after being for hours subjected to liquid fire and every device the Germans could bring to bear to break through . Seventeen officers and 333 other ranks of this battalion were killed in this engagement , in which officers and men showed themselves worthy of the best traditions of their Regiment . " Billy Geen is commemorated on panels 51 and 53 of the Menin Gate in Ypres , the memorial to missing soldiers from the battles of the Ypres Salient .
= Ibuki ( Street Fighter ) = Ibuki ( いぶき , Ibuki , also written as 息吹 ) is a fictional character from Capcom 's fighting game franchise Street Fighter , introduced in the original version of Street Fighter III in 1997 . After a few appearances in other games and her own comic book miniseries , she has returned to the main series since Super Street Fighter IV . Ibuki is a young prodigy ninja @-@ in @-@ training from an ancient clan , but who nevertheless would rather like to live normal life of a modern Japanese teenager . She has pet named Don , a close friend in Sakura , and her friendly rivals include R. Mika . Ibuki 's unique , technical and tricky moveset relies on mobility , aggressiveness and deception to be most effective . She has become one of the most popular females in the Street Fighter series , being also regarded by some as one of top ninja characters in all video games . = = Background = = Ibuki is a teenage girl from the Glade of Ninjas ( 忍びの里 , Shinobi no Sato , " Shinobi Village " ) , a secret village hidden in the mountains of Japan that is home to an ancient ninja clan . Although trained in ninjutsu since infancy , with continuous rigorous training and special missions , Ibuki is otherwise an ordinary high school girl with an attraction to pop idols . She yearns to be more carefree , and prefers ordinary schoolgirl attire over her traditional ninja outfit , which she considers ugly . In battle , she uses taijutsu , a fighting style that combines several Japanese martial arts . Ibuki is 162 cm tall and weighs 46 kg , her measurements are B95 / W57 / H90 , and her birthday is on December 6 . Ibuki has a pet tanuki ( raccoon dog ) named Don ( どん ) / Don @-@ chan ( どんちゃん ) , who has been with her since her childhood . Other members of Ibuki 's ninja clan that appear in her stage in the first two Street Fighter III games include Sanjō ( 三条 ) , Enjō ( 円城 ) , Genda ( 玄田 ) and Raion ( 雷音 ) . Ibuki 's friend , appearing in her endings in the original Street Fighter III : New Generation and in Street Fighter III : 2nd Impact , as well in some other games , is a ninja girl named Sarai Kurosawa ( 黒澤早雷 , Kurosawa Sarai ) , who hails in the same village and attends the same high school . The young boy who spars with Ibuki before a match in 3rd Strike is named Yūta Homura ( 焔悠蛇 , Homura Yūta ) . It was rumored that original Street Fighter character Geki was her father , but this was never confirmed as canon . = = Appearances = = = = = In video games = = = = = = = Street Fighter = = = = Ibuki and Elena have been the only female fighters in the Street Fighter III sub @-@ series until they were joined by Makoto and Chun @-@ Li in Street Fighter III : 3rd Strike ( 1999 ) . In the plots of the original Street Fighter III and 2nd Impact , Ibuki is sent by her clan to retrieve a mysterious " G file " from Gill 's organization , the Illuminati . In Ibuki 's game end sequence , Gill hands her the file after their battle . In 3rd Strike , Ibuki shares a special pre @-@ fight introductory sequence with her rival Makoto . She is shown preparing to graduate from high school and is studying for her college application exams , hoping to move away from home to enjoy a normal campus life and find a boyfriend . As part of her final exam , Ibuki is sent to find and defeat the elderly martial arts legend named Oro . In her 3rd Strike ending she is accepted into the fictional Sarusuberi University ( 私立百日紅大学 , Shiritsu Sausuberi Daigaku ) , at first without knowledge of its cover for an elite ninja training camp . A kunai resembling her is seen in Fei Long 's ending in Street Fighter IV ( 2008 ) . She was later revealed to be playable in Super Street Fighter IV ( 2010 ) , where her introductory sequence shows her interacting with a fellow Capcom ninja Guy for the first time . Her story for the game depicts her looking for fun and boys to date . Ibuki also meets Sakura Kasugano , as she tries to get Sakura to introduce her to a boy . Ibuki reappears as a playable character in Street Fighter V as one of the DLC characters released after the game 's launch . She was supposed to arrive in May 2016 but was delayed to July . In her prologue story , Ibuki finally finishes her ninja assignment and is informed by her friend Sakura about the party invitation sent from her rival Karin Kanzuki . Arriving at the Kanzuki Estate , Ibuki fights and defeat Birdie and Karin . After the fight , Karin lest her stay at the party with handsome boys and gives her the contract which has been approved by the Ibuki village to work with her . Ibuki also appears in the end of R. Mika 's prologue story , rejecting her offer in muscle training which angers R. Mika who beats her in a fight . Ibuki and R. Mika continue to argue through the course of the game 's main story , " A Shadow Falls " , which begins when they and Karin travel to the New York City to find out who is behind the activation of the seven Black Moons , eventually finding out it is a Shadaloo plot . During the first infiltration of the Shadaloo base , Ibuki fights Balrog but fails to beat him . She then uses her smoke bomb to distract the enemies and the two sucessfully escape with it until they reunited with Karin . They witness Zangief beat Abel , Ibuki watching in disgust while R. Mika idolizes him . In the final assault against Shadaloo , Ibuki and R. Mika fight off Shadaloo soldiers . Ibuki is last seen watching Shadaloo 's destruction with the other fighters . = = = = Other games = = = = Ibuki is one of the characters representing the Street Fighter series in Namco 's crossover fighting game , Street Fighter X Tekken ( 2012 ) , with Rolento as her tag team partner . In it , she is persuaded by her village leaders to accept Rolento 's request for a joint mission to the South Pole , serving as his advisor on infiltration . In the story mode , Rolento initially addresses the very annoyed Ibuki as private but " promotes " her to the rank of sergeant by the end of the game . According to a backstory for the Street Fighter X Tekken DLC ninja costume @-@ swap for the Tekken series ' Asuka Kazama , Asuka was sent Ibuki 's village to learn the ninja arts from her . Ibuki 's own Tekken swap costume is in the style of Yoshimitsu , with her latest assignment having her join his Manji Clan . A super deformed version of Ibuki is a playable character in the fighting game Super Gem Fighter Mini Mix / Pocket Fighter ( 1997 ) , in which she sneaks off from her ninja training for an ice cream in Tokyo . Ibuki is also playable in the mobile puzzle game Street Fighter : Puzzle Spirits ( 2014 ) , and appears as a card in the browser @-@ based social game Onimusha Soul ( 2012 ) and in person in Street Fighter Battle Combination ( 2015 ) . Her cards also appear in SNK vs. Capcom : Card Fighters Clash ( 1999 ) and SNK vs. Capcom : Card Fighters DS ( 2007 ) . She has a cameo in Capcom Fighting Evolution / Capcom Fighting Jam ( 2004 ) . Producer / director Ryota Niitsuma originally considered her for inclusion as a playable character in Tatsunoko vs. Capcom : Ultimate All @-@ Stars ( 2008 ) , but she was ultimately cut due to time constraints . The " head student at Ibuki 's ninja village " was supposed to be a new player character in the rejected concept of Street Fighter IV Flashback by Backbone Entertainment , which would also have feature a cameo of a much younger version of Ibuki . = = = = Design = = = = The character that became Ibuki has been originally conceived as a ninja boy before the gender was swapped , and the male version 's design might have been re @-@ used for Ibuki 's sparring partner Yūta Homura . Super Street Fighter IV main battle planner said Ibuki is an " orthodox ninja at first glance , but her character is one of a normal girl , so we are trying to bring out her feminine side in her lines and dialogue as well as in her proportions . " The game 's director said she was probably the most difficult character to make while trying to best show " her charm , even behind the mask , " as " Ibuki is cute even at a first glance , so that might be what you focus on , but we 've also put a lot of effort into her motions and her design . " Ibuki 's English voice actress Kat Steel , hired for her knowledge of the character displayed during the audition , wrote it " was a treat because her character is sassy , mischievous , and oh so girlish ! " For Street Fighter X Tekken , Capcom abortively planned to give Ibuki some attacks featuring Don . Ibuki 's build is depicted as slim and athletic , with black hair held tightly back in a topknot ponytail that drops well beneath her waist . Her usual fighting outfit , in which she has appeared in most of the games , is a type of ninja dogi , consisting of a sleeveless upper garment , baggy pants ( slit at the sides ) , arm guards , and a mask that conceals the lower half of her face . Her footwear consists only of cloth bandages wrapped around her shins , ankles and instep . Ibuki 's alternative , everyday costume is a blue @-@ and @-@ white Japanese schoolgirl uniform , or casual clothes — in the same color scheme — with a chain of miniature kunai knives and a fake tanuki tail , introduced in Super Street Fighter IV Arcade Edition . One of her scrapped costume concepts for Super Street Fighter IV was a very distinct , partially armored ninja outfit , which was more skimpy and featured two Japanese swords on her back . After nearly two decades , Ibuki was radically redesigned for Street Fighter V , where her main costume changes to a modified version of her schoolgirl outfit with above @-@ knee @-@ high socks mixed with a black mask and purple elements of tradtional Japanese armour on her hands and legs . Before deciding on it , the designers tried many different costume ideas by adjusting the ratio of her two personalities ; the rejected concept art sketches ( including one with full tanuki suit ) were posted on Capcom 's blog . Ibuki 's premium summer costume is a similarily armored swimsuit , with partial leggings and a cape @-@ like face scarf resembling this of Capcom 's own Strider Hiryu , which comes in a variety of colors . Her premium battle costume is an altogether different and more fashionable blue ninja outfit with a floral theme with a sword on her back , where for the first time she has loose hair . = = = = Gameplay = = = = According to Computer and Video Games , " Ibuki appears to be one of the most powerful and most popular character " in Street Fighter III . VentureBeat 's Chris Hoadley opined Ibuki was the strongest character in Street Fighter III : 2nd Impact and GameSpot felt her to be , in terms of gameplay , most similar to Cammy and Geki . According to UGO , Ibuki in Street Fighter III " has the strength and speed to face off against any top @-@ tier character " , as she is " quick , somewhat unpredictable and easy to pick up " , and " she 's just as likely to attack an opponent from the front as she is to dash into the air and rain down several kunai . It 's this type of diversity in fighting that makes her attractive to players . " Retro Gamer opined " this female ninja is fast , mobile and can stun opponents quickly . While she loses in a toe @-@ to @-@ toe brawl against most characters , she has plenty of trickery to get around a tight defence and dictate the match . " AskMen wrote that " while her specials lack the dazzle and spark of most of Street Fighter 's cast Ibuki 's still lethal in the right hands , juggling her opponents with some seemingly endless combos . " In Super Street Fighter IV , the developers attempted to retain Ibuki 's playstyle and feel from Street Fighter III . She was also given a super jump ( the only character , other than C. Viper , to have one in this game ) and made adjustments to have combos that utilize it . Capcom 's Taketoshi Sano said that " Ibuki is suited to those who want to get the most out of a single character " and " beginners can use her too , but if I had to pick I 'd say she 's suited for intermediate . " Capcom Europe described Ibuki ’ s " Raida " ( " Thunder Strike " ) command grab as having some unique properties and being one of the most powerful moves in the game . According to an MTV guide , Ibuki is " one of the hardest characters to master in this latest iteration " and players need to gain " a strong understanding of each character 's moves and abilities before truly coming to grips with what the weak , yet versatile Ibuki has to offer . " In a guide to Super Street Fighter IV : 3D Edition , GameSpy stated that Ibuki has " got some unique strengths and enough versatility that we think she can cope with most opponents . Her damage is a bit lacking , but with enough craftiness in your execution you can make up for it . " Listing the biggest mistakes to avoid in the game , GamesRadar advised Ibuki 's players to not oversuse her " kunai air @-@ knives " , but to rather use them sparingly in not predictably as a tool to help get close to the opponent . According to GamesRadar , " Ibuki makes up for her relatively weak damage by having some of the trickiest mobility in the game , letting a skilled player dash circles around their confused opponent . " According to Edge , Ultra Street Fighter IV 's addition of delayed wakeup , which lets one stay on the floor longer after being knocked down to put an opponent off their rhythm , was " primarily designed to nerf characters like Cammy , Akuma and Ibuki who are at their most effective when an opponent is getting up off the ground . " Professional player Sakonoko , whose preferred character in Super Street Fighter IV was Ibuki , said in interview for Famitsu that Ibuki in Street Fighter X Tekken " is ultimately based on her SSFIV Arcade Edition version " and so it is easy for people familiar with this game " to jump right in . " He also noted a few character @-@ specific changes between these games , such as Ibuki 's kunai attacks gaining the knock @-@ down ability . In Street Fighter V , she gains new special moves such as to dodge @-@ teleport , glide , and throw bombs with different fuses , making her even more distracting and unpredicatble . According to Capcom , " Ibuki has always been a very mobile character with various target combos , but she now has even more ways to mix @-@ up the opponent with the ability to glide through the air and toss out ninja bombs , making it very difficult to predict where she will land and where her next attack will come from . Kunais have also been a cornerstone of her playstyle , but now players will have to be much more strategic in their use as she can only stock five at a time before she has to quickly obtain another set . That said , their utility is just as powerful as ever as she can send her entire stock flying at the opponent for serious damage . Ibuki digs into her bag of ninja tools and throws a bomb at the opponent . Depending on which direction is held upon activation , the bomb can either go off quickly , after a slight delay or after a longer delay . " Ibuki is also able to detonate her bombs manually by hitting them with kunai and their explosions can not harm her . = = = Other appearances = = = = = = = Comics = = = = Ibuki appears in Street Fighter comic books , including in Street Fighter : Unlimited . Notably she received her own four @-@ issue miniseries Street Fighter Legends : Ibuki , written by Jim Zubkavich and drawn by Omar Dogan . It was was published by UDON Entertainment in 2010 to coincide with the release of Super Street Fighter IV . One alternative cover was drawn by Adam Warren and the entire miniseries was later included in the compilation Street Fighter Legends : The Ultimate Edition . In Ibuki , the character 's fictional background was revealed : she had been destined to become a perfect assassin for the Geki clan ( in to the comic , Geki is not an individual person but a clan that is rival to Ibuki 's ) , but one of them , Enjō , fled with the baby . She also interacts with Elena , in addition to Makoto and Sarai . For writing Ibuki , Zubkavich was nominated for a Joe Shuster Award . He said that , compared to Sakura , " Ibuki 's a more complex character , more flawed . She 's a great ninja but she isn 't even sure this is what she wants out of life . ( ... ) Sakura 's never @-@ give @-@ up attitude may be more of a classic anime archetype , but I feel Ibuki 's a character more people can empathize with . " He added , " Ibuki ’ s personality has been limited to game endings and oh @-@ so brief lines of dialogue from her victory quotes , so expanding upon those with this focused story is an honour and a challenge . " In a poll by Omar Dogan on his DeviantArt website , most of voters wanted to see Ibuki " wearing something cute " , and precisely something in the Harajuku @-@ style Lolita fashion . Dogan 's own favourite part of the story was " the part where Ibuki and Oro battle . " = = = = Other = = = = Ibuki is a favored character for use in promotional artwork , and has several figurines and action figures made in her image . These include figures from Kotobukiya , Mega Hobby , MegaHouse , SOTA Toys , Square Enix 's Play Arts Kai , and Capcom itself , including one designed by Street Fighter III character concept artist Kinu Nishimura . Ibuki 's Xbox Live Avatar costume was released in 2010 . Sakura is shown controlling Ibuki in a handheld Street Fighter III game she plays in the anime film Street Fighter Alpha : The Animation . Her cards are featured in the card game Universal Fighting System . = = Reception = = Ibuki was met with a positive critical and fan reception regarding her character design , attractiveness and personality , and with a mixed reception regarding her gameplay issues . Despite her debut in a relatively obscure entry in the series , Ibuki has become one of the most popular Street Fighter female characters . Capcom producer Yoshinori Ono said Ibuki is so " popular because she is insanely fun to play . " Professional Street Fighter commentator and player Femi Adeboye ( F @-@ Word ) recalled Ibuki in Third Strike has changed his life when he was a young teenager : " I saw this ninja girl and I picked her up , that became my destiny . " In 2002 , she was voted the 12th most popular Street Fighter character in Capcom 's own poll for the 15th anniversary of Street Fighter . Street Fighter IV director Takashi Tsukamoto described her as " a character that many people were waiting for ; " a teaser trailer suggesting her inclusion in the game , revealed by Yoshinori Ono at the Evolution Championship Series 2011 tournament event , excited the crowd . Ibuki was voted the 16th most requested Street Fighter side character to be added to the roster of Tekken X Street Fighter in an official poll by Namco in 2013 . Previewing Street Fighter III , Computer and Video Games highlighted Ibuki and Necro as " two of the finest " fighters in the game . In 2008 , GameDaily placed Ibuki 15th on its list of top Street Fighter characters of all time , expressing surprise that " all she wants to do is live a normal life . " That same year , IGN 's D. F. Smith ranked her as the 22nd top Street Fighter character and the only ninja on their list . In 2015 , Ben Lee from Digital Spy ranked the " fast , relentless , kick @-@ ass , and often unpredictable " Ibuki as the 12th best Street Fighter character . IGN 's Jesse Schedeen featured her among the characters he wanted to appear in Street Fighter IV . GamesRadar 's Mikel Reparaz similarly listed Ibuki among the 12 characters he would like to see in Super Street Fighter IV despite her being " one of the weaker characters " in Street Fighter III , citing her " enduring popularity " , " rapid , skill @-@ centric combos and high @-@ flying special moves " and her costume " which leaves her hips conspicuously bare and devoid of any sign of underpants . " Martin Robinson of AskMen too named Ibuki as of the five characters it wished to be included in Super Street Fighter IV , writing that " ninjas might be ten @-@ a @-@ penny in videogames , but none are as effortlessly cool as Ibuki " and adding that she " makes this list primarily for her style " but is " no slouch in combat either . " According to the GameZone review of the game , " it ’ s unfathomable to think that anyone could not fall in love with Ibuki and Makoto , introduced in Street Fighter III , all over again . " In his review of Super Street Fighter IV , Tim Higgins from The Telegraph wrote Ibuki was his personal favourite new fighter in the game for " all slippery evasive manoeuvres and devastating bread and butter combos . " GamesRadar 's Lucas Sullivan called her inclusion in Street Fighter IV " a stroke of genius " and requested her return in Street Fighter V. Capcom 's Taisaku Okada said Ibuki was the most popular of the Street Fighter III female characters , probably because of her appearance contrasting a young girl " of the current times " with " this old @-@ time ninja look " . Nevertheless , MTV 's Brad Nicholson blamed Ibuki 's " bland , tan , and masked getup that hasn ’ t changed much since her days in Street Fighter III , " for her not appearing on the cover of Super Street Fighter IV despite all her " ravenous fans . " Giovanni Simotti , designer of Akane the Kunoichi , intended look of the titular character on the game 's cover as " a small tribute to two of the most famous kunoichi from the history of the videogames – a mix of Mai Shiranui with a bit of Ibuki . " In 2012 , Gelo Gonzales of FHM included Ibuki among the nine " sexiest ninja babes in games " and compared her to Sam Pinto . GamesRadar 's Sullivan also compared the Killer Instinct 3 character Sadira to Ibuki , as similarly being " an agile fighter who can orchestrate a lot of very tricky setups from the air . " In 2004 , Nich Maragos and David Smith of 1UP.com ranked Ibuki as the sixth overall best ninja character in video games , calling her " one of the coolest @-@ looking characters " in Street Fighter III but " also one of the least capable in competition . " That same year , Aubrey Sitterson of UGO featured her on a list of the 25 " foxiest fighting females to ever be pixelated " and commented that Ibuki is " not only super @-@ hot , but she 's also a ninja , which is like a ' chocolate in my peanut butter ' situation . " UGO 's Paul Furfari further stated that she " set the new standard in female fighters , " adding , " forget Chun @-@ Li " . GameZone included the " amazing " Ibuki in their 2011 list of " best video game ninjas " and stated : " We ’ re glad she ’ s still a staple in this series to this very day – but when is she going to come over to Marvel vs. Capcom territory ? " Márcio Pacheco Alexsandro of Brazil 's Game Hall placed her at tenth spot of his 2014 list of top kunoichi characters in games , opining that that she is " far from having such status as Chun @-@ Li , but has her charm , especially if you like Japanese schoolgirls . " Joe Pring from WhatCulture.com placed Ibuki at 19th spot on his 2015 list of the greatest female fighting game characters of all time : " Ninja 's are always cool , but Ibuki takes that awesome factor to a whole new level . " In 2016 , Steven Hanson from Destructoid described her as " everybody 's favorite schoolgirl ninja . "
= Bazy Tankersley = Ruth " Bazy " Tankersley ( March 7 , 1921 – February 5 , 2013 ) was an American breeder of Arabian horses and a newspaper publisher . She was a daughter of Senator Joseph Medill McCormick . Her mother was progressive Republican Congresswoman Ruth Hanna McCormick , making Tankersley a granddaughter of the late Senator Mark Hanna of Ohio . Although Tankersley was involved with conservative Republican causes as a young woman , including a friendship with Senator Joseph McCarthy , her progressive roots reemerged in later years ; by the 21st century , she had become a strong supporter of environmental causes and backed Barack Obama for president in 2008 . Tankersley 's father died when she was a child . When her mother remarried , the family moved to the southwestern United States where Tankersley spent considerable time riding horses . She became particularly enamored of the Arabian breed after she was given a part @-@ Arabian to ride . At 18 she began working as a reporter for a newspaper published by her mother . She later ran a newspaper in Illinois with her first husband , Peter Miller , and then in 1949 she became the publisher of the conservative Washington Times @-@ Herald . That paper was owned by her uncle , the childless Robert McCormick , who viewed Tankersley as his heir until the two had a falling out over editorial control of the newspaper and her relationship with Garvin Tankersley , who became her second husband . After The Washington Post absorbed the Times @-@ Herald , she shifted to full @-@ time horse breeding . Tankersley purchased her first purebred Arabian when she was 19 , and began her horse breeding operation , Al @-@ Marah Arabians , in Tucson , Arizona , in 1941 . As she moved across the US for her newspaper career , her horses and farm name went with her . She purchased her foundation sire Indraff in 1947 , while living in Illinois . Upon her move to Washington , DC , her Al @-@ Marah operation relocated to Montgomery County , Maryland , where it became the largest Arabian farm in the United States by 1957 . Tankersley returned to Tucson in the 1970s , where in addition to horse breeding , she created an apprenticeship program at Al @-@ Marah to train young people for jobs in the horse industry . She set up a second horse operation , the Hat Ranch , near Flagstaff , Arizona . Over her career she bred over 2 @,@ 800 registered Arabians and was one of the largest importers of horses from the Crabbet Arabian Stud in England . Tankersley was a patron of many charities . Upon her death from Parkinson 's disease in 2013 she bequeathed the Tucson ranch to the University of Arizona and placed the Hat Ranch in a conservation trust . In her final years , she downsized her breeding operation to about 150 horses , and most remaining stock went to her son , Mark Miller , who moved the Al @-@ Marah Arabian farm name and horse operation to his home base near Clermont , Florida . = = Background and personal life = = Tankersley was described as having " inherited a love of politics and horses , not necessarily in that order . " She was born in Chicago , Illinois , on March 7 , 1921 . Her nickname " Bazy " came from how she pronounced the word " baby " when she was a toddler . Her father was Joseph Medill McCormick , part @-@ owner of the Chicago Tribune and a Senator for Illinois . Her mother , Ruth Hanna McCormick , was a daughter of Senator Mark Hanna of Ohio , and Ruth was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Illinois , serving in the 71st Congress from 1929 to 1931 as a progressive Republican . Bazy was the youngest of three children ; her siblings were Katherine ( " Katrina " ) , ( 1913 – 2011 ) and John ( 1916 – 1938 ) . When Tankersley was four , her father died by suicide , believed to be partly attributed to his defeat for renomination in 1924 . Her mother remarried in 1932 to Albert Gallatin Simms , a congressman from New Mexico , lawyer , and banker . Tankersley spent part of her childhood on her mother 's Rock River dairy farm in Byron , Illinois , and later moved to the Southwest with her mother and stepfather , living at a ranch owned by Simms in Albuquerque , New Mexico , at first , and then moving in 1937 to the Trinchera Ranch , a 250 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 100 @,@ 000 ha ) property in Colorado that her mother had purchased . Tankersley attended a boarding school in Virginia and spent summers in the West . Her love of horses in general and the Arabian horse in particular came from those years : " Right away , my stepfather bought me a cow pony , and I wore it out ... So my mother got me a 3 ⁄ 4 Arabian that I couldn 't wear out . " She also showed horses on the East Coast in the 1930s . Her interest in Arabian horses led her to meet several major breeders of the time , including Jimmie Dean of Traveler 's Rest , Roger Selby , W. R. Brown and Carl Raswan . Tankersley did not complete high school , and later said , " I virtually had no education . " Nonetheless , she studied genetics at Vermont 's Bennington College between 1939 and 1941 without completing a degree . While there , she gained some notoriety for genetic studies she conducted by raising fruit flies in her dorm room . In 2004 , she was awarded an honorary doctorate in Humane Letters from the University of Arizona . Tankersley married Maxwell Peter Miller , Jr. in 1941 . She and Miller lived in Tucson for two years , where she developed a deep love for Arizona . They then moved to Chicago for a time , and subsequently to her mother 's Trinchera Ranch , which Bazy ran . Her mother died of pancreatitis on December 31 , 1944 , two months after a serious riding accident . The couple moved back to Illinois prior to relocating to Washington , DC . Tankersley divorced Miller in 1951 to marry Garvin E. " Tank " Tankersley , an editor at the Washington Times @-@ Herald ten years older than she was . Garvin Tankersley had started his news career as a photographer . He was the managing editor when he left the paper in 1952 . The couple met while Bazy was running the Times @-@ Herald , but Robert McCormick , Bazy 's uncle and owner of the newspaper , considered Garvin Tankersley to be of unsuitable social status for Bazy because " Tank " was from a poor Lynchburg , Virginia , family . McCormick also disapproved of her divorce . Bazy saw the latter stance as hypocritical , given McCormick 's own complicated personal life . McCormick 's attempts to end the relationship ultimately prompted the couple to elope , and the Tankersleys were married for 45 years until Garvin 's death in 1997 . Tankersley also dabbled in campaign politics . In 1948 she organized " Twenties for Taft " clubs to support the 1948 Presidential campaign of Robert A. Taft . She followed in the footsteps of her mother Ruth , who was the first woman to manage a presidential campaign , the 1940 and 1944 efforts of Thomas E. Dewey . Tankersley later described herself as a friend of Senator Joseph McCarthy , and in 1952 she advocated for the removal of Guy Gabrielson as chair of the Republican National Committee . Tankersley 's politics shifted dramatically during her life . Noting her earlier strong affiliation with the Republican party and conservative politics , The Washington Post reported that in 2008 she voted for Barack Obama . She also supported Democratic Arizona Representative Gabrielle Giffords . From her two marriages , Tankersley had three biological children : a son , Mark Miller , born in 1947 , and two daughters , Kristie Miller ( born 1944 ) and Tiffany Tankersley ( 1970 – 2012 ) . She also had two stepchildren , Anne Tankersley Sturm and Garvin Tankersley , Jr . At the time of her death , she had six grandchildren and two great @-@ grandchildren . = = Newspaper career = = At 18 , Tankersley began working as a reporter for the Rockford Star , published by her mother . She gained experience running a newspaper in 1946 when she and Peter Miller purchased the LaSalle Post @-@ Tribune in LaSalle , Illinois , and the Peru News @-@ Herald , in Peru , Illinois , merging the papers to create the Daily News @-@ Tribune . In 1949 , her uncle , " Colonel " Robert R. McCormick , appointed her as the publisher of the family @-@ owned Washington Times @-@ Herald , an " isolationist and archconservative " paper known for sensationalism . McCormick had purchased it following the 1948 death of Eleanor Medill " Cissy " Patterson , his first cousin , and wanted Bazy to use the paper to create " an outpost of American principles " . Robert McCormick had no children of his own , " doted " on Bazy , and considered her the heir to his newspaper company . Tankersley was 28 at the time and was given the title of Vice @-@ President . During Tankersley 's tenure as publisher of the Times @-@ Herald , the paper was embroiled in two controversies related to McCarthy , one involving attacks intended to help unseat Democratic Senator Millard E. Tydings in 1950 , and the other a lawsuit brought by Drew Pearson in 1951 over what Pearson viewed as a " conspiracy to smear his reputation " . In the Tydings case , a composite photograph created by Garvin made Tydings appear to be meeting with a communist party leader and was a factor in Tydings losing his race . It also brought Tankersley and her paper to the attention of the United States Senate , where the paper 's treatment of Tydings was viewed by a bipartisan Senate panel as a violation of " simple decency and honesty " and " a shocking abuse of the spirit and intent of the First Amendment of the Constitution " . The lawsuit was a $ 5 @.@ 1 million cause filed by Pearson against multiple defendants , including McCarthy and the Times @-@ Herald , Westbrook Pegler and Fulton Lewis , alleging they had " contrived ... to hold plaintiff up to public scorn and ridicule " . Pearson frequently criticized McCarthy , McCarthy criticized Pearson in a speech on the floor of the Senate , and the two men had even been in a physical altercation in December 1950 . The Times @-@ Herald ran articles critical of Pearson and in one case described Pearson as a " New Deal communist " , though it was asserted to have been a typographical error that should have read " columnist " . Tankersley was publisher of the newspaper for only 19 months . By April 1951 , McCormick and Tankersley developed differences of opinions over both the newspaper and her relationship with Garvin Tankersley . " I understood when I went to the Times @-@ Herald I was to have full control . That control was not given me ... There is some difference in our political beliefs . I have broader Republican views than [ McCormick ] has . I am for the same people as the colonel , but I am for some more people . " McCormick also told her to decide between Garvin Tankersley and the Tribune Company . As a result , she resigned from the Times @-@ Herald . McCormick tried to run the paper himself , but lost money on the venture , and sold the Times @-@ Herald to The Washington Post in 1954 . When he announced the sale , one of the paper 's board members insisted that Tankersley be given a chance to purchase it , so McCormick gave her 48 hours to match the $ 10 million asking price . She could not raise the money do so . Upon the purchase of the Times @-@ Herald , the Post consolidated its market position by discontinuing the rival paper . Though estranged for many years , Bazy and McCormick reconciled prior to his death . After the sale , Tankersley continued to write a newspaper column for the Post , but also began to raise Arabian horses as a full @-@ time occupation . = = Horse breeding career = = In her 70 @-@ year career as a horse breeder , Tankersley emphasized athleticism and disposition in her Arabians . She is recorded as the breeder of over 2 @,@ 800 registered Arabian foals in her lifetime , making her possibly the largest Arabian horse breeder in the world . At 19 , she purchased her first Arabian horse , a mare named Curfa , using money from the sale of another horse she had ridden while at boarding school in Virginia . She founded the Al @-@ Marah Arabian Horse Farm in 1941 on a 40 acres ( 16 ha ) property when she first lived in Tucson . Mark Miller stated that the name Al @-@ Marah was selected by Carl Raswan , who said it was Arabic for " a verdant garden oasis " . Throughout her newspaper career , she moved the Al @-@ Marah farm name with her , to Illinois from 1944 to 1949 , and outside of Washington , DC , in Maryland , where she lived from 1949 to 1975 . Thereafter , she returned to Tucson permanently . She consistently used bloodlines from the Crabbet Arabian Stud , both via horses descended from early American importations as well as her own purchases from the estate of Lady Wentworth in the late 1950s . This unbroken line gives rise to Miller 's assertion that the Al @-@ Marah herd is the " oldest continuously @-@ bred , privately @-@ owned band of Arabians in the world " . = = = Illinois = = = While she lived in Illinois , in 1947 Tankersley purchased a stallion named Indraff for $ 10 @,@ 000 . Indraff was bred by Roger Selby of Ohio , and was a son of the Crabbet @-@ bred stallion * Raffles . He became her foundation herd sire , and sired 254 purebred Arabians over his lifetime . Tankersley 's first foundation mare , Selfra , was also of Crabbet bloodlines . By the time she left Illinois in 1949 , Tankersley owned 45 Arabians . = = = Maryland = = = Upon arrival in the Washington , DC , area , Tankersley recreated Al @-@ Marah Arabians in Montgomery County , near Washington . The Al @-@ Marah property in Potomac , Maryland , consisted of 1 @,@ 500 acres ( 610 ha ) , and for a time the Tankersleys also raised cattle there . The farm later moved to Barnesville , Maryland . Al @-@ Marah was not only a horse breeding facility ; the Tankersleys also hosted a number of political and social events . By 1957 , Al @-@ Marah was the largest Arabian horse farm in the United States . In that year , Lady Wentworth , owner of the Crabbet Arabian Stud , died and a number of horses were made available for sale . Tankersley bought 32 horses , the largest importation of Crabbet bloodstock to the United States in history . Lady Gladys Yule of the Hanstead Stud died within a few weeks of Lady Wentworth , and more top @-@ quality Arabians bred in the UK were put on the market . Tankersley purchased 14 Hanstead horses , the largest group from that estate sold to a single buyer . The arrival of the English horses was , in Tankersley 's view , an opportunity to preserve the core bloodlines tracing back to the horses originally gathered by Abbas Pasha . Following these importations , Tankersley began to build her breeding program around two Crabbet sire lines , which she called the Double R cross . The first " R " stallion bloodline was that of * Raffles via his son Indraff , and the other " R " bloodline was that of Rissalix , a Crabbet @-@ bred stallion owned by Hanstead , and sire of three Crabbet mares Tankersley imported . The two stallion lines shared a common female line to Rissla ; she was the maternal granddam of Raffles and dam of Rissalix . In 1958 , Tankersley added to her Double R program when she leased and imported the Rissalix son * Count Dorsaz , a Hanstead @-@ bred horse . She owned him outright by 1959 . She later added another Rissalix son from Hanstead , * Ranix . In 1962 , she imported another Crabbet @-@ bred stallion , * Silver Vanity . She used her knowledge of genetics to institute a program of selectively inbreeding horses of bloodlines she considered of excellent quality . In her early years , she also looked for " golden crosses " , such as breeding offspring of Indraff to progeny of the Maynesboro @-@ bred stallion Gulastra . = = = Arizona = = = Tankersley missed Arizona and wanted to return . " I would read Arizona Highways and cry , " she said . The Tankersleys moved back to Tucson and settled there permanently in 1975 . She designed many of the buildings on her Tucson property herself . She added new stallions to her herd with Dreamazon in the 1980s , and a * Silver Vanity descendant , SDA Silver Legend , in 2001 . Later in the 2000s , continuing her pattern of seeking " golden crosses " , she imported the stallion * Bremervale Andronicus from Australia , an outcross for her intensely Crabbet @-@ based bloodlines . He became the 2006 National Champion Arabian Sport Horse , with the reserve champion AM Power Raid , a stallion from within her program . Ultimately Tankersley operated two facilities in Arizona , her Al @-@ Marah Arabian Farm , a 110 @-@ acre ( 45 ha ) facility , and the Hat Ranch in Williams , near Flagstaff . The ranch property she purchased was the former Quarter Circle Double X Ranch and had been owned by Isabella Greenway , who had hosted Eleanor and Franklin Delano Roosevelt there . Tankersley , though identified as a Republican , displayed a photo of FDR at the ranch . The Hat Ranch was home to her young stock , allowing them to live free in an open range setting for two years before beginning training . It also served as the location for an annual think tank meeting for leaders of the Arabian Horse Association . The ranch also hosted the Straw Bale Forums where politicians , conservation leaders and academics could meet and discuss major issues . In 2003 , Tankersley was given the Arabian Breeder 's Association Lifetime Breeder 's Award . = = = Apprenticeship program = = = In 1973 , Tankersley created an apprenticeship program to train people both for work as employees at her ranch and for positions elsewhere in the horse industry . It grew into an intensive two @-@ year course that covered all aspects of the horse industry , provided participants college credit through Pima Community College , and was licensed by the US Department of Labor . She also donated horses to an Arabian breeding program at Michigan State University . Tankersley was noted throughout her career for her support of youth involvement with Arabian horses . = = = Death and bequests = = = Tankersley died on February 5 , 2013 . She had Parkinson 's disease . As she aged , Tankersley downsized her horse breeding operation from 350 horses to under 150 just prior to her death . Her son , Mark Miller , inherited many of her remaining horses and moved the Al @-@ Marah Arabian farm name and the horse operation to his home base near Clermont , Florida . Miller had run an entertainment venue called Arabian Nights , in Kissimmee , Florida , near Disney World , from 1988 until 2013 . He used Al @-@ Marah @-@ bred horses to present a 90 @-@ minute dinner show performance every night of the year that featured 50 Arabian horses . He closed the program in December 2013 to focus on the transplanted Al @-@ Marah herd on his Florida property . The Tucson Al @-@ Marah Ranch , consisting of 85 acres ( 34 ha ) with an estimated worth of $ 30 million , was donated to the University of Arizona 's College of Agriculture as a working ranch . The Hat Ranch had a conservation easement with rights to more than 1 @,@ 500 acres ( 610 ha ) given to the Grand Canyon Trust to prevent further development . Tankersley 's longtime employee , Jerry Hamilton , will continue to manage the Hat Ranch for Miller as a home for young horses bred by Al @-@ Marah . = = Legacy = = Tankersley once stated , " I come from that old @-@ fashioned background of noblesse oblige : If you 're born with money , you have an obligation to do good works for others . " She was also noted for a strong personality , as her friend , Hermann Bleibtreu of the University of Arizona explained : " If she was in any position of leadership or power , she was dominant . " She became a strong environmentalist , donating to conservation , environmental , and aquaculture research . She supported renewable energy , smart growth , and water conservation , and promoted reform of state land management . She also helped Defenders of Wildlife preserve the Aravaipa Canyon . Carl Hodges , of the University of Arizona 's Environmental Research Lab , stated , " she was as fine and intellectually competent an environmentalist as anybody I 'd ever known . " Her financial support also went to charities for disabled children and assorted cultural activities . While in Maryland , she was involved in the creation of two private schools , the Primary Day School in Bethesda and the Barnesville School . In Tucson in 1980 she founded the St. Gregory College Preparatory School , now called The Gregory School . Tankersley was a consistent advocate of the Arabian breed as a performance horse . In addition to the show ring and endurance riding , where she sometimes rode her own horses , she also tested her horses on the race track . In endurance , one of her horses won the Tevis Cup , and many others earned national championships over the course of her career . She was a major promoter of the Arabian Horse Association Sport Horse Nationals , and her horses acquired many championships at that competition . Further supporting Tankersley 's interest in sport horse disciplines , two of her horses , Al Marah Xanthium and Al @-@ Marah Quebec , were the first Arabians accepted into the American Trakehner Registry . Tankersley founded the Arabian Horse Owners Foundation ( AHOF ) in 1963 as a charity to fund the needs of the Arabian horse community . As of 2013 the most recent project of the foundation was to develop the Arabian section of the International Museum of the Horse at the Kentucky Horse Park in Lexington , Kentucky : the Al @-@ Marah Arabian Horse Galleries . Housed there are the collections of the AHOF and the Arabian Horse Trust . During the 2010 World Equestrian Games , which were held at the Kentucky Horse Park , the foundation sponsored and funded the exhibit " Gift of the Desert : The Art , History and Culture of the Arabian Horse " , bringing publicity to the Arabian breed during a major international equestrian competition .
= Mole Hunt = " Mole Hunt " is the pilot episode of the animated comedy Archer . It was the first episode produced for the show and originally aired as a special sneak preview on September 17 , 2009 , but officially aired billed as the second episode on January 14 , 2010 , after the episode " Training Day " , which aired the same day . In the episode , suave yet rude and belligerent spy Sterling Archer , prompted by questions regarding his expense account , breaks into the mainframe computer of his organization ISIS and inadvertently discovers a mole in the organization . The episode was written by Archer creator and co @-@ executive producer , Adam Reed , and directed by Mack Williams . It was produced at Floyd County Productions and animated at Radical Axis Studio in Atlanta , over the course of approximately one month . The FX Network officially greenlit the series in August 2009 for six episodes — along with an additional four scripts — and planned on airing it alongside the fifth season of It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . However , because of production time constraints , the network was forced to push the official series run to January 2010 and changed Philadelphia 's paired series to The League , but aired the special sneak preview of this episode following the season premiere of Philadelphia on September 17 , 2009 , without promoting it or listing it on channel listings . " Mole Hunt " attracted 1 @.@ 4 million viewers , with 950 @,@ 000 between the ages of 18 and 49 . The episode received generally favorable reviews from television critics , who noted that despite its raunchiness , it contained sharp dialogue and quick wit . H. Jon Benjamin received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Voice @-@ Over Performance for his performance as Archer in the episode . = = Plot = = Sterling Archer , a suave agent from the spy organization ISIS , partakes in a torture training exercise , but causes it to be terminated after complaining about fellow agent Krenshaw 's fake @-@ torture tactics . The following day , while trying to get members of the organization to smell his dry cleaning due to its strangely curry @-@ like odor , he is called into the office of Malory , his mother and boss , where he is chastised for misusing his ISIS @-@ run expense account . He seeks assistance from Cyril , a member of the organization and his ex @-@ girlfriend 's current boyfriend , to clear his account , but he refuses . Attempts to get access to accounts with a made @-@ up " Mole Hunt " also meet with failure . Archer tries getting secretary Cheryl to leave the mainframe open that night , allowing Archer to easily slip in and clear his account , but she too denies his request . Without any outside options , Archer is forced to manually break into ISIS 's mainframe . Though he initially thinks that this will be an extremely difficult task , he discovers that actual security is appallingly terrible and he easily figures out the password to hack his account after the first try . While trying to transfer all of his excess expenses from his account to Krenshaw , the agent enters the room and holds a gun up to Archer 's head . He reveals that he is actually a Russian spy named Kremenski and fears the agency has started to realize that he is a mole , so he plans on stealing $ 50 @,@ 000 from Archer 's account and fleeing from the country . Just then , however , Archer 's ex @-@ girlfriend — Agent Lana Kane — arrives and pulls a gun on Kremenski . She and Archer begin to argue and the mole is able to escape . They pursue him outside , where Cyril and Malory have already arrived . Kremenski grabs Malory and threatens to kill her if they do not let him leave ; Archer tries to turn the tables on him by grabbing Lana and threatening to do the same , but Kremenski does not care about her well being . When Lana proclaims that Archer is getting an erection ( caused by picturing Malory being dead ) , Kremenski lets go of Malory in disgust , allowing Archer room to shoot him several times in his chest and once in the head , killing him . Despite his previous actions of breaking into ISIS and hacking the mainframe , Archer is excused from his expenses after Cyril comes to the assumption that Kremenski had been stealing from Archer 's account the whole time . Malory notes that she would have known if there was a mole at ISIS , her earlier phone call shown to have been with Nikolai Jakov , head of the KGB . She changes the subject when questioned , and rather complains that someone left donuts on the floor attracting ants . = = Production = = " Mole Hunt " was written by Archer creator and executive producer Adam Reed , while the series ' animation director Mack Williams directed it . Reed had been known for his creation of several Adult Swim animated television programs that he worked on with Archer co @-@ executive producer Matt Thompson , such as Sealab 2021 and Frisky Dingo . In 2008 , while walking along the Via de la Plata in Spain , Reed conceived the concept of Archer . Being a longtime " rabid fan " of FX Network and its original programming , he pitched the concept to the network and they accepted it , ordering six episodes of the series to be produced , along with an additional four scripts . The pilot episode was produced at Reed 's Floyd County Productions studio in Atlanta , Georgia , over the course of approximately one month . Animation took place at Radical Axis Studio , also located in Atlanta . The artistic style of the series was designed to be as realistic as possible , so the character designers used as much reference material as they could . In order to create consistency between the separate animators , the artists take photographs of each actor and utilize Adobe Illustrator to trace over them as a base for each actor 's character . As Chad Hurd , the lead character designer for the series , noted , the end result resembles " a 1960 ’ s comic book come to life . " FX originally planned on pairing the premiere of Archer with the fifth season of the network 's situation comedy It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia on Thursday nights in the fall . However , the network learned of the long , month @-@ long production length it would take to create the needed six episodes and realized that there was not enough time to have all of the episodes ready before Philadelphia began its new season . FX then decided to reschedule the series and start airing it in January 2010 , and replaced Archer with The League as Philadelphia 's companion show . Despite this , FX also decided to air a sneak airing of " Mole Hunt " following the season five premiere of Philadelphia on September 17 , 2009 . The network did not promote the sneak peek , nor did they feature it on any program listings , and merely informed select television critics . = = Reception = = In its official broadcast on FX on January 14 , 2010 , " Mole Hunt " , which aired as the second episode , attracted 1 @.@ 4 million viewers , with 950 @,@ 000 of them being within the key 18 – 49 demographics . This was a slight drop from the airing of the second episode " Training Day " , which aired the same day and attracted 1 @.@ 2 million viewers in between the ages of 18 and 49 , and 1 @.@ 8 million viewers in total . In 2010 , H. Jon Benjamin received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Voice @-@ Over Performance for voicing Archer in the episode ; he lost , however , to Anne Hathaway for her performance in The Simpsons . " Mole Hunt " received generally favorable reviews from television critics and media outlets . David Hinckley of the New York Daily News wrote that it " has a little ' Arrested Development ' and a little of ' The Office ' and maybe some ' Mad Men , ' " and recommended it to readers as one of the " new and good on TV this fall . " Hinkely also commented favorably on the scene where Archer tries firing bullets at the door to the mainframe , only to a bullet ricochet and hit another agent , likening it to " Leslie Nielsen classics . " Matt Roush of TV Guide said that he " got many more sustained belly laughs " out of the episode than he did with the aforementioned Philadelphia premiere . Writing for Variety , Brian Lowry opined that with " Mole Hunt , " Archer " gives FX something that the drama @-@ heavy channel hasn 't enjoyed for awhile — namely , a sharp comedic arrow in its quiver . " Jonathan Toomey of TV Squad applauded the character development in the " Mole Hunt , " as it " was fairly impressive . " Moreover , though , Toomey praised the dialogue , saying " The back and forth between Archer and Figgis and Archer and Lana were laugh out loud funny , " and noted that he wished he could incorporate the phrase " baby town frolics " from the episode into a conversation . Toomey did , however , say that he felt that the plotting was " a bit of a stretch , " and noted that the realization that Krenshaw was actually a Russian spy named Kremenski was " out of nowhere " and " a bit confusing . " Whitney Matheson wrote for USA Today that " Mole Hunt " was " crude and offbeat " but " also very funny and a welcome addition to [ her ] DVR queue . " Maureen Ryan , writing for the Chicago Tribune , applauded both the voice cast and the " deadpan wit and surreal goofiness . " Mark A. Perigard of the Boston Herald , awarded the episode a " B + " calling it a " spy spoof [ that ] hits a bull ’ s @-@ eye with risque snark and one of the best vocal casts assembled for any animated series . " In an article for the San Francisco Chronicle , Tim Goodman called " Mole Hunt " a " brilliant pilot . " Rob Owen in his review for the series in the Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette said that though it was crude , the episode is " far more clever than last fall 's disappointing ' Testees , ' " and that it " wins points with its observational humor about modern life and in its mocking of mundane workplace minutiae . " Aaron Barnhart wrote in his article for McClatchy News Service that it was " very funny . " Other reviewers , however , have commented negatively towards " Mole Hunt . " Barry Garron of The Hollywood Reporter did not enjoy the episode , saying it " looks great but could be much funnier " and " rife with words that would be bleeped on broadcast channels and even most other basic @-@ cable outlets . " Rick Bentley of McClatchy Newspapers wrote , " Most of the comedy is milked from the personal relationships in the office , which start off tedious and only grow more annoying . The adult material – from nudity to words you haven 't heard on basic cable – comes across as merely an attempt to be shocking . It 's hard to be shocked when you are bored . " On the season one DVD boxset , there is a bonus where this episode played out as normal with the character of Sterling Archer being replaced by a velociraptor replacing Archer 's dialogue with appropriate dinosaur noises .
= Zodiac ( film ) = Zodiac is a 2007 American mystery @-@ thriller film directed by David Fincher . The screenplay by James Vanderbilt is based on the 1986 non @-@ fiction book of the same name by Robert Graysmith . The film stars Jake Gyllenhaal , Mark Ruffalo , and Robert Downey , Jr . , with Anthony Edwards , Brian Cox , Elias Koteas , Donal Logue , John Carroll Lynch , Dermot Mulroney and Chloë Sevigny in supporting roles . Zodiac tells the story of the manhunt for a notorious serial killer who called himself the " Zodiac " and killed in and around the San Francisco Bay Area during the late 1960s and early 1970s , leaving several victims in his wake and taunting police with letters , blood stained clothing , and ciphers mailed to newspapers . The cases remain one of Northern California 's most infamous unsolved crimes . Fincher , Vanderbilt and producer Bradley J. Fischer spent 18 months conducting their own investigation and research into the Zodiac murders . Fincher employed the digital Thomson Viper Filmstream camera to photograph the film . However , Zodiac was not shot entirely digitally ; traditional high @-@ speed film cameras were used for slow @-@ motion murder sequences . Reviews for Zodiac were very positive , lauding the film 's writing , directing , acting and historical authenticity . The film grossed over $ 84 million worldwide against a production budget of $ 65 million . = = Plot = = On July 4 , 1969 , an unknown man attacks Darlene Ferrin and Mike Mageau with a handgun , at a lovers ' lane in Vallejo , California . Mageau survives ; Ferrin dies . One month later , the San Francisco Chronicle receives encrypted letters written by the killer calling himself the " Zodiac " and taunting the police . Political cartoonist Robert Graysmith is not taken seriously by crime reporter Paul Avery or the editors and is excluded from the initial details about the killings despite his interest in the case . When the newspaper publishes the letters , a married couple is able to decipher one . At a local bar , Avery initially makes fun of Graysmith before they discuss the coded letters . Graysmith interprets the letter , which Avery finds helpful , and Avery begins sharing information . The Zodiac killer attacks law student Bryan Hartnell and Cecelia Shepard at Lake Berryessa in Napa County on September 27 , 1969 . Shepard dies two days later , and Hartnell survives . One of Graysmith 's insights about the letters is that the Zodiac 's reference to man as " the most dangerous animal of them all " is a reference to the story and film The Most Dangerous Game ( which features Count Zaroff as a man who hunts live human prey ) . The fact that both Zaroff 's surname and the name " Zodiac " start with a " Z " also seems significant . Two weeks later , San Francisco taxicab driver Paul Stine is shot and killed in the city 's Presidio Heights district immediately after dropping the killer off . The Zodiac killer mails pieces of Stine 's blood stained shirt to the Chronicle , along with a taunting letter . San Francisco police detectives Dave Toschi and his partner Bill Armstrong are assigned to the Stine case , and work closely with Vallejo 's Jack Mulanax and Detective Ken Narlow in Napa . The killer , or someone posing as him , continues to toy with authorities by sending more letters and speaks on the phone with lawyer Melvin Belli when he makes an appearance on a television talk show . Avery and Graysmith form an alliance , delving deeper into the case as time permits . In 1971 , Detectives Toschi , Armstrong , and Mulanax question Arthur Leigh Allen , a suspect in the Vallejo case . Allen behaves suspiciously during the interview . They ask to see his watch and notice that he wears a Zodiac brand wristwatch which has the same logo used by the killer . However , a handwriting expert insists that Allen did not write the Zodiac letters , even though Allen is said to be ambidextrous . Avery receives a letter threatening his life ; becoming increasingly paranoid , he turns to drugs and alcohol . At one point , he shares information with the Riverside Police Department , angering both Toschi and Armstrong . The case 's notoriety weighs on Toschi , who is bothered when Graysmith shows up at the theater where Toschi is watching a Hollywood film , Dirty Harry , loosely based on the Zodiac case , with his wife . In 1978 , Avery leaves the Chronicle , and moves to the Sacramento Bee . Graysmith persistently contacts Toschi about the Zodiac murders , and eventually impresses the veteran detective with his knowledge of the case . While Toschi cannot directly give Graysmith access to the evidence , he provides contact names of other police departments in other counties where Zodiac murders occurred . Armstrong transfers from the San Francisco Police homicide division , and Toschi is demoted for supposedly forging a Zodiac letter . Graysmith continues his own investigation , which is profiled in the Chronicle , and he allows himself to be interviewed on television about his book @-@ in @-@ progress concerning the case . He begins receiving anonymous phone calls with heavy breathing . Because of his immersion in the case , Graysmith loses his job and his wife Melanie leaves him , taking their children with her . Graysmith acquires more information that points to Allen as the Zodiac , and although circumstantial evidence seems to indicate his guilt , the physical evidence , such as fingerprints and handwriting samples , do not implicate him . In December 1983 , Graysmith tracks Allen down to a Vallejo Ace Hardware store , where he is employed as a sales clerk . The men have a brief encounter before Graysmith leaves . Eight years later , victim Mike Mageau meets with authorities and identifies Allen from a police mugshot . As the authorities walk by an airport book store , copies of Graysmith 's book Zodiac are shown . Final title cards inform the audience that Allen died in 1992 before he could be questioned further . A DNA test performed in 2002 on an archived autopsy sample did not match a partial DNA sample gathered from the postage stamp on one of the Zodiac letters , but this does not rule him out as a suspect . = = Cast = = Jake Gyllenhaal as Robert Graysmith , a cartoonist for the San Francisco Chronicle . While researching the film , Fincher considered Gyllenhaal to play Graysmith . According to the director , " I really liked him in Donnie Darko and I thought , He ’ s an interesting double @-@ sided coin . He can do that naive thing but he can also do possessed . " To prepare for his role , Gyllenhaal met Graysmith and videotaped him in order to study his mannerisms and behavior . Mark Ruffalo as SFPD Inspector David Toschi . Initially , Ruffalo was not interested in the project but Fincher wanted him to play Toschi . He met with the actor and told him that he was rewriting the screenplay . " I loved what he was saying and loved where he was going with it , " the actor remembers . For research , he read every report on the case and read all the books on the subject . Ruffalo met Toschi and found out that he had " perfect recall of the details and what happened when , where , who was there , what he was wearing . He always knew what he was wearing . I think it is seared into who he is and it was a big deal for him . " Robert Downey , Jr. as Paul Avery , a journalist at the San Francisco Chronicle who covered the Zodiac killer case . Anthony Edwards as SFPD Inspector William Armstrong . When casting the role , Fincher said he thought of Edwards because " I knew I needed the most decent person I could find , because he would be the balance of the movie . In a weird way , this movie wouldn ’ t exist without Bill Armstrong . Everything we know about the Zodiac case , we know because of his notes . So in casting the part , I wanted to get someone who is totally reliable . " Brian Cox as Melvin Belli , a prominent defense attorney who received a letter from the Zodiac killer . Elias Koteas as Sgt. Jack Mulanax , a police detective from Vallejo . Donal Logue as Ken Narlow , a police detective in Napa . John Carroll Lynch as Arthur Leigh Allen , a prime suspect in the case . Allen was never charged with these crimes . Dermot Mulroney as Captain Marty Lee , Armstrong 's and Toschi 's supervisor in the SFPD homicide division . Philip Baker Hall as Sherwood Morrill , a handwriting analyst . Baker Hall had previously appeared in the 2005 film The Zodiac . Chloë Sevigny as Melanie Graysmith , Graysmith 's wife . John Getz as Templeton Peck , Chronicle managing editor . John Terry as Charles Thieriot , another editor at the Chronicle , who is involved with the first Zodiac letter . Adam Goldberg as Duffy Jennings , a real life journalist who replaced Avery at the San Francisco Chronicle when the latter went to the San Francisco Examiner . He received a letter from the Zodiac in 1978 . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = James Vanderbilt had read Robert Graysmith 's book Zodiac in 1986 while in high school . Years later , after becoming a screenwriter , he got the opportunity to meet Graysmith , and became fascinated by the folklore surrounding the Zodiac Killer . He then decided to try to translate the story into a script . Vanderbilt had endured bad experiences in the past , in which the endings of his scripts had been changed , and wanted to have more control over the material this time . He pitched his adaptation of Zodiac to Mike Medavoy and Bradley J. Fischer from Phoenix Pictures , by agreeing to write a spec script if he could have more creative control over it . Graysmith first met Fischer and Vanderbilt at the premiere of Paul Schrader 's film , Auto Focus , which was based on Graysmith 's 1991 book about the life and death of actor Bob Crane . A deal was made and they optioned the rights to Zodiac and Zodiac Unmasked when they became available after languishing at another studio for nearly a decade . David Fincher was their first choice to direct based on his work on Seven . Originally , he was going to direct an adaptation of James Ellroy 's novel , The Black Dahlia ( later filmed by Brian De Palma ) , and envisioned a five @-@ hour , $ 80 million mini @-@ series with film stars . When that fell through , Fincher left that project and moved on to Zodiac . Fincher was drawn to this story because he spent much of his childhood in San Anselmo in Marin County during the initial Zodiac murders . " I remember coming home and saying the highway patrol had been following our school buses for a couple weeks now . And my dad , who worked from home , and who was very dry , not one to soft @-@ pedal things , turned slowly in his chair and said : ' Oh yeah . There 's a serial killer who has killed four or five people , who calls himself Zodiac , who 's threatened to take a high @-@ powered rifle and shoot out the tires of a school bus , and then shoot the children as they come off the bus . ' " For Fincher as a young boy , the killer " was the ultimate boogeyman " . The director was also drawn to the unresolved ending of Vanderbilt 's screenplay because it felt true to real life , as cases are not always solved . Fincher realized that his job was to dispel the mythic stature the case had taken on over the years by clearly defining what was fact and what was fiction . He told Vanderbilt that he wanted the screenplay re @-@ written but with additional research done from the original police reports . Fincher found that there was a lot of speculation and hearsay and wanted to interview people directly involved in the case in person to see if he believed what they were telling him . Fincher did this because he felt a burden of responsibility in making a film that convicted someone posthumously . Fincher , Fischer and Vanderbilt spent months interviewing witnesses , family members of suspects , retired and current investigators , the only two surviving victims , and the mayors of San Francisco and Vallejo . Fincher said , " Even when we did our own interviews , we would talk to two people . One would confirm some aspects of it and another would deny it . Plus , so much time had passed , memories are affected and the different telling of the stories would change perception . So when there was any doubt we always went with the police reports " . During the course of their research , Fincher and Fischer hired Gerald McMenamin , an internationally known forensic linguistics expert and professor of linguistics at California State University Fresno , to analyze the Zodiac 's letters . Unlike document examiners in the 1970s , he focused on the language of the Zodiac and how he formed his sentences in terms of word structure and spelling . Fincher and Fischer approached Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer to finance the film but talks with them fell through because the studio wanted the running time fixed at two hours and fifteen minutes . They then approached other studios , and Warner Bros. and Paramount Pictures agreed to share the production costs and were willing to be more flexible about the running time . The film was a tough sell to the studios and the executives were concerned about the heavy amount of dialogue and the lack of action scenes , as well as the inconclusive nature of the story arc . When Dave Toschi met Fincher , Fischer and Vanderbilt , the director told him that he was not going to make another Dirty Harry ( which had been loosely based on the Zodiac case ) . Toschi was impressed with their knowledge of the case and afterwards , he realized that he had learned a lot from them . In addition , the Zodiac 's two surviving victims , Mike Mageau and Bryan Hartnell were consultants on the film . Alan J. Pakula ’ s film All the President 's Men was the template for Zodiac as Fincher felt that it was also " the story of a reporter determined to get the story at any cost and one who was new to being an investigative reporter . It was all about his obsession to know the truth " . And like in that film , he did not want to spend time telling the back story of any of the characters , focusing , instead , on what they did in regards to the case . " Vanderbilt was drawn to the notion that Graysmith went from a cartoonist to one of the most significant investigators of the case . He pitched the story as : " What if Garry Trudeau woke up one morning and tried to solve the Son of Sam " ? As he worked on the script , he became friends with Graysmith . The filmmakers were able to get the cooperation of the Vallejo Police Department ( one of the key investigators at the time ) because they hoped that the film would inspire someone to come forward with a crucial bit of information that might help solve this decades @-@ old cold case . = = = Casting = = = While researching the film , Fincher considered Jake Gyllenhaal to play Robert Graysmith . According to the director , " I really liked him in Donnie Darko and I thought , ' He 's an interesting double @-@ sided coin . He can do that naive thing but he can also do possessed . ' " In preparation for his role Gyllenhaal met Graysmith , and videotaped him to study his mannerisms and behavior . Initially , Mark Ruffalo was not interested in the project but Fincher wanted him to play David Toschi . He met with the actor and told him that he was rewriting the screenplay . " I loved what he was saying and loved where he was going with it " , the actor remembers . For research , he read every report on the case and read all the books on the subject . Ruffalo met Toschi and found out that he had " perfect recall of the details and what happened when , where , who was there , what he was wearing . He always knew what he was wearing . I think it is seared into who he is and it was a big deal for him . " When casting the role of Inspector William Armstrong , Fincher said he thought of Anthony Edwards because " I knew I needed the most decent person I could find , because he would be the balance of the movie . In a weird way , this movie wouldn 't exist without Bill Armstrong . Everything we know about the Zodiac case , we know because of his notes . So in casting the part , I wanted to get someone who is totally reliable . " Originally , Gary Oldman was to play Melvin Belli but " he went to a lot of trouble , they had appliances , but just physically it wasn 't going to work , he just didn 't have the girth " , Graysmith remembers . Brian Cox was cast instead . The finished film has an unusually large cast of characters . In a May 15 , 2007 , film review , Variety noted , " Performances and casting are impeccable down to the smallest role . " = = = Principal photography = = = Fincher decided to use the digital Thomson Viper Filmstream camera to shoot the film . Fincher had previously used the Thomson Viper over the past three years on commercials for Nike , Hewlett Packard , Heineken and Lexus which allowed him to get used to and experiment with the equipment . He was able to use inexpensive desktop software like Final Cut Pro to edit Zodiac . Fincher remarked in an interview , " Dailies almost always end up being disappointing , like the veil is pierced and you look at it for the first time and think , ' Oh my god , this is what I really have to work with . ' But when you can see what you have as it 's gathered , it can be a much less neurotic process . " Zodiac was the first production to employ the Filmstream camera in its native Filmstream mode , which records an uncompressed video stream , allowing for exceptional quality . Contrary to popular belief , Zodiac was not shot entirely digitally ; traditional high @-@ speed film cameras were used for slow @-@ motion murder sequences . Michael Mann 's Miami Vice , as well as his previous effort , Collateral ( a co @-@ production of Paramount and its current sister studio DreamWorks , and which also starred Mark Ruffalo ) , were also shot with the camera but mixed in other formats . Once shot on the Viper camera , the files were converted to DVCPro HD 1080i and edited in Final Cut Pro . This was for editorial decisions only . During the later stages of editing the original uncompressed 1080p 4 : 4 : 4 RAW digital source footage was assembled automatically to maintain an up @-@ to @-@ date digital " negative " of the film . Other digital productions like Superman Returns or Apocalypto recorded to the HDCAM tape format . Fincher had previously worked with director of photography Harris Savides on Seven ( he shot the opening credits ) and The Game . Savides loved the script but realized , " there was so much exposition , just people talking on the phone or having conversations . It was difficult to imagine how it could be done in a visual way . " Fincher and Savides did not want to repeat the look of Seven . The director 's approach to Zodiac was to create a look mundane enough that audiences would accept that what they were watching was the truth . The filmmakers also did not want to glamorize the killer or tell the story through his eyes . " That would have turned the story into a first @-@ person @-@ shooter video game . We didn 't want to make the sort of movie that serial killers would want to own , " Fincher said . Savides ' first experience with the Viper Filmstream camera was shooting a Motorola commercial with Fincher . From there , he used it on Zodiac . Fincher wanted to make sure that the camera was more inclined towards film production so that the studio would be more comfortable about using it on a project with large budget . To familiarize himself with the camera , he " did as many things ' wrong ' as I possibly could . I went against everything I was supposed to do with the camera . " Savides felt comfortable with the camera after discovering its limitations . Fincher and Savides used the photographs of William Eggleston , Stephen Shore 's work from the early Seventies , and actual photos from the Zodiac police files . The two men worked hard to capture the look and feel of the period as Fincher admitted , " I suppose there could have been more VW bugs but I think what we show is a pretty good representation of the time . It is not technically perfect . There are some flaws but some are intended . " The San Francisco Chronicle was built in the old post office in the Terminal Annex Building in downtown Los Angeles . A building on nearby Spring Street subbed for the Hall of Justice and the San Francisco Police Department . Production began on September 12 , 2005 . The filmmakers shot for five weeks in the San Francisco Bay Area and the rest of the time in Los Angeles , bringing the film in under budget , wrapping in February 2006 . The film took 115 days to shoot . Some of the cast was not happy with Fincher 's exacting ways and perfectionism . Some scenes required upwards of 70 takes . Gyllenhaal was frustrated by the director 's methods and commented in an interview , " You get a take , 5 takes , 10 takes . Some places , 90 takes . But there is a stopping point . There 's a point at which you go , ' That 's what we have to work with . ' But we would reshoot things . So there came a point where I would say , well , what do I do ? Where 's the risk ? " Downey said , " I just decided , aside from several times I wanted to garrote him , that I was going to give him what he wanted . I think I 'm a perfect person to work for him , because I understand gulags " . Fincher responded , " If an actor is going to let the role come to them , they can 't resent the fact that I 'm willing to wait as long as that takes . You know , the first day of production in San Francisco we shot 56 takes of Mark and Jake – and it 's the 56th take that 's in the movie " . Ruffalo also backed up his director 's methods when he said , " The way I see it is , you enter into someone else 's world as an actor . You can put your expectations aside and have an experience that 's new and pushes and changes you , or hold on to what you think it should be and have a stubborn , immovable journey that 's filled with disappointment and anger . " = = = Visual effects = = = Digital Domain handled the bulk of the film 's 200 + effects shots , including pools of blood and bloody fingerprints found at crime scenes . For the murder of Cecelia Shepard that took place at Lake Berryessa , blood seepage and clothing stains were added in post @-@ production . Fincher did not want to shoot the blood with practical effects because wiping everything down after every take would take too long so the murder sequences were done with CG blood . CG was also used to recreate the San Francisco neighborhood at Washington and Cherry Streets where cab driver Paul Stine was killed . The area had changed significantly over the years and residents didn 't want the murder to be re @-@ created in their neighborhood , so Fincher shot the six @-@ minute sequence on a bluescreen stage . Production designer Donald Burt gave the visual effects team detailed drawings of the intersection as it was in 1969 . Photographs of every possible angle of the area were shot with a high @-@ resolution digital camera , allowing the effects crew to build computer @-@ based geometric models of homes that were then textured with period facades . 3 @-@ D vintage police motorcycles , squad cars , a firetruck and street lights were added to the final shot . The film 's establishing shots of the Bay Area were created by Matte World Digital . The " helicopter shots " of the fireworks @-@ laden sky over Vallejo , the San Francisco waterfront , and the cab driving through San Francisco were CG , as was the shot looking down from the tower of the Golden Gate Bridge . A time @-@ lapse sequence showing the building of the Transamerica Pyramid was a hybrid of 2D and 3D matte painting . The shot was initially created using reference photos of the Pyramid taken from the rooftop of Francis Ford Coppola 's Sentinel Building . MWD 's visual effects supervisor , Craig Barron , then researched the Pyramid 's original construction techniques for accuracy in the animated sequence . The art for the Zodiac poster was also provided by Matte World Digital at Fincher 's request . Barron and his crew shot digital photos of the city skyline at night and composited them with a stock photo taken from the top of the Golden Gate Bridge . Layers of fog were added for the final image . = = = Soundtrack = = = Originally , Fincher envisioned the film 's soundtrack to be composed of 40 cues of vintage music spanning the nearly three decades of the Zodiac story . With music supervisor George Drakoulias , the director searched for the right pop songs that reflected the era , including Three Dog Night 's cover of " Easy to Be Hard " because " it 's so ingrained in my psyche as being what the summer of ' 69 sounded like in northern California " . Initially , Fincher did not envision an original score for the film , but rather a tapestry of sound design , vintage songs of the period , sound bites and clips of KFRC ( an AM radio giant ) and " Mathews Top of the Hill Daly City " ( home of a prominent hi @-@ fi dealership of the time ) . The director told the studio that he did not need a composer and would buy various songs instead . They agreed , but as the film developed , sound designer and longtime Fincher collaborator Ren Klyce felt there were places in some scenes that could have used music . So , he inserted music from two of his favorite soundtracks , David Shire 's scores for The Conversation and All the President 's Men . Fincher was eager to work with Shire as All the President 's Men was one of his favorite films and one of the primary cinematic influences on Zodiac . He reminded Klyce of the deal that he had made with the studio . Klyce got in touch with sound and film editor Walter Murch who worked on The Conversation and he got Klyce in touch with Shire . Fincher sent the composer a copy of the script and flew him in for a meeting and a screening in L.A. At first , Fincher only wanted 15 – 20 minutes of score and for it to be all based on solo piano . As Shire worked on it and incorporated textures of a Charles Ives piece called , " The Unanswered Question " and Conversation @-@ based cues , he found that he had 37 minutes of original music . The orchestra Shire assembled consisted of musicians from the San Francisco Opera and S.F. ballet . Shire said , " There are 12 signs of the Zodiac and there is a way of using atonal and tonal music . So we used 12 tones , never repeating any of them but manipulating them " . He used specific instruments to represent the characters : the trumpet for Toschi , the solo piano for Graysmith and the dissonant strings for the Zodiac killer . = = Release = = An early version of Zodiac ran three hours and eight minutes . It was supposed to be released in time for Academy Award consideration but Paramount felt that the film ran too long and asked Fincher to make changes . Contractually , he had final cut and once he reached a length he felt was right , the director refused to make any further cuts . To trim down the film to two hours and forty minutes , he had to cut a two @-@ minute blackout montage of " hit songs signaling the passage of time from Joni Mitchell to Donna Summer . " It was replaced with a title card that reads , " Four years later . " Another cut scene that test screening audiences did not like involved " three guys talking into a speakerphone " to get a search warrant as Toschi and Armstrong talk to SFPD Capt. Marty Lee ( Dermot Mulroney ) about their case against suspect Arthur Leigh Allen . Fincher said that this scene would probably be put back on the DVD . To promote Zodiac , Paramount posted on light @-@ poles in major cities original sketches of the actual Zodiac killer with the words , " In theaters March 2nd , " at the bottom . The film was screened in competition at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival on May 17 , 2007 with Fincher and Gyllenhaal participating in a press conference afterwards . The director 's cut of Zodiac was given a rare screening at the Walter Reade Theater in New York City on November 19 , 2007 with Fincher being interviewed by film critic Kent Jones afterwards . = = = Home media = = = The DVD for Zodiac was released on July 24 , 2007 and is available widescreen or fullscreen , presented in anamorphic widescreen , and an English Dolby Digital 5 @.@ 1 Surround track . There are no extra materials included . According to David Prior , producer of the subsequent two @-@ disc special edition , the initial bare bones edition " was only reluctantly agreed to by Fincher because I needed more time on the bonus material . The studio was locked into their release date , so Fincher allowed that version to be released first . It had nothing to do with Fincher ' double dipping his own movie before it even makes it to stores ' and everything to do with buying more time for the special edition " . He stated that the theatrical cut would only be available on the single @-@ disc edition . Prior elaborated further : " Nobody wants fans feeling like they 're being taken advantage of , and I know that double @-@ dipping creates that impression . That 's why it was so important to me that consumers be told there was another version coming . In this case it really was a rock @-@ and @-@ a @-@ hard @-@ place situation , and delaying the second release was done strictly for the benefit of the final product ... But this is a very ambitious project , easily the most far @-@ reaching I 've ever worked on , and owing largely to studio snafus that I can 't really elaborate on , I didn 't have enough time to do it properly . Thus Fincher bought me the extra time by agreeing to a staggered release , which I 'm very grateful for " . In its first week , rentals for the DVD earned $ 6 @.@ 7 million . The two @-@ disc director 's cut DVD and HD DVD were released on January 8 , 2008 , with its UK release on Blu @-@ ray and DVD announced for September 29 , 2008 . Disc 1 features , in addition to a longer cut of the film , an audio commentary by Fincher and a second by Gyllenhaal , Downey , Fischer , Vanderbilt , and Ellroy . Disc 2 includes a trailer , a " Zodiac Deciphered " documentary , a " Visual Effects of Zodiac " featurette , previsualization split @-@ screen comparisons for the Blue Rock Springs , Lake Berryessa , and San Francisco murder sequences , a " This is the Zodiac Speaking " featurette , and a " His Name Was Arthur Leigh Allen " featurette . Other extras apparently originally intended for the set , including TV spots and featurettes on " Digital Workflow " , " Linguistic Analysis " , " Jeopardy Surface : Geographic Profiling " ( Dr. Kim Rossmo 's geographic profile of the Zodiac ) , and " The Psychology of Aggression : Behavioral Profiling " ( Special Agent Sharon Pagaling @-@ Hagan 's behavioral profile of the Zodiac ) were omitted . However , the latter three featurettes were made available on the film 's website . This new version runs five minutes longer than the theatrical cut . For Oscar contention , Paramount distributed the Director 's Cut DVD to the Producers Guild of America , the Writers Guild of America and the Screen Actors Guild , instead of the official release version . This was the first time that the studio had done this . = = Reception = = = = = Box office = = = Opening in 2 @,@ 362 theaters on March 2 , 2007 , the film grossed US $ 13 @.@ 3 million in its opening weekend , placing second and posting a per @-@ theater average of $ 5 @,@ 671 . The film was outgrossed by fellow opener Wild Hogs and saw a decline of over 50 % in its second weekend , losing out to the record @-@ breaking 300 . It grossed $ 33 million in North America and $ 51 million in the rest of the world , bringing its current total to $ 84 million , above its estimated $ 65 million production budget . In an interview with Sight & Sound magazine , Fincher addressed the film 's low gross at the North American box office : " Even with the box office being what it is , I still think there 's an audience out there for this movie . Everyone has a different idea about marketing , but my philosophy is that if you market a movie to 16 @-@ year @-@ old boys and don 't deliver Saw or Seven , they 're going to be the most vociferous ones coming out of the screening saying ' This movie sucks . ' And you 're saying goodbye to the audience who would get it because they 're going to look at the ads and say , ' I don 't want to see some slasher movie . ' " = = = Critical response = = = Overall , reviews of the film were highly positive . Entertainment Weekly critic Owen Gleiberman awarded the film an " A " grade , hailing the film as a " procedural thriller for the information age " that " spins your head in a new way , luring you into a vortex and then deeper still . " Nathan Lee in his review for The Village Voice wrote that director Fincher 's " very lack of pretense , coupled with a determination to get the facts down with maximum economy and objectivity , gives Zodiac its hard , bright integrity . As a crime saga , newspaper drama , and period piece , it works just fine . As an allegory of life in the information age , it blew my mind . " Todd McCarthy 's review in Variety praised the film 's " almost unerringly accurate evocation of the workaday San Francisco of 35 – 40 years ago . Forget the distorted emphasis on hippies and flower @-@ power that many such films indulge in ; this is the city as it was experienced by most people who lived and worked there . " David Ansen , in his review for Newsweek magazine , wrote , " Zodiac is meticulously crafted – Harris Savides 's state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art digital cinematography has a richness indistinguishable from film – and it runs almost two hours and 40 minutes . Still , the movie holds you in its grip from start to finish . Fincher boldly ( and some may think perversely ) withholds the emotional and forensic payoff we 're conditioned to expect from a big studio movie . " Some critics , however , were displeased with the film 's long running time and lack of action scenes . " The film gets mired in the inevitable red tape of police investigations , " wrote Bob Longino of The Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution , who also felt that the film " stumbles to a rather unfulfilling conclusion " and " seems to last as long as the Oscars . " Andrew Sarris of The New York Observer felt that " Mr. Fincher 's flair for casting is the major asset of his curiously attenuated return to the serial @-@ killer genre . I keep saying ' curiously ' with regard to Mr. Fincher , because I can 't really figure out what he is up to in Zodiac – with its two @-@ hour @-@ and @-@ 37 @-@ minute running time for what struck me as a shaggy @-@ dog narrative . " Christy Lemire wrote in the San Francisco Chronicle that " Jake Gyllenhaal is both the central figure and the weakest link ... But he 's never fleshed out sufficiently to make you believe that he 'd sacrifice his safety and that of his family to find the truth . We are told repeatedly that the former Eagle Scout is just a genuinely good guy , but that 's not enough . " In the United Kingdom , Time Out magazine wrote , " Zodiac isn 't a puzzle film in quite that way ; instead its subject is the compulsion to solve puzzles , and its coup is the creeping recognition , quite contrary to the flow of crime cinema , of how fruitless that compulsion can be . " Peter Bradshaw in his review for The Guardian commended the film for its " sheer cinematic virility , " and gave it four stars out of five . In his review for Empire magazine , Kim Newman gave the film four out of five stars and wrote , " You 'll need patience with the film 's approach , which follows its main characters by poring over details , and be prepared to put up with a couple of rote family arguments and weary cop conversations , but this gripping character study becomes more agonisingly suspenseful as it gets closer to an answer that can 't be confirmed . " Graham Fuller in Sight & Sound magazine wrote , " the tone is pleasingly flat and mundane , evoking the demoralising grind of police work in a pre @-@ feminist , pre @-@ technological era . As such , Zodiac is considerably more adult than both Seven , which salivates over the macabre cat @-@ and @-@ mouse game it plays with the audience , and the macho brinkmanship of Fight Club . " Not all British critics liked the film . David Thompson in The Guardian felt that in relation to the rest of Fincher 's career , Zodiac was " the worst yet , a terrible disappointment in which an ingenious and deserving all @-@ American serial killer nearly gets lost in the meandering treatment of cops and journalists obsessed with the case . " In France , Le Monde newspaper praised Fincher for having " obtained a maturity that impresses by his mastery of form , " while Libération described the film as " a thriller of elegance magnificently photographed by the great Harry Savides . " However , Le Figaro wrote , " No audacity , no invention , nothing but a plot which intrigues without captivating , disturbs without terrifying , interests without exciting . " As of December 2015 , Zodiac has a rating of 89 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 233 reviews dubbing it " Certified Fresh " . Its consensus states " A quiet , dialogue @-@ driven thriller that delivers with scene after scene of gut @-@ wrenching anxiety . David Fincher also spends more time illustrating nuances of his characters and recreating the mood of the 70s than he does on gory details of murder . " . It also has a 78 metascore at Metacritic . = = = = Top ten lists = = = = Only two 2007 films ( No Country for Old Men and There Will Be Blood ) appeared on more critics ' top ten lists than Zodiac . Some of the notable top @-@ ten list appearances are : In the British Film Institute 's 2012 Sight & Sound polls of the greatest movies ever made , three critics and one director – Bong Joon @-@ ho – named Zodiac one of their 10 favorite films . = = = Accolades = = = Nominations Cannes Film Festival 2007 : Palme d 'Or Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 2007 : Best Director , Best Screenplay Adapted Satellite Awards 2007 : Best Supporting Actor ( Brian Cox ) , Best Cinematography ( Harris Savides ) , Best Adapted Screenplay ( James Vanderbilt ) Teen Choice Awards 2007 : Choice Movie Actor : Horror / Thriller ( Jake Gyllenhaal ) Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 2007 : Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Picture Online Film Critics Society Awards 2007 : Best Picture , Best Director , Best Adapted Screenplay , Best Editing World Soundtrack Awards 2007 : Best Original Soundtrack of the Year ( David Shire ) Saturn Award 2008 : Best Action or Adventure Film Bodil Awards 2008 : Best American Film Empire Awards 2008 : Best Director ( David Fincher ) , Best Film , Best Thriller Edgar Allan Poe Awards 2008 : Best Motion Picture Screenplay ( James Vanderbilt ) Golden Trailer Awards 2008 : Best Teaser Poster London Critics Circle Film Awards 2008 : Director of The Year ( David Fincher ) , Film of The Year USC Scripter Award 2008 : James Vanderbilt ( screenwriter ) , Robert Graysmith ( author ) Visual Effects Society Awards 2008 : Outstanding Supporting Visual Effects in a Motion Picture and Outstanding Created Environment in a Live Action Motion Picture Writers Guild of America Awards 2007 : Best Adapted Screenplay ( James Vanderbilt and Robert Graysmith ) from Zodiac
= Madagascar Plan = The Madagascar Plan was a proposal by the Nazi German government to relocate the Jewish population of Europe to the island of Madagascar . Franz Rademacher , head of the Jewish Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the German government , proposed the idea in June 1940 , shortly before the Fall of France . The proposal called for the handing over of control of Madagascar , then a French colony , to Germany as part of the French surrender terms . The idea of deporting Polish Jews to Madagascar was investigated by the Polish government in 1937 , but the task force sent to evaluate the island 's potential determined that only 5 @,@ 000 to 7 @,@ 000 families could be accommodated , or even as few as 500 families by some estimates . As efforts by the Nazis to encourage emigration of the Jewish population of Germany before World War II were only partially successful , the idea of deporting Jews to Madagascar was revived by the Nazi government in 1940 . Rademacher recommended on 3 June 1940 that Madagascar should be made available as a destination for the Jews of Europe . With Adolf Hitler 's approval , Adolf Eichmann released a memorandum on 15 August 1940 calling for the resettlement of a million Jews per year for four years , with the island governed as a police state under the SS . They assumed that many Jews would succumb to its harsh conditions should the plan be implemented . The plan was not viable due to the British naval blockade . It was postponed after the Axis lost the Battle of Britain in September 1940 , and was permanently shelved in 1942 with the commencement of the Final Solution , towards which it had functioned as an important psychological step . = = Origins = = In the late 1800s and early 1900s there were a number of resettlement plans for European Jews that were precursors to the Madagascar Plan . Paul de Lagarde , an Orientalist scholar , first suggested evacuating the European Jews to Madagascar in his 1878 work Deutsche Schriften ( " German Writings " ) . Members of the Zionist movement in 1904 – 1905 seriously debated the British Uganda Programme , by which Russian Jews , who were in immediate danger from ongoing pogroms , would be settled in what today is Kenya . The plan was later rejected as unworkable by the Zionist Congress . Adherents of territorialism split off from the main Zionist movement and continued to search for a location where Jews might settle and create a state , or at least an autonomous area . The idea of Jewish resettlement in Madagascar was promoted by British antisemites Henry Hamilton Beamish , Arnold Leese , and others . With the cooperation of the French , the Polish government commissioned a task force in 1937 to examine the possibility of deporting Polish Jews to the island . The head of the commission , Mieczysław Lepecki , felt the island could accommodate 5 @,@ 000 to 7 @,@ 000 families , but Jewish members of the group estimated that only 500 or even fewer families could safely be accommodated . = = In Nazi Germany = = Racism and antisemitism were basic tenets of the Nazi Party and the Nazi government . Discrimination and violent attacks against Jews began immediately after the seizure of power in 1933 . Violence and economic pressure were used by the Nazis to encourage Jews to voluntarily leave the country . By 1939 , around 250 @,@ 000 of Germany 's 437 @,@ 000 Jews had emigrated to the United States , Argentina , the United Kingdom , Palestine , and other countries . The Nazi leadership seized on the idea of deporting the remaining German Jews overseas . Barren , unproductive lands were viewed as appropriate destinations as this would prevent the deportees from flourishing in their new location . In his May 1940 memorandum to Hitler , Concerning the Treatment of the Alien Population in the East , Reichsführer @-@ SS Heinrich Himmler declared that he hoped to see " the term ' Jew ' [ ... ] completely eliminated through the massive immigration of all Jews to Africa or some other colony " . = = = Planning begins = = = Initial discussions began to take place in 1938 among Nazi ideologues such as Julius Streicher , Hermann Göring , Alfred Rosenberg , and Joachim von Ribbentrop , . Ten per cent of Jews under German jurisdiction by that date were Polish nationals . Józef Lipski , the Polish ambassador to Germany , expressed his country 's reluctance to take them back , and the Polish government decreed that Polish passport holders would not be permitted to return except under specific conditions . When Ribbentrop raised the matter with French foreign minister Georges Bonnet in December of that year , Bonnet expressed French reluctance to receive more German Jews and inquired if measures could be taken to prevent their arrival . France itself was contemplating how to deport sone 10 @,@ 000 Jews and considered whether Madagascar might be an appropriate destination . Planning for German deportations to Madagascar formally began in 1940 . Franz Rademacher , recently appointed head of the Jewish Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , forwarded on 3 June to his superior , the diplomat Martin Luther , a memorandum on the fate of the Jews . " The desirable solution is : all Jews out of Europe , " said Rademacher . He briefly considered Palestine as a destination , but deemed it unsuitable , as he considered it undesirable that a strong Jewish state should be created in the Middle East . As well , Palestine was at the time under British control . Rademacher recommended that the French colony of Madagascar should be made available as a destination for the Jews of Europe as one of the terms of the surrender of France , which the Germans had invaded on 10 May 1940 . The resettled Jews , noted Rademacher , could be used as hostages to ensure " future good behaviour of their racial comrades in America " . The plan was developed by Referat D III of the Abteilung Deutschland . Luther broached the subject with Foreign Minister Ribbentrop , who was simultaneously developing a similar scheme . By 18 June , Hitler and Ribbentrop spoke of the Plan with Italian leader Benito Mussolini as a possibility that could be pursued after the defeat of France . Once he learned of the plan , SS @-@ Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich , chief of the Reich Main Security Office ( RSHA ) , insisted that Ribbentrop relinquish any future responsibility for the Plan to that office . As Heydrich had been appointed by Göring in January 1939 to oversee Jewish evacuation from German @-@ occupied territory , the Jewish question was hence under his purview . Adolf Eichmann , head of the RSHA Sub @-@ Department IV @-@ B4 , which dealt with Jewish affairs and evacuation , soon became involved . On 15 August , he released a memorandum titled Reichssicherheitshauptamt : Madagaskar Projekt ( Reich Main Security Office : Madagascar Project ) , calling for the resettlement of a million Jews per year for four years and abandoning the idea of retaining any Jews in Europe . The RSHA , he emphasized , would control all aspects of the program . While Rademacher called for the colony to be under German control but self @-@ governing under Jewish administration , Eichmann made it plain that he intended for the SS to control and oversee every aspect of life on the island , which they would govern as a police state . Most Nazi bureaux , including the Foreign Office , the Security Police , and the Generalgouvernement pinned their hopes on the plan as the last chance to " solve the Jewish problem " through emigration . In particular , Hans Frank , governor of the General Government ( the occupied portion of Poland ) , viewed the forced resettlement to Madagascar as being preferable to the heretofore piecemeal efforts at deportation into Poland . As of 10 July , deportations into Poland were cancelled and construction of the Warsaw ghetto was halted , since it appeared to be unnecessary . = = = Planning continues = = = Rademacher envisioned the founding of a European bank that would ultimately liquidate all European Jewish assets to pay for the plan . This bank would then play an intermediary role between Madagascar and the rest of the world , as Jews would not be allowed to interact financially with outsiders . Göring 's office of the Four Year Plan would oversee the administration of the plan 's economics . Additionally , Rademacher foresaw roles for other government agencies . Ribbentrop 's Foreign Affairs Ministry would negotiate terms with the French for the handover of Madagascar to Germany . It would also play a part in crafting other treaties to deal with Europe 's Jews . Its Information Department , along with Joseph Goebbels and his Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda , would control the flow of information at home and abroad . Viktor Brack , a division chief in the Chancellery of the Führer , would oversee transportation . The SS would undertake the expulsion of the Jews from Europe and govern the island as a police state . The Nazis expected that after the invasion of the United Kingdom in Operation Sea Lion that they would commandeer the British merchant fleet to transport the Jews to Madagascar . Many deportees were expected to perish in the harsh conditions or die at the hands of the SS . = = = Plan abandoned = = = With the failure to defeat the Royal Air Force in the Battle of Britain , the proposed invasion of the UK was postponed indefinitely on 17 September 1940 . This meant the British merchant fleet would not be at Germany 's disposal for use in evacuations , and planning for the Madagascar proposal stalled . In late August 1940 , Rademacher entreated Ribbentrop to hold a meeting at his ministry to begin drawing up a panel of experts to consolidate the plan . Ribbentrop never responded . Likewise , Eichmann 's memorandum languished with Heydrich , who never approved it . Establishment of ghettos in Warsaw and other cities in Poland resumed in August 1940 . Hitler continued to mention the plan until February 1942 , when the idea was permanently shelved . British Empire forces took the island from Vichy France in the Battle of Madagascar in November 1942 and control was transferred to the Free French . At the end of 1940 , Hitler asked Himmler to draft a new plan for the elimination of the Jews of Europe , and Himmler passed along the task to Heydrich . His draft proposed the deportation of the Jews to the Soviet Union via Poland . The later Generalplan Ost ( General Plan for the East ) , prepared by Professor Konrad Meyer and others , called for deporting the entire population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to Siberia , either for use as slave labour or to be murdered after the Soviet defeat . After the Axis failure in the Battle of Moscow and the entry of the United States into the war in December 1941 , Hitler resolved that the Jews of Europe were to be exterminated immediately rather than after the war , which now had no end in sight . Since transporting masses of people into a combat zone would be impossible , Heydrich decided that the Jews would be killed in extermination camps set up in occupied areas of Poland . The total number of Jews murdered during the resulting Holocaust is estimated at 5 @.@ 5 to 6 million people . = = = Explanatory notes = = =
= M @-@ 24 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 24 is a state trunkline highway in the U.S. state of Michigan that extends 75 @.@ 691 miles ( 121 @.@ 813 km ) through Southeast Michigan and The Thumb , from northeast Auburn Hills to Unionville . It starts at an interchange with Interstate 75 ( I @-@ 75 ) and ends where it merges with M @-@ 25 . While the M @-@ 24 designation is similar to that of US Highway 24 ( US 24 ) which has a northern terminus located only a few miles from the southern terminus of M @-@ 24 , M @-@ 24 was never part of US 24 . The first M @-@ 24 in Michigan was replaced by M @-@ 20 when US 10 replaced the original M @-@ 20 in 1926 . A 1936 bypass of downtown Pontiac resulted in the creation of M @-@ 24A which later became BUS M @-@ 24 in 1940 . An extension in 1997 moved the northern end of M @-@ 24 northward from Caro to Unionville , replacing a section of M @-@ 138 in the process . = = Route description = = M @-@ 24 begins a hundred feet south of an overpass that is part of a double trumpet interchange with I @-@ 75 in Auburn Hills . The interchange also connects with an entrance into The Palace of Auburn Hills , home of the NBA 's Detroit Pistons , and a variety of electronic signs are contained in the area to indicate the status of access to the entrance . The roadway is a continuation of Business Loop I @-@ 75 ( BL I @-@ 75 ) that travels through Pontiac . This section of the highway dedicated to William Davidson , former owner of the Pistons , in legislation signed by Michigan Governor Rick Snyder in May 2011 . The section of M @-@ 24 from its southern terminus in Auburn Hills north to the village of Oxford is one of the busiest stretches of road in the state in terms of annual average daily traffic ( AADT ) . Near The Palace of Auburn Hills , 50 @,@ 600 vehicles used the roadway on average in 2007 . The road is a standard Michigan expressway design , with at @-@ grade intersections , traffic signals , and Michigan Lefts . M @-@ 24 continues north through the Bald Mountain Recreation Area and along the eastern shore of Lake Orion in the village of Lake Orion . This expressway continues a few miles north of the Lapeer County line , where the highway becomes a two @-@ lane highway for a few miles , before returning to expressway from Metamora to I @-@ 69 . South of Metamora , M @-@ 24 runs parallel to the former right @-@ of @-@ way for the Michigan Central Railroad north into the city of Lapeer . M @-@ 24 continues north from Lapeer running west of Barnes Lake and east of the community of Columbiaville just south of the M @-@ 90 junction . South of the Tuscola County line , the trunkline passes the Greenbriar Golf Club and crosses the Pere Marquette Railroad before turning west along Saginaw Road into the community of Mayville and turning north along Mertz Road . South of Caro , M @-@ 24 meets M @-@ 46 . Once past Frank Street in Caro , M @-@ 24 becomes Ellington Street . M @-@ 24 then comes to meet M @-@ 81 in Caro , where the highway becomes Cleaver Road . M @-@ 24 then jogs west along Biebel Road and then north along Unionville Road past a junction with M @-@ 138 to end in Unionville at M @-@ 25 . M @-@ 24 is also known locally as Lapeer Road in several areas , including Orion Township , Oxford Township , and Metamora . In the Village of Oxford , it is also known as Washington Street . In downtown Lapeer , it is known as Main Street , and north of Mayville as Mertz Rd . In the Unionville area , it is also known as Unionville Road . = = History = = = = = Original designation = = = In 1919 , the first M @-@ 24 was designated along today 's M @-@ 20 . From Midland east , M @-@ 24 continued along today 's M @-@ 47 . When the U.S. Highway System was created , US 10 replaced M @-@ 20 and M @-@ 20 in turn replaced the first M @-@ 24 . The M @-@ 24 designation was then applied to the current routing . = = = Current designation = = = The current designation was assigned in two pieces , Pontiac to Lapeer and Vassar to Bay City . The two sections would be joined in 1927 by a concurrency along M @-@ 21 and M @-@ 15 . This arrangement lasted until a permanent solo routing was created in 1930 . The Pontiac area saw a rerouting of M @-@ 24 to an eastern bypass of town in 1936 . The former routing in town became M @-@ 24A . It would be redesignated as BUS M @-@ 24 in 1940 when the State Highway Department debuted business routes in Michigan . The northern terminus was moved to M @-@ 81 in Caro in 1942 , and the southern terminus was shifted to the present location in 1963 . Prior to a 1997 extension , M @-@ 24 ended at M @-@ 81 in Caro ; now it continues up to M @-@ 25 in Unionville . From 2006 to 2008 , M @-@ 24 was expanded to a boulevard between Metamora and Lapeer . There is still a two lane section between the Lapeer / Oakland County Line and Metamora that is planned to be upgraded in the near future . The construction has been delayed because of development close to the highway near Metamora . = = Major intersections = =
= Mark Speight = Mark Warwick Fordham Speight ( 6 August 1965 – 7 April 2008 ) was an English television presenter , best known as the host of children 's art programme SMart . Speight grew up in Tettenhall , Wolverhampton , and left school at 16 to become a cartoonist . He took a degree in commercial and graphic art and , while working in television set construction , heard of auditions for a new children 's art programme . Speight was successful in his audition and became one of the first presenters of SMart , working on it for 14 years . Speight was also a presenter on See It Saw It , where he met his future fiancée , actress and model Natasha Collins . He took part in live events , such as Rolf on Art and his own Speight of the Art workshops for children . He was involved in charity work ; he became the president of the Muscular Dystrophy Campaign 's Young Pavement Artists Competition , and was a spokesperson for ChildLine . In January 2008 , Speight found Collins 's body in the bath of their shared London flat . He was arrested on suspicion of her murder , but not charged with any offence . An inquest later determined that Collins had died of a drug overdose and severe burns from hot water . In April that year , Speight was reported missing and was later discovered to have taken his own life by hanging himself near Paddington station . Two suicide notes were discovered , describing how he could no longer live without Collins . = = Early life = = Speight was born in Seisdon , Staffordshire , and grew up in Tettenhall , Wolverhampton . Speight had two siblings , Tina @-@ Louise Richmond ( née Speight ) , and Jason Speight . His father , Oliver Warwick Speight , is a property developer , and his mother , Jacqueline Fordham Speight ( née Parker ) , was an art teacher . Jacqueline died on 5 September 2008 , aged 62 , from a stroke allegedly brought on by the stress of her son 's death . Speight attended the independent school Tettenhall College for a year , before moving to state comprehensive Regis School , now known as King 's C.E. School , also in Tettenhall , at the age of 12 . Speight stated in an interview he was a slow learner at school , with a short attention span , and art was a way for him to communicate . He said he did " very badly " because he was a victim of bullying , and the " daily ordeal for two years " forced him to become the " class joker " . Speight left aged 16 and went on to attend Bilston Art School , where he took a degree in commercial and graphic art . = = Career = = He intended to become a cartoonist , but Speight eventually became a TV presenter following a job painting the set of a television production . He auditioned for SMart and , following a successful interview where he met future co @-@ presenter Jay Burridge , he went on to present SMart from its first edition in 1994 . Speight became close friends with Burridge , whose art studio in West London was used to create all of the art content for SMart ; Burridge noted : " We would bounce ideas and jokes off each other all day until we had developed an almost telepathically linked knowledge of what made each other laugh . " Speight and Burridge were joined by third presenter Zoë Ball , who was replaced first by Josie d 'Arby , and then Kirsten O 'Brien and Lizi Botham . With Burridge O 'Brien and Botham Speight presented the spin @-@ off shows SMart on the Road , and SMarteenies and participated in various live events . He achieved further fame while starring in the BAFTA @-@ nominated ITV Saturday morning show Scratchy & Co. from 1995 until 1998 . Speight worked on numerous other shows , ranging from children 's television to adult factual programmes . His children 's television credits include playing the Abominable No Man in Timmy Mallett 's Timmy Towers and presenting Beat the Cyborgs , Name That Toon , On Your Marks , Insides Out , and History Busters , the last of which won a Royal Television Society Award . Speight also worked on This Morning , The Heaven and Earth Show , The Big Breakfast and was a contestant in ITV 's Celebrity Wrestling . Speight also played the king on children 's programme See It Saw It , where he met Natasha Collins . Collins was seriously injured after being hit by a car in 2001 , and had to leave See It Saw It . Speight began dating her in 2003 , and they became engaged in Barbados in 2005 . They planned to get married in fancy dress and Speight joked that the wedding might feature monkeys , his favourite animal . In 2004 , Speight participated in Rolf Harris 's Rolf on Art , for which a giant reproduction of John Constable 's The Hay Wain was created in Trafalgar Square . In 2005 , he was involved in a similar project where Hans Holbein 's portrait of Henry VIII and Leonardo da Vinci 's Mona Lisa were both reconstructed , the latter in the grounds of Edinburgh Castle . Speight had planned a project involving a trip to Borneo in March 2008 to train abused orangutans not to fight each other , but this never took place . Speight regularly toured with Speight of the Art , a series of art workshops he ran for children , and during the Christmas period , he performed in pantomime as " Buttons " in Cinderella at the Watersmeet , Rickmansworth , in December 2007 . Speight was involved in charity work . He was President of the Muscular Dystrophy Campaign 's Young Pavement Artists Competition , originally a one @-@ off , year @-@ long project that ended up lasting eight years , and he was a spokesperson for ChildLine . In 2007 he was the presenter of the Müller Big Art Project for Comic Relief in Trafalgar Square . = = Arrest and disappearance = = On the afternoon of 3 January 2008 , Speight called emergency services after waking up to discover Natasha Collins 's body in the bath at their St John 's Wood flat , in north @-@ west London . Speight told police that he and Collins had spent the previous evening " partying " , drinking wine and vodka , and taking cocaine and sleeping pills . Speight was questioned by police and was subsequently arrested on suspicion of murder and of supplying class A drugs , but was released on bail until the first week of February . Because of this , the BBC cancelled the Saturday repeat edition of SMart . An inquest , which opened on 8 January 2008 , heard that the death was not thought to be suspicious but should be " subject to further investigation " . At that point , police were awaiting results of toxicology tests after a postmortem examination was inconclusive . The BBC cancelled repeat broadcasts of SMart and SMarteenies until further notice , and on 28 February Speight announced he was quitting SMart , because the " tragic loss " of Collins had left him unable to continue with the show . Speight denied any involvement with Collins 's death , and on 19 March it was reported that the police were no longer considering Speight as a suspect . In April 2008 , the coroner recorded a verdict of death by misadventure in relation to Collins . The cause of death was " cocaine toxicity and immersion in hot water " , according to the consultant pathologist . The inquest found that she had taken " very significant " amounts of cocaine with sleeping pills and vodka , and that she had suffered 60 % burns to her body , including her tongue . The coroner noted that at some stage in the night after both Speight and Collins had gone to bed , Collins got up to have a bath . He said that it was " more likely than not " that a heart problem had caused Collins to fall unconscious while the hot tap was running . Following Collins 's death , Speight moved in with Collins 's mother . Speight planned to meet with Collins 's mother at Covent Garden for coffee on the afternoon of 7 April . He was dropped off at Wood Green tube station that morning , but never appeared at the planned meeting . Speight missed an appointment with a counsellor , but this was because of confusion over dates . Two police officers spoke to him , as he appeared " vacant " , " distracted " and " deep in thought " , but he refused their help . He was captured on CCTV in the afternoon taking money from a cash machine at Queen 's Park station , and he subsequently boarded a southbound Bakerloo line train . He was reported missing the following day by family and friends , and his mother and the mother of Natasha Collins made a public appeal in which they urged him to make contact . Speight 's father also appealed for him to get in touch . = = Death and legacy = = On 13 April , Speight 's body was discovered hanging from the roof of MacMillan House , adjacent to London 's Paddington Station , hidden from public view , six days after he died . The discovery was made by railway workers at 10 : 00 am , and British Transport Police confirmed that the body was Speight 's on 14 April 2008 . An inquest into his death opened on 16 April 2008 , and a post @-@ mortem confirmed the cause of death as hanging . It was then adjourned until 20 May . The police said Speight may have used a sixth floor fire exit to get to the area where he was found . The report of Speight 's death on the BBC 's children 's news programme Newsround provoked complaints that it upset young viewers . The BBC decided to avoid using the word " suicide , " and instead Newsround reported that " police don 't think he was killed by anyone else . " Speight 's funeral was held on 28 April at St Michael and All Angels Church in Tettenhall and hundreds went to pay their respects . The service included a performance by the choir from Tettenhall College , Speight 's former school , and his coffin was carried out of the church accompanied by the theme tune of SMart . He was later cremated and his ashes were interred in Tettenhall . In May , the inquest resumed and determined that Speight was deeply depressed by his fiancee 's death . It was also disclosed that suicide notes had been found , one in his left pocket , and one addressed to his parents in his diary at his home . The notes described how he could not " contemplate life without [ Collins ] " . The coroner , Dr Paul Knapman , said there were no suspicious circumstances surrounding the death . In May 2008 , Speight 's father created a foundation , Speight of the Art , or SP8 of the Art and launched it at a memorial service that took place on what would have been his 43rd birthday , 6 August 2008 , at St Paul 's Church in Covent Garden , London .
= Dr. Bonham 's Case = Thomas Bonham v College of Physicians , commonly known as Dr. Bonham 's Case or simply Bonham 's Case , was decided in 1610 by the Court of Common Pleas in England under Sir Edward Coke , the court 's Chief Justice . Coke said that " in many cases , the common law will control Acts of Parliament " , and explained why he thought so . Coke 's meaning has been disputed over the years ; according to one interpretation , Coke intended the kind of judicial review that would later develop in the United States , whereas other scholars contend that Coke only meant to construe a statute without challenging Parliamentary sovereignty . If Coke intended the former , then he may have eventually changed his view . This statement by Coke is sometimes considered obiter dicta , rather than part of the rationale of the case . Whatever Coke 's meaning , after an initial period when his decision enjoyed some support ( but during which no statutes were declared void ) , Bonham 's Case was thrown aside in favour of the growing doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty . In one of the most prominent early treatises supporting that doctrine , William Blackstone wrote that Parliament is the sovereign law @-@ maker , preventing the common law courts from throwing aside or reviewing statutes in the fashion Coke suggested . Parliamentary sovereignty is now the accepted judicial doctrine in the legal system of England and Wales . Bonham 's Case was met with mixed reactions at the time , with King James I and the Lord Chancellor , Lord Ellesmere , both deeply unhappy with it ; it has been suggested as one of the reasons for Coke 's dismissal from the Common Pleas in 1613 . Academics in the 19th and 20th centuries have been scarcely more favourable , calling it " a foolish doctrine alleged to have been laid down extra @-@ judicially " , and simply an " abortion " . In the United States , Coke 's decision met with a better reaction . During the legal and public campaigns against the writs of assistance and Stamp Act of 1765 , Bonham 's Case was given as a justification for nullifying the legislation , although by 1772 Blackstone 's views gained acceptance . Marbury v. Madison , the American case which in 1803 formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution , used the words " void " and " repugnant " , although Marbury 's usage was somewhat different from Coke 's usage . Academics have argued that Coke 's work in Bonham 's Case forms the basis of judicial review in the United States ; other academics disagree , with one scholar calling this " one of the most enduring myths of American constitutional law and theory , to say nothing of history " . = = Background = = The College of Physicians ( renamed in 1674 the Royal College of Physicians ) was historically an elite organisation . Created by royal charter in 1518 , the college was founded by six English academic doctors trained in English universities . It only admitted British men who had trained at a university and passed a three @-@ part Latin exam in medical theory . Only 24 Fellows were allowed , and if an entrant came at a time when all 24 Fellowships were full , he would instead become a Candidate , with the most senior Candidate admitted to the first vacant Fellowship . An Act of Parliament confirming their royal charter also gave the college the ability to act as a court , judging other practitioners and punishing those acting badly or practising without a licence . A second Act , the College of Physicians Act 1553 , amended the charter and gave them the right to imprison , indefinitely , those they judged . This " flew in the face of the common law assumption that to practice medicine one needed only the consent of the patient " ; Despite this , on 8 April 1602 , John Popham , the Chief Justice , upheld the college 's authority to imprison and fine , saying " That no man , though never so learned a Phisition , or doctor may Practise in London , or within seaven myles , without the Colledge Lycense " and " That a free man of London , may lawfully be imprysoned by the Colledge " . Thomas Bonham had been admitted to St John 's College , Cambridge , in 1581 . Earning a Bachelor 's degree in 1584 , he completed a Master 's by 1588 and studied for a medical doctorate at Cambridge , later granted by the University of Oxford . By 1602 he had completed his studies and moved to London , where he practised medicine and associated himself with the Barber @-@ Surgeons ' Company , campaigning for it to be allowed to authorise medical practitioners in a similar way to the College of Physicians . Apparently giving up after a failed petition to Parliament in 1605 , Bonham petitioned to join the college on 6 December 1605 , but was rejected and told to return after further study . Returning on 14 April 1606 , he was again told he could not join , and fined £ 5 and threatened with imprisonment for continuing to practise . Bonham ignored this , and kept working as a doctor ; on 3 October it was announced he was to be arrested and fined £ 10 . Bonham again appeared before the college , this time with a lawyer , on 7 November . He announced that he would continue to practise without seeking the college 's permission , since he claimed they had no power over graduates of Oxford or Cambridge . On this he was imprisoned – some say at Fleet Prison , some at Newgate Prison — for contempt , but his lawyer had a writ of habeas corpus issued by the Court of Common Pleas which freed him on 13 November . Bonham 's successful writ worried the college , whose previous success with Popham and " keen cultivation " of Popham , Lord Ellesmere ( the Lord Chancellor ) and other Crown officials had left them assured that their jurisdiction would be maintained . As such , the college appealed directly to the Crown officers , and on 1 May met with a committee of judges at Ellesmere 's house . This committee was composed of Ellesmere , Popham , Thomas Fleming , two judges from the Court of Common Pleas and two from the Court of King 's Bench . These judges all agreed that " for not well doeing useing or practicing the facultie or arte of physike or for disobedience or contempte donne and committed against anye ordynaunce made by the colledge ... they may committ the offenders without bayle or mayneprise " . This success spurred the college to move against Bonham yet again , this time by suing him in the King 's Bench for £ 60 for maintaining an illicit practice . In a counterattack , Bonham brought a suit in the Common Pleas requesting £ 100 damages , alleging that they had trespassed against his person and wrongfully imprisoned him " against the law and custom of this kingdom of England " . = = Case = = The case was heard in the Court of Common Pleas by Warburton J , Daniel J , Foster J , Walmisley J and the Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke , with a decision finally reached in the winter of 1610 . The college 's lawyers had argued that the two Acts of Parliament and the royal charter " intends , that none shall practise here but those who are most learned and expert , more than ordinary " . As such , the college was free to punish for both practising without a licence and for malpractice , with the 1553 Act giving them the authority to imprison those they judged . Bonham 's lawyers replied by arguing that the Acts and charter were intended to prevent malpractice , not practising without a licence . Moreover , Bonham 's study " [ in the texts at university ] is practise [ sic ] " , and that to become a doctor means to have been considered capable of teaching : " when a man brings with him the ensign of doctrine , there is no reason that he should be examined again , for then if thou will not allow of him , he shall not be allowed , though he is a learned and grave man , and it is not the intent of the King to make a monopoly of this practise " . As such , the Act " doth not inhibit a doctor to practice [ sic ] , but [ only ] punisheth him for ill using , exercising , and making [ of physic ] " ; it covered malpractice , not for illicit practice . Walmisley and Foster sided with the college , with Walmisley delivering the joint opinion . He said that since the statute clearly said " no person " could practise without the college 's licence , only one verdict was acceptable , because the college had a valid licensing authority . The royal charter was to be interpreted as granting the college a duty on behalf of the King : It is the office of a King to survey his subjects , and he is a physician to cure their maladies , and to remove leprosies amongst them , and also to remove all fumes and smells , which may offend or be prejudicial to their health ... and so if a man be not right in his wits , the King is to have the protection and government of him , lest he being infirm , waste or consume his lands or goods ; and it is not sufficient for him that his subjects live , but that they should live happily ; and [ he ] discharges not his office , if his subjects live a life , but [ only ] if they live and flourish ; and he hath cure as well of their bodies as of their lands and goods for health for the body is as necessary as virtue to the mind . As such , in Walmisley 's mind , the King had a duty to protect the health of his subjects , which he had delegated to the college . In addition , Bonham had given " an absurd and contemptuous answer " when he claimed that he would not submit to the college , and " it should be a vain law if it did not provide punishment for them that offend against that " . The monarch had delegated part of his prerogative powers to the college , for the purposes of punishment and imprisonment , and as such it had the right to sit as a court . Coke delivered the majority opinion in favour of Bonham , with Daniel and Warburton assenting . He undertook a closer reading of the college 's charter and associated Acts , and divided the relevant passage into two clauses . The first gave it the power to fine practitioners without licences . The second specified that they could imprison a practitioner for " not well doing , using or practicing physic " . He argued that these constituted separate powers and issues ; the first dealt with authorisation to punish for illicit practise , while the second covered punishment for malpractice . Simply practising without a licence did not constitute malpractice . As such , the college did not have the power to imprison Bonham , who was accused of practising without a licence , not practising dangerously . Coke also went further , arguing against the validity of the charter and its associated Acts . The Acts gave the college the right to act as both judge and a party to a case , which " provided for an absurdity " . Therefore : One cannot be Judge and attorney for any of the parties ... And it appears in our books , that in many cases , the common law will control Acts of Parliament , and sometimes adjudge them to be utterly void ; for when an act of Parliament is against common right and reason , or repugnant , or impossible to be performed , the common law will control it , and adjudge such an Act to be void ; and , therefore in … Thomas Tregor 's case … Herle saith , some statutes are made against law and right , which those who made them perceiving would not put them in execution . Because of this and four other reasons given by Coke , the college was to cease trying to supervise medical practice , and to cease arbitrating and acting as a court . In support of his judgment , Coke cited not only Tregor 's Case , but also two anonymous cases given the academic names of Cessavit 42 and Annuitie 11 respectively . = = Significance = = = = = Assessment = = = The decision in Bonham 's Case has been described by John Campbell ( Lord Chief Justice and Lord Chancellor in the 19th century ) as " a foolish doctrine alleged to have been laid down extra @-@ judicially " . Philip Allott , in the Cambridge Law Journal , simply called it an " abortion " . Coke was later dismissed from his judicial posts , and Ellesmere immediately began making veiled criticisms . Ellesmere maintained it was unconscionable to allow the judges power to throw aside Acts of Parliament if they were repugnant or contrary to reason ; however , he spoke " not of impossibilities or direct repugnancies " . It was acceptable to overturn an Act if it was clearly and obviously repugnant , but not otherwise . Coke has come under criticism for the examples he drew on to justify his decision . The first case he gave , Tregor 's Case , was seriously misquoted . Coke stated that " Herle said some statutes are made against law and right , which those who made them perceiving , would not put into execution " . In fact no reference to " law and right " is found in the original ; Herle wrote that " there are some statutes made which he himself who made them does not will to put into execution " , and only meant that some statutes are poorly drafted , and if they cannot be interpreted to work , Parliament would accept the courts not applying them . Theodore Plucknett wrote that " Whoever reads the whole of Herle 's remarks can see that he did not regard the statute then under discussion as falling within this category ; on the contrary , he suggested a perfectly obvious and straightforward interpretation of it .... Coke 's first authority is far from convincing " . His second authority , Cessavit 42 , " goes much further to support his thesis " , and concerns a situation where William Bereford refused to apply an Act of Parliament because it would undermine several common law principles . However , Plucknett notes the distinction that in Cessavit 42 " the statute is not held void ; it is just ignored . To this fact Coke has really added an explanation and a theory of his own " . His third example , Annuitie 11 , was based on the Statute of Carlisle , which required all religious orders to have seals , placed in the custody of the prior and four of the " worthiest brethren " so that the Abbot could not use it without their knowledge . Any decisions made without the seal kept in this fashion were invalid . This clashed with church law , and was incredibly difficult for small religious orders ; as such , Sir Anthony Fitzherbert said that the statute was void , as it was " impertinent " or " impossible " . However , Plucknett again casts doubt on the validity , stating that it " would have looked strong ... [ but ] is , in fact , of doubtful import " . Bonham 's Case was deeply unpopular with the Crown ; Coke was removed from the Common Pleas and sent to the King 's Bench , theoretically a more senior office ( but in practice a less rewarding one ) in 1613 due to his work , and in June 1616 suspended from office and ordered to " correct " his case reports . In October 1617 King James I demanded Coke explain the reasoning behind Bonham 's Case ; Coke claimed that " the words of my report do not import any new opinion , but only a relation of such authorities of law , as had been adjudged and resolved in former times , and were cited in the argument of Bonham 's case " . He refused to admit to any flaws with his writings , and his only corrections were minor typos and rearrangements of the language . If he meant his opinion in this case as an endorsement of judicial review instead of Parliamentary sovereignty , then withdrawal of that endorsement has been inferred from his later writings . = = = Meaning = = = The meaning of Coke 's decision is debated ; it can be construed as marking the supremacy of the common law over Parliament through judicial review , or simply as being another form of statutory interpretation . Noah Feldman suggested that the dispute over the two meanings has its origins in 1930s America , where frustration over judicial review of elements of the New Deal spilled into the academic world . James Kent , in his Commentaries on American Law , argued that Bonham 's Case and cases like it only meant that statutes should be given a " reasonable construction " . Charles Gray , in the Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society , argues that Coke as a judge never intended to advocate the judicial review of statutes . Bernard Bailyn writes that " Coke had not meant ... ' that there were superior principles of right and justice which Acts of Parliament might not contravene ' " , and also writes that by " saying that courts might ' void ' a legislative provision that violated the constitution he meant only that the courts were to construe statutes so as to bring them into conformity with recognized legal principles " . William Searle Holdsworth agreed that it would be a mistake to view isolated statements by Coke in Bonham ’ s Case as endorsing limitations upon Parliament , for several reasons including that Coke himself elsewhere acknowledged the power of Parliament as being " so transcendent and absolute that it cannot be confined either for causes or persons within any bounds " . Raoul Berger , in the University of Pennsylvania Law Review , disagrees with this ; the words of the statute were clear , and the only application it could have was unjust . Statutory interpretation allows for the ignoring of unjust extraneous meanings , but what Coke did was nullify the statute as a whole , along with its main intention . John V. Orth , writing in the Constitutional Commentary , concurs , saying that " If that were so , why did they not say so ? Is it likely that the royal judges , confronting a case involving a statute that had necessarily passed both houses of parliament and received the royal assent , would lightly use the word ' void ' ? " Research by Samuel Thomas and Sir John Baker has led to a reassessment . During the early 17th century , non @-@ common law courts were claiming an " Imperial , almost legislative discretion over statutory interpretation , free from any supervisory jurisdiction of the common law courts " . Coke 's decision can therefore be seen as him reminding those courts that such interpretations were themselves subject to the law , and not down to individual discretion . = = = Further development = = = During Coke 's lifetime he was judicially dominant , and his ideas were upheld by his successor as Chief Justice , Sir Henry Hobart , in Day v Savadge and Lord Sheffield v Ratcliffe . After Coke 's death , however , his jurisprudence " naturally suffered an eclipse " , and the next appearance is in Godden v Hales , in 1686 , where the doctrine was twisted to argue that the Crown had the prerogative to dismiss laws of government . Plucknett notes that " the Revolution of 1688 marks the abandonment of the doctrine of Bonham 's Case " , but in 1701 the common law judges cited Coke 's decision with approval in City of London v Wood , with John Holt concluding that Coke 's statement is " a very reasonable and true saying " . His position was of treating statutes in the same way as other documents for the purpose of judicial review ; this was followed for decades . Outside of the judiciary , John Lilburne used Bonham 's Case in his book The Legall Fundamentall Liberties of the People of England , and later in his 1649 treason trial , to justify his attack on the Rump Parliament . With the growth of Parliamentary sovereignty as a doctrine , Coke 's theory gradually died out ; William Blackstone , in the first edition of his Commentaries on the Laws of England , wrote that " if the parliament will positively enact a thing to be done which is unreasonable , I know of no power that can control it : and the examples alleged in support of this sense of the rule do none of them prove , that where the main object of a statute is unreasonable the judges are at liberty to reject it ; for that were to set the judicial power above that of the legislature , which would be subversive of all government " . Parliamentary sovereignty is now upheld by the English judiciary as a " central principle of British constitutionalism " , albeit with some issues due to membership in the European Union . The case 's modern irrelevance is such that Philip Hamburger , writing in 2008 , notes that " Bonham 's Case scarcely deserves mention in a history of judicial duty , except for reasons that are now largely forgotten " . = = = Impact in America = = = In the Thirteen Colonies , there were instances when Coke 's statement was interpreted to mean that the common law was superior to statute . For example , drawing on Coke 's statement , James Otis , Jr. declared during the struggle over writs of assistance that it was the duty of the courts to ignore Acts of Parliament " against the constitution and against natural equity " , an argument and struggle that had a significant impact on John Adams . When the Stamp Act of 1765 was declared invalid by the Massachusetts Assembly , the rationale was that it was " against Magna Charta and the natural rights of Englishmen , and therefore , according to the Lord Coke , null and void " . By 1772 , Otis and others had reversed course , adopting Blackstone 's position that judges could not challenge acts of parliament . Even before that point , there were few episodes in which Dr. Bonham 's Case was used as a rallying cry in America , and instead judicial review in America grew primarily from other political and intellectual sources . In Marbury v. Madison ( 1803 ) , the American case that forms the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution , Chief Justice John Marshall stated that " the particular phraseology of the Constitution of the United States confirms and strengthens the principle , supposed to be essential to all written constitutions , that a law repugnant to the constitution is void , and that courts , as well as other departments , are bound by that instrument " . Here , Marshall specifically used the words " void " and " repugnant " , which has been characterised as a deliberate reference to Coke , but Marshall 's principle involved repugnancy to the written Constitution instead of repugnancy to reason . In the later case of Hurtado v. California ( 1884 ) , the U. S. Supreme Court discussed Bonham 's Case specifically , saying that it had not affected the omnipotence of parliament over the common law . Edward Samuel Corwin , writing in the Harvard Law Review , praised the idea of a fundamental higher law of reason enforceable by judges , and accordingly endorsed " the ratification which Coke 's doctrine received in American constitutional law and theory " . Gary McDowell , writing in The Review of Politics , calls this " one of the most enduring myths of American constitutional law and theory , to say nothing of history " . As evidence , McDowell points out that Coke and Bonham 's Case were never discussed during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 . During the ratification conventions , Coke was mentioned , but not in debates over the striking down of unconstitutional statutes . Bonham 's Case itself was never brought up , only Coke 's other writings . An additional point of view is that the United States Supreme Court has come “ full circle to the dictum in Bonham 's Case ” by using the Due Process Clause to strike down what the Court deems " unreasonable " legislation .
= Donkey Kong Country = Donkey Kong Country is a 1994 platforming video game developed by Rare and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . It was first released in November 1994 , and under the name Super Donkey Kong ( スーパードンキーコング , Sūpā Donkī Kongu ) in Japan . The game was later re @-@ released for the Game Boy Color ( 2000 ) , Game Boy Advance ( 2003 ) , Wii Virtual Console ( 2007 ) , Wii U Virtual Console ( 2014 ) , and New Nintendo 3DS ( 2016 ) with a perfect pixel mode . The game is set on " Donkey Kong Island " and centres around Donkey Kong and his nephew Diddy Kong , who must recover their stolen hoard of bananas from King K. Rool and the Kremlings . Development of the game first began shortly after Rare 's Tim and Chris Stamper ran experiments with a Silicon Graphics workstation , rendering realistic 3D sprites . Nintendo became interested in Rare 's work and soon acquired 49 % of the company which culminated in the production of a new title using Alias and SGI technology for the SNES console . The Stamper brothers expressed an interest to create a standalone Donkey Kong game , and assembled a team of 12 to work on the game over an 18 @-@ month development cycle . Donkey Kong Country is the first Donkey Kong game that was not produced or directed by Shigeru Miyamoto , the character 's original creator . It was directed by Tim Stamper instead , although Miyamoto was still involved with the project . Following an intense marketing campaign , Donkey Kong Country received critical acclaim and more than nine million copies were sold worldwide , making it the second @-@ best @-@ selling SNES game . = = Gameplay = = Donkey Kong Country is a platform game where players must complete forty different side @-@ scrolling levels ( forty @-@ one in the Game Boy Color version ) and recover the Kongs ' banana hoard , which has been stolen by the Kremlings . Each level is uniquely themed and consists of varying tasks such as swimming , riding in mine carts , launching out of barrel cannons , or swinging from vine to vine . The player begins with a minimum of six lives . Players lose a life if they get hit by any enemy or fall off the screen . To defeat an enemy , players can either execute a roll , jump or hand slap ( a move only usable by Donkey Kong ) . However , some enemies cannot be taken down in this manner , so the player must throw a barrel or use the assistance of an animal . Enemies vary in difficulty , usually becoming tougher to take down as the game progresses . When the player has lost all their lives , the game is over . However , the player can gain additional lives by collecting items scattered throughout the levels , including bananas , golden letters that spell out K – O – N – G , extra life balloons , and golden animal tokens that lead to bonus levels . There are also many secret passages that can lead to bonus games where the player can earn additional lives or other items , as well as gain possible shortcuts through the level . Players of Donkey Kong Country control one of two characters : Donkey Kong or his nephew Diddy . The player can switch between characters if they are both on the screen . Donkey is the larger of the two , and can defeat enemies more easily while Diddy is faster and more agile . In several levels , players can gain assistance from various animals , who are found by breaking open crates . These helpers include Rambi the Rhino , Expresso the Ostrich , Enguarde the Swordfish , Winky the Frog , and Squawks the Parrot . Each animal can be found in an appropriately themed level : for example , Enguarde can only be found underwater , and Squawks is found in one cave level . Some animals can also give players access to bonus games . The game offers single @-@ player and multiplayer game modes . Multiplayer allows two players to play alternatively in one of two different modes : the competitive " Contest " mode or the cooperative " Team " mode . In Contest mode , each player controls a different set of Kongs and take turns playing each level as quickly as possible ; the objective is to complete the most levels in the fastest time . In Team mode , each player takes the role of one of the two Kongs and play as a tag team : the active player 's Kong will control the progression of the two players while the other player is dormant ; the other player takes control if the active player loses his Kong from damage or if the active decides to switch out . Donkey Kong Country uses a series of map screens to track the players ' progress . Between each level , players control their character on the map screen , navigating to the next level they want to play . Each level on the map is marked with an icon : unfinished levels are marked by Kremlings ( the game 's main enemy ) , while friendly areas are marked by members of the Kong family . Every individual world map screen has one boss enemy at the end of the course , which must be defeated to travel back to the main map screen of the whole island . It is possible to access previous world maps without defeating the boss by finding Funky Kong and borrowing his barrel plane . Players use this ability to select the world from the main screen , then the level within it . During play the game interface hides most game @-@ related information , such as the number of bananas , letters , and animal tokens collected , as well as the number of lives remaining . When an item is collected , the relevant information briefly appears on the screen . = = Plot = = Donkey Kong , after investigating his " Kong 's Banana Hoard " , located just below his home , and discovering that his banana hoard has disappeared , embarks on a journey to recover it from King K. Rool and the Kremlings . While collecting bananas on the island 's vastly different regions , Donkey Kong defeats various enemies , including the reptilian Kremlings , and other hazardous creatures native to the island . Aiding him in his quest are some of the other Kongs : Diddy accompanies Donkey Kong on his quest , Cranky provides hints and comic relief , Candy operates the island 's save points , and Funky offers a means of transportation around the island . Also assisting Donkey Kong at times are various ' animal buddies ' ( Rambi the Rhino , Expresso the Ostrich , Enguarde the Swordfish , Winky the Frog , and Squawks the Parrot ) , each with their own unique abilities . After progressing through the island 's different areas , Donkey Kong ultimately arrives on a pirate ship called Gangplank Galleon , where Donkey Kong 's nemesis and the leader of the Kremlings , King K. Rool , awaits with Donkey Kong 's banana hoard . Upon his defeat , the game ends with a final shot of Donkey Kong 's banana hoard restored to its former glory , filled with bananas once again . = = Development = = Before Donkey Kong Country 's production , Rare 's Tim and Chris Stamper invested and programmed experiments with a Silicon Graphics Challenge workstation , with their initial focus centred on a boxing game . Although never reaching beyond the stages of initial development , senior Nintendo staff who visited their Twycross studio were impressed with their progress after being shown a working demo . Genyo Takeda was dispatched to Japan to advise then @-@ president of Nintendo Hiroshi Yamauchi on securing a deal with Rare . Following talks between Yamauchi and Rare staff , Nintendo acquired 49 % of the company , which culminated in the production of a new title using Alias and SGI technology and the addition of Rare as a second @-@ party developer . The Stampers expressed interest in making a game based on Donkey Kong and were given Nintendo 's permission . Rare assembled a team of twelve to work on the game , and according to product manager Dan Owsen , a total of 20 people worked on Donkey Kong Country over an 18 @-@ month development cycle – the most that Rare had ever assembled for one project at that point . When Rare presented the first playable version of the game to Nintendo , Nintendo directed them to significantly reduce the difficulty , as they wanted the game to appeal to a broad audience and felt that the game 's numerous secrets would provide sufficient challenge to hardcore gamers . Designer Gregg Mayles was tasked with re @-@ arranging the stages so that the player could " go first time " past obstacles and would eventually slow down into more difficult stages as the game progressed . At this point Donkey Kong creator Shigeru Miyamoto , though otherwise uninvolved with the project , also made some last @-@ minute suggestions which were incorporated into the final game , such as Donkey Kong 's hand slap move . The Donkey Kong character was redesigned with a distinct , three @-@ dimensional physical appearance . While borrowing the red necktie introduced in 1994 's Game Boy version of Donkey Kong , the character featured a new look that would become the standard that continues to be used in nearly all games featuring him . Until Microsoft 's purchase of Rare in 2002 , all Nintendo games featuring Donkey Kong ( including Mario Kart 64 , Super Smash Bros. , and the Mario Party series ) credited Rare for the use of their Donkey Kong model . To develop Donkey Kong 's movements in the game , Rare staff spent hours at nearby Twycross Zoo observing and videotaping real gorillas . However , they found that on the rare occasions when the gorillas moved , their movements were " completely unsuitable for a fast @-@ paced videogame " , and so Donkey and Diddy Kong 's animations were instead loosely based on how a horse gallops . Initially , Rare created Diddy Kong 's model with the intent that it be their update of Donkey Kong Jr . Nintendo felt that the model was too great a departure from Donkey Kong Jr . ' s original look , and insisted that Rare either re @-@ work it to match Donkey Kong Jr . ' s original appearance or present it as a new character entirely . Mayles decided that a new character suited the updated universe of Donkey Kong so he kept Donkey Kong Jr . ' s redesigned model and initially renamed the character " Dinky Kong " , but after legal advice Rare changed it to Diddy Kong . Donkey Kong Country was one of the first games for a mainstream home video game console to use pre @-@ rendered 3D graphics . It was a technique that was also used in the earlier 1993 Finnish game Stardust for the Amiga , and later in Rare 's Killer Instinct . Many later 3D video games also used pre @-@ rendered 3D together with fully 3D objects . Rare took significant financial risks in purchasing the expensive SGI equipment used to render the graphics . David Wise , Rare 's composer from 1985 to 1994 , admitted that the workstations Rare purchased were worth £ 80 @,@ 000 each . A new compression technique they developed in house allowed them to incorporate more detail and animation for each sprite for a given memory footprint than previously achieved on the SNES , which better captured the pre @-@ rendered graphics . Both Nintendo and Rare refer to the technique for creating the game 's graphics as " ACM " ( Advanced Computer Modelling ) . = = = Marketing = = = Donkey Kong Country had a marketing budget of $ 3 @.@ 76 million in the United States . As a part of Nintendo 's marketing campaign , a 15 @-@ minute VHS tape titled Donkey Kong Country : Exposed was sent to subscribers of Nintendo Power magazine . Hosted by comedian Josh Wolf , the video shows a brief tour of Nintendo of America 's headquarters in Redmond , Washington , and footage from the game when it was in the final stages of development . Several game testers provide tips on how to access bonus levels and perform tricks throughout the game . Various interviews promote the level of graphical complexity as being revolutionary for game systems at that time . A segment at the end of the video reminds viewers that the game is available only on Nintendo 's 16 @-@ bit Super Nintendo Entertainment System console and not on rival 32 @-@ bit and CD @-@ ROM based consoles ( e.g. , Sega 32X and Sega CD ) that boasted superior processing power . In a " hidden " section at the end of the cassette , the host of the video opens a door and discovers that Nintendo of America testers are playing an early development version of the Killer Instinct arcade . A character resembling Chief Thunder is shown with notable differences . Nintendo of America partnered with Kellogg 's for a promotional campaign running from the game 's release in November 1994 until April 1995 , in which the packaging for all of Kellogg 's breakfast cereals would feature Donkey Kong Country character art and announce a prize giveaway . = = = Audio = = = David Wise composed the majority of the music for Donkey Kong Country , with Eveline Fischer and Robin Beanland also contributing . Wise had started making compositions for the game when he was still a freelance musician . He has said that he originally assumed the music he composed for the game would later be replaced with compositions by a Japanese composer , since he understood how important the Donkey Kong licence was to Nintendo . But he was later asked by Rare to record three jungle demo tunes , which were connected together to become the " DK Swing " : " I guess someone thought the music was suitable , as they offered me a full time position at Rare . " Donkey Kong Country is known for its atmospheric music , mixing natural environmental sounds with prominent melodic and percussive accompaniment . It features a wide variety of different musical styles that attempt to be evocative of the environments in which they appear . This varies with the differing areas of the game , and includes music from levels set in Africa @-@ inspired jungles , caverns , oceanic reefs , frozen landscapes , and industrial factories . Wise cited Koji Kondo 's music for the Mario and Zelda games , Tim and Geoff Follin 's music for Plok , synthesiser @-@ based film soundtracks released in the 1980s and a lot of rock and dance music released that same decade as influences in creator the music for Donkey Kong Country . He has stated that he wanted the music produced by the SNES 's SPC700 chip for the game to sound similar to the Korg Wavestation synthesiser , but ended up composing most of the music himself . Donkey Kong Country also had a soundtrack which was released on CD under the title DK Jamz . It was sent to news media and retailers in November 1994 as a promotional item , and released to the general public in March 1995 . DK Jamz consists of fifty tracks , of which tracks 24 – 48 are completely silent , and the remaining two tracks in the end are " secret " bonus tracks not listed in the back of the disc cover . The soundtrack was also the focus of an OverClocked ReMix collaboration titled " Kong in Concert " , later praised by Wise . = = Reception = = Donkey Kong Country was very successful upon release in November 1994 , receiving critical acclaim and high praise in retrospective reviews , with an 89 percent approval rating at the review aggregator GameRankings . Many critics consider that Donkey Kong Country " saved " the Super Nintendo Entertainment system from the growing influence of rivals such as the new PlayStation and the rising popularity of the Sonic the Hedgehog series . Reviewers praised the game 's vibrant , colourful and " groundbreaking " graphics . IGN 's Lucas Thomas expressed surprise about how Nintendo 's 16 @-@ bit system could deliver rendered 3D models and praised the detailed character animations , " lush backgrounds " and the " verdant jungle " setting of the game . GamePro declared in their review that " DKC has all the elements of a classic : outstanding graphics , involving game play , and lots of hidden stuff " . Later , the game was released as a pack @-@ in game in the SNES " Donkey Kong Set " ( which contained a console , controller , connections and the game ) . This facilitated sales of over 1 million copies , making it a Player 's Choice re @-@ release title around 1998 . At review aggregator GameRankings , the SNES version received an 89 % score , the Game Boy Color version 90 % , and the Game Boy Advance version 79 % . Nintendo Power gave a positive review to the Game Boy Color version of the game finding that the game was " improved with multiplayer minigames and a GB Printer feature " while noting that " the graphics lack the detail of the classic , they 're still worth going ape over . " The game was awarded best graphic achievement at the 1994 Consumer Electronics Show by GamePro . It won several awards from Electronic Gaming Monthly in their 1994 video game awards , including Best SNES Game , Best Animation , Best Game Duo and Game of the Year . It was the only video game to be listed in Time 's top ten " Best Products " of 1994 . However , it was also considered by the magazine to be one of the Top 10 Most Over @-@ rated Games of All Time before their 200th issue anniversary in 2005 . The game also made the # 9 spot in GameSpy 's 2003 list of the 25 most over @-@ rated games of all time . Donkey Kong creator Shigeru Miyamoto allegedly criticised the game , calling its gameplay mediocre . However , he has since addressed these rumors and expressed fondness for the game . Despite this , it was rated the 90th @-@ best game made on a Nintendo system in Nintendo Power 's Top 200 Games list in 2006 . It also received a Nintendo Power Award for Best Overall Game of 1994 and two Kids ' Choice awards , one of each for Favourite Video Game of 1994 and 1995 . The game would go on to eventually sell a total of 9 million copies . = = Legacy = = Donkey Kong Country 's financial success was a major factor in keeping the SNES ' sales records high at a time when the next generation of consoles were being released , including the PlayStation and the Sega Saturn . Donkey Kong Country sold six million units within its first holiday season . After selling nine million units , Donkey Kong Country became the second @-@ best selling SNES game . Rare 's re @-@ design of the Donkey Kong character would then become a standard for all future Nintendo games featuring him , including his appearances in the Super Smash Bros. series and various Mario Kart games . Furthermore , Donkey Kong Country 's popularity managed to extend its own series - following up with a sequel , Donkey Kong Country 2 : Diddy 's Kong Quest , which was released the following year to critical acclaim . The character of Diddy Kong also gained enough popularity to spawn his own game , Diddy Kong Racing was released for the Nintendo 64 in 1997 . = = = Re @-@ releases = = = In 2000 , a version of Donkey Kong Country was released for the Game Boy Color . The GBC version had a new stage in Chimp Caverns , " Necky Nutmare " , as well as a revamped and longer Winky 's Walkway . The GBC version had some of the music scrapped and replaced , often with music that originated in Donkey Kong Land . In 2003 , another version of the game was released for the Game Boy Advance . This version had increased brightness , at the cost of contrast and colour saturation , to make the game easier to see on an unlit LCD screen . Both games had some new features , including new minigames , hidden pictures , and a Time Trial mode ; additionally , the GBA version had multiplayer games . Both versions also had lower sound fidelity and a number of minor changes . Candy Kong no longer runs a save point , so players can save the game in any area . Donkey Kong Country was re @-@ released on the Virtual Console for the Wii in Oceania on 7 December 2006 , Europe the next day , and North America on 19 February 2007 . The Donkey Kong Country series titles were removed from the Wii store in November 2012 , but were ultimately reinstated for the Wii U Virtual Console in 2014 . In Europe , Donkey Kong Country was released on the Wii U Virtual Console on 16 October 2014 , and in Japan on 26 November . On 26 February 2015 , the first three Donkey Kong Country games were released on the Wii U Virtual Console , and were reinstated for the Wii Virtual Console in the United States . On 24 March 2016 , Donkey Kong Country was released for the New Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console .
= Boletus aereus = Boletus aereus , the dark cep or bronze bolete , is a highly prized and much sought @-@ after edible mushroom in the family Boletaceae . The bolete is widely consumed in Spain ( Basque Country and Navarre ) , France , Italy , Greece , and generally throughout the Mediterranean . Described as a new species in 1789 by French mycologist Pierre Bulliard , it is closely related to several other European boletes , including B. reticulatus , B. pinophilus , and the popular B. edulis . Some populations in North Africa have been classified as a separate species , B. mamorensis , although they are phylogenetically very close . The fungus predominantly grows in habitats with broad @-@ leaved trees and shrubs , forming symbiotic ectomycorrhizal associations in which the underground roots of these plants are enveloped with sheaths of fungal tissue ( hyphae ) . The cork oak ( Quercus suber ) is a key host . The fungus produces spore @-@ bearing fruit bodies above ground in summer and autumn . The fruit body has a large dark brown cap , which can reach 30 cm ( 12 in ) in diameter . Like other boletes , B. aereus has tubes extending downward from the underside of the cap , rather than gills ; spores escape at maturity through the tube openings , or pores . The pore surface of the fruit body is whitish when young , but ages to a greenish @-@ yellow . The squat brown stipe , or stem , is up to 15 cm ( 6 in ) tall and 10 cm ( 4 in ) thick and partially covered with a raised network pattern , or reticulation . = = Taxonomy and phylogeny = = French mycologist Pierre Bulliard described Boletus aereus in 1789 . The species epithet is the Latin adjective aerěus , meaning " made with bronze or copper " . His countryman Lucien Quélet transferred the species to the now @-@ obsolete genus Dictyopus in 1886 , which resulted in the synonym Dictyopus aereus , while René Maire reclassified it as a subspecies of B. edulis in 1937 . In 1940 , Manuel Cabral de Rezende @-@ Pinto published the variety B. aereus var. squarrosus from collections made in Brazil , but this taxon is not considered to be taxonomically distinct . In works published before 1987 , the binomial name was written fully as Boletus aereus Fr . , as the description by Bulliard had been sanctioned ( i.e. , treated as if conserved against earlier homonyms and competing synonyms ) in 1821 by the " father of mycology " , Swedish naturalist Elias Magnus Fries . The starting date for all the mycota had been set by general agreement as 1 January 1821 , the date of Fries ' work . The 1987 edition of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature changed the rules on the starting date and primary work for names of fungi ; names can now be considered valid as far back as 1 May 1753 , hence predating publication of Bulliard 's work . Moroccan collections under the cork oak ( Quercus suber ) that were initially regarded as B. aereus were described as a separate species — Boletus mamorensis — in 1978 , on the basis of a rufous chestnut cap and a rooting stipe , or stem , with a reticulation often limited to the top ( apex ) . In 2010 however , molecular phylogenetic studies by Bryn Dentinger and colleagues placed these collections close to B. aereus , likely suggesting an ecological variant or subspecies rather than a distinct species . American mycologist Harry Thiers reported Boletus aereus from California in 1975 ; however , a taxonomic revision of western North American porcini boletes in 2008 formally established them as a separate species , Boletus regineus . These differ from B. aereus by nature of their more gelatinous cap skin ( pileipellis ) , and belong in a different porcini lineage . Boletus aereus is classified in Boletus section Boletus , alongside close relatives such as B. reticulatus , B. edulis , and B. pinophilus . A genetic study of the four European species found that B. aereus was sister to B. reticulatus . More extensive testing of worldwide taxa revealed that B. aereus and the genetically close B. mamorensis were sister to a lineage that had split into B. reticulatus and two lineages that had been classified as B. edulis from southern China and Korea / northern China respectively . Molecular analysis suggests that the B. aereus / mamorensis and B. reticulatus / Chinese B. " edulis " lineages diverged around 6 to 7 million years ago . = = = Common names = = = Bulliard gave Boletus aereus the common name of le bolet bronzé ( the bronze bolete ) in 1789 , noting that it was called the cep noir ( black cep ) in other countries . It is commonly known as ontto beltza ( black fungus ) in Basque , porcino nero ( black piglet ) in Italian , and tête de nègre ( negro 's head ) in French . In Greek it is known as vasilikό ( the royal one ) , or kalogeraki ( little monk ) . The English common name is dark cep , while the British Mycological Society also approved the name bronze bolete . = = Description = = The cap is hemispherical to convex , reaching 15 – 30 cm ( 6 – 12 in ) in diameter , although specimens of 40 cm ( 16 in ) have been found in some cases . Slightly velvety and lobed or dented , it is dark brown , greyish @-@ brown , violet brown , or purple brown , often with copper , golden , or olivaceous patches . The stipe is 6 – 15 cm ( 2 1 ⁄ 4 – 6 in ) high by 5 – 10 cm ( 2 – 4 in ) wide , usually shorter than the cap diameter , initially barrel shaped but gradually becoming club shaped and tapering at the base . The stipe is pale brown , chestnut , or reddish brown in colour , covered in a brown or concolorous reticulation . Like in other boletes , there are tubes rather than gills on the underside of the cap . The tube openings — known as pores — are small and rounded . Whitish or greyish @-@ white when young , they slowly become yellowish or greenish yellow at maturity , and can turn wine coloured with bruising . The tubes themselves are initially white , later becoming yellowish or olivaceous . The thick flesh is white , exudes a robust and pleasant smell reminiscent of hazelnuts , and has a mild sweet taste . The spores are spindle shaped and measure 10 @.@ 5 – 19 by 4 – 7 μm . The pileipellis is a trichodermium of interwoven septate hyphae , with long cylindrical cells . = = = Similar species = = = Boletus reticulatus is very similar to B. aereus , also occurring during the summer months under broad @-@ leaved trees . It has a paler , often cracked cap and a usually paler stipe covered in a more elaborate and pronounced whitish reticulation , often extending to the stipe base . Boletus pinophilus occurs under conifers , mostly Pinus sylvestris , and has a reddish @-@ brown cap . Microscopically , it can be separated by the more inflated , club- to spindle @-@ shaped hyphal ends of the pileipellis . Boletus edulis occurs later in the season during lower temperatures , mostly under Picea . It has a paler viscid cap , and a paler stipe with an acute white reticulation . Microscopically , it has gelatinised hyphal ends in the pileipellis . = = Distribution and habitat = = Found mainly in Central and Southern Europe as well as North Africa , Boletus aereus is rare in colder climates such as England , and classified as a vulnerable species in the Czech Republic . Boletus aereus can be locally abundant ; it is the most common bolete in the woodlands of Madonie Regional Natural Park in northern Sicily . In contrast , it has been placed on a provisional Red List of endangered species of Montenegro . Boletus aereus has been reported from several other island ecosystems across the Mediterranean , such as Corsica , Cyprus , Lesvos , and Naxos . Mushrooms are mostly found during hot spells in summer and autumn , growing in mycorrhizal association with various broad @-@ leaved trees and sclerophyllous shrubs , especially oak ( Quercus ) , beech ( Fagus ) , chestnut ( Castanea ) , strawberry trees ( Arbutus ) , treeheath ( Erica ) , and rockrose ( Cistus ) , showing a preference for acid soils . Roadsides and parks are common habitats . The cork oak in particular is an important symbiont , and the distribution of B. aereus ( along with B. mamorensis ) aligns with the tree across Europe and North Africa . The ectomycorrhizae that B. aereus forms with sweet chestnut ( Castanea sativa ) and downy oak ( Quercus pubescens ) have been described in detail . They are characterized by a lack of hyphal clamps , a plectenchymatous mantle ( made of parallel @-@ orientated hyphae with little branching or overlap ) , and rhizomorphs with differentiated hyphae . A 2007 field study on four species of boletes revealed little correlation between the abundance of fruit bodies and presence of its mycelia below ground , even when soil samples were taken from directly beneath the mushroom ; the study concluded that the triggers leading to formation of mycorrhizae and production of the fruit bodies appear to be more complex than previously thought . In the past the fungus had been reported in China . Recent molecular studies , however , show that Asian porcini appear to belong to different species . = = Edibility and culinary uses = = A choice edible species , Boletus aereus is highly appreciated in Southern Europe for its culinary qualities , and is considered by many to be gastronomically superior to Boletus edulis . In the vicinity of Borgotaro in the Province of Parma of northern Italy , the four species Boletus edulis , B. aereus , B. aestivalis , and B. pinophilus have been recognised for their superior taste and officially termed Fungo di Borgotaro . Here , these mushrooms have been collected and exported commercially for centuries . Throughout Spain , it is one of the wild edible fungi most commonly collected for the table , particularly in Aragon , where it is harvested for sale in markets . When collected , the skin of the cap is left intact , and dirt is brushed off the surface . Pores are left unless old and soft . Boletus aereus is especially suited for drying , a process which enhances its flavour and aroma . Like other boletes , the mushrooms can be dried by being sliced and strung separately on twine , then hung close to the ceiling of a kitchen . Alternatively , the mushrooms can be dried by cleaning with a brush ( washing is not recommended ) , and then placed in a wicker basket or bamboo steamer on top of a boiler or hot water tank . Once dry , they are kept in an airtight jar . They are easily reconstituted by soaking in hot , but not boiling , water for about twenty minutes ; the water is infused with the mushroom aroma and can be used as stock in subsequent cooking . When dried , a small amount of the mushroom can improve the taste of less flavoursome fungi @-@ based dishes . = = = Nutritional value = = = Based on analyses of fruit bodies collected in Portugal , there are 367 kilocalories per 100 grams of bolete ( as dry weight ) . The macronutrient composition of 100 grams of dried bolete includes 17 @.@ 9 grams of protein , 72 @.@ 8 grams of carbohydrates , and 0 @.@ 4 grams of fat . By weight , fresh fruit bodies are about 92 % water . The predominant sugar is trehalose ( 4 @.@ 7 grams / 100 grams dry weight ; all following values assume this mass ) , with lesser amounts of mannitol ( 1 @.@ 3 grams ) . There are 6 grams of tocopherols , the majority of which is gamma @-@ tocopherol ( vitamin E ) , and 3 @.@ 7 grams of ascorbic acid .
= Norm O 'Neill = Norman Clifford Louis O 'Neill OAM ( 19 February 1937 – 3 March 2008 ) was a cricketer who played for New South Wales and Australia . A right @-@ handed batsman known for his back foot strokeplay , O 'Neill made his state debut aged 18 , before progressing to Test selection aged 21 in late 1958 . Early in his career , O 'Neill was one of the foremost batsmen in the Australian team , scoring three Test centuries and topping the run scoring aggregates on a 1959 – 60 tour of the Indian subcontinent which helped Australia win its last Test and series on Pakistani soil for 39 years , as well as another series in India . His career peaked in 1960 – 61 when he scored 181 in the Tied Test against the West Indies , and at the end of the series , had a career average of 58 @.@ 25 . His performances on the 1961 tour of England saw him named as one of the Wisden Cricketers of the Year . Thereafter his form was less formidable , characterised by nervousness and fidgeting at the start of his innings . Persistent knee problems as well as a controversial media attack on the legality of West Indian bowler Charlie Griffith saw him dropped from the Australian team after 1965 . O 'Neill also bowled occasional leg spin and was regarded as one of the finest fielders of his era . He later became a cricket commentator and his son Mark O 'Neill also played cricket at state level . = = Early years = = The son of a builder , O 'Neill was born in Carlton , New South Wales . He had no cricketing associations on his father 's side of the family , but his maternal uncle , Ron Campion , played for the Glebe club in Sydney Grade Cricket . Campion trained for cricket near the O 'Neill family home , at Bexley Oval . O 'Neill accompanied his uncle to cricket from the age of seven and was given batting practice at the end of each session . At Bexley Primary school , O 'Neill was denied a chance to play cricket as the school did not field a team . Moving on to Kogarah Intermediate High School , O 'Neill played cricket in defiance of a teacher who recommended that he take up athletics . As a teenager , O 'Neill idolised Keith Miller after his uncle took him to the Sydney Cricket Ground : O 'Neill saw Miller play that day and was impressed with the way he hit the ball off the back foot . Under his uncle 's guidance , O 'Neill joined the St George Cricket Club club , in the Sydney Grade competition . He steadily moved up through the grades and broke into the first grade side at the age of 16 . Sensing his potential , the club 's selectors informed him that regardless of form , he would play the full season , which allowed him to be uninhibited in his batting . He made 108 in seven innings . The next season , he was out 12 times leg before wicket in 15 innings , and run out in the other three . O 'Neill attributed his failures to over @-@ aggressiveness and resolved to improve his patience . In the second match of the new season , the 17 @-@ year @-@ old O 'Neill made his first century . With all five state selectors onlooking , he made 28 in the next match and was called into the state squad . = = Shield debut = = O 'Neill made his debut for New South Wales at the age of 18 against South Australia during the 1955 – 56 season . His lack of contribution was highlighted against the backdrop of his team 's crushing innings victory : O 'Neill failed to score a run or take a wicket . New South Wales bowled first and had South Australia at 6 / 49 when Miller introduced O 'Neill 's occasional leg spin , presumably to ease the debutant 's nerves by bringing him into the game . The home team struck 18 from three overs . O 'Neill was listed to bat in the lower middle order but after the top order had made a big start , Miller brought O 'Neill up . He came in against the second new ball and was clean bowled . O 'Neill was dropped and did not play another match for the season , but had gained invaluable experience . O 'Neill steadily rose in the 1956 – 57 season . At the start of the season , with many players still on international duty during the closing stages of the tour to England and the subsequent stopover in the Indian subcontinent , O 'Neill was recalled and made 60 and 63 not out against Queensland at the start of the season . This saw him retain his place when the Test players returned . After making a pair of single @-@ figures scored , he made a sequence of three 60s against South Australia , Victoria and Western Australia , He was rewarded with selection in the one @-@ off match between Ray Lindwall 's XI and Neil Harvey 's XI , which doubled as a national selection trial , before making his first ton ( 127 ) against South Australia . He ended the season with 567 runs at 43 @.@ 61 , and earned selection for a non @-@ Test tour of New Zealand under Ian Craig , in a team composed mainly of young players . He made 102 not out in the only " Test " match that he played , helping to set up a ten @-@ wicket win. heading the tour averages with 218 runs at 72 @.@ 66 . Despite this , he was overlooked for the 1957 – 58 Test tour of South Africa . It was regarded as one of the most controversial decisions of the decade . O 'Neill responded during the 1957 – 58 Sheffield Shield season weakened by the absence of the Test players , aggregating 1 @,@ 005 runs at 83 @.@ 75 and taking 26 wickets at 20 @.@ 42 with his leg spinners , thus topping the national bowling and batting averages . Prior to the season , he had never taken a first @-@ class wicket . In the opening match of the summer , he took 3 / 74 against Queensland . He then took a total of 5 / 51 scored 33 and 48 not out in a six @-@ wicket win over Western Australia before taking 3 / 52 and adding two fifties in the return match . He then broke through for his first century of the season , scoring 114 and taking 3 / 44 in a ten @-@ wicket win over South Australia . However , he reached more productive levels in the second half of the season . This comprised 175 against Victoria , 74 and 48 against Queensland , 125 and 23 * against South Australia and 233 against Victoria . His 233 was made in little over four hours and featured 38 fours . It was the first time that a New South Welshman ( let alone a twenty @-@ year @-@ old ) had scored 1 @,@ 000 in a Shield season . Bradman and Bill Ponsford were the only others before him . He added 12 wickets in the final four matches , including 2 / 50 and 4 / 40 in the match against Queensland . O 'Neill 's performances played a large part in his state 's fifth consecutive title . These performances led former Test leg spinner Bill O 'Reilly to compare him to Bradman and former Test opening batsman Jack Fingleton to lament his non @-@ selection for the South African tour and its reflection on the plight of Australian cricket . At the time , his employers refused to make allowances for him to play sport , forcing him to begin work at six in the morning . As a result , he considered moving to South Australia , where a grocery magnate offered him employment and financial incentives . However , he stayed after state officials intervened , with Sir Ronald Irish , the Australian chairman of Rothmans , providing him with a job in Sydney . At the time , O 'Neill had another offer . Having represented his state in baseball and been nominated in the All @-@ Australian team in 1957 , he was approached by the New York Yankees , having had experience at a pitcher and short stop . O 'Neill was offered a fee more than 25 times that for a single Test match , as well as travel costs and accommodation , to trial with the Yankees . He agreed , but Irish dissuaded him less than a week before his scheduled departure . = = Test debut = = Identified as a future Test prospect , he was selected in a Western Australia Combined XI for a match against the touring England cricket team at the start of the 1958 – 59 season in Perth . Prior to the match , O 'Neill was hounded by the media . The tourists decided to test him with short @-@ pitched bowling , especially Fred Trueman . O 'Neill decided to abstain from hooking , while attacking the spin of Jim Laker with a series of sweep shots . After four and a half hours of uncharacteristic restraint , he compiled 104 with an emphasis on off side play . He took a total of 2 / 67 , removing Fred Trueman and Arthur Milton . He scored 85 against Western Australia and then made 84 not out for New South Wales against England . He was selected for an Australian XI , which played the tourists in a dress rehearsal before the Tests . He made one and two as Australia were crushed by 345 runs . Nevertheless , O 'Neill was selected to make his debut in the five @-@ Test series against England , playing in all of the matches . The First Test in Brisbane was a low scoring match described by Australian captain Richie Benaud as producing " some of the slowest and worst cricket imaginable " , O 'Neill made 34 in Australia 's first innings of 186 to help secure a lead of 52 . He then top @-@ scored with an unbeaten 71 in the second innings , guiding Australia to an eight @-@ wicket victory . O 'Neill scored 71 of the last 89 runs scored while he was at the crease , refusing to be dried up by the England 's usage of leg theory . It enlivened a match plagued by time @-@ wasting , and best remembered for a depressingly slow innings by England 's Trevor Bailey , who scored 68 from 426 balls in seven and a half hours . England captain Peter May described O 'Neill 's innings as " sparkling " and said that it made " everything which had gone before look even more wretched " . Retired English player Ian Peebles , writing in the Sunday Times , said " Although O 'Neill is in the very early stages of his career , it is already something of an occasion when he comes to the wicket , and one can sense the expectancy of the crowd and the heightened tension of the opposition " . Wisden opined that O 'Neill had " saved a game that had been tortuous for days " . For his part , O 'Neill said that the dour play was " unbelievable " and that he was " just about falling to sleep " in the field . He struck 77 in the rain @-@ affected drawn Third Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground and followed this with 56 in the Fourth Test in Adelaide . Despite making a duck in the Fifth Test , he ended the series as the second highest runscorer with 282 at 56 @.@ 40 as Australia took the series 4 – 0 . He bowled two overs without success . Outside the Tests , O 'Neill scored 155 and 128 against Victoria and Western Australia respectively as New South Wales completed their sixth successive Sheffield Shield win . = = Career peak = = The following season O 'Neill was Australia 's leading batsman during the 1959 – 60 tour to Pakistan and India , where he was a part of the last Australian team to win a Test on Pakistani soil for 39 years . After a quiet match in the First Test eigh @-@ wicket win in Dacca in East Pakistan ( now Bangladesh ) , in which he scored two and 26 not out , O 'Neill played a key role in the victory in the Second Test in Lahore that was to Australia 's last in Pakistan until 1998 . O 'Neill made his maiden Test century of 134 in the first innings to give Australia a 245 @-@ run lead . He then took his maiden Test wicket in Pakistan 's second innings , that of Shujauddin . This left Australia chasing a target of 122 in the last two hours on the final day . The chase was on schedule with O 'Neill partnering Neil Harvey when the Pakistanis began wasting time to prevent an Australian victory . This was implemented by swapping fielders very slowly when the left and rightt @-@ handed combination of Harvey and O 'Neill took a single , and overs began taking seven minutes instead of three . To counter this , Harvey deliberately backed away when a ball was aimed at the stumps and threw away his wicket by letting himself be bowled for 37 . This allowed Benaud to come in and bat with O 'Neill so that the two rightt @-@ handed batsmen would give no opportunity to waste time by switching the field . Benaud then threatened Pakistani captain Imtiaz Ahmed with a formal complaint over the time @-@ wasting , and proceesings returned to their normal pace . Australia made the target with a few minutes to spare , with O 'Neill on 43 . O 'Neill failed to make double figures in the final Test , which was drawn , but ended the series with 218 runs at 72 @.@ 66 . In another tour match , against the President 's XI , O 'Neill scored an unbeaten 52 in a low @-@ scoring match as Australia stumbled to their target of 116 with only three wickets in hand . O 'Neill 's performances in Pakistan was such that the parents in one cricket @-@ following Karachi family named their new son Anil for its resemblance to O 'Neill . Anil Dalpat went on to become the first Hindu to represent Pakistan , playing nine Tests in the 1980s as a wicketkeeper . On the five @-@ Test Indian series which followed , O 'Neill started slowly , aggregating 60 runs in the first two Tests , which were shared 1 – 1 . He returned to form with a leg @-@ side dominated 163 in a high @-@ scoring draw in the Third Test at Brabourne Stadium in Bombay . After scoring 40 in an innings victory in the Fourth Test in Madras , Australia needed a draw in the Fifth Test in Calcutta with four players injured or ill , while Benaud had a dislocated spinning finger . O 'Neill scored 113 in the first innings to help a depleted team take a 137 @-@ run first innings lead and prevent India from squaring the series . He was Australia 's leading scorer in the Tests , with 376 runs at 62 @.@ 66 . He also made his highest first @-@ class score of 284 , against an Indian President 's XI in Ahmedabad . He was the top scorer for the whole subcontinental Test tour , with 594 runs in eight matches at 66 @.@ 00 . He returned to Australia and played in one match for New South Wales at the end of the 1959 – 60 season , scoring 175 as his state defeated Western Australia and won a seventh Shield in a row . Prior to the following Australian summer , O 'Neill was part of an International Cavaliers team that toured South Africa . He scored 133 runs at 21 @.@ 83 . In the lead @-@ up to the 1960 – 61 home Tests series against the West Indies , O 'Neill scored 156 not to set up an innings win for his state over the tourists . He then struck 181 in the first innings of the opening match at Brisbane , his highest Test score . The innings prompted team @-@ mate Bob Simpson to say " if God gave me an hour to watch someone I 'd seen , I 'd request to see Norman O 'Neill . He had the style . " Australia took a first innings lead and O 'Neill made 26 in the second innings as Australia collapsed towards a likely defeat before recovering ; the match ended in the first Tied Test in history . This was the peak of O 'Neill 's career . Having played 14 Tests , he was averaging 67 @.@ 68 with the bat . He then struck 114 as his state defeated the tourists by an innings , and he made 40 and a duck as the Australians took the series lead in the Second Test . He made 70 and 71 in the Third Test loss in Sydney , one of the few players able to combat Lance Gibbs effectively , top @-@ scoring in the first innings and second top @-@ scoring in the second innings . He then made 65 in the second innings in the Fourth Test at Adelaide , where Australia held on by one wicket for a draw . He contributed 48 in the second innings of the Fifth Test as Australia appeared headed for a series victory . However , a late collapse ensued , and Australia scraped home by two wickets to take the series 2 – 1 . O 'Neill ended the series with 522 runs at 52 @.@ 20 . O 'Neill gained attention during the summer for frequently losing his wicket by impulsively sweeping . This was attributed to the dominance of his bottom hand , which saw his bat swinging across the line of flight of the ball . Despite the criticism , he was at the peak of his international career , having made 1398 runs at 58 @.@ 35 in his first 18 Tests . = = Wisden Cricketer of the Year = = O 'Neill was selected for the tour of England in 1961 , and he warmed up by scoring centuries in consecutive matches against Tasmania for the Australian squad . During the English summer , O 'Neill scored 1981 runs at 60 @.@ 03 , narrowly missing becoming only the fourth post @-@ war player after Don Bradman , Neil Harvey and Bill Lawry to make 2 @,@ 000 runs in an Ashes tour . In the third match against Yorkshire , which was O 'Neill 's second for the tour , he scored an unbeaten 100 marked by his cover driving . He followed this with a 74 against Lancashire before a 124 two matches later against Glamorgan , which was described by Wisden as the best of the season . He scored 73 against Gloucestershire and made 122 on his first appearance at Lord 's , against the Marylebone Cricket Club , in what was effectively a dress rehearsal for the Tests . Australia went on to win by 63 runs . In the next match against Sussex , O 'Neill was carried from the ground after suffering a knee injury , and after failing to bat in either innings , it appeared he would be sidelined for a substantial period . However he recovered to be selected for the First Test at Edgbaston , just five days later . He made 82 as Australia scored 9 / 516 declared and took a 321 @-@ run first innings lead , but England could not be dismissed in the second innings and salvaged a draw . He continued his form with an unbeaten 104 against Kent between the Tests . The " Battle of the Ridge " in the Second Test at Lord 's — the home of cricket — was an unhappy one for O 'Neill . On an erratic pitch with a visible ridge that caused uneven bounce , O 'Neill made one and a duck as an Australia scraped home by five wickets in a low @-@ scoring match . He returned to the county matches and scored 162 against Lancashire , before scoring 27 and 19 as England squared the series in the Third Test at Headingley . O 'Neill then scored 142 against Northamptonshire , but the hosts were able to tie the scores when stumps were drawn with four wickets in hand . After rectifying a technical fault , O 'Neill made 67 in the second innings of the Fourth Test at Old Trafford with the series tied at 1 – 1 , helping Australia take a narrow victory to retain the Ashes . Heading into the final Test , O 'Neill had a consistent run , scoring three fifties in four innings . He made his first century against England in the Fifth Test at The Oval with 117 as Australia drew the match to take the series . He did so after being given a " lucky coin " by a spectator and being dropped at second slip when he was on 19 . He scored 324 runs at 40 @.@ 50 in the Tests and was subsequently named as one of the five Wisden Cricketers of the Year for 1962 . Following the Tests , O 'Neill added four half @-@ centuries in five innings in a consistent run towards the close of the tour . He left English soil with 138 against Minor Counties , in a non @-@ first @-@ class match . In all first @-@ class matches , he made seven centuries , and his run aggregate was second only to Lawry , who made 2 @,@ 019 runs . = = International decline = = After this tour , his form began to decline , as he became prone to uncertain and fidgety starts to his innings , which earned him the nickname " Nervous Norm " . A persistent knee injury increasingly troubled him and was to end his career . The 1961 – 62 Australian team was purely domestic with no touring Test team , and New South Wales completed their ninth Sheffield Shield title in a row , O 'Neill had a poor season , scoring only 377 runs at 25 @.@ 13 , passing fifty only twice . The 1962 – 63 home Ashes series was Australia 's first Test matches in 18 months . After an unproductive season last year , O 'Neill started the new summer with 15 and 2 / 30 for a Western Australia Combined XI against Ted Dexter 's Englishmen . His victims with the ball were Dexter and batsman Tom Graveney . He then made his first century in over a year , scoring 131 against Western Australia for his state . O 'Neill completed his preparation for the Tests by helping New South Wales to defeat Dexter 's men by an innings . He scored 143 and took 2 / 36 , removing Graveney and leading batsman Colin Cowdrey . O 'Neill made 56 in the First Test drawn at Brisbane but failed to pass 20 in the next two matches , which were shared by the two teams . After his wife made him a pair of " lucky lemon socks " , he scored 100 in the first innings of the drawn Fourth Test in Adelaide , which turned out to be his last Test century with fifteen Tests before the end of his career . With Alan Davidson injured during the match , O 'Neill was required to bowl substantially , conceding 49 runs in what was his most expensive performance to date . He scored 73 in the Fifth Test in Sydney to finish the series with 310 runs at 34 @.@ 44 , substantially below his career average of 53 @.@ 8 prior to the series . He also took two wickets , one in each of the Third and Fifth Tests , removing Fred Titmus and Dexter respectively . Outside the Tests , O 'Neill struggled and passed 25 once in eight other non @-@ Test innings . This was a 93 against arch @-@ rivals Victoria , which was not enough to prevent defeat . Victoria went on to win the Sheffield Shield and end New South Wales ' nine @-@ year winning streak . At the end of the season , he embarked on a tour with the International Cavaliers , which toured Africa , mostly playing against provincial teams . He played in seven matches and had a productive series , scoring 541 runs at 41 @.@ 54 including a century and four fifties . He also bowled more frequently than usual taking seven wickets at 53 @.@ 29 . The following season in 1963 – 64 , O 'Neill started poorly , passing 12 only once in his first six innings . However , he was retained for the team for the First Test against South Africa in Brisbane , where he scored 82 and 19 not out in a drawn match . He continued his resurgence with 36 and 61 not out the following fixture against Victoria , but was injured during the second innings and forced to retire hurt . This meant that he missed the Second Test , which Australia won by eight wickets . O 'Neill returned and scored half centuries in each of the next two Tests . He also took two wickets to end the series with 285 runs at 40 @.@ 71 and three wickets at 32 @.@ 33 . He added a further two half @-@ centuries in the remaining Shield matches . O 'Neill retained his place for the 1964 tour to England , and scored a century against Western Australia for the touring squad before departing for the northern hemisphere . After failing to pass 16 in his first two outings , he struck form against Glamorgan , scoring 65 and an unbeaten 109 . He then added 151 and 17 not out , leading the way as the Australians defeated the MCC by nine wickets in a dress rehearsal for the Tests . However , O 'Neill scored 98 in the first four innings of the opening two Tests and was forced out of the Third Test with a knee injury , the only non @-@ draw of the series , which Australia won . Nevertheless , he passed 50 in each of the four tour matches during this period , including a 134 against Yorkshire and 90 against Northamptonshire . O 'Neill returned for the final two Tests and ended the series with only 156 runs at 31 @.@ 20 in five Tests without passing fifty and going wicketless . He added another century against Kent and two further fifties in the closing stages of the English summer . His 1964 – 65 tour of the subcontinent on the way back to Australia was even worse , a far cry from his leading role in the previous tour to the subcontinent . After making 40 and 0 in the First Test win in Madras , he was unable to bat either innings in the Second Test in Bombay after being hospitalised due to persistent vomiting , injury as Australia ceded their series lead . He missed the remainder of the series , the Third Test in Calcutta and a one @-@ off Test in Pakistan . Upon his return home , he has a shortened domestic season before Australia left for the West Indies . In five domestic matches , he scored 357 runs at 59 @.@ 50 , including a 133 not against South Australia . O 'Neill started the 1964 – 65 tour of the West Indies strongly , scoring a century in the first match against Jamaica . He was often injured during the tour , but was at his most productive with the bat since the last series against the Caribbean team four years earlier . He made many starts , passing 20 in six of his seven Test innings , but was unable to convert them into big scores . In the First Test , O 'Neill was struck on the hand by Wes Hall and was sent to hospital for X @-@ rays after a break was suspected . During the Second Test , it was the turn of Charlie Griffith to send O 'Neill to hospital , after hitting him on the forearm and causing a large bruise . His 51 and 74 * in the Fourth Test at Bridgetown , Barbados , the last Test of his career , was the only time he passed 50 for the series . He ended with 266 runs at 44 @.@ 33 , missing the Fifth Test due to a broken hand . He managed a healthy return with the ball , taking nine of his 17 Test wickets in the series with an average of 25 @.@ 55 . This included his Test best of 4 / 41 with his leg @-@ spinin the Second Test in Port of Spain , Trinidad . In this match , he cleaned up the hosts ' tail in the first innings , removing Jackie Hendriks , Wes Hall , Charlie Griffith and Lance Gibbs . At the end of the tour , O 'Neill garnered controversy by writing outspoken newspaper columns accusing opposition pace spearhead Charlie Griffith of chucking . He was one of several Australians who took exception to Griffith 's bowling action , and he put his name to a series of feature articles in Sydney 's Daily Mirror . These labelled Griffith as " an obvious chucker " , saying the hosts had been " wrong to play " him . O 'Neill stated that " If he is allowed to continue throwing , he could kill someone " . O 'Neill also expressed his desire to not have to face bowling that he deemed to be illegal . When the Daily Mirror syndicated the columns , London 's Daily Mail ignored an embargo and printed the pieces while the Australians were on their homeward flight , putting O 'Neill in breach of his tour contract , which forbade players from commenting in the media during tours . The West Indies lodged an official complaint with Australia , and the Australian Cricket Board replied that it deplored the published comments , although noting that as O 'Neill 's touring contract had expired at the end of the tour , the point was moot . Nevertheless , the ACB changed its stance on players ' writing , so that they could no longer comment on a tour until three months after its conclusion . The event is often perceived to have been a factor in O 'Neill 's eventual departure from the national scene . Outside the Tests , O 'Neill performed strongly in three matches against regional teams , scoring centuries in each of them . He scored 125 , 125 , and 101 in his only three innings , against Jamaica , Trinidad and Tobago and Barbados . = = Retirement = = The following season , O 'Neill was overlooked for selection in all five Tests against the touring England team . Returning to New South Wales , he scored 473 runs at 39 @.@ 42 , including two centuries . O 'Neill was omitted from the squad that toured South Africa in 1966 – 67 , ending his Test career . He continued his Shield career while his former teammates were on the other side of the Indian Ocean , compiling 741 runs at 74 @.@ 10 in a strong season . He started the season with 117 against Western Australia , before scoring a pair of 78s in the return match , helping his team to a tense 13 @-@ run win . He then scored 128 and 22 not out against Victoria and finished his season with 160 and 80 against South Australia , scoring a majority of his team 's first innings score . As a result , he was selected for an Australian Second XI to tour New Zealand . He scored 69 runs at 17 @.@ 25 in two international matches and made his last first @-@ class century , scoring 101 and 58 not out against Auckland . O 'Neill retired upon his return to Australia due to a knee injury . He left a reputation as a highly entertaining batsman who did not manage to fulfil his early promise . " A disappointment he was , perhaps , but his cricket will be recalled when those of lesser gifts are forgotten " , opined the writer EW Swanton . In 61 matches for New South Wales , he scored 5419 runs at 52 @.@ 61 . He compiled 3879 runs at 61 @.@ 57 for St George in grade competition before transferring to Sutherland in the 1965 – 66 club . He scored 168 on his new club 's first day in the competition . A cigarette salesman by trade , he became a commentator in retirement . He married Gwen Wallace , a track and field athlete who won relay gold for Australia at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games . They had two sons and a daughter . Their eldest child Mark O 'Neill represented New South Wales and Western Australia in the 1980s . O 'Neill also co @-@ owned a racehorse with Richie Benaud , Barry Jarman and Ray Steele , named Pall Mallan , and it won a race in 1961 . O 'Neill died at the age of 71 after a long battle with throat cancer . = = Style = = Standing six feet tall , O 'Neill was compared to Don Bradman upon his entry into Test cricket . At his best , he was a dynamic stroke maker who was a crowd favourite because of his ability to score at a high pace , in particular with his power off the back foot . He was noted for his nimble footwork , which he used to negate spin bowling ; however this slowed in his later career as he put on weight . O 'Neill particularly liked to sweep the slower bowlers . He often put too much emphasis on his right hand , allowing a large space between his hands on the bat handle , and then turning his right shoulder too square towards the bowler . The renowned English batsman and captain Wally Hammond said that O 'Neill was the best all @-@ round batsman he had seen since World War II . O 'Neill 's tall build , strength and good looks also drew comparison to his boyhood idol Keith Miller . Despite the comparisons to Bradman , O 'Neill was much taller and broader , and was often impetuous whereas Bradman was known for his patience and lack of rashness . O 'Neill was also criticised for hitting across the line early in his innings . O 'Neill was highly regarded for his style and entertainment values . Teammate Alan Davidson said " once set he was the most exhilarating player you 'd ever want to see — he was dynamite . He 'd play attacking shots off balls other people would only think of defending . He had wonderful skill and technique . His shots off the back foot down the ground off fast bowlers — you can 't really describe how good they were . " His captain for Australia and New South Wales , Richie Benaud said that he was " one of the greatest entertainers we 've had in Australian cricket " . O 'Neill 's style led the British writer EW Swanton to say " the art of batting , he reminded us , was not dead , merely inexplicably dormant " Wisden opined that " A high innings by O 'Neill is a thing of masterful beauty . His stroking is delectable , immense in its power . " Later in his career , O 'Neill became a nervous and superstitious batsman , particular at the start of an innings . He wrote " batting is a lonely business " in his 1964 autobiography Ins and Outs , opining that he sometimes found first @-@ class cricket to be " depressing and lonely " . He was regarded as an excellent fieldsman at cover , with a powerful and accurate throw , described by Wisden as a " dream throw " honed from a junior career as a baseballer . He was named as utility player in the 1957 All Australian baseball team , and his ability was such that he was approached by Major League Baseball scouts . Before the retirement of Neil Harvey , he and O 'Neill fielded in tandem in the covers and the pair were regarded as the finest fielding combination of the time . = = Test match performance = =
= Try Some , Buy Some = " Try Some , Buy Some " is a song written by English musician George Harrison , first released in 1971 as a single by former Ronettes lead singer Ronnie Spector . The latter recorded this and other Harrison compositions , such as " You " and " When Every Song Is Sung " , in London for a planned comeback album on the Beatles ' Apple Records . The project was co @-@ produced by her husband at the time , Phil Spector , whose temporary withdrawal from music @-@ making in 1966 had forced Ronnie to reluctantly abandon her own career . After the single became only a minor hit , and following recording sessions that had been hampered by the producer 's erratic behaviour , the proposed album was cancelled . In 1973 , Harrison added his own vocal onto a new mix of the instrumental track and included the result on his album Living in the Material World . Harrison wrote " Try Some , Buy Some " during sessions for All Things Must Pass , his successful 1970 triple album , also co @-@ produced by Spector . The song 's austere melody was influenced by Harrison composing on a keyboard instrument rather than guitar . The lyrics reflect his perception of God amid temptations associated with the material world and take the form of a recollection of his first spiritual awakening . Ronnie Spector later admitted to being unable to understand the concept and disliking the song , and commentators have duly noted its unsuitability as a vehicle for her comeback . " Try Some , Buy Some " is notable for the extent to which Phil Spector employed his Wall of Sound production , as well as for being a significant commercial failure for Spector , in the manner of his ambitious 1966 production " River Deep – Mountain High " , by Ike & Tina Turner . The recording features a choir and long , lavishly orchestrated instrumental passages , the musical arrangement for which was supplied by John Barham . Besides Harrison , the backing musicians include Leon Russell , Pete Ham , Klaus Voormann and Jim Gordon . The single 's B @-@ side was " Tandoori Chicken " , an upbeat song in the rockabilly style . Some commentators question the inclusion of Harrison 's reading of " Try Some , Buy Some " on Living in the Material World and view it in an unfavourable light , citing his struggle to sing in a key suited to the former Ronette . Having long been unavailable following its 1971 release – during which time she divorced Spector and attempted to relaunch her career without him – Ronnie Spector 's version was reissued in 2010 on the compilation Come and Get It : The Best of Apple Records . A longtime admirer of the song , David Bowie covered " Try Some , Buy Some " on his 2003 album Reality and performed it on his tours in support of the album . = = Background and composition = = George Harrison 's song " Try Some , Buy Some " dates back to the recording sessions for his 1970 triple album All Things Must Pass , and was one of a number of tracks left over from that project . In his autobiography , I , Me , Mine ( 1980 ) , Harrison recalls writing the tune on an organ and , not being an accomplished keyboard player , having difficulties doing the correct fingering in both hands . It was only when his friend Klaus Voormann took over the left @-@ hand part , to play the bass line , that he was able to hear the piece as he had imagined it . Harrison musical biographer Simon Leng describes the tune as " the most extreme example " of its composer 's " circular melodic " style , " seeming to snake through an unending series of harmonic steps " . As reproduced in I , Me , Mine , Harrison 's handwritten lyrics show the opening chord as E minor and the bass line descending through every semitone from E down to B , followed by a change to a B7 chord ; the second part of the verse , beginning on an A minor chord , then follows a descending sequence that he writes as " A – A flat – G – F ♯ – E – A " , before arriving at D major . Harrison acknowledges in his autobiography that the melody and " weird chords " came about through experimentation on a keyboard instrument , which allowed him more harmonic possibilities than are available on a guitar . The song 's time signature is a waltz @-@ like 3 / 4 , similar to the verses of his composition " I Me Mine " , the last track recorded by the Beatles , in January 1970 . Lyrically , former Melody Maker editor Richard Williams describes " Try Some , Buy Some " as " a typically Harrisonian hymn to his Lord " , in keeping with the religiosity of All Things Must Pass tracks such as " My Sweet Lord " , " Awaiting on You All " and " Hear Me Lord " . Harrison biographer Elliot Huntley writes of " Try Some , Buy Some " delivering Harrison 's Hindu @-@ aligned devotional message " in television evangelist terms " . The song begins with the lines " Way back in time / Someone said try some , I tried some / Now buy some , I bought some ... " before Harrison states that he opened his eyes " and I saw you " . According to Christian theologian Dale Allison , the lyrics are a " reflection on some sort of conversion experience " , in which Harrison provides " before and after " comparisons . Before his spiritual awakening , Harrison sings of variously possessing , seeing , feeling and knowing " [ n ] ot a thing " until , Allison writes , " he called upon God 's love , which then came into him . " As in his later compositions " Simply Shady " and " Tired of Midnight Blue " , Harrison refers to the drug culture prevalent in the music industry , in the verse @-@ two lines " I 've seen grey sky , met big fry / Seen them die to get high ... " Author Joshua Greene writes of Harrison 's concern during the 1970s for friends who " wasted their time chasing sex and drugs and money " , while Allison suggests John Lennon and Eric Clapton as being among the people on whom Harrison " personally witnessed the toll [ that ] drugs and drink took " . In addition to the song echoing the " lost and then found " message of many Christian conversions , Allison writes that " Try Some , Buy Some " demonstrates Harrison 's incarnation among the " twice @-@ born " in Bhagavad Gita terminology . The same theme of salvation through reconciliation with his deity is present in Harrison 's 1968 song " Long , Long , Long " and would continue to feature throughout his solo career , in compositions such as " That Which I Have Lost " and " Heading for the Light " . = = Planned Ronnie Spector solo album = = Following their successful partnership on All Things Must Pass in 1970 , Harrison and co @-@ producer Phil Spector turned their attention to resurrecting the career of Spector 's wife Ronnie , formerly lead singer of the Ronettes . Since the break @-@ up of the Ronettes in 1967 , Ronnie Spector 's only musical release had been " You Came , You Saw , You Conquered " , a 1969 single on A & M Records . Her signing to the Beatles ' Apple record label was a condition of Phil Spector 's deal with the company , one that Harrison and Lennon , as avowed fans of the Ronettes , were happy to honour . The plan was to produce a comeback album , with Harrison providing many of the songs , and issue it on Apple Records . In his book Phil Spector : Out of His Head , Williams quotes music publisher Paul Case as having said during this period : " Phil wants a hit record with Ronnie again more than anything in the world . I think he 'd give up all his worldly possessions for that . " Speaking to Phil Symes of Disc and Music Echo in May 1971 , Ronnie Spector admitted that she had hated being away from the music industry . The situation had been forced on her by her husband 's semi @-@ retirement in 1966 , following the failure in America of Ike & Tina Turner 's single " River Deep – Mountain High " , a production that Phil Spector had considered his masterpiece . Ronnie Spector told Symes : " For four years Phil and I completely detached ourselves from everyone in the business and settled down in California . I was so bored and missed the stage so much I nearly had a nervous breakdown . If I hadn 't had a kid I don 't know what I would have done . " = = = Recording = = = Sessions for the proposed album took place at London 's Abbey Road Studios , beginning on 2 February 1971 . In addition to his own contribution as guitarist , Harrison enlisted some of the musicians with whom he had recorded All Things Must Pass : Gary Wright , on keyboards ; Derek and the Dominos drummer Jim Gordon ; Voormann and Carl Radle ( the latter another member of the Dominos ) , alternating on bass ; and Badfinger 's Pete Ham on second guitar and percussion . Another participant was Leon Russell , familiar to Phil Spector as a regular member of the Wrecking Crew during the mid 1960s . Recording continued at Abbey Road on 3 February , during which Lennon joined the proceedings , allegedly on piano . Aside from " Try Some , Buy Some " , the first songs selected were ones that Harrison had routined for All Things Must Pass but not used : " You " and " When Every Song Is Sung " . The latter was originally titled " Whenever " and was intended for Shirley Bassey , and Harrison had written " You " as what he called " a Ronettes sort of song " . The other tracks recorded were " Loverly Laddy Day " ; a Harrison – Spector collaboration titled " Tandoori Chicken " ; and , according to authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter , " I Love Him Like I Love My Very Life " , which they suggest was another Harrison composition . In a 1987 interview with Musician magazine , Harrison spoke of Spector having written some songs for the project , one of which was " very good , in his pop vein " . The planned comeback album ended there , due to the same erratic behaviour from Spector – or " health issues " , as Madinger and Easter have described it – that had hindered work on All Things Must Pass . According to Harrison 's recollection in I , Me , Mine : " we only did four or five tracks before Phil fell over ... " Of those songs , rather than the more obviously commercial " You " , Spector chose " Try Some , Buy Some " to complete for release as a single by his wife . Williams highlights Spector 's role in taking " a pleasant but essentially ordinary tune " and turning it into a " wholly magnificent " example of his Wall of Sound production style , on which " the essence is in the sound of the voice against the orchestra " . The heavy orchestration – including string , brass and woodwind sections , mandolins and cymbals – together with the choral parts , were arranged by John Barham , Harrison 's regular musical arranger during this period . For the single 's B @-@ side , the two producers chose " Tandoori Chicken " , " a friendly impromptu rocker " , Williams writes , which came about after Spector despatched Beatles aide Mal Evans to get food during the session . Just over two minutes in length , " Tandoori Chicken " is in the rockabilly style of Carl Perkins , with Spector playing blues piano and Harrison on overdubbed dobro . Harrison recalled that the performance was recorded in a single take , with " a lot of improvised scat singing in the middle " . = = = Single release = = = Apple Records issued " Try Some , Buy Some " on 16 April 1971 in Britain ( as Apple 33 ) , and three days later in America ( as Apple 1832 ) . Apple 's print advertisement for the release carried the simple tagline : " A New Single " . Among the interviews she gave to the UK music press , Ronnie Spector admitted to Symes that it took a long time to learn the song " as it was hard for me to understand " , but she added : " I love the record . It 's completely different for me ; it 's more of a music thing than vocal . " In America , Billboard magazine 's reviewer described " Try Some , Buy Some " as a " powerful production ballad " that had " all the ingredients to break through big " , while suggesting that Ringo Starr and Eric Clapton had contributed to the recording . Despite Disc and Music Echo endorsing it as a " terrific first solo single " , " Try Some , Buy Some " failed to place on the UK Top 50 . The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 on 8 May and reached number 77 , remaining on the chart for just four weeks . In Canada , it peaked at number 63 on the RPM Top 100 . Williams writes of the reaction to " Try Some , Buy Some " : " although people were awed by it , the radio would hardly touch it ... " In the UK , radio stations opted instead for " Tandoori Chicken " , which author Bruce Spizer praises for its " infectious party @-@ style " quality . As with " River Deep – Mountain High " , the single 's lack of success was one of the " crushing disappointments " of Phil Spector 's career , author Nicholas Schaffner wrote in 1977 , the producer having " [ outdone ] himself to transform it into a masterpiece of his patented ' wall of sound ' production " . Spector had been sure that the song would become " a giant smash " , according to Williams , who describes the outcome as a challenge to " Phil 's eternal trust in his own judgment of excellence " . Spector biographer Mark Ribowsky comments on the single 's commercial failure : " [ The song ] was completely wrong for her – another of George 's mystic chants , it forced Ronnie to try to appeal to the spirit instead of the flesh ... " In his book Tearing Down the Wall of Sound , Mick Brown also notes the unsuitability of Harrison 's " hymn about rejecting materialism and embracing Krishna " and describes the former Ronette 's comeback as being " over before it had begun " . = = = Reissue = = = Ronnie Spector 's " Try Some , Buy Some " remained out of print for almost 40 years , until its reissue on the 2010 Apple compilation Come and Get It : The Best of Apple Records . In the ensuing years , she filed for divorce in 1973 and resumed her career that year by playing live dates with a new line @-@ up of the Ronettes and recording for Buddah Records . In 1990 , she wrote an autobiography , titled Be My Baby : How I Survived Mascara , Miniskirts , and Madness , in which she offers a damning verdict of her only Apple single . The song " stunk " , she admits in the book , and its meaning was lost on her . " Religion ? Drugs ? Sex ? I was mystified , " Spector writes . " And the more George sang , the more mystified I got . " In light of this statement , Dale Allison opines of her performance on the 1971 recording : " she didn 't understand the song at all and sang it accordingly . " Reviewing the Come and Get It compilation for BBC Music , Mike Diver commented on the overindulgence behind many of the Beatles ' Apple projects but viewed Spector 's " Try Some , Buy Some " as being " worthy of praise " . Of the other tracks recorded during the Abbey Road sessions , " Tandoori Chicken " remains a rarity , while Spector 's versions of " When Every Song Is Sung " and " You " have never received a release . A bootleg compilation known as The Harri @-@ Spector Show includes " Loverly Laddy Day " , as well as two instrumental versions of " You " . One of these recordings of " You " is the basic track that Harrison later used for his 1975 album Extra Texture , while the other is a slower , alternate take . = = George Harrison 's version = = Following the abandoned Ronnie Spector sessions in 1971 , Harrison 's relief effort for the refugees of the Bangladesh Liberation War kept his musical activities to a minimum for over a year . After starting recording for his second post @-@ Beatles solo album , Living in the Material World , in the autumn of 1972 , he revisited " Try Some , Buy Some " , replacing her vocal with his own , on top of the original instrumental track . He later admitted that the key was higher than he would have preferred , as with " You " . Whereas the mix on the 1971 single had favoured instrumentation such as the mandolins , which Williams views as " the record 's trademark " , Harrison 's treated the balance of backing instruments differently ; Madinger and Easter describe the original version as having a " clearer " sound . John Lennon later said that the descending melody played by the string section was an inspiration behind his 1974 song " # 9 Dream " . Before then , he based the musical backing of his 1971 single " Happy Xmas ( War Is Over ) " ( also co @-@ produced by Spector ) on that of " Try Some Buy Some " , in particular , asking that his acoustic guitarists replicate the mandolin parts of the earlier song . Neither Russell nor Ham were listed in the musician credits for Harrison 's version of " Try Some , Buy Some " – Badfinger having recently signed with Warner Bros. Records , which the band would join in September 1973 upon the expiry of their Apple contract . = = = Release and reception = = = Apple released Living in the Material World in May 1973 , with " Try Some , Buy Some " sequenced on side two of the original LP format . Reflecting the album content , Tom Wilkes 's design for the record 's face labels contrasted a devout spiritual existence with life in the material world , by featuring a painting of Krishna and his warrior prince Arjuna on side one and a picture of a Mercedes stretch limousine on the reverse . The inclusion of " Try Some , Buy Some " on Harrison 's otherwise self @-@ produced 1973 album has confused some critics and reviewers . Writing in 1981 , NME critic Bob Woffinden noted : " This was considered an underhand trick in some quarters . However , since the single had clearly not received the attention it merited , it could be argued that George was simply husbanding his resources carefully . " On release , in an otherwise highly favourable review for Material World , Stephen Holden of Rolling Stone called the song " an overblown attempt to restate the [ album 's ] spiritual message in material terms : ' Won 't you try some / Baby won 't you buy some . ' " In Melody Maker , Michael Watts wrote that the song fitted the album @-@ wide description of Harrison 's personal journey to " musical iconographer " status from his Beatle past . Watts considered the arrangement the " most imaginative " on Material World and described the recording as " a fairground sound , using harpsichord and couched in waltz @-@ time " . Simon Leng dismisses the Ronnie Spector album project as " self @-@ indulgence " on the part of the two producers and views the inclusion of " Try Some , Buy Some " on Material World as having " achieved nothing , except to prove that Spector 's Wall of Sound was an anachronism " by 1973 . Leng writes of Harrison 's " straining " vocal on the track and " banks of trilling ' Long and Winding Road ' mandolins " that are at odds with the more subtle mood found elsewhere on the album . Ian Inglis describes Harrison 's singing as one of his " least impressive performances " and writes of the composition generally : " It may be a love song or a hymn of salvation but , unlike songs where this duality strengthens their impact ( such as ' Isn 't It a Pity ' ) , here it sits uneasily between the two . " With a different musical arrangement and the " melodramatic delivery " of a singer like Shirley Bassey , Inglis suggests , " Try Some , Buy Some " might have found some success . In a 2006 review for Mojo magazine , Mat Snow described the track as " [ a ] n anti @-@ heroin song so seductively melodic it might induce the opposite effect " . Elliot Huntley praises Harrison 's " yearning " vocal as " one of the many highlights " of Living in the Material World . Huntley considers the " hymn @-@ like song cycle " represented by this " superb " track and the album 's final two songs , " The Day the World Gets ' Round " and " That Is All " , the equal of anything on All Things Must Pass . Beatles biographer Chris Ingham pairs " Try Some , Buy Some " with " Sue Me , Sue You Blues " , as two " wry , reasonable digs at symptoms of what Harrison sees as symptoms of a diseased world " . Reviewing the 2014 Apple Years Harrison reissues , for the Lexington Herald @-@ Leader , Walter Tunis includes " Try Some , Buy Some " among the " stunners " on Material World and describes the song as an " achingly beautiful awakening anthem " . = = Cover versions = = According to Huntley , " Try Some , Buy Some " is " an all @-@ time favourite " of English singer David Bowie . The latter covered the song on his 2003 album Reality , co @-@ produced by his longtime collaborator Tony Visconti . Bowie had originally intended to record it for a planned follow @-@ up to Pin Ups , his 1973 collection of cover versions . Talking to Rolling Stone shortly before the release of Reality , he said of his recording : " We were pretty true to the original arrangement , but the overall atmosphere is somewhat different . It 's a dense piece . " Bowie occasionally performed " Try Some , Buy Some " live on his 2003 – 04 Reality Tour . In a review for the limited @-@ edition box set David Bowie Box ( 2007 ) , critic Thom Jurek described Reality as a " schizophrenic recording " , on which the covers of " Try Some , Buy Some " and the Modern Lovers song " Pablo Picasso " " [ distinguish ] this set more than anything else " . = = Personnel = = Ronnie Spector – vocals ( 1971 single ) George Harrison – acoustic guitar ; vocals ( 1973 release ) Leon Russell – piano Gary Wright – electric piano Pete Ham – acoustic guitar Klaus Voormann – bass Jim Gordon – drums , tambourine John Barham – orchestral and choral arrangements
= Sunil Kumar Verma = Sunil Kumar Verma ( born 28 September 1974 ) , is an Indian biologist and as of January 2015 the principal scientist at the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology , Hyderabad , India . Verma is primarily known for his contributions to the development of " universal primer technology " , a DNA barcoding method , that can identify any bird , fish , reptile or mammal from a small biological sample , and satisfy legal evidence requirements in a court of law . This technology has revitalised the field of wildlife forensics and is now routinely used across India to provide a species identification service in cases of wildlife crime . Verma received his D.Phil. in medical oncology from the University of Oxford , and has worked in the areas of signal transduction in cancer and on molecular biology applications in wildlife conservation . He is the recipient of several national awards , including the 2008 CSIR Technology Award , the 2009 NRDC Meritorious Invention Award and the 2009 BioAsia Innovation Award in recognition of his contribution to Indian science and technology . = = Education and research career = = = = = Early life and education = = = Verma was born in a small village in the northern Indian state of Uttar Pradesh . Verma grew up primarily in Tikri and up to the twelfth standard studied at the government school in Tikri . After completing his twelfth standard in the science group from this school in 1991 , he attended the G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology , Pantnagar to complete his Bachelor of Science in agriculture and animal husbandry . = = = Research career = = = Verma started his research career at G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology , Pantnagar , where he worked on the DNA fingerprinting of Indian scented basmati rice for identification of duplicate accessions . In 1998 , Verma was appointed as a scientist at the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics ( CDFD ) where he continued his research on the DNA @-@ based identification system , and in 1999 , he received the Emerging Forensic Scientist Continental Award from the International Association of Forensic Sciences at the University of California , USA for his work on DNA microsatellite based identification of wild animals . In 2000 , Verma was appointed as a scientist at the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology , where in 2001 , he and Lalji Singh invented universal primer technology for wildlife identification , for which he later received a number of international patents , and several national awards including the CSIR Technology Award in 2008 ( jointly conferred to Verma and Lalji Singh ) , the 2009 NRDC Award ( jointly conferred on Verma and Singh ) and the BioAsia Innovation Award in 2009 . In 2003 , Verma received a Lindau Fellowship to represent Indian scholars at the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings in physiology and medicine . During the same year , he also received a Commonwealth Scholarship to carry out his doctoral studies at the University of Oxford . Verma completed his D.Phil. in medical oncology at the University of Oxford in 2007 , and in January 2008 returned to India to continue his work at the CCMB . In 2010 , he subsequently became principal scientist at the CCMB and as of January 2015 , he remains in that position . Verma was a visiting fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology during 2010 – 2013 . Starting in 2010 , as of January 2015 he is a research ambassador for the DAAD to promote bidirectional research collaboration between India and Germany . Along with his team , Verma 's research in the area of wildlife conservation led to the reclassification of the pygmy hog , an endangered endemic species , from Sus salvanius to Porcula salvania = = Universal primer technology = = In March 2001 , Verma and Lalji Singh claimed to have invented a method that they called " universal primer technology " , which allowed the identification of any unknown biological sample and its assignment to a known species source . Through its ability to work across a large range of animal species , universal primer technology can identify any bird , fish , reptile or mammal and satisfy legal evidence requirements in a court of law . Patents relating to this invention have been filed in several countries and the research papers published in various journals . This technique of CSIR @-@ CCMB revitalised the field of wildlife forensics . It is currently being used routinely in LaCONES at the CSIR @-@ CCMB to provide a wildlife forensics service across India in cases pertaining to wildlife crime . Verma 's and Singh 's contribution to the development of universal primer technology has been recognised by the Indian minister of Science and Technology and the Ministry of Earth Sciences in a written report to the Lok Sabha . Universal primer technology was also used by Therion International , an independent animal testing lab in New York , to uncover the noted seafood scandal in Florida and other parts of America . Several undercover investigations carried out by the ABC7 Whistleblower and WKRG News5 investigators , revealed that almost half of the seafood was inaccurately labelled as a more expensive variety . This method of species identification used by the Therion International to uncover the seafood scam , was cited as " gold standard " by various labs worldwide . = = = Universal primer technology and DNA barcoding = = = In February 2015 , a credit dispute between universal primer technology and DNA barcoding came to light . Verma has argued that DNA barcoding , a technique independently described by zoologist Paul D N Hebert in 2003 , is essentially the same as universal primer technology ( UPT ) and that both utilize standardized , short stretch of DNA from mitochondrial genome , amplified using the specific universal primers , to assign the identity of an unknown biological sample to a particular species . Verma claimed that UPT was described earlier than DNA barcoding in his patents , and publication ; therefore , it should be fairly credited . However , Hebert argued that he was not aware of UPT because its patents were not visible to the broader scientific community due to a substantial interval from its filing in 2001 to grant in 2006 . = = Literature = = Verma has written several collections of Hindi poetry on social issues such as the 2012 Delhi gang rape . In 2014 , his work was showcased in Hyderabad by the Association of British Scholars . = = Awards and honors = = Some notable fellowships and awards conferred to Verma are as follows : ICAR merit Scholarship ( 1991 @-@ 1995 ) DBT national merit scholarship ( 1995 @-@ 1997 ) Emerging Forensic Scientist Continental Award ( 1999 ) from the International Association of Forensics Sciences Lindau Fellowship ( 2003 ) to represent Indian scholars at the Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings in Physiology and Medicine in 2003 Commonwealth Scholarship ( 2003 ) CSIR Technology Award for Life Sciences " ( 2008 ) , Jointly conferred to Sunil Kumar Verma and Lalji Singh NRDC Societal Invention Award ( 2009 ) , Jointly conferred to Sunil Kumar Verma and Lalji Singh The BioAsia Innovation Award ( 2009 ) Fellowship of Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology Berlin ( 2010 – 2013 ) Research ambassador of DAAD ( 2010 @-@ till date ) = = Selected publications = = Verma , Sunil Kumar ; Goswami , Gajendra ( 2014 ) . " DNA evidence : Current perspective and future challenges in India " . Forensic Science International 241 : 183 – 189 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1016 / j.forsciint.2014.05.016. PMID 24967868 . Verma , Sunil Kumar ; Ganesan , Trivadi S. ; Parker , Peter J. ( 2008 ) . " The tumour suppressor RASSF1A is a novel substrate of PKC " ( PDF ) . FEBS Letters 582 : 2270 – 2276 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1016 / j.febslet.2008.05.028. Funk , Stephan M. ; Verma , Sunil Kumar ; Larson , Greger ; Prasad , Kasturi ; Singh , Lalji ; Narayan , Gouam ; Fa , John E. ( 2007 ) . " The pygmy hog is a unique genus : 19th century taxonomists got it right first time round " . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 45 ( 2 ) : 427 – 436 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1016 / j.ympev.2007.08.007. PMID 17905601 . Verma , Sunil Kumar ; Prasad , Kasturi ; Nagesh , Narayan ; Sultana , Mehar ; Singh , Lalji ( 2003 ) . " Was elusive carnivore a panther ? DNA typing of faeces reveals the mystery " . Forensic Science International 137 ( 1 ) : 16 – 20 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1016 / S0379 @-@ 0738 ( 03 ) 00277 @-@ 9 . PMID 14550608 . Verma , Sunil Kumar ; Singh , Lalji ( 2003 ) . " Novel universal primers establish identity of enormous number of animal species for forensic application " . Molecular Ecology Notes 3 : 28 – 31 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1046 / j.1471 @-@ 8286.2003.00340.x. Verma , Sunil Kumar ; Khanna , Vijay ; Singh , Nagendra ( 1999 ) . " Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of Indian scented basmati rice ( Oryza sativa L. ) germplasm for identification of variability and duplicate accessions , if any " . Electrophoresis 20 : 1786 – 1789 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1002 / ( sici ) 1522 @-@ 2683 ( 19990101 ) 20 : 8 < 1786 : : aid @-@ elps1786 > 3.0.co ; 2 @-@ 5 . PMID 10435450 .
= Letter to My Daughter = Letter to My Daughter ( 2009 ) is the third book of essays by African @-@ American writer and poet Maya Angelou . By the time it was published , Angelou had written two other books of essays , several volumes of poetry , and six autobiographies . She was recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women , and had become " a major autobiographical voice of the time " . Angelou had no daughters herself , but was inspired to write Letter as she was going through 20 years of notes and essay ideas , some of which were written for her friend Oprah Winfrey . Angelou wrote the book for the thousands of women who saw her as a mother figure , and to share the wisdom gained throughout her long life . Letter consists of 28 short essays , which includes a few poems and a commencement address , and is dedicated to " the daughter she never had " . Reviews of the book were generally positive ; most reviewers recognized that the book was full of Angelou 's wisdom and that it read like words of advice from a beloved grandmother or aunt . One reviewer found the book 's essays both homespun and " hokey " . = = Background = = Letter to My Daughter is Maya Angelou 's third book of essays . She had published several volumes of poetry , including Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water ' fore I Diiie ( 1971 ) , which was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize . She had recited her poem , " On the Pulse of Morning " , at the inauguration of President Bill Clinton in 1993 , making her the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at John F. Kennedy 's inauguration in 1961 . In 2009 , when Letter was published , Angelou had published six out of her seven installments of her series of autobiographies . Her sixth autobiography , A Song Flung Up to Heaven ( 2002 ) , was considered her final autobiography until she published her seventh autobiography , Mom & Me & Mom , in 2013 , at the age of 85 . By the time Letter was published , Angelou had become recognized and highly respected as a spokesperson for Blacks and women . She was , as scholar Joanne Braxton has stated , " without a doubt ... America 's most visible black woman autobiographer " . She had also become , as reviewer Richard Long stated , " a major autobiographical voice of the time " . Angelou was one of the first African @-@ American female writers to publicly discuss her personal life , and one of the first to use herself as a central character in her books . Writer Julian Mayfield , who called her first autobiography , I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings , " a work of art that eludes description " , stated that Angelou 's series set a precedent not only for other Black women writers , but for the genre of autobiography as a whole . = = Overview = = Angelou came up with Letter to My Daughter , which became a New York Times bestseller , while going through old boxes of notes and papers full of concepts for future books and poems , which she called " WIP " ( " Works in Progress " ) . She found twenty years worth of notes written to her friend Oprah Winfrey , and realized that she should put the essays they inspired into a book so that others could read them . Although she had no daughters , and gave birth to a son ( Guy Johnson ) , which she called " the best thing that ever happened to me in my life " , many women in Angelou 's career looked to her as a mother figure . She wrote Letters to speak to those women and to share with them the wisdom she has gained throughout her long life . According to writer Gary Younge of The Guardian , most of the essays " end with the kind of wisdom that , depending on your taste , qualifies as either homespun or hokey " . For example , she uses what has been called her most famous statement , when speaking of Cuban artist Celia Cruz : " We are more alike than unalike " . Although Angelou discounts the idea when he brings it up to her , Younge thinks Letter reads like an extended farewell ; in her 500 @-@ word introduction she mentions death twice . Letter consists of 28 " short epistles " , which includes a few poems and a commencement address , and is dedicated to " the daughter she never had " . Angelou thanks several women on her dedication page , which is divided into three groups . The first group of five women , which includes her grandmother Annie Henderson and her mother Vivian Baxter , she calls " ... some women who mothered me through dark and bright days " . The second group has only one name , Dr. Dorothy Height , " ... one woman who allows me to be a daughter to her , even today " . The final group is the largest , made up of 12 women , whom she calls " women not born to me but who allow me to mother them " . The group includes Winfrey , Gayle King , her niece Rosa Johnson Butler , her assistant Lydia Stuckey , and gospel singer Valerie Simpson . = = Reviews = = In his review of Letter to My Daughter , Younge states , " At moments in the book she sounds like an elderly relative , distraught at the wayward manners of the young , " but also says that Angelou seems to have " outlived the need for social convention " . Kirkus Reviews finds " old fashioned wisdom " in the book , and calls it " a slim volume packed with nourishing nuggets of wisdom " . Reviewer Karen Algeo Krizman says that " Angelou delivers with her signature passion and fire " and that although the essays are " easy to take in during brief moments of quiet " , they have a powerful message . Laura L. Hutchison of The Fredicksburg Free Lance @-@ Star states that Letter is " written in Angelou 's beautiful , poetic style " and called the essays " advice from a beloved aunt or grandmother , whose wisdom you know was earned " . Hutchinson also stated that the book would gain Angelou new readers , and that her current audience would read and reread it . Psychologists Eranda Jayawickreme and Marie J. C. Forgearda called the essays in Letter to My Daughter " illuminating " and used it as a non @-@ scientific , interdisciplinary text to teach positive psychology . Victoria Brownworth of The Baltimore Sun , who compares Angelou to populist poets such as Walt Whitman , notes that while reading Letter , " one cannot help but be struck by how much Angelou has overcome and how far she has come " . Brownworth states that despite Angelou 's harrowing and complex experiences , and the barriers she had to overcome , Angelou was " filled with life and generosity and a deep yearning to pass her story on to other young women " . Brownworth calls Angelou 's prose " colloquial and from the heart " . She also compares Angelou 's " fluid narrative " to oral history , and states , " The kernels of insight and , yes , wisdom in this small volume will stay with the reader for a long time " . = = = Explanatory notes = = =
= American kestrel = The American kestrel ( Falco sparverius ) is the smallest and most common falcon in North America . It has about a two to one range in size over subspecies and sex , varying in size from about the weight of a blue jay to a mourning dove . It also ranges to South America , and is a well established species that has evolved seventeen subspecies adapted to different environments and habitats throughout the Americas . It exhibits sexual dimorphism in size ( females being moderately larger ) and plumage , although both sexes have a rufous back with noticeable barring . Its plumage is colorful and attractive , and juveniles are similar in plumage to adults . The American kestrel usually hunts in energy conserving fashion by perching and scanning the ground for prey to ambush , though it also hunts from the air . It sometimes hovers in the air with rapid wing beats while homing in on prey . Its diet typically consists of grasshoppers and other insects , lizards , mice , and small birds ( e.g. sparrows ) . This broad diet has contributed to its wide success as a species . It nests in cavities in trees , cliffs , buildings , and other structures . The female lays three to seven eggs , which both sexes help to incubate . Its breeding range extends from central and western Alaska across northern Canada to Nova Scotia , and south throughout North America , into central Mexico and the Caribbean . It is a local breeder in Central America and is widely distributed throughout South America . Most birds breeding in Canada and the northern United States migrate south in the winter . It is an occasional vagrant to western Europe . Based on appearance and behavior it was for many years considered a member of the primarily European and African kestrel clade within the genus falco , but recent DNA analysis shows the American kestrel to actually be genetically more closely related to the larger American falcons such as the Aplomado falcon , the Peregrine falcon , and Prairie falcon . Though the species has not been renamed as a result of these genetic analyses , it is not actually a kestrel in the phylogenetic sense . Instead , a process of convergent evolution to fit a similar small prey niche in the ecosystem as the true kestrels has left it with similar physical characteristics and hunting methods . The American kestrel is a common bird used in falconry , especially by beginners . Though not as strong a flyer as many other larger falcons , proper training and weight control by the falconer allows many American kestrels to become effective hunters of birds in the size range of sparrows and starlings , with occasional success against birds up to approximately twice their own weight . = = Description = = Under traditional classification , the American kestrel is the smallest raptor in America . The American kestrel is sexually dimorphic , although there is some overlap in plumage coloration between the sexes . The bird ranges from 22 to 31 cm ( 8 @.@ 7 to 12 @.@ 2 in ) in length with a wingspan of 51 – 61 cm ( 20 – 24 in ) . The female kestrel is larger than the male , though less so than larger falcons , being typically about 10 % to 15 % larger within a subspecies . The more northern subspecies tend to larger sizes , with a large northern female being about twice the size of a small southern male . The male typically weighs 80 – 143 g ( 2 @.@ 8 – 5 @.@ 0 oz ) , and the female 86 – 165 g ( 3 @.@ 0 – 5 @.@ 8 oz ) . In standard measurements , the wing bone is 16 – 21 cm ( 6 @.@ 3 – 8 @.@ 3 in ) long , the tail is 11 – 15 cm ( 4 @.@ 3 – 5 @.@ 9 in ) and the tarsus is 3 @.@ 2 – 4 cm ( 1 @.@ 3 – 1 @.@ 6 in ) . Physically , American kestrels are leaner and less muscular than larger falcons . The pectoral flight muscles of the American kestrel make up only about 12 % of its body weight , as compared to about 20 % for the strongest flying falcons such as the peregrine . The wings are moderately long , fairly narrow , and taper to a point . Their less muscular body type is adapted to energy conserving ambush hunting , rather than spending large amounts of energy consuming time on the wing and getting into long tail @-@ chases of bird prey . For their size , they have strong talons and beaks , and can swiftly dispatch prey . Their lean build and energy conserving strategy allows a lower daily food intake than if they were more strongly muscled , yet with enough strength to commonly take bird prey as large as themselves , and occasionally larger . The success of this body style and hunting strategy is reflected in the high success of the species in densely populating a large range throughout the Americas . The flight of the American kestrel is not so dramatic and swift as more muscular falcons such as Merlins and peregrines , but their efficient adaptation to a broader diet of more available smaller prey , and need for less food per day , has resulted in there being many more of them . In contrast to many other raptor species , the sexes differ more in plumage than in size . Males have blue @-@ grey wings with black spots and white undersides with black barring . The back is rufous , with barring on the lower half . The belly and flanks are white with black spotting . The tail is also rufous , with a white or rufous tip and a black subterminal band . The back and wings of the female American kestrel are rufous with dark brown barring . The undersides of the females are creamy to buff with heavy brown streaking . The tail is noticeably different from the male 's , being rufous in color with numerous narrow dark black bars . Juveniles exhibit coloration patterns similar to the adults ' . In both sexes , the head is white with a bluish @-@ grey top . There are also two narrow , vertical black facial markings on each side of the head , while other falcons have one . Two black spots ( ocelli ) can be found on each side of the white or orangish nape . The function of these spots is debated , but the most commonly accepted theory is that they act as " false eyes " , and help to protect the bird from potential attackers . = = = Vocalizations = = = The American kestrel has three basic vocalizations – the " klee " or " killy " , the " whine " , and the " chitter . " The " klee " is usually delivered as a rapid series – klee , klee , klee , klee when the kestrel is upset or excited . This call is used in a wide variety of situations and is heard from both sexes , but the larger females typically have lower @-@ pitched voices than the males . The " whine " call is primarily associated with feeding , but is also uttered during copulation . The " chitter " is used in activities that involve interaction between male and female birds , including courtship feeding , copulation , and the feeding of nestlings . Nestlings can produce calls similar to those of adults at 16 days old . = = Taxonomy = = Until the sixth edition of the AOU Checklist of North American Birds was published by the American Ornithologists ' Union in 1983 , the most commonly used name for the American kestrel was the sparrow hawk or sparrowhawk . This was due to a mistaken connection with the Eurasian sparrowhawk in the genus Accipiter . The sixth edition of the AOU Checklist corrected this , officially renaming the bird American kestrel . Several other colloquial names for the kestrel are also in use , including grasshopper hawk , due to its diet , and killy hawk , due to its distinct call . As noted in the introduction , DNA analysis shows the American kestrel to actually be genetically more closely related to the larger American falcons than to the true kestrels . However , based on its physical similarity to the kestrels and the established nature of the name American kestrel , there has been little impetus to change its name . This could change in the future if continued genetic research more precisely determines the evolutionary history of the American kestrel within the genus falco . The entire genus is actually a set of species so closely related that most or all can be hybridized by artificial insemination . Significant natural hybridization of species has occurred in the past during the evolution of this closely related set of species , such that precise evolutionary genetic analysis as to which species are more basal to other species or to the genus as a whole is difficult to render . The American kestrel 's scientific name , Falco sparverius , was given by Carl Linnaeus in his 18th century work Systema Naturae . The genus refers to the falcate , or hooked , shape of the beak , and the specific name means " pertaining to a sparrow " , referring to the bird 's small size and hunting of sparrows as a typical prey . Seventeen subspecies of the American kestrel are recognized , generally based upon plumage , size , and vocalizations : F. s. sparverius , described by Linnaeus in 1758 , is the nominate subspecies . It is found in most of the United States , Canada , and Mexico . F. s. paulus , described by Howe and King in 1902 , is found in the Southeast United States , from Louisiana to Florida . F. s. peninsularis , described by Mearns in 1892 , is found in southern Baja California . F. s. tropicalis , described by Griscom in 1930 , is found from southern Mexico to northern Honduras . F. s. nicaraguensis , described by Howell in 1965 , is found in Honduras and Nicaragua . F. s. sparveroides , described by Vigors in 1827 , is found in Cuba and the Isle of Youth , and southern to central Bahamas . F. s. dominicensis , described by Gmelin in 1788 , is found in Hispaniola and Jamaica . F. s. caribaearum , described by Gmelin in 1788 , is found in Puerto Rico through the Lesser Antilles to Grenada . F. s. brevipennis , described by Berlepsch in 1892 , is found in the Netherlands Antilles . F. s. isabellinus , described by Swainson in 1837 , is found from Venezuela to northern Brazil . F. s. ochraceus , described by Cory in 1915 , is found in eastern Colombia and northwest Venezuela . F. s. caucae , described by Chapman in 1915 , is found in western Colombia . F. s. aequatorialis , described by Mearns in 1892 , is found in northern Ecuador . F. s. peruvianus , described by Cory in 1915 , is found in southwest Ecuador , Peru , and northern Chile . F. s. fernandensis , described by Chapman in 1915 , is found on the Juan Fernández Islands off Chile . F. s. cinnamominu , described by Swainson in 1837 , is found in Peru , Chile , and Argentina . F. s. cearae , described by Cory in 1915 , is found from northeast Brazil south to eastern Bolivia . = = Ecology and behavior = = American kestrels are found in a wide variety of habitats , including grasslands , meadows , deserts , and other open to semiopen regions . They can also be found in both urban and suburban areas . A kestrel 's habitat must include perches , open space for hunting , and cavities for nesting ( whether natural or man @-@ made ) . The American kestrel is able to live in very diverse conditions , ranging from above the Arctic Circle , to the tropics of Central America , to elevations of over 4 @,@ 500 m ( 14 @,@ 800 ft ) in the Andes Mountains . The bird is distributed from northern Canada and Alaska to the southernmost tip of South America , Tierra del Fuego . It is the only kestrel found in the Americas , though as mentioned above this classification is genetically inaccurate . It has occurred as a vagrant in the UK , Denmark , Malta and the Azores . American kestrels in Canada and the northern United States typically migrate south in the winter , sometimes going as far as Central America and the Caribbean . Birds that breed south of about 35 ° north latitude are usually year @-@ round residents . Migration also depends on local weather conditions . Wintering kestrels ' choice of habitat varies by sex . Females are found in open areas more often than males during the non @-@ breeding season . A common explanation for this behavior is that the larger females arrive at the preferred habitat first and exclude males from their territory . The American kestrel is not long @-@ lived , with a lifespan of < 5 years for wild birds . The oldest banded wild bird was 11 years and 7 months , while captive kestrels can live up to 14 – 17 years . In a study , humans accounted for 43 @.@ 2 % of 1 @,@ 355 reported deaths , which included direct killing and roadkills , while predation ( including by larger birds of prey ) accounted for 2 @.@ 8 % . This statistic is likely biased , however , as reported deaths are usually found near or in areas populated by humans . = = = Feeding = = = American kestrels feed largely on small animals such as grasshoppers , dragonflies , lizards , mice , voles , and small birds . The kestrel has also been reported to have killed snakes , bats , and squirrels . The kestrel is able to maintain high population densities , at least in part because of the broad scope of its diet . The American kestrel 's primary mode of hunting is by perching and waiting for prey to come near . The bird is characteristically seen along roadsides or fields perched on objects such as trees , overhead power lines , or fence posts . It also hunts by kiting , hovering in the air with rapid wing beats and scanning the ground for prey . Other hunting techniques include low flight over fields , or chasing insects and birds in the air . Prey is most often caught on the ground , though occasionally they take birds in flight . Before striking , the kestrel characteristically bobs its head and tail , then makes a direct flight toward the prey to grab it in its talons . Much like the red @-@ tailed hawk , American kestrels conserve energy in a hunt and pick their attacks with care as to position and odds of success . During the breeding season , the bird will carry large prey back to its mate or young . One study found that an American kestrel pair " foraged in ways that minimized the costs of energy acquisition in its particular situation " . For example , if the success rate for catching prey decreases significantly in a particular area , the bird will move to a different area . = = = Reproduction = = = American kestrels are sexually mature by their first spring . In migratory populations , the males arrive at the breeding ground before females , then the female selects a mate . Pair bonds are strong , often permanent . Pairs usually use previous nesting sites in consecutive years . This gives birds an advantage over younger or invading individuals , as they would already be familiar with the hunting grounds , neighbors , predators , and other features of the site . Males perform elaborate dive displays to advertise their territory and attract a mate . These displays consist of several climbs and dives , with three or four " klee " calls at their peaks . Females are promiscuous for about one to two weeks after their arrival at the nesting site . This is thought to stimulate ovulation . Food transfers from the male to the female occur from about four to five weeks prior to egg laying to one to two weeks after . American kestrels are cavity nesters , but they are able to adapt to a wide variety of nesting situations . They generally prefer natural cavities ( such as in trees ) with closed tops and tight fitting entrances , as to provide for maximum protection of the eggs and young . Kestrels occasionally nest in holes created by large woodpeckers , or use the abandoned nests of other birds , such as red @-@ tailed hawks , merlins , and crows . They have been recorded nesting on cliff ledges and building tops , as well as in abandoned cavities in cactuses . American kestrels also commonly utilize nesting boxes . Three to seven eggs ( typically four or five ) are laid approximately 24 – 72 hours apart . The average egg size is 32 mm × 29 mm ( 1 @.@ 3 in × 1 @.@ 1 in ) , 10 % larger than average for birds of its body size . The eggs are white to cream in color with brown or grey splotching . Incubation usually lasts 30 days and is mainly the responsibility of the female , although the male incubates 15 – 20 % of the time . Eggs that are lost are typically replaced in 11 – 12 days . Hatching takes place over three to four days . Hatchlings are altricial , and are only able to sit up after five days . They grow very quickly , reaching an adult weight after 16 – 17 days . After 28 – 31 days , their wings develop and they are able to leave the nest . The young adult kestrels may breed from a year old , and the species has approximately a three to five year life expectancy in the wild . In ecological terms the reproductive pattern of the American kestrel leans towards a small bird " r @-@ selection " strategy . In r / K selection theory , selective pressures are hypothesised to drive evolution in one of two generalized directions : r- or K @-@ selection . R @-@ selected species are those that place an emphasis on a high growth rate , typically exploiting less @-@ crowded ecological niches , and produce many offspring , each of which has a relatively low probability of surviving to adulthood ( i.e. , high r , low K ) . By contrast , K @-@ selected species display traits associated with living at densities close to carrying capacity , and typically are strong competitors in such crowded niches that invest more heavily in fewer offspring , each of which has a relatively high probability of surviving to adulthood ( i.e. , low r , high K ) . Between these two extremes the American kestrel is one of the few raptor species that lean towards being r @-@ selected . They are able to breed at one year old , have few non @-@ breeding adults in the population , and have larger broods . Their population growth rate is high relative to larger raptors , which typically lean towards being K @-@ selected . = = Stress physiology = = = = = Weather = = = American kestrels are often useful in scientific studies on animal physiology , and are typically captured using the bal @-@ chatri method or raised in nest boxes for experiments . Kestrel metabolic rate has been found to increase in response to rainfall , and at ambient temperatures below about 25 ⁰ C. Kestrel metabolic responses to weather and temperature do not vary , however , with sex . Kestrels will increase their oxygen consumption , and therefore their metabolic rate in cold and wet conditions to counteract heat loss . = = = Environmental disturbance = = = American kestrels ' response to environmental stress is measured as blood concentration of corticosterone ( CORT , ) a hormone produced by the hypothalamic @-@ pituitary @-@ adrenal ( HPA ) axis that releases stored energy for essential body functions . Extended periods of elevated blood CORT levels may direct metabolic energy away from growth and reproduction . Thus , high levels of traffic disturbance and human development surrounding American kestrel nests are found to increase stress hormones leading to reproductive failure . Among successful nests , however , nestlings do not typically experience a higher stress response to environmental human disturbance , suggesting that they can tolerate a considerable degree of human activity near the nest . = = = Environmental contaminants = = = Since American kestrels are carnivores , toxic chemical runoff ingested by their prey can concentrate at high levels in their blood . Wild kestrels are subject to immunomodulation , or an altered immune response , to polybrominated diphenyl ethers ( PBDEs ) , a group of industrial flame retardants that may leach from factories into the environment . When PBDEs accumulate in body tissues of kestrels , the T @-@ cell mediated immune response decreases in efficiency . As a result , kestrels that ingest PBDEs may not respond sufficiently to viruses or other invading microorganisms . In addition , certain PBDEs may suppress growth and development of the spleen and bursa in American kestrels . = = Status and conservation = = The American kestrel is likely the most abundant falcon in North America , although its total population is difficult to quantify , as local populations can change quickly due to resource availability . Count data from the USGS Breeding Bird Survey ( BBS ) indicate that the North American breeding population is experiencing long @-@ term and gradual but sustained declines , with some regions , such as New England and coastal California , exhibiting more rapid declines . Count data from raptor migration corridors also indicate regional population declines and largely corroborate BBS data . The North American population has been estimated at 1 @.@ 2 million pairs , with the Central and South American populations being as large . A smaller estimate is 236 @,@ 000 birds wintering in North America . A population increase occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries , probably due to deforestation for agriculture . The resulting pastures provided an ideal habitat for kestrels . The southeastern U.S. subspecies ( Falco sparverius paulus ) has declined 82 % since 1940 due to a decrease in nest site availability . This decline is a result of longleaf pines being cleared from agricultural fields . Despite this , the American kestrel is classed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List . The Peregrine Fund , a leading non @-@ profit organization advancing research and conservation of birds of prey worldwide , launched the American Kestrel Partnership in 2012 . The American Kestrel Partnership developed and maintains a web @-@ based network for citizen and professional scientists to enter , manage , and consolidate data from kestrel nest box monitoring programs in the Western Hemisphere . The database is being used by researchers to model and understand relationships between kestrel nesting parameters ( e.g. , phenology , occupancy , survival , productivity , and nestling weight and exposure to environmental toxins ) and environmental factors , such as land use , landscape composition and configuration , climate conditions ( e.g. , drought ) , and point sources of environmental toxins . Each breeding season , the American Kestrel Partnership features a live @-@ streaming video feed from the nest box located at The Peregrine Fund 's campus in Boise , Idaho . = = Use in falconry = = One important use of American kestrels is in falconry . It is often considered a beginner 's bird , though the careful weight control needed to maintain the kestrel 's desire to aggressively hunt takes skill . Falconers experienced in extracting the best performance the species is capable of report they are highly reliable on the normal game of sparrows and starlings . More aggressive individuals are sometimes capable of capturing prey up to approximately twice their own body weight , allowing the occasional capture of true game birds such as quail and dove . However , most falconers interested in the reliable taking of such game do prefer larger falcons or hawks . The advantage the American kestrel offers the experienced falconer is its suitability to simple and urban falconry not requiring large tracts of land or the use of hunting dogs . This form of falconry is sometimes referred to as " micro @-@ falconry " or " micro @-@ hawking . " The other small raptor species commonly used in micro @-@ falconry are the Merlin , the Sharp @-@ shinned hawk ( the smallest accipiter ) , and the European kestrel ( a true kestrel ) . Hawking with the American kestrel requires adapting to the strengths and weaknesses of the bird . It is a very small falcon , and even for its size it is less muscular than than other small falcons such as the athletic and swift Merlin . It is more adapted to ambush hunting and short chases than to the longer aerial chases larger falcons often adopt . Used within it limits , it is effective . Experienced falconer Matthew Mullenix , author of the book " American Kestrels in Modern Falconry " , in an article comparing kestrels to merlins , summed their abilities up as follows : 1 . " Kestrels are thin @-@ winged , flat @-@ chested , under @-@ powered and lack acceleration compared to merlins . I say that with much affection for them and with thousands of kestrel kills to prove these are not necessarily damning differences . Comparing a red @-@ tailed hawk to a Harris ’ or goshawk will conjure equally negative points of fact , yet we all know how good trained red @-@ tails can be ! " 2 . " The chief variable to choosing between a kestrel and a merlin may be your hawking land . If you live in open country , or have access at least to good pasture for cattle , a merlin can excel there . If you plan to hunt mostly in town or suburb , and especially if you plan to hawk from a car , I ’ d recommend the kestrel . The consideration coming in at close second is your intended quarry . To snipe , dove , quail and open @-@ country sparrows , merlins are best suited . For most blackbirds ( Icteridea ) , either falcon can prove effective . Starlings in close are extremely vulnerable to kestrels ; but in the open are best prey for merlins . The same holds true for house sparrows , with this exception : sparrows in thick cover are better quarry for kestrels . This is the slip for which I feel the American kestrel is perfect . " 3 . " Once committed to an attack , trained kestrels tend to follow through to the end . They will stoop into cover , chase birds on foot , bind to quarry twice their size and never let go voluntarily . They have small feet , but as written elsewhere , also have the strongest feet for their size . It is a simple fact that American kestrels hold starlings better than merlins , on average , and will gladly tackle larger quarry than will any jack ( male merlin ) . " American kestrels do not train so easily as some larger falcons ( particularly the Peregrine falcon ) in the art of " waiting on " to perform a diving stoop on flushed prey . However , some individual kestrels do master this skill . Falconers sometimes train them to climb to a stooping position with tidbids on kites or balloons that the kestrels learn to climb after . More common hunting techniques are to " slip " them after spotted game from the fist , or to release them from a vehicle window close to spotted quarry . These techniques are more of a natural fit to the kestrel 's ambushing methods in the wild . Falconers using the American kestrel should be alert to protect the falcon from larger predators that may attack the kestrel , particularly if it is distracted on the ground with captured prey . Domestic cats and dogs are the greatest threat to attack the falcon on the ground , but the Cooper 's hawk is well known to boldly attack kestrels . This mid @-@ sized American accipiter has sufficient size and strength to carry the kestrel away , though falconers have reported often being successful in recovering the kestrel unharmed by acting quickly to intimidate the larger hawk into releasing the kestrel . American kestrels are bred in captivity for use in falconry , and are among the easier falcons to breed . They are also sufficiently common that " passage " birds in their first year are relatively easy to trap . Wild caught kestrels " tame down " fairly quickly . They will usually be eating from a falconer 's hand the day after capture , be training within a week , and be ready to hunt in three to five weeks . A very tame American kestrel will allow itself to be picked up around the body with one hand , while accepting tidbits from the other hand . Such tameness is very useful when checking or treating the bird for injury or illness . Migratory raptors native to the United States are protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 , so American kestrels are illegal to possess without a permit ( such as a falconry permit ) in the United States , Canada , and Mexico . = = Cited books = = Clark , William S. ; Wheeler , Brian K. ( 2001 ) . A field guide to hawks of North America . New York , NY : Houghton Mifflin Harcourt . ISBN 0 @-@ 395 @-@ 67067 @-@ 5 . Fjeldså , Jon ; Krabbe , Niels ( 1990 ) . Birds of the High Andes : A Manual to the Birds of the Temperate Zone of the Andes and Patagonia , South America . Svendborg , Denmark : Apollo Books . ISBN 87 @-@ 88757 @-@ 16 @-@ 1 . Tveten , John L. ; Tveten , Gloria A. ( 2004 ) . " Our Smallest Falcon — American Kestrel : 198 / 1996 " . Our life with birds : a nature trails book . College Station , TX : Texas A & M University Press . ISBN 1 @-@ 58544 @-@ 380 @-@ 8 . Wauer , Roland H. ( 2005 ) . The American kestrel : falcon of many names . Boulder , CO : Johnson Books . ISBN 1 @-@ 55566 @-@ 353 @-@ 2 .
= Cool ( Gwen Stefani song ) = " Cool " is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album , Love . Angel . Music . Baby . ( 2004 ) . Written by Stefani and Dallas Austin , the song was released on July 5 , 2005 as the album 's fourth single . It was written by Austin basing the song on No Doubt 's " Simple Kind of Life " , but he did not finish it . He then asked for help from Stefani , and they finished the song in 15 minutes . The single 's musical style and production were inspired by synthpop and new wave arrangements from the 1980s , and its lyrics chronicle a relationship in which two lovers have separated , but remain " cool " with each other as good friends . The song received generally positive reviews from music critics , being compared to Cyndi Lauper and Madonna songs from the 1980s . The media have drawn parallels between the song 's lyrical content and the romantic relationship that Stefani had with Tony Kanal , a fellow group member of No Doubt . The song was moderately successful on the charts , reaching the top 10 in Australia , the Czech Republic , and New Zealand , as well as the top 20 in Denmark , Ireland , Norway , the United Kingdom , and the United States . The accompanying music video was filmed by British director Sophie Muller in Lake Como , Italy . It features many flashbacks to when Stefani and her former boyfriend were dating , and currently , both are fine with their friendship . The song was included on the setlist for Stefani 's debut tour Harajuku Lovers Tour and the tour 's video album , as well as in the 2010 drama film Somewhere . = = Writing and composition = = " Cool " was originally written by Dallas Austin after listening to Stefani 's group No Doubt 's song " Underneath It All " ( 2002 ) . Austin commented that he was trying to write his version of No Doubt 's " Simple Kind of Life " , but he was unable to finish the song . He later asked Stefani if she wanted to co @-@ write lyrics . During a studio session together , they finished " Cool " in 15 minutes . Stefani commented , " When he told me about the track and where it came from for him , it just triggered something in me . " The lyrics of " Cool " reflect Stefani 's former relationship with No Doubt bassist Tony Kanal . Although their romantic relationship ended , the lyrics portray Stefani 's attitude that it is " cool " that they still remain very good friends . Stefani and Kanal 's relationship had provided the inspiration for No Doubt 's " Don 't Speak " ( 1996 ) , and while " Cool " presents an amicable friendship between former lovers , " Don 't Speak " is about a failing relationship and never arrives at a solution for the couple . Stefani said that she had never intended to include " personal " material on Love . Angel . Music . Baby . , and commented , " but no matter what you do , things just come out . It just ended this whole thing for me in my head , and it puts an end to a chapter in a really nice way . " The lyrics of " Cool " sum up the evolution of their relationship with the line " After all that we 've been through , I know we 're cool " . " Cool " is a mid @-@ tempo love song featuring a synthpop and new wave production . The song is composed in D major . It is written in common time , it moves at a moderate tempo of 112 beats per minute , and it has a vocal range from the tone of F ♯ 3 to the note of C ♯ 5 . The song is written in the common verse @-@ chorus form , featuring five instruments : bass guitar , drums , guitar , keyboards , and synthesizer . " Cool " opens with all five instruments , and as Stefani begins singing , the synthesizer is lowered , and the hard @-@ hitting drum beat steadily increases in volume . She performs her highest pitch ( C ♯ 5 ) during the chorus , after which she sings in a softer , almost sotto voce , and her lowest pitch ( E3 ) at the beginning of the verses . The synthesizer emulates brass and woodwind instruments , while the bass and guitar retain a prominent and regular eighth note pulse , using a I – IV – V chord progression for the verses . In the percussion section a drum kit is used , and the snare is introduced at the beginning of the first chorus , which maintains its beat . During the song 's fade @-@ out , Stefani repeats " I know we 're cool " and " yeah " , and she occasionally emphasizes " cool " . Her vocal range covers close to two octaves . = = Critical reception = = " Cool " received acclaim from music critics . Yahoo ! Music 's Jennifer Nine referred to the song as " a liltingly sweet paean to post @-@ break @-@ up friendships " , while Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic called it a " high school anthem @-@ in @-@ waiting " theme ; it also was selected as one of the album 's highlights . Richard Smirke of Playlouder commented that the song successfully used the same production formula as fellow album tracks " Serious " and " What You Waiting For ? " , and described it as a " crisp blend of edgy 21C production and early 80s Madonna @-@ esque pop " . Jason Damas , in a review for PopMatters , characterized it as " a slippery slice of keyboard " New Wave song referring to it as a " pitched halfway between The Go @-@ Go 's and Cyndi Lauper " . Eric Greenwood for Drawer B called " Cool " " a retrofitted [ song ] with stale synths and chugging guitars " with " dorkier lyrics than even Cyndi Lauper would dare " . Sandy Cohen from the Toronto Star called it " the year 's love anthem " . Entertainment Weekly reviewer David Browne described Stefani , in " Cool " and in another song ( " The Real Thing " ) , as " a glacial ' 80s synthpop zombie " . Krissi Murison from NME found Stefani 's performance reminiscent of " Madonna 's breathless purr " . John Murphy wrote for musicOMH that " Cool " would remind No Doubt fans of " Don 't Speak " . Blender magazine editors ranked " Cool " at number 45 on its list of " The 100 Greatest Songs of 2005 " . = = Commercial performance = = In the United States , the song debuted at number 86 on the Billboard Hot 100 on the issue dated July 16 , 2005 . The next week it rose to number 64 , and it reached its peak position of number 13 on September 3 , 2005 . On other Billboard charts , the single topped the Hot Dance Club Play , reached number four on the Adult Top 40 and number nine on the Pop 100 . In Australia it debuted and peaked at number 10 on September 11 , 2005 , dropping off the chart on November 13 , 2005 at number 49 . In New Zealand " Cool " became the second highest debut of the week ending September 5 , 2005 , at number 11 . It rose to its peak position of number nine the following week , becoming her fifth consecutive top 10 in the country . In European countries the song performed moderately , reaching the top 40 in most of them . It reached number 26 on the European Hot 100 Singles on October 8 , 2005 . On the Czech Airplay Chart , " Cool " entered the chart number 12 , achieving its peak position of number 10 in its 10th week . In Italy , it debuted at number 16 on September 22 , 2005 , peaking at number 15 the week after . The single debuted at number 18 on the Norwegian chart , climbing to number 16 the following week . " Cool " debuted and peaked at number 12 on the Irish Singles Chart during the week ending September 1 , 2005 . In the United Kingdom the single debuted and peaked at number 11 on the UK Singles Chart for the week of September 4 , 2005 , spending 10 weeks on the chart . In Austria " Cool " debuted at number 31 on September 11 , 2005 . Four weeks later , the song reached its peak position of number 15 , and was last seen on December 16 , 2005 , after 15 weeks . = = Music video = = The song 's music video was directed by Sophie Muller and filmed in Lake Como , Italy . " It was obvious I was gonna ask her to do it " , Stefani stated in an interview with VH1 's Box Set . The video follows the song 's theme and depicts the relationship that Stefani has with a former boyfriend , who is played by Spanish actor Daniel González . González and his new girlfriend — played by Tony Kanal 's girlfriend , Erin Lokitz — are shown walking up to a villa where Stefani answers the door . The villa featured in the video is the Villa Erba , in the town of Cernobbio , which Stefani said was " so beautiful " . The three of them are seen in each other 's company , with intercut scenes of Stefani singing on a bed . There are flashbacks to the time when Stefani and her former boyfriend were dating , where she has brunette hair . Flashbacks and present day images are linked with match cut cinematography . The lyrical theme of " Cool " is maintained in the video ; frames are incorporated to portray Stefani feeling " cool " . She is depicted as cool with her former boyfriend and his girlfriend throughout most of the video . The music video for " Cool " premiered on MTV 's top @-@ 10 chart program Total Request Live on June 30 , 2005 , where it reached number three . After its July 8 , 2005 debut on MuchMusic 's Countdown , it reached number one for the week of October 8 , 2005 . = = Promotion = = In mid @-@ October 2005 , " Cool " was included in the setlist for Stefani 's first concert tour , Harajuku Lovers Tour , performed as the 11th song of the show . The song was added to the tour 's video album Harajuku Lovers Live , released on December 5 , 2005 . It was also used in Sofia Coppola 's 2010 drama film Somewhere , in which Elle Fanning 's character Cleo performs an ice dancing routine to the song . = = Track listings = = = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from the liner notes of Love . Angel . Music . Baby . = = Charts = = = = Release history = =
= 5th Parachute Brigade ( United Kingdom ) = The 5th Parachute Brigade was an airborne forces formation of brigade strength , raised by the British Army during the Second World War . Created during 1943 , the brigade was assigned to the 6th Airborne Division , serving alongside the 3rd Parachute Brigade and the 6th Airlanding Brigade . The brigade first saw action in the British airborne landings on D @-@ Day Operation Tonga , where it was responsible for capturing bridges over the Caen Canal and the River Orne in Operation Deadstick . The brigade remained in Normandy until September 1944 , by which time it had advanced to the mouth of the River Seine . Its next engagement was in reaction to the surprise German offensive in the Ardennes , the Battle of the Bulge . This was followed by Operation Varsity , the last Allied airborne mission of the war . After this , the brigade advanced across Germany , reaching the Baltic Sea by the end of fighting in the European theatre . The brigade was then sent to India as the division 's advance party , but the war ended before it could begin operations . Instead the brigade became involved in disarming the Japanese forces in Malaya and Singapore , to restore British sovereignty . Its last operation was in Java , where it remained until a Dutch force arrived to take over . The brigade then rejoined the 6th Airborne Division , which was serving in Palestine , but was disbanded almost immediately afterwards . = = Background = = Impressed by the success of German airborne operations during the Battle of France in May – June 1940 , the British Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , directed the War Office to investigate the possibility of creating a force of 5 @,@ 000 parachute troops . As a result , on 22 June 1940 , No. 2 Commando assumed parachute duties , and on 21 November was re @-@ designated the 11th Special Air Service Battalion , with a parachute and glider wing . This later became the 1st Parachute Battalion . On 21 June 1940 the Central Landing Establishment was formed at Ringway airfield near Manchester . Although tasked primarily with training parachute troops , it was also directed to investigate the use of gliders to transport troops into battle . At the same time , the Ministry of Aircraft Production contracted General Aircraft Ltd to design and produce a glider for this purpose . The result was the General Aircraft Hotspur , an aircraft capable of transporting eight soldiers , that was used for both assault and training purposes . The success of the first British airborne raid , Operation Colossus , prompted the War Office to expand the airborne force through the creation of the Parachute Regiment , and to develop plans to convert several infantry battalions into parachute and glider battalions . On 31 May 1941 , a joint Army and RAF memorandum was approved by the Chiefs @-@ of @-@ Staff and Winston Churchill ; it recommended that the British airborne forces should consist of two parachute brigades , one based in England and the other in the Middle East , and that a glider force of 10 @,@ 000 men should be created . = = Formation = = On 23 April 1943 the War Office authorised the formation of a second airborne division , which would be numbered the 6th Airborne Division . Under its command the division would have the existing 3rd Parachute Brigade , along with two airlanding battalions transferred from the 1st Airborne Division to form the nucleus of the new 6th Airlanding Brigade . To fill out the division , a new parachute brigade was raised on 1 July by the redesignation of the 72nd Independent Infantry Brigade . Numbered the 5th Parachute Brigade , it was initially commanded by Brigadier Edwin Flavell , but on 5 July he was given command of the Airborne Forces Depot , and Brigadier Nigel Poett took over the brigade . In 1945 , while the brigade was serving in the Far East , the brigade 's last commander , Brigadier Kenneth Darling , took over from Poett . The parachute battalions in the brigade were the experienced 7th ( Light Infantry ) , which was transferred from the 3rd Parachute Brigade , and two new parachute battalions , the 12th ( Yorkshire ) Parachute Battalion and the 13th ( Lancashire ) . These were standard line infantry converted to parachute duties , and had to undergo airborne forces selection and training at the Airborne Forces Deport . On formation , each battalion had an establishment of 556 men in three rifle companies ; the companies were divided into a small headquarters and three platoons . Each platoon had three Bren machine guns and three 2 @-@ inch mortars , one of each per section . The only heavy weapons in the battalions were a 3 inch mortar platoon and a Vickers machine gun platoon . By 1944 a headquarters or support company was added to the battalion , comprising five platoons : motor transport , signals , mortar , machine @-@ gun and anti @-@ tank . This company had eight 3 inch mortars , four Vickers machine guns , and ten PIAT anti @-@ tank projectors . The brigade was supported by the 4th Airlanding Anti @-@ Tank Battery from the Royal Artillery . This battery had three troops , equipped with four Ordnance QF 6 pounders each , and provided the brigade 's only anti @-@ tank guns . Later in the war , the battery was increased to five troops , three of them retaining the 6 pounder , while the other two had four Ordnance QF 17 pounders each . While the 6 pounder could fit inside the Horsa glider , the size and weight of the 17 pounder and its Morris C8 tractor unit required the larger Hamilcar glider . The 591st ( Antrim ) Parachute Squadron from the Royal Engineers and the 225th ( Parachute ) Field Ambulance of the Royal Army Medical Corps completed the brigade formation . 'D ' Company , commanded by Major John Howard , from the 2nd Battalion of the Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry ( OBLI ) , of 6th Airlanding Brigade , also served with the brigade for a one off mission in Normandy . At the end of the war , while serving in the Far East , the pathfinders of the 22nd Independent Parachute Company , and the Parachute Platoon from the Light Composite Company , Royal Army Service Corps , were attached to the brigade . = = Operational history = = From June to December 1943 , the brigade prepared for operations as part of the 6th Airborne Division , training at every level from section up to division by day and night . Airborne soldiers were expected to fight against superior numbers of the enemy , who would be equipped with artillery and tanks . Training was therefore designed to encourage a spirit of self @-@ discipline , self @-@ reliance and aggressiveness , with emphasis given to physical fitness , marksmanship and fieldcraft . A large part of the training consisted of assault courses and route marching . Military exercises included capturing and holding airborne bridgeheads , road or rail bridges and coastal fortifications . At the end of most exercises , the troops would march back to their barracks , usually a distance of around 20 miles ( 32 km ) . An ability to cover long distances at speed was expected ; airborne platoons were required to cover a distance of 50 miles ( 80 km ) in 24 hours , and battalions 32 miles ( 51 km ) . In April 1944 , under the command of 1st Airborne Corps , the brigade took part in Exercise Mush , in the counties of Gloucestershire , Oxfordshire and Wiltshire . This was an airborne military exercise spread over three days involving the 1st and 6th Airborne Divisions . Unknown to the men of the 6th Airborne , it was a full @-@ scale rehearsal for the division 's involvement in the imminent Normandy invasion . During the invasion , the division 's two parachute brigades would land just after midnight on 6 June , while the 6th Airlanding Brigade arrived later in the day just before dark . The division 's objective was to secure the left flank of the invasion area , by dominating the high ground in the area between the rivers Orne and Dives . For their part in the operation , the 5th Parachute Brigade had to capture intact the Caen Canal and the River Orne bridges . To assist the brigade in its mission , ' D ' Company from the 2nd Battalion , Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry was taken under its command to carry out a coup de main operation on the bridges . = = = D @-@ Day = = = Just after midnight on 6 June 1944 , six Halifax bombers towing Horsa gliders , with the reinforced ' D ' Company from the 2nd Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry on board , crossed the French coast . Shortly afterwards , the tow ropes were released and five of the gliders landed in the strip of land between the Caen Canal and the River Orne . Major John Howard commanded the company for the assault , which in short order captured the Benouville and Ranville bridges intact , for the loss of two dead and several wounded . The intention was for this force to hold the bridges until relieved by the 7th Parachute Battalion . Next , Albermarle bombers carrying the 5th Parachute Brigade 's pathfinders , a group from each battalion , and the brigade headquarters started to arrive over the drop zone ( DZ ) . Some planes got lost and failed to reach the DZ or arrived late . Others were damaged before dropping all their paratroops and turned back , and one returned to base after failing to find the drop zone at all . At 00 : 50 the brigade started landing at DZ @-@ N , just north of Ranville . Equipment and navigational failures by the RAF pilots and the division 's pathfinders resulted in the brigade being scattered all over the countryside . By 02 : 40 only around 40 per cent of the 7th Parachute Battalion had reached their assembly point . Unable to wait any longer , the battalion headed for the captured bridges , and established a defensive position in Benouville , the division 's only position west of the Caen Canal . Most of the 12th Parachute Battalion landed on the eastern edge of the DZ , and only around 60 per cent of the battalion arrived at their assembly point . Their objective was to secure the village of Le Bas de Ranville , which was achieved by 04 : 00 . The 13th Parachute Battalion could also only muster around 60 per cent of its strength on the DZ . This battalion had two objectives ; to secure Ranville and to clear the DZ of obstacles for the division 's gliders which were to land next . By daybreak all the brigade 's objectives had been secured . To the west of the Caen Canal , the 7th Parachute Battalion was attacked by tanks and armoured vehicles from the 21st Panzer Division . With no heavy weapons available , one Panzer IV that reached the centre of Benouville had to be destroyed using Gammon bombs . The battalion held out all morning against attacks by German tanks and infantry , and around noon the commandos from the 1st Commando Brigade started arriving from Sword beach . The battalion was still being attacked from the south , but the commandos ' arrival meant their northern flank was now relatively secure . On the eastern side of the bridges , the 12th Parachute Battalion had been under mortar and artillery fire and was then attacked by the 21st Panzer Division 's 125th Panzer Grenadier Regiment , which withdrew after losing a tank ; several German infantry were taken prisoner . A second German attack was also stopped , this time assisted by the 4th Airlanding Anti @-@ Tank Battery , which destroyed three self propelled guns and a tank . The 13th Parachute Battalion secured Ranville , which had been held by a company from the German 711th Infantry Division , and was the first French village to be liberated during the landings . This battalion was also attacked by infantry and tanks , three of which were destroyed during the day . At 21 : 00 the 6th Airlanding Brigade arrived at two landing zones , one on each side of the Orne river . By the end of the day the 12th and 13th Parachute Battalions were still holding Le Bas de Ranville and Ranville . The 7th Parachute Battalion , after being relieved by the 3rd Infantry Division , was now in reserve , dug in along the western side of DZ @-@ N. The 3rd Parachute Brigade was holding a ridge of high ground to the east of the 5th Parachute Brigade , and the 6th Airlanding Brigade were moving into position to their south . The north was covered by the 1st Commando Brigade which was now under the 6th Airborne Division 's command . = = = Orne bridgehead = = = Because of their positioning , the 5th Parachute Brigade was largely protected by the 6th Airborne Division 's other units , and did not suffer from the almost constant German attempts to dislodge the division . However , the 12th Parachute Battalion was attacked on 7 June by seven tanks and an infantry company . The attack was beaten off for the loss of three tanks , but caused several casualties amongst ' A ' Company , including the crew of their only supporting 6 pounder anti @-@ tank gun . Later the same day during an attack on the 13th Parachute Battalion , three German self @-@ propelled guns were destroyed , and the next day the battalion destroyed another six attacking tanks . The 12th Battalion , Devonshire Regiment arrived by sea later in the day , and took over the 12th Parachute Battalion 's position . The 7th and 12th Parachute Battalions and the 2nd Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry now formed the divisional reserve . Elements from three German formations were responsible for the attacks on the division ; the 21st Panzer Division and the 346th and 711th Infantry Divisions . . On 10 June a large German force assembled to the south west of Breville and at 09 : 00 attacked across DZ @-@ N towards the bridges and the 13th Parachute Battalion . Waiting until the enemy were only 50 yards ( 46 m ) away , the battalion opened fire . Supported by the mortars and Vickers machine guns of the 7th Parachute Battalion , ' C ' Company from the 13th Parachute Battalion started a counterattack which drove the Germans away . The attack had cost the Germans 400 dead and 100 captured . Major @-@ General Richard Nelson Gale , commander of the 6th Airborne Division , decided to try to drive the Germans out of the large woods at Le Mariquet , which were occupied by the 857th Grenadier Regiment , part of the 346th Infantry Division . The operation would be carried out by the 7th Parachute Battalion , supported by Sherman tanks from ' B ' Squadron 13th / 18th Royal Hussars . Two companies from the battalion entered the woods , while the tanks remained outside giving covering fire . By that evening the woods had been cleared . The cost to the 7th Parachute Battalion was only 10 men wounded , but the Hussars lost seven tanks , with 10 dead and five wounded . The German defenders had 20 men killed , and 100 prisoners were taken . At the same time , the 3rd Parachute Brigade , supported by the 5th Battalion , Black Watch from the 51st ( Highland ) Division , were attempting to capture Breville , the only German held village on the high ground overlooking the British positions . By 12 June Breville was still in German hands , and Gale decided on one more attack , this time at night . This would be carried out by his only reserves ; the 12th Parachute Battalion , now only 350 men strong , supported by the pathfinder company , a company from the 12th Devonshire Regiment , and a squadron of tanks from the 13th / 18th Hussars . The attack would be supported by artillery fire from five regiments of artillery . The assault started at 22 : 00 , and after fighting throughout the night the village was eventually captured . British casualties were heavy ; the 12th Parachute Battalion lost 141 men , the Devons another 35 . The 12th Parachute Battalion was now reduced to only 55 men in its three rifle companies , plus the Headquarters Company . Some casualties were victims of the British artillery falling short . These included the 12th Parachute Battalion 's commanding officer , Lieutenant Colonel Johnny Johnson , who was killed . The same shell wounded Brigadiers Hugh Kindersley of the airlanding brigade and Lord Lovat of the commandos . The next day , 13 June , the 51st ( Highland ) Infantry Division crossed the waterways and took over the defence of the southern sector from the airlanding brigade . This , and the assignment of the 4th Special Service Brigade to the division , allowed one brigade at a time to go into reserve to rest . The first brigade withdrawn was the 3rd , and the 5th Parachute Brigade took over their positions on the ridge of high ground , between the 1st Special Service Brigade in the north and the Highland Division in the south . = = = Advance to the Seine = = = After the capture of Breville the division was not attacked in force again , apart from an almost continuous artillery bombardment between 18 and 20 June . Further reinforcements arrived east of the River Orne on 20 July , when the 49th ( West Riding ) Infantry Division moved into the line between the 6th Airborne and the 51st ( Highland ) Division . On 7 August Gale was ordered to prepare the division to move over to the offensive , with its objective being the mouth of the River Seine . The three divisions east of the Orne together became I Corps ; its commander , Lieutenant General John Crocker , knowing that the 6th Airborne had almost no artillery , vehicles or engineer equipment , did not expect it to advance very quickly . To reach the Seine , the division would have to cross three major rivers . There were two main lines of advance , the road running along the coast and another road further inland from Troarn to Pont Audemer . The commando brigade and the two parachute brigades would use the inland route , with the 3rd Parachute Brigade being responsible for the breakout when the time was right . On 17 August the Germans began to withdraw , and the 3rd Parachute Brigade started their attack at 03 : 00 . By 18 August the brigade had crossed the River Dives and reached the outskirts of Goustranville . Here they halted , and the 5th Parachute Brigade took over the attack , their first objective being the village of Putot en Auge . The 7th Parachute Battalion were to secure the ground to the east of the village . Delayed on the way , they ambushed a column of Germans advancing on them , before securing their objective . The 13th Parachute Battalion , which had been under fire for three hours , dashed across 1 @,@ 000 yards ( 910 m ) of open land into cover at the base of Hill 13 . Then ' A ' and ' B ' Companies fixed bayonets and charged up the hill . Simultaneously , a German battalion , which had just arrived to reinforce the defenders , counterattacked causing several casualties . The two companies were forced to withdraw , closely followed by the enemy . The German counter @-@ attack was halted by an artillery barrage , and Putot en Auge was captured by the combined forces of the 7th and 12th Parachute Battalions . They also took 120 German prisoners . The 3rd Parachute Brigade then resumed the advance towards Pont @-@ l 'Évêque on the River Touques . They were held up capturing Annebault , and the 5th Parachute Brigade moved to the front again , reaching Pont @-@ l 'Évêque at 12 : 00 on 22 August . The River Touques has two branches running through the town , and the 13th Parachute Battalion were given the objective of establishing a bridgehead across the river . The battalion reached and safely crossed the westernmost branch , but heavy German resistance prevented them from securing the main part of the town . Overnight a patrol managed to cross the eastern branch , using a girder that had been left spanning the river when the bridge had been blown up . The patrol was then reinforced by ' A ' and ' B ' Companies , and fought a three @-@ hour battle trying to form a bridgehead . They were then withdrawn back across the river , where the 7th Parachute Battalion had dug in to form a defensive position . At the same time , the 12th Parachute Battalion had tried to cross the river using fords to secure Saint Julien and the nearby railway embankment . They , too , were stopped by heavy German fire , which pinned them down on the embankment , inflicting significant casualties ; 16 dead and 50 wounded . As they were unable to proceed , brigade headquarters called off their attack , but the battalion had to wait until dark to pull back . The next day , 24 August , a patrol from the 7th Parachute Battalion discovered that the Germans had withdrawn during the night . The whole brigade crossed the river and advanced unopposed to Bourg , which was secured after a brief fight . The brigade was halted again and the commandos of 1st Special Service Brigade took over the lead . On 26 August , to provide some mobility , the Royal Netherlands Motorized Infantry Brigade was placed under the brigade 's command . Together with the 6th Airborne Armoured Reconnaissance Regiment , they headed for Pont Audmer , which was the brigade 's final objective . The Dutch were ordered to move with all speed , but arrived 20 minutes after the retreating Germans had blown up the bridge across the River Seine , and just before the 7th Parachute Battalion arrived by foot . In nine days of fighting the 6th Airborne Division had advanced 45 miles ( 72 km ) , despite , as the divisional commander Major @-@ General Gale put it , his infantry units being " quite inadequately equipped for a rapid pursuit , " . They had captured 400 square miles ( 1 @,@ 000 km2 ) of enemy held territory , and taken over 1 @,@ 000 prisoners . Since landing on 6 June the division 's casualties were 4 @,@ 457 , of which 821 were killed , 2 @,@ 709 wounded and 927 missing . The 5th Parachute Brigade had 268 killed during the campaign . The division was withdrawn from France , and embarked for England at the beginning of September . = = = Ardennes = = = In England the division went into a period of recruitment and training , concentrating on house @-@ to @-@ house street fighting in the bombed areas of Southampton and Birmingham . The training programme culminated in Exercise Eve , an assault on the River Thames , which was intended to simulate the River Rhine in Germany . By December 1944 the brigade was preparing for Christmas leave , when news of the German offensive in the Ardennes broke . As part of the First Allied Airborne Army , 6th Airborne Division was available as a component of the strategic reserve for the Allied forces in northwest Europe . The other two divisions available in reserve , the American 82nd and 101st Airborne , were already at Rheims in northern France , and the 6th Airborne was sent by sea to Belgium to assist the defence . With 29 German and 33 Allied divisions involved , the Battle of the Bulge was the largest single battle on the Western Front during the war . On Christmas Day the division moved up to take position in front of the spearhead of the German advance ; by Boxing Day they had reached their allocated places in the defensive line between Dinant and Namur . The 3rd Parachute Brigade were on the left , 5th Parachute Brigade on the right , and the 6th Airlanding Brigade in reserve . By the time they arrived in position the German advance had faltered . The 5th Parachute Brigade was ordered towards Grupont , 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) south of Rochefort , and on 3 January became involved in the division 's only fighting in the Ardennes . By 13 : 30 the 13th Parachute Battalion had covered 8 miles ( 13 km ) and was in position to assault the village of Bure . The battalion had been observed by the Germans , and was met with heavy fire as their attack started . The battalion 's ' A ' Company made for the village , while ' B ' Company attempted to secure the heights overlooking it . ' B ' Company , faced with infantry supported by tanks and artillery , suffered heavy casualties , and was reduced to 21 men by nightfall . By 17 : 00 ' A ' Company had secured around half the village , and were joined by ' C ' Company . Over the following day the Germans launched fifteen separate assaults to try to retake the village , but the battalion held out . With reinforcements from ' C ' Company of the 2nd Ox and Bucks , the remainder of the village was captured . The battalion was then ordered to withdraw ; the battle had cost them 68 dead and 121 wounded . At the same time , the 7th Parachute Battalion was attacking the village of Wavreille , which was defended by around a hundred infantry with tank and artillery support . The village was captured with minimal casualties . Over the next days the German advance was halted and forced back , until at the end of January 1945 , the brigade moved into the Netherlands . Here the division was made responsible for the area along the River Maas , between Venlo and Roermond . The brigade carried out patrols , on both sides of the river , against their opponents from the 7th Parachute Division . Near the end of February the division returned to England to prepare for another airborne mission , to cross the River Rhine into Germany . = = = Germany = = = Whereas all other Allied airborne landings had been a surprise for the Germans , the Rhine crossing was expected and their defences were reinforced in anticipation . The airborne operation was preceded by a two @-@ day round @-@ the @-@ clock bombing mission by the Allied air forces . Then on 23 March 3 @,@ 500 artillery guns targeted the German positions . At dusk Operation Plunder , an assault river crossing of the Rhine by the 21st Army Group , began . For their part in Operation Varsity , the 6th Airborne Division was assigned to the American XVIII Airborne Corps alongside the US 17th Airborne Division . Both airborne divisions began landing at the same time , 10 : 00 on 24 March 1945 . The 6th Airborne were to protect the northern part of the landing area ; they had six drop zones around the town of Hamminkeln . The plan was for them to secure the town , the high ground east of the village of Bergen , and bridges across the river IJssel . The 5th Parachute Brigade would land on the northernmost DZ , DZ @-@ B , and hold the area east of the Wesel railway line . The brigade arrived in the second wave of aircraft , after the 3rd Parachute Brigade , and the German anti @-@ aircraft gunners were waiting for them . The parachute descent was made under fire , and the DZ itself was also subjected to artillery and mortar fire . The 7th Parachute Battalion suffered casualties from air burst artillery shells . Their section of the DZ was only 700 yards ( 640 m ) from a battery of German 88 mm guns , which also targeted the brigade headquarters and the assembly areas of the 12th Parachute Battalion . The 7th Parachute Battalion secured the DZ , while the 12th and 13th Parachute Battalions headed for the brigade objective , the road from the DZ to Hamminkeln . By 15 : 00 , despite fierce opposition , the brigade had secured its objectives , with a large number of prisoners taken , but had suffered around 700 casualties . Casualties for the division as a whole were 347 dead and 731 wounded . That night , the division was ordered to prepare to advance east into Germany from 26 March , when they were to be relieved by troops from the 52nd ( Lowland ) Infantry Division . On 27 March the brigade led the division 's advance . Their first objective , the village of Brünen , was unoccupied , so they pressed on to the next village , Erle , by that evening . The 7th Parachute Battalion was ordered to attack what was believed to be three self @-@ propelled guns on the village outskirts , while the 13th Parachute Battalion captured the nearby high ground . As the 7th Parachute Battalion 's leading platoon approached the guns , they were met with heavy fire from anti @-@ aircraft and anti @-@ tank guns . The battalion was forced to take cover and was unable to move forward ; but when darkness came , they advanced and seized the position , capturing 60 prisoners , one anti @-@ tank gun , 11 anti @-@ aircraft guns and several light machine guns . Elsewhere , the 13th Parachute Battalion had captured the high ground and the 12th Parachute Battalion had moved 20 miles ( 32 km ) across country , and were ready to assault Erle once daylight came . They attacked at dawn , and captured the village after a 15 minute fight . The brigade held these positions while the rest of the division passed through them to continue the advance . They then resumed the lead after the division crossed the Dortmund – Ems Canal towards Osnabruck , fighting several small engagements on the way . After the River Weser , the brigade again assumed the lead towards Leine . Supported by tanks from the 4th Armoured Battalion , Grenadier Guards , they captured two bridges at Bordenau and Neustadt , and fought a small battle at Wunstorf airfield . On 7 April the brigade was informed that they were the lead formation of 21st Army Group , having advanced further into Germany than any of its other units . The 15th ( Scottish ) Infantry Division then took over from the 6th Airborne Division as the lead formation until 30 April when the airborne division once more resumed the advance , crossing the River Elbe over a bridge captured by the Scottish . The division 's objective was Wismar on the Baltic Sea ; the two parachute brigades advanced on separate routes to Gadebusch , aware that the brigade to arrive first would continue as the division 's lead formation . By this stage of the war the advance was hampered more by refugees fleeing westwards than by any organised opposition . The 3rd Parachute Brigade won the race and led the division to Wismar , arriving on 1 May only 30 minutes before the lead troops of the Soviet Red Army advancing from the east . While the rest of the brigade remained at Wismar , ' B ' Company of the 13th Parachute Battalion were sent to Denmark to liberate Copenhagen , arriving on 5 May . They remained in Copenhagen until the 1st Parachute Brigade arrived from England to relieve them . = = = Far East = = = Now that the war in Europe was over , plans were made to form an airborne corps comprising the 6th Airborne Division and 44th Indian Airborne Division for service against Japanese forces in the Far East . The corps would be used in operations to recapture Malaya and Singapore . The division 's advance party , based partly on the 5th Parachute Brigade , arrived in India in July 1945 . The brigade travelled ahead of the rest of the division as it had been intended to use them for Operation Zipper , an independent mission in Burma . They would have landed in Malaya , between Singapore and the Japanese forces in Burma . Reinforcements would then arrive by sea and attack northwards and southwards , while the brigade carried out another airborne landing on Singapore itself . However , following the Japanese surrender , all these plans changed , and the remainder of the 6th Airborne Division were sent to Palestine . Instead of carrying out an airborne landing , the 5th Parachute Brigade travelled by sea , leaving Bombay on 9 September and arriving at Morib in Malaya on 17 September . Only the 7th and 12th Parachute battalions landed , and they re @-@ embarked the next day to sail for Singapore as part of Operation Tiderace ; they arrived on 21 September . The brigade , now part of XV Corps , became the island 's garrison . In December the 23rd Indian Infantry Division was sent from Seremban to Java , and the brigade was moved to replace them . By 17 December the situation in Java had worsened , and the brigade was moved again , sent as reinforcements to assist the Indian division . They arrived at Batavia three days later . The brigade 's mission was to restore law and order and disarm the Japanese military forces in the area . They were told to expect to remain in Java until relieved by units of the Royal Netherlands Army . Under the command of the 23rd Indian Infantry Division , the brigade carried out Operation Pounce , clearing the town and surrounding region of dissidents . In January 1946 they were moved to garrison Semarang . At the time Semarang had a population of around 210 @,@ 000 , a mixture of Indonesians , Chinese , Koreans , Dutch and Japanese . During the fighting before the brigade 's arrival considerable damage had been caused to the town 's infrastructure . There were no public utilities or medical services , food or water , so the brigade 's engineers and medics were tasked to rectify the situation . To protect the inhabitants , the brigade 's three battalions established a defensive perimeter around the outskirts of the town . Their main concern was Indonesian nationalists whose stated aim was to " slaughter all the Dutch and Chinese " . To assist with security , a Japanese battalion was rearmed and given a sector of the defences to man . The 4th Anti @-@ Tank Battery carried out patrols inside the town limits , while the Royal Army Service Corps platoon distributed food supplies . The brigade remained in Semarang until relieved by the Dutch ' T ' Brigade Group on 26 April 1946 , and then returned to Singapore . = = = Mutiny and disbandment = = = On their return from Java , the 13th Parachute Battalion was stationed at Muar Camp in Malaya . The camp consisted of tents with no electricity , and no facilities for washing , cooking or recreation . Unhappy with the conditions , at 07 : 00 on 14 May around 260 privates grouped together and refused to disperse when ordered to do so by the orderly officer . The commanding officer then spoke to the men and ordered them to return to duty , which they again refused to do . That afternoon the commanding general arrived and spoke to them . They were then ordered to fall in and when they failed to comply , 258 men were taken into military custody . A Court of Inquiry was held which decided the 258 men were to stand trial for mutiny . In the trial , three men were acquitted , eight were sentenced to five years ' penal servitude and discharged from the army , and the rest were given two years imprisonment with hard labour and discharged . Two days after sentencing , the Secretary of State for War quashed all the convictions , stating that the Judge Advocate @-@ General had advised him that there were , " a number of irregularities of a substantial nature which may well have prejudiced the accused individually . These irregularities in his opinion rendered the trial as a whole so unsatisfactory that the convictions ought not to be allowed to stand . " The brigade spent two months in Malaya , before being ordered to rejoin the 6th Airborne Division in Palestine . The 13th Parachute Battalion was disbanded before leaving Malaya , and the remainder of the brigade arrived at Nathanya in Palestine on 5 August 1946 . Shortly after disembarking , orders were received that the brigade was to be disbanded . Of the two remaining parachute battalions , the 7th was amalgamated with the 17th Parachute Battalion , retaining the number of the senior battalion , and the 12th Parachute Battalion was disbanded . Any men not immediately demobbed were distributed among the other battalions in the division . On 13 September , the 22nd Independent Parachute Company , no longer part of the brigade by this time , was also disbanded . = = Territorial Army = = In 1947 , a new 5th Parachute Brigade ( Territorial ) was raised as part of the Territorial Army and assigned to the 16th Airborne Division . It comprised the 12th Battalion Parachute Regiment , the 17th Battalion Parachute Regiment and the 18th Battalion , Parachute Regiment . In 1950 , the brigade was renumbered the 45th Parachute Brigade ( TA ) . = = Order of battle = = Commanders Brigadier Edwin Flavell Brigadier Nigel Poett Brigadier Kenneth Darling Units – Europe 7th Parachute Battalion 12th Parachute Battalion 13th Parachute Battalion 'D ' Company , 2nd Battalion , Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire Light Infantry 225th Parachute Field Ambulance , Royal Army Medical Corps 4th Airlanding Anti @-@ Tank Battery , Royal Artillery 591st ( Antrim ) Parachute Squadron , Royal Engineers Units – Far East 7th Parachute Battalion 12th Parachute Battalion 13th Parachute Battalion 225th Parachute Field Ambulance , Royal Army Medical Corps 4th Airlanding Anti @-@ Tank Battery , Royal Artillery 22nd Independent Parachute Company , Army Air Corps 591st ( Antrim ) Parachute Squadron , Royal Engineers Parachute Platoon , Light Composite Company , Royal Army Service Corps
= Noël Coward = Sir Noël Peirce Coward ( 16 December 1899 – 26 March 1973 ) was an English playwright , composer , director , actor and singer , known for his wit , flamboyance , and what Time magazine called " a sense of personal style , a combination of cheek and chic , pose and poise " . Born in Teddington , south @-@ west London , Coward attended a dance academy in London as a child , making his professional stage début at the age of eleven . As a teenager he was introduced into the high society in which most of his plays would be set . Coward achieved enduring success as a playwright , publishing more than 50 plays from his teens onwards . Many of his works , such as Hay Fever , Private Lives , Design for Living , Present Laughter and Blithe Spirit , have remained in the regular theatre repertoire . He composed hundreds of songs , in addition to well over a dozen musical theatre works ( including the operetta Bitter Sweet and comic revues ) , screenplays , poetry , several volumes of short stories , the novel Pomp and Circumstance , and a three @-@ volume autobiography . Coward 's stage and film acting and directing career spanned six decades , during which he starred in many of his own works . At the outbreak of the Second World War Coward volunteered for war work , running the British propaganda office in Paris . He also worked with the Secret Service , seeking to use his influence to persuade the American public and government to help Britain . Coward won an Academy Honorary Award in 1943 for his naval film drama , In Which We Serve , and was knighted in 1969 . In the 1950s he achieved fresh success as a cabaret performer , performing his own songs , such as " Mad Dogs and Englishmen " , " London Pride " and " I Went to a Marvellous Party " . His plays and songs achieved new popularity in the 1960s and 1970s , and his work and style continue to influence popular culture . Coward did not publicly acknowledge his homosexuality , but it was discussed candidly after his death by biographers including Graham Payn , his long @-@ time partner , and in Coward 's diaries and letters , published posthumously . The former Albery Theatre ( originally the New Theatre ) in London was renamed the Noël Coward Theatre in his honour in 2006 . = = Biography = = = = = Early years = = = Coward was born in 1899 in Teddington , Middlesex , a south @-@ western suburb of London . His parents were Arthur Sabin Coward ( 1856 – 1937 ) , a piano salesman , and Violet Agnes Coward ( 1863 – 1954 ) , daughter of Henry Gordon Veitch , a captain and surveyor in the Royal Navy . Noël Coward was the second of their three sons , the eldest of whom had died in 1898 at the age of six . Coward 's father lacked ambition and industry , and family finances were often poor . Coward was bitten by the performing bug early and appeared in amateur concerts by the age of seven . He attended the Chapel Royal Choir School as a young child . He had little formal schooling but was a voracious reader . Encouraged by his ambitious mother , who sent him to a dance academy in London , Coward 's first professional engagement was in January 1911 as Prince Mussel in the children 's play The Goldfish . In Present Indicative , his first volume of memoirs , Coward wrote : One day ... a little advertisement appeared in the Daily Mirror .... It stated that a talented boy of attractive appearance was required by a Miss Lila Field to appear in her production of an all @-@ children fairy play : The Goldfish . This seemed to dispose of all argument . I was a talented boy , God knows , and , when washed and smarmed down a bit , passably attractive . There appeared to be no earthly reason why Miss Lila Field shouldn 't jump at me , and we both believed that she would be a fool indeed to miss such a magnificent opportunity . The leading actor @-@ manager Charles Hawtrey , whom the young Coward idolised and from whom he learned a great deal about the theatre , cast him in the children 's play Where the Rainbow Ends . Coward played in the piece in 1911 and 1912 at the Garrick Theatre in London 's West End . In 1912 Coward also appeared at the Savoy Theatre in An Autumn Idyll ( as a dancer in the ballet ) and at the London Coliseum in A Little Fowl Play , by Harold Owen , in which Hawtrey starred . Italia Conti engaged Coward to appear at the Liverpool Repertory Theatre in 1913 , and in the same year he was cast as the Lost Boy Slightly in Peter Pan . He reappeared in Peter Pan the following year , and in 1915 he was again in Where the Rainbow Ends . He worked with other child actors in this period , including Hermione Gingold ( whose mother threatened to turn " that naughty boy " out ) ; Fabia Drake ; Esmé Wynne , with whom he collaborated on his earliest plays ; Alfred Willmore , later known as Micheál MacLíammóir ; and Gertrude Lawrence who , Coward wrote in his memoirs , " gave me an orange and told me a few mildly dirty stories , and I loved her from then onwards . " In 1914 , when Coward was fourteen , he became the protégé and probably the lover of Philip Streatfeild , a society painter . Streatfeild introduced him to Mrs Astley Cooper and her high society friends . Streatfeild died from tuberculosis in 1915 , but Mrs Astley Cooper continued to encourage her late friend 's protégé , who remained a frequent guest at her estate , Hambleton Hall . Coward continued to perform during most of the First World War , appearing at the Prince of Wales 's Theatre in 1916 in The Happy Family and on tour with Amy Brandon Thomas 's company in Charley 's Aunt . In 1917 , he appeared in The Saving Grace , a comedy produced by Hawtrey . Coward recalled in his memoirs , " My part was reasonably large and I was really quite good in it , owing to the kindness and care of Hawtrey 's direction . He took endless trouble with me ... and taught me during those two short weeks many technical points of comedy acting which I use to this day . " In 1918 , Coward was conscripted into the Artists Rifles but was assessed as unfit for active service because of a tubercular tendency , and he was discharged on health grounds after nine months . That year he appeared in the D W Griffith film Hearts of the World in an uncredited role . He sold short stories to several magazines to help his family financially . He also began writing plays , collaborating on the first two ( Ida Collaborates ( 1917 ) and Women and Whisky ( 1918 ) ) with his friend Esmé Wynne . His first solo effort as a playwright was The Rat Trap ( 1918 ) which was eventually produced at the Everyman Theatre , Hampstead , in October 1926 . During these years , he met Lorn McNaughtan , who became his private secretary and served in that capacity for more than forty years , until her death . = = = Inter @-@ war successes = = = In 1920 , at the age of 20 , Coward starred in his own play , the light comedy I 'll Leave It to You . After a tryout in Manchester , it opened in London at the New Theatre ( renamed the Noël Coward Theatre in 2006 ) , his first full @-@ length play in the West End . Neville Cardus 's praise in The Manchester Guardian was grudging . Notices for the London production were mixed , but encouraging . The Observer commented , " Mr Coward ... has a sense of comedy , and if he can overcome a tendency to smartness , he will probably produce a good play one of these days . " The Times , on the other hand , was enthusiastic : " It is a remarkable piece of work from so young a head – spontaneous , light , and always ' brainy ' . " The play ran for a month ( and was Coward 's first play seen in America ) , after which Coward returned to acting in works by other writers , starring as Ralph in The Knight of the Burning Pestle in Birmingham and then London . He did not enjoy the role , finding Francis Beaumont and his sometime collaborator John Fletcher " two of the dullest Elizabethan writers ever known ... I had a very , very long part , but I was very , very bad at it " . Nevertheless , The Manchester Guardian thought that Coward got the best out of the role , and The Times called the play " the jolliest thing in London " . Coward completed a one @-@ act satire , The Better Half , about a man 's relationship with two women . It had a short run at The Little Theatre , London , in 1922 . The critic St John Ervine wrote of the piece , " When Mr Coward has learned that tea @-@ table chitter @-@ chatter had better remain the prerogative of women he will write more interesting plays than he now seems likely to write . " The play was thought to be lost until a typescript was found in 2007 in the archive of the Lord Chamberlain 's Office , the official censor of stage plays in the UK until 1968 . In 1921 , Coward made his first trip to America , hoping to interest producers there in his plays . Although he had little luck , he found the Broadway theatre stimulating . He absorbed its smartness and pace into his own work , which brought him his first real success as a playwright with The Young Idea . The play opened in London in 1923 , after a provincial tour , with Coward in one of the leading roles . The reviews were good : " Mr Noël Coward calls his brilliant little farce a ' comedy of youth ' , and so it is . And youth pervaded the Savoy last night , applauding everything so boisterously that you felt , not without exhilaration , that you were in the midst of a ' rag ' . " One critic , who noted the influence of Bernard Shaw on Coward 's writing , thought more highly of the play than of Coward 's newly found fans : " I was unfortunately wedged in the centre of a group of his more exuberant friends who greeted each of his sallies with ' That 's a Noëlism ! ' " The play ran in London from 1 February to 24 March 1923 , after which Coward turned to revue , co @-@ writing and performing in André Charlot 's London Calling ! In 1924 , Coward achieved his first great critical and financial success as a playwright with The Vortex . The story is about a nymphomaniac socialite and her cocaine @-@ addicted son ( played by Coward ) . Some saw the drugs as a mask for homosexuality ; Kenneth Tynan later described it as " a jeremiad against narcotics with dialogue that sounds today not so much stilted as high @-@ heeled " . The Vortex was considered shocking in its day for its depiction of sexual vanity and drug abuse among the upper classes . Its notoriety and fiery performances attracted large audiences , justifying a move from a small suburban theatre to a larger one in the West End . Coward , still having trouble finding producers , raised the money to produce the play himself . During the run of The Vortex , Coward met Jack Wilson , an American stockbroker ( later a director and producer ) , who became his business manager and lover . Wilson used his position to steal from Coward , but the playwright was in love and accepted both the larceny and Wilson 's heavy drinking . The success of The Vortex in both London and America caused a great demand for new Coward plays . In 1925 he premiered Fallen Angels , a three @-@ act comedy that amused and shocked audiences with the spectacle of two middle @-@ aged women slowly getting drunk while awaiting the arrival of their mutual lover . Hay Fever , the first of Coward 's plays to gain an enduring place in the mainstream theatrical repertoire , also appeared in 1925 . It is a comedy about four egocentric members of an artistic family who casually invite acquaintances to their country house for the weekend and bemuse and enrage each other 's guests . Some writers have seen elements of Coward 's old mentor , Mrs Astley Cooper , and her set in the characters of the family . By the 1970s the play was recognised as a classic , described in The Times as a " dazzling achievement ; like The Importance of Being Earnest , it is pure comedy with no mission but to delight , and it depends purely on the interplay of characters , not on elaborate comic machinery . " By June 1925 Coward had four shows running in the West End : The Vortex , Fallen Angels , Hay Fever and On With the Dance . Coward was turning out numerous plays and acting in his own works and others ' . Soon , his frantic pace caught up with him , and he collapsed on stage in 1926 while starring in a stage adaptation of The Constant Nymph and had to take an extended rest , recuperating in Hawaii . Other Coward works produced in the mid @-@ to @-@ late 1920s included the plays Easy Virtue ( 1926 ) , a drama about a divorcée 's clash with her snobbish in @-@ laws ; The Queen Was in the Parlour , a Ruritanian romance ; This Was a Man ( 1926 ) , a comedy about adulterous aristocrats ; The Marquise ( 1927 ) , an eighteenth @-@ century costume drama ; Home Chat ( 1927 ) , a comedy about a married woman 's fidelity ; and the revues On With the Dance ( 1925 ) and This Year of Grace ( 1928 ) . None of these shows has entered the regular repertoire , but the last introduced one of Coward 's best @-@ known songs , " A Room with a View " . His biggest failure in this period was the play Sirocco ( 1927 ) , which concerns free love among the wealthy . It starred Ivor Novello , of whom Coward said , " the two most beautiful things in the world are Ivor 's profile and my mind " . Theatregoers hated the play , showing violent disapproval at the curtain calls and spitting at Coward as he left the theatre . Coward later said of this flop , " My first instinct was to leave England immediately , but this seemed too craven a move , and also too gratifying to my enemies , whose numbers had by then swollen in our minds to practically the entire population of the British Isles . " By 1929 Coward was one of the world 's highest @-@ earning writers , with an annual income of £ 50 @,@ 000 , more than £ 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in terms of 2007 values . Coward thrived during the Great Depression , writing a succession of popular hits . They ranged from large @-@ scale spectaculars to intimate comedies . Examples of the former were the operetta Bitter Sweet ( 1929 ) , about a woman who elopes with her music teacher , and the historical extravaganza Cavalcade ( 1931 ) at Drury Lane , about thirty years in the lives of two families , which required a huge cast , gargantuan sets and a complex hydraulic stage . Its 1933 film adaptation won the Academy Award for best picture . Coward 's intimate @-@ scale hits of the period included Private Lives ( 1930 ) and Design for Living ( 1932 ) . In Private Lives , Coward starred alongside his most famous stage partner , Gertrude Lawrence , together with the young Laurence Olivier . It was a highlight of both Coward 's and Lawrence 's career , selling out in both London and New York . Coward disliked long runs , and after this he made a rule of starring in a play for no more than three months at any venue . Design for Living , written for Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne , was so risqué , with its theme of bisexuality and a ménage à trois , that Coward premiered it in New York , knowing that it would not survive the censor in London . In 1933 Coward wrote , directed and co @-@ starred with the French singer Yvonne Printemps in both London and New York productions of an operetta , Conversation Piece ( 1933 ) . He next wrote , directed and co @-@ starred with Lawrence in Tonight at 8 : 30 ( 1936 ) , a cycle of ten short plays , presented in various permutations across three evenings . One of these plays , Still Life , was expanded into the 1945 David Lean film Brief Encounter . Tonight at 8 : 30 was followed by a musical , Operette ( 1938 ) , from which the most famous number is " The Stately Homes of England " , and a revue entitled Set to Music ( 1938 , a Broadway version of his 1932 London revue , Words and Music ) . Coward 's last pre @-@ war plays were This Happy Breed , a drama about a working @-@ class family , and Present Laughter , a comic self @-@ caricature with an egomaniac actor as the central character . These were first performed in 1942 , although they were both written in 1939 . Between 1929 and 1936 Coward recorded many of his best @-@ known songs for His Master 's Voice ( HMV ) , now reissued on CD , including the romantic " I 'll See You Again " from Bitter Sweet , the comic " Mad Dogs and Englishmen " from Words and Music , and " Mrs Worthington " . = = = Second World War = = = With the outbreak of the Second World War Coward abandoned the theatre and sought official war work . After running the British propaganda office in Paris , where he concluded that " if the policy of His Majesty 's Government is to bore the Germans to death I don 't think we have time " , he worked on behalf of British intelligence . His task was to use his celebrity to influence American public and political opinion in favour of helping Britain . He was frustrated by British press criticism of his foreign travel while his countrymen suffered at home , but he was unable to reveal that he was acting on behalf of the Secret Service . In 1942 George VI wished to award Coward a knighthood for his efforts , but was dissuaded by Winston Churchill . Mindful of the public view of Coward 's flamboyant lifestyle , Churchill used , as his reason for withholding the honour , Coward 's £ 200 fine for contravening currency regulations in 1941 . Had the Germans invaded Britain , Coward was scheduled to be arrested and killed , as he was in The Black Book along with other figures such as Virginia Woolf , Paul Robeson , Bertrand Russell , C. P. Snow and H. G. Wells . When this came to light after the war , Coward wrote : " If anyone had told me at that time I was high up on the Nazi blacklist , I should have laughed ... I remember Rebecca West , who was one of the many who shared the honour with me , sent me a telegram which read : ' My dear – the people we should have been seen dead with ' . " Churchill 's view was that Coward would do more for the war effort by entertaining the troops and the home front than by intelligence work : " Go and sing to them when the guns are firing – that 's your job ! " Coward , though disappointed , followed this advice . He toured , acted and sang indefatigably in Europe , Africa , Asia and America . He wrote and recorded war @-@ themed popular songs , including " London Pride " and " Don 't Let 's Be Beastly to the Germans " . His London home was wrecked by German bombs in 1941 , and he took up temporary residence at the Savoy Hotel . During one air raid on the area around the Savoy he joined Carroll Gibbons and Judy Campbell in impromptu cabaret to distract the captive guests from their fears . Another of Coward 's wartime projects , as writer , star , composer and co @-@ director ( alongside David Lean ) , was the naval film drama In Which We Serve . The film was popular on both sides of the Atlantic , and he was awarded an honorary certificate of merit at the 1943 Academy Awards ceremony . Coward played a naval captain , basing the character on his friend Lord Louis Mountbatten . Lean went on to direct and adapt film versions of several Coward plays . Coward 's most enduring work from the war years was the hugely successful black comedy Blithe Spirit ( 1941 ) , about a novelist who researches the occult and hires a medium . A séance brings back the ghost of his first wife , causing havoc for the novelist and his second wife . With 1 @,@ 997 consecutive performances , it broke box @-@ office records for the run of a West End comedy , and was also produced on Broadway , where its original run was 650 performances . The play was adapted into a 1945 film , directed by Lean . Coward toured during 1942 in Blithe Spirit , alternating the piece with his comedy Present Laughter and his working @-@ class drama This Happy Breed . In his Middle East Diary Coward made several statements that offended many Americans . In particular , he commented that he was " less impressed by some of the mournful little Brooklyn boys lying there in tears amid the alien corn with nothing worse than a bullet wound in the leg or a fractured arm " . After protests from both The New York Times and The Washington Post , the Foreign Office urged Coward not to visit the United States in January 1945 . He did not return to America again during the war . In the aftermath of the war , Coward wrote an alternative reality play , Peace In Our Time , depicting an England occupied by Nazi Germany . = = = Post @-@ war career = = = Coward 's new plays after the war were moderately successful but failed to match the popularity of his pre @-@ war hits . Relative Values ( 1951 ) addresses the culture clash between an aristocratic English family and a Hollywood actress with matrimonial ambitions ; South Sea Bubble ( 1951 ) is a political comedy set in a British colony ; Quadrille ( 1952 ) is a drama about Victorian love and elopement ; and Nude with Violin ( 1956 , starring John Gielgud in London and Coward in New York ) is a satire on modern art and critical pretension . A revue , Sigh No More ( 1945 ) , was a moderate success , but two musicals , Pacific 1860 ( 1946 ) , a lavish South Seas romance , and Ace of Clubs ( 1949 ) , set in a night club , were financial failures . Further blows in this period were the deaths of Coward 's friends Charles Cochran and Gertrude Lawrence , in 1951 and 1952 respectively . Despite his disappointments , Coward maintained a high public profile ; his performance as King Magnus in Shaw 's The Apple Cart for the Coronation season of 1953 , co @-@ starring Margaret Leighton , received much coverage in the press , and his cabaret act , honed during his wartime tours entertaining the troops , was a supreme success , first in London at the Café de Paris , and later in Las Vegas . The theatre critic Kenneth Tynan wrote : To see him whole , public and private personalities conjoined , you must see him in cabaret ... he padded down the celebrated stairs ... halted before the microphone on black @-@ suede @-@ clad feet , and , upraising both hands in a gesture of benediction , set about demonstrating how these things should be done . Baring his teeth as if unveiling some grotesque monument , and cooing like a baritone dove , he gave us " I 'll See You Again " and the other bat 's @-@ wing melodies of his youth . Nothing he does on these occasions sounds strained or arid ; his tanned , leathery face is still an enthusiast 's .... If it is possible to romp fastidiously , that is what Coward does . He owes little to earlier wits , such as Wilde or Labouchere . Their best things need to be delivered slowly , even lazily . Coward 's emerge with the staccato , blind impulsiveness of a machine @-@ gun . In 1955 Coward 's cabaret act at Las Vegas , recorded live for the gramophone , and released as Noël Coward at Las Vegas was so successful that CBS engaged him to write and direct a series of three 90 @-@ minute television specials for the 1955 – 56 season . The first of these , Together With Music , paired Coward with Mary Martin , featuring him in many of the numbers from his Las Vegas act . It was followed by productions of Blithe Spirit in which he starred with Claudette Colbert , Lauren Bacall and Mildred Natwick and This Happy Breed with Edna Best and Roger Moore . Despite excellent reviews , the audience viewing figures were moderate . During the 1950s and 1960s Coward continued to write musicals and plays . After the Ball , his 1953 adaptation of Lady Windermere 's Fan , was the last musical he premiered in the West End ; his last two musicals were first produced on Broadway . Sail Away ( 1961 ) , set on a luxury cruise liner , was Coward 's most successful post @-@ war musical , with productions in America , Britain and Australia . The Girl Who Came to Supper , a musical adaptation of The Sleeping Prince ( 1963 ) , ran for only three months . He directed the successful 1964 Broadway musical adaptation of Blithe Spirit , called High Spirits . Coward 's late plays include a farce , Look After Lulu ! ( 1959 ) , and a tragi @-@ comic study of old age , Waiting in the Wings ( 1960 ) , both of which were successful despite " critical disdain " . Coward argued that the primary purpose of a play was to entertain , and he made no attempt at modernism , which he felt was boring to the audience although fascinating to the critics . His comic novel , Pomp and Circumstance ( 1960 ) , about life in a tropical British colony , met with more critical success . Coward 's final stage success came with Suite in Three Keys ( 1966 ) , a trilogy set in a hotel penthouse suite . He wrote it as his swan song as a stage actor : " I would like to act once more before I fold my bedraggled wings . " The trilogy gained glowing reviews and did good box office business in the UK . In one of the three plays , A Song at Twilight , Coward abandoned his customary reticence on the subject and played an explicitly homosexual character . The daring piece earned Coward new critical praise . He intended to star in the trilogy on Broadway but was too ill to travel . Only two of the Suite in Three Keys plays were performed in New York , with the title changed to Noël Coward in Two Keys , starring Hume Cronyn . Coward won new popularity in several notable films later in his career , such as Around the World in 80 Days ( 1956 ) , Our Man in Havana ( 1959 ) , Bunny Lake is Missing ( 1965 ) , Boom ! ( 1968 ) and The Italian Job ( 1969 ) . Stage and film opportunities he turned down in the 1950s included an invitation to compose a musical version of Pygmalion ( two years before My Fair Lady was written ) , and offers of the roles of the king in the original stage production of The King and I , and Colonel Nicholson in the film The Bridge on the River Kwai . Invited to play the title role in the 1962 film Dr. No , he replied , " No , no , no , a thousand times , no . " In the same year , he turned down the role of Humbert Humbert in Lolita , saying , " At my time of life the film story would be logical if the 12 @-@ year @-@ old heroine was a sweet little old lady . " In the mid @-@ 1960s and early 1970s successful productions of his 1920s and 1930s plays , and new revues celebrating his music , including Oh , Coward ! on Broadway and Cowardy Custard in London , revived Coward 's popularity and critical reputation . He dubbed this comeback " Dad 's Renaissance " . It began with a hit 1963 revival of Private Lives in London and then New York . Invited to direct Hay Fever with Edith Evans at the National Theatre , he wrote in 1964 , " I am thrilled and flattered and frankly a little flabbergasted that the National Theatre should have had the curious perceptiveness to choose a very early play of mine and to give it a cast that could play the Albanian telephone directory . " Other examples of " Dad 's Renaissance " included a 1968 Off Broadway production of Private Lives at the Theatre de Lys starring Elaine Stritch , Lee Bowman and Betsy von Furstenberg , and directed by Charles Nelson Reilly . Despite this impressive cast , Coward 's popularity had risen so high that the theatre poster for the production used an Al Hirschfeld caricature of Coward ( pictured ) instead of an image of the production or its stars . The illustration captures how Coward 's image had changed by the 1960s : he was no longer seen as the smooth 1930s sophisticate , but as the doyen of the theatre . As The New Statesman wrote in 1964 , " Who would have thought the landmarks of the Sixties would include the emergence of Noël Coward as the grand old man of British drama ? There he was one morning , flipping verbal tiddlywinks with reporters about " Dad 's Renaissance " ; the next he was ... beside Forster , T. S. Eliot and the OMs , demonstrably the greatest living English playwright . " Time wrote that " in the 60s ... his best work , with its inspired inconsequentiality , seemed to exert not only a period charm but charm , period . " = = = Death and honours = = = By the end of the 1960s , Coward suffered from arteriosclerosis and , during the run of Suite in Three Keys , he struggled with bouts of memory loss . This also affected his work in The Italian Job , and he retired from acting immediately afterwards . Coward was knighted in 1969 and was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature . He received a Tony Award for lifetime achievement . In 1972 , he was awarded an honorary Doctor of Letters degree by the University of Sussex . Coward died at his home , Firefly Estate , in Jamaica on 26 March 1973 of heart failure and was buried three days later on the brow of Firefly Hill , overlooking the north coast of the island . A memorial service was held in St Martin @-@ in @-@ the @-@ Fields in London on 29 May 1973 , for which the Poet Laureate , John Betjeman , wrote and delivered a poem in Coward 's honour , John Gielgud and Laurence Olivier read verse and Yehudi Menuhin played Bach . On 28 March 1984 a memorial stone was unveiled by the Queen Mother in Poets ' Corner , Westminster Abbey . Thanked by Coward 's partner , Graham Payn , for attending , the Queen Mother replied , " I came because he was my friend . " The Noël Coward Theatre in St Martin 's Lane , originally opened in 1903 as the New Theatre and later called the Albery , was renamed in his honour after extensive refurbishment , re @-@ opening on 1 June 2006 . A statue of Coward by Angela Conner was unveiled by the Queen Mother in the foyer of the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane in 1998 . There are also sculptures of Coward displayed in New York and Jamaica , and a bust of him in the library in Teddington , near where he was born . In 2008 an exhibition devoted to Coward was mounted at the National Theatre in London . The exhibition was later hosted by the Museum of Performance & Design in San Francisco and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Beverly Hills , California . = = = Personal life = = = Coward was homosexual , but , following the convention of his times , this was never publicly mentioned . The critic Kenneth Tynan 's description in 1953 was close to an acknowledgment of Coward 's sexuality : " Forty years ago he was Slightly in Peter Pan , and you might say that he has been wholly in Peter Pan ever since . No private considerations have been allowed to deflect the drive of his career ; like Gielgud and Rattigan , like the late Ivor Novello , he is a congenital bachelor . " Coward firmly believed his private business was not for public discussion , considering " any sexual activities when over @-@ advertised " to be tasteless . Even in the 1960s , Coward refused to acknowledge his sexual orientation publicly , wryly observing , " There are still a few old ladies in Worthing who don 't know . " Despite this reticence , he encouraged his secretary Cole Lesley to write a frank biography once Coward was safely dead . Coward 's most important relationship , which began in the mid @-@ 1940s and lasted until his death , was with the South African stage and film actor Graham Payn . Coward featured Payn in several of his London productions . Payn later co @-@ edited with Sheridan Morley a collection of Coward 's diaries , published in 1982 . Coward 's other relationships included the playwright Keith Winter , actors Louis Hayward and Alan Webb , his manager Jack Wilson and the composer Ned Rorem , who published details of their relationship in his diaries . Coward had a 19 @-@ year friendship with Prince George , Duke of Kent , but biographers differ on whether it was platonic . Payn believed that it was , though Coward reportedly admitted to the historian Michael Thornton that there had been " a little dalliance " . Coward said , on the duke 's death , " I suddenly find that I loved him more than I knew . " Coward maintained close friendships with many women , including the actress and author Esmé Wynne @-@ Tyson , his first collaborator and constant correspondent ; Gladys Calthrop , who designed sets and costumes for many of his works ; his secretary and close confidante Lorn Loraine ; the actresses Gertrude Lawrence , Joyce Carey and Judy Campbell ; and " his loyal and lifelong amitié amoureuse " , Marlene Dietrich . In his profession , Coward was widely admired and loved for his generosity and kindness to those who fell on hard times . Stories are told of the unobtrusive way in which he relieved the needs or paid the debts of old theatrical acquaintances who had no claim on him . From 1934 until 1956 , Coward was the president of The Actors ' Orphanage , which was supported by the theatrical industry . In that capacity , he befriended the young Peter Collinson , who was in the care of the orphanage . He became Collinson 's godfather and helped him to get started in show business . When Collinson was a successful director , he invited Coward to play a role in The Italian Job . Graham Payn also played a small role in the film . In the 1950s , Coward left the UK for tax reasons , receiving harsh criticism in the press . He first settled in Bermuda but later bought houses in Jamaica and Switzerland ( in the village of Les Avants , near Montreux ) , which remained his homes for the rest of his life . His expatriate neighbours and friends included Joan Sutherland , David Niven , Richard Burton and Elizabeth Taylor , and Julie Andrews and Blake Edwards in Switzerland and Ian Fleming and his wife Ann in Jamaica . Coward was a witness at the Flemings ' wedding , but his diaries record his exasperation with their constant bickering . Coward 's political views were conservative , but not unswervingly so : he despised the government of Neville Chamberlain for its policy of appeasing Nazi Germany , and he differed sharply with Winston Churchill over the abdication crisis of 1936 . Whereas Churchill supported Edward VIII 's wish to marry " his cutie " , Wallis Simpson , Coward thought the king irresponsible , telling Churchill , " England doesn 't wish for a Queen Cutie . " Coward disliked propaganda in plays : " The theatre is a wonderful place , a house of strange enchantment , a temple of illusion . What it most emphatically is not and never will be is a scruffy , ill @-@ lit , fumed @-@ oak drill hall serving as a temporary soap box for political propaganda . " Nevertheless , his own views sometimes surfaced in his plays : both Cavalcade and This Happy Breed are , in the words of the playwright David Edgar , " overtly Conservative political plays written in the Brechtian epic manner . " In religion , Coward was agnostic . He wrote of his views , " Do I believe in God ? I can 't say No and I can 't say Yes , To me it 's anybody 's guess . " Coward spelled his first name with the diæresis ( " I didn 't put the dots over the ' e ' in Noël . The language did . Otherwise it 's not Noël but Nool ! " ) . The press and many book publishers failed to follow suit , and his name was printed as ' Noel ' in The Times , The Observer and other contemporary newspapers and books . The papers of Noël Coward are held in the University of Birmingham Special Collections . = = = The Coward image = = = " Why " , asked Coward , " am I always expected to wear a dressing @-@ gown , smoke cigarettes in a long holder and say ' Darling , how wonderful ' ? " The answer lay in Coward 's assiduous cultivation of a carefully crafted image . As a suburban boy who had been taken up by the upper classes he rapidly acquired the taste for high life : " I am determined to travel through life first class . " He first wore a dressing gown onstage in The Vortex and used the fashion in several of his other famous plays , including Private Lives and Present Laughter . George Walden identifies him as a modern dandy . In connection with the National Theatre 's 2008 exhibition , The Independent commented , " His famous silk , polka @-@ dot dressing gown and elegant cigarette holder both seem to belong to another era . But 2008 is proving to be the year that Britain falls in love with Noël Coward all over again . " As soon as he achieved success he began polishing the Coward image : an early press photograph showed him sitting up in bed holding a cigarette holder : " I looked like an advanced Chinese decadent in the last phases of dope . " Soon after that , Coward wrote , " I took to wearing coloured turtle @-@ necked jerseys , actually more for comfort than for effect , and soon I was informed by my evening paper that I had started a fashion . I believe that to a certain extent this was true ; at any rate , during the ensuing months I noticed more and more of our seedier West @-@ End chorus boys parading about London in them . " He soon became more cautious about overdoing the flamboyance , advising Cecil Beaton to tone down his outfits : " It is important not to let the public have a loophole to lampoon you . " However , Coward was happy to generate publicity from his lifestyle . In 1969 he told Time magazine , " I acted up like crazy . I did everything that was expected of me . Part of the job . " Time concluded , " Coward 's greatest single gift has not been writing or composing , not acting or directing , but projecting a sense of personal style , a combination of cheek and chic , pose and poise . " Coward 's distinctive clipped diction arose from his childhood : his mother was deaf and Coward developed his staccato style of speaking to make it easier for her to hear what he was saying ; it also helped him eradicate a slight lisp . His nickname , " The Master " , " started as a joke and became true " , according to Coward . It was used of him from the 1920s onwards . Coward himself made light of it : when asked by a journalist why he was known as " The Master " , he replied , " Oh , you know – Jack of all trades , master of none . " He could , however , joke about his own immodesty : " My sense of my importance to the world is relatively small . On the other hand , my sense of my own importance to myself is tremendous . " When a Time interviewer apologised , " I hope you haven 't been bored having to go through all these interviews for your [ 70th ] birthday , having to answer the same old questions about yourself " , Coward rejoined , " Not at all . I 'm fascinated by the subject . " = = Critical reputation and legacy = = The playwright John Osborne said , " Mr Coward is his own invention and contribution to this century . Anyone who cannot see that should keep well away from the theatre . " Tynan wrote in 1964 , " Even the youngest of us will know , in fifty years ' time , exactly what we mean by ' a very Noel Coward sort of person ' . " In praise of Coward 's versatility , Lord Mountbatten said , in a tribute on Coward 's seventieth birthday , " There are probably greater painters than Noël , greater novelists than Noël , greater librettists , greater composers of music , greater singers , greater dancers , greater comedians , greater tragedians , greater stage producers , greater film directors , greater cabaret artists , greater TV stars . If there are , they are fourteen different people . Only one man combined all fourteen different labels – The Master . " Tynan 's was the first generation of critics to realise that Coward 's plays might enjoy more than ephemeral success . In the 1930s , Cyril Connolly wrote that they were " written in the most topical and perishable way imaginable , the cream in them turns sour overnight " . What seemed daring in the 1920s and 1930s came to seem old @-@ fashioned in the 1950s , and Coward never repeated the success of his pre @-@ war plays . By the 1960s , critics began to note that underneath the witty dialogue and the Art Deco glamour of the inter @-@ war years , Coward 's best plays also dealt with recognisable people and familiar relationships , with an emotional depth and pathos that had been often overlooked . By the time of his death , The Times was writing of him , " None of the great figures of the English theatre has been more versatile than he " , and the paper ranked his plays in " the classical tradition of Congreve , Sheridan , Wilde and Shaw " . A symposium published in 1999 to mark the centenary of Coward 's birth listed some of his major productions scheduled for the year in Britain and North America , including Ace of Clubs , After the Ball , Blithe Spirit , Cavalcade , Easy Virtue , Hay Fever , Present Laughter , Private Lives , Sail Away , A Song at Twilight , The Young Idea and Waiting in the Wings , with stars including Lauren Bacall , Rosemary Harris , Ian McKellen , Corin Redgrave , Vanessa Redgrave and Elaine Stritch . In another tribute , Tim Rice said of Coward 's songs : " The wit and wisdom of Noël Coward 's lyrics will be as lively and contemporary in 100 years ' time as they are today " , and many have been recorded by Damon Albarn , Ian Bostridge , The Divine Comedy , Elton John , Valerie Masterson , Paul McCartney , Michael Nyman , Pet Shop Boys , Vic Reeves , Sting , Joan Sutherland , Robbie Williams and others . Coward 's music , writings , characteristic voice and style have been widely parodied and imitated , for instance in Monty Python , Round the Horne and Privates on Parade . Coward has frequently been depicted as a character in plays , films , television and radio shows , for example , in the 1969 Julie Andrews film Star ! ( in which Coward was portrayed by his godson , Daniel Massey ) , the BBC sitcom Goodnight Sweetheart and a BBC Radio 4 series written by Marcy Kahan in which Coward was dramatised as a detective in Design For Murder ( 2000 ) , A Bullet at Balmain 's ( 2003 ) and Death at the Desert Inn ( 2005 ) , and as a spy in Blithe Spy ( 2002 ) and Our Man In Jamaica ( 2007 ) , with Malcolm Sinclair playing Coward in each . On stage , characters based on Coward have included Beverly Carlton in the 1939 Broadway play The Man Who Came to Dinner . A play about the friendship between Coward and Dietrich , called Lunch with Marlene , by Chris Burgess , ran at the New End Theatre in 2008 . The second act presents a musical revue , including Coward songs such as " Don 't Let 's Be Beastly to the Germans " . Coward was an early admirer of the plays of Harold Pinter and backed Pinter 's film version of The Caretaker with a £ 1 @,@ 000 investment . Some critics have detected Coward 's influence in Pinter 's plays . Tynan compared Pinter 's " elliptical patter " to Coward 's " stylised dialogue " . Pinter returned the compliment by directing the National Theatre 's revival of Blithe Spirit in 1976 . = = Plays = = For plays that were written more than two years before the original production , a date of composition is given and the second date given is the year when first produced ( fp ) . = = Revues , musicals , operetta and songs = = = = = Songs = = = Coward wrote more than three hundred songs . The Noël Coward Society 's website , drawing on performing statistics from the publishers and the Performing Rights Society , names " Mad About the Boy " ( from Words and Music ) as Coward 's most popular song , followed , in order , by : In the society 's second tier of favourites are : Coward was no fan of the works of Gilbert and Sullivan , but as a songwriter was nevertheless strongly influenced by them . He recalled : " I was born into a generation that still took light music seriously . The lyrics and melodies of Gilbert and Sullivan were hummed and strummed into my consciousness at an early age . My father sang them , my mother played them ... my aunts and uncles , who were legion , sang them singly and in unison at the slightest provocation . " His colleague Terence Rattigan wrote that as a lyricist Coward was " the best of his kind since W. S. Gilbert . " = = Films = = Coward 's plays adapted for film include : Films in which he participated as actor , screenwriter , director or producer are as follows :
= Cyclone Bejisa = Cyclone Bejisa was a tropical cyclone that affected the islands of Réunion and Mauritius in early January 2014 . In late December 2013 , a tropical disturbance developed to the north of Madagascar . With favorable conditions , the low developed into a disturbance and soon into a depression on December 28 . The system continued to develop and intensified into Moderate Tropical Storm Bejisa on December 29 , with rapid intensification occurring . It developed into an Intense Tropical Cyclone on December 30 , reaching peak maximum sustained winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) . Due to an eyewall replacement cycle , Bejisa weakened , but re @-@ intensified to a secondary peak of 160 km / h ( 100 mph ) on January 1 . Increased wind shear weakened the eyewall , which passed within 15 km ( 9 mi ) of Réunion . After having moved generally south @-@ southeastward for much of its duration , Bejisa turned to the southwest on January 3 , by which time it had weakened to tropical storm status . It became a post @-@ tropical cyclone on January 5 after the convection weakened over the center , and Bejisa became extratropical the next day as it meandered southwest of Madagascar . In its formative stages , Bejisa brought heavy rainfall to Seychelles , and it also dropped rainfall in Mauritius and Madagascar . Effects were worst on Réunion , where wind gusts were around 130 – 150 km / h ( 80 – 90 mph ) along the coast . The storm also dropped torrential rainfall , peaking at 800 mm ( 31 in ) at a volcano in Cilaos . The winds and rains downed many trees and power lines , which blocked roads and left 181 @,@ 000 people without power . About 49 % of the island also lost water supply . Bejisa left heavy damage to the agriculture industry , mainly to vanilla and sugar cane , totaling € 63 million ( US $ 85 @.@ 2 million ) in losses . The commune of Saint @-@ Paul sustained moderate damage , with losses estimated at € 3 million ( US $ 4 million ) . Bejisa killed one person on the island due to head trauma , and there were 16 injuries . Later , the cyclone produced high waves in South Africa . = = Meteorological history = = In late December 2013 , computer forecast models began to predict the development and cyclogenesis of a disturbance within the monsoon trough north of Madagascar . At 1800 UTC on December 27 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) noted a discrete area of disturbed weather approximately 1 @,@ 350 km ( 840 mi ) north @-@ northwest of Réunion that corresponded with model forecasts and had the potential to develop . Accompanied by a low @-@ level circulation center , the monitored storm complex developed rainbands about its southern periphery the following day . At 1200 UTC on December 28 , Météo @-@ France deemed the system sufficiently organized to be considered a tropical disturbance , the fourth system to be given such a classification by the agency that season . Upon its designation , the disturbance was analyzed to have an unusually high barometric pressure , based on nearby weather station observations . Météo @-@ France projected for the system to peak as a tropical cyclone before slightly weakening and impacting the Mascarene Islands . Tracking southward , the disturbance steadily organized following December 28 . As a result of wind shear , the system 's low @-@ level circulation center remained partially exposed , though the shearing conditions were expected to lessen At 0000 UTC on December 29 , the disturbance was upgraded to a tropical depression . At 1800 UTC that day , the depression intensified to moderate tropical storm intensity , thus receiving the name Bejisa by the Mauritius Meteorological Services . This coincided with the improving satellite appearance of the storm 's central dense overcast . Intensification subsequently quickened , and at 0600 UTC the next day Bejisa was considered to be a severe tropical storm . Concurrently a strengthening ridge in the mid @-@ levels of the troposphere began to steer the storm towards the south @-@ southeast . Following the development of a small pinhole eye , Bejisa was upgraded to tropical cyclone status at 1200 UTC on December 30 , followed by intense tropical cyclone status six hours thereafter , with peak winds of 165 km / h ( 105 mph ) . In addition , the JTWC estimated 1 – minute winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) , utilizing the Dvorak technique to estimate the intensity . The agency noted that decreasing wind shear , favorable outflow , and warm sea surface temperatures allowed for the intensification . At that time of the peak winds , Bejisa was located about 825 km ( 515 mi ) north @-@ northwest of Réunion . The intensification phase of Bejisa was short @-@ lived , as an eyewall replacement cycle resulted in a slight deterioration and fluctuation of the storm 's organization and structure . On December 31 , the system weakened below intense tropical cyclone status as the eye became less organized . When the eyewall replacement cycle completed , the eye became larger and the winds increased . Late on December 31 , Bejisa passed about 125 km ( 75 mi ) west of Tromelin Island . On the next day , the cyclone attained a secondary peak intensity of 160 km / h ( 100 mph ) . However , increasing wind shear eroded the eyewall , which opened the eyewall in the northern periphery . Despite Météo @-@ France assessing that Bejisa had weakened , at the same time the JTWC estimated that the cyclone had intensified further to reach peak 1 – minute winds of 205 km / h ( 125 mph ) on January 2 . That day , the storm 's center passed within 155 km ( 95 mi ) of Réunion while continuing to the southeast , and the eyewall passed within 15 km ( 9 mi ) of the island . Continued wind shear stripped the convection , coupled with cooler water temperatures , and early on January 3 , Bejisa weakened below tropical cyclone status . By that time , the ridge to the southeast turned the storm to the southwest . A slight decrease in wind shear was expected to allow the convection to rebuild on January 4 , and the storm strengthened slightly . By January 5 , Bejisa began evolving into a post @-@ tropical cyclone , with weaker convection over the center . That day , Météo @-@ France reclassified Bejisa as a post @-@ tropical depression , noting that the radius of maximum winds had expanded . On the same day , the JTWC discontinued warnings after assessing that the storm had become a subtropical cyclone . Increasing wind shear displaced the remaining convection west of the center , and Météo @-@ France discontinued advisories on Bejisa on January 6 after the exposed turned more to the south . The storm became extratropical and turned to the northeast , and was last noted on January 7 . = = Preparations and impact = = Upon designation as a tropical disturbance , the predecessor to Cyclone Bejisa dropped heavy rainfall across the Seychelles . A weather station on Mahé observed 164 mm ( 6 @.@ 46 in ) of rain over a 24 @-@ hour period beginning on December 27 . The Farquhar Group were particularly affected , as the storm 's incipient central region of convection remained over the area for an extended period of time . Before the storm affected Réunion , Bejisa passed west of Tromelin Island , producing winds of 80 km / h ( 49 mph ) . The storm also produced heavy rainfall on Mauritius . Rainfall and gusty winds also affected portions of Madagascar . Later , Bejisa produced high waves along the coast of KwaZulu @-@ Natal in South Africa . = = = Réunion = = = In advance of the storm striking Réunion , officials advised residents to remain inside . Officials ordered residents in Saint @-@ Leu along the coast to evacuate inland , and at least 300 people evacuated island @-@ wide . The airport at Saint @-@ Denis was closed , but reopened after the storm passed the island ; several flights were canceled as a result . The main port was also closed , as were most childcare facilities , and mail service was suspended . Officials issued a red alert for the island , the first since Cyclone Dumile a year prior . On Réunion , Bejisa produced strong wind gusts , averaging 130 – 150 km / h ( 80 – 90 mph ) along the coast , and peaking in Saint @-@ Louis . The winds downed numerous trees and power lines , leaving an estimated 181 @,@ 000 people without electricity , and closing roads due to debris . All eight of the island 's high tension lines were affected . Thirty percent of cell phone service was temporarily lost due to the outages . Torrential rains impacted much of the island , with a 24 hour total of 800 mm ( 31 in ) measured at a volcano in Cilaos and 600 mm ( 24 in ) measured in a nearby town . The rains caused rivers to rise , resulting in flooding . About 49 percent of homes lost their water supply . Tremendous agricultural damage occurred across Réunion , with some areas reporting 80 – 100 percent losses . Damage in the sector reached € 63 million ( US $ 85 @.@ 2 million ) alone , mostly to sugar cane and vanilla . The communne of Saint @-@ Paul sustained moderate damage , with losses estimated at € 3 million ( US $ 4 million ) . Approximately € 1 million of this stemmed from wind and water damage to homes ; 121 residences qualified for relief aid . Along the coast , a pier was destroyed , several boats were damaged , and roads were impacted . One person died from head trauma while 16 people were injured in various incidents . Two of the injuries were severe due to falling off ladders while attempting to secure their homes during the high winds . In the wake of Bejisa , Électricité de France ( EDF ) deployed 500 personnel and 6 helicopters to restore power on the island . Within three days , roughly 160 @,@ 000 residences were restored , considerably faster than previous restoration efforts in previous cyclones . By January 9 , all but a few dozen homes had power . In addition , water supply was largely restored within four days . A state of national disaster was declared for Réunion on January 17 , by Overseas Minister of France , Victorin Lurel . This declaration covered 16 towns on the island : Les Avirons , Cilaos , L 'Entre @-@ Deux , L 'Étang @-@ Salé , Petite @-@ Île , La Plaine @-@ des @-@ Palmistes , Le Port , La Possession , Saint @-@ Joseph , Saint @-@ Leu , Saint @-@ Louis , Saint @-@ Paul , Saint @-@ Pierre , Salazie , Le Tampon , and Trois @-@ Bassins . Insurance estimates indicated that € 25 million ( US $ 33 @.@ 8 million ) was needed for relief funding . Farmers were eligible for compensation under the disaster declaration ; however , many voiced their skepticism following a lack of follow @-@ through by the government to supply funds after Tropical Cyclone Dumile in January 2013 . Ultimately , the affected farmers had to indicate their taxed losses by February 26 to receive the assistance . By April 2014 , all farmers affected by the declaration were compensated .
= Virtual camera system = In 3D video games , a virtual camera system aims at controlling a camera or a set of cameras to display a view of a 3D virtual world . Camera systems are used in videogames where their purpose is to show the action at the best possible angle ; more generally , they are used in 3D virtual worlds when a third person view is required . As opposed to film makers , virtual camera system creators have to deal with a world that is interactive and unpredictable . It is not possible to know where the player 's character is going to be in the next few seconds ; therefore , it is not possible to plan the shots as a film maker would do . To solve this issue , the system relies on certain rules or artificial intelligence to select the most appropriate shots . There are mainly three types of camera systems . In fixed camera systems , the camera does not move at all and the system displays the player 's character in a succession of still shots . Tracking cameras , on the other hand , follow the character 's movements . Finally , interactive camera systems are partially automated and allow the player to directly change the view . To implement camera systems , video game developers use techniques such as constraint solvers , artificial intelligence scripts , or autonomous agents . = = Third @-@ person view = = In video games , " third @-@ person " refers to a graphical perspective rendered from a fixed distance behind and slightly above the player character . This viewpoint allows players to see a more strongly characterized avatar , and is most common in action games and action adventure games . Games with this perspective often make use of positional audio , where the volume of ambient sounds varies depending on the position of the avatar . There are primarily three types of third @-@ person camera systems : the " fixed camera systems " in which the camera positions are set during the game creation ; the " tracking camera systems " in which the camera simply follows the player 's character ; and the " interactive camera systems " that are under the player 's control . = = = Fixed = = = In this kind of system , the developers set the properties of the camera , such as its position , orientation or field of view , during the game creation . The camera views will not change dynamically , so the same place will always be shown under the same set of views . An early example of this kind of camera system can be seen in Alone in the Dark . While the characters are in 3D , the background on which they evolve has been pre @-@ rendered . The early Resident Evil games are notable examples of games that use fixed cameras . The God of War series of video games is also known for this technique . One advantage of this camera system is that it allows the game designers to use the language of film . Indeed , like filmmakers , they have the possibility to create a mood through camerawork and careful selection of shots . Games that use this kind of technique are often praised for their cinematic qualities . = = = Tracking = = = As the name says , a tracking camera follows the characters from behind . The player does not control the camera in any way - he / she cannot for example rotate it or move it to a different position . This type of camera system was very common in early 3D games such as Crash Bandicoot or Tomb Raider since it is very simple to implement . However , there are a number of issues with it . In particular , if the current view is not suitable ( either because it is occluded by an object , or because it is not showing what the player is interested in ) , it cannot be changed since the player does not control the camera . Sometimes this viewpoint causes difficulty when a character turns or stands face out against a wall . The camera may jerk or end up in awkward positions . = = = Interactive = = = This type of camera system is an improvement over the tracking camera system . While the camera is still tracking the character , some of its parameters , such as its orientation or distance to the character , can be changed . On videogame consoles , the camera is often controlled by an analog stick to provide a good accuracy ; whereas on PC games it is usually controlled by the mouse . This is the case in games such as Super Mario Sunshine or The Legend of Zelda : The Wind Waker . Fully interactive camera systems are often difficult to implement in the right way . Thus Gamespot argues that much of the Super Mario Sunshine ' difficulty comes from having to control the camera . The Legend of Zelda : The Wind Waker was more successful at it - IGN called the camera system " so smart that it rarely needs manual correction " . One of the first games to offer an interactive camera system was Super Mario 64 . The game had two types of camera systems between which the player could switch at any time . The first one was a standard tracking camera system except that it was partly driven by artificial intelligence . Indeed , the system was " aware " of the structure of the level and therefore could anticipate certain shots . For example , in the first level , when the path to the hill is about to turn left , the camera automatically starts looking towards the left too , thus anticipating the player 's movements . The second type allows the player to control the camera relatively to Mario 's position . By pressing on the left or right buttons , the camera rotates around Mario , while pressing up or down moves the camera closer or away from Mario . = = Implementation = = There is a large body of research on how to implement a camera system . The role of a constraint solver software is to generate the best possible shot given a set of visual constraints . In other words , the constraint solver is given a requested shot composition such as " show this character and ensure that he covers at least 30 percent of the screen space " . The solver will then use various methods to try creating a shot that would satisfy this request . Once a suitable shot is found , the solver outputs the coordinates and rotation of the camera , which can then be used by the graphic engine renderer to display the view . In some camera systems , if no solution can be found , constraints are relaxed . For example , if the solver cannot generate a shot where the character occupies 30 percent of the screen space , it might ignore the screen space constraint and simply ensure that the character is visible at all . Such methods include zooming out . Some camera systems use predefined scripts to decide how to select the current shot for commonly seen shot scenarios called film idioms . Typically , the script is going to be triggered as a result of an action . For instance , when the player 's character initiates a conversation with another character , the " conversation " script is going to be triggered . This script will contain instructions on how to " shoot " a two @-@ character conversation . Thus the shots will be a combination of , for instance , over the shoulder shots and close @-@ up shots . Such script @-@ based approaches may switch the camera between a set of predefined cameras or rely on a constraint solver to generate the camera coordinates to account for variability in scene layout . This scripted approach and the use of a constraint solver to compute virtual cameras was first proposed by Drucker . Subsequent research demonstrated how a script @-@ based system could automatically switch cameras to view conversations between avatars in a realtime chat application . Bill Tomlinson used a more original approach to the problem . He devised a system in which the camera is an autonomous agent with its own personality . The style of the shots and their rhythm will be affected by its mood . Thus a happy camera will " cut more frequently , spend more time in close @-@ up shots , move with a bouncy , swooping motion , and brightly illuminate the scene " . While much of the prior work in automated virtual camera control systems has been directed towards reducing the need for a human to manually control the camera , the Director 's Lens solution computes and proposes a palette of suggested virtual camera shots leaving the human operator to make the creative shot selection . In computing subsequent suggested virtual camera shots , the system analyzes the visual compositions and editing patterns of prior recorded shots to compute suggested camera shots that conform to continuity conventions such as not crossing the line of action , match placement of virtual characters so they appear to look at one another across cuts , and favors those shots which the human operator had previously used in sequence . = = In mixed @-@ reality applications = = In 2010 , the Kinect was released by Microsoft as a 3D scanner / webcam hybrid peripheral device which provides full @-@ body detection of Xbox 360 players and hands @-@ free control of the user interfaces of video games and other software on the console . This was later modified by Oliver Kreylos of University of California , Davis in a series of YouTube videos which showed him combining the Kinect with a PC @-@ based virtual camera . Because the Kinect is capable of detecting a full range of depth ( through computer stereo vision and Structured light ) within a captured scene , Kreylos demonstrated the capacity of the Kinect and the virtual camera to allow free @-@ viewpoint navigation of the range of depth , although the camera could only allow a video capture of the scene as shown to the front of the Kinect , resulting in fields of black , empty space where the camera was unable to capture video within the field of depth . Later , Kreylos demonstrated a further elaboration on the modification by combining the video streams of two Kinects in order to further enhance the video capture within the view of the virtual camera . Kreylos ' developments using the Kinect were covered among the works of others in the Kinect hacking and homebrew community in a New York Times article . = = Real @-@ time recording and motion tracking = = Virtual cameras have been developed which allow a director to film motion capture and view the digital characters movements in real time in a pre @-@ constructed digital environment , such as a house or spaceship . Resident Evil 5 was the first video game to use the technology , which was developed for the 2009 film Avatar . The use of motion capture to control the position and orientation of a virtual camera enables the operator to intuitively move and aim the virtual camera by simply walking about and turning the virtual camera rig . A virtual camera rig consists of a portable monitor or tablet device , motion sensors , optional support framework , and optional joystick or button controls that are commonly used to start or stop recording and adjust lens properties . In 1992 , Michael McKenna of MIT 's Media Lab demonstrated the earliest documented virtual camera rig when he fixed a Polhemus magnetic motion sensor and a 3 @.@ 2 inch portable LCD TV to a wooden ruler . The Walkthrough Project at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill produced a number of physical input devices for virtual camera view control including dual three @-@ axis joysticks and a billiard @-@ ball shaped prop known as the UNC Eyeball that featured an embedded six @-@ degree of freedom motion tracker and a digital button .
= Manchester City F.C. in European football = Manchester City , an English professional association football club , has gained entry to Union of European Football Associations ( UEFA ) competitions on several occasions . They have represented England in the European Cup ( now the Champions League ) on five occasions , the UEFA Cup ( now the Europa League ) on seven separate occasions , and the now @-@ defunct Cup Winners ' Cup twice . Manchester City are one of twelve English football clubs to have won a European title , in City 's case the 1969 – 70 Cup Winners Cup . The club 's first entry into European competition occurred in 1968 , as a result of winning the 1967 – 68 Football League Championship . However , the participation was short @-@ lived , as the club suffered a surprise defeat at the hands of Fenerbahçe in the first round . Entry into the Cup Winners ' Cup the following season was more successful ; Manchester City won the competition , defeating Górnik Zabrze 2 – 1 at the Prater Stadium in Vienna . The club reached the semi @-@ final of the same competition the following year , and continued to play European football regularly during the 1970s . The club then endured a period of decline , and did not play in Europe again until 2003 , a gap of 24 years . Since then the club has qualified for European competition on a regular basis . In the 1970s Manchester City also had a track record of repeated entry into several of the non @-@ UEFA sanctioned European competitions which were run in the era , including the Anglo @-@ Italian League Cup and the Texaco Cup . = = History = = = = = First entries into European competition = = = European club football competitions began in the mid @-@ 1950s . Though Manchester City were moderately successful domestically in this period , the club did not play in Europe . City were not invited to play in the Inter @-@ Cities Fairs Cup , and the UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup did not begin until 1960 . When eight players from neighbours Manchester United lost their lives in the Munich air disaster when returning from a European Cup match in February 1958 , UEFA wished for City to take United 's place in the competition . City rejected the idea out of hand . Manchester City 's first appearance in European competition occurred in the 1968 – 69 season . City played in the European Cup , by virtue of having won the 1967 – 68 league championship . Extroverted Manchester City coach Malcolm Allison made a number of grandiose statements predicting how the team would fare , saying that City would " terrify Europe " , and that " City will attack these people as they have not been attacked since the days of the old Real Madrid " . The opposition in the first round was Turkish club Fenerbahçe . The City management did not scout Fenerbahçe in advance of the game , opting to rely on a report from Oscar Hold , an Englishman who had managed Fenerbahçe between 1965 and 1967 . In the first leg at Maine Road , City had what the Guardian 's Albert Barham called " overwhelming territorial advantage " . However , to the frustration of the home crowd City were denied by a strong defensive performance by Fenerbahçe , most notably by goalkeeper Yavuz Şimşek , and the match finished 0 – 0 . The return leg in Istanbul was played in front of a Turkish record crowd . City took an early lead through Tony Coleman , but conceded two goals in the second half and were eliminated . Manchester City won the 1969 FA Cup Final to earn a place in the 1969 – 70 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup . Their first tie was against Atletico of Bilbao , in Spain 's Basque Country . Atletico were themselves managed by an Englishman , Ronnie Allen . In the first leg , City recovered from a two @-@ goal deficit to secure a 3 – 3 draw . The home leg was a routine 3 – 0 win . Post @-@ match reports alleged that a scuffle had taken place at half @-@ time between Mike Doyle and José Ramón Betzuen , The referee spoke to both managers , but did not take any further action . In the second round City travelled to Belgians Lierse S.K. , and won the first leg 3 – 0 , with two goals from Francis Lee and one from Colin Bell . The home leg produced a 5 – 0 win , a club record for European competition that as of 2012 has still not been exceeded . The first leg of the quarter @-@ final , at Académica de Coimbra , took place three days before Manchester City were due to play in the League Cup final . Malcolm Allison rejected the prevailing British football orthodoxy , in which domestic competitions took priority , by saying he would rather win in Portugal than in the League Cup final . The match finished goalless . At Maine Road , extra @-@ time was required for Manchester City to break down the stubbornly defensive Coimbra . Tony Towers scored the only goal of the tie with a minute of extra @-@ time remaining . The draw for the semi @-@ finals meant Manchester City played the away leg first in every round , this time in Germany , where Schalke 04 were the opposition . Manchester City lost the first leg by a single goal . Needing to win at Maine Road by at least two goals , Manchester City used a very attacking approach . It worked ; City led 3 – 0 at half @-@ time , and won the match 5 – 1 . In the final , City faced Górnik Zabrze of Poland , who had progressed via a coin toss after three matches with AS Roma could not produce a winner in the other semi @-@ final . = = = 1970 Cup Winners ' Cup final = = = The final was held at a neutral venue , Prater Stadium in Vienna . The match took place in torrential rain , adversely affecting the attendance . The official figure was 7 @,@ 968 , though sources vary , with a number of figures between 7 @,@ 968 and 15 @,@ 000 reported . Of those , approximately 5 @,@ 000 were Manchester City supporters . Due to Eastern bloc travel restrictions , only 300 supporters , relatives and officials were permitted to travel from Poland . Manchester City started the match strongly , particularly Francis Lee ; The Guardian correspondent wrote " Lee , indefatigable and nigh irresistible continually embarrassed the Górnik defence in the early stages " . Lee had the first chance of the match , a close range shot which was saved by Kostka . Manchester City took the lead in the 12th minute . Lee cut in from the left wing , escaping a tackle from Alfred Olek , and struck a fierce shot . Goalkeeper Hubert Kostka parried the ball , only for it to land at the feet of Neil Young for a simple finish . Shortly after City defender Mike Doyle sustained an ankle injury after colliding with Stefan Florenski . Manchester City played on with ten men for a period as Doyle received treatment from trainer Dave Ewing , but the defender was unable to continue . Substitute Ian Bowyer replaced him . The change prompted an alteration in formation , in which Colin Bell switched to a deeper position . Shortly before half @-@ time , Young won the ball after loose play from Florenski , which put him clear on goal . As Young moved into the penalty area Kostka rushed out of his goal and upended him , leaving the referee no option but to give a penalty . Lee struck the spot @-@ kick with power into the centre of the goal . Kostka 's legs made contact with the ball , but the force of the shot carried it into the net to make it 2 – 0 . Górnik got a goal back midway through the second half , but there were no more goals and the match finished 2 – 1 . After the match City manager Joe Mercer said " the heavy rain in the second half ruined the game " and that he was " quite happy with the performance of our team , although the technical level was rather low in the second half " . Górnik manager Michał Matyas blamed his side 's poor start , saying the " first goal came too early for us and we never recovered from this shock . " The trophy was Manchester City 's fourth major honour in three seasons . It made them the third English club to win the Cup Winners ' Cup , after Tottenham Hotspur and West Ham United . = = = Regular participation in the 1970s = = = As title holders , Manchester City were entitled to defend the Cup Winners ' Cup in the 1970 – 71 season . Had they not won the trophy , they would still have been qualified for European competition , as City 's victory in the 1970 League Cup granted a place in the Fairs Cup . As a UEFA @-@ organised competition , the Cup Winners ' Cup took precedence over the Fairs Cup , and so the club took a place in the former . In the first round Manchester City almost suffered an upset at the hands of Linfield , from Belfast . City held a one @-@ goal lead after the first leg , but Linfield twice took the lead in the second leg . The match finished 2 – 1 to Linfield , and Manchester City progressed on the away goals rule . Honvéd were the opposition in the second round . Manchester City won both legs , the score 3 – 0 on aggregate . The quarter @-@ final saw a rematch with Górnik Zabrze , who City had beaten in the previous year 's final . Both legs finished 2 – 0 to the home team , so to separate the sides a third match was played on neutral ground , in Copenhagen . Despite having several players unavailable through injury , City won this match 3 – 1 , and were drawn to play fellow English club Chelsea in the semi @-@ final , to date the only time Manchester City have drawn another English club in European competition . Further injuries occurred in domestic fixtures in the run @-@ up to the game , to the extent that goalkeeper Joe Corrigan played the first leg of the Chelsea tie unable to fully open his left eye because of a facial injury . City lost the first leg at Stamford Bridge 1 – 0 . Corrigan was unable to play in the second leg , in which stand @-@ in goalkeeper Ron Healey conceded an own goal , resulting in another 1 – 0 defeat . A mid @-@ table finish in 1970 – 71 meant that for the first time in four years Manchester City did not qualify for Europe . The following year , a fourth @-@ placed league finish gave the club a berth in the UEFA Cup for the first time . The UEFA Cup had replaced the Fairs Cup in 1971 , when control of the competition transferred to UEFA . City 's debut in the competition was a short one . Drawn against a Valencia side managed by Alfredo Di Stéfano , City were bounced out in the 2nd leg at the Mestalla 3 @-@ 2 , despite producing a pulsating 2 – 2 draw at Maine Road in the 1st leg . Triumph in the 1976 League Cup final gave Manchester City a place in the UEFA Cup after a four @-@ year absence . City drew Juventus in the first round . Drawn at home first , City won the first leg 1 – 0 , Brian Kidd scoring his first goal for the club . The second leg in Turin resulted in a 2 – 0 defeat and elimination . Juventus went on to win the competition . As league runners @-@ up in 1976 – 77 , Manchester City again qualified for the UEFA Cup . Drawn against Widzew Łódź , City drew the first leg at Maine Road 2 – 2 . In the late 1970s , hooliganism was becoming a more prominent part of English football . Following an incident where a fan invaded the pitch and attacked Widzew 's Zbigniew Boniek , City were fined by UEFA , and fencing was erected between the pitch and the stands . A 0 – 0 draw in Łódź resulted in City 's elimination on the away goals rule . A league finish of fifth in 1977 – 78 proved sufficient to qualify for Europe . Dutchmen FC Twente were the first opposition . In Enschede , Dave Watson gave City the lead . Twente equalised in the second half from a free kick . In the second leg City ran up a 3 – 1 lead , but a second Twente goal meant a nervy finish . City held on , preserving their 3 – 2 lead to win the tie . This was the first time the club had progressed past the first round of the UEFA Cup in four attempts . Further opposition from the Low Countries awaited in the second round , in the form of Standard Liège . A flurry of late goals gave Manchester City a 4 – 0 lead after the first leg . The large lead meant that despite a 2 – 0 defeat in Liège , in which Gary Owen received a red card , City progressed with ease . Owen 's sending off resulted in a five match ban . In the third round City faced four @-@ time European trophy winners A.C. Milan . The first leg , held at the San Siro , was initially postponed due to fog , and was instead played the following day . City took a 2 – 0 lead and came close to becoming the first English team to beat Milan at the San Siro , but conceded twice ; the equaliser scored eight minutes from time . City won the home leg 3 – 0 , with goals from Booth , Hartford and Kidd . City 's first European quarter @-@ final since 1971 was against Borussia Mönchengladbach . The club received advice from Bob Paisley , whose Liverpool had met Mönchengladbach several times . City opened the scoring in the first leg , but while attempting to extend their lead were caught on the counter @-@ attack and conceded an equaliser . After failing to win the home leg , having conceded an away goal in the process , City travelled to Germany with few expecting them to progress . So it proved , as City lost 3 – 1 at the Bökelbergstadion . = = = Return to Europe in the 2000s = = = Manchester City 's fortunes declined during the 1980s and 1990s . For a single season , 1998 – 99 , the club fell as far as English football 's third tier . The club did not qualify for European competition in this period . In ordinary circumstances , the club 's fifth @-@ placed finish in 1991 and 1992 would have granted a UEFA Cup place . However , English clubs had recently returned from a ban issued after the Heysel Stadium disaster . As the UEFA coefficient that determines the number of places per country is based upon performances in European competition over the previous five years , England had a reduced allocation until 1995 . By the 2002 – 03 season , Manchester City were back in the Premier League . An unusual route into European competition for the 2003 – 04 season was provided by the UEFA Respect Fair Play ranking , which provided extra UEFA Cup qualifying round places for the leagues with the best records for discipline and positive play . This marked Manchester City 's first European participation for 24 years . In the qualifying round City played Welsh club Total Network Solutions . The first leg was the first @-@ ever competitive match at Manchester City 's new ground , the City of Manchester Stadium . Trevor Sinclair became the first ever goalscorer at the stadium in a 5 – 0 win . In the hope of attracting a large crowd , TNS switched the second leg to Millennium Stadium , the national stadium of Wales . With the tie effectively won , City made 10 changes to their team . The match finished 2 – 0 to City . Against Sporting Lokeren in the first round proper , City won the home leg 3 – 2 , and the away leg 1 – 0 . A tie against Groclin Dyskobolia followed . Both legs were drawn , and just as in 1976 , City were eliminated on away goals after a 0 – 0 draw in Poland . In 2008 Manchester City once again qualified for the UEFA Cup through the Fair Play rankings . As City had to play the qualifying rounds , it meant a very early start to the season , in mid @-@ July . Their first match was a trip to the remote Faroe Islands to play EB / Streymur . As Streymur 's ground had a capacity of only 1 @,@ 000 , the match was moved to Tórsvøllur , the Faroese national stadium . Two early goals gave City a 2 – 0 win . The home leg was unusual in that it was played outside Manchester . The pitch at the City of Manchester Stadium had been relaid following a Bon Jovi concert , and was not ready in time . Instead , the match was played at Barnsley 's Oakwell ground . Another 2 – 0 win resulted in a 4 – 0 aggregate scoreline . In the second qualifying round City played FC Midtjylland . The first leg ended in a 1 – 0 defeat , only City 's second ever home defeat in European competition . In the second leg City looked to be heading out of the competition until an 89th minute cross was diverted into his own net by Midtjylland 's Danny Califf . The tie then went to extra time , and City progressed on penalties . In the first round proper Cypriots AC Omonia took the lead , but City overcame the deficit and won 2 – 1 , and also won the second leg by the same scoreline . A five team group stage then followed , in which each team played the others once . Manchester City were drawn with Twente , Schalke 04 , Racing de Santander and Paris Saint @-@ Germain . City topped the group , after wins against Twente and Schalke , a draw with Paris Saint @-@ Germain and a defeat in a dead rubber in Santander . The knockout stages then resumed , with a visit to F.C. Copenhagen in freezing conditions . City took the lead twice but could only draw 2 – 2 . The home leg was more comfortable , and ended in a 2 – 1 victory . Another Danish club , Aalborg , awaited in the next round . Both matches finished 2 – 0 to the home side , and the tie was decided by a penalty shootout , which Manchester City won . City then faced Hamburger SV , in their first European quarter @-@ final since 1979 . The away leg was played first , and started exceptionally well for Manchester City , as Stephen Ireland scored after just 35 seconds . However , Hamburg soon equalised , and won the match 3 – 1 . A difficult task in the home leg soon became even harder , when Hamburg scored an away goal early in the match . City scored twice , the first by Elano , who also hit the woodwork on two occasions with free @-@ kicks . However , City could not produce the third goal that would have taken the tie into extra time . UEFA rebranded and restructured the UEFA Cup in 2009 , resulting in it becoming the UEFA Europa League . By finishing fifth in the 2009 – 10 Premier League , Manchester City qualified for this competition . A play @-@ off round took place before the four team group stage , in which Manchester City beat Timișoara of Romania home and away . City 's group stage opponents were Juventus , Red Bull Salzburg and Lech Poznań . Each team played the others twice . City 's opener was in Salzburg , and resulted in a 2 – 0 win . A 1 – 1 draw at home to Juventus then followed . A 3 – 1 win at home to Lech Poznań is remembered primarily not for the action on the pitch , in which Emmanuel Adebayor scored a hat @-@ trick , but for the actions of the Polish supporters , whose backs to the pitch dance was later adopted by Manchester City fans , for whom it became known as The Poznań . The return match with Lech Poznań resulted in a 3 – 1 defeat , but a 3 – 0 home victory over Red Bull Salzburg ensured qualification with a match to spare . The dead rubber against Juventus ended 1 – 1 , and Manchester City won the group . In the knockout stages City then beat Aris Thessaloniki 3 – 0 on aggregate , and met Dynamo Kyiv in the last 16 . City lost 2 – 0 in Kyiv , and had to play most of the second leg with ten men after Mario Balotelli was sent off . A 1 – 0 win was insufficient to overcome the deficit , as City lost 2 – 1 on aggregate . Manchester City finished third in the 2010 – 11 Premier League , to qualify for the rebranded version of the European Cup , the UEFA Champions League , for the first time . The club 's league finish granted direct entry into the group stages without qualification . Their group stage opponents were Bayern Munich , Villarreal and Napoli . City 's first group match was at home to Napoli . The Italians took the lead in the second half following a counter @-@ attacking move , but five minutes later Aleksandar Kolarov scored from a free @-@ kick to equalise , and the match finished 1 – 1 . City then lost 2 – 0 at Bayern Munich , a match most notable for the refusal of Carlos Tevez to come on as substitute , which resulted in an exile from the first team lasting nearly six months . A double @-@ header with Villarreal resulted in two Manchester City wins . Sergio Agüero scored a last @-@ minute winner in the first , which finished 2 – 1 ; the second was a comfortable 3 – 0 victory . A 2 – 1 defeat at Napoli then took qualification out of Manchester City 's hands , and despite a 2 – 0 win against group winners Bayern Munich , City finished third in the group and failed to qualify for the knockout stages . As a third placed team the club then entered the Europa League in the round of 32 , where they faced Europa League holders Porto . Manchester City won both legs . Agüero 's goal after 19 seconds of the second leg was the second fastest in the history of the competition . City returned to Portugal in the next round , against Lisbon club Sporting CP . Each team won their home leg ; the first leg finished 1 – 0 to Sporting , and the second leg 3 – 2 to Manchester City . Sporting won the tie on away goals . = = UEFA competitions = = = = Non @-@ UEFA competitions = = In addition to the major UEFA competitions , Manchester City have also played a number of first team fixtures in other , more minor multi @-@ national competitions . As winners of the 1970 League Cup , Manchester City played against the Coppa Italia winners Bologna in the Anglo @-@ Italian League Cup . The competition started the previous year , as a way of enabling 1969 League Cup winners Swindon Town to play European opposition . For the first leg in Bologna , the City team stayed over 100 km ( 60 miles ) away in the coastal resort of Rimini , and took a relaxed attitude to proceedings . City lost the match 1 – 0 , and drew 2 – 2 at home , losing the competition . After missing out on a UEFA berth for 1971 – 72 , Manchester City were invited to play in the Texaco Cup , a competition for English , Scottish and Irish teams . City fielded a weakened side for the second leg of their tie against Airdrieonians . As punishment Manchester City had their £ 1 @,@ 000 prize money withheld and were banned from the competition for two years . Upon the expiry of the suspension in 1974 , the club entered the competition again , but exited in the group stage . The tournament saw Denis Law play his final matches as a professional . The withdrawal of Irish teams saw the competition renamed the Anglo @-@ Scottish Cup the following year . Again , City failed to progress beyond the group stage . = = Overall record = = = = = By country = = = = = = = UEFA competitions = = = = = = = = Non @-@ UEFA competitions = = = =
= Battle off Texel = The Battle off Texel , also known as the Action off Texel or the Action of 17 October 1914 , was a naval battle off the coast of the Dutch island of Texel during the First World War where a British squadron consisting of one light cruiser and four destroyers on a routine patrol encountered the remnants of the German 7th Half Flotilla of torpedo boats , which was en route to the British coast on a mission to lay minefields . The British forces attacked and sank the German flotilla of four torpedo boats . Outgunned , the German force attempted to flee and then fought a desperate and ineffective action against the British force . The battle resulted in the loss of the German torpedo boat squadron and prevented the mining of busy shipping lanes , such as the mouth of the River Thames . The British had few casualties and little damage to their vessels . The outcome of the battle also greatly influenced the tactics and deployments of the remaining German torpedo boat flotillas in the North Sea area , as the loss greatly shook the faith of the commanders in the effectiveness of the force . = = Background = = After the opening naval Battle of Heligoland Bight , the German High Seas Fleet was ordered to avoid confrontations with larger opposing forces , to avoid costly and demoralizing reverses . Apart from occasional German raids , the North Sea was dominated by the Royal Navy which regularly patrolled the area , although German light forces operated regularly in North Sea . At 13 : 50 on 17 October 1914 , a routine patrol by the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla ( Harwich Force ) consisting of the light cruiser HMS Undaunted ( Captain Cecil Fox ) and four Laforey @-@ class destroyers , HMS Lennox , Lance , Loyal and Legion , was cruising off the island of Texel , when they encountered a waiting German squadron of torpedo boats , comprising the remaining vessels of the 7th Half Flotilla ( Korvettenkapitän Georg Thiele in S119 ) SMS S115 , S117 , S118 . The German ships made no hostile move British ships , nor did they try to flee the scene and it was assumed by the British that they had mistaken the British ships for friendly vessels . The German flotilla had been sent out of the Ems River to mine the southern coast of Britain including the mouth of the Thames and had been intercepted before reaching its objective . The British squadron out @-@ gunned the German 7th Half Flotilla , the Undaunted ( Captain Cecil Fox , squadron commander ) — an Arethusa @-@ class light cruiser — was armed with two BL 6 inch Mk XII naval guns and seven QF 4 inch Mk V naval guns , in single mounts ( most without gun shields ) and eight torpedo tubes . Undaunted was experimentally armed with a pair of 2 @-@ pounder anti @-@ aircraft guns , something most of her class lacked and at best speed could make 28 @.@ 5 kn ( 32 @.@ 8 mph ; 52 @.@ 8 km / h ) . The four Laforey @-@ class destroyers were armed with two torpedo tubes , three 4 @-@ inch guns and a 2 @-@ pounder gun . The destroyers were slightly faster than the cruiser and could make about 29 knots ( 54 km / h ; 33 mph ) at full power . The German vessels were inferior to the British in other areas , the 7th Half Flotilla was composed of ageing Großes Torpedoboot 1898 class and had been completed in 1904 . The German boats were nearly equal in speed to the British at 28 knots ( 52 km / h ; 32 mph ) . Each of the German vessels was armed with three 50 mm ( 1 @.@ 97 in ) guns , that were of shorter range and throw @-@ weight than the British guns . The biggest danger to the British squadron was the three 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes carried by each of the German boats , with five torpedoes per boat . = = Battle = = Upon closer approach , the German vessels realized the nearby vessels were British and scattered , while Undaunted — which was closer to the Germans than the destroyers — opened fire on the nearest torpedo boat . This German vessel managed to dodge the fire from Undaunted by changing course but lost speed and the British force caught up . To protect Undaunted from torpedo attack and to destroy the Germans as quickly as possible , Fox ordered the squadron to divide . Lance and Lennox chased S115 and S119 as Legion and Loyal pursued S117 and S118 . Fire from Legion , Loyal and Undaunted damaged S118 so badly that its bridge was blown off the deck , sinking her at 15 : 17 . Lance and Lennox engaged S115 , disabling her steering gear and causing the German vessel to circle . Lennox 's fire was so effective that the bridge of S115 was also destroyed but the German torpedo @-@ boat did not strike her colours . The two central boats in the German flotilla , S117 and the flotilla leader S119 , tried to hit Undaunted with torpedoes ; despite the torpedoes , Undaunted outmanoeuvred the German boats and remained unscathed . When Legion and Loyal had finished off S118 , they came to Undaunted 's aid and engaged it 's two attackers . Legion attacked S117 , but it fired its last three torpedoes and continued to engage with gunfire . Legion pulverized S117 , damaging her steering mechanism which forced her to circle before she was sunk at 15 : 30 . At the same time , Lance and Lennox had damaged S115 to the point where only one of the destroyers was needed . Lance sjoined Loyal in bombarding S119 with lyddite shells . S119 managed to fire a torpedo run at Lance and hit the destroyer amidships but the torpedo failed to detonate . S119 was sunk at 15 : 35 by gunfire from Lance and Loyal , taking the German flotilla commander down with it . S115 stayed afloat despite constant attacks from Lennox , which sent a boarding party , who found a wreck with only one German on board who happily surrendered . Thirty members of the crew were eventually rescued from the sea by the British vessels . The action ended at 16 : 30 , with gunfire from Undaunted finishing off the abandoned hulk of S115 . = = Aftermath = = = = = Analysis = = = The battle was seen as a great boost of morale for the British as two days previous , they had lost the cruiser HMS Hawke to a U @-@ boat . The effect on British morale the battle had is reflected in its fictionalized and nationalistic inclusion in the 1915 dime novel The Boy Allies Under Two Flags , by Robert L. Drake . Some controversy arose in Germany from the battle , because the German hospital ship Ophelia , which had been sent out to rescue survivors from the sunken boats , was seized by the British for violating the Hague Convention rules on the use of hospital ships . The loss of a squadron of German torpedo boats , led to a drastic change in tactics in the English Channel and along the coast of Flanders . There were few sorties into the Channel and the torpedo boat force was relegated to coastal patrol and rescuing downed pilots . The British received a bonus on 30 November , when a British fishing trawler pulled up the sealed chest thrown off S119 by Captain Thiele . The chest contained a German codebook used by the German light forces stationed on the coast , allowing the British to decipher German communications for long afterwards . = = = Casualties = = = The four ships of the German Seventh Half Flotilla were sunk by Harwich Force and over two hundred sailors were killed including the commanding officer . Despite the odds no German vessel struck her colours and the Flotilla fought to the end . Only four British sailors were wounded , along with superficial damage to three of the destroyers . Legion had one 4 lb ( 1 @.@ 8 kg ) shell hit and one man was wounded by machine @-@ gun fire . Loyal was hit twice and had three or four men wounded as a result . Lance had superficial machine @-@ gun damage and the other vessels were unscathed . Thirty @-@ one German sailors were rescued from the water and the sinking ships and taken prisoner ; a captured officer died of wounds soon after . Two more German sailors were later rescued by a neutral vessel . = = Order of battle = = = = = Royal Navy = = = HMS Undaunted , light cruiser , flagship HMS Lennox , destroyer HMS Lance , destroyer HMS Loyal , destroyer HMS Legion , destroyer = = = German Navy = = = SMS S119 , torpedo boat , flagship SMS S118 , torpedo boat SMS S117 , torpedo boat SMS S115 , torpedo boat
= Cathode @-@ ray tube amusement device = The cathode @-@ ray tube amusement device is the earliest known interactive electronic game . The device simulates an artillery shell arcing towards targets on a cathode ray tube ( CRT ) screen , which is controlled by the player by adjusting knobs to change the trajectory of a CRT beam spot on the display in order to reach plastic targets overlaid on the screen . Thomas T. Goldsmith , Jr. and Estle Ray Mann constructed the game from analog electronics and filed for a patent in 1947 , which was issued the following year . The gaming device was never manufactured or marketed to the public , so it had no effect on the future video game industry . Under most definitions , the device is not considered a video game , as while it had an electronic display it did not run on a computing device . Therefore , despite its relevance to the early history of video games , it is not generally considered a candidate for the title of first video game . = = Gameplay = = The cathode @-@ ray tube amusement device consists of a cathode ray tube connected to an oscilloscope with a set of knobs and switches . The device uses purely analog electronics and does not use any digital computer or memory device or execute a program . The CRT projects a spot on the oscilloscope display screen , which traces a parabolic arc across the screen when a switch is activated by the player . This beam spot represents the trajectory of an artillery shell . Overlaid on the screen are transparent plastic targets representing objects such as airplanes . At the end of the spot 's trajectory , the beam defocuses , resulting in the spot expanding and blurring . This represents the shell exploding as if detonated by a time fuze . The goal of the game is to have the beam defocus when it is within the bounds of a target . Prior to the beam spot beginning its arc , the player can turn the control knobs to direct the beam spot 's trajectory and adjust the delay of the shell burst . The machine can be set to fire a " shell " either once or at a regular interval , which is adjustable by the player . This gives the player the goal of hitting one of the overlay targets with the shell burst within a time limit . The player was recommended to make the trajectory far removed from a straight line " so as to require an increased amount of skill and care " . = = History = = The cathode @-@ ray tube amusement device was invented by physicists Thomas T. Goldsmith , Jr. and Estle Ray Mann . The pair worked at television designer DuMont Laboratories specializing in the development of cathode ray tubes that used electronic signal outputs to project a signal onto television screens . Goldsmith , who had received a Ph.D. in physics from Cornell University in 1936 with a focus on oscilloscope design , was at the time of the device 's invention the director of research for DuMont Laboratories in New Jersey . The two inventors were inspired by the radar displays used in World War II , which Goldsmith had worked on during the war . The patent for the device was filed on January 25 , 1947 and issued on December 14 , 1948 . The patent , the first for an electronic game , was never used by either the inventors or DuMont Laboratories , and the device was never manufactured beyond original handmade prototype . Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers historian Alex Magoun has speculated that Goldsmith did not make the prototype with the intent for it to be the basis of any future production , but only designed the device as a demonstration of the kind of commercial opportunities DuMont could pursue . Goldsmith did not work on games after the invention of the device ; he was promoted to vice president in 1953 and left DuMont — by then split up and sold to other firms — to become a professor of physics at Furman University in 1966 . Goldsmith kept the device and brought it with him to Furman ; in a 2016 interview fellow physics professor Bill Brantley recalled Goldsmith demonstrating the game to him . Despite being a game that used a graphical display , the cathode @-@ ray tube amusement device is generally not considered under most definitions to be a candidate for the first video game , as it used purely analog hardware and did not run on a computing device ; some loose definitions may still consider it a video game , but it is still usually disqualified as the device was never manufactured . Nevertheless , it is the earliest known interactive electronic game as well as the first to incorporate an electronic display , thus making it a forerunner to other games in the early history of video games . As the device was never manufactured or widely shown , however , it did not directly inspire any other games and had no impact on the future video game industry .
= Don Bradman with the Australian cricket team in England in 1948 = Don Bradman toured England in 1948 with an Australian cricket team that went undefeated in their 34 tour matches , including the five Ashes Tests . Bradman was the captain , one of three selectors , and overall a dominant figure of what was regarded as one of the finest teams of all time , earning the sobriquet The Invincibles . Generally regarded as the greatest batsman in the history of cricket , the right @-@ handed Bradman played in all five Tests as captain at No. 3 . Bradman was more influential than other Australian captains because he was also one of the three selectors who had a hand in choosing the squad . He was also a member of the Australian Board of Control while still playing , a privilege that no other person has held . At the age of 40 , Bradman was by far the oldest player on the team ; three @-@ quarters of his team were at least eight years younger , and some viewed him as a father figure . Coupled with his status as a national hero , cricketing ability and influence as an administrator , this associated the team more closely to him than other teams to their respective captains . Bradman 's iconic stature as a cricketer also led to record @-@ breaking public interest and attendances at the matches on tour . Bradman ended the first @-@ class matches atop the batting aggregates and averages , with 2428 runs at 89 @.@ 92 , and eleven centuries , the most by any player . Despite his success , his troubles against Alec Bedser 's leg trap — he fell three consecutive times in the Tests and twice in other matches to bowlers using this ploy — were the subject of much discussion . Bradman scored 138 in the first innings of the First Test at Trent Bridge , laying the foundation for Australia 's 509 , which set up a lead of 344 and eventual victory . In the Fourth Test at Headingley , he scored an unbeaten 173 on a deteriorating pitch on the final day , combining in a triple @-@ century partnership with Arthur Morris as Australia scored 3 / 404 in the second innings to win by seven wickets . This set a world record for the highest ever successful run @-@ chase in Test history . The tour was Bradman 's international farewell , and when needing only four runs for a Test career average of exactly 100 , he bowed out with a second ball duck in the Fifth Test at The Oval , bowled by an Eric Hollies googly . Australia nevertheless won the Test to complete a 4 – 0 series win , and Bradman ended the series with 508 runs at 72 @.@ 57 , with two centuries . Only Morris — with three centuries — scored more runs in the five Tests . Bradman 's Test average for the series was the third @-@ highest among the Australians , behind that of Sid Barnes and Morris . = = Background = = Bradman had almost opted out of the tour , citing business commitments in Australia ; at the time , it was not possible to make a living from cricket . Prior to the campaign in England , Australia hosted India for a five @-@ Test series during the southern hemisphere summer of 1947 – 48 . Australia easily defeated the tourists 4 – 0 , and Bradman and his fellow selectors Chappie Dwyer and Jack Ryder thus began planning for the tour of England . Bradman made it publicly known that he wanted his team to become the first to play an English summer without defeat . England had agreed to make a new ball available every 55 overs , instead of the previous rule of after 200 runs had been scored . As the run rate was generally much slower than 3 @.@ 64 , 55 overs would usually elapse long before 200 runs were scored . This meant that the ball was in a shiny state more often , and thereby more conducive to fast and swing bowling . Bradman and his colleagues thus chose the team with an emphasis on strong batting and fast bowling , basing his strategy on an intense speed attack against England 's batsmen . His 17 @-@ man squad sailed for England and arrived in mid @-@ April . = = Early tour = = Australia traditionally fielded its first @-@ choice team in the tour opener , which was customarily against Worcestershire at the end of April . Bradman thus captained against Worcestershire with Australia bowling first and dismissing the hosts for 233 . After Sid Barnes and Arthur Morris put on a partnership of 79 runs in 99 minutes , Bradman came in at No. 3 and put on a stand of 186 in 152 minutes with Morris , before falling for 107 , having hit 15 fours . Morris narrowly beat Bradman to score Australia 's first century on tour , reaching triple figures while Bradman 's score was on 99 . Bradman declared Australia 's innings at 7 / 462 and the hosts fell for 212 to complete an Australian victory by an innings and 17 runs . In the next match , against Leicestershire , Bradman won the toss and elected to bat , promoting Keith Miller ahead of himself to No. 3 . As Miller came out to bat , the large crowd mobbed the players ' entrance only to see that Bradman was not batting in his customary position . Bradman came to the crease at 2 / 157 , and after initially being troubled by the left @-@ arm unorthodox spin of Australian expatriate Jack Walsh , added 159 with Miller before falling for 81 . Australia compiled 448 and bowled out the home side for 130 and 147 to win by an innings , with Bradman taking one catch . The Australians then proceeded to play Yorkshire , on a damp pitch that suited slower bowling . Bradman rested himself and returned to London , so his deputy Lindsay Hassett led the team . Yorkshire were bowled out in difficult batting conditions for 71 , before Australia replied with 101 . The hosts were then bowled out for 89 . Chasing 60 for victory , the Australian top order collapsed to 6 / 31 . Neil Harvey and Don Tallon survived a dropped catch and a stumping opportunity , before seeing Australia home by four wickets . It was the closest Australia came to defeat for the whole tour . Bradman then returned in the next match against Surrey at The Oval in London , winning the toss and electing to bat . The last time Australia had played at the ground was the Fifth Test in 1938 , when England declared at a world record score of 7 / 903 ; Bradman had hurt his ankle , and was unable to bat as Australia fell to the largest defeat in Test history . This match was a far different experience for the Australians . Barnes and Morris put on 136 before Bradman came in to join Barnes ; together they added another 207 before Barnes fell for 176 . Bradman started slowly and was heckled by the crowd for taking 80 minutes to reach 50 , but accelerated and went on to score 146 before being dismissed at 3 / 403 , with Australia proceeding to be all out for 632 . He had attacked the medium pacers with his pull shot , but had some difficulties reading the left arm wrist spin of Australian expatriate John McMahon , nearly being caught behind the wicket on multiple occasions . Australia then bowled Surrey out for 141 and 195 to win by an innings . Bradman rested himself for the next match against Cambridge University , leaving Hassett to orchestrate another innings victory . Bradman returned for the following match against Essex , and batted first after winnings the toss . Bill Brown opened with Barnes and they put on 145 in 97 minutes before Barnes hit his own wicket and was out . Bradman came in and seized the initiative , reaching 42 in the 20 minutes before lunch , including five fours from one over by Frank Vigar which subsequently entered Essex club folklore , as Australia passed 200 . Bradman and Brown put on a second @-@ wicket partnership of 219 in 90 minutes before Brown was out for 153 from three hours of batting , with the score at 2 / 364 . After Miller fell without scoring on the next ball , Ron Hamence joined Bradman and they put on another 88 before the Australian skipper was out for 187 at 4 / 452 . Bradman had added his last 87 runs in 48 minutes , hitting a total of 32 fours . Australia was out for 721 at stumps , setting a world record for the most runs in a single day 's play in first @-@ class cricket ; the record still stands . The tourists completed victory by an innings and 451 runs , their biggest winning margin for the tour . Bradman rested himself for the next match against Oxford University , which resulted in another innings victory . The next match was against the Marylebone Cricket Club at Lord 's in late @-@ May . The MCC fielded seven players who would represent England in the Tests , and were basically a full strength Test team , as were Australia , who fielded their first @-@ choice team . Bradman captained the team and batted at No. 3 . Barring one change in the bowling department , the same team would line up for Australia in the First Test , with the top six batsmen playing in the same positions . It was a chance for both teams to gain a psychological advantage . Australia won the toss and batted but stumbled early . Morris was out for five and Bradman came in to join Barnes at 1 / 11 . The pair added 160 before Barnes fell and Hassett came in to join his captain . They took the score to 200 before the Bradman fell for 98 , leaving Australia at 3 / 200 . It was Bradman 's highest score under 100 in first @-@ class cricket and in his disappointment , he was slow to leave the ground after his dismissal . Bradman 's men went on to amass 552 and bowled out the hosts for 189 and 205 to win by an innings , with Bradman catching his opposite number Norman Yardley in the second innings . Up to this point , Bradman had played in five of the first eight matches , all of which were won , seven by an innings . He had scored 107 , 81 , 146 , 187 and 98 , yielding a total of 619 runs at an average of 123 @.@ 80 . The MCC match was followed by Australia 's first non @-@ victory of the tour , against Lancashire . Australia were sent in to bat and dismissed for 204 , with Bradman bowled by an arm ball from Malcolm Hilton for 11 , his first score on the tour below 80 . The hosts replied with 182 and in the second innings , Bradman was again dismissed by Hilton , this time for 43 as the tourists reached 4 / 259 at the end of play . When Hilton came on , Bradman attempted to seize the initiative and hit him out of the attack , but missed his first two balls . On the third ball , he charged out of his crease and swung across the line , missed , fell over and was stumped . Hilton 's achievement garnered widespread press attention , particularly in Lancashire . In the following match against Nottinghamshire , the hosts batted first and made 179 . Bradman joined Brown at 1 / 32 and they took the score to 197 when Bradman fell for 86 . The tourists reached 400 and the hosts ended at 8 / 299 in the second innings to hang on for a draw . Bradman rested himself for the next fixture against Hampshire , and Australia were dismissed for 117 on a drying pitch in reply to the home side 's 195 , the first time they had conceded a first innings lead in the tour . Australia would have been in deeper trouble but for a flurry of sixes by Miller . Hampshire were then bowled out for 103 to leave Australia a target of 182 , and this time the tourists batted with much more authority to seal an eight @-@ wicket win . The tourists had survived another tight battle under the leadership of Hassett . The final match before the First Test was against Sussex . Australia skittled the hosts for 86 before Morris and Brown put on an opening stand of 153 . Bradman then joined Morris , and gave two early chances . He was dropped on two and escaped a stumping on 25 . He and Morris put on 189 before the latter fell for 184 . Bradman then ended his Test preparation by reaching 109 , in 124 minutes with 12 fours , and declaring at 5 / 549 , before completing another innings victory . = = First Test = = Australia headed into the First Test at Trent Bridge starting on 10 June with ten wins and two draws from twelve tour matches , with eight innings victories . It was thought that Bradman would play a specialist leg spinner , but he changed his mind on the first morning when rain was forecast . Bill Johnston , a left @-@ arm paceman and orthodox spinner , was played in the hope of exploiting a wet wicket . This was the only change from the teams that Australia had fielded in the matches against Worcestershire and the MCC . Yardley won the toss and elected to bat . Pundits predicted that the pitch would be ideal for batting apart from some assistance to fast bowlers in the first hour , as the surface of the pitch had become moist following overnight rain , assisting seam bowling . Australia 's selection policy meant that their reserve opener Brown would bat out of position in the middle order while Barnes and Morris opened , while Neil Harvey was dropped despite making a century in Australia 's most recent Test against India . Despite an injury to pace spearhead Ray Lindwall , Bradman 's fast bowlers reduced England in their first innings to 8 / 74 before finishing them off for 165 . Bradman dropped two catches in this innings . English gloveman Godfrey Evans came to the crease with the score at 6 / 60 , and hit Johnston hard to cover , where the ball went through Bradman for a boundary . The second chance went through Bradman 's hand and struck him in the abdomen . However , these missed catches did not cost Australia much , as Evans was soon caught at short leg by Morris close in , leaving England at 7 / 74 . England managed to recover somewhat after Laker and Bedser added 89 runs in only 73 minutes for the ninth wicket . At first , Bradman did not appear concerned by the partnership , and it was surmised that he may have been happy for England to continue batting so that his top order would not have to bat in fading light towards the end of the afternoon , but he became anxious as the total continued to mount and both Bedser and Laker appeared comfortable . On the second day , Morris fell at 1 / 73 and Bradman came in to join Barnes . Yardley set a defensive field , employing leg theory to slow the scoring . He packed the leg side with fielders and ordered Alec Bedser to bowl at leg stump . Bradman almost edged the second ball onto his stumps , before defending uneasily for a period . While Jim Laker stopped the scoring at the other end , Bradman managed only four runs in his first 20 minutes . The Australian captain regarded Bedser as the finest seam bowler he faced in his career , and he batted in a circumspect manner as he sought to establish himself . At the other end , Bradman misjudged a ball from Laker and an incorrectly executed cut shot narrowly went wide of the slip fielder . Now aged 40 , Bradman 's reflexes had slowed and he no longer started his innings as confidently as he had done in the past . The score progressed to 121 when Barnes fell to Laker . Miller came in and was dismissed for a duck without further addition to Australia 's total . The hard @-@ hitting Miller had come in at No. 4 , a position usually occupied by the more sedate Hassett , indicating that Bradman may have been looking to attack , but the change in batting order failed . All the while , Australia had been scoring slowly , as they would throughout the day . Brown came in , but he looked unaccustomed to batting in the middle order . The Australian captain decided to hasten the new ball by using his feet to get to the pitch of the ball to attack the spinners , hitting them through the off side . Yardley took the second new ball , but this move backfired as Bradman struck his first boundary in over 80 minutes , and in the first 40 minutes after lunch , 43 runs were added . Yardley then took the second new ball . Bradman struck his first boundary in more than 80 minutes but the run rate remained low . Australia passed England 's total before Yardley brought himself on to bowl and removed Brown . This ended a 64 @-@ run stand with Bradman in 58 minutes , and Hassett came in at 4 / 185 . Following the departure of Brown , the Australian scoring slowed as Bradman changed the team strategy to one of attempting to bat only once . Yardley continued to employ a leg side field , as he and Barnett bowled outside leg stump . During one over , Bradman did not attempt a single shot and then put his hands on his hips . During the 15 minutes before the tea break , Bradman did not add a single run and was heckled by the crowd for his lack of scoring . The Australian captain reached the tea break on 78 ; 55 minutes after the resumption of play he played a cover drive against Bedser to reach his century in 218 minutes . It was his 28th Test century , and his 18th in Ashes Tests ; the last 29 runs took 70 minutes . It was one of his slower innings as Yardley focused on stopping runs rather than taking wickets . Nevertheless , Bradman had appeared comfortable after the early stages of his innings , and patiently scored most of his runs between mid @-@ off and mid @-@ on , often from the back foot . After the Australian captain had reached his milestone , many of the spectators began to leave the ground , content with what they had seen . Bradman added a further 30 in the last hour to end with 130 . Australia batted to stumps on the second day without further loss , ending at 4 / 293 , a lead of 128 . After the day 's play , former Australian Test leg spinner Bill O 'Reilly and former teammate of Bradman , now a journalist , consulted Bedser on his use of leg theory . O 'Reilly had much experience in attacking leg stump in his career and helped Bedser refine his leg trap plan to ensnare Bradman . On the third morning , amid sunshine , Bradman resumed on 130 , before progressing to 132 and becoming the first player to pass 1 @,@ 000 runs for the English season . The Australian captain was not aware of the reason for the spontaneous crowd applause until notified by wicket @-@ keeper Evans . Bedser was bowling and soon implemented O 'Reilly 's variation of the leg trap . Hutton was moved from leg @-@ slip to a squarer position at short fine leg , around 11 metres from the bat . Two short legs and a mid on were put in place . Bradman drove Bedser through cover for a boundary , but on the next ball , his innings was terminated at 138 when he glanced an inswinger from Bedser to Hutton at short fine leg , where he caught the ball without having to move . Bradman had batted for 290 minutes and faced 321 balls and Johnson replaced him with Australia at 5 / 305 . Bedser waved to O 'Reilly in the press box . When former Australian Test cricketer and journalist Jack Fingleton reported what his friend and former team @-@ mate O 'Reilly had done , there was some debate in the media as to whether O 'Reilly 's actions in advising Bedser were treacherous . Australia went on to end on 509 and take a 344 @-@ run first innings lead . Although Lindwall was able to run between the wickets during Australia 's innings , he did not take the field in the second innings and the 12th man Neil Harvey replaced him . However , Yardley was sceptical as to whether Lindwall was sufficiently injured to be forced from the field , but did not approach Bradman to object to Harvey 's presence on the field . O 'Reilly said that as Lindwall demonstrated his mobility during his innings , he was in no way " incapacitated " and that the English captain " must be condemned for carrying his concepts of sportsmanship too far " when no substitute was justified . After lunch on day four , with England on 3 / 191 , the light was poor with clouds gathering , although England did not appeal against it . Yardley wanted to bat in poor visibility so that he could build a lead , so that if a shower came later and turned the pitch into a sticky wicket , Australia would have to chase a target on an erratic surface . Bradman thought that rain might come so he utilised Ernie Toshack and Ian Johnson to bowl defensively with a leg side field so that England would not have a lead should rain and a sticky wicket arise . Wisden opined that " rarely can a Test Match have been played under such appalling conditions as on this day " . Fingleton said the conditions were " pitiable " and " utmost gloom in which batsmen and fieldsmen had intense difficulty in sighting the ball " . Australia eventually finished off the hosts ' second innings for 441 , leaving them a target of 98 on the final afternoon . Late in England 's innings , Bradman raised eyebrows by deliberately giving centurion Denis Compton easy singles by spreading his fielders in order to bring Evans on strike so that he could be targeted . Compton thought that Evans could be relied upon and readily accepted the runs gifted to him by the Australian captain , and Evans continued to play confidently , eventually reaching 50 . Australia proceeded steadily to 38 from 32 minutes before Morris fell . Bradman came to the crease and stayed 12 minutes without getting off the mark . He was out for a duck from the 10th ball that he faced , caught again by Hutton at short fine leg in Bedser 's leg trap . Bradman showed obvious displeasure at allowing himself to be dismissed by the same trap in consecutive innings , and his departure left Australia at 48 / 2 . It was the first time in four tours to England that Bradman had made a duck in a Test . This left Australia 2 / 48 , but they reached the target without further loss after 87 minutes of batting . Between Tests , Bradman rested himself during the match against Northamptonshire , which started the day after the Test , as Hassett led Australia to victory by an innings . He returned for the match against Yorkshire . Bradman came in at 1 / 0 when Barnes fell for a duck and top @-@ scored with 54 as Australia made 249 . Bradman pulled many short balls and reached 50 in 76 minutes . After the hosts replied with 209 , Bradman came in at 1 / 17 and put on 154 for the second wicket with Brown , ending with 86 as the match petered into a draw . His innings ended when Hutton caught him in the leg trap . Not wanting to tire his bowlers before the Second Test that started the day after next , Bradman showed little intent to win the match . The batsmen batted unhurriedly and set Yorkshire 329 for victory with only 70 minutes of play remaining and the hosts ended at 4 / 85 . Yardley expressed his displeasure by allowing his part @-@ timers to bowl and then promoting tail @-@ enders to the upper half of the batting order in the second innings . The Australians were booed from the field by the spectators . = = Second Test = = Bradman opted to field an unchanged lineup for the Second Test , which started on 24 June at Lord 's . Following his injury in the previous Test , Lindwall was subjected to a thorough fitness test on the first morning . Bradman was not convinced of Lindwall 's fitness , but the bowler 's protestations were sufficient to convince his captain to gamble on his inclusion . Bradman won the toss and elected to bat , allowing Lindwall further time to recover . Miller played , but was unfit to bowl . Barnes fell for a duck in his second over , bringing Bradman to the crease at 1 / 3 . Bradman received a loud reception from the crowd as he came out to bat in his final Test at Lord 's . Bradman initially struggled against the English bowling . He faced his first ball from Alec Coxon and inside edged it past his leg stump , before missing the third ball from Coxon and surviving an appeal for leg before wicket ( lbw ) . Bowling from the other end , Bedser beat Bradman with seam movement off the pitch and the ball narrowly skimmed past the stumps . Standing up to the stumps , wicket @-@ keeper Godfrey Evans removed the bails as Bradman leaned forward , but his foot had stayed firmly behind the crease . In another close call , Bradman inside edged a ball towards Yardley at short leg , but the English captain was slow to react and the ball landed in front of him . The Australian captain managed only three runs in the first twenty minutes as Australia had only 14 after the first half @-@ hour . Coxon consistently moved the ball into a cautious Bradman , and the Australians scored only 32 runs in the first hour . Edrich came on and bowled a bouncer , which Bradman tried to swing to the leg side , but instead the edge went in the air and landed behind point . On 13 , Bradman played a Bedser ball from his legs , narrowly evading Hutton in the trap at short fine leg . After one hour he was on 14 . Bradman and Morris settled down as Coxon and Doug Wright operated . The Australian captain drove the debutant Coxon through the covers for two fours , and Yardley made frequent rotations of his bowlers . At the lunch break , Australia were 1 / 82 with Morris on 45 and Bradman 35 . Shortly afterwards , in the third over after the resumption of play , with the score at 87 , Bradman was caught for 38 for the third consecutive time in Tests by Hutton off Bedser at short fine leg , just two days after falling the same way in the second innings against Yorkshire . According to O 'Reilly , this was evidence that Bradman was no longer the player he was before World War II , as he had been unable to disperse the close @-@ catching fielders by counter @-@ attacking , before eventually being dismissed . O 'Reilly said that this was the first time that Bradman had fallen to the same trap three times in succession . Australia reached 7 / 258 at the end of day one , before a lower order burst took them to 350 on the second morning . England then started their reply , and Lindwall took the new ball and felt pain in his groin again after delivering his first ball to Hutton . Despite this , Lindwall persevered through the pain . Seeing that Lindwall was able to bowl through the pain , Bradman tossed the ball to Miller for the second over to see if Miller could bowl . However , Miller threw the ball back , indicating that his body would not be able to withstand it . This resulted in media consternation that Bradman and Miller had quarrelled . Although Bradman claimed that the exchange had been amicable , others disputed this . Teammate Barnes later claimed that Miller had retorted by suggesting that Bradman — a very occasional slower bowler — bowl himself . Barnes said that the captain " was as wild as a battery @-@ stung brumby " and warned his unwilling bowler that there would be consequences for his defiance . According to unpublished writings in Fingleton 's personal collection , Bradman chastised his players in the dressing room at the end of the play , saying " I 'm 40 and I can do my full day 's work in the field . " Miller reportedly snapped " So would I — if I had fibrositis " ; Bradman had been discharged from the armed services during World War II on health grounds , whereas most of the team had been sent into battle . Miller had crash @-@ landed while serving as a fighter pilot in the Royal Australian Air Force in England and had suffered chronic back trouble since then . On the second afternoon , Bradman delayed the taking of the second new ball until after tea so that Lindwall and Johnston could have an extra period of recuperation before a new attack . This proved dividends as the bowlers took a wicket apiece within three overs of the new ball being taken , leaving England at 6 / 134 . England were bowled out for 215 on the third morning , as Lindwall took 5 / 70 . In later years , Bradman told Lindwall that he pretended not to notice Lindwall 's pain . Lindwall was worried that Bradman had noticed his injury , but Bradman later claimed that he feigned ignorance to allow Lindwall to relax . Australia batted much more productively in the second innings in ideal weather on the third day . Morris and Barnes put on 122 before the former fell for 62 . Bradman joined Barnes at the crease for his last Test innings at the home of cricket . Yardley surrounded the Australian captain with fielders and Laker then beat his bat thrice in an over . Bedser was then introduced with the leg trap ploy again in place as he bowled on Bradman 's pads . The Australian captain decided to negate the danger of being caught glancing at short fine leg by padding the ball away with his front leg . Bedser responded by changing his tactics by bowling a series of outswingers , beating the outside edge of Bradman 's bat three times in a row , narrowly missing the off stump on one occasion . Barnes then manipulated the strike to shield his captain from Bedser . The Australian opener had little trouble against the leg trap , and negated the danger Bedser was posing . Bradman accelerated after tea and took two consecutive boundaries from Wright to bring up his fifty , with Barnes on 96 and Australia at 1 / 222 . Barnes passed his century and began accelerating before finally falling for 141 , leaving Australia at 2 / 296 in 277 minutes , after a 174 @-@ run partnership with Bradman . Hassett was bowled first ball off the inside edge , but Miller survived a loud lbw appeal on Yardley 's hat @-@ trick ball . Bradman was on 89 and heading towards a century in his last Test innings at Lord 's when he fell to Bedser again , this time because of a one @-@ handed diving effort from Edrich . Bradman had been worried by Bedser 's angle into his pads and the leg trap , but Bedser then moved the ball the other way towards the slips and caught Bradman 's outside edge . It was the fourth time out of four innings in the series that Bedser had dismissed Bradman . This left Australia at 4 / 329 and the next day , Bradman was expected to declare just before lunch so that he could attack the English openers for a short period before the adjournment , but a shower at this time deterred him from doing so , as his bowlers would have struggled to grip the ball ; Lindwall had also been injured on a slippery surface in earlier times . The Australian captain declared on the following day of play at 7 / 460 , 595 runs ahead . It would take a world record chase from England to win the match . England lost wickets regularly and fell for 186 to lose by 409 runs . The next match was against Surrey and started the day after the Test . Australia elected to field and the hosts made 221 . Brown injured a finger while fielding , and was not able to bat in Australia 's first innings . Ron Hamence filled in as an opener but was out for a duck , so Bradman joined Hassett at 1 / 6 . Bradman made 128 and put on 231 with Hassett ( 139 ) as Australia replied with 389 . Bradman 's innings took only 140 minutes with 15 fours and was described by Jack Fingleton as " lovely " . In the second innings , Australia 's makeshift openers Harvey and Sam Loxton chased down the 122 runs for victory to complete a 10 @-@ wicket win . Australia wanted to finish the run @-@ chase quickly so they could watch the Australian tennis player John Bromwich compete at Wimbledon and after Bradman had accepted Harvey 's offer to open , Australia made the runs in only one hour . Bradman rested himself in the following match against Gloucestershire before the Third Test . Hassett led the team as Australia reached 7 / 774 declared , its highest of the tour , underpinning an innings victory . = = Third Test = = The teams reassembled at Old Trafford on 8 July for the Third Test . Australia dropped Brown , who had scored 73 runs at 24 @.@ 33 in three innings ; he was replaced by the all rounder Sam Loxton , who had made 47 not out against Surrey and an unbeaten 159 against Gloucestershire . Yardley won the toss and elected to bat . On the second day , Bradman was involved in effecting a run out . Denis Compton hit a ball into the covers and Bradman and Loxton collided in an attempt to prevent a run . Compton called Bedser through for a run on the misfield , but Loxton recovered and threw the ball to the wicket @-@ keeper 's end with Bedser a long way short of the crease . It ended an innings of 145 minutes , in which Bedser scored 37 and featured in a 121 @-@ run partnership with Compton . Compton hit several boundaries and Bradman responded by spreading his field to offer Compton a single so that the tail @-@ enders would be on strike and could be attacked . This worked , as Compton was unable to farm the strike as he desired , and wickets fell at the other end . Bradman caught Jack Young to end England 's innings at 363 . Having dropped Brown , Barnes was hit in the ribs by a Dick Pollard pull shot and taken to hospital , leaving Australia with only Morris as a specialist opening batsman . Ian Johnson was deployed as Australia 's makeshift second opener . He fell for one to bring Bradman to bat . O 'Reilly criticised the use of Johnson to partner Morris , as Hassett had transformed himself into a defensive batsman with little backlift and a guarded approach , a style typical of an opener . The Australian captain thus had to face Bedser , who had already dismissed him three times in the Tests with a new ball , and Pollard , who had troubled him in the match against Lancashire . Pollard then trapped Bradman for seven with an off cutter that struck the Australian captain on the back foot to leave Australia at 2 / 13 . Australia were eventually out for 221 , yielding a 142 @-@ run lead . When Bill Edrich came to the crease , Bradman advised Lindwall not to bowl any bouncers at Edrich , fearing that it would be interpreted as retaliation for Edrich 's bouncing of Lindwall in the first innings and lead to a negative media and crowd reaction . Although Lindwall did not retaliate , Miller did so with four consecutive bouncers , earning the ire of the crowd . He struck Edrich on the body before Bradman intervened and ordered him to stop , before apologising to Edrich . England reached 3 / 174 , a lead of 316 , at the end of day three , but declared on the fifth morning after the fourth day was washed out . Bradman chose the light roller and play was supposed to begin after lunch . However , play did not begin until after tea and the pitch played very slowly because of the excess moisture . With Australia not looking to chase the runs , Yardley often had seven men in close catching positions . Australia showed little attacking intent and Bradman joined Morris with Australia at 1 / 10 after 32 minutes . Bradman then played 11 balls from Young without scoring . Yardley used the spin of Young and Compton for an hour , while Morris and Bradman made little effort to score . For 105 minutes , Morris stayed at one end and Bradman at the other ; neither looked to rotate the strike with singles . Bradman only played eight balls from Morris 's main end , and at one point was so startled that Morris wanted a single that he sent him back . The tourists thereafter batted safely in a defensive manner to ensure a draw . They ended at 1 / 92 in 61 overs , a run rate of 1 @.@ 50 , with 35 maidens , which was the slowest innings run rate to date in the series . Bradman finished unbeaten on 30 from 146 balls when the oft @-@ interrupted match was finally terminated by a series of periodic rain interruptions . O 'Reilly criticised the approach taken by the Australians in the closing stages of the match , attributing it to Bradman 's orders . He said that the pitch was made so tame by the heavy rain that they could have played in a natural and attractive manner to entertain the spectators , rather than defending carefully . He said that Bradman 's " unwillingness to take a risk or to accept the challenging call of some particular phase of the game is one of the greatest flaws " in his leadership . After the Test , Bradman managed only six as Australia scored 317 and 0 / 22 to defeat Middlesex by ten wickets in their only county match between Tests . He was again caught in the leg trap by Denis Compton . = = Fourth Test = = The Fourth Test was played at Headingley , starting on 22 July , and Australia made two changes . Harvey replaced the injured Sid Barnes , while Ron Saggers replaced Don Tallon , who had a finger injury , as wicket @-@ keeper . Brown was not recalled for the Fourth Test to open ; instead , Hassett was promoted to open with Morris , while the teenaged Harvey came into the middle @-@ order . As Australia were leading 2 – 0 after three Tests , England needed to win the last two Tests to square the series . England won the toss and elected to bat on an ideal batting pitch . At the start of the innings , Bradman used off theory , but left a large gap square of the wicket in an attempt to coax England 's out @-@ of @-@ form top @-@ order to play risky shots into the inviting gap . However , Bradman 's offer was spurned as Hutton and Washbrook played cautiously . Meanwhile , Australia 's attack appeared unsettled . Bradman set defensive fields for most of the first day as England 's openers put on 168 for the first wicket . O 'Reilly said that Bradman 's defensive field settings " made the sorry admission of impotency " . England 's batsmen dominated to reach stumps at 2 / 268 . Jack Fingleton said that Australia 's day went " progressively downhill " and was its worst day of bowling since the Second World War , citing the proliferation of full tosses . O 'Reilly criticised the display as the worst by the Australians on tour and said that no bowler could be excused . He said that the attack " functioned without object — hopelessly and meaninglessly " throughout the day . He lambasted the bowlers for performing at a standard akin to county cricket . O 'Reilly criticised the players for having a casual and lethargic manner , speculating that Bradman had been allowed them to become complacent . On the second day , Bradman continued to use defensive tactics for most of the day as England continued to dominate . Australia had trouble removing night @-@ watchman Bedser , who helped take the score to 2 / 423 . Bradman gave his leading bowler Lindwall a heavy workload as the other bowlers appeared unthreatening . O 'Reilly decried the use of Lindwall as excessive and potentially harmful to his longevity . The hosts were eventually out for 496 , their largest score of the series , after a largely self @-@ inflicted collapse late on the second day . Bedser removed Morris for six to leave Australia at 1 / 13 . This brought Bradman to the crease and he was mobbed by the spectators on a ground where he had previously scored two triple centuries and another century in three Tests at the venue . He had made a Test world record of 334 in 1930 , scoring 309 in one day 's play . Many spectators walked onto the playing arena to greet the arrival of Bradman and he doffed his baggy green and raised his bat to greet them . Fingleton opined that " on this field he [ Bradman ] has won his greatest honours ; nowhere else has he been so idolatrously acclaimed " . Bradman got off the mark from his first ball , which Compton prevented from going for four with a diving stop near the boundary . Hassett was restrained , while Bradman attacked , taking three fours from one Edrich over . Bradman was 31 and Hassett 13 as the tourists reached stumps at 2 / 63 . Bradman did the majority of the scoring in the late afternoon , scoring 31 in a partnership of 50 . On the third morning , Bradman resumed proceedings by taking a single from a Bedser no ball . In same over , one ball reared from the pitch and moved into Bradman , hitting him in the groin , causing a delay as he recovered from the pain and recomposed himself before play resumed . In the second over bowled by Pollard , Hassett fell for 13 on the second ball , which lifted suddenly after bouncing . Miller came to the crease and drove his first ball for three runs , bringing Bradman on strike for the fourth ball of the over . Pollard then pitched a ball in the same place as he did to Hassett , but this time it skidded off the pitch and knocked out Bradman 's off stump for 33 . According to O 'Reilly , Bradman backed away from the ball as it cut off the pitch with a noticeable flinch . O 'Reilly attributed Bradman 's unwillingness to get behind the ball to the blow inflicted on him by Bedser in the previous over and the rearing ball that dismissed Hassett . The crowd , sensing the importance of the two quick wickets , in particular that of Bradman , who had been so productive at Headingley , erupted . This left Australia struggling at 3 / 68 , but a rapid counterattack by the middle and lower order took them to 9 / 457 at stumps and eventually 458 on the fourth morning . England batted for the second time , and after lunch on the fourth afternoon , Bradman set fields to restrict the scoring , as England passed 100 without loss . Washbrook then hooked Johnston and top edged it , but Bradman failed to take the catch . He repeated the shot soon after and Harvey took the catch at 1 / 129 , so the Australian captain 's miss cost little . Johnson then removed Hutton for 57 without further addition to the total , caught by Bradman on the run , leaving England at 2 / 129 . During most of the afternoon , Bradman used a strategy of rotating his bowlers in short spells , and set a defensive , well @-@ spread field for Johnson , who had been repeatedly attacked by the batsmen . England then reached 8 / 362 at the close , a lead of 400 . England batted on for five minutes on the final morning , adding three runs in two overs before Yardley declared at 8 / 365 . As the batting team is allowed to choose which ( if any ) roller can be used at the start of the day 's play , this ploy allowed Yardley to ask the groundsman to use a heavy roller , which would help to break up the wicket and make the surface more likely to spin . Bradman had done a similar thing during the previous Ashes series in Australia in order to make the batting conditions harder for England . At the start of any innings , the batting captain also has the choice of having the pitch rolled . Bradman elected to not have the pitch rolled at all , demonstrating his opinion that such a device would disadvantage his batsmen . This left Australia to chase 404 runs for victory . At the time , this would have been the highest ever fourth innings score to result in a Test victory . Australia had only 345 minutes to reach the target , and the local press wrote them off , predicting that they would be dismissed by lunchtime on a deteriorating spinners ' wicket . Morris and Hassett started slowly , with only six runs in the first six overs on a pitch that offered spin and bounce . Only 44 runs came in the first hour , leaving 360 runs needed in 285 minutes . Both players survived close calls before Hassett fell at 1 / 57 . Bradman joined Morris with 347 runs needed in 257 minutes . After receiving another rapturous welcome from the Headingley spectators , Bradman signalled his intentions by hitting a boundary from Compton ; and then , on his first ball from Laker , cover driving against the spin for a boundary . He reached 12 in six minutes . Yardley then called upon the occasional leg spin of Hutton in an attempt to exploit the turning wicket . Morris promptly joined Bradman in the counter @-@ attack , and 20 runs in two Hutton overs , which Fingleton described as " rather terrible " due to the errant length . Bradman took two fours off Hutton 's second over before almost holing out to Yardley . This let Australia reach 1 / 96 from 90 minutes . In the next over , Compton deceived Bradman with a googly . Bradman expected the ball to turn in , but it went the other way , took the outside edge and ran away past slip for four . Bradman leg @-@ glanced the next one for another boundary , before again failing to read a googly on the third ball . This time the edge went to Crapp , who failed to hold on . The sixth ball of Compton 's over beat Bradman and hit him on the pads . At the other end , Morris continued to plunder Hutton 's inaccurate leg breaks , and Australia reached lunch at 1 / 121 , with Morris on 63 and Bradman on 35 . Hutton had conceded 30 runs in four overs , and in the half @-@ hour preceding the interval , Australia had added 64 runs . Both players had been given lives . Although Australia had scored at a reasonable rate , they had also been troubled by many of the deliveries and were expected to face further difficulty if they were to avoid defeat . After the break , Morris added 37 runs in 14 minutes from a series of Compton full tosses and long hops , while Bradman had only added three . This prompted Yardley to take the new ball . Bradman reached 50 in 60 minutes and then aimed a drive from Ken Cranston , but sliced it in the air to point . Yardley dived and got his hands to the ball , but failed to hold on . Australia reached 202 — halfway to the required total — with 165 minutes left , after Morris dispatched consecutive full tosses from Laker . Bradman then hooked two boundaries , but suffered a fibrositis attack , which put him in significant pain . Drinks were then taken , and Morris had to farm the strike until Bradman 's pain had subsided . Australia then reached 250 shortly before tea with Morris on 133 and Bradman on 92 . Bradman then reached his century in 147 minutes as the second @-@ wicket stand passed 200 . Bradman was given another life at 108 when he advanced two metres down the pitch to Jim Laker and missed , but Evans fumbled the stumping opportunity . Australia reached tea at 1 / 292 having added 171 during the session . Morris was eventually dismissed for 182 , having partnered Bradman in a stand of 301 in 217 minutes . This brought Miller to the crease with 46 runs still required . He struck two boundaries and helped take the score to 396 before falling with eight runs still needed . Harvey came in and got off the mark with a boundary that brought up the winning runs . This sealed an Australian victory by seven wickets , setting a new world record for the highest successful Test run @-@ chase , with Bradman unbeaten on 173 with 29 fours in only 255 minutes . Immediately after the Fourth Test , Bradman scored 62 , before being bowled attempting a pull shot to a ball that kept low , as Australia compiled 456 and defeated Derbyshire by an innings . Bradman rested himself in the next match against Glamorgan , a rain @-@ affected draw that did not reach the second innings . He then scored 31 and 13 not out , bowled by Eric Hollies as Australia defeated Warwickshire by nine wickets . Hollies 's 8 / 107 was the best innings bowling figures against the Australians for the summer and earned him selection for the Fifth Test , where he famously dismissed Bradman in his final Test innings for a duck . Australia proceeded to face and draw with Lancashire for the second time on the tour . Bradman made 28 after being dropped twice in Australia 's 321 , before taking two catches as the tourists took a 191 @-@ run lead . He then came in at 1 / 16 and put on 161 for the second wicket with Barnes , and was unbeaten on 133 when he declared at 3 / 265 . The home side hung on for a draw at 7 / 199 when time ran out . Bradman then rested himself during the non @-@ first @-@ class match against Durham , a rain @-@ affected draw that was washed out after the first day . = = Fifth Test = = After the match against Durham , Australia headed south to The Oval for the Fifth Test , which started on 14 August . Barnes and Tallon returned from injury , while Ernie Toshack was omitted with knee troubles , and the leg spin of Doug Ring replaced Johnson 's off spin . Overnight , hundreds of spectators had slept on wet pavements in rainy weather to queue for tickets . Bradman had already announced that he would retire at the end of the season , and the public were anxious to witness his last Test appearance . English skipper Norman Yardley won the toss and elected to bat on a rain @-@ affected pitch . Yardley 's decision was regarded as a surprise ; although The Oval had traditionally been a batting paradise , weather conditions suggested that bowlers would have the advantage . Jack Fingleton speculated that Australia would have bowled first if Bradman had won the toss . Propelled by Lindwall 's 6 / 20 , England were dismissed for 52 in 42 @.@ 1 overs on the first afternoon . In contrast , Australia batted much more fluently as the overcast skies cleared and the sun came out . Australia had reached 100 at 17 : 30 with Barnes on 52 and Morris on 47 . The score had reached 117 before Barnes was removed by Hollies for 61 . This brought Bradman to the crease shortly before 18 : 00 , late on the first day . As Bradman had announced that the tour was his last at international level , the innings would be his last at Test level if Australia batted only once . The crowd gave him a standing ovation as he walked out to bat . Yardley led the Englishmen in giving his Australian counterpart three cheers before shaking Bradman 's hand . With 6996 Test career runs , he only needed four runs to average 100 in Test cricket . Bradman took guard and played the first ball from Hollies from the back foot . Hollies pitched the next ball up , bowling Bradman for a duck with a googly that went between bat and pad as the batsman leaned forward . Bradman appeared stunned by what had happened and slowly turned around and walked back to the pavilion , receiving another large round of applause . Australia went on to make 389 and then bowled England out for 188 to win by an innings and 149 runs . This result sealed the series 4 – 0 in favour of Australia . The match was followed by a series of congratulatory speeches . Bradman said No matter what you may read to the contrary , this is definitely my last Test match ever . I am sorry my personal contribution has been so small ... It has been a great pleasure for me to come on this tour and I would like you all to know how much I have appreciated it ... We have played against a very lovable opening skipper ... It will not be my pleasure to play ever again on this Oval but I hope it will not be the last time I come to England . Yardley said In saying good @-@ bye to Don we are saying good @-@ bye to the greatest cricketer of all time . He is not only a great cricketer but a great sportsman , on and off the field . I hope this is not the last time we see Don Bradman in this country . Bradman was then given three cheers and the crowd sung " For he 's a jolly good fellow " before dispersing . = = Later tour matches = = Seven matches remained on Bradman 's quest to complete an English season without defeat . Australia batted first against Kent and Bradman made 65 , putting on 104 with Brown as Australia made 361 and won by an innings . In the next match against the Gentlemen of England , Bradman came to the crease at 1 / 40 and featured in a 180 @-@ run second wicket partnership with Brown , before adding another 110 with Hassett . He was out for 150 at 3 / 331 before declaring at 5 / 610 against a team that included eight Test players . Australia went on to win by an innings . He then rested himself as Australia defeated Somerset by an innings and 374 runs . Bradman returned to make 143 against the South of England , adding 188 for the third wicket with Hassett . Australia declared at 7 / 522 and bowled out the hosts for 298 before rain ended the match . Australia 's biggest challenge in the post @-@ Test tour matches was against the Leveson @-@ Gower 's XI starting on 8 September , its last first @-@ class match for the tour . During the last tour in 1938 , this team was effectively a full @-@ strength England outfit and had defeated Australia , but this time Bradman insisted that only six current Test players be allowed to represent the hosts . Bradman then fielded a full @-@ strength team ; the only difference from the Fifth Test team was Johnson 's inclusion at the expense of Ring . His bowlers skittled the hosts for 177 , and Morris and Barnes put on an opening stand of 102 before Morris was out for 62 . Bradman joined Barnes and they put on 225 runs for the second wicket . Bradman top @-@ scored with 153 as Australia declared at 8 / 469 late on the final day . Upon reaching 153 , he threw away his wicket with a lofted cover drive , having decided to attempt sixes to give Alec Bedser his wicket . He was already running towards the pavilion before the catch was taken , ending his last first @-@ class innings in England . The hosts were 2 / 75 when the match ended in a draw after multiple rain delays . When it became obvious that Australia would not lose , Bradman bowled his only over of the tour , conceding two runs . The tour ended with two non @-@ first @-@ class matches against Scotland . In the first match , Bradman made 27 of Australia 's 236 as the tourists took an innings victory . In the second match , Bradman top @-@ scored with 123 not out batting at No. 6 , hitting 17 fours and two sixes in 89 minutes as Australia declared at 6 / 407 . Australia ended the tour with another innings victory . Once Australia were in an unassailable position during Scotland 's second innings , Bradman relaxed and allowed nine players to bowl , including the wicket @-@ keeper Tallon , who took two wickets , while Johnson stood in as the wicket @-@ keeper . When the victory was sealed on 18 September , Bradman 's men became the first side to go through an English season without defeat . = = Role = = Along with Chappie Dwyer and Jack Ryder , Bradman was one of the three selectors who chose the squad to tour England . This gave Bradman more power than other Australian captains , who did not have an explicit vote in team selection . This was further magnified by Bradman being a member of the Board of Control while an active player , a threefold combination that he alone has occupied in Australian cricket history . According to Gideon Haigh , he " was the dominant figure in Australian cricket " , who went on to become an " unimpeachable figure " . Turning 40 in August during the tour , Bradman was by far the most senior and oldest player on the team . Bill Brown was the next oldest , making his third tour of England at 36 . His vice @-@ captain Lindsay Hassett was the third @-@ oldest player , at the age of 35 . Ernie Toshack was born in December 1914 , and the remaining 13 players were born in 1916 or later . Five players , including Ray Lindwall , Bill Johnston and Morris , his two most prolific Test bowlers and batsman respectively , were more than 12 years younger than he was . Neil Harvey , the youngest player at the age of 19 , was only two months old when Bradman made his Test debut . Bradman was viewed as a father figure by players such as Harvey and Sam Loxton . Before the tour , Bradman had played 47 Tests ; Brown , the only other member who had played regularly before the Second World War , had appeared in 20 Tests . For Bradman , it was the most personally fulfilling period of his playing days , as the divisiveness within the team of the 1930s had passed . He wrote : Knowing the personnel , I was confident that here at last was the great opportunity which I had longed for . A team of cricketers whose respect and loyalty were unquestioned , who would regard me in a fatherly sense and listen to my advice , follow my guidance and not question my handling of affairs ... there are no longer any fears that they will query the wisdom of what you do . The result is a sense of freedom to give full reign to your own creative ability and personal judgment . However , some players expressed displeasure at Bradman 's ruthless obsession towards annihilating the opposition . The all rounder Keith Miller , who was one of two bowling spearheads , deliberated allowed himself to be bowled first ball for duck during the match against Essex , while Bradman was his batting partner , in a protest against Australia 's world record of scoring 721 runs in one day . Miller also deplored Bradman 's hard @-@ nosed attitude in the match against Leveson @-@ Gower 's XI , which was traditionally regarded as a " festival match " . Feeling that Bradman was needlessly batting Australia far beyond impregnability , Miller played with reckless aggression , rather than a measured style in line with Bradman 's aim of remaining undefeated . Bradman 's later letter revealed his hostility towards Miller . Sid Barnes later criticised Bradman for his reluctance to allow Ron Hamence — one of the reserve batsmen — to partake in meaningful matchplay ; due to Bradman 's reluctance to risk Australia 's unbeaten run , Hamence usually batted low in the order and had limited opportunities because the senior batsmen were rarely dismissed cheaply . Along with fringe bowlers Doug Ring and Colin McCool , Hamence called himself " Ground Staff " due to the trio 's lack of on @-@ field duties , and they often sang ironic songs about their status . Bradman 's relentless use of his pace attack and fieldsmen also raised eyebrows . At the time , Lindwall and Miller were groundbreaking fast bowlers , with high pace and the ability to deliver menacing short @-@ pitched bowling at the upper body of the English batsmen . Prior to the Second World War , pace bowlers were generally much slower and did not often bowl at the body . England had yet to develop bowlers such as Lindwall and Miller , and as a result , Australia were able to pepper the upper body of the opposition without fear of retaliation . At times , the public found Lindwall and Miller 's short @-@ pitched bowling to be excessive and booed the Australians . On the fielding front , Barnes was deployed as close to the bat as possible at either forward short @-@ leg or point , with one foot on the pitch . This had an intimidatory effect on the batsmen and led many to question whether it was in the spirit of the game . Bradman 's dominant cricketing stature was also a key platform of his team 's popularity with the public . The leading English writer R. C. Robertson @-@ Glasgow said " we want him to do well . We feel we have a share in him . He is more than Australian . He is a world batsman . " Haigh opined that " perhaps no touring cricketer ... has been as feted as Bradman in that northern summer " . The Australians were invariably greeted by record crowds and gate receipts across the country . The attendance at the Fourth Test remains a record for a Test on English soil . The Australian journalist Andy Flanagan said that " cities , towns and hotels are beflagged , carpets set down , and dignitaries wait to extend an official welcome . He is the Prince of Cricketers . " Haigh said that " cricket approached the 50s at the peak of its popularity , albeit , after Bradman 's final Test ... without the player chiefly responsible for it " . Bradman received hundreds of personal letters every day , and one of his dinner speeches was broadcast live , causing the British Broadcasting Corporation to postpone the news bulletin . Of Bradman 's retirement , Robertson @-@ Glasgow said " ... a miracle has been removed from among us ... So must ancient Italy have felt when she heard of the death of Hannibal . " Bradman ended the first @-@ class matches atop the batting aggregates and averages , with 2428 runs at 89 @.@ 92 , and eleven centuries , the most by any player . The next most prolific scorer was Morris with 1922 runs , and Hassett had the next best average with 74 @.@ 42 . His highest score of the tour was 187 against Essex , and he reached 150 on four occasions . Despite his success , he also gained attention for his troubles against Alec Bedser 's leg trap ; Bradman was dismissed three consecutive times in the Tests in this manner , and twice outside the Tests to other bowlers using the same ploy . Robertson @-@ Glasgow said " at last his batting showed human fallibility . Often , especially at the start of the innings , he played where the ball wasn 't , and spectators rubbed their eyes " . In the Tests , Bradman finished with 508 runs at 72 @.@ 57 and two centuries . Only Morris and Barnes averaged higher and only Morris and Denis Compton of England aggregated more . Apart from the match against Leicestershire , when he batted at No. 4 , and the two non @-@ first @-@ class matches against Scotland , Bradman always batted at No. 3.N- He bowled only one over during the tour , against the Leveson @-@ Gower 's XI when the result of the match was beyond doubt . = = = Statistical note = = =
= New York State Route 386 = New York State Route 386 ( NY 386 ) is a north – south state highway located in the western suburbs of the city of Rochester in Monroe County , New York , in the United States . Its southern terminus is at an intersection with NY 383 in the village of Scottsville . The northern end of the highway is located at a junction with NY 104 in the town of Greece . NY 386 meets Interstate 490 ( I @-@ 490 ) in Chili and NY 531 in Gates and has short overlaps with NY 33A in Chili and NY 33 in Gates . The portion of the route south of NY 33A passes through mostly rural areas while the section north of NY 33A serves areas of mostly residential nature . The portion of NY 386 between Scottsville and Chili was originally designated as part of Route 16 , an unsigned legislative route , in 1908 . This section of Route 16 became part of Route 15 in 1921 . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , this segment of Route 15 was incorporated into NY 251 , a new route established as part of the renumbering . NY 386 was assigned by the following year to the portion of its modern routing north of NY 31 . It was extended south to Scottsville over former NY 251 in the late 1970s . In 2007 , ownership and maintenance of most of NY 386 between NY 33A and NY 104 was transferred from the New York State Department of Transportation ( NYSDOT ) to Monroe County as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . = = Route description = = NY 386 begins at a three @-@ way intersection with NY 383 on the west side of the village of Scottsville . From this junction , NY 383 heads south and east while NY 386 takes the west exit , passing under the Rochester and Southern Railroad and turning to the northwest as it encircles the village . At North Road , which acts as a westward extension of NY 253 , NY 386 passes the middle and high schools of the Wheatland – Chili Central School District and becomes Scottsville – Chili Road . The route continues onward , leaving Scottsville and entering an open , rural area of the town of Wheatland . NY 386 remains on a northwesterly track to the Chili town line , where it curves to the north as it approaches and crosses over the New York State Thruway ( I @-@ 90 ) . The highway continues generally northward through Chili , traversing open fields and crossing over Black Creek ahead of an intersection with NY 252 . Roughly 0 @.@ 4 miles ( 0 @.@ 6 km ) to the northwest , NY 386 intersects NY 33A . NY 386 turns east here , overlapping NY 33A for 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) east to the hamlet of Chili Center . The amount of development along the overlap remains low until the highway crosses the CSX Transportation @-@ owned West Shore Subdivision , at which point the fields that had surrounded the route are replaced with homes and businesses . In Chili Center , the commercial center of the town of Chili , the concurrency ends at an intersection that also includes the former western terminus of NY 252A . NY 386 takes the north path out of the junction , becoming Chili Center – Coldwater Road . At this point , ownership and maintenance of NY 386 shifts from NYSDOT to Monroe County . About 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of Chili Center , NY 386 connects to I @-@ 490 at exit 5 . North of the exit , Chili Center – Coldwater Road comes to an end at West Side Drive , forcing NY 386 to turn east onto West Side Drive for 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) before returning north and entering the town of Gates on Coldwater Road . While on Coldwater Road , NY 386 crosses the CSX Transportation @-@ owned Rochester Subdivision as it heads northward to a junction with NY 33 . NY 386 turns east , sharing Buffalo Road with NY 33 for one block to Elmgrove Road , where it turns northward once again . Proceeding north on Elmgrove Road , NY 386 passes the sprawling Rochester Tech Park and the Total Sports Experience prior to intersecting NY 531 by way of an interchange . This exit , the final on NY 531 eastbound before it merges with I @-@ 490 , is also the starting point for the two service roads that parallel the expressway between Elmgrove and Manitou Roads . Past NY 531 , NY 386 enters the hamlet of Elmgrove , centered around the junction between NY 31 and NY 386 . The route continues onward , passing through mostly residential areas as it proceeds into the town of Greece . In Greece , the surroundings remain unchanged as NY 386 heads northward to an area of town known as South Greece , where it crosses over the Erie Canal . The route ends 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) later at a junction with NY 104 near Elm Ridge Plaza . = = History = = The portion of NY 386 between Scottsville and NY 33A in Chili was originally designated as part of Route 16 , an unsigned legislative route extending from Cuba to Rochester , in 1908 . On March 1 , 1921 , Route 16 was truncated to end at Route 6 ( modern NY 5 ) in Le Roy as part of a partial renumbering of New York 's legislative route system . The portion of former Route 16 north of Caledonia became part of Route 15 . The section of Route 15 between Scottsville and Chili became part of NY 251 , a new route stretching from NY 33 in Gates to then @-@ NY 15 in Victor , in the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . NY 386 , meanwhile , was assigned by the following year to the portion of Elmgrove Road between NY 31 in Gates and U.S. Route 104 ( now NY 104 ) in Greece . NY 251 was truncated to its present terminus in Scottsville in the late 1970s , at which time NY 386 was extended south along the former routing of NY 251 to Scottsville . Reference markers for NY 251 are still posted along its former routing . NY 386 utilized a previously unnumbered portion of Elmgrove Road between NY 31 and NY 33 to reach NY 251 's former alignment . This part of NY 386 is maintained by Monroe County as the unsigned County Route 158 ( CR 158 ) . In 2007 , ownership and maintenance of the remainder of the Elmgrove Road portion of NY 386 and the section of NY 386 between NY 33 and NY 33A were transferred from the state of New York to Monroe County as part of a highway maintenance swap between the two levels of government . A bill ( S4856 , 2007 ) to enact the swap was introduced in the New York State Senate on April 23 and passed by both the Senate and the New York State Assembly on June 20 . The act was signed into law by Governor Eliot Spitzer on August 28 . Under the terms of the act , it took effect 90 days after it was signed into law ; thus , the maintenance swap officially took place on November 26 , 2007 . As a result of the swap , all of NY 386 north of NY 33A — except for the section that overlaps NY 33 — is overlapped by unsigned county routes . The portion of NY 386 on Chili Center – Coldwater Road is co @-@ designated as CR 256 . Along Westside Drive , NY 386 is part of CR 119 , the designation for all of Westside Drive . The Coldwater Road segment , meanwhile , is also CR 198 while CR 158 was extended north to cover all of Elmgrove Road . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in Monroe County .
= The Fairy @-@ Queen = The Fairy @-@ Queen ( 1692 ; Purcell catalogue number Z.629 ) is a masque or semi @-@ opera by Henry Purcell ; a " Restoration spectacular " . The libretto is an anonymous adaptation of William Shakespeare 's wedding comedy A Midsummer Night 's Dream . First performed in 1692 , The Fairy @-@ Queen was composed three years before Purcell 's death at the age of 35 . Following his death , the score was lost and only rediscovered early in the twentieth century . Purcell did not set any of Shakespeare 's text to music ; instead he composed music for short masques in every act but the first . The play itself was also slightly modernised in keeping with seventeenth @-@ century dramatic conventions , but in the main the spoken text is as Shakespeare wrote it . The masques are related to the play metaphorically , rather than literally . Many critics have stated erroneously that they bear no relationship to the play , but recent scholarship has shown that the opera , which ends with a masque featuring Hymen , the God of Marriage , was actually composed for the fifteenth wedding anniversary of William and Mary . Growing interest in Baroque music and the rise of the countertenor contributed to the work 's re @-@ entry into the repertoire . The opera received several full @-@ length recordings in the latter part of the 20th century and several of its arias , including " The Plaint " ( " O let me weep " ) , have become popular recital pieces . In July 2009 , in celebration of the 350th anniversary of Purcell 's birth , The Fairy @-@ Queen was performed by Glyndebourne Festival Opera using a new edition of the score , prepared for the Purcell Society by Bruce Wood and Andrew Pinnock . = = Original production = = The Fairy @-@ Queen was first performed on 2 May 1692 at the Queen 's Theatre , Dorset Garden in London by the United Company . The author or at least co @-@ author of the libretto was presumably Thomas Betterton , the manager of Dorset Garden Theatre , with whom Purcell worked regularly . This belief is based on an analysis of Betterton 's stage directions . A collaboration between several playwrights is also feasible . Choreography for the various dances was provided by Josias Priest , who also worked on Dioclesian and King Arthur , and who was associated with Dido and Aeneas . A letter describing the original performance shows that the parts of Titania and Oberon were played by children of eight or nine . Presumably other fairies were also played by children ; this affects our perspective on the staging . = = Context and analysis = = Following the huge success of his operas Dioclesian ( 1690 ) and King Arthur ( 1691 ) , Purcell composed The Fairy @-@ Queen in 1692 . Purcell 's " First " and " Second Music " were played while the audience were taking their seats . The " Act Tunes " are played between acts , as the curtain was normally raised at the beginning of a performance and not lowered until the end . After Act I , each act commences with a short symphony ( 3 – 5 minutes ) . The English tradition of semi @-@ opera , to which The Fairy @-@ Queen belongs , demanded that most of the music within the play be introduced through the agency of supernatural beings , the exception being pastoral or drunken characters . All the masques in The Fairy @-@ Queen are presented by Titania or Oberon . Originally Act I contained no music , but due to the work 's enormous success it was revived in 1693 , when Purcell added the scene of the Drunken Poet and two further songs later on in the work ; " Ye gentle spirits of the air " and " The Plaint " . As noted above , each masque is subtly related to the action in the play during that particular act in a metaphorical way . In this manner we have Night and Sleep in Act II , which is apt as that act of the play consists of Oberon 's plans to use the power of the " love @-@ in @-@ idleness " flower to confuse various loves , and it is therefore appropriate for the allegorical figures of Secrecy , Mystery et al. to usher in a night of enchantment . The masque for Bottom in Act III includes metamorphoses , songs of both real and feigned love , and beings who are not what they seem . The Reconciliation masque between Oberon and Titania at the end of Act IV prefigures the final masque . The scene changes to a Garden of Fountains , denoting King William 's hobby , just after Oberon says " bless these Lovers ' Nuptial Day " . The Four Seasons tell us that the marriage here celebrated is a good one all year round and " All Salute the rising Sun " / ... The Birthday of King Oberon " . The kings of England were traditionally likened to the sun ( Oberon = William . Significantly , William and Mary were married on his birthday , 4 November . ) . The Chinese scene in the final masque is in homage to Queen Mary 's famous collection of china . The garden shown above it and the exotic animals bring King William back into the picture and Hymen 's song in praise of their marriage , plus the stage direction bringing ( Mary 's ) china vases containing ( William 's ) orange trees to the front of the stage complete the symbolism . = = The music = = Written as he approached the end of his brief career , The Fairy @-@ Queen contains some of Purcell 's finest theatre music , as musicologists have agreed for generations . In particular , Constant Lambert was a great admirer ; from it he arranged a suite and in collaboration with Edward Dent arranged the work to form the then new Covent Garden opera company 's first postwar production . It shows to excellent effect Purcell 's complete mastery of the pungent English style of Baroque counterpoint , as well as displaying his absorption of Italian influences . Several arias such as " The Plaint " , " Thrice happy lovers " and " Hark ! the echoing air " have entered the discographic repertory of many singers outside their original context . The orchestra for The Fairy @-@ Queen consists of two recorders , two oboes , two trumpets , kettledrums , string instruments and harpsichord continuo . = = Performance history = = Following Purcell 's premature death , his opera Dioclesian remained popular until well into the eighteenth century , but the score of The Fairy @-@ Queen was lost and only rediscovered early in the twentieth century . Other works like it fell into obscurity . Changing tastes were not the only reason for this ; the voices employed had also become difficult to find . The list of singers below shows the frequent employment of the male alto , or countertenor , in the semi @-@ opera , a voice which , after Purcell , essentially vanished from the stage , probably due to the rise of Italian opera and the attendant castrati . After that Romantic opera emerged , with the attendant predominance of the tenor . Until the early music revival , the male alto survived mainly in the ecclesiastical tradition of all @-@ male church choirs and twentieth @-@ century American vocal quartets . However , Purcell 's music ( and with it The Fairy @-@ Queen ) was resuscitated by two related movements : a growing interest in Baroque music and the rise of the countertenor , led by pioneers such as Alfred Deller and Russell Oberlin . The former movement led to performances of long @-@ neglected composers such as Purcell , John Dowland , John Blow and even George Frideric Handel , while the latter complemented it by providing a way of making such performances as authentic as possible as regards the original music and the composer 's intentions ( less true for Handel , where countertenors appear as castrati replacements ) . This has led to The Fairy @-@ Queen 's increased popularity , and numerous recordings have been made , often using period instruments . The format of the work presents problems to modern directors , who must decide whether or not to present Purcell 's music as part of the original play , which uncut is rather lengthy . Savage calculated a length of four hours . The decision to curtail the play is usually taken together with the resolution to modernise to such an extent that the cohesion between music , text and action sketched above is entirely lost , a criticism levelled at the English National Opera 's 1995 production directed by David Pountney . The production was released on video the same year , and revived by the company in 2002 . A bold approach was taken at the Brazilian Opera Company 's 2000 staging by Luiz Päetow , with the libretto becoming unstuck in time . In July 2009 , two months before the 350th anniversary of Purcell 's birth , The Fairy @-@ Queen was performed in a new edition , prepared for The Purcell Society by Bruce Wood and Andrew Pinnock , which restored the entire theatrical entertainment as well as the original pitch used by Purcell . The performance by Glyndebourne Festival Opera with the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment conducted by William Christie was repeated later that month at the Royal Albert Hall as part of the BBC Proms . = = Roles = = The role of Mopsa was originally performed by a soprano ; however , a later revision by Purcell stated that it was to be performed by " Mr. Pate in woman 's habit " , presumably to have a grotesque effect and highlight the refrain " No , no , no , no , no ; no kissing at all " in the dialogue between Corydon and Mopsa . Also , it is not entirely clear what the word " countertenor " means in this context . The record is ambivalent as to whether Purcell ( himself a countertenor ) used a tenor with a particularly high range ( though lighter at the top ) and tessitura ( known sometimes as a haute @-@ contre , the descendants of the contratenors alti of medieval polyphony ) or a falsettist . It seems that throughout his career he used both . However , purely for reasons of dramatic verisimilitude , it is more likely than not that the travesty role of Mopsa was taken by a falsettist , and the presence of a duet for two male altos ( " Let the fifes and the clarions " ) makes it seem more probable that for this work falsettists were employed . For a list of non @-@ singing characters see A Midsummer Night 's Dream , with the exception of Hippolyta . That character was cut by Purcell 's librettist . = = Synopsis = = For the plot of the play see A Midsummer Night 's Dream . Only a synopsis of scenes provided with music is given here . = = = Act 1 = = = The first scene set to music occurs after Titania has left Oberon , following an argument over the ownership of a little Indian boy . Two of her fairies sing of the delights of the countryside ( " Come , come , come , come , let us leave the town " ) . A drunken , stuttering poet enters , singing " Fill up the bowl " . The stuttering has led many to believe the scene is based on the habits of Thomas d 'Urfey . However , it may also be poking fun at Elkanah Settle , who stuttered as well and was long thought to be the librettist , due to an error in his 1910 biography . The fairies mock the drunken poet and drive him away . = = = Act 2 = = = It begins after Oberon has ordered Puck to anoint the eyes of Demetrius with the love @-@ juice . Titania and her fairies merrily revel ( " Come all ye songsters of the sky " ) , and Night ( " See , even Night " ) , Mystery ( " Mystery 's song " ) , Secrecy ( " One charming night " ) and Sleep ( " Hush , no more , be silent all " ) lull them asleep and leave them to pleasant dreams . = = = Act 3 = = = Titania has fallen in love with Bottom ( now equipped with his ass ' head ) , much to Oberon 's gratification . A Nymph sings of the pleasures and torments of love ( " If love 's a sweet passion " ) and after several dances , Titania and Bottom are entertained by the foolish , loving banter of two haymakers , Corydon and Mopsa . = = = Act 4 = = = It begins after Titania has been freed from her enchantment , commencing with a brief divertissement to celebrate Oberon 's birthday ( " Now the Night " , and the abovementioned " Let the fifes and the clarions " ) , but for the most part it is a masque of the god Phoebus ( " When the cruel winter " ) and the Four Seasons ( Spring ; " Thus , the ever grateful spring " , Summer ; " Here 's the Summer " , Autumn ; " See my many coloured fields " , and Winter ; " Now Winter comes slowly " ) . = = = Act 5 = = = After Theseus has been told of the lovers ' adventures in the wood , it begins with the goddess Juno singing an epithalamium , " Thrice happy lovers " , followed by a woman who sings the well @-@ known " The Plaint " ( " O let me weep " ) . A Chinese man and woman enter singing several songs about the joys of their world . ( " Thus , the gloomy world " , " Thus happy and free " and " Yes , Xansi " ) . Two other Chinese women summon Hymen , who sings in praise of married bliss , thus uniting the wedding theme of A Midsummer Night 's Dream , with the celebration of William and Mary 's anniversary . = = Recordings = = Audio Bruno Maderna , ( Excerpts ) Orchestra dell 'Angelicum of Milan , ( 1 LP ) - 1957 - Fonit Angelicum LPA970 . This was also the first recording of Cathy Berberian mentioned on the cover as Catherine Berio . Benjamin Britten , English Chamber Orchestra , Ambrosian Opera Chorus , ( 2 CDs ) - 1970 - Decca 4685612 Alfred Deller , The Deller Consort , Stour Music Chorus ( 2 CDs ) — 1972 — Harmonia Mundi John Eliot Gardiner , The English Baroque Soloists The Monteverdi Choir , ( 2 CDs ) — 1982 — Archiv Produktion 419 221 – 2 William Christie , Les Arts Florissants ( 2 CDs ) — 1989 — Harmonia Mundi HMC 90 1308 / 0 David van Asch , The Scholars Baroque Ensemble ( 2 CDs ) - 1992 - Naxos 8 @.@ 550660 @-@ 1 Roger Norrington , The London Classical Players , The Schütz Choir of London ( 2 CDs ) — 1994 — EMI Classics 7243 5 55234 2 6 Harry Christophers , The Sixteen , ( 2 CDs ) - 1993 - ( Coro COR16005 Ton Koopman , Amsterdam Baroque Orchestra & Choir , ( 2 CDs ) — 1994 — Erato 98507 Nikolaus Harnoncourt , Concentus Musicus Wien , Arnold Schoenberg Chor ( 2 CDs ) — 1995 — Teldec Classics 4509 @-@ 97684 @-@ 2 Antony Walker , Cantillation , Orchestra of the Antipodes , ( 2 CDs ) - 2005 - ABC Classics ABC4762879 Christopher Monks , Armonico Consort , ( 1 CD ) - 2006 - Deux @-@ Elles DXL1120 Ottavio Dantone , Accademia Bizantina & New English Voices , ( 2 CDs ) - 2012 - Brilliant Classics 94221 Video Nicholas Kok , David Pountney ( stage director ) , English National Opera , ( 1 DVD ) - 1995 - Arthaus Musik 100200 William Christie , Jonathan Kent ( stage director ) , The Glyndebourne Chorus & Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment , ( 2 DVDs ) - 2010 - Opus Arte OA1031D
= Historic Michigan Boulevard District = The Historic Michigan Boulevard District is a historic district in the Loop community area of Chicago in Cook County , Illinois , United States encompassing Michigan Avenue between 11th ( 1100 south in the street numbering system ) or Roosevelt Road ( 1200 south ) , depending on the source , and Randolph Streets ( 150 north ) and named after the nearby Lake Michigan . It was designated a Chicago Landmark on February 27 , 2002 . The district includes numerous significant buildings on Michigan Avenue facing Grant Park . In addition , this section of Michigan Avenue includes the point recognized as the end of U.S. Route 66 . This district is one of the world 's best known one @-@ sided streets rivalling Fifth Avenue in New York City and Edinburgh 's Princes Street . It lies immediately south of the Michigan – Wacker Historic District and east of the Loop Retail Historic District . = = History = = Michigan Avenue is named after Lake Michigan , which it once ran alongside at 100 east in the city 's street numbering system until land reclamation for Grant Park ( then Lake Park ) pushed the shoreline east . The one @-@ sided street feature is due in large part to the legal battles of Aaron Montgomery Ward with the city over cleaning up the park and removing most of the structures in it . Ward opposed the development of Grant Park with public buildings along the lakefront except for the Art Institute of Chicago Building . Eventually , Ward 's ideas were adopted by Daniel Burnham in his Plan of Chicago , which called for " insured light , air , and an agreeable outlook " along the Grant Park street frontage . The preservation of the lakefront view has inspired architects to create an architectural cornucopia of designs along the " streetwall " . At no point is Michigan Avenue currently called Michigan Boulevard , but prior to the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , the street was officially known as Michigan Boulevard and often referred to as " Boul Mich " . As recently as the 1920s , North Michigan Avenue ( especially the Magnificent Mile ) was referred to as " Upper Boul Mich " . Paris ' Boulevard Saint @-@ Michel is the original Boul Mich . The district has changed over the years as various architectural designs have evolved to compliment it . The boulevard was widened between 1909 and 1910 causing the Art Institute of Chicago Building to have to move the lions guarding its entrance back 12 feet . At that time , the Jackson Boulevard and Michigan Avenue intersection ( the end of route 66 ) was known as " route center " . Also at that time , the boulevard had no streets crossing it and extending eastward , and thus , the Jackson intersection was a T intersection . This was still true in 1920 when the Michigan Avenue Bridge opened and increased traffic by connecting this boulevard with the Magnificent Mile and the community north of the Chicago River a quarter mile to the north of this district . The Fountain of the Great Lakes ( installed in 1913 ) was highly visible from route center . Today , four streets cross Michigan Avenue within the district ( in addition to its northern and southern endpoints at crossing streets ) . Three of the four change names as they cross Michigan : eastbound East Monroe Street ( 100 south ) becomes East Monroe Drive ; eastbound East Jackson Boulevard ( 300 south ) becomes East Jackson Drive ; and two @-@ way East Congress Parkway ( 500 south ) becomes East Congress Drive as it crosses into Grant Park to the east . East Balbo Drive ( 700 south ) does not change names as it crosses Michigan . = = Today = = Today the only building on the eastern side of Michigan Avenue in the Historic District hosts the Art Institute of Chicago . However , several interesting structures have been added to the northern part of the eastern side of Michigan Avenue in Millennium Park such as Crown Fountain and McCormick Tribune Plaza . The current " End Historic US 66 " marker is now located along Michigan Avenue in this district to mark the official end of U.S. Route 66 in Illinois , but this and several others traverse Michigan Avenue within Grant Park because landfill has created two blocks of real estate between Michigan Avenue and the Lake Michigan shoreline . Also , the Fountain was relocated and is no longer easily seen from Michigan Avenue . Among the current issues today is the trend to redevelop properties by constructing grand towers behind the facades of historic structures along Michigan and Wabash Avenues ( the parallel street one block to the west ) . The most recent examples of this have been The Heritage at Millennium Park , Legacy at Millennium Park and the 80 @-@ story tower proposed as part of the YWCA building redevelopment at 830 S. Michigan Avenue . This trend is now endangering the Chicago Athletic Association Annex , which has been proposed for demolition to make way for a fifty- to eighty @-@ story condominium tower across from Millennium Park . As a result , the building is listed first on the 2006 @-@ 07 Chicagoland Watch List of the Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois . On the other hand , many were concerned that the landmark district designation would stagnate development of the area . The purpose of the designation was to " keep the architecture there and encourage architecture like it and keep the wall of the park , " according to the City 's Department of Planning and Development . Thus , redevolpment for new uses will be part of the ongoing concerns for the neighborhood . Thus , buildings being renovated for condos and dormitories is a part of the present and future for the district . = = Buildings in the District = = Several of the buildings listed below have played a prominent role in the cultural history of Chicago . The Blackstone has become part of Chicago 's history as the city that has hosted more United States presidential nominating conventions ( 26 ) than any other two American cities , The Blackstone Hotel has hosted almost every 20th century U.S. President , and it has contributed the phrase “ in a smoke @-@ filled room " to American political parlance . The Chicago Symphony Orchestra debuted on October 16 , 1891 and made its home in the Auditorium Theatre until moving to Orchestra Hall in 1904 . Theodore Roosevelt gave his famous Bull Moose speech in 1912 at the Auditorium and was nominated for President of the United States by the independent National Progressive Party . The Auditorium has hosted Jimi Hendrix , The Who , the Grateful Dead , and many others . The Auditorium Building is considered a milestone in the development of modern architecture . The Chicago Cultural Center serves as the city 's official reception venue where the Mayor of Chicago has welcomed Presidents and royalty , diplomats and community leaders . According to Crain 's Chicago Business , the Chicago Cultural Center was the eighth most @-@ visited cultural institution in the Chicago area in 2004 , with 767 @,@ 000 visitors . The interior includes ornate mosaics , marbles , bronze , and stained @-@ glass domes designed by the Tiffany Glass and Decorating Company . The Art Institute of Chicago is a fine @-@ art museum well known for its Impressionist and American art . North to south : Statuses CL @-@ Chicago Landmark NHL @-@ National Historic Landmark NRHP @-@ National Register of Historic Places
= The Haunted Mask = The Haunted Mask is the eleventh book in Goosebumps , the series of children 's horror fiction novellas created and authored by R. L. Stine . The book follows Carly Beth , a girl who buys a Halloween mask from a store . After putting on the mask , she starts acting differently and discovers that the mask has become her face ; she is unable to pull the mask off . R. L. Stine says he got the idea for the book from his son who had on a mask that he had trouble getting off . The Haunted Mask was featured on the USA Today and Publishers Weekly bestseller list , and cited by one reviewer as " ideal for reluctant readers and Halloween @-@ themed sleepovers . " In the mid @-@ 1990s , the book was adapted for television and released on VHS on March 12 , 1996 . The Haunted Mask has three published sequels ; The Haunted Mask II , The Scream of the Haunted Mask and a stand @-@ alone story , Wanted : The Haunted Mask . = = Background = = The Haunted Mask was authored by R. L. Stine and originally illustrated by Tim Jacobus . The author says the idea for the book came from his son Matthew Stine , who had on a Halloween mask that he had trouble getting off . Stine also says that he incorporated a duck costume his parents got him for trick @-@ or @-@ treating in the book . The book was first published in September 1993 by Scholastic , and reissued on September 1 , 2008 . = = Plot = = Carly Beth Caldwell is a naive , timid and gullible 11 @-@ year @-@ old girl who is afraid of pretty much everything . Thus , she is a constant target for pranks , jokes and tricks , most of them being inflicted on her by Steve Boswell and Chuck Greene at Walnut Avenue Middle School . In the opening chapter , Carly Beth and Sabrina discuss what costumes they are going to wear for Halloween , and Carly Beth is tricked by Steve into eating a sandwich containing a live worm . Horrified , Carly Beth flees and vows revenge . After school , she goes home and finds her mother has made her a silly duck costume for Halloween , and also a very realistic plaster of Paris model of Carly Beth 's head . When she goes to her room , the duck costume seemingly comes alive and attacks Carly Beth . It turns out it is her younger brother , Noah , playing another trick on her . Sabrina calls , and they discuss the school science fair . At the science fair , Steve causes a panic by announcing his pet tarantula has escaped , and Carly Beth is terrified of tarantulas . Steve creeps up behind her during the chaos , and pinches her leg to make it seem that the tarantula is biting her . Carly Beth flies into a frenzied panic , destroys her and Sabrina 's project and is again humiliated in front of her teachers and classmates . Carly Beth vows that she will definitely make Steve pay for what he did to her . She plots to go to a new store that has opened , which sells frightening costumes , and plans to scare Steve and Chuck as payback . On Halloween day , she goes to the party store , but it is closed . However , the store manager appears and allows her into the shop . She dismisses the masks she sees on display as not good enough for scaring anyone . But she sneaks into a back room and discovers a row of hideously deformed masks . She is startled to find that the masks feel warm and like human skin , not rubber or plastic . The store owner reluctantly sells her one of the masks and Carly Beth goes home in delight . Later that day , after she takes the mold of her head that her mother made , she puts on the mask and goes in search of Chuck and Steve , determined to get revenge on them . She starts acting more and more aggressively as the night goes on : she chokes Sabrina , throws apples at a house , and frightens children she doesn 't know . When she manages to scare Chuck and Steve , she loses the head her mother made , but no longer cares . While at Sabrina 's house , Carly Beth is shocked to find she is unable to remove the mask and that the mask has , in fact , become her face . She returns to the store and finds the owner waiting for her . The store owner tells her that the " mask " is actually a real living face . All the masks in the back room are deformed , monstrous , living faces . The store owner made them , but they started out beautiful but then became hideous . Every so often , a person puts one on and the mask possesses them . It can only be removed by a " symbol of love " , but if it attaches itself to her or another person again , it will be forever . Carly Beth screams in horror , and the other masks begin to pursue her . While running away from the masks , she realizes that the mold her mother made is a symbol of love . Carly Beth finds the mold and uses it to deter the masks and remove the mask from her face . She returns home to her mother , tossing the mask away . Noah later bursts in and asks her , " How do I look in your mask ? " = = Reception = = The Haunted Mask was featured on USA Today 's Top 150 Best @-@ Selling Books database for 43 weeks , attaining a peak position of 107 . In 2001 , it was listed as the 249th bestselling children 's paperback book of all time by Publishers Weekly , having sold 1 @.@ 42 million copies . Terreece Clarke from Common Sense Media rated the book three stars out of five , commenting that it " is ideal for reluctant readers and Halloween @-@ themed sleepovers " and " is one of the better books in the Goosebumps series " . FlavorWire 's Kevin Pires listed the book as one of his ten favorite Goosebumps books , stating " Tim Jacobus ’ [ ... ] gripping illustration and Stine ’ s straightforward plot made The Haunted Mask an emblem for the series . " Nathan Reese from Complex.com ranked it as the best Goosebumps book , stating the book was very thrilling , and the twist ending caused the right amount of horror . Author and librarian Herbert N. Foerstel stated it was " perhaps the most famous Goosebumps book " . = = Television adaptation and VHS release = = Filming for The Haunted Mask television special began in 1995 in Toronto , Ontario , Canada . The special first aired on October 27 , 1995 on the Fox Network as the series premiere of the Goosebumps TV series . In the United States , The Haunted Mask obtained an 8 @.@ 2 rating and was viewed by 14 @.@ 1 million people . In Canada , the special aired on YTV and became the network 's highest rated episode up to that point , with nearly three million viewers . It was subsequently released on VHS on March 22 , 1996 . The video was listed 75th in Billboard 's list of Top Video Sales in their 1996 Year @-@ In @-@ Video charts , the only Goosebumps video on the list . Complex.com 's Frazier Tharpe named it the 12th best Halloween themed TV episode and called it one of the scariest Goosebumps episodes . However , Michelle Erica Green from FamilyWonder.com thought that the video had stereotypical characters , a corny feel @-@ good message , and hokey special effects . In 1997 , Kathryn Long , who played Carly Beth , received a Gemini Award nomination for " Best Performance in a Children ’ s or Youth Program or Series " . = = Sequels = = Three sequels of the book were published , The Haunted Mask II in October 1995 ( the thirty @-@ sixth book in the Goosebumps series ) , The Scream of the Haunted Mask on August 1 , 2008 ( the fourth book in the Goosebumps HorrorLand series ) and a stand @-@ alone story in June 2012 , Wanted : The Haunted Mask . Wanted : The Haunted Mask was published as a celebration of the 20th anniversary of Goosebumps . Another book , The Haunted Mask Lives ! , was listed on illustrator Tim Jacobus 's website , but was not released .
= Planet Ladder = Planet Ladder ( Japanese : プラネット · ラダー , Hepburn : Puranetto Radā ) is a science fantasy shōjo ( targeted towards girls ) manga written and illustrated by Yuri Narushima . Appearing as a serial in the Japanese manga magazine Crimson from the March 1998 issue to the May 2003 issue , the chapters of Planet Ladder were published by Sobisha / Shueisha in seven tankōbon volumes from December 1998 to May 2004 . Based on the Japanese folktale The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter in which a girl is discovered to be the princess of the moon , the story focuses on a teenager named Kaguya , who is prophesied to save only one of the nine parallel worlds , and her quest to bring peace to a waring universe while finding her true identity . Planet Ladder was licensed for an English @-@ language translation in North America by Tokyopop , and released from April 2002 to March 2005 after being serialized in Tokyopop 's manga anthology Smile . Planet Ladder was part of Tokyopop 's line @-@ up of manga in its original right @-@ to @-@ left format ; previously , the majority of manga licensed in the United States was " flopped " to read left @-@ to @-@ right for a Western audience . Planet Ladder was positively received by English @-@ language readers , with two volumes placing in ICv2 's list of best @-@ selling graphic novels . The series received generally positive reviews from English @-@ language critics . On April 2 , 2007 , it went out of print in North America . = = Plot = = The series focuses on Kaguya Haruyama , a teenager who has lived with a Japanese foster family since she was found as an abandoned , amnesiac four @-@ year @-@ old . One night , two men — Idou , a monk , and Seeu , an emotionless prince — appear in her home and fight over her . Gold , Seeu 's robot modeled after Kaguya 's deceased brother Kagami , brings her to a world parallel to Earth on Seeu 's orders . After exploring the world with Gold , she encounters Shiina Mol Bamvivrie who believes Kaguya is the " Girl of Ananai " , destined to save only one of the nine parallel worlds from collision . Shiina explains that nine worlds exist : Ancient , the first civilized world that was mysteriously destroyed ; Asu , Seeu 's disintegrated world ; Eden , present @-@ day Earth ; Telene , a small world allied with Geo ; Fifth World , a politically neutral world ; Geus , a peaceful world under the control of Geo ; Geo , the most powerful of the worlds ; Asuraitsu , Geo 's rival ; and the Ninth World , destroyed before the start of the series . Shiina and Waseda , a Tokyo University student trapped in the body of a giant rooster , join her and Gold in traveling across Telene . After learning that Seeu watched his people die from an incurable virus spread around Asu , Kaguya decides to change the fate of the worlds by confronting Kura , Geo 's indulgent emperor who ordered her kidnapping . Instead , while en route to Geo , Gold brings her to Seeu 's floating castle in Asu and Kura captures and recruits Shiina into his army . Kaguya later makes an interplanetary broadcast , announcing her refusal to save only one world . Instead , she plans to find a person to help her save most of the worlds and people . Kura begins to destroy other worlds to increase Geo 's survival chances . Deciding to use Kaguya as a political figurehead , Kura sends Shiina to abduct her ; once there , Kaguya refuses to help him . Angered , Kura divulges that the " Girl of Ananai " legend is a myth elaborated on and spread around by him and Kagami . After a brief battle with Shiina , Seeu arrives to rescue Kaguya and she realizes her love for him . Transforming into a dragon , Gold teleports everyone to Ancient ; there Idou , Seeu , Kura , and Shiina are persuaded to combine their magical weapons with Gold to fix the rift in the universe , the cause of the eventual collision between the worlds . The series ends with an epilogue seven years later ; Kaguya explains the fate of everyone and meets Seeu and their young son with a picnic basket . = = Production = = According to manga artist Yuri Narushima , she began the manga with " a dramatic feeling in mind " and wanted to " start off with a comic book for young girls ( shōjo manga ) . " Narushima planned to have the plot progress quickly so the reader remembers the events and can " ' digest ' the foreshadowed events " . Planet Ladder was based on the Japanese folktale The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter , which focuses on a girl named Kaguya @-@ Hime who is discovered to be the princess of the moon . Additionally , the protagonist takes her name from the folktale . After discovering that a North American version of Planet Ladder was being simultaneously released , Narushima designed the cover of volume 6 to be " export friendly " , describing it as " like Japanese style , but slightly off " . Additionally , she considered serializing Planet Ladder in another magazine , but decided against it since the series was close to ending . = = Release = = Written and illustrated by Yuri Narushima , Planet Ladder appeared as a serial in the Japanese manga magazine Crimson from the March 1998 issue to the May 2003 issue . Sobisha / Shueisha later published the chapters in seven tankōbon volumes from December 1998 to May 2004 . Shueisha re @-@ released Planet Ladder in four bunkoban volumes from July 18 , to August 8 , 2008 . Tokyopop licensed Planet Ladder for an English @-@ language release in North America and serialized it in its manga magazine Smile . The first volume was released on April 23 , 2002 ; the final volume was published on March 8 , 2005 . Planet Ladder belonged to Tokyopop 's line @-@ up of manga in its original right @-@ to @-@ left format ; previously , the majority of manga licensed in the United States was " flopped " to read left @-@ to @-@ right for a Western audience . As a result , it was displayed in a case with the eight other " unflopped " manga — Chobits , Dragon Knights , Marmalade Boy , GTO , Real Bout High School , The Skull Man , Mars and Cowboy Bebop — and heavily advertised in anime magazines and on fan sites . Planet Ladder went out of print on April 2 , 2007 in North America . Only the last two volumes were given titles in the English @-@ language release : The Fate of the Dark Planet for volume six and Ananai of the Puzzled Star for the seventh volume . = = = Volume list = = = = = Reception = = Planet Ladder was positively received by English @-@ language readers . The fifth volume placed in the 44th spot on the list of the 50 best @-@ selling graphic novels of February 2003 , with an estimated 1 @,@ 176 copies sold . The sixth volume reached the 71st place on the list of the 100 best @-@ selling graphic novels of February 2004 , with an estimated 984 copies sold . Critical reaction to Planet Ladder was generally positive . In Manga : The Complete Guide , Jason Thompson wrote that the manga reminded him of " prose science fiction " , citing A Wrinkle in Time by Madeleine L 'Engle ( 1962 ) and Nine Princes in Amber by Roger Zelazny ( 1970 ) as examples . His criticism of the series centered on Narushima 's " inconsistent designs , crude faces , and too much greasy looking screentone " . While stating that Planet Ladder is a " difficult title to warm to , since it feels like we 're in the middle of the story , rather than the beginning " , Mike Dungan of Mania Entertainment considered the effort " worthy " , and wrote that it made Kaguya more sympathetic at the cost of the other characters . Dungan enjoyed the " pleasant though not especially unique " art , the " attractively designed and well @-@ drawn " characters , the occasional humor , and the overall adaptation , especially the " natural sounding dialogue " . However , he criticized Tokyopop 's inconsistent handling of the sound effects . Sequential Tart 's Sheena McNeil praised the plot as original and noted elements from fairytales and fantasy in the series . In follow @-@ up reviews , she praised the manga as " turning out to be one of the best fantasy manga out there ; it stands apart from the rest with its uniqueness " but expressed her surprise that Sheena 's name changed to Shiina halfway through the series with no explanation .
= SMS Schwaben = SMS Schwaben ( " His Majesty 's Ship Swabia " ) was the fourth ship of the Wittelsbach class of pre @-@ dreadnought battleships of the German Imperial Navy . Schwaben was built at the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven . She was laid down in 1900 , and completed in April 1904 , at the cost of 21 @,@ 678 @,@ 000 marks . Her sisters were Wittelsbach , Zähringen , Wettin and Mecklenburg ; they were the first capital ships built under the Navy Law of 1898 , brought about by Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz . Schwaben was armed with a main battery of four 24 @-@ centimeter ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) guns and had a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . Schwaben spent the majority of her career as a gunnery training ship from 1904 to 1914 , though she frequently participated in the large scale fleet exercises during this period . After the start of World War I in August 1914 , the ship was mobilized with her sisters as the IV Battle Squadron . She saw limited duty in the North Sea as a guard ship and in the Baltic Sea against Russian forces . The threat from British submarines forced the ship to withdraw from the Baltic in 1916 . For the remainder of the war , Schwaben served as an engineering training ship for navy cadets . She was retained by the Reichsmarine after the war and reactivated in 1919 . During this period , she served as a depot ship for F @-@ type minesweepers in the Baltic until June 1920 . The ship was stricken from the navy list in March 1921 and sold for scrapping in that year . = = Description = = Schwaben was 126 @.@ 8 m ( 416 ft 0 in ) long overall and had a beam of 22 @.@ 8 m ( 74 ft 10 in ) and a draft of 7 @.@ 95 m ( 26 ft 1 in ) forward . The ship was powered by three 3 @-@ cylinder vertical triple expansion engines that drove three screws . Steam was provided by six water @-@ tube and six cylindrical coal @-@ fired boilers . Schwaben 's powerplant was rated at 14 @,@ 000 metric horsepower ( 13 @,@ 808 ihp ; 10 @,@ 297 kW ) , which generated a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . She had a crew of 30 officers and 650 enlisted men . Schwaben 's armament consisted of a main battery of four 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) SK L / 40 guns in twin gun turrets , one fore and one aft of the central superstructure . Her secondary armament consisted of eighteen 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 inch ) SK L / 40 guns and twelve 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 45 in ) SK L / 30 quick @-@ firing guns . The armament system was rounded out with six 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , all submerged in the hull ; one was in the bow , one in the stern , and the other four were on the broadside . Her armored belt was 225 millimeters ( 8 @.@ 9 in ) thick in the central portion that protected her magazines and machinery spaces , and the deck was 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick . The main battery turrets had 250 mm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) of armor plating . = = Service history = = Schwaben 's keel was laid 15 September 1900 , at the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven , under construction number 27 . She was ordered under the contract name " G " , as a new unit for the fleet . The vessel was a member of the first class of battleships built under the direction of Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz , the State Secretary of the Reichsmarineamt ( RMA — Imperial Navy Office ) , according to the terms of the Navy Law of 1898 . Schwaben was launched on 19 August 1901 ; during the launching ceremony , King Wilhelm II of Württemberg gave a speech and his wife Queen Charlotte of Württemberg christened the ship . She was commissioned on 13 April 1904 , the last ship of her class to enter active service . The ship 's cost totaled 21 @,@ 678 @,@ 000 marks . There was a dispute over where Schwaben should be assigned after her commissioning in April 1904 . Admiral Hans von Koester , the fleet commander , wanted the ship to be assigned to the active duty squadron , but Tirpitz wanted to use the new battleship as a training vessel , since the Training Squadron only possessed cruisers and obsolescent ships . Tirpitz won the debate , and so Schwaben was to replace the ancient ironclad frigate Friedrich Carl in the Training Squadron . There , she was to serve as a torpedo training ship . On 18 May , Schwaben departed Wilhelmshaven and passed through the Skagerrak to the Baltic Sea , arriving in Kiel on 22 May . While on sea trials , she struck an uncharted shoal off the northern tip of the island of Fehmarn . The impact damaged a 30 @-@ meter ( 98 ft ) length of the ship 's hull and holed it in several places . After repairs were completed , she resumed her trials , which lasted until the end of 1904 . The trials were interrupted by the annual autumn maneuvers , during which Schwaben joined the active fleet in the North Sea . On 11 January 1905 , she was formally assigned to the Training Squadron , but as an artillery training ship to replace the old vessel Mars . The ship was based in Sonderburg in the Baltic , along with the armored cruisers Prinz Heinrich and Prinz Adalbert , and several other training ships . She began an annual routine of gunnery training in the western Baltic that was interrupted only by yearly gunnery drills with the entire High Seas Fleet in October . During these fleet exercises , Schwaben was supported by the tender Ulan . Schwaben also went into drydock from the end of October to the middle of December every year for periodic maintenance . Schwaben participated in exercises in the Swinemünde Bay in April and May 1906 , and the annual fleet gunnery drills took place off Helgoland in August . Her annual overhaul was completed early , in November . In March 1907 , Schwaben participated in gunnery training with the fleet . She joined the flagship of the Reserve Squadron , the coastal defense ship Frithjof , for maneuvers off the coast of Farther Pomerania in July . The following month , Schwaben served as the flagship of Vizeadmiral ( Vice Admiral ) Hugo Zeye for a training squadron during the fleet maneuvers in the North Sea . Directly after the conclusion of the fleet maneuvers in mid @-@ September , Schwaben participated in fleet gunnery drills off Helgoland . The year was concluded with an overhaul in the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven . In 1908 , the training ships based in the Baltic were placed under the command of Rear Admiral Hugo von Pohl , who would go on to command the High Seas Fleet in 1915 during World War I. That year followed the same pattern as the previous year , but Schwaben did not participate in the autumn fleet maneuvers . She instead remained at Sonderburg and Alsen during the exercises . In 1909 , after the autumn maneuvers , Schwaben was assigned as the flagship of the Reserve Fleet , again under the command of Admiral Zeye . During her yearly overhaul at the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven , her guns were fitted with new motors produced in Germany to test their reliability over foreign @-@ manufactured motors . The tests proved to be successful . While steaming in the Flensburg Firth on 10 – 12 December , she had to assist the training ship Württemberg in heavy fog . In 1910 , after the normal training routine in the first half of the year , Schwaben was assigned to the III Battle Squadron of the High Seas Fleet for the autumn maneuvers , which lasted from 19 August to 11 September . She served in this role to replace the battleships Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm and Weissenburg , which had been sold to the Ottoman Empire just before the start of the maneuvers . On 14 October , she joined up with the battleship Elsass and steamed through the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal to Kiel for her yearly overhaul at the Imperial Dockyard there . These repairs lasted until 4 January 1911 . Schwaben served in the III Battle Squadron during the autumn maneuvers again in 1911 . By 1911 , the eight Nassau and Helgoland classes of dreadnought battleships had entered service ; these ships were assigned to the I Battle Squadron , which displaced the newer pre @-@ dreadnoughts of the Deutschland and Braunschweig classes to the II and III Battle Squadrons . As a result , Schwaben was decommissioned in Wilhelmshaven on 30 December 1911 and assigned to the Reserve Division in the North Sea . She was briefly placed back in service briefly from 9 to 12 May 1912 to move the ship to Kiel . Schwaben returned to service again to participate in the autumn maneuvers from 14 August to 28 September , as the flagship of then @-@ Konteradmiral Maximilian von Spee . = = = World War I = = = After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Schwaben and the rest of her class were mobilized to serve in the IV Battle Squadron , under the command of Vice Admiral Ehrhard Schmidt . After it reached full combat readiness , the Squadron was employed both as a defense force in the German Bight — usually stationed in the mouth of the Elbe — and for operations in the Baltic . Starting on 3 September , the IV Squadron , assisted by the armored cruiser Blücher , conducted a sweep into the Baltic . The operation lasted until 9 September and failed to bring Russian naval units to battle . In May 1915 , IV Squadron , including Schwaben , was transferred to support the German Army in the Baltic Sea area . Schwaben and her sisters were then based in Kiel . During this period , she served as the flagship of the second command admiral of the Squadron , Konteradmiral Alberts . On 6 May , the IV Squadron ships were tasked with providing support to the assault on Libau . Schwaben and the other ships stood off Gotland in order to intercept any Russian cruisers that might try to intervene in the landings , which the Russians did not attempt . On 10 May , after the invasion force had entered Libau , the British submarines HMS E1 and HMS E9 spotted the IV Squadron , but were too far away to make an attack . The increasingly active British submarines forced the Germans to employ more destroyers to protect the capital ships . As a result , Schwaben and her sisters were not included in the German fleet that assaulted the Gulf of Riga in August 1915 , due to the scarcity of escorts . On 29 August , Kapitän zur See ( Captain at Sea ) Walter Engelhardt replaced Alberts aboard Schwaben . She was then used as a guard ship in Libau , starting on 24 September . On 10 – 11 November , Schwaben , her sisters Wittelsbach and Wettin , and Prinz Heinrich left Libau , bound for Kiel . By late 1915 , the increasing threat from British submarines in the Baltic convinced the German navy to withdraw the elderly Wittelsbach @-@ class ships from active service . On 20 November Schwaben steamed to Wilhelmshaven , where she replaced Kaiser Karl der Grosse as a training ship for engineers , a role she held for the remainder of the war . After the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June , in which Schwaben did not take part , Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper , the commander of the German battlecruiser squadron , sent his four surviving battlecruisers to dock for repairs . Hipper made Schwaben , which was stationed in Wilhelmshaven , his temporary command ship while his force was being repaired . In 1916 , Schwaben was partially disarmed ; the four 24 cm guns were removed , her battery of 15 cm guns was reduced to six weapons , and only four 8 @.@ 8 cm guns were left aboard . = = = Postwar service = = = The ship was briefly retained by the Reichsmarine after the end of the war , and was reactivated for service on 1 August 1919 . According to Articles 182 and 193 of the Treaty of Versailles , Germany was obliged to keep sufficient vessels in commission to sweep mines from large areas in the North and Baltic Seas . Schwaben was therefore converted into a depot ship for F @-@ type minesweepers to assist in meeting Germany 's treaty obligations , which entailed removal of her remaining weaponry and construction of platforms to hold the minesweepers . She was assigned to the 6th Baltic Minesweeping Half @-@ Flotilla , though this service did not last long , as the minesweeping work was completed by 19 June 1920 . The old battleship was stricken from the naval register on 8 March 1921 . She was sold for 3 @,@ 090 @,@ 000 marks and broken up for scrap that year in Kiel @-@ Nordmole .
= 1914 Atlantic hurricane season = The 1914 Atlantic hurricane season was the least active Atlantic hurricane season on record , with only one known tropical storm . Although hurricane season typically encompasses a much larger time @-@ span , actual activity was confined to the middle of September . The only tropical cyclone of the year developed in the region of The Bahamas on September 15 and drifted northwestward , moving inland over Florida and Georgia . Thorough warnings before the storm prevented any major damage . The 1914 season is one of only two that did not produce any hurricanes ( the other being the 1907 season ) . Due to the lack of modern technology , including satellite imagery , information is often sparse , and an additional tropical depression may have existed in late October . = = Season summary = = With only one official tropical cyclone , the 1914 season was the least active Atlantic hurricane season on record . It is one of only two Atlantic seasons without a storm of hurricane intensity ( winds of 75 mph ( 121 km / h ) or stronger ) , the other being the 1907 season . The sole tropical storm 's formation on September 14 represents the latest start to a hurricane season since officials records began in 1851 . Information on the 1914 season is chiefly based on data from the Atlantic hurricane database ( HURDAT ) , which undertook a thorough reanalysis of hurricanes from 1911 through 1914 in 2005 . Several changes , mostly of a minor nature , were made to the September tropical storm . Additionally , two other systems during the year were formally considered for inclusion into the hurricane database ; one of them was deemed a potential tropical depression , but considered too weak to be classified a tropical storm . The other was assessed as a non @-@ tropical system . The 2005 HURDAT reanalysis relied largely on historical weather maps and ship reports in place of modern technology , including satellite imagery . = = Storms = = = = = Tropical Storm One = = = The first and only tropical storm of the season originated in a westward @-@ moving tropical wave denoted on weather maps from September 13 . Decreases in air pressure occurred throughout the Bahamas , providing " strong indications of a disturbance " . The system became a tropical depression at 00 : 00 UTC on September 15 , approximately 200 mi ( 320 km ) east of Miami , Florida . It strengthened into a tropical storm about 12 hours later , leading to the issuance of storm warnings from the east coast of Florida to as far north as Hatteras , North Carolina . The system drifted northwest while gradually intensifying , and was situated south of the Georgia coast late on September 16 . While most tropical systems in the vicinity tend to continue northward along the Eastern Seaboard , the cyclone curved westward and moved ashore near the Florida – Georgia state border after achieving a peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . It progressed inland over southern Georgia as it quickly weakened , but its intensity leveled off after around 18 : 00 UTC on September 17 . The storm skirted the northern Gulf of Mexico as it swerved slightly south of due west , weakening to a tropical depression over southeastern Louisiana . By early September 19 , the depression had further deteriorated into an open trough — a poorly defined , elongated area of low pressure . The storm produced widespread rainfall in the Southeastern United States , accompanied by gale @-@ force winds along the coast , and ships reported severe conditions at sea . High tides occurred around St. Augustine , Florida , washing over the South Street Causeway . Winds from the storm dispersed large amounts of dead grass from marshes in the area . No significant damage was reported due to thorough warnings before the cyclone . A 2005 reanalysis of the storm made some minor changes to its listing in the official hurricane database , setting back the time of formation and raising the peak intensity . = = = Tropical depression = = = In addition to the September tropical storm , a possible depression that remained below tropical storm intensity developed in late October . On October 24 , a broad area of low pressure was present over the western Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea . A possible center of low pressure , attached to a cold front extending southward , had formed within the larger system and moved toward the east . Another center of low pressure formed in the northwestern Caribbean on October 25 and is considered a tropical depression in contemporary research . The depression had weak winds due to the light pressure gradient in the region and , at its peak , it had a minimum central pressure of 1 @,@ 004 mbar ( 29 @.@ 6 inHg ) . On October 26 , the cold front associated with the extratropical cyclone to the north absorbed the tropical system . The next day , the extratropical system deteriorated into an open trough . Although the tropical low was reviewed for inclusion into the hurricane database as a tropical storm in 2005 , it was deemed too weak .
= Campbell 's dwarf hamster = Campbell 's dwarf hamster ( Phodopus campbelli ) is a species of hamster in the genus Phodopus . It was given its common name by Oldfield Thomas in honour of W.C. Campbell , who collected the first specimen in Mongolia on July 1 , 1902 . It is distinguished from the closely related Djungarian hamster as it has smaller ears and no dark fur on its crown . Campbell 's dwarf hamster typically has a narrow dorsal stripe compared to the Djungarian hamster and grey fur on the stomach . In the wild , the breeding season for Campbell 's dwarf hamster varies by location . For example , the breeding season begins towards the middle of April in Tuva and towards the end of April in Mongolia . However , in captivity , there is no fixed breeding season and they can breed frequently throughout the year . Females are usually sexually mature at two months of age and the gestation period is typically 20 days . Campbell 's dwarf hamster is crepuscular , along with all species of Phodopus and is active throughout the year . Campbell 's dwarf hamsters are omnivores , and so feed on both plant and insect material . Campbell 's dwarf hamster inhabits burrows with four to six horizontal and vertical tunnels in the steppes and semi deserts of central Asia , the Altai mountains , autonomous areas of Tuva and the Hebei province in northeastern China . This hamster is listed as of Least Concern by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) . It is native to China , Kazakhstan , Mongolia and Russian Federation . = = Taxonomy and naming = = The binomial name of Campbell 's dwarf hamster is Phodopus campbelli . This species is the type species of Phodopus , and is named after W. C. Campbell , who first described it on July 1 , 1902 , in Inner Mongolia . The exact location was given as " Shaborte " ( a Mongolian word for a dry lake ) and so the exact co @-@ ordinates are not clear . Thomas described the type specimen in 1905 as Cricetulus campbelli . Synonyms for this species are Phodopus crepidatus and Phodopus tuvinicus . Common names have been applied to Campbell 's dwarf hamster , including the striped hairy @-@ footed hamster , the Djungarian hamster , the Siberian hamster , and Campbell 's hamster . Campbell 's dwarf hamster is commonly confused with the Djungarian hamster ( Phodopus sungorus ) due to some of the common names , such as the " Siberian hamster " also being used to describe the Djungarian hamster . = = = Subspecies = = = American biologist Ned Hollister described a subspecies in 1912 : P. c. crepidatus : Found in the Altai Mountains of Siberia = = Physical description = = A typical wild Campbell 's dwarf hamster is 13 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 53 in ) long , with a tail length of 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 20 in ) . In captivity , they are proportionally larger , as commercial pet food and fruits provide more nutrition than food found commonly in the wild . The lips and cheeks have white fur and the rest of the fur around the face can be either grey or brown . A dark and narrow dorsal stripe runs along the center of the back from the nape of the neck to about 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) above the tail . The surface of the hands and feet are white to ensure the animal stays warm in colder climates in countries such as Mongolia . In both the wild and captivity , Campbell 's dwarf hamsters scent @-@ mark around their territories using Harderian glands , skin glands located behind the ears . They use urine and feces for communication . Campbell 's dwarf hamster is distinguished from the similar looking Djungarian hamster by its smaller ears and no dark patch on the crown of its head , in certain colourations . The dorsal stripe of Campbell 's dwarf hamster is narrower , shorter , and darker than that of the Djungarian hamster , and the fur on the stomach of Campbell 's dwarf hamster is grey , but it is white on the Djungarian hamster . Campbell 's dwarf hamster does not turn white in the winter and has a grey tint to its fur . It has a smaller interorbital breadth , but has a larger auditory bulla . Campbell 's dwarf hamster is much less tolerant to lower temperatures than the Djungarian hamster . A laboratory experiment showed Campbell 's dwarf hamster can resist temperatures as low as − 31 @.@ 8 ° C ( − 25 @.@ 2 ° F ) , where the Djungarian hamster can withstand temperatures as low as − 44 @.@ 7 ° C ( − 48 @.@ 5 ° F ) . Campbell 's dwarf hamster reacts to lower temperatures by constantly exercising and tries to find a sheltered location , unlike the Djungarian hamster , which curls up and relies on its autonomic thermoregulation . Campbell 's dwarf hamster has cheek pouches , which are an extension of the mouth , extending from the mouth all the way to the rear legs . Food is transferred into these pouches through the diastema . The inside of the pouch contains a large number of folds of dermal papillae . When the pouch is full , it extends and becomes part of the structure of the skin . By 11 days of age , the cheek pouches are fully grown and can carry objects up to the size of a sunflower seed . When the cheek pouches become full , they extend back to the shoulder blades , which restrict movement . Campbell 's dwarf hamster is prone to genetic abnormalities in the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids . They can develop tumours of the mammary glands , lungs , uterus , and ovaries . Tumours can also develop if the animal is exposed to chemical carcinogens . Due to having slow locomotion and an insignificant response to bright lights and humans , as well as having a low population density , field studies allow scientists to study entire populations in the wild . = = = Lifespan = = = In a laboratory experiment , the average lifespan for a male Campbell 's dwarf hamster in captivity was 278 days and for a female was 356 days . In a different experiment , hamsters kept in captivity born in the summer lived for an average of 2 @.@ 0 – 2 @.@ 5 years . Young hamsters provided widely varied diets early in life are less likely to suffer digestive problems as they mature , but this is not always possible in the wild due to lack of food ; this causes the life expectancy of captive hamsters to be greater than that of wild hamsters . = = Diet = = As omnivores , Campbell 's dwarf hamsters eat a variety of different foods . A balanced diet for a hamster consists of 16 @-@ 24 % protein , 60 @-@ 65 % carbohydrates , and 5 – 7 % fat , with constant access to fresh water . In their natural habitats , dwarf hamsters feed almost exclusively on plant materials . In captivity , Campbell 's dwarf hamsters can get the required nutrition from commercially available food designed specifically for hamsters , which typically contain a mix of dry grains , nuts , and seeds that may be fortified with vitamins and minerals . An excess of any one particular seed or nut can lead to digestive problems , obesity , and forms nutritional deficiency . In addition to a commercially prepared seed mix , a balanced diet for a Campbell 's dwarf hamster in captivity includes a regulated variety of fresh vegetables and fruits . Dark greens such as kale are rich in vitamins and minerals . Wild vegetables such as yarrow , chickweed , and dandelion and raspberry leaves , are also good sources of protein that helps prevent obesity . A hamster in captivity can occasionally eat mealworms or earthworms , which have high protein contents . Boiled egg whites and small pieces of clean , cooked chicken are also sources of extra protein . They can also eat wheat grain , sunflower seeds , and locusts . The teeth of Campbell 's dwarf hamster never stop growing . Like all rodents , they must therefore gnaw regularly to keep their incisors from growing into the skin of the mouth and causing pain and irritation . Smooth , young wood from nontoxic trees , such as apple and willow , is readily used by most species in the genus . Most pet stores sell nontoxic wooden chews designed for rodents in captivity . Certain food items commonly consumed by humans are toxic to hamsters and should be avoided completely in captivity . After they are completely weaned at around 21 days of age , Campbell 's dwarf hamsters are lactose intolerant and cannot digest milk . Onions and garlic are very dangerous and can cause severe haemolytic anemia . Leafy green vegetables such as cabbage and celery contain a large amount of water , so can have severe laxative effects on small animals . Grapes and raisins may contribute to acute renal failure , due to their high level of acidity . Chocolate and other sticky foods such peanut butter may solidify in a hamster 's cheek pouches and lead to infections , which can lead to death . In the wild , the diets of Campbell 's dwarf hamsters vary across the population range . A total of 51 different species of plants were identified to be consumed by the Transbaikalia population , the most common being Stipa capillata and species of Allium . However , in Tuva , only 10 species of plant were identified to be consumed by the population , the most common being Potentilla . Campbell 's dwarf hamster is a natural predator of burrowing worms and grubs . = = Breeding = = In Tuva , the breeding season of Campbell 's dwarf hamster begins in April , and in Mongolia , it begins in at the end of April or the beginning of May . However , in all distribution ranges , it ends in late September or early October . In captivity , Campbell 's dwarf hamsters breed throughout the year , with no fixed breeding season , but a large number are born in the summer months . In the wild , three to four litters are produced each year , with an average of eight offspring per litter . In captivity , females can have between one and 18 litters per year , with one to nine offspring per litter . In captivity , the gestation period for Campbell 's dwarf hamster is between 18 and 20 days , and the shortest gestation period recorded for a captive female was 13 days . The male hamster is likely to assist the female during birth . The male may pull the offspring from the birth canal , clean them , or collect food for the mother and offspring . When the offspring are born , they are hairless and have a body mass of approximately 1 @.@ 5 g ( 0 @.@ 053 oz ) . Incisors and claws are already formed , but the digits , eyes , and pinnae are closed and cannot be used . The rate at which the young develop differs depending on the distribution range . However , the differences are usually no longer than a day . In Tuva , the pinnae open on the first day of birth and are completely open after three days of development . However , in Mongolia , the same process occurs between two and four days of development . Fur first grows on the crown , back , and abdomen . The young are usually have a full coat of fur after seven days of development . Offspring born in captivity have a shorter development time than those born in the wild . Specifically , the growth and development of the head and body , tail , hind feet , and pinnae can be up to a day sooner than those found in the wild . After 28 days of development in captivity , the young are already around half the mass of their parents . In captivity , females become sexually mature at two months of age . The ovarian follicle forms about 16 days prior to the birth of the offspring . After mating , female hamsters typically have larger uteri , ovaries , and adrenal glands compared to females which live alone , with other females or those that have not mated . The females and males may fight each other when getting to know their partner . Also , these females have a shorter gestation period , around four to five days . = = = Hybrids = = = In captivity , only Campbell 's dwarf hamsters and Djungarian hamsters are able to interbreed and produce live offspring or hybrids . Although hybrids make suitable pets , the breeding of hybrids and cloning can cause health problems , due to inherited diseases . Because genetic information can be very similar , genetic health problems or vulnerabilities can easily be inherited by the offspring . The widespread breeding and distribution of hybrids could threaten the existence of both pure species and subspecies of the ecosystem . This could ultimately lead to the extinction of the subspecies . Each litter becomes smaller as more generations are produced and the young commonly begin to inherit many congenital problems . = = Habitat = = Campbell 's dwarf hamsters inhabit burrows in the steppes and semideserts of central Asia , the Altai mountains , autonomous areas of Tuva , and the Hebei province in northeastern China . A burrow can contain four to six horizontal and vertical tunnels . The tunnels leading to the nesting area can be as deep as 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) below the ground , but are usually 20 – 30 cm ( 7 @.@ 9 – 11 @.@ 8 in ) deep . The burrows are lined with either dry grass or sheep 's wool . They may sometimes share burrows with Daurian pikas , but only in the steppes and semideserts of northern Manchuria . In parts of Mongolia , the hamsters may also share burrows with species of Meriones to save them from digging their own . In Tuva , Campbell 's dwarf hamsters have been found living with other hamsters , such as the Chinese striped hamster , the Roborovski hamster , and the long @-@ tailed dwarf hamster . The diets of the three types of hamsters are different to avoid fighting over the same type of food , which is why they live together . Campbell 's dwarf hamsters may also live near areas of human civilization . In Mongolia , they may be found in yurts to keep warm during the winter , as they do not have thermoregulation like the Djungarian hamster . They have five main predators : the Eurasian eagle owl , the steppe eagle , the corsac fox , the common kestrel , and the saker falcon . All distribution areas have more females than males , because males are at higher risk from predators , as they cannot move as quickly . = = Status and conservation = = This hamster is listed as of Least Concern by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) . The population and distribution size are large , and no major or widespread threats to the species are known . However , the increasing number of livestock in the areas of distribution , such as the steppes of central Asia , some burrows are at a small risk of being destroyed . In arid areas of distribution , the reduction in the amount of water sources is also a minor concern . These hamsters are conserved in protected areas .
= Battle of Concepción = The Battle of Concepción was fought on October 28 , 1835 , between Mexican troops under Colonel Domingo Ugartechea and Texian insurgents led by James Bowie and James Fannin . The 30 @-@ minute engagement , which historian J. R. Edmondson describes as " the first major engagement of the Texas Revolution " , occurred on the grounds of Mission Concepción , 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) south of what is now Downtown San Antonio in the U.S. state of Texas . On October 13 , the newly created Texian Army under Stephen F. Austin had marched towards Bexar , where General Martín Perfecto de Cos commanded the remaining Mexican soldiers in Texas . On October 27 , Austin sent Bowie and Fannin , with 90 soldiers , to find a defensible spot near Bexar for the Texian Army to rest . After choosing a site near Mission Concepción , the scouting party camped for the night and sent a courier to notify Austin . After learning that the Texian Army was divided , Cos sent Ugartechea with 275 soldiers to attack the Texians camped at Concepción . The Texians took cover in a horseshoe @-@ shaped gully ; their good defensive position , longer firing range , and better ammunition helped them to repel several Mexican attacks , and the Mexican soldiers retreated just 30 minutes before the remainder of the Texian Army arrived . Historians estimate that between 14 and 76 Mexican soldiers were killed , while only one Texian soldier died . = = Background = = The newly organized Texian Army , determined to put a decisive end to Mexican control over Texas , began marching towards San Antonio de Bexar on October 13 , 1835 . Days earlier , General Martín Perfecto de Cos , brother @-@ in @-@ law of the Mexican president , had arrived in Bexar to take command of all the Mexican forces in Texas . By October 20 the Texians — led by Stephen F. Austin , the first empresario to bring English @-@ speaking settlers to Texas — had reached Salado Creek and initiated a siege of Béxar . To keep the Texians from examining Mexican defensive measures , Mexican troops attempted to restrict access to and from the city . Despite those efforts , several people were able to leave their homes and join the Texians . Among those was James Bowie , who was well known for his fighting prowess ; stories of his exploits in the Sandbar Fight and his search for the lost San Saba mine had been widely reported . On October 22 , Austin named Bowie a colonel and gave him joint command of the 1st Battalion with Captain James W. Fannin . Before nightfall the 1st Battalion began a reconnaissance mission to evaluate the former missions around San Antonio as potential campsites . Locals familiar with the area , Juan Seguín and his Texians , would guide the men along the river . After investigating three of the missions , Bowie and Fannin selected Mission San Francisco de la Espada as the most promising campsite . The rest of the Texian Army joined them there early on October 27 . Eager to move closer to Bexar , Austin immediately sent Bowie and Fannin to find a good defensive spot for the army to rest that night . = = Prelude = = Bowie and Fannin were accompanied by ninety soldiers , divided into four companies led by Captains Andrew Briscoe , Robert Coleman , Michael Goheen , and Valentine Bennet . The group took a northerly route , following the San Antonio River past Missions San Juan and San José . Along the way they encountered a small party of Mexican scouts , who retreated to Bexar after a brief skirmish . Approximately 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) from San Antonio de Bexar and 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) from the Texian camp at Espada , the Texian scouting party stopped at Mission Concepción . Five hundred yards ( 460 m ) west of the mission , the San Antonio River curved in a small horseshoe shape , with the two sides of the river 's curve approximately 100 yards ( 91 m ) apart . According to historian Alwyn Barr , " trees shaded both sides of the broad riverbottom which lay about six feet below the level of the rolling praire [ sic ? ] nearby " . Rather than return immediately to Austin , as their orders specified , Bowie and Fannin instead sent a courier to bring Austin directions to Concepción . The next day , an angry Austin issued a statement threatening officers who chose not to follow orders with court @-@ martial . The Texian scouting party divided into two camps . Fannin supervised 49 men at the south part of the horseshoe bend , while Bowie and the remaining men camped at the northern part of the bend . Any Mexican force coming from the north would be caught in their cross @-@ fire . Pickets were stationed around the area and in the mission tower , which offered greater visibility . As they settled down for the evening , the Texians were surprised to see a Mexican cannonball , fired from one of the church towers in Bexar , hit just beyond their camp . Many of the Texian soldiers believed that a priest from the mission had informed the Mexican Army of their position . = = Battle = = Hoping to neutralize the Texian force at Concepción before the remainder of the Texian Army arrived , Cos ordered Colonel Domingo Ugartechea to lead an early @-@ morning assault on October 28 . At 6 : 00 a.m. , Ugartechea left Bexar with 275 Mexican soldiers and 2 cannons . Heavy fog delayed their approach , and the Mexican soldiers did not reach Concepción until 7 : 30 or 8 : 00 a.m. A Mexican cavalry scout fired at Texian picket Henry Karnes ; after returning fire , Karnes ran back to his company , frustrated because , as he put it , " Boys , the scoundrels have shot off my powder horn " . The Texians took refuge in the gully , firing from its edge before dropping the 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 8 m ) down to the river level to reload . As the remaining Texian sentries hurried to join the main body of Texian soldiers , Pen Jarvis was struck by a Mexican bullet and fell down the river bank . The bullet hit a knife Jarvis had slipped through the front of his belt , and he suffered only bruises . The Texian position was surrounded by trees , leaving the Mexican cavalry no room to maneuver . The 200 members of the cavalry remained on the west bank of the river , behind the Texians , to foil any escape attempts . Lieutenant Colonel José Maria Mendosa brought the Mexican infantry and artillery across the river to a position below that of the Texians . In response , Texians trimmed undergrowth near their camp to provide better visibility and dug steps into the embankment so that they could more easily climb up to fire . The two sides skirmished desultorily for two hours , until the fog began to lift . At that point , 50 – 60 Mexican infantrymen crossed the prairie to surround the Texians . Seeing their approach , Bowie shouted to his Texian forces , " Keep under cover , boys , and reserve your fire ; we haven 't a man to spare ! " At 300 yards ( 270 m ) from the Texian position , the Mexican infantry halted and formed a line with the cannon in the middle . They began firing as they advanced toward the Texian positions , to little effect . For the most part , the Mexican volleys passed over the heads of the Texians . According to Texian Noah Smithwick , " grapeshot and canister thrashed through the pecan trees overhead , raining a shower of ripe nuts down on us , and I saw men picking them up and eating them with as little concern as if they were being shaken down by a norther . " In his official report to Austin , Bowie remarked that " The discharge from the enemy was one continued blaze of fire , whilst that from our lines , was more slowly delivered , but with good aim and deadly effect . " The Mexican infantry were assigned Brown Bess muskets , which had a maximum range of only 70 yards ( 64 m ) , compared to the 200 @-@ yard ( 180 m ) effective range of the Texian long rifles . The Texians were short of ammunition , however , and although Mexican ammunition was plentiful , it was poor quality . In several cases , Mexican musket balls bounced off Texian soldiers , causing little damage other than a bruise . When Mexican officers ordered a charge on the south bend held by Fannin , Bowie sent Coleman 's company to help . Most of the Texian reinforcements maneuvered to their new position from below the river bank , but several rose from cover and dashed across the prairie . One of them , Richard Andrews , was hit in the side with grapeshot and died several hours after the battle . As the reinforcements reached the southern part of the horseshoe , the Mexican infantry fell back , leaving the cannon within 100 yards ( 91 m ) of the Texians . Texians redirected their fire to the cannoneers . After three different sets of gunners were killed or wounded , the cannons were abandoned . The Mexican infantry attempted three attacks ; all were repulsed . As the Mexican buglers called for a retreat , the infantry fell back beyond Texian rifle range . The Mexican cavalry was sent to retrieve wounded men and the cannon . As the cavalry approached , Bowie led a charge onto the prairie . The Texians quickly captured the cannon and turned it on the fleeing Mexican soldiers . Grapeshot killed one of the mule drivers , causing his caisson to go out of control and " careen [ ... ] through the shattered Mexican ranks " . The battle had lasted only 30 minutes . = = Aftermath = = Austin had intended to reunite the two parts of his army early on October 28 , but the group camping at Mission Espada had delayed their departure to unsuccessfully pursue a company that had deserted . Lieutenant Colonel William Barret Travis and his company of cavalry rode ahead of the main body of the army . When they reached Concepción , the Mexican Army was still visible in the distance . The small band of Texian cavalry pursued but the Mexican soldiers reached Bexar safely . Less than 30 minutes after the battle ended , the rest of the Texian Army arrived . Austin felt that the Mexican morale must be low after their defeat and wanted to proceed immediately to Bexar . Bowie and other officers refused , as they believed Bexar was too heavily fortified . The Texians searched the area for any Mexican equipment which had been abandoned during the retreat . They found several boxes of cartridges . Complaining that the Mexican powder was " little better than pounded charcoal " , the Texians emptied the cartridges but kept the bullets . That evening , Austin allowed a local priest and men from Bexar to retrieve the bodies of the Mexican soldiers who had died in battle . Barr estimated that at least 14 Mexican soldiers were killed , with an additional 39 wounded , several of whom died later . Timothy Todish et al . , in their book The Alamo Sourcebook , estimated that 60 Mexican soldiers were killed , while historian Stephen Hardin claimed that 76 Mexican soldiers died . The only Texian to die in battle was Andrews , and Jarvis was the only Texian classified as wounded . This battle , which historian J. R. Edmondson describes as " the first major engagement of the Texas Revolution " , was the last offensive against the Texians that Cos would order . Barr attributed the Texian victory to " able leadership , a strong position , and greater firepower " . The Mexican cavalry was unable to fight effectively in the wooded , riverbottom terrain , and the weapons of the Mexican infantry had a much lower range than that of the Texians . Although Barr continues that the battle " should have taught ... lessons on Mexican courage and the value of a good defensive position " , Hardin believes that " the relative ease of the victory at Concepción instilled in the Texians a reliance on their long rifles and a contempt for their enemies " . A soldier who later served under Fannin complained that Fannin 's " former experience in fighting Mexicans [ at Concepción ] had led him to neglect to take such precautionary measures as were requisite " , which may have contributed to his defeat at the Battle of Coleto in March 1836 .
= The Usual Suspects = The Usual Suspects is a 1995 American neo @-@ noir mystery crime thriller film directed by Bryan Singer and written by Christopher McQuarrie . It stars Stephen Baldwin , Gabriel Byrne , Benicio del Toro , Kevin Pollak , Chazz Palminteri , Pete Postlethwaite and Kevin Spacey . The film follows the interrogation of Roger " Verbal " Kint , a small @-@ time con man who is one of only two survivors of a massacre and fire on a ship docked at the Port of Los Angeles . He tells an interrogator a convoluted story about events that led him and his partners in crime to the boat , and about a mysterious mob boss known as Keyser Söze who commissioned their work . Using flashback and narration , Kint 's story becomes increasingly complex . The film , shot on a $ 6 million budget , began as a title taken from a column in Spy magazine called The Usual Suspects , after one of Claude Rains ' most memorable lines in the classic film Casablanca . Singer thought it would make a good title for a film , the poster for which he and McQuarrie had developed as the first visual idea . The film was shown out of competition at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival , and then initially released in a few theaters . It received favorable reviews , and was eventually given a wider release . McQuarrie won an Academy Award for Best Writing ( Original Screenplay ) and Spacey won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance . The Writer 's Guild of America ranks the film as having the 35th greatest screenplay of all time . It is now remembered for having one of the most definitive and popular plot twists in cinematic history . = = Plot = = The film opens with criminal Dean Keaton lying badly wounded on a ship docked in the San Pedro Bay . He is confronted by a mysterious figure whom he calls " Keyser " , who shoots him dead and sets fire to the ship , The bloodbath on the ship leaves only two survivors : Arkosh Kovash , a Hungarian mobster hospitalized with severe burns ; and Roger " Verbal " Kint , a con artist with cerebral palsy . Customs agent Dave Kujan flies in from New York City to interrogate Verbal , who describes in flashback the events that led him and four other criminals - Keaton , Michael McManus , Fred Fenster and Todd Hockney - onto the ship . Verbal explains that , six weeks earlier in New York , he and the other criminals were arrested on a trumped @-@ up hijacking charge , and decided to pull another heist to get back at the police . Led by Keaton , a former corrupt policeman , they robbed a group of corrupt cops who transported smugglers in a police convoy . They then went to California to fence the stolen jewels with a criminal named Redfoot . Redfoot turned them on to another jewel heist , but the quarry turned out to be heroin , and the five had to shoot their way out . Soon after , a lawyer named Kobayashi contacted them and told them that Keyser Söze , a Turkish crime lord with a mythical reputation from whom all of the thieves had unwittingly stolen , had offered them a job : invade a ship manned by a gang of Argentinian drug dealers with whom Söze was competing and destroy the $ 91 million worth of cocaine that they were transporting . When Kujan learns of Söze from FBI agent Jack Baer , he questions Verbal about him . Verbal tells Kujan an underworld legend about Söze : that he had murdered his own family after they had been attacked by a gang of Hungarian criminals , and then massacred the Hungarians and everyone they held dear . He then went underground , never to be seen again , and did business only through underlings who did not know for whom they were working . He became a fearsome urban legend , " a spook story that criminals tell their kids at night " . Verbal goes on to explain that , after Fenster had bailed on the group , Kobayashi gave them a location at which to find their compatriot 's dead body . They tried to kill Kobayashi , but he strong @-@ armed them into performing the heist by threatening their loved ones . They staked out the ship and killed several Argentinian and Hungarian gangsters , but found no drugs on board . McManus , Hockney and a man locked aboard the ship were killed by an unseen person , who also killed Keaton and set the ship on fire as Verbal looked on . Verbal concludes his story , but Kujan does not believe it . He insists that Keaton must be Söze , as one of the murder victims on the boat was Arturo Marquez , a drug dealer who escaped prosecution by claiming he could identify Söze — and who was represented by Edie Finneran , Keaton 's lawyer and girlfriend . Kujan claims that the Argentinians were selling Marquez to Söze 's Hungarian rivals and Keaton used the heist as a distraction to let him kill Marquez . Kujan also informs Verbal that Finneran has been murdered . Verbal says that the entire plan was Keaton 's idea , but refuses to testify in court . Verbal 's bond is posted and he is released . Moments later , Kujan realizes that Verbal 's entire story was a lie , pieced together from details on a crowded bulletin board in his office . Meanwhile , Verbal walks outside , gradually dropping his limp and flexing his supposedly withered hand . As Kujan runs after Verbal , a fax comes in from California : a police sketch artist 's rendering of Söze , dictated by Kovaz , that looks exactly like Verbal . Kujan misses Verbal by moments , as the latter disappears into a car driven by " Kobayashi " . = = Cast = = Stephen Baldwin as Michael McManus . The actor was tired of doing independent films where his expectations were not met ; when he met with director Bryan Singer , he went into a 15 @-@ minute tirade telling him what it was like to work with him . After Baldwin was finished , Singer told him exactly what he expected and wanted , which impressed the actor . Gabriel Byrne as Dean Keaton . Kevin Spacey met Byrne at a party and asked him to do the film . He read the screenplay and turned it down , thinking that the filmmakers could not pull it off . Byrne met screenwriter Christopher McQuarrie and Singer and was impressed by the latter 's vision for the film . However , Byrne was also dealing with some personal problems at the time and backed out for 24 hours until the filmmakers agreed to shoot the film in Los Angeles , where the actor lived , and make it in five weeks . Benicio del Toro as Fred Fenster . Spacey suggested del Toro for the role . The character was originally written with a Harry Dean Stanton @-@ type actor in mind . Del Toro met with Singer and the film 's casting director and told them that he did not want to audition because he did not feel comfortable doing them . Kevin Pollak as Todd Hockney . He met with Singer about doing the film , but when he heard that two other actors were auditioning for the role , he came back , auditioned , and got it . Kevin Spacey as Roger " Verbal " Kint . Singer and McQuarrie sent the screenplay for the film to the actor without telling him which role was written for him . Spacey called Singer and told them that he was interested in the roles of Keaton and Kujan but was also intrigued by Kint who , as it turned out , was the role McQuarrie wrote with the actor in mind . Chazz Palminteri as U.S. Customs Special Agent Dave Kujan . Singer had always wanted the actor for the film , but he was always unavailable . The role was offered to Christopher Walken and Robert De Niro , both of whom turned it down . The filmmakers even had Al Pacino come in and read for the part , but he decided not to do it because he had just played a cop in Heat . Palminteri became available , but only for a week . When he signed on , this persuaded the film 's financial backers to support the film fully because he was a sufficiently high @-@ profile star , thanks to the recent release of A Bronx Tale and Bullets Over Broadway . Pete Postlethwaite as Mr. Kobayashi , Söze 's right @-@ hand man . Suzy Amis as Edie Finneran , an influential criminal lawyer and Keaton 's girlfriend . Giancarlo Esposito as FBI Special Agent Jack Baer ; investigates the boat explosion on the pier . Dan Hedaya as Sergeant Jeffrey " Jeff " Rabin ; assists in Kujan 's interrogation of Verbal Peter Greene ( uncredited ) as Redfoot the Fence ; he not only sets up a job for the five criminals in Los Angeles , but also puts them in touch with Kobayashi . = = Production = = = = = Origins = = = Bryan Singer met Kevin Spacey at a party after a screening of the young filmmaker 's first film , Public Access , at the 1993 Sundance Film Festival . Spacey had been encouraged by a number of people he knew who had seen it , and was so impressed that he told Singer and McQuarrie that he wanted to be in whatever film they did next . Singer read a column in Spy magazine called " The Usual Suspects " after Claude Rains ' line in Casablanca . Singer thought that it would be a good title for a film . When asked by a reporter at Sundance what their next film was about , McQuarrie replied , " I guess it 's about a bunch of criminals who meet in a police line @-@ up , " which incidentally was the first visual idea that he and Singer had for the poster : " five guys who meet in a line @-@ up , " Singer remembers . The director also envisioned a tagline for the poster , " All of you can go to Hell . " Singer then asked the question , " What would possibly bring these five felons together in one line @-@ up ? " McQuarrie revamped an idea from one of his own unpublished screenplays — the story of a man who murders his own family and disappears . The writer mixed this with the idea of a team of criminals . Söze 's character is based on John List , a New Jersey accountant who murdered his family in 1971 and then disappeared for almost two decades , assuming a new identity before he was ultimately apprehended . McQuarrie based the name of Keyser Söze on one of his previous supervisors , Kayser Sume , at a Los Angeles law firm that he worked for , but decided to change the last name because he thought that his former boss would object to how it was used . He found the word söze in his roommate 's English @-@ to @-@ Turkish dictionary , which translates as " talk too much " . All the characters ' names are taken from staff members of the law firm at the time of his employment . McQuarrie had also worked for a detective agency , and this influenced the depiction of criminals and law enforcement officials in the script . Singer described the film as Double Indemnity meets Rashomon , and said that it was made " so you can go back and see all sorts of things you didn 't realize were there the first time . You can get it a second time in a way you never could have the first time around . " He also compared the film 's structure to Citizen Kane ( which also contained an interrogator and a subject who is telling a story ) and the criminal caper The Anderson Tapes . = = = Pre @-@ production = = = McQuarrie wrote nine drafts of his screenplay over five months , until Singer felt that it was ready to shop around to the studios . None were interested except for a European financing company . McQuarrie and Singer had a difficult time getting the film made because of the non @-@ linear story , the large amount of dialogue and the lack of cast attached to the project . Financiers wanted established stars , and offers for the small role of Redfoot ( the L.A. fence who hooks up the five protagonists with Kobayashi ) went out to Christopher Walken , Tommy Lee Jones , Jeff Bridges , Charlie Sheen , James Spader , Al Pacino and Johnny Cash . However , the European money allowed the film 's producers to make offers to actors and assemble a cast . They were only able to offer the actors salaries that were well below their usual pay , but they agreed because of the quality of McQuarrie 's script and the chance to work with each other . That money fell through , however , and Singer used the script and the cast to attract PolyGram to pick up the film negative . About casting , Singer said , " You pick people not for what they are , but what you imagine they can turn into . " To research his role , Spacey met doctors and experts on cerebral palsy and talked with Singer about how it would fit dramatically in the film . They decided that it would affect only one side of his body . According to Byrne , the cast bonded quickly during rehearsals . Del Toro worked with Alan Shaterian to develop Fenster 's distinctive , almost unintelligible speech patterns . According to the actor , the source of his character 's unusual speech patterns came from the realization that " the purpose of my character was to die . " Del Toro told Singer , " It really doesn 't matter what I say so I can go really far out with this and really make it uncomprehensible . " = = = Filming = = = The budget was set at $ 5 @.@ 5 million , and the film was shot in 35 days in Los Angeles , San Pedro and New York City . Spacey said that they shot the interrogation scenes with Palminteri over a span of five to six days . These scenes were also shot before the rest of the film . The police lineup scene ran into scheduling conflicts because the actors kept blowing their lines . Screenwriter Christopher McQuarrie would feed the actors questions off @-@ camera and they improvised their lines . When Stephen Baldwin gave his answer , he made the other actors break character . Byrne remembers that they were often laughing between takes and " when they said , ' Action ! ' , we 'd barely be able to keep it together . " Spacey also said that the hardest part was not laughing through takes , with Baldwin and Pollak being the worst culprits . Their goal was to get the usually serious Byrne to crack up . They spent all morning trying unsuccessfully to film the scene . At lunch a frustrated Singer angrily scolded the five actors , but when they resumed the cast continued to laugh through each take . Byrne remembers , " Finally , Bryan just used one of the takes where we couldn 't stay serious . " Singer and editor John Ottman used a combination of takes and kept the humor in to show the characters bonding with one another . While Del Toro told Singer how he was going to portray Fenster , he did not tell his cast members , and in their first scene together none of them understood what Del Toro was saying . Byrne confronted Singer and the director told him that for the lockup scene , " If you don 't understand what he 's saying maybe it 's time we let the audience know that they don 't need to know what he 's saying . " This led to the inclusion of Kevin Pollak 's improvised line , " What did you say ? " The stolen emeralds were real gemstones on loan for the film . Singer spent an 18 @-@ hour day shooting the underground parking garage robbery . According to Byrne , by the next day Singer still did not have all of the footage that he wanted , and refused to stop filming in spite of the bonding company 's threat to shut down the production . In the scene in which the crew meets Redfoot after the botched drug deal , Redfoot flicks his cigarette at McManus ' face . The scene was originally to have Redfoot flick the cigarette at McManus 's chest , but the actor missed and hit Baldwin 's face by accident . Baldwin 's reaction is genuine . Despite enclosed practical locations and a short shooting schedule , cinematographer Newton Thomas Sigel " developed a way of shooting dialogue scenes with a combination of slow , creeping zooms and dolly moves that ended in tight close @-@ ups , " to add subtle energy to scenes . " This style combined dolly movement with " imperceptible zooms " so that you ’ d always have a sense of motion in a limited space . " = = = Post @-@ production = = = During the editing phase , Singer thought that they had completed the film two weeks early , but woke up one morning and realized that they needed that time to put together a sequence that convinced the audience that Dean Keaton was Söze — and then do the same for Verbal Kint because the film did not have " the punch that Chris had written so beautifully . " According to Ottman , he assembled the footage as a montage but it still did not work until he added an overlapping voice @-@ over montage featuring key dialogue from several characters and had it relate to the images . Early on , executives at Gramercy had problems pronouncing the name Keyser Söze and were worried that audiences would have the same problem . The studio decided to promote the character 's name . Two weeks before the film debuted in theaters , " Who is Keyser Söze ? " posters appeared at bus stops , and TV spots told people how to say the character 's name . Despite these efforts , all the actors in the film consistently mispronounce his name as " Soze " instead of " Söze " . Singer wanted the music for the boat heist to resemble Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 's Piano Concerto No. 1 . The ending 's music was based on a k.d. lang song . = = Release = = Gramercy ran a pre @-@ release promotion and advertising campaign before The Usual Suspects opened in the summer of 1995 . Word of mouth marketing was used to advertise the film , and buses and billboards were plastered with the simple question , " Who is Keyser Söze ? " The film was shown out of competition at the 1995 Cannes Film Festival and was well received by audiences and critics . The film was then given an exclusive run in Los Angeles , where it took a combined $ 83 @,@ 513 , and New York City , where it made $ 132 @,@ 294 on three screens in its opening weekend . The film was then released in 42 theaters where it earned $ 645 @,@ 363 on its opening weekend . It averaged a strong $ 4 @,@ 181 per screen at 517 theaters and the following week added 300 locations . It eventually made $ 23 @.@ 3 million in North America . = = Reception = = On Rotten Tomatoes , the film received a rating of 88 % , based on 69 reviews , with an average rating of 7 @.@ 8 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads , " Expertly shot and edited , The Usual Suspects gives the audience a simple plot and then piles on layers of deceit , twists , and violence before pulling out the rug from underneath . " On Metacritic , the film has a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 22 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . Roger Ebert , in a review for the Chicago Sun @-@ Times , gave the film one and a half stars out of four , considering it confusing and uninteresting . He also included the film in his " most hated films " list . USA Today rated the film two and a half stars out of four , calling it " one of the most densely plotted mysteries in memory — though paradoxically , four @-@ fifths of it is way too easy to predict . " However , Rolling Stone praised Spacey , saying his " balls @-@ out brilliant performance is Oscar bait all the way . " In his review for The Washington Post , Hal Hinson wrote , " Ultimately , The Usual Suspects may be too clever for its own good . The twist at the end is a corker , but crucial questions remain unanswered . What 's interesting , though , is how little this intrudes on our enjoyment . After the movie you 're still trying to connect the dots and make it all fit — and these days , how often can we say that ? " In her review for The New York Times , Janet Maslin praised the performances of the cast : " Mr. Singer has assembled a fine ensemble cast of actors who can parry such lines , and whose performances mesh effortlessly despite their exaggerated differences in demeanor ... Without the violence or obvious bravado of Reservoir Dogs , these performers still create strong and fascinatingly ambiguous characters . " The Independent praised the film 's ending : " The film 's coup de grace is as elegant as it is unexpected . The whole movie plays back in your mind in perfect clarity — and turns out to be a completely different movie to the one you 've been watching ( rather better , in fact ) . " = = = Accolades = = = McQuarrie was nominated for the Best Original Screenplay and Kevin Spacey was nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the Academy Awards . They both won , and in his acceptance speech Spacey memorably said , " Well , whoever Keyser Söze is , I can tell you he 's gonna get gloriously drunk tonight . " The film was nominated as the best film at the 1996 British Academy Film Awards ( BAFTA awards ) . McQuarrie won the BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay , and John Ottman won the BAFTA Award for Best Editing . The film was nominated for three Independent Spirit Awards — Best Supporting Actor for Benicio del Toro , Best Screenplay for Christopher McQuarrie and Best Cinematography for Newton Thomas Sigel . Both Del Toro and McQuarrie won in their categories . Bryan Singer won the Best Debut award at the 1st Empire Awards . The Usual Suspects was screened at the 1995 Seattle International Film Festival , where Bryan Singer was awarded Best Director and Kevin Spacey won for Best Actor . The Boston Society of Film Critics gave Spacey the Best Supporting Actor award for his work on the film . Spacey went on to win this award with the New York Film Critics Circle and the National Board of Review , which also gave the cast an ensemble acting award . = = = Legacy = = = On June 17 , 2008 , the American Film Institute revealed its " AFI 's 10 Top 10 " — the best ten films in ten " classic " American film genres — after polling over 1 @,@ 500 people from the creative community . The Usual Suspects was acknowledged as the tenth @-@ best mystery film . Verbal Kint was voted the # 48 villain in " AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains " in June 2003 . Entertainment Weekly cited the film as one of the " 13 must @-@ see heist movies " . Empire ranked Keyser Söze # 69 in their " The 100 Greatest Movie Characters " poll . In 2013 , the Writers Guild of America ranked the screenplay # 35 on its list of 101 Greatest Screenplays ever written . American Film Institute Lists : AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills — Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : Keyser Söze / Verbal Kint — # 48 Villain AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : " The greatest trick the Devil ever pulled was convincing the world he didn 't exist . " — Nominated AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) — Nominated AFI 's 10 Top 10 : # 10 Mystery Film ( also Nominated Gangster Film )
= Rukia Kuchiki = Rukia Kuchiki ( Japanese : 朽木ルキア , Hepburn : Kuchiki Rukia ) is a fictional character in the anime and manga series Bleach created by Tite Kubo . In the series , Rukia Kuchiki is a Soul Reaper in charge of slaying evil spirits known as Hollows . At the beginning , after a brief meeting with the protagonist of the series , Ichigo Kurosaki , who can see supernatural beings such as Soul Reapers , she is forced to give him her powers in order to fulfill her duties as a Soul Reaper . Rukia has appeared in several other pieces of Bleach media , including the four featured films in the series , the two original video animations , and several video games . Rukia was the first character of the series created by Kubo , her design being the one he decided to use for all the other Soul Reapers . Reaction to her character is generally positive . Her differences from typical shōnen heroines is praised , as is her interaction with other characters . Additionally , she usually ranks second in Weekly Shōnen Jump 's Bleach popularity polls , and is consistently the most popular female character in those polls . Several pieces of merchandise have been released in Rukia 's likeness , including a plush doll and several figurines . = = Creation and conception = = Bleach was first conceived from Tite Kubo 's desire to draw a shinigami in a kimono , which formed the basis for the design of the Soul Reapers . Because of this , Kuchiki was one of the first characters of the series to be created . Before deciding that every Soul Reaper had swords , Kubo thought that they all should use guns , while only Rukia used a scythe . However , this was changed as he created the Soul Reaper kimono . Kubo also mentioned that Rukia did not seem like a lead character , so he created Ichigo Kurosaki to be the series protagonist . Ichigo 's initial design had black hair like Rukia ; Kubo had to modify Ichigo 's appearance to contrast with hers , giving Ichigo orange hair and a trademark scowl . As for her name , Kubo stated that , because Kuchiki " looks like a shinigami " , he wanted her name to sound like a something a shinigami would have as a name . When deciding upon her family name he considered using " Kuchiru " ( 朽ちる , lit . " to rot " ) because it sounded like a name a shinigami would have , and then decided to use " Kuchiki " ( 朽木 , lit . " rotten wood " ) . He adds that he once heard something that sounded like " Kuchiki Rukia " on Japanese television , and liked it enough to use it as a name . Her first name was conceived as a result of Kubo hearing the Latin name for cosmos on television , and later decided that the name really suited her since the Latin word from which her name is derived means " light " and Kubo sees her as " a ray of light for Ichigo . " Shonen Jump asked in an interview if Kubo had any plans to make Ichigo and Rukia a couple , but Kubo chose neither to confirm nor deny it . After designing Rukia 's zanpakutō , Kubo noted he liked it a lot and made it to be the most beautiful one from the series . When Kubo was asked to make a cover with a female character during Christmas , Kubo initially thought of using Rukia ; he later changed to use Orihime Inoue as he thought Orihime was more suitable for such role . However , Kubo commented he previously made a Christmas illustration with Rukia , and that he received request by several fans wanting to see the image . In contrast to this , Kubo has found he liked Rukia more in the illustrations in which her face expresses pain such as when she is going to be executed in the manga . = = Appearances = = = = = In Bleach = = = Kuchiki first meets Ichigo Kurosaki in the midst of a hollow attack . After she is heavily injured by the hollow , Rukia is forced to transfer her Soul Reaper powers to Kurosaki so that he can kill the hollow and save their lives and his family . While he succeeds , Kuchiki is left too weak to return to Soul Society , and lives with Ichigo in the human world , intending to stay until her powers are restored . Therefore , her only ability then is her kidō spells , which are severely limited in strength and variety . She uses her kidō for such purposes as restraining , healing , or attacking others . Because of the amount of time she spends with Kurosaki , Kuchiki has been able to gain a keen understanding of his inner workings . Rukia 's relationship with Ichigo is unique , for despite the relatively short amount of time they have known each other , Ichigo can easily confide in her and considers her a true friend because she is encouraging and understands what he is feeling . During her time in the human world , Rukia remains unaccounted for in Soul Society , so Byakuya Kuchiki and Renji Abarai are sent to find her and return her to the Soul Society . They succeed , and upon their return Rukia is sentenced to death for giving her Soul Reaper powers to a human . Kurosaki ultimately arrives in Soul Society in time to stop her execution , and tries to get her to safety . During the arc , Rukia 's past is explored . She died as an infant and was sent to Soul Society with her older sister , Hisana . Though Hisana initially tried to protect and provide for Rukia , she could not ensure her own survival while caring for a baby as well , and thus abandoned Rukia . As Rukia grew up , she befriended Renji Abarai , and entered the Soul Reaper academy , where she was adopted into the Kuchiki family . One year prior to the adoption , Hisana died after asking her husband , Byakuya Kuchiki , to find and adopt Rukia as his sister . This remains unknown to Rukia until Byakuya confesses it to her . When she was accepted into the 13th Division , Rukia befriended the lieutenant of her division , Kaien Shiba , and trained under him . During the course of a mission Kaien was possessed by a hollow and Rukia killed Kaien to protect herself . During Rukia 's bid for freedom , she is stopped by Sōsuke Aizen and his accomplices . Aizen , having singlehandedly orchestrated Rukia 's execution , reveals to her that within her soul is stored the Hōgyoku ( " breakdown sphere " ) , a powerful artifact created and placed there by Kisuke Urahara that gives hollows Soul Reaper powers and vice versa . Wanting the Hōgyoku for himself , Aizen hoped that her death would give him access to it , but settles for a nonfatal alternative . The Hōgyoku is removed from her body , Aizen and his men flee Soul Society , and Rukia is acquitted of all charges . With the Hōgyoku , Aizen is able to create an army of arrancar , which he uses to attack Ichigo and his friends once they return to the human world . Rukia and a group of other Soul Reapers are sent to assist in fighting the arrancar , though after Aizen captures Orihime Inoue they are recalled to Soul Society . Rukia 's zanpakutō , Sode no Shirayuki ( 袖白雪 , literally " Sleeved white snow " ) , is also revealed as a completely white blade , earning it the recognition as the most beautiful zanpakutō in Soul Society . Sode no Shirayuki utilizes ice to attack , each of its abilities being labeled as " dances " by Rukia . During the anime 's 13th season , Sode no Shirayuki manifests in a yukionna @-@ like form , voiced by Mie Sonozaki . Unwilling to give up Orihime to Aizen , Rukia goes to Hueco Mundo with Ichigo to rescue her . While there , Rukia encounters the Espada , Aaroniero Arruruerie , who is revealed to have possession of Kaien 's body . Saddened that she had not saved her mentor from the control of a hollow as she had previously thought , Rukia manages to kill Aaroniero . Rukia is badly injured during the battle , and it is not until Soul Society sends reinforcements to Hueco Mundo that she is revived and her wounds are healed . She later assists Ichigo in his rescue to save Orihime from the Espada Ulquiorra Cifer by engaging the remaining Arrancars until requiring support . Following Aizen 's defeat and the loss of Ichigo 's Soul Reaper powers , Rukia and Ichigo bid one another farewell as Ichigo loses the ability to sense Rukia 's presence . Seventeen months later , Rukia , now lieutenant of Squad 13 , returns to aid in restoring Ichigo 's Soul Reaper powers before engaging the Fullbringer Riruka Dokugamine . When the Soul Society is abruptly invaded by the Wandenreich , an organization made up of Quincy who has survived their genocide one thousand years before , Rukia senses Byakuya being left near dead by Äs Nodt and is knocked out before she can come to her brother 's aid . Rukia is taken to the Royal Dimension so she could be healed , and is then taught by Ichibei Hyosube to achieve her bankai , Hakka no Togame ( 白霞罸 , literally " Censure of the white haze " ) . Returning to the Soul Society when the Wandenreich resume their attack , Rukia utilizes her newly acquired bankai to finally kill Äs Nodt . = = = In other media = = = Rukia has made several appearances outside of the Bleach anime and manga . She appears in all of the featured films in the series : she fights the Dark Ones with other Soul Reaper comrades in Bleach : Memories of Nobody and aids in the search for Tōshirō Hitsugaya in Bleach : The DiamondDust Rebellion . Rukia is also given the main focus role in the third movie , Bleach : Fade to Black where she is kidnapped and mind @-@ wiped by two mysterious rogues , and later transformed into ' Dark Rukia ' . In the fourth movie , Bleach : Hell Verse , Rukia helps Ichigo in rescuing his sister Yuzu from the depths of Hell . She is also present in both of the original video animations produced in the series , helping Ichigo in Memories in the Rain and combating the rogue Soul Reaper Baishin in The Sealed Sword Frenzy . In Rock Musical Bleach , a musical based on the Bleach series , she is played by Miki Satō . In the Bleach video games , Rukia is a playable character in every game , including the Heat the Soul and Blade Battlers series . In some games , her human form and Soul Reaper state are available as separate characters , while Dark Rukia is playable in Heat the Soul 6 and Heat the Soul 7 . = = Reception = = Rukia has ranked highly in the Weekly Shōnen Jump popularity polls for the series , placing in the top five most popular characters in all four polls . She was ranked as the second most popular character after Ichigo in the first two polls , and fell to third place in the third poll , being replaced by Tōshirō Hitsugaya . In early 2008 , she was voted the second most popular character in Bleach , receiving 383 votes less than the front runner , Tōshirō Hitsugaya . Her zanpakutō , Sode no Shirayuki , ranked 2nd in the zanpakutō popularity poll of the series . In 2009 , Rukia ranked 4th in a survey of the Japanese music distributor Recochoku titled " The Character I Want to Be My Bride " . In a 2007 character poll from the Japanese magazine Newtype magazine character polls , Rukia has been featured as one of the most popular female characters from any anime . She has also appeared twice in the Anime Grand Prix polls , ranking as one of the most popular female anime characters . NTT customers voted her as their eighth favorite black haired female anime character . Merchandise based on Rukia 's appearance has been released , including a key chain , a plush doll , and a figurine . Fumiko Orikasa , Rukia 's Japanese voice actor , liked how Rukia was developed while fighting against the arrancar , noting her to be a hero during her introductions . However , she was saddened by how after Rukia defeats the first arrancar , ( Di Roy Rinker ) she is instantly stabbed by the arrancar Grimmjow . Michelle Ruff , Rukia 's English voice actress , found Rukia to be a " survivor " , due to how lonely she initially was and how she has been developed through the anime series as she had to start trusting people . She also liked how cool Rukia is when she is fighting but noted it challenging how to voice Rukia due to her various attitudes . Ruff was the winner in the category " Best Voice Actress ( English ) " from the 2009 SPJA Industry Awards for her work as Rukia . Rukia also won in the category " Best Female Character " based on her appearances on Bleach : Memories of Nobody . Several publications for manga , anime , video games , and other related media have provided praise and criticism on Rukia 's character . Although Chris Beveridge from Mania Entertainment noted Rukia 's introduction in Bleach was typical in several others series , he praised how she interacted with her schoolmates and Ichigo . Anime News Network 's ( ANN ) Melissa Harper praised the differences between Rukia and stereotypical shōnen heroines , asserting that Rukia 's loss of her powers and subsequent dependence on Ichigo were " a great source of both drama and comedy in the show . " However , the removal of the humor from Rukia 's scenes as a schoolgirl due to the English translation was lamented , although Ruff was extolled for doing an " excellent job . " Carlos Alexandre from popcultureshock.com regarded her as " less of a foil to Ichigo and more like the other side of the same coin " . Her actions and words were also commented by Alexendre to make Rukia deserve the respect she commands . IGN called the scene where Rukia is forced to leave Ichigo Kurosaki and return to Soul Society as " touchingly beautiful " and celebrated Rukia 's character development during her time in the human world . Her subsequent appearances in Soul Society were criticized by ANN 's Theron Martin due to her lack of activity making them " irritating given how strong a character she was in the series ' early going " .
= Broken Home ( Body of Proof ) = " Broken Home " is the ninth and final episode of the first season of the American medical drama Body of Proof . It was originally broadcast in the United States on ABC on 17 May 2011 . The episode was directed by Nelson McCormick and written by Andrew Dettman . In this episode , Megan Hunt ( Dana Delany ) stops the funeral of Nikki Parkson ( Mary Fegreus ) after seeing irregularities in her death . Nikki 's mother Lillian ( Jill Eikenberry ) , and siblings Sara ( Jo Armeniox ) and Bill ( Eric Sheffer Stevens ) , all say that Nikki was suicidal , with evidence at the scene suggesting this , but when Megan and Peter Dunlop ( Nicholas Bishop ) do an autopsy , the evidence suggests otherwise . Meanwhile , Megan finds out from daughter Lacey ( Mary Mouser ) that her ex @-@ husband Todd ( Jeffrey Nordling ) is in a relationship with her boss Kate Murphy ( Jeri Ryan ) . The episode received mixed to positive reviews , and was watched by 10 @.@ 33 million viewers , according to Nielsen ratings , on the Sunday night it aired in the United States . Christine Orlando of TV Fanatic was unsure whether the episode was good enough to be the season finale , however she did praise this " solid " episode , saying it had an " intriguing murder , lots of suspects , and an interesting personal twist for Megan " . This episode was nominated at the 21st Annual Environmental Media Awards , however lost out to the CSI : Crime Scene Investigation episode " Fracked " . = = Plot = = Megan Hunt ( Dana Delany ) and Todd Fleming ( Jeffrey Nordling ) are called to Lacey 's ( Mary Mouser ) school when she is seen looking at photos of a young woman , Nikki Parkson ( Mary Fegreus ) who died , after battling a terminal illness . When Megan looks at a photo , she sees irregularities and without permission from Kate Murphy ( Jeri Ryan ) , Megan and Peter Dunlop ( Nicholas Bishop ) stop Nikki being buried , so they can look at her body , much to the horror of Nikki 's mother Lillian ( Jill Eikenberry ) . Although Nikki 's family say that she committed suicide , Megan finds evidence to suggest otherwise ; Nikki 's neck has bruising on the bottom , showing that she was strangled . Nikki was being given pills to help her illness by Lillian , though these made her worse , but this kept Lillian in the social limelight , getting sympathy from friends ; however Lillian did not kill her . Samantha Baker ( Sonja Sohn ) , Megan , Ethan Gross ( Geoffrey Arend ) and Curtis Brumfield ( Windell Middlebrooks ) find out that Nikki 's boyfriend Shane ( Charlie Semine ) was actually working together with Nikki 's sister Sara ( Jo Armeniox ) . It is revealed that Shane and Sara killed Nikki , as in Nikki 's will she was giving all her money to a fake wildlife foundation which Sara had set up . However , Nikki wanted to switch charities , so Sara killed her to stop her from doing this , with Shane helping her to stage it as suicide , so they could both get the money . The two are arrested , and Nikki 's funeral takes place . However , Samantha arrives to arrest Lillian , as Nikki 's brother Billy ( Eric Sheffer Stevens ) found the pills Lillian wasn 't giving Nikki , and Lillian is charged with interfering with her daughter ’ s medical care . Bill assures Megan that Nikki 's money in her will , will be put to a good use and thanks her and the team for investigating . Throughout the investigation Lacey thinks that Megan and Todd are getting back together , as Todd has made many calls to Megan 's work . Lacey is shocked to find out that Todd is not phoning Megan , but Kate , and the two are in a relationship . Megan is angry at Kate , but tells Lacey to respect her , even if she does not like her yet . = = Production = = " Broken Home " was written by Andrew Dettman and directed by Nelson McCormick , this being his third episode he directed , having directed the season premiere " Pilot " and the subsequent episode " Letting Go " . McCormick has directed many television series such as Third Watch , Nip / Tuck , ER and more recently , Criminal Minds . Daniel Licht , who has worked on the series since its inception , returned to compose the music for the episode . Actress Jill Eikenberry – best known for her role in L.A. Law – and actor Eric Sheffer Stevens – best known for his role in As the World Turns – both guest starred in this episode , as Lillian and Bill Parkson , respectively . Sheffer Stevens later reprised his role as Bill in season two 's fifth episode " Point of Origin " . Recurring cast members Jeffrey Nordling and Mary Mouser returned in this episode , with this being both Mouser 's and Nordling 's first appearance since seasons one 's seventh episode , " All in the Family " . Regular cast member John Carroll Lynch who plays Detective Bud Morris , did not appear in this episode , although he was credited . " Broken Home " , along with the eight episodes from Body of Proof 's first season , were released on a two @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on September 20 , 2011 . The sets included brief audio commentaries from various crew and cast members for several episode 's , a preview of season 2 and a 10 @-@ minute " featurette " on the making of the show , with commentaries from the medical consultants who helped with the script , as well as a " Contaminated Evidence " blooper reel . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = In its original American broadcast on May 17 , 2011 , " Broken Home " was seen by 10 @.@ 33 million viewers , according to Nielsen ratings . Among viewers between ages 18 and 49 , it received a 2 @.@ 1 rating / 9 share . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 1 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 9 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This episode achieved a much higher number of viewers than the previous episode , " Buried Secrets " , and a significant higher number than subsequent episode " Love Thy Neighbor " , which is season two 's premiere . Body of Proof came fifth in the ratings on Tuesday night , being outperformed by the season finales of CBS 's NCIS and of The Good Wife as well as two airings of ABC 's Dancing with the Stars . " Broken Home " was watched by 1 @.@ 75 million viewers upon its airing on Channel 5 in the United Kingdom . = = = Critical response = = = This episode received mixed to positive reviews . Christine Orlando of TV Fanatic said that the plot of the episode had a " nice story arc when the cause of death ranged from disease , to suicide , and finally murder " . She added that Nikki 's family was a " nightmare " . She was surprised that Bill was not involved in killing Nikki , saying that he " came across as a bit of a jerk for most of the episode " , adding that Nikki had a " short , sad life " . Orlando praised the detail of Nikki 's neck , noticing the bruising to show she was strangled . She said , " I generally hate gore yet I found myself fascinated by the autopsy of the girl 's neck . Maybe it was the detail of the muscle and the lack of blood but I 've never seen such a procedure portrayed with that level of specificity " . Orlando carried on saying , " Is there some rule that we can 't have both detectives every week ? Detective Baker 's definitely growing on me but I missed Bud . He and Megan had some great chemistry and I was hoping for more of that by the end of the season " . Orlando understood Megan 's reaction to the fact that Kate was dating Todd , calling it " justified " , saying it was a " odd position to be in " , but summarized ; " she 'll just have to get over it " . Orlando was worried whether Todd deserved Kate saying that ; " the jury is still out on Todd " . She praised how this storyline turned out to be a " great bonding moment " between Megan and Lacey , saying she " liked " that Megan was honest with Lacey adding , " I like it when adults actually act like adults " . This episode was nominated at the 21st Annual Environmental Media Awards , an " organization dedicated to harnessing the power of the entertainment industry and the media to educate the global public on environmental issues and motivate sustainable lifestyles " . Under the category " Television Episodic Drama " , " Broken Home " was nominated alongside the The Good Wife episode " Real Deal " and the winner , the CSI : Crime Scene Investigation episode " Fracked " .
= Paul Conrad = Paul Francis Conrad ( June 27 , 1924 – September 4 , 2010 ) was an American political cartoonist and winner of three Pulitzer Prizes for editorial cartooning . In the span of a career lasting five decades , Conrad provided a critical perspective on eleven presidential administrations in the United States . He is best known for his work as the chief editorial cartoonist for the Los Angeles Times during a time when the newspaper was in transition under the direction of publisher Otis Chandler , who recruited Conrad from the Denver Post . At the conservative Times , Conrad brought a more liberal editorial perspective that readers both celebrated and criticized ; he was also respected for his talent and his ability to speak truth to power . On a weekly basis , Conrad addressed the social justice issues of the day — poverty in America , movements for civil rights , the Vietnam War , the Israeli – Palestinian conflict , and corporate and political corruption were leading topics . His criticism of president Richard Nixon during the Watergate scandal landed Conrad on Nixon 's Enemies List , which Conrad regarded as a badge of honor . = = Early life = = Conrad was born to Robert and Florence Conrad . He was raised in a conservative , Catholic family with his identical twin brother James and older brother Bob in Cedar Rapids , Iowa . He attended St. Augustin Elementary School in Des Moines , where he first began to show interest in art by writing on the bathroom wall . He was left @-@ handed , but was forced by teachers to favor his right hand . Up until the age of 12 , Conrad stuttered . At an early age , Conrad was exposed to the work of Jay Norwood Darling , more popularly known as " Ding Darling " , whose conservative cartoons were featured in local newspapers and who became a " childhood role model " for Conrad . After graduating Roosevelt High School , he and his brother spent time working construction jobs in Valdez , Alaska . Conrad also honed his talent as a musician while playing piano in a bordello . With World War II raging , Conrad and his brother enlisted . Because of his poor eyesight , Conrad was initially found to be unfit for military service , but he later served as a truck driver with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the Pacific Theater of Operations at Guam and Okinawa , where he was given the nickname of " Con " . He originally planned to attend Iowa State University after the war in 1945 , but instead taught himself to play bass and joined a big band . When the band did not work out , Conrad enrolled at the University of Iowa in 1946 , where he studied art . He first got the idea to become a cartoonist while hanging out at a local bar in Iowa City . At the bar , his friend Charlie Carroll , then the editor for the school 's newspaper , the Daily Iowan , told Conrad that they needed a cartoonist , and he invited Conrad to give it a try . One of his first cartoons for the Daily Iowan depicted Herbert Hoover , the 31st President of the United States . Conrad was soon creating six cartoons a week . Impressed with Conrad 's cartoons , his professors sent the Denver Post copies of his work . = = Denver Post = = After graduating from the University of Iowa with a degree in art in 1950 , Conrad joined the Denver Post , where he drew cartoons for the next 14 years . Early in his career , Conrad sought out the then retired Ding Darling in Florida for advice , and showed him copies of his work from the Daily Iowan . Unimpressed , Ding told Conrad to " get into another line of work " . This discouragement from his childhood role model pushed Conrad to work harder at the Post . At the newspaper he received support and encouragement from his editor , Palmer Hoyt , although he occasionally ran into trouble , especially when he attracted attention for creating critical , unflattering cartoons of Dwight D. Eisenhower , the 34th President of the United States . In 1960 , Time magazine recognized Conrad 's talent , saying that he was " probably the nation 's hottest new cartooning property " . Conrad received the Pulitzer Prize for editorial cartooning in 1964 . His cartoons for the Post were distributed through the Register and Tribune Syndicate in 81 newspapers . Previously , in December 1963 , lead cartoonist Bruce Russell of the Los Angeles Times died of a heart attack . Russell had worked for the conservative paper since 1927 . Publisher Otis Chandler , in an attempt to replace Russell and to improve the reputation of the Times , recruited Paul Conrad with the help of editor Nick Boddie Williams . Conrad took the offer of an initial three @-@ year contract and was later replaced at the Post in August 1964 by Australian cartoonist Pat Oliphant from the Adelaide Advertiser . Conrad also lectured at the Denver Art Museum in 1964 under a sponsorship from the Cooke @-@ Daniels Lecture Fund . = = Los Angeles Times = = Conrad moved his family to southern California , and for three decades , from 1964 to 1993 , he worked as the chief editorial cartoonist for the Los Angeles Times . His cartoons were now syndicated to hundreds of newspapers worldwide . In April 1967 , Conrad drew the cover for Time magazine in an issue about the potential candidates for the 1968 United States presidential election . The cover art depicts the upcoming election as a horse race with the candidates as jockey 's weighing @-@ in . Caricatures of Lyndon B. Johnson , Bobby Kennedy , Hubert Humphrey , Richard Nixon , Ronald Reagan , George Romney , Nelson Rockefeller , and Charles Percy grace the cover . During the Watergate scandal , Conrad drew numerous cartoons about Richard Nixon 's downfall . One cartoon showed Nixon , during his last days as president , nailing himself to a cross . Conrad later described the cartoon as one of his all @-@ time favorites . In 1973 , the Associated Press contacted Conrad to inform him that he had been added to Nixon 's Enemies List . Unperturbed , Conrad considered his place on this list as a badge of honor , but members of the list were exposed to greater scrutiny by the government and subject to investigation . His tax returns were subsequently audited by the IRS several times , but no changes were made . Conrad accepted an early retirement from the Times on April 1 , 1993 , but continued to draw four cartoons a week in syndication for the Los Angeles Times Syndicate . Editorial cartoonist Michael Ramirez replaced Conrad at the Times with a conservative approach . = = Sculptures = = Conrad first became interested in sculpture in the mid @-@ 1970s . After working on a drawing of a crucifix depicting the Christian doctrine of the Trinity , he decided to use steel to create it . He spent time at the public library learning to make welded sculpture and three months later emerged with a 272 @-@ kilogram ( 600 lb ) sculpture titled The Trinity , which was installed at Marymount College . Although it was made from steel , Conrad gave The Trinity a verde patina to give it the appearance of copper . The sculpture was restored in 2012 . After working with large sculpture , Conrad began creating small bronze sculptures of famous Americans , beginning with Richard Nixon . Additional sculptures followed , including caricatures of Jerry Brown , Ronald Reagan , Jimmy Carter , Gerald Ford , John F. Kennedy , Ted Kennedy , and Martin Luther King Jr . Six of these sculptures were featured in an exhibition at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1979 . In the 1980s , Conrad often donated smaller bronze sculptures for fundraisers . Later sculptures included Golda Meir , Abraham Lincoln , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush . Writer Grady Miller of the Canyon News , who met and visited with Conrad at his home in the late 1990s , recalled that Conrad " was specially proud of his bronze sculptures , which could be taken as a illustration of both his artistic range and his political beliefs " . Conrad also created several other works of public art : Risen Christ , an altar piece located at Saint John Fisher Catholic Church in Rancho Palos Verdes , California ; Otis Chandler , a bust of the publisher installed in the Los Angeles Times building ; and Chain Reaction , a peace monument in the shape of a mushroom cloud located in the Santa Monica Civic Center . = = Awards = = Conrad earned the Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Cartooning three times , once for his work at the Denver Post in 1964 , and twice more for his work at the Los Angeles Times , in 1971 and 1984 . The Society of Professional Journalists / Sigma Delta Chi ( SDX ) honored him seven times with the Distinguished Service Awards for Editorial Cartooning , in 1962 , 1968 , 1970 , 1980 , 1981 , 1987 , and 1996 . Conrad also won two Overseas Press Club awards ( 1981 and 1970 ) and received the Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award four times , in 1985 , 1990 , 1992 , and 1993 . He received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Association of American Editorial Cartoonists in 1998 , and the Lifetime Public Service Award from the Edmund G. " Pat " Brown Institute of Public Affairs at California State University , Los Angeles in 2000 . = = Controversies = = As an editorial cartoonist who openly editorialized from a liberal point of view on the issues of the day , Conrad was involved in many publicized political and religious disputes over his cartoons . In one dispute , he angered conservatives when he compared them to white supremacist Buford Furrow in a cartoon . Conrad 's cartoons often made fun of the governorship of Ronald Reagan , leading his wife , Nancy Reagan , to phone publisher Otis Chandler and complain about how the cartoons were ruining her husband 's breakfast . The calls were so frequent , Chandler had no choice but to stop taking them . In another dispute , members of the Jewish community of Los Angeles took issue with Conrad 's portrayal of the Israeli – Palestinian conflict . In the late 1970s , Pope Paul VI expressed his opinion against the ordination of women , saying that priests must represent the image of Christ . This led Conrad to draw a cartoon of the pope holding a baby who resembled a miniature version of the pope in his image . Cardinal Timothy Manning complained to Conrad , but Conrad defended his work , arguing that what the " human soul " has in common is far more important that its appearance in the form of a man or woman . Conrad also criticized the Catholic church for not letting priests marry and for treating their nuns poorly . " This is the type of church Christ had in mind ? " he asked the National Catholic Reporter in 2001 . = = Personal life = = Conrad was an imposing man with a powerful voice who was often seen smoking a pipe while working on his cartoons . James Rainey of the Los Angeles Times described Conrad as a " towering , practically invulnerable figure " standing at " 6 feet 2 , [ with ] his large head framed by thick , black @-@ rimmed glasses " , his demeanor " loud and often profane in person " . The Library of Congress described him as " a tall Midwesterner with long hair swept straight back from his forehead [ who ] displayed a trait that he said he often wished for in his subjects : the ability to laugh at oneself " . Conrad married Kay King , the Post 's society editor , in 1953 . As his wife , Kay became one of only two people ( along with his editor at the Times , Edwin O. Guthman ) who could influence his work . Although he was raised as a Republican and a Catholic , his views changed as he aged . By 1960 , the media was comparing his point of view to an " Adlai Stevenson Democrat " . Conrad voted for only one Republican in his life , Dwight D. Eisenhower , but said he later regretted it . He remained a devout Catholic and his belief in social justice informed his work . According to Matt Schudel of The Washington Post , " Conrad considered himself an unabashed political liberal , except for his long @-@ held opposition to abortion . He changed his views in the 1980s , when he came to believe that it was a matter of private choice . " = = Death = = Conrad died at home in Rancho Palos Verdes at the age of 86 . His funeral was held at Saint John Fisher Catholic Church in Rancho Palos Verdes on September 11 , 2010 , with eulogies delivered by journalist Robert Scheer and editorial cartoonist Tony Auth . Conrad was survived by his wife , Kay King , two sons , two daughters , and one grandchild . = = Legacy = = Many publishers and journalists describe Conrad as one of the finest political cartoonists of the 20th century . According to the Associated Press , " Southern California political junkies for decades would start their day either outraged or delighted at a Conrad drawing . " He was one of only several post @-@ war cartoonists to have won a total of three Pulitzers for his work and he was the only cartoonist named on Nixon 's Enemies List . From 1977 – 1978 , Conrad held the Richard M. Nixon Chair at Whittier College , Nixon 's alma mater . Conrad 's editorial cartoons later appeared in exhibitions at the USC Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism . He authored several books about his work and donated many of his original editorial cartoons to the Prints and Photographs Division of the United States Library of Congress . His influence and legacy as an editorial cartoonist are explored in the documentary film Paul Conrad : Drawing Fire ( 2007 ) . In honor of this legacy , the " Paul Conrad Scholarship " is annually awarded to journalism and mass communication students by the University of Iowa . The Huntington Library , which hosts the Conrad Collection papers , calls his body of work " a powerful record of key issues that have confronted [ the United States ] in the second half of the twentieth century " . = = Public sculptures = = Trinity ( Statue , Marymount California University ) Risen Christ ( Altar piece , St. John Fisher Church , Rancho Palos Verdes , CA ) Otis Chandler ( Bust , Los Angeles Times building ) Chain Reaction , ( Monument , Santa Monica Civic Center ) = = Publications = = When in the Course of Human Events ( 1973 ) The King and Us ( 1974 ) Pro and Conrad ( 1979 ) Drawn and Quartered ( 1985 ) CONartist ( 1993 ) Drawing The Line ( 1999 )
= History of Burnside = The history of Burnside , a local government area in the metropolitan area of Adelaide , South Australia , spans three centuries . Burnside was inhabited by the Kaurna Indigenous people prior to European settlement , living around the creeks of the River Torrens during the winter and in the Adelaide Hills during the summer . The area was first settled in 1839 by Peter Anderson , a Scots migrant , who named it Burnside after his property 's location adjacent to Second Creek ( in Scots , ' Burn ' means creek or stream ) . The village of Burnside was established shortly after , and the District Council of Burnside was gazetted in 1856 , separating itself from the larger East Torrens Council . The mainstays of the early Burnside economy were viticulture , mining and olive groves ; Glen Osmond boasted substantial mineral deposits , and vineyards were established at Magill . The present council chambers were built in 1926 in Tusmore ; the council became a municipality in 1935 . With strong growth and development throughout the region , Burnside was then proclaimed a city in 1943 . The 1960s brought to Burnside a community library and a swimming centre ; both were further expanded and upgraded between 1997 and 2001 . Today , Burnside is one of Adelaide 's most upper @-@ class and sought @-@ after regions in which to live . = = Early villages = = The village of Kensington was established in May 1839 , only 29 months after the foundation of the colony . The village was primarily agricultural and had a close relationship with the nearby village of Norwood . The two villages formed one of Adelaide 's first municipalities in 1853 as Norwood and Kensington , evolving into today 's City of Norwood Payneham St Peters . Parts of Kensington that are now included in Burnside are the suburbs of Kensington Gardens and Kensington Park . The village of Makgill ( later Magill ) was first established as the 524 @-@ acre ( 2 @.@ 1 km2 ) Makgill Estate , owned by two Scots — Robert Cock and William Ferguson — who met on board the Buffalo en route to the newly founded colony . It was named after Mrs Cock 's trustee , David M Makgill . Ferguson , who was charged with farming the estate , built the estate 's homestead in 1838 . Soon after farming started , the two were short of funds , and thus Magill became the first foothills village to be subdivided . The village of Glen Osmond was closely associated with the discovery of silver and lead on the slopes of Mount Osmond by two Cornish immigrants . Their discovery of minerals provided the colony with valuable export income , at a time when the early South Australian economy was not yet established and facing bankruptcy . Governor Gawler visited the early discovery and the first mine , Wheal Gawler , was named in his honour . South Australia 's first mine exported overseas throughout the 1840s , providing employment to early Cornish and then German immigrants after several mines were bought by a German businessman . The early village assumed a strong Cornish , and later a German character . Mining declined after an exodus of workers when a gold rush began in 1851 in the neighbouring colony of Victoria . The Anderson family was the first to settle the land that was to become the village of Burnside . They brought with them good character testimonials from Scotland , valuable farming experience and 3000 pounds ; however , the farming patterns in Scotland differed greatly from those in the antipodes , and the family failed to adapt . The Andersons moved on to Morphett Vale in 1847 , selling their land and abandoning their homestead . The buyer of the Anderson land , William Randell , soon decided to build a village in his new property in 1849 . He hired surveyor and planner Nathan Hailes to lay out the new village . Hailes was both surprised and disappointed when he found that it had already been settled and left — especially since the growth and adaptation of European foliage to the area . The first villages to be established in the region , those of Glen Osmond , Magill and Kensington had existed for some time when the new village of Burnside was proclaimed . The new village was in a good position to grow ; it was bounded by two major thoroughfares , Burnside ( now Glynburn ) and Greenhill Roads , and had the advantage of lying on Second Creek . The village was soon attracting residents ; some of whom were wealthy Adelaide folk building an estate in the foothills , and others who were more concerned with working the land . The village was described in advertisements by Hailes in 1850 as " Burnside the Beautiful " with advantages of " perpetual running water , extensive and diversified view , rich garden soil and good building stone ... " with a " ... direct , newly @-@ opened and unblemished route to Adelaide " . = = District councils = = Originally , all the villages in what was to become the Burnside District Council were in the then District Council of East Torrens of 159 km2 ( 61 sq mi ) . East Torrens bordered the River Torrens in the north , the Adelaide Hills to the east , Mount Barker Road to the south , and the Adelaide Parklands to the west . East Torrens was gazetted in 1853 by the District Councils Act 1852 ; the Act stipulated that there be five elected members to the council , each representing a ward . Dr David Wark ( St Bernards ) , James Cobbledick ( Uraidla ) , Charles Bonney ( Norwood ) , Daniel Ferguson ( Glenunga ) and George Müller ( Stepney ) were the council 's first representatives . Bonney , in addition to being a councillor , was the Commissioner of Crown Lands . The councillors met for the first time at World 's End Hotel in Magill on 12 June 1853 . Initial plans were put in place to first survey and evaluate the council area and to collect licence fees and taxes as provided for by the Councils Act . TB Penfold of Magill , a former captain , was to become the first District Clerk and Collector on 1 January 1854 . On 4 January 1854 there was a vote in which ratepayers decided on how much they would pay to the council ( one shilling to a pound ) ; it was also decided at this point to exempt charitable organisations , schools and churches from rates . In 1855 the population of the council area was 3 @,@ 705 , higher by a thousand than the adjacent Corporate Town of Kensington and Norwood . The huge East Torrens was not to prove as stable as Kensington and Norwood . Ratepayers were frustrated as to where their money was going ; councillors did not have the administration or funds to operate effectively and the interests of the area were hugely varied . The area was split into three on 14 August 1856 . The District Council of Payneham separated and formed to the north @-@ west and the District Council of Burnside was formed in the south @-@ eastern corner in an area of 15 @.@ 9 km2 ( 6 @.@ 1 sq mi ) . East Torrens council was further divided in 1858 with the secession of the District Council of Crafers . = = Lone Burnside = = After shedding the burden of less profitable and unwieldy land with its angry residents , Burnside was on its own . The new Burnside District Council held its first meeting at the Greengate Inn , Tusmore on 19 August 1856 . Due to the time it took to elect new councillors , it was not until 29 December that the council met again . Dr Christopher Penfold , chairman , met the rest of the representatives there : Daniel Ferguson of Glenunga , Alexander Ferguson of Monreith , John Townsend of Magill and James Grylls of Belle Vue . It was during this time that Kent Town decided against becoming a part of Burnside and instead applied to enter the Corporate Town of Kensington and Norwood . The council was to meet at the Inn or at Ferguson 's home right up until December 1869 , when the first council chambers were built . However , it was still able to operate and fulfill its obligations under the Local Government Act 1852 . These included the management of minor roads , the administration of abattoir licences and public houses , and the prevention of the spread of the noxious Scotch thistle . The council was also obliged , under a different act of 1851 , to encourage education . Much road and bridgework activity happened after the council had been formed — early residents were amazed at the influx of development and construction that occurred . At the same time , the council was almost overwhelmed by the amount of work requested , and was forced to ask individual ratepayers for monetary assistance when building bridges in their area . Much of Burnside 's history has been observed and documented by institutions that have remained an important part of the lives of its residents : the school and the church . The first school to open in the area was in Magill during 1846 , preceding a proper statewide education system . Magill Primary School was enlarged in November 1855 , when 38 boys and 29 girls enrolled ; they were taught reading , writing , arithmetic , grammar , geography , history , drawing and singing by a sole teacher . By 1865 there were two teachers . Glen Osmond Primary School was established in October 1858 , preceding the Glen Osmond Institute , a centre for community debate and learning . Burnside Primary School was built in 1872 , taking over from a small private institution . These primary schools , in the absence of proper libraries and similar institutions , received large collections of books and writings from the town 's residents . Residents also took advantage of schools for frequent and heated debates on the future of the state and region , and these discussions often drew large crowds . However , even with this intellectual spirit , the adult population was still relatively disadvantaged in the sphere of education . The drive for learning continued until the Boer War placed more emphasis on physical activity and merit within society . Somewhat strangely , this development of learned activity was not replicated in Burnside 's traditional centre near Tusmore , where the present Council Chambers , Community Centre and Library are located . By 1871 Burnside had grown significantly ; it was now a mix of villages supporting a modest population of 1 @,@ 557 . By comparison , Kensington @-@ Norwood , though smaller in area , had grown to 5 @,@ 132 persons . Glen Osmond , still affected by its immense growth following the expansion of mining , was the largest single population centre with 343 residents . The District Council had also constructed its first council chambers in December 1869 , finally concluding the haphazard meeting agreement . Two villages , Beulah Park ( North Kensington ) and Eastwood experienced booms in population growth and development between 1870 and 1880 , providing both housing to new immigrants and investments for the wealthy Adelaide Establishment . Parkside Hospital ( now Glenside ) , a mental health asylum was constructed in 1866 to replace a crowded building in the Parklands . Built on beautifully tended grounds and with an elaborate façade , it was an early Burnside architectural monument . In 1881 Thomas Cooper started brewing South Australia 's first branded beer , ' Coopers ' , at Leabrook . During this era , Stonyfell saw economic expansion as well ; its large quarry changed hands in 1867 and the Stonyfell Olive Co was founded in 1873 . The late 19th century was a significant time of development in Burnside . This development , however , was brought to an abrupt end in the last decade , the 1890s , when depression stuck the economies of Australasia after decades of reckless expansion , hitting Burnside hard . = = New era = = By the turn of the 20th century , Burnside was becoming more urbanised . Paddocks were still scattered throughout the area but the villages were steadily growing . Toorak Gardens , Dulwich and other near @-@ city villages were gazetted and made open to settlements and advertised now as suburbs , moving on from earlier times . By 1920 , the District Council had a population of 17 @,@ 000 , living in 4 @,@ 000 houses . Ten per cent of the £ 60 @,@ 000 budget consisted of commercial enterprise payments , while the rest was made up of ratepayer fees . The South Australian Government had enacted more laws in relation to local government , in particular , the Town Planning Act 1920 and the Building Act 1923 . These assigned more responsibility to councils , but at a time of necessity ; Adelaide was gradually expanding . Burnside councillors advised the State Government to acquire and manage pleasure resorts ; a kiosk was opened at Waterfall Gully and the Morialta Conservation Park established on this advice . Burnside was treated with high regard by Adelaide newspapers in response to its elaborate greening and tree planting schemes . " Beautiful Burnside : Picturesque Streets " was the headline of The Chronicle on 24 March 1928 . The council was preserving old trees and planting approximately 500 a year . A Burnside councillor , HES Melbourne , was adored in this period ; he spent his own money acquiring reserves and land for residents due to a lack of funds during the Great Depression . He presided over lean but reasonable budgets and oversaw the planting of trees and foliage to beautify the city . Gordon Allen , a local resident who succeeded Melbourne as a councillor , described Melbourne : " No Council ever had a better man . " Melbourne also oversaw the building of the Mount Osmond golf course , but his vision of constructing a Country Club was never realised . Development restrictions preceding the Hills Face Zone were established in the 1920s ; the council was obligated to adhere to strict guidelines . 1928 saw the building of grand new Council Chambers at the corner of Greenhill and Portrush Roads ; they are still in use today . Floods devastated Waterfall Gully in 1931 . Burnside continued to grow ; in 1935 the District Council of Burnside became the Municipality of Burnside . By 1941 , only 401 acres ( 1 @.@ 6 km2 ) remained under cultivation . In 1945 , much of the area that forms today 's Cleland Conservation Park was purchased by the State Government , in large part because of the lobbying efforts of Professor Sir John Cleland . Most of this land , including the Waterfall Gully area , was later combined in 1963 to create the park that extends eastwards up into the hills to the summit of Mount Lofty and northwards to Greenhill Road . During 1943 , the Municipality of Burnside was proclaimed the City of Burnside . Many of Burnside 's sons fought in World Wars I and II ; on their return they were honoured with memorials , and in particular , the name of Burnside 's first community hospital . The Burnside War Memorial Hospital was opened in April 1949 in Toorak Gardens , built in a house donated by a local resident , Otto van Reiben . The present name was adopted in 1956 . Memorials to the fallen can be found all over Burnside ; in Hazelwood Park opposite the swimming centre , at schools and churches , in reserves . Like much of Australia , Burnside held true to the phrase " Lest We Forget " , which is emblazoned on many of the community @-@ erected memorials . In Rose Park on Alexandra Avenue , there is a large monument and statue of an Australian Imperial Force soldier with its plaque stating : " In Memory of the Fallen : World War II , Korea , Vietnam " . Upon their arrival home the servicemen formed several Returned Services League clubs in the City of Burnside . = = Centennial = = When Australia celebrated the Golden Jubilee of the Federation of Australia in 1951 , Burnside residents joined in the celebrations , and in 1956 commemorated the centennial of their own town . A post @-@ war economic and baby boom under the Playford Government saw Burnside grow at a spectacular rate ; from a population of 27 @,@ 942 in 1947 , it grew to 38 @,@ 768 in 1961 . As suburbs devoured the remaining paddocks , 1953 saw the building of a public ballroom , 1965 saw an Olympic Grandstand ; both in Kensington Park . In 1963 the Cleland Conservation Park was founded on Burnside 's eastern borders . Burnside 's road system was completely bitumenised during the 1960s and 1970s through government @-@ sponsored roadworks programmes . Plans were also laid out to replace the winding and dangerous Mount Barker Road . One of these proposals was the Burnside @-@ Crafers Highway , which was strongly supported by council ; it envisaged leaving Greenhill Road once reaching Hazelwood Park . It was then to pass through Hazelwood Park and Beaumont , wind around the hills of Waterfall Gully and then go over Eagle on the Hill to meet Crafers . The Burnside Council put much effort into this proposal , widening Linden Avenue ( which runs north @-@ west to south @-@ east ) in preparation for the highway . The proposal was eventually rejected in favour of upgrading Mount Barker Road and Linden Avenue remained a huge out @-@ of @-@ place road running through an otherwise peaceful suburb . Burnside gained a public library with a collection of 7 @,@ 800 books in 1961 after it was first suggested in February 1959 ; the cost of establishing a library for the residents was more affordable since the Libraries Act 1955 had been passed . The Burnside Swimming Centre opened in 1966 ; the swimming centre was a pet project of then @-@ Mayor George Bolton , who had a grand vision of what he wanted Hazelwood Park , where the centre was to be located , to become . Bolton met unprecedented public opposition in 1964 when the idea was first unveiled . The substantial elderly population of Burnside ( 15 % ) was wholly opposed to the idea , suggesting the influx of troublemakers and noise was hardly worth the effort . The cost was estimated at £ 75 @,@ 000 ( £ 1 @,@ 370 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) . While architects were resigning over the scale of the proposed development and a number of residents were up in arms , the Adelaide newspapers had a ball ; cartoonists throughout 1964 spent many of their daily cartoons covering the debacle . With the failure of a poll to decide the fate of the idea on 24 March the Sunday Mail published the headline " Burnside Says NO to Swim Pool " . Mayor Bolton was not dismayed by the result ; he pushed ahead with his idea and announced new plans in December . After a strong public campaign and minor changes to the project a poll in February 1965 voted strongly in favour of the idea . The Mayor had won his battle and it was named the George Bolton Swimming Centre in his honour upon opening . The Burnside Council decided on an ambitious goal in 1967 : for every 1 @,@ 000 in population , five hectares of reserves were to be set aside . Setting out to achieve this the council purchased Hazelwood Park from the State Government , the control of Beaumont Common was obtained by a 1973 amendment to the Local Government Act and parts of Mount Osmond were attained from the Highways Department . Before coming into the ownership of the council , Hazelwood Park was destined to be subdivided under a government initiative . When council heard of this , motions were put into place to take ownership and the deed was transferred in 1964 . The council only managed this after discussions were held with Premier Playford himself . = = Modernity = = A community centre was built alongside the council chambers in 1982 , adjoining the library . The entire council complex was upgraded first in 1996 , together with an upgrade of the Burnside Swimming Centre . There is also a modern shopping centre called Burnside Village that attracts people from other areas to visit Burnside . Further upgrades took place in 2001 , resulting in a modern library and community centre for residents . Burnside developed a new council logo in 1993 , utilising the colours of green and purple . Green represents the lush parks and reserves in Burnside , and purple represents the prominent Jacaranda trees . The adjacent suburbs of Skye and Auldana were merged into Burnside in 1999 . Formerly part of the Adelaide Hills Council they had a lengthy association with Burnside dating back to the days of East Torrens . Coopers Brewery moved out of Leabrook in 2001 , relocating to Regency Park . The former premises of Coopers was converted into a retirement village . Burnside will have to adapt to deal with an ageing population ; the largest age group in the area is that of the 35 – 49 group , who will soon retire . Already 23 @.@ 7 % of the population is over 60 and more people die every year than are born . Almost all population growth is from inter @-@ Adelaide as well as overseas migration . A portion of the population emigrates to other Australian states and cities . Consistent since the 1960s , there is a huge gap in the 18- to 25 @-@ year @-@ old group which is unlikely to change .
= Hollywood Undercover = Hollywood Undercover : Revealing the Sordid Secrets of Tinseltown is a non @-@ fiction book about the culture of Hollywood society , written by investigative journalist and author Ian Halperin . Halperin poses as a gay man trying to become a successful actor in Hollywood , and informs individuals he is from the non @-@ existent " Israeli royal family " . He investigates rumors that the Church of Scientology reportedly claims to have a " cure " for homosexuality through " auditing " , and speaks with a former Scientologist about his experiences . He also explores the casting couch phenomenon , the pornography industry , and the Oscars . Halperin meets with famous actors and celebrities , successfully obtains a talent agent , and a role in the film The Aviator . The book was published in 2007 in the United Kingdom by Mainstream Publishing , and on January 15 , 2008 in the United States . Hollywood Undercover received generally positive reviews in The Herald , New York Daily News , The Saturday Star , and Contactmusic.com ; and a critical review in The Independent . Halperin later released a documentary film on the same topic , His Highness Hollywood , which premiered in New York City in April 2008 . His Highness Hollywood is a companion documentary to the book . = = Contents = = Halperin pretends to be an individual trying to become a successful actor in Los Angeles , and gains access to exclusive celebrity parties . He informs individuals in the entertainment industry that he is a " member of the Israeli royal family " ( which does not exist ) . The book takes a critical look at the Church of Scientology and its influence in Hollywood . Halperin posed as a gay man looking for a " cure " for homosexuality from Scientology in order to expose what he felt were inherent prejudices in the organization . He investigates rumors that Scientology claims to have a cure for homosexuality through a special " auditing " process . Halperin interviews former Scientologist Michael Pattinson , who sued the Church of Scientology claiming fraudulent activities after spending US $ 500 @,@ 000 over 18 years in attempts to cure his homosexuality . Halperin states that he told a Scientology official he wanted to have a successful career in Hollywood but was afraid that if his homosexuality was revealed it would stymie his career . He states that the Scientology official said the organization would " cure him of his sexuality through auditing " . According to Halperin the Scientology organization has arranged " cover " marriages as part of a " cure " for homosexuality , and notes that actor and Scientologist John Travolta married Kelly Preston two days after a male porn star told the National Enquirer of an alleged relationship he had with Travolta . According to Halperin , Anna Nicole Smith had wanted to become a Scientologist , but decided against it after she was informed by a friend of the organization 's stance on homosexuality . Halperin concludes that the Scientology organization is more focused on money than on other issues : " I pretty much found that everything about the church is about making as much money as possible , which doesn 't really make them much different from most other religions . I have to be honest and admit I also met some nice people in the church . It 's just that I have a huge problem with their discriminatory attitude toward gays . " Halperin disputes Andrew Morton 's claim in his book Tom Cruise : An Unauthorized Biography that actor Tom Cruise is second in command of the organization , instead asserting Cruise is actually in the top position of leadership . Halperin also explores the pornography industry , the Oscars , and the travails of the casting couch phenomenon . Links to YouTube videos by Halperin are given throughout the book , to illustrate encounters he had with various entertainment personalities . Halperin meets with famous actors and celebrities including Barbra Streisand , George Clooney and Leonardo DiCaprio , and asks them to share their advice with him about the workings of the entertainment industry . Halperin eventually lands a talent agent , and a role in the film The Aviator . = = Reception = = Cheryl Caira , Rosemary Goring and Anne Johnstone reviewed the book for The Herald , and describe Halperin 's experiences in the book as " certainly entertaining , and at times scandalous " . Ben Widdicombe of New York Daily News notes Halperin " received the most offensive response imaginable " when he asked a Scientology official who Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard would have voted for in the 2008 United States presidential election ; according to Halperin , he asserted he spoke with a recruiter for Scientology , " He said , ' I can tell you who shouldn 't be President - Barack Obama , Condoleezza Rice and the Rev. Al Sharpton . They should not be allowed to run for office , they should be sweeping the office . ' " A review of the book in The Independent comments that the YouTube links provided throughout the book " have the effect of making virtually everyone who tries to help him seem nice while presenting Halperin as an unscrupulous creep " . In a review in The Saturday Star , Angelique Serrao writes that Halperin " interviews insiders who spill scandalous information that will leave you gasping at the audacity of the movie world " . Adam Adshead of Contactmusic.com writes : " Hollywood undercover is a candid and intelligent look at the fame game from an insider 's point of view . " Marc Weisblott reviewed the book for Eye Weekly , and comments : " Cynical reporting about the Hollywood system isn ’ t hard to come by , but Halperin has the audacity to get involved with his subjects , attracting empathy even while claiming that he ’ s a royal scion craving fame that his homeland cannot facilitate . "
= Search Committee = " Search Committee " is the hour @-@ long finale of the seventh season of the American television comedy series The Office . It comprises the 151st and 152nd episodes of the series overall and the 25th and 26th episodes of the seventh season . It originally aired on NBC on May 19 , 2011 in the United States . In the episode , Deangelo 's new replacement is sought out through a search committee process led by Jim ( John Krasinski ) . Meanwhile , Angela becomes engaged to her state senator boyfriend , Robert ( Jack Coleman ) , while the rest of the office believes he is gay . The episode was written by show runner and executive producer Paul Lieberstein and was directed by Jeffrey Blitz . The episode featured several guest appearances including one from The Office co @-@ creator Ricky Gervais , his second appearance on the series . The episode also marks the first appearance of James Spader and Catherine Tate , the former of whom was a series regular in the eighth season while the latter had a recurring appearance in the eighth season and was a series regular in the ninth and final season . " Search Committee " received mixed reviews from critics with multiple critics commenting on the multiple guest stars . According to Nielsen Media Research , " Search Committee " was viewed by an estimated 7 @.@ 29 million viewers and earned a 3 @.@ 9 rating / 10 % share in the 18 – 49 demographic , marking a rise in the ratings from the previous episode and the previous season finale . = = Synopsis = = With Deangelo Vickers still in a coma , Dunder Mifflin – Sabre Scranton is left with Creed ( Creed Bratton ) as interim regional manager . Jo Bennett ( Kathy Bates ) puts Jim ( John Krasinski ) , Toby ( Paul Lieberstein ) and Gabe ( Zach Woods ) into a committee to interview candidates for the manager position , including Andy ( Ed Helms ) , Darryl ( Craig Robinson ) and a number of outsiders , including a personal friend of hers , Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) , who suggests various strange methods for running an office , including a " zen garden " theme and removal of all official titles for Dunder Mifflin Scranton . Pam ( Jenna Fischer ) takes it upon herself to protect the office and their clients from Creed 's haphazard and potentially catastrophic managerial style ( he keeps trying to call major clients and tell them the office is about to go out of business ) by distracting him with activities and posing as various clients when Creed has Jordan ( Cody Horn ) contact them . Dwight ( Rainn Wilson ) , still upset over being demoted by Jo , stops taking care of himself and openly looks through want ads in the office . His attitude changes when he speaks with applicant Robert California ( James Spader ) , who disparages the position and the office . Merv ruins his interview , and Dwight becomes incensed that the position might go to someone who doesn 't take it seriously . He demands to be interviewed , and while Jim balks , after Dwight 's persistent efforts to acquire an interview , Jo instructs Jim to grant him one , as she likes " a little bit of crazy . " Jim had earlier firmly shot down Dwight 's extensive bribe list for Jim 's support , and quickly ends his formal interview . Darryl thinks his popularity with the staff will make him a shoo @-@ in , so he thinks he doesn 't have to do an interview like everyone else . He is caught off @-@ guard when he actually must do an interview and they ask for his resume . Darryl writes up an overly extensive four @-@ page resume , which Jo quickly derides , though Jim encourages Darryl by saying that the interview and resume are mere formalities for him . When Andy interviews for the manager position , Gabe hijacks the meeting in an attempt to sabotage him by asking random trivia questions , which Andy successfully parries , but Gabe ends up screaming at him and acting like a lunatic . Gabe is also dismissive of Kelly ( Mindy Kaling ) during her interview , saying she 's not a " real candidate " . Kelly exacts revenge by telling Jo about Gabe 's relationship with Erin ( Ellie Kemper ) and his harassing behavior after their breakup . In response , Jo sends Gabe back to Sabre 's Florida headquarters , and installs Kelly in Gabe 's position on the search committee . Kelly then says she has accepted Dwight 's bribery and looks forward to the benefits of his return to the manager 's chair , as Toby haltingly says they could give Dwight another trial run and Jim looks on in horror . After Phyllis tells Jim that Kelly and Dwight have pre @-@ fired her , Jim tells Dwight he is not and will not be the manager , and the office begins arguing about who will be selected . When the discussion gets out of control , with Ryan ( B.J. Novak ) preferring a homeless man , Andy declaring he wants the job , and Darryl 's daughter Jada asking out loud if Jim is the guy making him manager , Jim cuts it short and brings the committee back to the conference room to make up their minds . Phyllis ( Phyllis Smith ) and Erin await the results of a DNA test to see if Erin is the daughter previously given up by Phyllis in high school . The results are negative , but Phyllis holds off on telling Erin after Andy rejects Erin 's proposal to start dating again , and continues to show maternal affection toward her . Meanwhile , Angela ( Angela Kinsey ) becomes engaged to her state senator boyfriend , Robert . Oscar ( Oscar Nunez ) , who strongly believes that Robert is gay , shares his feelings with Pam . Ryan overhears them and confirms that Robert is gay , in his opinion . When the rest of the office thinks so as well , they must decide whether or not to tell Angela . They eventually decide not to tell Angela for a wide range of reasons — not everyone is sure Robert is gay , Oscar is looking forward to the elegant wedding , and Pam doesn 't think it 's anyone 's right to blurt out that information . Angela is then typically rude about her nuptial plans — first sing @-@ songing to an indifferent Stanley that they might not have room to invite him to the wedding , and then asking Pam if she can borrow the plans for the dream wedding Pam never got to have , before mocking the ceremony where Pam and Jim got married at Niagara Falls . Pam is sorely tempted to spill the beans about Robert 's sexuality , but ends up smiling sweetly and wishing Angela " a very happy wedding " . = = Production = = " Search Committee " was written by show runner and executive producer Paul Lieberstein , who also plays Toby Flenderson on the show , his 14th writing credit of the series . The episode was directed by Jeffrey Blitz , the ninth episode he has directed for the series . The episode features special guest appearances from Ricky Gervais ( as his character David Brent from the original British version of The Office ) , Catherine Tate , Will Arnett , Ray Romano , James Spader , Jim Carrey , Cody Horn and Warren Buffett . Gervais previously appeared in the episode " The Seminar " , and co @-@ wrote the episodes " Pilot " and " The Convict " ; he also serves as an executive producer for the series . In addition to appearing in " Search Committee " , Gervais contributed to the episode script . Initially the guest stars were planned to be a secret , before all were revealed to the media . Lieberstein described the moments with the guest stars in the episode as " more than a montage . It 's a number of scenes . We fit it in . We stuff it in " . The episode script was initially 75 pages long , 10 pages too long to stay within the episode 's time slot ; this led to several cuts , a common problem for episodes of the series according to writer , B.J. Novak . The script received several laughs from the cast and producers specifically for lines read by Creed Bratton and Kathy Bates . " Search Committee " was one of the first episodes not to feature former Office lead actor Steve Carell ; the feeling during filming was " weird " according to Lieberstein . Carell 's departure made it possible for more scenes with secondary characters , and also allowed for the " very long group scene " , described as " observational and conversational " by Novak . The episode features a storyline hinted in " Goodbye , Michael " in which it is hinted that Phyllis is Erin 's birth mother . The rumor was started during an interview with executive producer Greg Daniels with Entertainment Weekly in which he stated " A tiny mystery story – which I 'm not sure anyone ’ s going to catch and will come out a few episodes from now – is being set up here " . The episode also marks the third and final appearance of Cody Horn as Jordan Garfield , Deangelo 's executive assistant , and the first of three new roles since Carell 's departure . The role was originally said to be recurring at first with a chance of her becoming a series regular in the eighth season . She eventually did not return for the eighth season . Immediately after " Search Committee " first aired , NBC posted Andy , Dwight and Darryl 's resume on their official website and allowed fans to vote for who they believed should be the manager . Spader would later join the cast as CEO of Sabre in the eighth season while Tate is currently set to return in the second half of the eighth season as romantic interest for Robert California . In the eighth season premiere , " The List " , Andy was revealed to be the new manager . Arnett was considered a high possibility to appear on the series , but could not due to his commitment to the NBC comedy series Up All Night . This also marks the eighth and final appearance of Kathy Bates as Jo Bennett , of whom later episodes in the eighth season would refer to Jo later stepping down from her position as Sabre CEO and hiring Robert California to replace her , and later dissolving the company entirely as chairman . = = Cultural references = = Darryl calls Microsoft and asks whether they still have Clippy , an unpopular feature from Microsoft Office . Phyllis mentions that many babies were born in 1982 due to the release of the comedy film Porky 's . Ryan insults Pam , saying that she would prefer Rachael Ray or the hosts of The View as the new manager . At one point in the episode , Angela says " It 's a little flashy . I mean , what am I , Naomi Judd ? " , a reference to the country music singer . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = In its original American broadcast on May 19 , 2011 , " Search Committee " was viewed by an estimated 7 @.@ 29 million viewers and received a 3 @.@ 9 rating / 10 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 3 @.@ 9 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 10 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a rise in the ratings from the previous episode , " Dwight K. Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager , and a rise from the sixth season finale , " Whistleblower " . The episode became the highest rated scripted program on Thursday and ranked first in its timeslot , beating the season finales for Grey 's Anatomy , Bones and The Mentalist . " Search Committee " was the seventh most @-@ watched scripted show for the week of broadcast among adults aged 18 – 49 . = = = Reviews = = = The episode received generally mixed reviews from critics . Myles McNutt from review website A.V. Club gave the episode a B- , saying that it was " a funny episode that managed to be only fitfully satisfying . " IGN reviewer Cindy White commented that " it 's more apparent than ever that ' Goodbye , Michael ' should have ended the season , if not the series , " and that " the show is just spinning its wheels now " . Despite this , she praised the scenes featuring Creed Bratton and James Spader , believing Bratton 's performance consisted of " the funniest scenes of the episode " , and that Spader " was given the meatiest part , gamely channeling his dominating boss role from Secretary " . White ultimately gave the episode a 6 @.@ 5 / 10 , calling it " Okay " . TV Squad writer Joel Keller criticized the episode for not featuring a true plot , writing that " this felt like a series of sketches in search of a plot . " The Office co @-@ creator Ricky Gervais also commented on the outlandishness , particularly Warren Buffett 's appearance , saying " If you 're going to jump a shark , jump a big one . " He also compared the episode to the Chris Martin episode of Gervais 's other series , Extras . The shark quote was repeated multiple times on other media outlets ; Gervais eventually commented that " I fucking didn 't [ diss The Office ] , that 's for sure . " Alan Sepinwall of HitFix referred to the episode as a " bumpy , awkward , great big mess of a finale " and a " very poorly @-@ executed sweeps stunt " . He also wrote that the guest stars " did not fit comfortably into the world of the show " . Entertainment Weekly writer Hillary Busis called the episode a " major cop out " and criticized the writers for having a whole year to figure out how to end the season , but instead waiting to announce the new manager in the fall . She ultimately concluded that " I don 't love some of the choices the show has made recently " and that " the show has just been spinning its wheels for the past several weeks " . Many critics expressed relief that Erin and Phyllis were not mother and daughter . " Search Committee " was voted the fourth lowest @-@ rated episode out of 24 from the seventh season , according to an episode poll at the fansite OfficeTally ; the episode was rated 6 @.@ 93 out of 10 . In another poll , " Search Committee " was voted the thirteenth @-@ highest rated episode out of 24 from the seventh season , according to a " Survivor " poll by OfficeTally . Jim Carrey later received a nomination for " Favorite TV Guest Star " at the 38th People 's Choice Awards .
= Charles Domery = Charles Domery ( c . 1778 – after 1800 ) , later also known as Charles Domerz , was a Polish soldier serving in the Prussian and French armies , noted for his unusually large appetite . Serving in the Prussian Army against France during the War of the First Coalition , he found that the rations of the Prussians were insufficient and deserted to the French Army in return for food . Although generally healthy , he was voraciously hungry during his time in the French service , and ate any available food . While stationed near Paris , he was recorded as having eaten 174 cats in a year , and although he disliked vegetables , he would eat 4 to 5 pounds ( 1 @.@ 8 to 2 @.@ 3 kg ) of grass each day if he could not find other food . During service on the French ship Hoche , he attempted to eat the severed leg of a crew member hit by cannon fire , before other members of the crew wrestled it from him . In February 1799 , the Hoche was captured by British forces and the crew , including Domery , were interned in Liverpool . Domery shocked his captors with his voracious appetite , and despite being put on ten times the rations of other inmates remained ravenous , eating the prison cat , at least 20 rats which had come into his cell , and regularly eating the prison candles . Domery 's case was brought to the attention of The Commissioners for taking Care of Sick and Wounded Seamen and for the Care and Treatment of Prisoners of War , who performed an experiment to test his eating capacity . Over the course of a day , Domery was fed a total of 16 pounds ( 7 @.@ 3 kg ) of raw cow 's udder , raw beef and tallow candles and four bottles of porter , all of which he ate and drank without defecating , urinating , or vomiting at any point . Almost everything known about Domery comes from a 1799 account in the Medical and Physical Journal , written by Dr. J. Johnston , based largely upon information provided by Dr. Thomas Cochrane . = = Appearance and behaviour = = Charles Domery ( later also known as Charles Domerz ) was born in Benche , Poland , in around 1778 . From the age of 13 , Domery had an unusually large appetite . He was one of nine brothers , all of whom Domery said suffered from the same condition . Domery recalled that his father was a hearty eater and generally ate his meat half @-@ boiled , but was too young to recall the quantity . The only illness Domery was aware of in the family was an outbreak of smallpox in his youth , which was survived by all the family . Despite his unusual diet and behaviour in the presence of food , doctors described Domery as of a normal build , and tall for the period at 6 feet 3 inches ( 1 @.@ 91 m ) . He had long , brown hair and grey eyes , was smooth @-@ skinned , and was described as having a " pleasant countenance " . Doctors observing Domery saw no signs of mental illness and although illiterate , he was considered of normal intelligence by his crewmates and by the prison doctors who studied him . Despite eating vast amounts of food , it was noted by the doctors studying him that he never vomited , other than when fed large amounts of roasted or boiled meat . He showed no outward signs of ill health , and doctors observing him noted that his eyes were lively and his tongue clean . His pulse was regular at around 84 BPM , and his body temperature normal . His muscles were normally formed , but observed by doctors to be weaker than usual , although during his time in the army he had marched 14 French leagues ( approximately 25 mi / 42 km ) in a day with no ill effects . It was observed that immediately after going to bed , generally at about 8 : 00 pm , Domery would begin to sweat profusely . After one to two hours lying awake and perspiring , he would fall asleep before waking at around 1 : 00 am extremely hungry , regardless of what he had eaten before going to bed . At this time , he would eat any available food , or if no food was available would smoke tobacco . At around 2 : 00 am he would go back to sleep , and wake again at between 5 : 00 and 6 : 00 am , sweating heavily ; as soon as he got out of bed , the sweating would cease , starting again whenever he ate . = = Military service = = By the age of 13 , Domery had enlisted in the Prussian Army , and became part of an army besieging Thionville during the War of the First Coalition . The Prussian Army was suffering from food shortages which Domery found intolerable ; he entered the town and surrendered to the French commander who rewarded him with a large melon , which Domery immediately ate , including the rind . He was then given a wide variety of other foodstuffs by the French general , all of which he ate straight away . Domery then enlisted with the French Revolutionary Army , and shocked his new comrades with his unusual eating habits and voracious appetite . Granted double rations , and using his pay to buy additional food whenever possible , he nonetheless suffered from extreme hunger ; while based in an army camp near Paris , Domery ate 174 cats in a single year , leaving only the skins and bones , and ate 4 to 5 pounds ( 1 @.@ 8 to 2 @.@ 3 kg ) of grass each day if other food was unavailable . He preferred raw meat to cooked ; while his favourite dish was a raw bullock 's liver , he would eat any available meat . While in service on board the French ship Hoche , a sailor 's leg was shot off by cannon fire , and Domery grabbed the severed limb and began to eat it until a crew member wrestled it from him and threw it into the sea . = = Capture = = In October 1798 a Royal Navy squadron under the command of Sir John Borlase Warren captured the Hoche off the coast of Ireland , and those on board , including Domery , were interned in a prison camp near Liverpool . The British guards were shocked by Domery 's appetite , and agreed to place him on double rations . These were insufficient , and his rations were increased until eventually he was granted the rations of ten men each day . Rations for prisoners of war in this period were paid for by the country in whose army the prisoners had served . The standard daily ration for a French prisoner of war was 26 ounces ( 740 g ) of bread , half a pound ( 230 g ) of vegetables and 2 ounces ( 57 g ) of butter or 6 ounces ( 170 g ) of cheese . Domery remained hungry , and was recorded as having eaten the prison cat and at least 20 rats which had strayed into his cell . Domery also ate the medicines of those prisoners in the camp 's infirmary who refused to take them , suffering no apparent adverse effects as a result . It was also recorded that he would regularly eat the prison 's candles , and that if his ration of beer was exhausted , he would resort to drinking water to wash down his food . ( In this period , with poor sanitation standards and infrastructure damaged through war , the risk of water @-@ borne disease meant drinking water was strongly discouraged in European armed forces . Rations of mildly alcoholic beverages such as small beer and diluted rum were issued to troops , along with drinks such as tea and coffee which involved boiling water before drinking . ) = = Experimental subject = = The prison commander brought his unusual captive to the attention of The Commissioners for taking Care of Sick and Wounded Seamen and for the Care and Treatment of Prisoners of War , the body then responsible for all medical services in the Royal Navy and for overseeing the welfare of prisoners of war . Dr J. Johnston , a member of the Commission , and Dr Cochrane , Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh , performed an experiment to test Domery 's eating capacity and tolerance for unusual foods . At 4 : 00 am , Domery was awakened and fed 4 lbs ( 1 @.@ 8 kg ) of raw cow 's udder , which was eaten without hesitation . At 9 : 30 am he was given a meal of 5 lbs ( 2 @.@ 3 kg ) of raw beef , twelve large tallow candles totalling one pound ( 453 g ) , and a bottle of porter , all of which were consumed . At 1 : 00 pm Domery was given another meal of a further 5 lbs of beef , a pound ( 453 g ) of candles , and three large bottles of porter , all of which were also eaten and drunk . During the course of the experiment he did not defecate , urinate or vomit at any point , his pulse remained regular and his skin did not change temperature . Upon Domery 's return to his quarters at 6 : 15 pm following the conclusion of the experiment , he was recorded as being of " particularly good cheer " , and danced , smoked his pipe and drank a further bottle of porter . The cause of Domery 's appetite is not known . While there are other documented cases of similar behaviour from this period none of the subjects other than Domery 's contemporary Tarrare were autopsied , and there have been no modern documented cases of polyphagia ( excessive appetite ) as extreme as Domery . Hyperthyroidism can induce an extreme appetite and rapid weight loss , while Bondeson ( 2006 ) speculates that Domery possibly suffered from a damaged amygdala or ventromedial nucleus ; it is known that injuries to the amygdala or ventromedial nucleus in animals can induce polyphagia . = = Later life and legacy = = It is not recorded what became of Domery , or of the other Hoche captives , following their internment , and it is not known if he returned to France or Poland or remained in Liverpool . The case of Charles Domery briefly returned to public notice in 1852 when it came to the attention of Charles Dickens , who wrote of Domery that " Now , it is my opinion , that a man like this , dining in public on the stage of Drury Lane , would draw much better than a mere tragedian , who chews unsubstantial words instead of wholesome beef " .
= Darren Osborne = Darren Osborne is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks . He was introduced by executive producer Phil Redmond as part of the Osborne family , and played by Adam Booth , made his first on @-@ screen appearance on 18 November 1996 . Booth left the role in 1997 , but the character was recast in 1999 with current portrayer Ashley Taylor Dawson . Dawson decided to leave Hollyoaks in 2000 to concentrate on his band , allSTARS * , but returned in 2003 and has since remained in the role . Darren was initially characterised as a " bad boy " who has matured throughout his tenure . One of Darren 's more notable storylines included his battle with a gambling addiction which led him to lose his share in The Dog in the Pond , be disowned by his father and have his family reject him . Darren later helped his father , Jack ( Jimmy McKenna ) , to fake his own death as part of a scam , which drew comparisons to the John Darwin disappearance case . Other storylines have included a relationship with Cindy Cunningham ( Stephanie Waring ) , a " shotgun " marriage to Hannah Ashworth ( Emma Rigby ) and a brief affair with his mother @-@ in @-@ law , Suzanne Ashworth ( Suzanne Hall ) . More recently Darren 's storylines have seen him form a relationship with Nancy Hayton ( Jessica Fox ) that " came out of nowhere " but was kept long term as the pairing was popular with the serial 's audience . Pressure was then put on Darren and Nancy 's relationship when Suzanne returned pregnant with Darren 's twins , leading to Darren and Nancy splitting up when he became a father . The pair soon after reunited and married in early 2012 after Darren planned a surprise wedding for Nancy , discover his real mother and half @-@ brothers is , and found out that Celia Osborne ( Carol Noakes ) was not his real mother , but Sandy Roscoe ( Gillian Taylforth ) . Dawson has received numerous awards and nominations for his portrayal of Darren . Dawson has been praised by both the British press and his colleagues for his portrayal . The character has been both praised and criticised by the British press , for his " bad boy " status , his relationships , his storylines centring on his money troubles , his fashion sense and his growth as a long @-@ term character . = = Storylines = = = = = Backstory = = = Darren Osborne was born as the result of an affair between Sandy Roscoe and Jack Osborne . Sandy , married to Alan Roscoe at the time , was forced into giving Darren up by her husband , so she could save her marriage . = = = 1996 – 2000 = = = Darren arrives in Hollyoaks with parents Celia ( Carol Noakes ) and Jack from America . Celia discovers that Jack has been having an affair with Dawn Cunningham ( Lisa Williamson ) and returns to America , taking Darren with her . Darren returns to live with his father two years later . Darren becomes friends with Luke ; together they stand up to bully Mark . When Mark 's bullying of Luke becomes more severe , Darren decides to befriend Mark in the hope he will go easy on Luke . His attempts do not succeed and Mark rapes Luke . After the attack , Luke 's relationship with Mandy begins to fail , so Darren takes advantage of the situation and begins a relationship with Mandy . Darren suggests that Luke might be gay and that he was responsible for his own rape . Mandy breaks up with Darren . Darren trashes his sister Ruth 's ( Terri Dwyer ) flat and is evicted ; he leaves the village soon afterwards . = = = 2003 – = = = Shortly after Darren returns to Hollyoaks village from America three years later , Darren begins a skimming scam which is found out by his boss Scott who refuses to give him time off work . In retaliation he plants incriminating evidence on Scott 's computer before calling the police . Scott sets fire to The Loft with Darren inside , but Scott becomes trapped and Darren leaves him for dead . Darren is told no trace of Scott has been found , but Scott is alive and sends threatening postcards to Darren . Scott attacks Darren , who pleads with Scott not to kill him , but the police arrive shortly after . Debbie and Darren have a brief relationship , but it ends when her boyfriend Dan Hunter ( Andrew McNair ) returns from prison . He later begins a relationship with Steph , but ends it when she has an epileptic seizure , and he begins dating Zoe . Darren begins gambling , and becomes addicted . The relationship ends when Darren has sex with Zoe 's best friend Jessica after he and Zoe fight over his gambling addiction . Darren steals Frankie Osborne 's ( Helen Pearson ) jewellery to settle a debt with a loan shark , and blames Newt ( Nico Mirallegro ) , who is sent back to care . Jack , unaware of Darren 's addiction , gives him half The Dog in recognition of how much he has matured . Darren begins counselling for his gambling addiction , but later plays poker with Warren and loses his half of The Dog to him . Jack and Frankie discover that Darren has stolen Frankie 's jewellery and lost his half of The Dog . Jack then has a heart attack which Darren blames himself for . Warren offers to sell his share of The Dog back if Darren came pay him ₤ 100 @,@ 000 within 48 hours . Darren and Jessica steal ₤ 3000 from Evissa which they take to they casino . Darren wins £ 200 @,@ 000 which Jessica steals before leaving . When Warren causes Jack trouble , Jack blames Darren and later disowns him . Jack , Frankie , Newt and Louise Summers ( Roxanne McKee ) are held hostage at The Dog . Darren tries to help them , but is shot in a confrontation with their captor . Darren is taken to hospital where he recovers . Warren later gives Jack his share of the Dog . Warren bribes Darren with £ 100 @,@ 000 to help frame Jake for the murder of Sean Kennedy ( Matthew Jay Lewis ) . Darren takes the money to the casino , where he loses all of it overnight . To solve the families ' financial problems Darren and Jack fake Jack 's death . Darren and Cindy begin a casual relationship . Upon learning the McQueens are in danger Darren and Jack leave to try to rescue them from Niall Rafferty ( Barry Sloane ) . The church is blown up and Darren helps rescue the McQueens from the rubble . Darren turns himself in to the police after Jack refuses to leave the scene and the insurance scam is discovered . He is released 4 months later . Frankie and Jack discover that Darren took a £ 100 @,@ 000 bribe from Warren to get Jake to confess to Sean 's murder , and then gambled the money away despite the family being in debt . Jack banishes his son . Darren becomes depressed when his family ignore him and begins staying in his flat , refusing to leave . Cindy convinces Tony to give Darren a job at a charity event at Il Gnosh . Darren and Hannah drunkenly marry . Darren begins scheming with Cindy to scam The Dog . Darren and Hannah have sex , but Darren ends his relationship with Hannah and with Cindy begins planning to scam Hannah and Tony . Darren and Cindy have sex and are caught by Tony . During Hollyoaks Later , Darren attempts to convince Cindy not to marry Tony . They marry despite Darren 's attempts to stop the ceremony . Hannah moves into Darren 's flat after she and her parents argue . Darren is stabbed by Jamie ( Finn Jones ) while protecting Hannah . Darren recovers and offers to leave Hollyoaks with Hannah but she rejects his offer and leaves alone . Darren and Cindy have sex after she is neglected by Tony , who uncovers the pair in a romantic clinch . Darren and Suzanne have sex and begin an affair . Rhys exposes their affair and Suzanne moves in with Darren . Suzanne later moves to Spain with Neville . Darren moves in with Jack after they reconcile . Darren fails to win back Cindy 's affections as she marries Alistair , but she gives him a brooch before leaving . Darren sells the brooch for ₤ 50 @,@ 000 and uses it as a deposit to help his dad buy his house . Darren begins having sex with Nancy and shortly after , Darren begins a relationship with Nancy . Darren proposes and she accepts before Suzanne returns , and announces that she 's pregnant with Darren 's twins . She gives birth on 21 January 2011 to Jack and Francine . Suzanne and the twins move into Nancy 's flat which leads Nancy to end her relationship with Darren . When Cindy returns , she pays Suzanne to leave the village , so she can have Darren to herself . Her plan fails , when Nancy and Darren reconcile . Darren begins secretly planning his wedding to Nancy . Darren is tempted to gamble at a casino by Brendan Brady ( Emmett J. Scanlan ) but resists . Nancy 's mother , Margaret , makes Nancy doubt her relationship with Darren . Nancy believes Darren is having an affair with Cindy and decides to leave Hollyoaks village to live in Canada . Darren tells Nancy about the wedding he has been planning . She forgives him and the pair marry . Nancy later discovers she is pregnant with Darren 's child but she later suffers a miscarriage . Nancy later discovers she is again pregnant with Darren 's child . Nancy later suffers a miscarriage . Nancy and Darren later discover she is again pregnant . Nancy goes in to premature labour and gives birth to their son three months early by emergency caesarean . Darren and Nancy are told that their son may suffer brain damage . During her pregnancy Nancy helped her friend Mitzeee ( Rachel Shenton ) after she escaped from prison , making Nancy stressed . Darren blames Nancy for their son 's premature birth and tells her he will not forgive her if their son dies . Darren and Nancy name their son Oscar , who turns out to be deaf . This causes problems in Darren and Nancy 's relationship , with Darren wanting their son to go through an operation for his hearing but Nancy not wanting to . The stress results in Nancy becoming addicted to painkillers . Darren eventually finds out about Nancy 's painkiller addiction leaving him furious and Nancy moves away for a short time . Darren and Nancy become friends with Sienna Blake ( Anna Passey ) , and let her move in with them as a full @-@ time nanny . Sienna grows feelings for Darren and they kiss , although Darren later reunites with Nancy after she recovers . Desperate to get rid of Nancy , Sienna frames Nancy for several dilemmas , including leaving Oscar trapped in a fire , in order to make it look like she is still addicted to painkillers . Tom catches Sienna trying to breast feed Oscar , although Sienna accuses Tom of trying to take topless pictures of her . Darren believes Sienna 's lies that Nancy is still a painkiller addict , resulting in Nancy moving out and Darren and Sienna beginning a relationship . Sienna begins faking a pregnancy although is devastated when she overhears Darren saying he doesn 't want the baby . In order to get Darren closer , Sienna attempts to officially get rid of Nancy and she frames Nancy for trying to kill Oscar , Charlie and herself . Nancy is taken to a mental institute because of this . Darren later finds out that Sandy Roscoe ( Gillian Taylforth ) is his mother and disowns Jack for lying to him for years . Darren , Sienna and Oscar move out because of this . Tom realizes what Sienna has done to Nancy and attempts to expose her by putting a video camera in her bedroom . Darren finds the video camera , however , and assumes that Tom had been trying to film Sienna topless again leaving Darren furious with Tom . Darren later makes up with Jack when he is nearly killed in an explosion . When Tom goes missing , Darren is desperate to find him . Thinking that Tom has run away , he assumes that he will come home if Nancy is there and convinces Sienna to change her statement about Nancy . Nancy is released from the mental institute because of this . However , it is revealed that Sienna actually kidnapped Tom and kept him hostage in a basement . Tom is able to escape and along with Nancy , they expose Sienna for everything . Sienna attacks Nancy causing her to have temporary brain damage and attempts to kill Tom , Charlie and Oscar although they are saved and Nancy recovers . Following Darren 's treatment of Nancy , things are hard between them and get even worse when Nancy attempts to get revenge on Darren . However , they eventually reconcile and get engaged again . However , things only get worse when Sienna blackmails Darren to get Tom to change his statement or she 'll create even more problems for the Osbornes . Following a heart attack , Darren is given angina spray however Sienna takes this while Darren is on a camping trip and Nancy leaves him on his own on the trip following an argument . Darren starts to have a heart attack and Sienna , realizing what she 's done , saves him at the last minute . Nancy then starts to think that Darren and Sienna are having an affair , and sleeps with Robbie Roscoe ( Charlie Wernham ) and his father Rick Spencer ( Victor Gardener ) . Things are eventually sorted between Darren and Nancy , however as their wedding gets closer , they start to argue again as Nancy believes that Darren is not taking the wedding seriously . Nancy sleeps with Rick again although the next morning she has regrets . On the night of her hen do , Nancy is attacked by Finn O 'Connor ( Keith Rice ) following an argument , and he attempts to rape her while wearing a mask . However , she is saved by Phoebe McQueen ( Mandip Gil ) , and Darren and Nancy get remarried anyway . Finn is arrested and Darren stands by Nancy in court , however due to the DNA tests , Nancy is forced to admit her affair and that she slept with Rick within 24 hours before the attack . This creates more strife between Darren and Nancy ; Darren sleeps with his ex @-@ fiancee Sienna Blake . Darren cannot forgive Nancy for her affair , they realise that married life has not been right for a long time and they agree to get divorced again . Darren offers to buy Nancy 's half of The Dog In The Pond Pub in order to give her enough money to restart her life . The deed of transfer for The Dog has been signed and Darren is now the sole owner of The Dog In The Pond . On New Year 's Eve after bringing Esther and her girlfriend Kim Butterfield to a club he is mistaken for a taxi @-@ man giving him the idea to start up his own taxi company ' Daz Cabs ' . His company got off to a rocky start as he was unable to know where he was going and got Dr. S 'avage late for two important meetings . However Darren teamed up with Kim to force Dr. S 'avage to give him the hospital taxi contract and recruited Tony to work as his receptionist . However they came to blows over the name and design of the company , but resolved their differences with Darren moving into the boarding house , Tony working as a taxi driver and Maxine Minniver takes over as receptionist . Darren and Maxine start to develop feeling for each as Darren supports her getting custody of daughter Minnie from her abusive ex @-@ partner Patrick Blake . They later start up a relationship which Patrick tries to wreck so Darren retaliates by trying to frame Patrick . On Freddie Roscoe and Lindsey Butterfield 's wedding day , Darren witnesses Joe Roscoe try to shoot Freddie with Grace Black gun . Trevor Royale orders Darren to get rid of the gun but Patrick records him burying it and blackmails him into saying Maxine is an alcoholic and she loses custody of Minnie . Darren later finds Maxine on top of a church roof and pleads with her not to jump as Minnie needs her . Later when they are alone he reveals that Patrick blackmailed him and he couldn 't go to prison as he needs to be there for Oscar and Charlie . Maxine forgives him and they remain together . Darren helps Maxine set up her own cab business ' Minnie Cabs ' so she stands a chance at getting Minnie back . When Darren finds out that Patrick is dying he tells Patrick that he is sticking by Maxine and that when he 's dead he 'll be dancing on his grave . When Ben Bradley daughter Carly is found dead , Ben initially blames Darren as he was supposed to drive her up to Scotland to a rehab center that day but cancelled the job so he could support Maxine through a dinner party with Patrick . Patrick later manipulates Darren and Maxine 's relationship causing Maxine to break up with Darren as she doesn 't believe his claims that he 's still controlling her . Some of his lastest storylines have included his becoming estranged from Nancy and then married to her again , beginning a relationship with Maxine , a feud with Patrick and helping Maxine to hide Patrick 's body in a wall after his death . = = Character creation and casting = = Darren was created by Hollyoaks producer Phil Redmond in 1996 . He was created along with his father Jack Osborne and step @-@ mother Celia ; they arrived from America to join Darren 's older sister Ruth , who was already living in the village . He moved back to America and later returned until the current time . Darren has been referred to as " one of the most popular and longest serving Hollyoaks characters " . Auditions were held for the part of Darren with Adam Booth securing the part in 1996 ; his first appearance was on 18 November . Booth left Hollyoaks in 1997 , so the role was recast in 1999 with Ashley Taylor Dawson . Other actors that auditioned while in the stages of recasting included fellow castmember Alex Carter who went on to secure the part of Lee Hunter , two years after auditioning for the part of Darren . While at the National Youth Theatre aged 17 Dawson joined the cast of Hollyoaks . He went on to secure the part of Darren following an audition . Dawson has said that his first day at Hollyoaks was " daunting " . Dawson left in 2000 to pursue a pop career in the UK pop band AllSTARS * . AllSTARS * split up and Dawson later re @-@ joined Hollyoaks in August 2003 . Dawson has said , regarding playing the role of Darren , " I love playing the bad lad . He 's my alter ego " . In 2010 speaking of his ten @-@ year tenure on the serial Dawson said he felt he like he was " turning a bit into Ken Barlow " and added that he enjoyed playing Darren more each year . Dawson added that he was " still learning " and did not take his role for granted . He stated , " I ’ m not ignorant enough to think I can just go off and be a Hollywood star ! I ’ d like to take on some more challenges for Darren " . = = Character development = = = = = Characterisation = = = Darren 's personality has developed over the character 's duration . At first , according to Dawson , Darren was " very manipulative " and willing to " do anything to get his own way " . Dawson added that some of Darren 's actions were " blatantly horrible " although he felt that this made Darren " such a fun character to play " . Dawson also commented on Darren 's " luck with girls " ; Dawson felt that Darren " tends to take girls for granted " and is " out for all he can get " . Dawson also called Darren " an opportunist " and a " male chauvinist pig " . On the character 's transformation Dawson told Digital Spy that when Darren was younger he was " just a horrible child and he had nothing nice to say about anyone " before Darren matured and softened . Dawson added that it was nice to see a different side to the character . Dawson later added that the character 's change was good as " everyone goes through changes in their life and Darren just hit that time . It was good timing for him " . He also explained that his character becoming a father led him to develop and mature further , stating that Darren accepted his responsibilities as a father and " tries hard to be the father that he wants to be " . He felt that Darren enjoyed being a father and that it made him feel " complete and like he has a purpose in life , whereas before he was always chasing his tail " . Dawson felt that as time went on , Darren became more helpful , sympathetic and more empathetic towards other characters , especially Jake Dean ( Kevin Sacre ) . Dawson stated , " It 's very uncharacteristic but Darren is softening up " . Dawson added that Darren 's difficult life has led him to mature and act like a " bit of a saint " , but that Darren was still greatly misunderstood . E4 's official Website described Darren in this way : " For a long time Darren found it easier making enemies than he did friends , what with his constant scheming and dangerous gambling habit ... Darren 2 @.@ 0 is a reformed man though " . Hollyoaks international broadcaster BBC America described the character as a " relentless schemer and ne 'er @-@ do @-@ well " . Darren has been described as the " village hunk " , an " outcast " , a " bad boy " , a " twisted hunk " , " heartless " , " hapless " , " devious " and " sly " by various media sources . Dawson stated that when he first auditioned he had " bumfluff " which he was asked to keep for the part . Darren 's dress sense has gone undergone changes in recent years . He often wore string vests and gold jewellery but he later changed his style which became more mature . On his character 's change in style and the reasons for it Dawson said the producers were right to make the changes and opined that Darren has " moved on now and grown up a bit " . = = = Earlier storylines = = = One of Darren 's earliest storylines saw him and friend Luke Morgan ( Gary Lucy ) stand up to bully Mark Gibbs ( Colin Parry ) . Darren becomes friends with Mark in an attempt to deter Mark 's bullying but Mark soon after rapes Luke . Darren takes advantage of the situation and begins a relationship with Luke 's girlfriend Mandy Richardson ( Sarah Jayne Dunn ) . Dawson commented on this saying , " Darren liked Mandy even before he went to America so he was gutted when he came back to discover she had started going out with Luke . And all along , Luke knew that Darren wanted to get together with Mandy ... Luke has other things on his mind and seems to be ignoring Mandy , so Darren thinks it is the perfect opportunity to make his move " . Before Darren asks Mandy out he confronts Luke who " gives him the green light " . Dawson opined that although viewers may think Mandy and Darren are being " heartless " they don 't know about Luke 's attack so are not to blame . Dawson felt that initially the relationship is a " flirty kind of friendship " although Mandy realises she likes Darren and plans to use Darren as a means of reuniting with Luke . As Darren and Mandy spend more time together their relationship " develops " . If Darren were to find out about Luke 's rape , Dawson felt Darren would help Luke get " revenge " on Mark . He said Mandy would either be " shocked and turn to Darren for support " or " feel guilty about what she 's done " and reunite with Luke . Dawson felt if this were to happen Darren would " try to shrug it off " although " deep down , he cares for Mandy " . Dawson felt that Darren should become a " hero " to Luke , fixing all his problems which would rectify him beginning a relationship with Mandy . Darren becomes embroiled in a feud with Scott Anderson ( Daniel Hyde ) , and Scott sets fire to The Loft with Darren inside . Dawson said these scenes were some of his favourite because of the good scripts , and that he enjoyed working with Hyde . The scenes required a pyrotechnics specialist to come in and assist Dawson and Hyde through the scenes . While Darren is feuding with Scott he and Debbie Dean ( Jodi Albert ) have a brief relationship . Dawson said Darren 's relationship with Debbie and feud with Scott were his " favourite " storylines as they were " more in @-@ depth and show both sides of the character " . Darren has a brief relationship with Steph Dean ( Carley Stenson ) , with Stenson commenting that Steph " really loved him " even though he was a " dirty dog to her " . = = = Gambling addiction = = = Darren begins gambling in 2008 and later his addiction causes him a great deal of trouble , leading him to steal from his family and ultimately losing everything . On his character 's addiction , Dawson commented that Darren is initially on a " winning streak " but quickly begins to " lose everything , including Zoe Carpenter ( Zoë Lister ) " . He felt that Darren is torn about his addiction because although he is aware of his problem he believes " his next big win is just around the corner " . When talking to What 's on TV about Darren 's addiction , Dawson said it began slowly but spiralled out of control , thinking that gambling is easy after a few big wins . Eventually , Darren was willing to bet on everything , even " who 's going to have toast for breakfast " . Darren finally realises he has a problem when in spite of the fun , he loses everything as his debts increase . Darren begins counselling for his addiction but later plays a game of poker with Warren in which he loses his share of The Dog in the Pond . Dawson said this " devastated " Darren who can 't convince Warren the poker game was " just a joke " . Darren begins a " Bonnie and Clyde partnership " with Jessica Harris ( Jennifer Biddall ) which producer Bryan Kirkwood described as " very funny " . Jessica then leaves the village in a " dramatic twist " , leaving Darren in more debt in the process . Dawson said that Darren 's gambling addiction had been one of his highlights in the show and described the storyline as " fantastic " . = = = Fake death scam = = = This storyline , which was announced June 2008 , was initially billed as Darren 's father , Jack Osborne ( Jimmy McKenna ) , being " at an all @-@ time low " before finding a dead body which is " too good an opportunity for him and Darren to pass up " . They swap Eamon Fisher 's ( Derek Halligan ) identity with Jack 's , before Jack is forced to " slope off into the night " . The storyline was compared to John Darwin faking his own death with the Daily Record commenting , " Clearly , the news stories about John Darwin and his canoe haven 't reached Chester " while the Sunday Mercury commented that Darren 's guilt was deserved " in shades of the current John ' dead canoeist ' Darwin court case " . After these comparisons Dawson confirmed that the storyline was planned ahead of the media coverage of the case , adding that he thought the storyline was " far fetched " , adding that due to the storyline being a " sensitive " issue it was likely to cause controversy . Dawson explained that Darren initially thought faking Jack 's death was a " brilliant idea " but put this down to lack of sleep and stress . Dawson commented that Darren and Jack are so desperate that " everything seemed easy " , but added that they realise their actions were making the situation worse . Dawson felt that if Darren gets through the events without becoming bitter , twisted and cynical , then he could learn from his mistakes but " it could go the other way and he might blame everyone other than himself " . Dawson commented that the fake death scam was his favourite time with the serial . = = = Relationships = = = = = = = Hannah and Suzanne Ashworth = = = = Darren and Hannah ( Emma Rigby ) go on a weekend away to Denmark with a rock ' n ' roll band where they drunkenly marry in a " shotgun " fashion . What 's on TV announced the storyline in June 2009 . About the beginning of the storyline , " Hannah has gone off the rails of late , but even she manages to outdo herself when she and Darren tie the knot after a particularly boozy night in Denmark " . Holy Soap said the wedding will leave fans " stunned " and described the pair as " odd " . Dawson said , regarding the sudden marriage , that " Darren doesn ’ t suddenly fall in love with Hannah or vice @-@ versa . It ’ s just one of those mad , crazy things you do when you ’ ve had far too many drinks and your life is in a bit of a mess . They both regret it . They get home and their friends and families are horrified – especially Hannah ’ s family " . Rigby said Hannah had married Darren to try to fit in and impress people . She added that Hannah would never have gone out with Darren willingly , " not even under the influence " . She felt Hannah stayed married to Darren to annoy her parents and to get attention . Darren begins scheming with Cindy to scam The Dog . Darren decides to stay married to try to get The Dog back , so proposes that they do not get their marriage annulled to Hannah . Dawson said , regarding his plan to scam Hannah , that " Hannah wants an annulment and so does Darren … at first . The cogs begin to turn in his twisted mind after Cindy points out that being married to Hannah could get him The Dog back . He plans to pretend he ’ s falling in love with her and , motivated by money , tries to make her fall in love with him " . Darren is stabbed while trying to save Hannah , which the Daily Star said " proves to Hannah she is the love of his [ Darren 's ] life . We ’ ll have to see if she ’ ll make another go of it " . Darren offers to leave Hollyoaks with Hannah but she rejects his offer and leaves Hollyoaks alone . E4 wrote , in regards to how the relationship affects Darren , that he " turned a corner after marrying Hannah Ashworth . Darren became a true friend to her and helped her through her eating disorders " . Darren begins an affair with Hannah 's mother , Suzanne ( Suzanne Hall ) , whose son Rhys ( Andrew Moss ) is Darren 's friend . The Daily Star announced this storyline on 23 May 2010 . Suzanne is upset and " Darren is more than happy to give her a shoulder to cry on . But he soon can ’ t believe the mess he gets himself into with his mate ’ s mum . He tries everything he can to put her off but Suzanne is not having any of it " . Dawson explained the romance , saying , " They 're both lonely and there 's a bit of a thrill for Darren as she 's an older woman . It 's just a bit of fun for both of them " . Darren supports Suzanne through her marital problems ; they grow close and begin an affair , until Rhys exposes them . Neville Ashworth ( Jim Millea ) , Suzanne 's husband , throws her out of her home , forcing Darren to allow her to move in with him . Suzanne decides to leave Darren and move to Spain with Neville . When asked who Darren would choose between Suzanne and Cindy , Dawson said , " Cindy any time " . In early 2011 , Suzanne returns , and announces that she 's pregnant with Darren 's twins . She gives birth to twins before she moves in with Darren and girlfriend Nancy Hayton ( Jessica Fox ) . Nancy ends her relationship with Darren . In March , Cindy Cunningham ( Stephanie Waring ) returns and pays Suzanne to leave the village so she can have Darren to herself , which Suzanne accepts . = = = = Cindy Cunningham = = = = When Cindy moves back to Hollyoaks Village she and Darren soon begin a casual relationship . Darren and Cindy later begin to show genuine affection for each other by helping each other through difficult times in their lives . Dawson has said that Cindy was the most suitable for Darren out of his previous relationships . In an interview with What 's on TV , when asked who Darren would choose out of Suzanne and Cindy , Dawson said , " Cindy any time . He 'd really like to make a go of things with her " . Dawson also commented on the relationship calling the relationship " interesting " because Cindy is Darren 's " first port of call " . Waring has said she felt Darren and Cindy are " one and the same - they 're the same person with different body parts " . She felt the pair are " made for each other " but when together are " destructive " . Waring elaborated , saying that unlike Cindy and Tony , Darren and Cindy " bring out the worst in each other " . She felt that if Cindy was with Darren , Darren " could be the love of her life " , but felt Cindy would be sensible and choose the relationship best for her daughter 's welfare . In a later storyline , Cindy announces her intentions to marry Tony Hutchinson ( Nick Pickard ) and scam him , a scam Darren later joins . Darren marries Hannah Ashworth and he and Cindy plan to scam The Dog . Their intentions to scam their respective partners , Dawson said , indicates that the pair are " two sides of the same coin " . He added that they are motivated by money which made Hannah and Tony " useful to them " , and commented that he wouldn 't be surprised if they worked together to get what they want from their partners . Although Darren begs her not to marry Tony , she goes ahead with the wedding , and Darren and Cindy later plan to scam Tony , which Dawson called " cold @-@ hearted " . He added that Darren wouldn 't " have any problems with stabbing Tony in the back even now because Darren 's that kind of guy " . Pickard said , about the beginning of this storyline , " Cindy is with Darren and she ’ s realised I ’ ve got a bit of money . They ’ re scamming me ! " Darren and Cindy begin sleeping together and are caught by Tony but do not continue to see each other . Cindy and Tony divorce ; Cindy begins a relationship with Alistair Longford ( Terence Harvey ) and agrees to marry him . Darren proposes to Cindy on the day of her wedding but she declines stating she wants to give Holly a better life and more financial security which Alistair can give her . Cindy returns in 2011 after Alistair dies and attempts to rekindle her romance with Darren but fails . Dawson later admitted that Darren may still be tempted by Cindy before adding that Cindy is " shocked " that Darren " would go for anyone but her " . Waring felt that the pair would always have a " spark between them " but any romance between them ends when Cindy discovers that Darren has become a father and is engaged to Nancy . She felt that Cindy " gets over it pretty quickly " but Cindy " has her moments with Darren " as Darren is " the only person who [ Cindy ] lets her guard down in front of . With everyone else , a big wall comes up and she doesn 't let anybody else see that vulnerable side " . Cindy begins helping Darren plan his wedding to girlfriend Nancy . Waring felt Cindy 's feelings had been " reawakened " through this storyline , adding that they never " fully went away " . Waring opined that Darren asking Cindy to help plan his wedding made her feel " needed and wanted " . Waring felt that Cindy does not plan to split Darren and Nancy up but that there is " a little part of [ Cindy ] that thinks , ' Surely he 's going to choose me ? " Waring added that when Cindy is trying on wedding dresses for Nancy Cindy thinks " that it should be her " . Cindy attempts to kiss Darren which Waring said is " the worst possible thing she could have done , because she thinks it means something but Darren thinks otherwise " . Dawson said Darren is no longer interested in Cindy . Waring said Darren telling Cindy she will have to let him go leaves her " devastated " . Waring added that when Cindy realises how much Darren likes Nancy she says " that if Nancy is who Darren wants , then she 'll just have to accept it " . Dawson felt that Darren 's relationship with Cindy was " just sex " , adding that " it was more of a raw attraction rather than something that would work well in the long @-@ term " . Dawson added that it was good to revisit the relationship as the pair have been through a lot together . He added that since his relationship with Cindy " Darren has matured ... Their recent goodbye scene was a great one to bring a bit of closure to what they had " . = = = = Nancy Hayton = = = = Darren and Nancy begin a relationship when Darren , Nancy and Nancy 's housemates begin online dating in December 2010 . Darren is due to go on a date he has arranged and Nancy comes to watch him , Darren 's date does not arrive . As the evening continues , the pair realise there is an attraction between them and agree to go home together . Dawson said that the pair have " always sort of hated each other " as they are opposites , explaining that " She 's a feminist and he 's a male chauvinist pig ! " He felt for the pair to begin a relationship is a " case of opposites attracting - for some reason it works " . Dawson added that through the pair 's " pompous ways " they have both been through " hard times and been through them with each other because they 've known each other for so long " . He commented that the pair have " never seen eye @-@ to @-@ eye , but I think that when they sit down and chat they realise they have a lot more in common than they think . In the past they just didn 't want to accept that " . E4 described the relationship this way : " She ’ s chalk and he ’ s definitely more than a bit cheesy , but there you have it ; Darren and Nancy ( Dancy ) are now officially an item ! They ’ re the original odd @-@ couple ! " Dawson added that Darren is " totally in love with Nancy . Nancy has really calmed Darren down " . Fox added , regarding the beginning of their relationship , " It was a relationship that came out of nowhere , but the writers and the audience were so charmed by Nancy and Darren together that it 's kept going " . When asked if they were surprised at being initially paired up Dawson said , " Yes , i was . The scene in which they got together was absolutely hilarious . Darren just looked up and there she was ! " before Fox added " I never thought they were going to last , but we just went for it full throttle " . Fox later explained that the pairing " was only ever intended to be quite a short @-@ term thing " . The pair become engaged after Darren proposes , although the proposal is accidental rather than planned . Dawson felt that it was too soon for Darren to consider marrying Nancy . Shortly after their engagement , Suzanne returns and announces she is expecting Darren 's babies . Regarding Darren being the father of twin babies and if his relationship with Nancy would survive , Dawson felt the situation was too difficult for Nancy but for Darren it was fine . He felt that the story was " interesting " and hoped the pairing would survive as they have " something special " . Darren and Nancy split up when he moves Suzanne and the babies into Nancy 's flat . They resume their romance after Suzanne leaves and takes the children with her . Fox commented that the pair would make good parents but have " a lot of growing up to do themselves " , before adding that she hoped " Nancy and Darren would stay together for a long time " as she enjoyed the pairing . Fox later added that she 'd " love a big soap wedding " . Dawson said , about the couple 's future : " Darren might stray if Nancy continues to push him away , but I think he 's more paranoid about her leaving him . He 's been a good boy far too long - I want him to man up and get his head together " . On 19 December 2011 it was announced that a future storyline would see Darren plan his wedding as a surprise to Nancy . It was announced that Darren would be tempted back into his gambling addiction . Series producer Emma Smithwick commented on the storyline explaining that because Darren was organising the wedding it was " never going to be as smooth as if somebody else was organising it " . She added that the wedding was a " long time coming " for the couple but there going to be " a few obstacles in the way " , some self @-@ imposed and some caused by external forces . She added that the event would be in " true Darren style " . Dawson felt that at this point in the relationship Darren is " besotted " with Nancy . He explained that Darren feels Nancy is good for him but Darren almost feels undeserving of her . Dawson felt that Nancy was the love of Darren 's life . Dawson commented that Darren had " been through the mill " but " for once in his life , Darren is happy " . Dawson put this down to Darren getting the Dog in the Pond back and his relationship with Nancy . On why Darren plans the wedding Dawson said : " He wants to show Nancy how much he loves her and thinks a surprise wedding will do that " . He explained that due to lack of funds Darren will " have to call in a lot of favours but he hasn 't got many friends " . Dawson felt that Darren would have to see the idea through to the end , even if Darren would end up " upside @-@ down in mud " . On how he felt the wedding would turn out Dawson said that " it could be the tackiest thing ever " but that it would be " hilarious " . On the wedding and Darren 's feelings , Dawson said that his character is " incredibly excited about it , especially after all the hard work and planning that he 's been doing in secret for weeks and weeks " . Dawson said that Darren feels like the wedding is " going to be the most perfect day possible and he just can 't wait to see the look on Nancy 's face when she realises what he 's been up to " . Dawson went on to add that " things don 't go as he planned " . Dawson said that he wants the wedding to go ahead , saying " after all this it would be lovely to see them get married , but you never know with soaps . I think they can be happy together " . Dawson felt that the pair are the " perfect match and are incredibly sweet together . Darren brings out Nancy 's fun side and she gives his life a bit of order " . Dawson went on to say he feels the pair are " destined to be the Jack and Vera of Hollyoaks ! " Nancy 's mother , Margaret Hayton ( Darryl Fishwick ) , arrives in the village . Fox said that Margaret believes Darren is " not good enough for Nancy " so begins trying to split the pair up . Fox said that Margaret tries to " make Nancy doubt her relationship with Darren " . Nancy witnesses Darren and Cindy in an embrace which Fox said confirms to Nancy that " everything her mum is saying is true - that Darren doesn 't love her and he has been having an affair " . When questioned if the pair can get through their troubles Fox said : " I hope so ! Myself and Ash have had an awful lot of fun working together , so I 'd love to see a ' happily ever after ' . Well , as much as it can be happy in soapland ! " Fox felt that if Nancy were to discover Darren 's plans for their wedding she would be " horrified " although she would " see that he has good intentions " . Fox later said that Nancy " really wants to get married , have babies and be happy " with Darren , although Nancy may not ready to be a mother " just yet " . Darren and Nancy marry . Dawson explained that Darren felt " relief " that the wedding went ahead as he " often worried that Nancy is too good for him " . Dawson commented that he thinks " the characters work well together and they challenge each other all the time . It 's quite comical , even when they 're arguing . In many ways , Darren is a typical man and Nancy is a typical woman " . On how married life will affect the couple Dawson said : " it will change them is by giving a bit of solidity to their relationship . It proves to both of them how much they mean to each other , so if anything , I think it will make them stronger " . Explaining why Darren went ahead with planning the surprise wedding Dawson said : " he 's got the pub back , he feels like he 's learned all his lessons , and he 's come full circle . This time around , Darren doesn 't want to mess anything up and wants to get everything right . Now that they 're married , having children is something that they 'll look at in the future " . = = = Fatherhood = = = Darren 's ex @-@ girlfriend , Suzanne , returns , pregnant by Darren with twins . Dawson said , " At first [ Darren ] doesn ’ t believe her and he thinks it ’ s a wind @-@ up . When she threatens to go back to Spain he realises it ’ s not what he wants and he stops her . He decides to man up and be a dad to his kids " . A few days later , Suzanne , with Darren 's help , gives birth to twins Jack and Francine . Dawson said that at first , Darren chooses to be in denial about it wants nothing to do with Suzanne because he does not want to lose Nancy . Dawson noted that the birth of Darren 's babies is messy and surprising . Darren finds himself in a situation he never expected when he has to deliver the babies and accept responsibility for them . Dawson stated , " I think it 's a moment where Darren changes a little bit " . Dawson added that Darren does " step up to the mark " and " matures very quickly " . Dawson felt that Darren enjoys being a father and it gives him a " purpose in life " which he has never had before . Dawson explained that Darren usually thinks of himself but is now thinking of the babies . E4 , regarding Darren becoming a father , commented that due to his previous antics , he would not be an ideal candidate for " Father of the year " . The storyline is resolved when Cindy pays Suzanne £ 200 @,@ 000 to return to Spain so that she can have Darren to herself . Suzanne accepts the money and leaves , taking Francine and Jack with her and leaving Darren heartbroken . = = Reception = = Dawson was nominated for " Sexiest Male " at the 2004 British Soap Awards , for " Sexiest Male " and " Best Villain " at the 2005 Inside Soap Awards. and for " Funniest Performance " in 2007 at the Inside Soap Awards . In 2009 , he was nominated for " Best Actor " at the British Soap Awards , " Best Actor " and " Funniest Performance " at the Inside Soap Awards . Dawson was nominated for " Best Actor " , " Funniest Performance " and " Sexiest Male " in 2010 for his role as Darren at the Inside Soap Awards . Also in 2010 , at the British Soap Awards , Dawson was nominated for the " Sexiest Male " award . In 2011 he received a nomination for " Sexiest Male " at the British Soap Awards . In 2012 Dawson was again nominated for " Best Actor " and for " Best On @-@ Screen Partnership " at the British Soap Awards . In 2012 Dawson was nominated for " Best Actor " at the 2012 TV Choice Awards . At the 2012 Inside Soap Awards Dawson was nominated for " Best Actor " and " Sexiest Male " . Darren was listed in " The Top 100 Soap Hunks of All Time " by What 's on TV . Dawson was 8th in the " Sexiest Soap Stars " MSN poll . An Inside Soap critic commented that Darren was initially a " freckly auburn @-@ haired forgettable schoolboy " when played by Booth . They added that Booth 's Darren is a " very distant recollection " while Dawson has " made the part his own in such a big way that we 've decided to wipe the other one from history " . His character was branded a " rat " and " dastardly " for splitting up Gina and Emily by the Daily Record . Upon Darren 's 2003 return to Hollyoaks , the Sunday Mercury said he had become " even more of a pain in the neck " . They later called the character " a really nasty piece of work " and when he stole from his father , they questioned if Jack would " see what he 's really like " . Inside Soap 's Peter Griffiths referred to Darren as one of the serial 's " reliable stalwarts " , saying it was a " relief " when he appeared and added that Darren was one of the characters who can " be relied upon to deliver " . He added that the " tried @-@ and @-@ tested " characters helped the show through its rough patches and that they should be given the storylines they deserved . Griffiths ' colleague Sarah maintained that Darren was the only part of the show that held her interest . The Press and Journal described Darren 's time on the soap , saying : " He languished in prison for helping his father fake his own death , has battled a crippling gambling addiction and has been known to steal people ’ s girlfriends and break up relationships " . Kris Green of Digital Spy responded negatively to Darren 's marriage to Hannah , saying " I still have NO idea why the storyliners thought it was a good idea to marry them off " . Green later said that Rigby 's on @-@ screen partnership with Jamie in Hollyoaks Later worked well and was " better than Hannah and Darren " . Green later dubbed Darren and Suzanne " Suzarren " due to their dangerous liaison , while the affair was described as " sizzling " by the Daily Star . Roz Laws of the Sunday Mercury said Darren and Cindy 's scheming make them a perfect match . Laws commented that Darren and Cindy 's relationship is more about " making money out of others ’ misery " rather than romance , and sarcastically commented that the pair were " nice " after they decide to con Hannah and Tony . On Darren and Cindy 's intention to scam Tony the Daily Star wrote : " Cindy and Darren are perfect for each other . They are both greedy money @-@ grabbers and it isn ’ t long before they are looking for a way to fleece Tony for all they can get " . MSN said the sexual chemistry between Darren and Cindy was undeniable after Cindy 's return . On Darren and Cindy , Jaci Stephen of the Daily Mail questioned if there was " anyone either of these two haven 't had now ? I 'm getting sex @-@ sickness " . Inside Soap described Darren and Nancy as " one of soap 's most unlikely pairings " and added , " It 's clear they 're made for each other " . In a comedy storyline Darren buys Nancy a waterbed , which Stephen opined was " all the better to drown him in ... " , she added that Nancy isn 't impressed " when she learns that he expects her to move in with his family . Still , it ’ ll all be waterbeds under the bridge when Nancy becomes pregnant ( my theory ) " . Stephen 's colleague Caroline Fitton commented on Darren and Nancy spending less time together because of her new job , saying it proved " the girl had some sense " . Stephen later questioned if Nancy would forgive Darren after he planned a surprise wedding or if she would " notice that he has LOSER tattoed across his forehead ? " Digital Spy 's Daniel Kilkelly questioned whether Darren could adjust to fatherhood , while What 's on TV labelled him a " doting father " . Once Nancy became pregnant again Claire Crick of All About Soap said " At last – some good news in Hollyoaks for once ! Our favourite soapy couple , Nancy and Darren , discover they ’ re going to be parents once again in tonight ’ s episode , and we ’ ve got our fingers ( and toes ! ) crossed that it works out for them this time " . She said that " with Darren ’ s cheeky escapades and Nancy ’ s no @-@ messing attitude , they ’ ll make the perfect parents and we can ’ t wait to see them with a little one " . Crick went on to say " while Darren might be dad to twins already ( remember them ? You could be forgiven for forgetting they even existed – it seems Darren already has ! ) , we think he ’ s got potential to be great daddy material " . Stephen of the Daily Mail questioned whether Darren would " ever be able to hold on to a fiver for more than an hour ? " Stephen expressed disinterest in Darren 's subsequent money troubles , saying " There are more money problems for Darren and Jack . Oh , not again " . Stephen later called Darren 's money troubles an " old chestnut " and opined that his business was " Mobs ’ Grotto . There ’ s one vowel wrong in that last word " . Stephen later compared Darren to the Greek government debt crisis and quipped that he " is to money what Greece is to global financial security " . She added that viewers should never become optimistic about his finances improving because " for every ladder he climbs , there ’ s always a snake to bring him crawling back down to Earth " . Virgin Media criticised the character 's original dress sense stating " he might be male , but that doesn 't mean Darren can escape the fashion police . He may have gone to prison once already , but with his chunky gold jewellery and sinister string vests , it won 't be long before he is carted away in cuffs for his crimes against style " . Fellow cast member Jessica Forrest who plays Leanne Holiday opined that the character 's style was the best style of any character from the show but " back in the day ... with the string vests and highlighted hair " . Caroline Fitton of the Daily Mail felt that Darren becoming a student was " just wrong " before questioning if he would " drop the faux @-@ bling @-@ chain T @-@ shirts ? " Producer Bryan Kirkwood said that he thought Dawson was a " brilliant actor " , and added , " Ashley 's one of those people that can do comedy and pathos within the blink of an eye " . Kirkwood said that " Darren 's one of my favourite characters " . Fellow producer Paul Marquess spoke positively of Dawson 's performance in an interview with Digital Spy , stating , " I think Ashley Taylor Dawson , who plays Darren , is a really strong actor , and by the end of this year we 'll see a very different side to his character " . Co @-@ star Kieron Richardson commented on Dawson 's performance as Darren , calling Dawson one of the serial 's " strongest actors " , adding that Dawson compelled him to watch when he was on screen . Richardson added that Dawson " makes me laugh , he does comedy really well and he does vulnerability really well " .
= David B. Bleak = David Bruce Bleak ( 27 February 1932 – 23 March 2006 ) was a soldier of the United States Army during the Korean War . Bleak rose to the rank of Staff Sergeant and was awarded the Medal of Honor , the highest military decoration of the United States , for his actions near Minari @-@ gol , South Korea , on 14 June 1952 . Born in Idaho , Bleak dropped out of school to become a combat medic , and was deployed to Korea with the 40th Infantry Division . During a mission north into Chinese territory , Bleak 's patrol came under heavy attack by fortified Chinese positions . Despite being wounded himself , Bleak rushed the Chinese troops multiple times and killed five Chinese soldiers — four using only his hands — before assisting the wounded , and shielding another soldier from a grenade blast . Bleak is credited with saving the patrol 's wounded and ensuring that all of its members returned to allied lines . For these actions , he was awarded the Medal of Honor . In the years preceding and following his military service , Bleak worked numerous jobs around Idaho and Wyoming , working as a rancher , dairy farmer , truck driver , and meat cutter before retiring as a radioactive waste technician at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory . He died in 2006 from emphysema , Parkinson 's Disease , and complications from a hip fracture . = = Biography = = David Bruce Bleak was born on 27 February 1932 to William Bleak and Tamar Bleak ( née Young ) in Idaho Falls , Idaho , a remote farming community . The seventh of nine children , he dropped out of high school and worked for a time as a farmer and a rancher and also for railroads , but he grew dissatisfied with life in Idaho . He eventually decided to enlist in the US Army , hoping to see the world . Bleak grew to a height of 6 @.@ 5 feet ( 2 @.@ 0 m ) tall and weighed 250 pounds ( 110 kg ) . He was described as humble and quiet throughout his life . Bleak was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter @-@ day Saints though later in life he was not an active and practicing member . = = = Military career = = = Bleak entered the Army on 1 November 1950 , and attended basic combat training at Fort Riley , Kansas . Here , he was selected for medical duty . After the completion of his training , Bleak was assigned to a medical company attached to the 223rd Infantry Regiment , 40th Infantry Division of the California Army National Guard . Shortly after Bleak was assigned to the unit , it was selected for deployment to the Korean War . He was moved to Camp Cooke in Lompoc , California for advanced medical training in preparation for his deployment . The 40th Infantry Division shipped out to Korea in January 1952 , and shortly thereafter , Bleak was promoted to Sergeant . His unit was assigned to a mountainous area near Minari @-@ gol , South Korea , along the 38th Parallel . By that point in the war , the fronts had largely stabilized , and the duty in the area was characterized by constant , low @-@ level trench warfare and continued battles over the same ground which produced high casualties . Bleak served as a field medic , assisting troops on the front lines instead of in Mobile Army Surgical Hospital units . = = = Medal of Honor action = = = On 14 June 1952 , Bleak was part of a patrol of the 2nd Battalion , 223rd Infantry , sent north to probe Chinese forward positions and attempt to obtain Chinese prisoners of war for interrogation . Bleak volunteered to accompany the 20 @-@ man patrol of an I & R Platoon on this mission , which was to send them to a sparsely vegetated feature called Hill 499 , where Chinese forces were known to be operating . The patrol left United Nations lines at 04 : 30 Korea Standard Time on 14 June , under cover of darkness . It was preceded by an attack by F Company , 223rd Infantry , to the west which was intended to distract Chinese forces . However , as the patrol ascended the hill , it came under heavy Chinese automatic weapons fire which struck the lead elements , injuring several soldiers . Bleak , at the rear of the formation , rushed forward and treated and stabilized several soldiers hit in the initial volley , then followed the remainder of the patrol as it continued its mission . As they attempted to continue up the hill , several Chinese soldiers from a nearby trench opened fire , injuring another soldier . According to witness reports , Bleak rushed the trench and dove into it , tackling one Chinese soldier and , with only his hands , broke the soldier 's neck , killing him . Bleak was then confronted by a second soldier , whom he reportedly grabbed by the neck , fatally crushing his windpipe . A third Chinese soldier then approached , and in the ensuing scuffle , Bleak used his combat knife to stab and kill the soldier . Bleak then returned to the patrol and attempted to treat more wounded members , but soon thereafter a Chinese hand grenade bounced off of the helmet of the soldier standing next to him and landed nearby . Bleak tackled the soldier over and covered him with his larger frame to protect him from the grenade , but neither was injured in the ensuing blast . The patrol then continued on its mission , and was successful in capturing several Chinese prisoners . However , as it descended Hill 499 to return to UN lines , they were ambushed by another group of Chinese hidden in a trench with an automatic weapon . Three of the other soldiers were wounded in the attack , and as Bleak attempted to run to them , he was hit in the leg . Bleak dressed all four wounds , but one of the men had been hit too critically to move . In spite of continued Chinese fire and his own injury , Bleak picked up the wounded soldier and began to carry him down the hill . As he attempted to withdraw with the wounded soldier , Bleak was confronted by two more Chinese . Putting down the wounded soldier , Bleak reportedly surprised the Chinese soldiers by charging them and smashing their heads together with such force that he may have fractured the skulls of one or both of the assailants before pushing them out of his way . Eventually , all 20 men of the patrol returned to the UN lines , but a third of them were wounded . Bleak was credited with saving the patrol , both by promptly treating the wounded and by aggressively attacking and killing or neutralizing five Chinese soldiers . = = = Subsequent life = = = Bleak reportedly suffered nerve damage as a result of his leg wound . His wounds required hospitalization , but he returned to duty on 9 July 1952 . His tour in Korea ended shortly after the event . He finished his enlistment by serving in Japan , and on 27 October 1953 he was awarded the Medal of Honor in a ceremony at the White House with President Dwight D. Eisenhower . He retired from the Army as a Staff Sergeant . After leaving the military at the end of the Korean War , Bleak returned to Idaho . He later moved to Wyoming , where he took various jobs as a truck driver , a grocery store meat cutter , and a rancher . He eventually married and had four children with his wife , Lois Pickett Bleak. in 1966 , he moved to Moore , Idaho , where he ran a dairy farm for 10 years . He eventually became a janitor at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory , where he worked his way up until his retirement in the mid @-@ 1990s as chief hot cell technician , responsible for disposing of spent nuclear fuel rods . He died on 23 March 2006 , at the Lost Rivers District Hospital in Arco , Idaho , from emphysema , Parkinson 's Disease , and complications from a hip fracture . He died the same day as another Medal of Honor recipient , Desmond Doss . At the time of his death , he had nine grandchildren and six great @-@ grandchildren . Following his death , Bleak was cremated and his remains were scattered in Idaho , at a site which was supposedly his favorite fishing location . His family later placed a cenotaph in his honor at the Lost River Cemetery in Butte County , Idaho . In 1995 a medical clinic at Fort Sill , Oklahoma , was named for Bleak , and following his death , the Governor of Oklahoma declared 14 June 2007 " Sergeant David Bruce Bleak Day " for the 55th anniversary of Bleak 's accomplishments . On 14 June 2006 , Bleak 's family presented his Medal of Honor to the Idaho Military History Museum , where it is now displayed , alongside that of fellow Idaho recipient Gurdon H. Barter . = = Awards and decorations = = Bleak 's awards include : = = = Medal of Honor citation = = = Bleak was one of eight field medics and corpsmen to be awarded the Medal of Honor in Korea . However , he was one of only two @-@ the other being William R. Charette @-@ for whom the decoration was not posthumous . Those recognized after their deaths were Richard G. Wilson and Bryant E. Womack from the Army , and Edward C. Benfold , Richard Dewert , Francis C. Hammond , and John E. Kilmer from the US Navy . Sgt. Bleak , a member of the medical company , distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and indomitable courage above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy . As a medical aidman , he volunteered to accompany a reconnaissance patrol committed to engage the enemy and capture a prisoner for interrogation . Forging up the rugged slope of the key terrain , the group was subjected to intense automatic weapons and small arms fire and suffered several casualties . After administering to the wounded , he continued to advance with the patrol . Nearing the military crest of the hill , while attempting to cross the fire @-@ swept area to attend the wounded , he came under hostile fire from a small group of the enemy concealed in a trench . Entering the trench he closed with the enemy , killed 2 with bare hands and a third with his trench knife . Moving from the emplacement , he saw a concussion grenade fall in front of a companion and , quickly shifting his position , shielded the man from the impact of the blast . Later , while ministering to the wounded , he was struck by a hostile bullet but , despite the wound , he undertook to evacuate a wounded comrade . As he moved down the hill with his heavy burden , he was attacked by 2 enemy soldiers with fixed bayonets . Closing with the aggressors , he grabbed them and smacked their heads together , then carried his helpless comrade down the hill to safety . Sgt. Bleak 's dauntless courage and intrepid actions reflect utmost credit upon himself and are in keeping with the honored traditions of the military service .
= University of Oxford = The University of Oxford ( informally Oxford University or simply Oxford ) is a collegiate research university located in Oxford , England , United Kingdom . While having no known date of foundation , there is evidence of teaching as far back as 1096 , making it the oldest university in the English @-@ speaking world and the world 's second @-@ oldest surviving university . It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending the University of Paris . After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209 , some academics fled northeast to Cambridge where they established what became the University of Cambridge . The two " ancient universities " are frequently jointly referred to as " Oxbridge " . The university is made up of a variety of institutions , including 38 constituent colleges and a full range of academic departments which are organised into four divisions . All the colleges are self @-@ governing institutions as part of the university , each controlling its own membership and with its own internal structure and activities . Being a city university , it does not have a main campus ; instead , all the buildings and facilities are scattered throughout the city centre . Most undergraduate teaching at Oxford is organised around weekly tutorials at the self @-@ governing colleges and halls , supported by classes , lectures and laboratory work provided by university faculties and departments . Oxford is the home of the Rhodes Scholarship , one of the world 's oldest and most prestigious scholarships , which has brought graduate students to study at the university for more than a century . The university operates the world 's oldest university museum , as well as the largest university press in the world and the largest academic library system in Britain . Oxford has educated many notable alumni , including 27 Nobel laureates , 27 Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom , and many foreign heads of state . = = History = = = = = Founding = = = The University of Oxford has no known foundation date . Teaching at Oxford existed in some form as early as 1096 , but it is unclear when a university came into being . It grew quickly in 1167 when English students returned from the University of Paris . The historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in 1188 and the first known foreign scholar , Emo of Friesland , arrived in 1190 . The head of the university was named a chancellor from at least 1201 and the masters were recognised as a universitas or corporation in 1231 . The university was granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III . After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209 , some academics fled from the violence to Cambridge , later forming the University of Cambridge . The students associated together on the basis of geographical origins , into two " nations " , representing the North ( Northern or Boreales , which included the English people north of the River Trent and the Scots ) and the South ( Southern or Australes , which included English people south of the Trent , the Irish and the Welsh ) . In later centuries , geographical origins continued to influence many students ' affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in Oxford . In addition to this , members of many religious orders , including Dominicans , Franciscans , Carmelites and Augustinians , settled in Oxford in the mid @-@ 13th century , gained influence and maintained houses or halls for students . At about the same time , private benefactors established colleges to serve as self @-@ contained scholarly communities . Among the earliest such founders were William of Durham , who in 1249 endowed University College , and John Balliol , father of a future King of Scots ; Balliol College bears his name . Another founder , Walter de Merton , a Lord Chancellor of England and afterwards Bishop of Rochester , devised a series of regulations for college life ; Merton College thereby became the model for such establishments at Oxford , as well as at the University of Cambridge . Thereafter , an increasing number of students forsook living in halls and religious houses in favour of living in colleges . In 1333 – 34 , an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new university at Stamford , Lincolnshire was blocked by the universities of Oxford and Cambridge petitioning King Edward III . Thereafter , until the 1820s , no new universities were allowed to be founded in England , even in London ; thus , Oxford and Cambridge had a duopoly , which was unusual in western European countries . = = = Renaissance period = = = The new learning of the Renaissance greatly influenced Oxford from the late 15th century onwards . Among university scholars of the period were William Grocyn , who contributed to the revival of Greek language studies , and John Colet , the noted biblical scholar . With the Reformation and the breaking of ties with the Roman Catholic Church , recusant scholars from Oxford fled to continental Europe , settling especially at the University of Douai . The method of teaching at Oxford was transformed from the medieval scholastic method to Renaissance education , although institutions associated with the university suffered losses of land and revenues . As a centre of learning and scholarship , Oxford 's reputation declined in the Age of Enlightenment ; enrolments fell and teaching was neglected . In 1636 , Chancellor William Laud , Archbishop of Canterbury , codified the university 's statutes . These , to a large extent , remained its governing regulations until the mid @-@ 19th century . Laud was also responsible for the granting of a charter securing privileges for the University Press , and he made significant contributions to the Bodleian Library , the main library of the university . From the inception of the Church of England until 1866 , membership of the church was a requirement to receive the B.A. degree from Oxford , and " dissenters " were only permitted to receive the M.A. in 1871 . The university was a centre of the Royalist party during the English Civil War ( 1642 – 1649 ) , while the town favoured the opposing Parliamentarian cause . From the mid @-@ 18th century onwards , however , the University of Oxford took little part in political conflicts . Wadham College , founded in 1610 , was the undergraduate college of Sir Christopher Wren . Wren was part of a brilliant group of experimental scientists at Oxford in the 1650s , the Oxford Philosophical Club , which included Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke . This group held regular meetings at Wadham under the guidance of the College Warden , John Wilkins , and the group formed the nucleus which went on to found the Royal Society . = = = Modern period = = = The mid @-@ 19th century saw the impact of the Oxford Movement ( 1833 – 1845 ) , led among others by the future Cardinal Newman . The influence of the reformed model of German university reached Oxford via key scholars such as Edward Bouverie Pusey , Benjamin Jowett and Max Müller . The system of separate honour schools for different subjects began in 1802 , with Mathematics and Literae Humaniores . Schools for Natural Sciences and Law , and Modern History were added in 1853 . By 1872 , the latter was split into Jurisprudence and Modern History . Theology became the sixth honour school . In addition to these B.A. Honours degrees , the postgraduate Bachelor of Civil Law ( B.C.L. ) was , and still is , offered . Administrative reforms during the 19th century included the replacement of oral examinations with written entrance tests , greater tolerance for religious dissent , and the establishment of four women 's colleges . 20th @-@ century Privy Council decisions ( e.g. the abolition of compulsory daily worship , dissociation of the Regius Professorship of Hebrew from clerical status , diversion of colleges ' theological bequests to other purposes ) loosened the link with traditional belief and practice . Furthermore , although the university 's emphasis traditionally had been on classical knowledge , its curriculum expanded in the course of the 19th century to encompass scientific and medical studies . Knowledge of Ancient Greek was required for admission until 1920 , and Latin until 1960 . The University of Oxford began to award doctorates in the first third of the 20th century . The first Oxford DPhil in mathematics was awarded in 1921 . At the start of 1914 the university housed approximately three thousand undergraduates and about 100 postgraduate students . The First World War saw many undergraduates and fellows join the armed forces . By 1918 virtually all fellows were in uniform and the student population in residence was reduced to 12 per cent . The University Roll of Service records that , in total , 14 @,@ 792 members of the university served in the war , with 2 @,@ 716 ( 18 @.@ 36 per cent ) killed . During the war years the deserted university buildings became hospitals , cadet schools and military training camps . The mid @-@ 20th century saw many distinguished continental scholars , displaced by Nazism and communism , relocating to Oxford . The list of distinguished scholars at the University of Oxford is long and includes many who have made major contributions to British politics , the sciences , medicine , and literature . More than 50 Nobel laureates and more than 50 world leaders have been affiliated with the University of Oxford . = = = Women 's education = = = The university passed a statute in 1875 allowing its delegates to create examinations for women at roughly undergraduate level ; for a brief period after the turn of the twentieth century , this allowed the " steamboat ladies " to receive ad eundem degrees from the University of Dublin . The first four women 's colleges were established due to the activism of the Association for Promoting the Higher Education of Women ( AEW ) . Lady Margaret Hall ( 1878 ) was followed by Somerville College in 1879 ; the first 21 students from Somerville and Lady Margaret Hall attended lectures in rooms above an Oxford baker 's shop . The first two colleges for women were followed by St Hugh 's ( 1886 ) , St Hilda 's ( 1893 ) and St Anne 's College ( 1952 ) . In the early 20th century , Oxford and Cambridge were widely perceived to be bastions of male privilege , however the integration of women into Oxford moved forwards during the First World War . In 1916 women were admitted as medical students on a par with men , and in 1917 the university accepted financial responsibility for women 's examinations . On 7 October 1920 women became eligible for admission as full members of the university and were given the right to take degrees . In 1927 the university 's dons created a quota that limited the number of female students to a quarter that of men , a ruling which was not abolished until 1957 . However , before the 1970s all Oxford colleges were for men or women only , so that the number of women was limited by the capacity of the women 's colleges to admit students . It was not until 1959 that the women 's colleges were given full collegiate status . In 1974 , Brasenose , Jesus , Wadham , Hertford and St Catherine 's became the first previously all @-@ male colleges to admit women . In 2008 , the last single @-@ sex college , St Hilda 's , admitted its first men , so that all colleges are now co @-@ residential . By 1988 , 40 % of undergraduates at Oxford were female ; the ratio was about 46 % : 54 % in men 's favour for the 2012 undergraduate admission . The detective novel Gaudy Night by Dorothy L. Sayers , herself one of the first women to gain an academic degree from Oxford , is largely set in a ( fictional ) women 's college at Oxford , and the issue of women 's education is central to its plot . = = Buildings and sites = = = = = Main sites = = = The university is a " city university " in that it does not have a main campus ; instead , colleges , departments , accommodation , and other facilities are scattered throughout the city centre . The Science Area , in which most science departments are located , is the area that bears closest resemblance to a campus . The ten @-@ acre ( 4 hectare ) Radcliffe Observatory Quarter in the northwest of the city is currently under development . However , the larger colleges ' sites are of similar size to these areas . Iconic university buildings include the Radcliffe Camera , the Sheldonian Theatre used for music concerts , lectures , and university ceremonies , and the Examination Schools , where examinations and some lectures take place . The University Church of St Mary the Virgin was used for university ceremonies before the construction of the Sheldonian . Christ Church Cathedral uniquely serves as both a college chapel and as a cathedral . In 2012 – 13 , the university built the controversial one @-@ hectare ( 400m × 25m ) Castle Mill development of 4 – 5 @-@ storey blocks of student flats overlooking Cripley Meadow and the historic Port Meadow , blocking views of the spires in the city centre . The development has been likened to building a " skyscraper beside Stonehenge " . = = = Parks = = = The University Parks are a 70 @-@ acre ( 28 ha ) parkland area in the northeast of the city . It is open to the public during daylight hours . As well as providing gardens and exotic plants , the Parks contains numerous sports fields , used for official and unofficial fixtures , and also contains sites of special interest including the Genetic Garden , an experimental garden to elucidate and investigate evolutionary processes . The Botanic Garden on the High Street is the oldest botanic garden in the UK . It contains over 8 @,@ 000 different plant species on 1 @.@ 8 ha ( 4 1 ⁄ 2 acres ) . It is one of the most diverse yet compact major collections of plants in the world and includes representatives of over 90 % of the higher plant families . The Harcourt Arboretum is a 130 @-@ acre ( 53 ha ) site six miles ( 10 km ) south of the city that includes native woodland and 67 acres ( 27 hectares ) of meadow . The 1 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 4 @.@ 0 km2 ) Wytham Woods are owned by the university and used for research in zoology and climate change . There are also various collegiate @-@ owned open spaces open to the public , including Bagley Wood and most notably Christ Church Meadow . = = Organisation = = As a collegiate university , Oxford 's structure can be confusing to those unfamiliar with it . The university is a federation , comprising over forty self @-@ governing colleges and halls , along with a central administration headed by the Vice @-@ Chancellor . Academic departments are located centrally within the structure of the federation ; they are not affiliated with any particular college . Departments provide facilities for teaching and research , determine the syllabi and guidelines for the teaching of students , perform research , and deliver lectures and seminars . Colleges arrange the tutorial teaching for their undergraduates , and the members of an academic department are spread around many colleges . Though certain colleges do have subject alignments ( e.g. , Nuffield College as a centre for the social sciences ) , these are exceptions , and most colleges will have a broad mix of academics and students from a diverse range of subjects . Facilities such as libraries are provided on all these levels : by the central university ( the Bodleian ) , by the departments ( individual departmental libraries , such as the English Faculty Library ) , and by colleges ( each of which maintains a multi @-@ discipline library for the use of its members ) . = = = Central governance = = = The university 's formal head is the Chancellor , currently Lord Patten of Barnes , though as at most British universities , the Chancellor is a titular figure , and is not involved with the day @-@ to @-@ day running of the university . The Chancellor is elected by the members of Convocation , a body comprising all graduates of the university , and holds office until death . The Vice @-@ Chancellor , currently Louise Richardson , is the de facto head of the university . Five pro @-@ vice @-@ chancellors have specific responsibilities for education ; research ; planning and resources ; development and external affairs ; and personnel and equal opportunities . The University Council is the executive policy @-@ forming body , which consists of the vice @-@ chancellor as well as heads of departments and other members elected by Congregation , in addition to observers from the students ' union . Congregation , the " parliament of the dons " , comprises over 3 @,@ 700 members of the university 's academic and administrative staff , and has ultimate responsibility for legislative matters : it discusses and pronounces on policies proposed by the University Council . Two university proctors , elected annually on a rotating basis from two of the colleges , are the internal ombudsmen who make sure that the university and its members adhere to its statutes . This role incorporates student welfare and discipline , as well as oversight of the university 's proceedings . The university 's professors are collectively referred to as the " Statutory Professors of the University of Oxford " . They are particularly influential in the running of the university 's graduate programmes . Examples of statutory professors are the Chichele Professorships and the Drummond Professor of Political Economy . The various academic faculties , departments , and institutes are organised into four divisions , each with its own head and elected board . They are the Humanities division ; the Social Sciences Division ; the Mathematical , Physical and Life Sciences Division ; and the Medical Sciences Division . The University of Oxford is a " public university " in the sense that it receives some public money from the government , but it is a " private university " in the sense that it is entirely self @-@ governing and , in theory , could choose to become entirely private by rejecting public funds . = = = Colleges = = = To be a member of the university , all students , and most academic staff , must also be a member of a college or hall . There are 38 colleges of the University of Oxford and six Permanent Private Halls , each controlling its membership and with its own internal structure and activities . Not all colleges offer all courses , but they generally cover a broad range of subjects . The colleges are : The Permanent Private Halls were founded by different Christian denominations . One difference between a college and a PPH is that whereas colleges are governed by the fellows of the college , the governance of a PPH resides , at least in part , with the corresponding Christian denomination . The six current PPHs are : The PPHs and colleges join together as the Conference of Colleges , which represents the common concerns of the several colleges of the university , and to discuss policy and to deal with the central university administration . The Conference of Colleges was established as a recommendation of the Franks Commission in 1965 . Teaching members of the colleges ( i.e. fellows and tutors ) are collectively and familiarly known as dons , although the term is rarely used by the university itself . In addition to residential and dining facilities , the colleges provide social , cultural , and recreational activities for their members . Colleges have responsibility for admitting undergraduates and organising their tuition ; for graduates , this responsibility falls upon the departments . There is no common title for the heads of colleges : the titles used include Warden , Provost , Principal , President , Rector , Master and Dean . = = = Finances = = = In 2014 / 15 , the university had an income of £ 1,429m ; key sources were research grants ( £ 522.9m ) and academic fees ( £ 258.3m ) . The colleges had a total income of £ 415m , While the university has the larger annual income and operating budget , the colleges have a larger aggregate endowment : over £ 3.8bn compared to the university 's £ 834m . The Central University 's endowment , along with some of the colleges ' , is managed by the university 's wholly owned endowment management office , Oxford University Endowment Management , formed in 2007 . The university has substantial investments in fossil fuel companies , and in 2014 began consultations on whether it should follow some US universities which have committed to sell off their fossil fuel investments . The University was one of the first in the UK to raise money through a major public fundraising campaign , The Campaign for Oxford . The current campaign , its second , was launched in May 2008 and is entitled " Oxford Thinking – The Campaign for the University of Oxford " . This is looking to support three areas : academic posts and programmes , student support , and buildings and infrastructure ; having passed its original target of £ 1 @.@ 25 billion in March 2012 , the target has now been raised to £ 3 billion . The university has raised £ 2 billion so far in 2015 . = = = Affiliations = = = Oxford is a member of the Russell Group of research @-@ led British universities , the G5 , the League of European Research Universities , and the International Alliance of Research Universities . It is also a core member of the Europaeum and forms part of the " golden triangle " of highly research intensive and elite English universities . = = Academic profile = = = = = Admission = = = In common with most British universities , prospective students apply through the UCAS application system , but prospective applicants for the University of Oxford , along with those for medicine , dentistry , and University of Cambridge applicants , must observe an earlier deadline of 15 October . To allow a more personalised judgement of students , who might otherwise apply for both , undergraduate applicants are not permitted to apply to both Oxford and Cambridge in the same year . The only exceptions are applicants for organ scholarships and those applying to read for a second undergraduate degree . Most applicants choose to apply to one of the individual colleges , which work with each other to ensure that the best students gain a place somewhere at the university regardless of their college preferences . Shortlisting is based on achieved and predicted exam results , school references , and , in some subjects , written admission tests or candidate @-@ submitted written work . Approximately 60 % of applicants are shortlisted , although this varies by subject . If a large number of shortlisted applicants for a subject choose one college , then students who named that college may be reallocated randomly to under @-@ subscribed colleges for the subject . The colleges then invite shortlisted candidates for interview , where they are provided with food and accommodation for around three days in December . Most applicants will be individually interviewed by academics at more than one college . Students from outside Europe can be interviewed remotely , for example , over the Internet . Offers are sent out in early January , with each offer usually being from a specific college . One in four successful candidates receives an offer from a college that they did not apply to . Some courses may make " open offers " to some candidates , who are not assigned to a particular college until A Level results day in August . = = = Teaching and degrees = = = Undergraduate teaching is centred on the tutorial , where 1 – 4 students spend an hour with an academic discussing their week 's work , usually an essay ( humanities , most social sciences , some mathematical , physical , and life sciences ) or problem sheet ( most mathematical , physical , and life sciences , and some social sciences ) . The university itself is responsible for conducting examinations and conferring degrees . Undergraduate teaching takes place during three eight @-@ week academic terms : Michaelmas , Hilary and Trinity . ( These are officially known as ' Full Term ' : ' Term ' is a lengthier period with little practical significance . ) Internally , the weeks in a term begin on Sundays , and are referred to numerically , with the initial week known as " first week " , the last as " eighth week " and with the numbering extended to refer to weeks before and after term ( for example " -1st week " and " 0th week " precede term ) . Undergraduates must be in residence from Thursday of 0th week . These teaching terms are shorter than those of most other British universities , and their total duration amounts to less than half the year . However , undergraduates are also expected to do some academic work during the three holidays ( known as the Christmas , Easter , and Long Vacations ) . Research degrees at the master 's and doctoral level are conferred in all subjects studied at graduate level at the university . = = = Scholarships and financial support = = = There are many opportunities for students at Oxford to receive financial help during their studies . The Oxford Opportunity Bursaries , introduced in 2006 , are university @-@ wide means @-@ based bursaries available to any British undergraduate . With a total possible grant of £ 10 @,@ 235 over a 3 @-@ year degree , it is the most generous bursary scheme offered by any British university . In addition , individual colleges also offer bursaries and funds to help their students . For graduate study , there are many scholarships attached to the university , available to students from all sorts of backgrounds , from Rhodes Scholarships to the relatively new Weidenfeld Scholarships . Oxford also offers the Clarendon Scholarship which is open to graduate applicants of all nationalities . The Clarendon Scholarship is principally funded by Oxford University Press in association with colleges and other partnership awards . Students successful in early examinations are rewarded by their colleges with scholarships and exhibitions , normally the result of a long @-@ standing endowment , although since the introduction of tuition fees the amounts of money available are purely nominal . Scholars , and exhibitioners in some colleges , are entitled to wear a more voluminous undergraduate gown ; " commoners " ( originally those who had to pay for their " commons " , or food and lodging ) are restricted to a short , sleeveless garment . The term " scholar " in relation to Oxford therefore had a specific meaning as well as the more general meaning of someone of outstanding academic ability . In previous times , there were " noblemen commoners " and " gentlemen commoners " , but these ranks were abolished in the 19th century . " Closed " scholarships , available only to candidates who fitted specific conditions such as coming from specific schools , now exist only in name . = = = Libraries = = = The university maintains the largest university library system in the UK , and , with over 11 million volumes housed on 120 miles ( 190 km ) of shelving , the Bodleian group is the second @-@ largest library in the UK , after the British Library . The Bodleian is a legal deposit library , which means that it is entitled to request a free copy of every book published in the UK . As such , its collection is growing at a rate of over three miles ( five kilometres ) of shelving every year . The buildings referred to as the university 's main research library , The Bodleian , consist of the original Bodleian Library in the Old Schools Quadrangle , founded by Sir Thomas Bodley in 1598 and opened in 1602 , the Radcliffe Camera , the Clarendon Building , and the New Bodleian Building . A tunnel underneath Broad Street connects these buildings , with the Gladstone Link connecting the Old Bodleian and Radcliffe Camera opening to readers in 2011 . The Bodleian Libraries group was formed in 2000 , bringing the Bodleian Library and some of the subject libraries together . It now comprises 28 libraries , a number of which have been created by bringing previously separate collections together , including the Sackler Library , Social Science Library and Radcliffe Science Library . Another major product of this collaboration has been a joint integrated library system , OLIS ( Oxford Libraries Information System ) , and its public interface , SOLO ( Search Oxford Libraries Online ) , which provides an electronic catalogue covering all member libraries , as well as the libraries of individual colleges and other faculty libraries , which are not members of the group but do share cataloguing information . A new book depository opened in South Marston , Swindon in October 2010 , and current building projects include the remodelling of the New Bodleian building , which will be renamed the Weston Library when it reopens in 2014 – 15 . The renovation is designed to better showcase the library 's various treasures ( which include a Shakespeare First Folio and a Gutenberg Bible ) as well as temporary exhibitions . The Bodleian engaged in a mass @-@ digitisation project with Google in 2004 . = = = Museums = = = Oxford maintains a number of museums and galleries , open for free to the public . The Ashmolean Museum , founded in 1683 , is the oldest museum in the UK , and the oldest university museum in the world . It holds significant collections of art and archaeology , including works by Michelangelo , Leonardo da Vinci , Turner , and Picasso , as well as treasures such as the Scorpion Macehead , the Parian Marble and the Alfred Jewel . It also contains " The Messiah " , a pristine Stradivarius violin , regarded by some as one of the finest examples in existence . The University Museum of Natural History holds the university 's zoological , entomological and geological specimens . It is housed in a large neo @-@ Gothic building on Parks Road , in the university 's Science Area . Among its collection are the skeletons of a Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops , and the most complete remains of a dodo found anywhere in the world . It also hosts the Simonyi Professorship of the Public Understanding of Science , currently held by Marcus du Sautoy . Adjoining the Museum of Natural History is the Pitt Rivers Museum , founded in 1884 , which displays the university 's archaeological and anthropological collections , currently holding over 500 @,@ 000 items . It recently built a new research annexe ; its staff have been involved with the teaching of anthropology at Oxford since its foundation , when as part of his donation General Augustus Pitt Rivers stipulated that the university establish a lectureship in anthropology . The Museum of the History of Science is housed on Broad St in the world 's oldest @-@ surviving purpose @-@ built museum building . It contains 15 @,@ 000 artefacts , from antiquity to the 20th century , representing almost all aspects of the history of science . In the Faculty of Music on St Aldate 's is the Bate Collection of Musical Instruments , a collection mostly of instruments from Western classical music , from the medieval period onwards . Christ Church Picture Gallery holds a collection of over 200 old master paintings . = = = Publishing = = = The Oxford University Press is the world 's second oldest and currently the largest university press by the number of publications . More than 6 @,@ 000 new books are published annually , including many reference , professional , and academic works ( such as the Oxford English Dictionary , the Concise Oxford English Dictionary , the Oxford World 's Classics , the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , and the Concise Dictionary of National Biography ) . = = = Rankings and reputation = = = Oxford has been among the top ten universities in different league tables . In particular , it had held the number one position in the Times Good University Guide for eleven consecutive years , and the medical school has also maintained first place in the " Clinical , Pre @-@ Clinical & Health " table of the THE World University Rankings for the past five consecutive years . THE has also recognised Oxford as one of the world 's " six super brands " on its World Reputation Rankings . Its Saïd Business School came 23rd in the world in Financial Times Global MBA Ranking . Oxford is ranked 5th best university worldwide and 1st in Britain for forming CEOs according to the Professional Ranking World Universities . It is ranked first in the UK for the quality of its graduates as chosen by the recruiters of the UK 's major companies . In the 2017 Complete University Guide , 34 out of the 35 subjects offered by Oxford rank within the top 10 nationally meaning Oxford was one of only four multi @-@ faculty universities ( along with Cambridge , Imperial College London and Durham ) in the UK to have over 90 % of their subjects in the top 10 . Art & Design , East & South Asian Studies , Medicine , Music , Philosophy and Politics were ranked first in the UK by the guide . = = Student life = = = = = Traditions = = = Academic dress is required for examinations , matriculation , disciplinary hearings , and when visiting university officers . A referendum held amongst the Oxford student body in 2015 showed 76 % against making it voluntary in examinations – 8671 students voted , with the 40 @.@ 2 % turnout the highest ever for a UK student union referendum . This was widely interpreted by students as not so much being a vote on making subfusc voluntary , but rather a vote on whether or not to effectively abolish it by default , as it was assumed that if a minority of people came to exams without subfusc , the rest would soon follow . In July 2012 the regulations regarding academic dress were modified to be more inclusive to transgender people . Other traditions and customs vary by college . For example , some colleges have formal hall six times a week , but in others this only happens occasionally . At most colleges these formal meals require gowns to be worn , and a Latin grace is said . Balls are major events held by colleges ; the largest , held triennially in 9th week of Trinity Term , are called Commemoration balls ; the dress code is usually white tie . Many other colleges hold smaller events during the year that they call summer balls or parties . These are usually held on an annual or irregular basis , and are usually black tie . Punting is a common summer leisure activity . There are several more or less quirky traditions peculiar to individual colleges , for example the All Souls mallard song . = = = Clubs and societies = = = Sport is played between college teams , in tournaments known as cuppers ( the term is also used for some non @-@ sporting competitions ) . In addition to these there are higher standard university wide groups . Significant focus is given to annual varsity matches played against Cambridge , the most famous of which is The Boat Race , watched by a TV audience of between five and ten million viewers . This outside interest reflects the importance of rowing to many of those within the university . Much attention is given to the termly intercollegiate rowing regattas : Christ Church Regatta , Torpids and Summer Eights . A blue is an award given to those who compete at the university team level in certain sports . As well as traditional sports , there are teams for activities such as Octopush and quidditch . There are two weekly student newspapers : the independent Cherwell and OUSU 's The Oxford Student . Other publications include the Isis magazine , The Owl Journal , the satirical Oxymoron , and the graduate Oxonian Review . The student radio station is Oxide Radio . Most colleges have chapel choirs . Music , drama , and other arts societies exist both at collegiate level and as university @-@ wide groups . Unlike most other collegiate societies , musical ensembles actively encourage players from other colleges . Most academic areas have student societies of some form which are open to all students , regardless of course , for example the Scientific Society . There are groups for almost all faiths , political parties , countries and cultures . The Oxford Union ( not to be confused with the Oxford University Student Union ) hosts weekly debates and high profile speakers . There have historically been elite invite @-@ only societies such as the Bullingdon Club . Sports teams , but also other societies and groups organised especially for the purpose , often take part in crewdates . These evenings involve ' crews ' ( often one of each gender , hence the name ) going for a meal and consuming much alcohol , before heading to a nightclub . = = = OUSU and common rooms = = = The Oxford University Student Union , better known by its acronym OUSU , exists to represent students in the university 's decision @-@ making , to act as the voice for students in the national higher education policy debate , and to provide direct services to the student body . Reflecting the collegiate nature of the University of Oxford itself , OUSU is both an association of Oxford 's more than 21 @,@ 000 individual students and a federation of the affiliated college common rooms , and other affiliated organisations that represent subsets of the undergraduate and graduate students . The OUSU Executive Committee includes six full @-@ time salaried sabbatical officers , who generally serve in the year following completion of their Final Examinations . The importance of collegiate life is such that for many students their college JCR ( Junior Common Room , for undergraduates ) or MCR ( Middle Common Room , for graduates ) is seen as more important than OUSU . JCRs and MCRs each have a committee , with a president and other elected students representing their peers to college authorities . Additionally , they organise events and often have significant budgets to spend as they wish ( money coming from their colleges and sometimes other sources such as student @-@ run bars ) . ( It is worth noting that JCR and MCR are terms that are used to refer to rooms for use by members , as well as the student bodies . ) Not all colleges use this JCR / MCR structure , for example Wadham College 's entire student population is represented by a combined Students ' Union and purely graduate colleges have different arrangements . = = Notable alumni = = Throughout its history , a sizeable number of Oxford alumni , known as Oxonians , have become notable in many varied fields , both academic and otherwise , ranging from T. E. Lawrence , British Army officer known better as Lawrence of Arabia to the explorer , courtier , and man of letters , Sir Walter Raleigh , ( who attended Oriel College but left without taking a degree ) ; and the Australian media mogul , Rupert Murdoch . Moreover , 58 Nobel prize @-@ winners have studied or taught at Oxford , with prizes won in all six categories . More information on famous senior and junior members of the university can be found in the individual college articles . An individual may be associated with two or more colleges , as an undergraduate , postgraduate and / or member of staff . = = = Politics = = = 27 British prime ministers have attended Oxford , including William Gladstone , Herbert Asquith , Clement Attlee , Harold Macmillan , Edward Heath , Harold Wilson , Margaret Thatcher , Tony Blair , David Cameron and most recently Theresa May . Of all the post @-@ war prime ministers , only Gordon Brown was educated at a university other than Oxford , while James Callaghan never attended a university . Over 100 Oxford alumni were elected to the House of Commons in 2010 . This includes former Leader of the Opposition , Ed Miliband , and numerous members of the cabinet and shadow cabinet . Additionally , over 140 Oxonians sit in the House of Lords . At least 30 other international leaders have been educated at Oxford This number includes Harald V of Norway , Abdullah II of Jordan , five Prime Ministers of Australia ( John Gorton , Malcolm Fraser , Bob Hawke , Tony Abbott , and Malcolm Turnbull ) two Prime Ministers of Canada ( Lester B. Pearson and John Turner ) , two Prime Ministers of India ( Manmohan Singh and Indira Gandhi ( although she did not finish her degree ) ) , five Prime Ministers of Pakistan ( Liaquat Ali Khan , Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy , Sir Feroz Khan Noon , Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto , and Benazir Bhutto ) , S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike ( former Prime Minister of Ceylon ) , Norman Washington Manley of Jamaica , Eric Williams ( Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago ) , Álvaro Uribe ( Colombia 's former President ) , Abhisit Vejjajiva ( former Prime Minister of Thailand ) and Bill Clinton ( the first President of the United States to have attended Oxford ; he attended as a Rhodes Scholar ) . Arthur Mutambara ( Deputy Prime Minister of Zimbabwe ) , was a Rhodes Scholar in 1991 . Festus Mogae ( former president of Botswana ) was a student at University College . The Burmese democracy activist and Nobel laureate , Aung San Suu Kyi , was a student of St. Hugh 's College . = = = Mathematics and sciences = = = Three Oxford mathematicians , Michael Atiyah , Daniel Quillen and Simon Donaldson , have won Fields Medals , often called the " Nobel Prize for mathematics " . Andrew Wiles , who proved Fermat 's Last Theorem , was educated at Oxford and is currently a Royal Society Research Professor at Oxford . Marcus du Sautoy and Roger Penrose are both currently mathematics professors . Stephen Wolfram , chief designer of Mathematica and Wolfram Alpha studied at the university , along with Tim Berners @-@ Lee , inventor of the World Wide Web , Edgar F. Codd , inventor of the relational model of data , and Tony Hoare , programming languages pioneer and inventor of Quicksort . The university is associated with eleven winners of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry , five in physics and sixteen in medicine . Scientists who performed research in Oxford include chemist Dorothy Hodgkin who received her Nobel Prize for " determinations by X @-@ ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances " . Both Richard Dawkins and Frederick Soddy studied at the university and returned for research purposes . Robert Hooke , Edwin Hubble , and Stephen Hawking all studied in Oxford . Robert Boyle , a founder of modern chemistry , never formally studied or held a post within the university , but resided within the city to be part of the scientific community and was awarded an honorary degree . Notable scientists who spent brief periods at Oxford include Albert Einstein developer of general theory of relativity and the concept of photons ; and Erwin Schrödinger who formulated the Schrödinger equation and the Schrödinger 's cat thought experiment . Economists Adam Smith , Alfred Marshall , E. F. Schumacher , and Amartya Sen all spent time at Oxford . = = = Literature , music , and drama = = = The long list of writers associated with Oxford includes John Fowles , Theodor Geisel , Thomas Middleton , Samuel Johnson , Christopher Hitchens , Robert Graves , Evelyn Waugh , Lewis Carroll , Aldous Huxley , Oscar Wilde , C. S. Lewis , J. R. R. Tolkien , Graham Greene , V.S.Naipaul , Philip Pullman , Joseph Heller , Vikram Seth , the poets Percy Bysshe Shelley , John Donne , A. E. Housman , W. H. Auden , T. S. Eliot , Wendy Perriam and Philip Larkin , and seven poets laureate : Thomas Warton , Henry James Pye , Robert Southey , Robert Bridges , Cecil Day @-@ Lewis , Sir John Betjeman , and Andrew Motion . Composers Hubert Parry , George Butterworth , John Taverner , William Walton , James Whitbourn and Andrew Lloyd Webber have all been involved with the university . Actors Hugh Grant , Kate Beckinsale , Dudley Moore , Michael Palin , Terry Jones , Anna Popplewell , and Rowan Atkinson were undergraduates at the university , as were filmmakers Ken Loach and Richard Curtis . = = = Religion = = = Oxford has also produced at least 12 saints , and 20 Archbishops of Canterbury , the most recent Archbishop being Rowan Williams , who studied at Wadham College and was later a Canon Professor at Christ Church . Religious reformer John Wycliffe was an Oxford scholar , for a time Master of Balliol College . John Colet , Christian humanist , Dean of St Paul 's , and friend of Erasmus , studied at Magdalen College . The founder of Methodism , John Wesley , studied at Christ Church and was elected a fellow of Lincoln College . The Oxford Movement ( 1833 – 1845 ) was closely associated with the Oriel Fellows John Henry Newman , Edward Bouverie Pusey and John Keble . Other religious figures were Mirza Nasir Ahmad , the third Caliph of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community , Shoghi Effendi , one of the appointed leaders of the Baha 'i faith and Joseph Cordeiro , the only Pakistani Catholic cardinal . = = = Philosophy = = = Oxford 's philosophical tradition started in the medieval era , with Robert Grosseteste and William of Ockham , commonly known for Occam 's razor , among those teaching at the university . Thomas Hobbes , Jeremy Bentham and the empiricist John Locke received degrees from Oxford . Though the latter 's main works were written after leaving Oxford , Locke was heavily influenced by his twelve years at the university . Philosophy was never absent from Oxford 's preoccupations . Oxford philosophers of the 20th century include Gilbert Ryle , author of the influential The Concept of Mind , who spent his entire philosophical career at the university and Derek Parfit , who specialises in personal identity and related matters . Other commonly read modern philosophers to have studied at the university include A. J. Ayer , Paul Grice , Thomas Nagel , known for his essay " What Is it Like to Be a Bat ? " , Robert Nozick , John Rawls and Michael Sandel . John Searle , presenter of the Chinese room thought experiment , studied and began his academic career at the university . = = = Sport = = = Some 50 Olympic medal @-@ winners have academic connections with the university , including Sir Matthew Pinsent , quadruple gold @-@ medallist rower . Other sporting connections include Imran Khan . Rowers from Oxford who have won gold at the Olympics or World Championships include Michael Blomquist , Ed Coode , Chris Davidge , Hugh Edwards , Jason Flickinger , Tim Foster , Christopher Liwski , Matthew Pinsent , Pete Reed , Jonny Searle , Andrew Triggs Hodge , Jake Wetzel , Michael Wherley , and Barney Williams . Many Oxford graduates have also risen to the highest echelon in cricket : Harry Altham , Bernard Bosanquet ( inventor of the googly ) , Colin Cowdrey , Gerry Crutchley , Jamie Dalrymple , Martin Donnelly , R. E. Foster ( the only man to captain England at both cricket and football ) , C. B. Fry , George Harris ( also served in the House of Lords ) , Douglas Jardine , Malcolm Jardine , Imran Khan , Alan Melville , Iftikhar Ali Khan Pataudi , Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi , M. J. K. Smith , and Pelham Warner . Oxford students have also excelled in other sports . Such alumni include American football player Myron Rolle ( NFL player ) ; Olympic gold medalists in athletics David Hemery and Jack Lovelock ; basketball players Bill Bradley ( US Senator and NBA player ) and Charles Thomas McMillen ( US Congressman and NBA player ) ; figure skater John Misha Petkevich ( national champion ) ; footballers John Bain , Charles Wreford @-@ Brown , and Cuthbert Ottaway ; modern pentathlete Steph Cook ( Olympic gold medalist ) ; rugby footballers Stuart Barnes , Simon Danielli , David Humphreys , David Edward Kirk , Anton Oliver , Ronald Poulton @-@ Palmer , Joe Roff , and William Webb Ellis ( allegedly the inventor of rugby football ) ; runner Sir Roger Gilbert Bannister ( who ran the first sub @-@ four @-@ minute mile ) , World Cup ski racer Ryan Max Riley ( national champion ) ; and tennis player Clarence Bruce . = = = Adventure and exploration = = = Three of the most well @-@ known adventurers and explorers who attended Oxford are Walter Raleigh , one of the most notable figures of the Elizabethan era , T. E. Lawrence , whose life was the basis of the 1962 film Lawrence of Arabia , and Thomas Coryat . The latter , the author of " Coryat 's Crudities hastily gobbled up in Five Months Travels in France , Italy , & c ' " ( 1611 ) and court jester of Henry Frederick , Prince of Wales , is credited with introducing the table fork and umbrella to England and being the first Briton to do a Grand Tour of Europe . Other notable figures include Gertrude Bell , an explorer , archaeologist , mapper and spy , who , along with T. E. Lawrence , helped establish the Hashemite dynasties in what is today Jordan and Iraq and played a major role in establishing and administering the modern state of Iraq ; Richard Francis Burton , who travelled in disguise to Mecca and journeyed with John Hanning Speke as the first European explorers to visit the Great Lakes of Africa in search of the source of the Nile ; mountaineer Tom Bourdillon , member of the expedition to make the first ascent of Mount Everest ; and Peter Fleming , adventurer and travel writer and elder brother of Ian Fleming , creator of James Bond . = = Oxford in literature and other media = = The University of Oxford is the setting for numerous works of fiction . Oxford was mentioned in fiction as early as 1400 when Chaucer in his Canterbury Tales referred to a " Clerk [ student ] of Oxenford " . By 1989 , 533 novels based in Oxford had been identified and the number continues to rise . Famous literary works range from Brideshead Revisited by Evelyn Waugh , to the trilogy His Dark Materials by Philip Pullman , which features an alternate @-@ reality version of the university . Other notable examples include : Gaudy Night , a Lord Peter Wimsey mystery by Dorothy L. Sayers ( who was herself a graduate of Somerville College ) . The Inspector Morse series by Colin Dexter , and its spin off Lewis , are set in Oxford and frequently refer to the university ( although most of the college names are fictional ) . Zuleika Dobson , by Max Beerbohm Brideshead Revisited ( 1981 ) , based on Waugh 's novel ; a miniseries enormously popular in Britain and America , the film has sometimes been seen as drawing unwanted attention to Oxford 's stereotypical reputation as a playground of the upper classes . It stars Jeremy Irons and most college shots are of Christ Church and Hertford . True Blue ( 1996 ) , about the mutiny at the time of the Oxford @-@ Cambridge Boat Race of 1987 The History Boys ( film ) ( 2008 ) movie about a group of boys applying to do history at Oxford . Set in 1983 and based on the play by Alan Bennett . The Golden Compass ( film ) ( 2007 ) The Riot Club ( 2014 )
= Étienne Marie Antoine Champion de Nansouty = Count Étienne @-@ Marie @-@ Antoine Champion de Nansouty ( 30 May 1768 – 12 February 1815 ) was a French cavalry commander during the French Revolutionary Wars who rose to the rank of General of Division in 1803 and subsequently held important military commands during the Napoleonic Wars . Of noble Burgundian descent , he was a student at the Brienne military school , then was a graduate of the Paris military school . Nansouty began his military career in 1785 , as a sub @-@ lieutenant in the regiment Bourgogne @-@ Infanterie , where his father had served during the wars of Louis XV . A cavalry officer at the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1792 , Nansouty was commissioned as an aide @-@ de @-@ camp to Marshal Nicolas Luckner . During the First Coalition , he saw service as a lieutenant @-@ colonel and squadron commander in the 9th ( heavy ) Cavalry Regiment , campaigning with the French armies on the Rhine and in Germany . Promoted to Colonel in 1793 and given the command of the 9th Cavalry , he was noted for several well @-@ led cavalry actions . Finally made a Brigadier General in 1799 , after he had refused the promotion several times in the past , Nansouty fought the next year under General Jean Victor Moreau in southern Germany , in a decisive campaign of the Second Coalition . Promoted to the top military rank of General of Division in 1803 , Nansouty was called to the command of the 1st Heavy Cavalry Division in Emperor Napoleon I 's newly created Grande Armée . Commanding this division from 1804 to 1809 , Nansouty was present at some of the most significant battles of the Third , Fourth and Fifth coalitions , leading cavalry actions at the battles of Austerlitz , Friedland , Eckmühl , Aspern @-@ Essling and Wagram . In 1812 , during the campaign in Russia , Nansouty commanded the I Cavalry Corps , which he led with distinction at such battles as Ostrovno and Borodino , where he received a severe knee wound . The next year , he commanded the Imperial Guard cavalry , which he led at Dresden , Leipzig and Hanau , where he was again wounded . In 1814 he led his men in several engagements , including La Rothière , Montmirail , Vauchamps and Craonne until his incapacitation from wounds that year . A member of the military elite of the First French Empire and a recipient of the Grand Aigle de la Légion d 'Honneur , Comte de Nansouty was a member of the Military Household of the Emperor as First Squire of the Emperor , and also held the position of Colonel @-@ General of Dragoons . During the Bourbon Restoration , Louis XVIII awarded him additional honours and commands , including one in the Military Household of the King of France . Nansouty died in February 1815 and is buried at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris . His name is inscribed on the Arc de Triomphe and a street in the 14th arrondissement of Paris is named after him . = = Early life = = Étienne de Nansouty was born on 30 May 1768 in Bordeaux . His father had served France for fifty years in Louis XV 's wars of the Polish Succession and Austrian Succession and the Seven Years ' War , and had subsequently been appointed " major " ( commander ) of the Château @-@ Trompette fortress in Bordeaux . Typically for a member of the minor nobility of the Ancien Régime , young Étienne de Nansouty chose to follow his father 's footsteps in the military . He was admitted at the military school of Brienne @-@ le @-@ Château in 1779 , aged ten , where he was noted for being a well @-@ behaved and assiduous student . On 21 October 1782 , he transferred to the École Militaire in Paris , where he obtained excellent grades . Two years later , Nansouty became a Chevalier ( Knight ) of the Order Notre @-@ Dame @-@ du @-@ Mont @-@ Carmel and had the honour of being decorated by Monsieur , the future King Louis XVIII , in person . Upon his graduation on 30 May 1783 , he was appointed sub @-@ lieutenant and , on 26 May 1785 , Nansouty was sent to the Bourgogne @-@ Infanterie regiment , where his father had served with distinction . Throughout his childhood and youth , the Nansouty family led a tranquil yet modest life in Bordeaux , where his father held the position of commander of Château @-@ Trompette , in which he lived with his family , additionally receiving a pension of 1000 livres . He was still holding the position as commander when he died suddenly in 1785 , after more than 60 years of active service . His widow had no revenue with which to raise their son and two daughters . However , influential people such as the Duchess of Brancas and the wife of Marshal Beauvau contacted the Minister of War , Marshal de Ségur , regarding the situation of the young Nansouty . As a result , in 1788 , Nansouty was named interim captain in the light cavalry Franche @-@ Comté Cavalerie Regiment ( later rebaptised 4th Chasseurs à Cheval ) . He was soon transferred to the Lauzun Hussar Regiment ( which became the 6th Hussars in 1791 , then the 5th Hussars in 1793 ) . In 1791 , Nansouty then left the regiment to fill two consecutive military staff positions , first as deputy aid to Adjutant General Poncet de la Cour Maupas in the Army of the Centre on 20 December , then as aide @-@ de @-@ camp of Marshal Luckner at the beginning of 1792 . He was then promoted to lieutenant @-@ colonel and took up the command of a squadron of the 2nd Chasseurs à Cheval ( on 5 March ) , before being transferred to the command of a squadron of the 9th Cavalry Regiment on 4 April , a regiment in which he would serve for the next seven and a half years . = = Revolutionary Wars = = = = = War of the First Coalition = = = = = = = An officer in the 9th Cavalry = = = = As the French Revolutionary Wars broke out , Nansouty soon found himself in the position of having to take provisional command of the whole 9th Cavalry Regiment , as he was the most senior chef d 'escadron ( Lieutenant @-@ Colonel ) of the regiment when the commander , Colonel Badda de Bodosalva , fell ill at the end of May 1792 . His regiment was a part of the " Army of the Rhine " and was integrated in General Custine 's Corps , which was to march towards the Palatinate , where the first military manoeuvres took place . As Colonel Badda de Bodosalva died at the end of October that year , Nansouty naturally expected to be appointed commander of the regiment in his place . However , Custine appointed the more senior Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Loubat de Bohan as commander of the 9th Cavalry and , despite Nansouty 's protestations , maintained his decision . With Loubat in command , the 9th saw action against the Prussians in an engagement at Ober @-@ Flörsheim on 30 March 1793 . After a first successful charge , Nansouty 's 1st squadron was counter @-@ charged by enemy hussars ; the remaining squadrons under Loubat quickly caught up with Nansouty 's squadron and together they broke the enemy . Corps commander Custine was then called up to command the Army of the North but , before leaving his command , he attempted a last daunting move against the Habsburg army . This required a night march , not usually undertaken by cavalry , and poorly coordinated manoeuvres of cavalry , infantry and artillery . This led to total failure of the action of 17 May . During this action , though , the initial charge of the corps cavalry , which included the 9th , successfully took a number of enemy guns . However , a Habsburg counter @-@ charge forced them back in disorder , which spread panic among the ranks of oncoming infantry . Despite this setback , a few days later , Lobat de Bohan was promoted to the rank of General and Nansouty again took provisional command of the regiment . When General Alexandre de Beauharnais took command of the Army of the Rhine , he directed his troops towards Mainz . Some fighting took place near Landau and the 9th Cavalry charged several times . Just after this event , the commander of the 2nd Squadron of the regiment invoked the provision of an equivocal new law , demanding that he be given command of the regiment instead of Nansouty . His request was rejected and Nansouty 's provisional command was confirmed . = = = = Commander of the 9th Cavalry = = = = Now holding the rank of chef de brigade ( colonel ) in command of the 9th Cavalry Regiment , Nansouty took part in several successful cavalry skirmishes around Strasbourg in November and December of 1793 . He then participated to the Battle of Geisberg , at the end of December . Following this battle , General of Division Donnadieu , who had commanded the cavalry division of which Nansouty 's regiment was a part , was tried and executed for alleged cowardice in front of the enemy . Nansouty was not involved in the incident . Furthermore , despite being a member of the Ancien Régime nobility , he was not harassed at any time during the radical phase of the French Revolution . During the campaigns of 1794 , war continued in the Rhineland , with General Louis Desaix pushing back the Coalition forces . Nansouty 's 9th Cavalry was brigaded together with the 17th Dragoon Regiment , with General Delmas de La Coste as commander . The brigade performed well against Austrian cavalry in two distinct actions at the end of May of that year . General of Division Michaud , the commander @-@ in @-@ chief of France 's Army of the Rhine , noted in his report that Delmas 's two regiments showed bravery and intrepidity every time they faced the enemy . In July , the 9th Cavalry was involved in several well @-@ led cavalry actions and Nansouty acquired an excellent reputation , recognised as a disciplinarian and a commander who knew how to drill his men effectively . Beginning in December 1794 , the French forces on the Rhine experienced a difficult period , marked by General Charles Pichegru 's inability to take Mainz . General Jean Victor Marie Moreau replaced him as commander @-@ in @-@ chief . Moreau reorganised the army into three corps , plus a reserve , of which the 9th Cavalry was a part . The Reserve Cavalry , under Bourcier , intervened at the Battle of Ettlingen , with two squadrons of the 9th being committed and behaving most honourably . The next significant moment of this campaign was the incident that occurred at dawn on 11 August 1796 , while Nansouty and his men were temporarily attached to the " Corps of the Centre " , under General Laurent de Gouvion Saint @-@ Cyr . Gouvion Saint @-@ Cyr 's cavalry exhausted after several days of continuous marching , it was decided that a squadron of the fresher Carabiniers @-@ à @-@ Cheval would be posted as sentry , an unusual duty for such an elite heavy cavalry unit . At daybreak , as the Battle of Neresheim opened , Austrian cavalry charged the carabiniers , stunning the unprepared cavalrymen , who fled in panic . Their precipitate flight spread alarm among the ranks of the other cavalry regiments , who were used to seeing the Carabiniers @-@ à @-@ Cheval triumph against the enemy on every occasion . Nansouty did his best to stop the rout of the cavalrymen and to reorganise the other panic @-@ stricken regiments , but the morale of the cavalrymen remained very low throughout the day and Nansouty was forced to give ground in front of the enemy rather than attempt a risky charge with his demoralised troops . This elicited criticism from the Corps commander , General Gouvion Saint @-@ Cyr , who sent his aide @-@ de @-@ camp to Nansouty with orders to charge , which the latter did after taking the necessary time to deploy his men . Under his direction , the four cavalry regiments ( 2nd and 20th Chasseurs à Cheval and 2nd and 9th Cavalry Regiments ) , executed a superb charge , which halted the advance of the Austrian first infantry line . The next day , Archduke Charles of Austria retreated from the field . Nansouty 's 9th Cavalry had numerous other opportunities to shine during the campaign of 1796 and rose to the occasion every time . He became very fond of his regiment and refused the promotion to brigadier general several times , preferring to remain colonel of the 9th cavalry . = = = War of the Second Coalition = = = The signature of the Treaty of Campo Formio in October 1797 marked the end of the War of the First Coalition but the fleeting period of peace ended in 1798 , with the formation of the Second Coalition against the French Republic . Nansouty 's 9th Cavalry Regiment was successively attached to the Armies " of Germany " , " of Mainz " and then to the " Army of the Danube " , under the command of Jean @-@ Baptiste Jourdan . In 1799 , the regiment , with Nansouty commanding it , was integrated into General of Division Jean @-@ Joseph Ange d 'Hautpoul 's Cavalry Reserve of the " Army of the Danube " . This army was sharply defeated at the Battle of Stockach and most of its units merged with General André Masséna 's " Army of Switzerland " ; the cavalry was sent to the newly formed " Army of the Rhine " . In 1799 , France 's political and military situation seemed perilous , especially after the losses in southwestern Germany culminating in the Battle at Stockach . By then a colonel , Nansouty accepted the promotion to brigadier general on 29 August and was given the command of a heavy cavalry brigade formed by the 8th and 9th Cavalry Regiments . Later , Nansouty 's brigade was provisionally augmented to four regiments , which , alongside Brigadier General Jean @-@ Louis @-@ Brigitte Espagne 's four regiments , was included in a 3 @,@ 000 @-@ man @-@ strong Cavalry Reserve ( the 1st and 2nd Carabiniers @-@ à @-@ Cheval and the 6th , 8th , 9th , 10th , 19th and 23rd Cavalry Regiments , with 14 cannons ) , under the command of the 45 @-@ year @-@ old General d 'Hautpoul . Overall command of the " Army of the Rhine " was given to the promising General Claude Lecourbe . Lecourbe believed his forces to be insufficient for offensive action , so he decided to fall back . During the retreat , a cavalry combat took place during the Battle of Wiesloch , where d 'Hautpoul 's men , and Nansouty 's brigade in particular , were heavily engaged . With operations on the Rhine coming to an end , Lecourbe was replaced at the head of the army by Louis Baraguey d 'Hilliers , who reorganised d 'Hautpoul 's Cavalry Reserve , reducing Nansouty 's brigade to its initial strength of two regiments ( the 8th and 9th Cavalry ) . = = = = Campaign in Germany = = = = Despite the improvement of the military situation on its borders , France remained in political turmoil . Upon his return from the campaign in Egypt , General Napoleon Bonaparte received a hero 's welcome and was regarded by many as the saviour of France . Enjoying wide popular support and political backing , Bonaparte and his followers staged a coup and installed the French Consulate . Then , First Consul Bonaparte immediately drew up campaign plans against France 's only remaining continental enemy , Austria . Nansouty was first called to serve in the First Consul 's " Army of the Reserve " that was to operate in Italy , but General Jean Victor Marie Moreau insisted on retaining him in his own " Army of the Rhine " , which was to operate in central Germany . Consequently , Nansouty received command of the cavalry ( 15th Cavalry , 11th Dragoons and 12th Chasseurs à Cheval ) of Lecourbe 's " Right Wing Corps " of the " Army of the Rhine " . Nansouty 's cavalry took part in several actions , beginning with the Battle of Engen , where the commander was noted for his able and daring manoeuvres , subsequently leading a successful charge against enemy infantry , whom he chased through the streets of the nearby city of Stockach , the locale of the French Army of the Danube 's defeat a year earlier . He patrolled the Tyrol and there repulsed Prince Reuss @-@ Plauen 's forces in an action fought on 14 June 1800 , the day when First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte was winning at Marengo further to the south . Nansouty served as a commander of an autonomous unit in the Tyrol until the end of the War of the Second Coalition , then under the successive command of Generals Molitor and Gudin . Nansouty 's command included as many as five regiments , after the 6th and 8th Hussars were attached to his force . During this time , he enhanced his solid reputation as an able and adept cavalry commander ; General Lecourbe stated that he wanted nobody else at the helm of his cavalry . = = Years of peace = = The signing of the Treaty of Lunéville initiated a period of peace on the European continent . Meanwhile , however , with the Kingdom of Portugal allied to the Kingdom of Great Britain , First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte decided to make a military demonstration against the Lusitanian nation . He ordered the creation of the " Observation Corps of the Gironde " . Chosen from a short list of nine men , Nansouty was named commander of the Corps cavalry . With orders to invade Portugal the " Observation Corps of the Gironde " entered Spanish territory , but it soon returned to France , after a treaty of peace was agreed with the Portuguese government . Nansouty then held various commands , before being named general of division on 24 March 1803 . He was 35 years old . A military commander in the department of Seine @-@ et @-@ Oise , he was then sent to command the cavalry ( 5th Chasseurs à Cheval , 2nd , 4th and 5th Hussar Regiments ) of General Édouard Mortier 's " Army of Hanover " , a position that he held until the Hanoverian army was disarmed and the French occupied the city . On 1 February 1804 , Nansouty was called to a command in the cavalry reserve of the " Army of the Ocean coast " . The reform of the French cavalry arm had already begun in September 1803 , reorganising the first twelve regiments of heavy cavalry of the French Revolutionary army into regiments of cuirassiers . The reforms also established a powerful 6 @-@ regiment heavy cavalry division , comprising the 1st and 2nd Carabiniers @-@ à @-@ Cheval , 2nd , 3rd , 9th and 12th Cuirassiers , with command given to Nansouty . On 29 August 1805 this division was renamed the 1st heavy cavalry division of the newly created Grande Armée . Nansouty was also named Commander of the Legion of Honour on 14 June 1804 . In 1805 , Napoleon appointed him as First Chamberlain of the Empress , but Nansouty disliked Court life and resigned from the position as soon as he was able to find an acceptable excuse . = = Napoleonic Wars = = = = = War of the Third Coalition = = = At the outbreak of the War of the Third Coalition , a cavalry reserve corps was organised in the Grande Armée , with command given to Marshal Joachim Murat . This cavalry reserve included Nansouty 's heavy cavalry division , another heavy cavalry division under Jean @-@ Joseph d 'Hautpoul , three dragoon divisions , a foot dragoon division and a light cavalry brigade . Nansouty 's six @-@ regiment division soon acquired the reputation of being the best administered and most exact in its manoeuvres . During the initial phase of the campaign , Nansouty 's division was at first attached to Marshal Louis Nicolas Davout 's III Corps , with which it crossed the Rhine and then the Danube , before rejoining Murat 's cavalry reserve . Nansouty had a first opportunity to lead his men into combat at the Battle of Wertingen , where his men were noted for their excellent manoeuvring . Detaching his two Carabiniers @-@ à @-@ Cheval regiments , which he had to leave with Murat , Nansouty and his reduced division followed the Emperor at Augsburg , where he was attached to Marshal Jean Lannes 's V Corps . In this capacity , they supported Walther 's division at the Battle of Schöngrabern . Then , at the Battle of Wischau on 25 November 1805 , the 9th Cuirassiers participated in a major cavalry action , alongside d 'Hautpoul 's cuirassier division , Walther 's dragoons and Bessières 's Grenadiers à Cheval and Chasseurs à Cheval of the Guard cavalry . = = = = Charge at Austerlitz = = = = Having advanced the bulk of his army deep into Austrian territory , Napoleon faced a massed enemy army of some 85 @,@ 000 men in the vicinity of the town of Austerlitz . Combat began before dawn on 2 December 1805 , and Nansouty had his entire division reunited under his command and again placed in the Cavalry Reserve , under Murat . Nansouty was positioned on the left wing of the army and his command included his usual six regiments of three @-@ squadrons each : Brigadier General Piston 's 1st and 2nd Carabiniers @-@ à @-@ Cheval ( 205 and 181 men respectively ) , Brigadier General La Housaye 's 2nd and 9th Cuirassiers ( 304 and 280 men respectively ) and Brigadier General Saint @-@ Germain 's 3rd and 12th Cuirassiers ( 333 and 277 men respectively ) . Additionally , a horse battery from the 4th company of the 2nd horse artillery regiment was also a part of his division . These men were at first positioned on two lines , behind Caffarelli 's infantry division of Lannes 's V Corps . At around 10 : 00 , after battle had been joined all along the front , Russian General Pyotr Bagration , who had won the cavalry action a few days earlier at Wissau , pulled his forces back from the advancing enemy infantry from the V Corps . Meanwhile , the Austrian Prince Johann I Joseph , Prince of Liechtenstein threw his 4 @,@ 000 @-@ sabre Austro @-@ Russian cavalry reserve into combat against Murat 's 6 @,@ 000 sabres . The Austro @-@ Russians did not provide infantry or artillery support to the cavalry attack , while Murat 's cavalrymen were able to cooperate with Lannes 's infantry and artillery . Taking immense casualties after a first series of actions against Lannes 's infantry , elements of the Coalition cavalry withdrew and were reformed by their commanders . Joined by Bagration 's own cavalry , they set off again , this time aiming directly at Murat 's command centre . As the Austro @-@ Russian cavalry was closing in on its target , they were steadily met by four of Nansouty 's regiments ( the two Carabiniers regiments and the 2nd and 3rd Cuirassiers ) . The sounds of the two massed cavalries colliding could be heard some distance away . After a brief combat , the Austro @-@ Russian horsemen broke and were driven off . However , Liechtenstein soon reformed his men and , seeing that all the French cavalry was positioned on the left of Caffarelli 's infantry division , he launched his men against the right wing of this division , but was instantly met with sustained musket volleys that disorganised his cavalrymen . Seeing this development , Nansouty wheeled right with his men and crossed the infantry intervals by platoons , and then formed his men on two battle lines in front of the infantry . Three charges ensued in brief succession , with Nansouty skilfully committing the 1st and 2nd Carabiniers @-@ à @-@ Cheval and the 2nd Cuirassiers from his first line , then the 9th Cuirassiers and Saint @-@ Germain 's brigade from his second line . The Austro @-@ Russian cavalry was finally broken and repulsed for good . After another series of well @-@ coordinated cavalry and infantry actions , Murat and Lannes were able to force Bagration 's entire force to withdraw , with a loss 2 @,@ 000 men ( approximately half of the force ) and 16 guns . On the French side , despite their repeated charges on this day , the 1st heavy cavalry division registered only relatively minor casualties , a testament to the skill of its commanders . Piston 's 1st Brigade registered 2 killed and 41 wounded , La Houssaye 's 2nd Brigade registered 1 man killed and 25 wounded , while Saint @-@ Germain 's 3rd Brigade registered 47 killed and 28 wounded . The regiment that suffered the highest casualty rate was by far the 3rd cuirassiers , with 44 killed and 27 wounded , for a casualty rate of 21 per cent . Nansouty 's charge was rated " superb and brilliant " in the report drawn up by General Augustin Daniel Belliard , Murat 's chief of staff , and Nansouty was subsequently mentioned in the army bulletin for this action and named Grand Officier de la Légion d 'honneur on 25 December . Additionally , of the six colonels in his division , three were promoted to Brigadier General and three received the cross of Commandeur de la Légion d 'honneur . Following the peace of Pressburg with the Austrian Empire in late December 1805 , Nansouty 's division was stationed in Bavaria , where they took winter quarters . = = = War of the Fourth Coalition = = = = = = = Campaign in Prussia = = = = As the War of the Fourth Coalition broke out in September 1806 , Emperor Napoleon I took his Grande Armée into the heart of Germany in a memorable campaign against Prussia . Comprising the same regiments as the year before ( 1st and 2nd Carabiniers @-@ à @-@ Cheval , 2nd , 3rd , 9th and 12th cuirassiers ) , Nansouty 's 1st heavy cavalry division was again a part of Joachim Murat 's cavalry reserve . At first , due to the extraordinary speed of Napoleon 's operations , the 1st heavy cavalry division and one of the two cuirassier brigades of d 'Hautpoul 's 2nd heavy cavalry division did not arrive at the front line in time to participate in the Battle of Jena . Beginning with the evening of 14 October , Nansouty 's cavalry pursued the routed Prussian army , following an enemy corps of 10 @,@ 000 infantrymen and 3 cavalry regiments into the streets of Erfurt on 15 October . With the enemy trapped in the city , Colonel Préval of the 3rd cuirassiers negotiated the capitulation of Erfurt by nightfall , which resulted in the capture of 12 @,@ 000 prisoners of war ( including 6 @,@ 000 wounded ) and 65 cannons . Resuming its pursuit of the Prussian army , Nansouty 's division was at Potsdam beginning on 25 October , and two days later they participated to the triumphant parade of the Grande Armée in Berlin , before being reviewed by the Emperor on 30 October . Beginning on 7 November , Nansouty and his division were with Murat , heading for the river Vistula , which they crossed on 22 December with the rest of the cavalry reserve . After a brief and successful cavalry action at the Lapazin bridge , they tried to get to the Battle of Golymin in time for the action , but were delayed by the thick mud and by the slower dragoon division that preceded them ; they arrived after the battle . The division then took winter quarters in Warsaw , but with Murat on sick leave , Nansouty was soon called to replace him , taking command of Lasalle 's light cavalry division and the dragoon divisions of Klein and Milhaud . These divisions were placed in the first line of the army , and Nansouty , although formally placed under the overall command of Marshal Jean @-@ de @-@ Dieu Soult , had orders to act independently and report directly to the Emperor if any unforeseen and extraordinary events should occur . Nansouty handled this new mission with care , personally patrolling the front line and deciding where to place the pickets of light cavalry that were to cover the infantry outposts . = = = = Campaign in Poland : early manoeuvres = = = = With the news of the alarming Russian operations against the left wing of the army , Murat reassumed command of the cavalry reserve , ordering Nansouty to retake command of the 1st heavy cavalry division and follow the concentration of the army towards Eylau . Joining his men in Warsaw , Nansouty diligently led them towards his assigned destination , but did not arrive until 13 February 1807 , five days after the Battle of Eylau and too late to take part in any action . On 14 February , Nansouty learned of the death of his comrade and former commander during the Revolutionary Wars , General d 'Hautpoul , who had been fatally wounded during the heroic cavalry charges at Eylau . After the battle , the Emperor decided that the army was to take winter quarters . To ensure the safety of his outposts , he sent Murat with a powerful column , including Nansouty 's men , with the mission of pushing back any enemy they might find . A short skirmish involving the 1st heavy cavalry division occurred at Wolfsdorf on 10 March , before it was decided that all the heavy cavalry would be sent to the lower Vistula , where they were to rest and be reinforced . With its ranks replenished after the winter actions , the six @-@ regiment division under Nansouty numbered , on 1 June 1807 , no less than 3 @,@ 257 men . It was by far the most powerful heavy cavalry division of the Cavalry Reserve , which then included two other such divisions , the 2nd under Saint @-@ Sulpice and a newly added 3rd , under Espagne . As military operation resumed later in 1807 , Nasouty 's division was hastily directed towards the town of Deppen , where Marshal Michel Ney had managed to retreat with his Corps , after energetically extricating himself from a dangerous situation , with surprisingly few losses . With Ney 's Corps , the Cavalry Reserve and the Guard , Napoleon moved towards Guttstadt , where on 9 June he found a large combined @-@ arms enemy force . Murat took Lasalle 's light horse and Nansouty 's heavy cavalry and launched a series of charges that drove back the enemy force . Murat continued to press on and pushed the enemy into the streets of Guttstadt , where he penetrated with the cavalry at nightfall . Having fought well with his men , Nansouty was rested the next day , leaving all the action at the Battle of Heilsberg to Espagne 's 3rd Heavy Cavalry division . At the beginning of June 1807 , the Emperor reassessed his strategic situation and decided that he needed to move northeast , in order to prevent Bennigsen 's Russian army from using the bridge at Friedland to cross the Alle river . If the Russians managed to cross the Alle river at Friedland , they could then move closer to their Prussian allies , who were based in Königsberg . Napoleon drew up a plan , giving Marshal Murat two army corps and a powerful cavalry reserve , with orders to march on Königsberg , while sending the rest of the troops towards Friedland . Leading the thrust towards Friedland was Marshal Jean Lannes 's Reserve Corps ( two infantry divisions and one cavalry brigade ) , with Grouchy 's dragoons and Nansouty 's horse carabiniers and cuirassiers temporarily attached . In Murat 's absence , Grouchy was the senior cavalry commander and was to take overall command of all the cavalry that remained with the Emperor . = = = = Campaign in Poland : Friedland = = = = Arriving with his corps at Friedland on 13 June after nightfall , Lannes found the position already occupied by Russian forces . Very early on 14 June , Lannes intrepidly attacked with an almost symbolic force ( between 11 @,@ 000 and 13 @,@ 500 men ) against the might of a massed enemy army of 85 @,@ 000 . His goal was to prevent the enemy from crossing the Alle and to give Napoleon enough time to arrive with the remainder of his forces . Nansouty 's division arrived on the field of battle at Friedland after the first engagements and was directed towards the strategic village of Heinrichsdorf . This village needed to be held , as it protected Lannes 's communications with the rest of Napoleon 's army . Grouchy also directed his dragoon division towards the village and was shocked to find it in enemy hands and Nansouty 's men retreating at a trot , without even attempting to contain the enemy or to cover the route that represented the corps ' communication line . In fact , Nansouty had arrived not long before and had been instructed to place himself at Heinrichsdorf , without further instructions and without being informed of what was happening on the right . As Russian infantry and cavalry were boldly pressing him , he became concerned with his own lines of communication and thus ordered his men back , to avoid being cut off . However , Nansouty 's move compromised Lannes 's entire plan , which counted on powerful reinforcements arriving through Heinrichsdorf . An alarmed Lannes immediately sent one of his aides de camp to Grouchy urging him to stop the enemy from cutting his communications with the Emperor , whatever the cost . Grouchy duly took command of Nansouty 's leading squadrons , ordering them back to their initial position , then launched a desperate but successful charge with his own dragoons , arriving in the streets of the village and cutting off its Russian defenders . Grouchy 's dragoons became disorganised and were badly positioned following this sudden charge , and the Russian cavalry countercharged them , but Nansouty arrived just in time and the French repulsed the Russian cavalry , momentarily securing the position . A lively argument ensued between the two cavalry commanders . Grouchy invoked his seniority and position as commander of the cavalry and criticised Nansouty 's earlier decision to withdraw . Nansouty countered by saying that he had superior experience at handling cavalry . When combat resumed , the quarrel did not prevent Nansouty from performing brilliantly under Grouchy 's command during the dramatic series of events that followed . Having been repulsed earlier , the Russians decided to force the position at Heinrichsdorf , and they assembled a strong infantry force preceded by no less than 60 cavalry squadrons , plus around 2 @,@ 000 Cossacks . To counter this move , Grouchy opted for deception , luring some of the enemy cavalry away from the infantry . Then , Grouchy charged the enemy horse from the front ; simultaneously Nansouty hit them from the flank and together Grouchy and Nansouty repulsed them . Despite numerous charges and countercharges , the French cavalry maintained the upper hand . After the arrival of the Emperor with significant reinforcements , the time was right for a general counterattack . The Emperor planned his main attack against the Russian left and he wanted to prevent the enemy from transferring reinforcements from their right wing to their battered left . To that effect , Grouchy received orders to incessantly harass the enemy before him , in order to prevent Bennigsen from redeploying them on the left wing . Orders also required Grouchy to silence the enemy guns pounding the French left . In this difficult task , Grouchy was perfectly seconded by Nansouty , and together they ended to the Russian cannonade in this sector . Later , Grouchy 's report expressed admiration for Nansouty 's actions , adding that the latter had " gloriously repaired " his earlier error . Nansouty was also mentioned in the 79th Bulletin of the Grande Armée . After the battle , the 1st heavy cavalry division joined in the pursuit of the Russian army to the Nieman river , but the Treaties of Tilsit in July soon ended hostilities . = = = Count of the Empire , First Squire and the Peninsula = = = The numerous honours and endowments that General Nansouty received following the Battle of Friedland seem to suggest the Emperor 's appreciation and the fact that Napoleon did not regard the early incident during this battle as Nansouty 's fault . On 11 July 1807 , General of Division Nansouty was named Grand Aigle de la Légion d 'Honneur , the fifth and top rank of this order , reserved for the greatest general officers . This also brought an annual revenue of 20 @,@ 000 Francs . His first endowment of 12 @,@ 846 Francs was offered on 30 June 1807 , and was paid by the Duchy of Warsaw . On 23 September , he received another 5 @,@ 882 Francs on the Empire 's Grand Livre . A count of the Empire from 10 March 1808 , Nansouty was offered two additional endowments , one of 25 @,@ 000 Francs , paid by the Kingdom of Westphalia , and the second of 10 @,@ 000 Francs , paid by the Zeven domain in Hannover . He also received an endowment of 100 @,@ 000 Francs for the acquisition of a Parisian Hôtel particulier ; Nansouty bought the Hôtel du Président Duret in the Faubourg Saint @-@ Germain , a neighbourhood inhabited by the new elite of Imperial France . Indeed , first @-@ rate military figures such as the Viceroy of Italy Eugène , Marshals Davout and Lannes and Generals Rapp and Legrand also acquired residences in Faubourg Saint @-@ Germain . Additionally , in 1808 , he was offered the position of First Squire of the Emperor in Napoleon 's Military Household , a dignity that offered an annual revenue of 30 @,@ 000 Francs and which gained importance when the Grand Squire , General Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt , was sent to Saint @-@ Petersburg as ambassador . Napoleon allegedly chose Nansouty for his elegant manners and education , aristocratic posture and talent for administration . In his capacity as First Squire , Nansouty thus had to accompany the Emperor during the latter 's short campaign in Spain ( from November 1808 to early January 1809 ) . There , he was in charge of several administrative tasks linked with managing the Emperor 's stable services and suite and commanding his orderly officers . The Emperor 's aides @-@ de @-@ camp had their own aides @-@ de @-@ camp , who were also placed under the command of the First Squire . Although never very far away from the Emperor in a campaign that included many battles , Nansouty himself never exercised a field command during this campaign , and in January 1809 , he accompanied his master back to France , as the outbreak of the War of the Fifth Coalition was imminent . = = = War of the Fifth Coalition = = = With a large part of the French Empire 's forces now entangled in the bloody Peninsular War , the Austrian Empire believed that its best opportunity to avenge the humiliating defeat of 1805 had finally come . The Austrians were looking to defeat France and regain their former influence in Italy and Germany . In early 1809 , the Austrian war preparations were so intense that Napoleon was forced to leave Spain and head back to Paris to reorganise his main army in Germany . In spring , Nansouty was therefore recalled to the command of 1st of the three heavy cavalry divisions of the Cavalry Reserve , placed this time under the command of Marshal Jean @-@ Baptiste Bessières . As the War of the Fifth Coalition broke out , Nansouty 's division was soon detached from the Reserve and temporarily attached to Marshal Louis Nicolas Davout 's III Corps , the force that was assigned the most difficult tasks during the early military operations of this war . As Napoleon then ordered a concentration of the army at Ratisbon , Nansouty 's division was once again put under the command of Bessières and sent to serve with the Bavarian army . After his initial victories at Abensberg and Landshut , Napoleon concentrated the bulk of his army , including Nansouty 's men , at Eckmühl , where Davout was waiting . = = = = Eckmühl and Ratisbon = = = = Napoleon faced Archduke Charles 's Austrian army at the Battle of Eckmühl , on 21 – 22 April 1809 . On 22 April , the second day of the battle , Nansouty was at first sent to the Schierling plain , in support of Bavarian General Deroy , who , after several failed attempts , managed to take the town of Eckmühl from the enemy . Apart from the Schierling plain , the terrain at Eckmühl was very uneven and hilly , with dangerously steep slopes , which made cavalry action here improper . Yet , it was here that one of the most memorable cavalry actions of the entire Napoleonic Wars was to take place . It all began on the slopes next to Eckmühl , where a first brief cavalry engagement occurred , as Bavarian and Württemberger cavalry encountered and charged Austrian cavalry . The Austrians won out and the Bavarians and Württembergers retreated and reformed in the vicinity of the two French heavy cavalry divisions present . These two divisions , the 1st under Nansouty ( 1st and 2nd Carabiniers @-@ à @-@ cheval , 2nd , 3rd , 9th and 12th Cuirassiers ) and the 2nd under Saint @-@ Sulpice ( four regiments strong ) , were placed next to one another , forming five lines , with their regiments in column , one in front of the other . These men were ordered forward , up the slope and onto the plateau where the light cavalry had been repulsed moments earlier . Arriving on the plateau at a gallop , the cavalry overtook Marshal Lannes 's infantry , who admiringly cheered " Vive les cuirassiers " ( " Long live the cuirassiers " ) and applauded as the cavalry galloped past them , . With their two frontline regiments now deployed in line and with the German light cavalry protecting their flanks , the two heavy cavalry divisions clashed into whatever Austrian cavalry they could find on the plateau , repulsing them with ease . This was , however , only the prelude of a much larger cavalry combat . In order to protect his retreat , Archduke Charles of Austria reunited his entire cavalry reserve , 44 squadrons in all , on either side of the Ratisbon road , next to the village of Eggolsheim . Between 19 : 00 20 : 00 in the evening , Napoleon ordered his cavalry to disperse the enemy horse from this position . In preparation of the charge , Nansouty formed five of his regiments in two lines : three regiments in the first line and two in the second line , leaving his remaining regiment with Saint @-@ Sulpice . Saint @-@ Sulpice 's division was on Nansouty 's right and it remained formed in regiment column formations , while the light cavalry was protecting the flanks of the whole . In all , the French had 48 squadrons , and , as they advanced , they were met by intense artillery fire from the Austrian batteries and then vigorously charged by the Gottesheim cuirassier regiment . Seeing the enemy charging , Nansouty ordered his squadrons forward towards the enemy , but at a gentle trot . Then , as soon as the Austrians were at about one hundred paces , the frontline regiment of Carabiniers @-@ à @-@ Cheval halted , loaded their carbines and fired a salvo from thirty or forty paces , then drew their swords and joined their fellow cuirassiers in an energetic charge . As Nansouty led , Saint @-@ Sulpice followed and , despite the vigour and determination of the Austrian cavalry , they were repulsed after a brief hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat . Coming in support of the Gottesheim Cuirassiers , the Kaiser Cuirassier regiment shared the same fate , with the Stipsicz Hussars and Vincent Chevau @-@ légers also repulsed . A generalised and bloody mêlée then occurred under the moonlight , with the sabre hits on the steel cuirasses producing sparkles in the night . Austrian General Andreas von Schneller was wounded during this action and General Karl Wilhelm von Stutterheim , commanding the entire Austrian cavalry , only just escaped capture . The Austrian cavalry was repulsed and pushed into the marshes beyond , subsequently retreating towards Köfering , with the bulk of Archduke Charles 's forces retreating towards Ratisbon . The pursuit resumed the next day at dawn , and was followed by yet another action at the Battle of Ratisbon , where the Austrians tried to delay the French pursuit . After fierce fighting , during which Nansouty 's and Saint @-@ Sulpice 's men successfully charged the enemy cavalry three times , the French captured the citadel at Ratisbon , but saw the Austrians skilfully retreating . Nansouty was left at Ratisbon with Davout , to observe the retreat of Archduke Charles . = = = = Aspern @-@ Essling = = = = On 21 May 1809 , Napoleon crossed the Danube not far from Vienna and attacked Archduke Charles 's Austrian army , situated on the northern bank of the river , in what became known as the Battle of Aspern @-@ Essling . The French were nonetheless critically outnumbered and it soon became obvious that they would have a hard time just holding out . Nansouty could only get one of his brigades , Saint @-@ Germain 's 3rd and 12th cuirassiers , across the Danube for the action on 21 May . He found the heroic cuirassiers of General Jean @-@ Louis @-@ Brigitte Espagne charging , as they had done all day long , in a desperate attempt to stop Austrian attacks on the thin French battle line . Espagne had just been killed in action and his exhausted and depleted squadrons needed to be relieved . Nansouty at once brought forward Saint @-@ Germain 's squadrons and charged the enemy infantry , allowing the army to maintain itself on the position . On the second day of the battle , 22 May , Nansouty received his second cuirassier brigade , Doumerc 's 2nd and 9th regiments . During the morning , having received some reinforcements , Napoleon sent Marshal Lannes 's Corps forward , in an attack against the enemy line . Nansouty 's and Lasalle 's cavalry protected the infantry columns , charging the enemy cavalry to clear their path . However , at around 21 : 00 in the morning , news that the great bridge over the Danube had broken , making the arrival of further reinforcements virtually impossible , forced Napoleon to call off his attack and order a phased retreat . The situation of the French army was critical , with Marshal Lannes fatally wounded , and a great number of losses in men . It took all the skill of Nansouty and the other cavalry commanders to contain the formidable Austrian onslaught in order to allow the rest of the army to gradually disengage . After most of the army had safely crossed an arm of the Danube onto the island of Lobau , Nansouty 's men were also withdrawn from the battlefield during the night , with the French cavalry subsequently celebrated for their role in preventing a catastrophic defeat that day . = = = = Wagram = = = = After the bloody setback at Aspern @-@ Essling , Napoleon took six weeks to carefully plan another crossing of the Danube . He launched this operation late on 4 July and , by the early hours of the next day , he had managed to get a substantial force across the river . Nansouty 's division did not see any action during the first day of the Battle at Wagram and at night they camped behind the Imperial Guard . The next day , 6 July , Nansouty was at first directed to support Davout , on the French right , but when it became clear that the latter 's sector was not threatened by the arrival of enemy reinforcements , they were ordered back into reserve in a central position on the battlefield , not far from the village of Aderklaa . Then , as the situation on the French left rapidly deteriorated , they were called into action , when Napoleon ordered Marshal Bessières , commander of the Cavalry Reserve , to launch his men in a charge against the Austrians menacing his left . With time at the essence , Bessières opted not to wait for the Guard cavalry and , with his other two heavy cavalry divisions assigned to other sectors of the battlefield , he decided to lead forward only Nansouty 's men . This division was indeed very strong : 24 squadrons , more than 4 @,@ 000 men , including Brigadier General Defrance 's 1st and 2nd carabiniers @-@ à @-@ cheval , Brigadier General Doumerc 's 2nd and 9th cuirassiers and Brigadier General Berckheim 's 3rd and 12th cuirassiers . Bessières and Nansouty led these men forward , through a hail of cannonballs and case @-@ shot , with the carabiniers @-@ à @-@ cheval at the front . Finding a weaker spot in the Austrian line , they pierced it and stormed past the enemy infantry formed in squares , sabering the Georger Grenzer battalion as they went along their way . However , many of the French cavalry did not manage to penetrate through the formidable masses of Austrian infantry , so Nansouty was now commanding a much diminished force . Showing great skill in handling his men , Nansouty then wheeled right and charged Liechtenstein 's artillery line . However , the Austrian cavalry promptly intervened , spearheaded by the Rosenberg chevaulegers and the Kronprinz cuirassier regiments , which caught the carabiniers @-@ à @-@ cheval in flank and repulsed them , pursuing them back to their lines . The costly repulse of Nansouty 's division did not dishearten Bessières , who was preparing another rapid charge , now with the support of elements of the Guard cavalry . This charge never came , as the Marshal 's horse was killed by a cannonball , with Bessières also hit and carried unconscious behind the lines . With his commander presumed dead , Nansouty did not know what the Emperor 's orders were and thus promptly decided to pull back his men , to avoid further damage to his already battered division . This however was not to be the end of General Nansouty 's action at the great Battle of Wagram . Although the great cavalry attack had done much to ease the pressure on Napoleon 's left @-@ centre , the latter 's situation remained critical . The Emperor thus launched the Corps of General Jacques MacDonald in an attack against the Austrian right @-@ centre . MacDonald 's attack formation , formed by chance more than by any tactical forethought , was a huge infantry attack column or square , comprising all his divisions in a deep formation that was highly unusual for Napoleonic warfare . Four squadrons of Nansouty 's carabiniers @-@ à @-@ cheval were sent to support the flank of this attack , with the rest of his division further back . Realising that his advance is hampered by intense Austrian artillery fire , MacDonald aimed to clear the enemy guns before him , asking for a cavalry charge from Walther 's Guard cavalry on his right and Nansouty 's 1st heavy cavalry division on his left . With no direct orders from the Emperor and his commander , Marshal Bessières , out of action , Walther opted not to move , while Nansouty did send his men forward but , having been positioned too far back , he arrived only after the enemy guns had moved away . Nansouty 's division suffered a very high casualty rate at the Battle of Wagram , with more men and horses lost than the other two heavy cavalry divisions combined . Losses in horses were extremely high , with 1 @,@ 141 animals killed or injured , while losses in men were also significant , despite the fact that only the carabiniers @-@ à @-@ cheval really came into contact with the enemy . Overall , Nansouty 's division lost 164 men killed and 436 wounded . Foremost of all , the highly battered two carabiniers @-@ à @-@ cheval regiments had no more than 300 horses standing between themselves by the end of the day , for an equine casualty rate of 77 percent , with the 9th and 12th cuirassiers also suffering high casualties . Bessières 's charge , hastily organised with only the division of Nansouty , through murderous artillery fire and against masses of infantry prepared to receive them , had less tactical effect than at Aspern @-@ Essling , but it did win Napoleon valuable time , allowing him to retake the initiative in this battle . = = = Interlude between two campaigns = = = General MacDonald was very critical of both Walther and Nansouty , for their alleged failure to provide proper cavalry support during his attack . MacDonald went on to write in his memoirs that he was " taken aback by the slowness of General Nansouty [ ... ] Nansouty did charge in the end , but too late to take advantage of the gaping hole that I had pierced in the centre of the Austrian army . " A few days after the Battle of Wagram , Napoleon confronted Nansouty over what he saw as being a failure to cooperate with MacDonald . Nansouty responded to the Emperor 's lively reproaches by offering categorical explanations , saying that he had not been consulted in the placement of his division , rendering manoeuvres impossible during that action . As Napoleon insisted , Nansouty stood up to him , finally retorting : " After all , it is not Your Majesty at any rate who can teach me to lead cavalry ... " Despite this remark , Nansouty would continue to be given significant commands in the coming years . It was shortly after this bloody battle that Nansouty insisted that the Carabiniers @-@ à @-@ Cheval be given the steel cuirass , in a bid to cancel out what he saw as being a state of inferiority of these troops vis @-@ à @-@ vis their fellow cuirassiers . Nansouty 's initiative was approved and was enforced in 1810 . With the peace of Vienna signed between the French Empire and the Austrian Empire in October , Nansouty was ordered to leave the command of his division to General Bruyères and retake his position of First Squire alongside the Emperor ( 17 October 1809 ) . However , with the return of the Grand Squire Armand Augustin Louis de Caulaincourt , the role of the First Squire was much diminished . As a result , in 1811 Nansouty was given an additional function , that of General Inspector of cavalry . Very active in exercising this function , he soon became reputed for his strictness and for his detailed knowledge and invaluable experience that he had of this arm . Nonetheless , war was , once more , not far away and , on 19 October 1811 , Nansouty was called to the command of the 2nd and 4th cuirassier divisions of the " Observation Corps of the Elba " , under the command of Marshal Louis Nicolas Davout . Then , with the reorganisation of the Grande Armée in April 1812 , Nansouty was named at the command of the I Cavalry Corps . = = = Campaign in Russia = = = With the outbreak of the war with Russia in 1812 , the Grande Armée included , alongside the usual combined @-@ arms Army Corps , four large Cavalry Reserve Corps , commanded respectively by Generals Nansouty ( Ist ) , Montbrun ( IInd ) , Grouchy ( IIIrd ) and La Tour Maubourg ( IVth Corps ) . This innovation has been much criticised after this campaign and , in the words of Marshal Marmont , it had the only merit of " presenting an extraordinary spectacle that astonished the eye . " During this campaign , Nansouty 's I Cavalry Corps was composed of : General Bruyères 's 1st light cavalry division ( 7th , 8th Hussars , 16th Chasseurs à cheval , 9th Chevau @-@ légers lanciers , one Prussian and one Polish light horse regiments ) , General Saint @-@ Germain 's 1st cuirassier division ( 2nd , 3rd , 9th Cuirassiers , 1st Chevau @-@ légers lanciers regiments ) , General Valence 's 5th cuirassier division ( 6th , 11th and 12th Cuirassiers , 5th Chevau @-@ légers lanciers regiments ) , an artillery of 36 pieces . Having crossed the Niemen river with his Corps , Nansouty would continuously march under the command of Joachim Murat during this campaign , preceding the advance of the army and taking Wilna as they advanced . Despite marching constantly alongside Murat and Emperor Napoleon , Nansouty 's Ist Corps of cavalry reserve saw little action , combating brilliantly in a vanguard action at Ostrovno and then briefly at Vitebsk . An incident involving some of Nansouty 's light cavalry occurred during the combat at Vitebsk , when the 8th Hussars and 16th Chasseurs à cheval turned and fled before the Russian light horse . This was evidence that the division of Bruyères , of which they were a part , had been much used by always being placed at the vanguard of the army , resulting in the loss many of the best and bravest troopers . Despite Nansouty 's best efforts , the extremely long and exhausting marches , the torrential rains and the absence of proper fodder took their toll on the Ist Cavalry Corps , with numbers reduced to half by this time . Additionally , just like the other Cavalry Corps commanders , Nansouty rarely had all his troops under direct control , which led to cavalry being used improperly at times . With his three divisions reunited on 7 September 1812 , Nansouty 's Ist Cavalry Corps saw action at the Battle of Borodino . He was placed on the French right , in second line , behind the Corps of Marshal Davout and , after Murat managed to take two of the redoubts on the Russian left , Nansouty placed his men on the right of this position and then supported the advance of the right wing of the army . With the Russians making an offensive comeback , Nansouty placed himself at the head of the heavy divisions of Saint @-@ Germain and Valence and charged and while doing so a bullet pierced one of his knees . This was Nansouty 's first battle wound and it was serious enough to end his active role during this campaign . He was transported to Moscow following the battle and although still wounded , on 10 October , he was entrusted with the mission of commanding the convoy that was to take the wounded generals and colonels , as well as the main trophies captured , behind the lines . During this mission , he was exposed to great danger , to famine and extreme cold , which impacted his already frail health . He was then allowed to return to France and recover from his injury . = = = War of the Sixth Coalition = = = The remains of the French army had completely evacuated Russian territory by December 1812 but their defeat sparked anti @-@ French sentiments in Germany and Prussia joined the Russians , forming a Sixth Coalition . Hostilities thus continued in early 1813 but Nansouty 's wound did not yet allow him to return to action , so he was offered the prestigious position of Colonel @-@ General of dragoons ( 16 January ) , in replacement of General Louis Baraguey d 'Hilliers , who had just died of exhaustion . Nansouty 's wound was very serious but he had been very lucky : the bullet that pierced his knee only tore through flesh , leaving his kneecap intact . Having missed the first part of the campaign , General Nansouty was recalled to a field command once his knee wound was cured , towards mid @-@ 1813 . He accepted to take the helm of the Guard cavalry , with a complement of 5 @,@ 000 sabres , and including Guyot 's Grenadiers @-@ à @-@ cheval , Letort 's Dragons , Lefebvre @-@ Desnouettes Chasseurs @-@ à @-@ cheval and Édouard Colbert 's Chevau @-@ légers lanciers . = = = = Campaign in Saxony = = = = In 1813 , most military operations took part in Saxony , with the Chasseurs @-@ à @-@ cheval and Colbert 's Chevau @-@ légers lanciers encountering the enemy in several isolated cavalry actions , but the first serious action came only at the Battle of Dresden , where Nansouty 's Guard cavalry supported Marshal Michel Ney 's attack on the extreme left , in conjunction with Marshal Édouard Mortier 's " Young Guard " infantry divisions . However , the Guard cavalry was not needed as a whole before the epic " Battle of Nations " at Leipzig . Placed in reserve at first , the Guard cavalry and artillery had to spring into action at once , after Napoleon received news of the Saxon defection . With the Saxons now in the Coalition camp and firing at the soldiers who moments before had been their allies , the situation of some of the French troops became desperate . The position of General Durutte 's division , placed close to Saxon lines , was particularly tenuous and Napoleon soon came to its aid , with Nansouty in command of the Guard cavalry and horse artillery . Nansouty launched an impetuous charge with some of his regiments , the Grenadiers @-@ à @-@ cheval , Dragons and Chevau @-@ légers and the Saxons were unable to hold out in this sector . However , the situation changed on 19 October , with the untimely explosion of a bridge over the Elster , the main retreat line for the French rearguard , which was now blocked in the city of Leipzig . The Guard cavalry extricated itself from the field of battle and was very useful in covering the retreat of the remaining French forces . With the Grande Armée in full retreat , another dangerous situation occurred on 29 October . With Bavaria now also in the camp of the Coalition , an Austro @-@ Bavarian army of some 45 @,@ 000 men , under General Karl Philipp von Wrede , who had fought under the command of the Emperor during the previous campaigns , tried to block the French retreat and delay the French force until the arrival of the rest of the Coalition forces . Wrede had the means necessary to achieve his goal , as he possessed a numerous artillery of about one hundred pieces and a powerful cavalry of 50 squadrons . In comparison , the French forces were much dispersed and only a few units remained cohesive and combat @-@ capable . During the ensuing Battle of Hanau , Wrede placed his troops in front of the forest of Lamboi , through which he expected that the French would retreat . He also positioned almost all of his cavalry on the left , placing it under the command of Field Marshal @-@ Lieutenant Spleny . Despite his numeric inferiority , Napoleon sent forward a part of his men against Bavarians deployed in the forest before him , but the intervention of the Foot Guards was soon required . The Bavarians had fought alongside the French in the past and the sight of the fearsome Bearskins of French Guardsmen shook their morale and they abandoned their position in the forest after a brief fight . But , with the fire of a Bavarian grand battery upon them , the French infantry soon had to stop . Napoleon positioned General Le Noury 's artillery in battery and brought in support General Drouot with the horse artillery of the Guard , as well as other pieces , constituting a grand battery of some 50 pieces that was soon able to respond adequately to the Austro @-@ Bavarian cannonade . Nansouty , with the Guard Dragoons and Lancers , was instructed to protect this battery from the enemy and thus positioned his men behind the guns . Seeing this inauspicious development , Wrede sent his cavalry , no less than 7 @,@ 000 men , to charge Drouot 's grand battery . The steady French canister fire was devastating and many Coalition squadrons turned back to safety . Some of them did manage to get to the French guns and crossed the battery , with the Guard cavalry immediately countercharging and driving them off . With the gun line now out of danger , Nansouty , with the aid of Sebastiani 's cuirassiers launched a pursuit of the repulsed enemy horse , encountering and breaking an Austrian cuirassier regiment , the Knesevich Dragoon regiment and two Bavarian chevaulegers regiments , all under the personal command of Field Marshal @-@ Lieutenant Franz Splény de Miháldy . Then , with a manoeuvre resembling that of Kellermann at Marengo , Nansouty wheeled his men left and rushed onto the enemy infantry , breaking them . The Grenadiers @-@ à @-@ Cheval were in the thick of the fighting and , with an offensive comeback of the Bavarian cavalry , they were momentarily in a dangerous situation , but were duly rescued by the Gardes d 'Honneur regiment . Nansouty then took his entire cavalry and broke the remaining enemy squares and cavalry , pushing some of these men into the Kinzig river . Meanwhile , Nansouty 's action left Sebastiani free to silence the Bavarian grand battery , skilfully using Saint @-@ Germain 's cuirassier division and Exelmans 's light division of his Corps . Nansouty received a light wound during this battle , but his role at Hanau is compared by a Russian author to that of Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz at the Battle of Zorndorf . = = = = Campaign in France = = = = Nansouty 's final campaign took place in 1814 on French soil , under bleak circumstances for the French , who saw huge Coalition armies invade France at the beginning of that year . During this campaign , his command , 5 @,@ 000 Horse Guards , included the 1st and 2nd Chevau @-@ légers Lanciers regiments , under General Édouard Colbert , the Chasseurs à Cheval , under General Laferrière , the Grenadiers à Cheval under General Guyot , the Dragons , under General Letort , as well as the entire Guard horse artillery . These men soon saw action on 27 January , at the Battle of Brienne . Here , two companies of horse artillery , under an officer called Marin , a veteran of the campaigns in Italy and Egypt and personal favourite of the Emperor , were almost completely destroyed , with their guns and commander captured by the enemy . Napoleon was extremely irritated about the failure of the heavy cavalry of the Guard to protect these gunners . A further loss of cannon of the Guard artillery occurred at the Battle of La Rothière , a rare battlefield defeat for Napoleon . Here , a part of the Guard cavalry charged and was initially successful against enemy cavalry but , faced by steady ranks of the Russian and Prussian Guardsmen and with its flank threatened by enemy dragoons , it soon had to withdraw , leaving behind some of its cannon . After rejoining the Emperor at Champaubert , Nansouty took part to the Battle of Montmirail , where he was at first instructed to protect the artillery . He then joined in the attack of the Guard infantry on the farm of Ėpine @-@ au @-@ Bois , where he suddenly wheeled left with his men and fell upon unprepared enemy infantry , charging home , routing these troops and subsequently pursuing the fugitives . This combined attack of the Guard resulted in a great number of prisoners and captured enemy guns , with Nansouty receiving a light wound in the process . A part of his men then took part to the Battle of Château @-@ Thierry , where the Emperor ordered the Guard cavalry to make a turning move against the enemy left , and where Nansouty 's subordinates General Letort and Colonel Curély brilliantly broke several enemy squares . Then , on 14 February , Nansouty personally led a brilliant charge at the Battle of Vauchamps , where he supported Grouchy in a cavalry action that decided the battle . Charging Blücher 's men from the front , Nansouty allowed Grouchy to magnificently fall behind the enemy columns , which they both then sabred and crushed , with the Guard cavalry subsequently participating to a highly successful pursuit . Enemy losses reached a staggering 9 @,@ 000 @-@ 10 @,@ 000 casualties , with 25 cannons lost . The Emperor was radiant following this battle , but , by nightfall , his mood changed when he found out of the loss of some Guard horse artillerymen . These men had been captured during their march and it was reported that their capture resulted from General Guyot ( one of Nansouty 's subordinates ) failing to provide an escort and a guide for them . In Nansouty 's presence , a fuming Napoleon summoned Guyot and then chastised him for the repeated losses in cannon during the previous battles , as well as for various other shortcomings , such as failing to properly escort the Emperor . After an angry tirade , Napoleon promptly axed Guyot and announced Nansouty that General Exelmans would replace Guyot at the helm of his Old Guard heavy cavalry . This episode apparently strained relations between Emperor Napoleon and General Nansouty . Always in the thick of the action during this campaign , on 24 February , Nansouty was present near the city of Troyes . Negotiations for an armistice were ongoing in a village nearby and , despite formal orders to continue the fighting , the two armies had ceased the combat . Nansouty then took his men and attacked enemy troops , charging into the streets of the village where the negotiations were taking place . The French envoy to the armistice talks , Monsieur de Flahaut saw this development and found Nansouty , bitterly protesting against the latter 's action . Nansouty responded that the Emperor was doubtlessly aware that negotiations were indeed taking place there , but that he had orders to capture the position without further delay . On 27 February , the Emperor again moved against Blücher 's Prussians , leaving a part of his forces near Troyes to observe the movement of Prince of Schwarzenberg 's Austrian army . Nansouty , with the Guard cavalry , accompanied the Emperor , ensuring his protection and clearing his way after a bloody cavalry skirmish at Château @-@ Thierry on 3 March . Another cavalry skirmish occurred on 5 March , with Nansouty repulsing a numerous enemy cavalry , 3 @,@ 000 @-@ 4 @,@ 000 troopers , and capturing the bridge of Berry @-@ au @-@ Bac , over the Aisne , despite the enemy cannonade . Once across the Aisne with a few Polish lancer platoons , Nansouty launched a heroic pursuit , capturing enemy cannons and munitions , and taking a significant number of prisoners , among whom was the teenage Russian Prince Gagarin . On 7 March , at the Battle of Craonne , another incident occurred , seemingly indicating that there had been some sort of disagreement between the General and the Emperor . As the battle was raging , General Belliard from the Emperor 's staff came to Nansouty and told him that he had orders to relieve him of command should his health prevent him from exercising his duties . Nansouty responded that he was indeed ill , but that he was able to retain command . Although in unusually bad humour after this incident , Nansouty subsequently led a most brilliant action at Craonne . He was ordered to cross bogged and broken terrain , and climb a steep incline with his cavalry and artillery , in order to fall on the enemy 's right flank . Managing to bring his cavalrymen on the ridge , Nansouty formed them in line and launched them against the enemy , pushing back in disorder two Russian battalions . Nansouty was again wounded during this action , but this injury was not very serious and he continued to energetically lead his men . Napoleon then allegedly ordered Nansouty to assault a redoubt , under the most murderous fire . Nonetheless , Nansouty ordered his men to halt and advanced alone towards the position . Asked to explain his behaviour , he replied that he would not send his men to die in vain and that he would be attacking alone . Napoleon at once revoked his order . This was to be the last military engagement of Nansouty 's long career . On 8 March , on the eve of the Battle of Laon , Nansouty was at Chavignon , nine kilometres from Laon , where the Emperor was also present and , although the circumstances of Nansouty 's departure are unclear , it is certain that he left this village , and his command , that very day . Two days later , Napoleon wrote to his War Minister to inform him that General Nansouty 's health did not allow him to exercise his military duties and that he was authorised to take sick leave in Paris . General Belliard had taken interim command of the Guard cavalry during the battle of Laon , with General Sébastiani subsequently given permanent command . = = Bourbon Restoration = = Having left his command to General Belliard on 8 March , three days later , Nansouty was a part of a convoy of several officers , heading to Paris . On the road to the capital , they were attacked by a pulk of Cossacks , which managed to disperse the convoy 's escort . Nansouty and his officers fought their way out sabre in hand and made a run for it towards the river Aisne . Reaching the riverbanks , the General got isolated and , as he was preparing to cross the river on horseback , his horse was shot under him , throwing the General to the ground . Nevertheless , he stood up and swam to the other bank of the river and safety . This event , as well as his tireless activity during the campaign , seem to suggest that his health was not the main reason of his departure from the army . It is also unlikely that the Emperor himself decided to replace him , given Belliard 's tentative approach at the Battle of Craonne and this General 's subsequent provisional status as commander , after Nansouty 's departure . It is thus more likely that Nansouty resigned , following his disputes with the Emperor . General Nansouty arrived in Paris and there he remained during the Bourbon Restoration that followed Napoleon 's abdication . He was one of the first general officers to swear allegiance to the new King of France , Louis XVIII , who would bestow a number of honours upon the General . His gesture encouraged many other generals to also swear allegiance to the new regime . On 12 April 1814 , Nansouty was named extraordinary commissioner of the King in the 2nd military division , then , on 20 April , became a member of the commission that was in charge of the dissolution of Napoleon 's Imperial Guard . He was given the distinction of Knight of the Order of Saint Louis on 1 June and on 6 July he was called to a command in the Military Household of the King of France , as captain @-@ lieutenant of the 1st company of musketeers ( grey musketeers ) . Despite these positions , Nansouty 's financial situation declined severely under the Restoration . The General had had a highly honourable behaviour during the Napoleonic Wars and , unlike some of his fellow Napoleonic Generals , had drawn no revenues from pillaging . He had also been living a lofty and very costly lifestyle , which he considered normal for a nobleman such as himself . Nansouty had been earning a high revenue from his various positions during the Empire and additionally Napoleon was constantly paying high endowments to his best generals . Napoleonic endowments aside , Nansouty 's salaries during the first four months of 1814 had brought him no less than 104 @,@ 000 Francs , but , under the Bourbons , his dignity as Colonel @-@ General of dragoons had been suppressed and transformed into an honorific title of Inspector of dragoons , leaving him with only a 25 @,@ 000 Francs salary as captain @-@ lieutenant in the King 's Military Household . = = Death and resting place = = By the second half of 1814 , following his long and almost continuous campaigns throughout Europe during the last ten years , the health of General Nansouty badly deteriorated . He was suffering from his wounds , some of which were very recent , but , above all from war fatigue . On his death bed , he is recorded to have said : " I have carefully reflected upon all my action ever since I was born and in all my life , I have not done anyone wrong . " He is also said to have reasserted his Christian faith and to have asked that his son be recommended for the King 's protection , as a favour for his services . Just before passing away , he told his son that his heritage would be to follow his example and live an honourable and blameless life . General Count Étienne @-@ Marie @-@ Antoine @-@ Champion de Nansouty died on 12 February 1815 in Paris , leaving behind his wife and their only son . A pension of 6 @,@ 000 Francs per year was granted to the General 's widow by the King of France . His final resting place is at the Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris , division 27 . The engraving on his tombstone reads : The name NANSOUTY is inscribed under the Arc de Triomphe in Paris . = = Family = = The Nansouty family was ancient Burgundy nobility and it was intimately linked to the history of this region , to which it gave several esteemed magistrates and soldiers throughout the centuries . One of its illustrious members , Seigneur de Nansouty was instrumental in ensuring the allegiance of Burgundy to King Henri IV and was rewarded by the monarch for his fidelity by being named state counselor . General Count de Nansouty was the first child of Jean @-@ Baptiste @-@ Pierre @-@ Charles Champion de Nansouty ( born 1718 in Dijon , died 1785 in Bordeaux ) and his wife Antoinette Hélène Harpailler ( born ca . 1740 ) , who also had Pierrette @-@ Adélaïde Champion de Nansouty ( 1771 – 1849 ) . On 27 September 1802 , General Nansouty married Jeanne @-@ Françoise Adélaïde Gravier de Vergennes ( 1781 – 1849 ) , the niece of a former minister of Louis XVI , Charles Gravier , comte de Vergennes . Her parents were : Charles Xavier Gravier de Vergennes , 1751 – 1794 , and Elisabeth Adélaïde Françoise de Bastard , 1763 – 1808 . General Count de Nansouty and his wife had only one child , Étienne Champion de Nansouty ( 1803 – 1865 ) , who , having followed his father 's and grandfather 's footsteps in the military , rose to the rank of squadron commander , but then resigned from the army . General Count Nansouty also had a nephew , Charles @-@ Étienne Champion de Nansouty , who saw a successful military career and who later rose to the rank of general of division . = = Considerations = = As a commander , General Nansouty is reported to have been a man of spirit but also to have had an excessive inclination towards sarcasm , which was damaging to his reputation and made him a number of enemies . His few months spent in Spain in 1808 , where he commanded the orderly officers of the Emperor and the aides @-@ de @-@ camp of the senior generals of the General Staff , seem to have acquired him an unwanted reputation for mockery on the service , to such a point that one of his subordinates reported that " no one ever knew when he was joking and when he was serious . " When it came to military matters though , Nansouty 's posture became extremely imposing , concise and tough . A perfectionist , with a keen eye and impeccable knowledge of his arm , he was shocked whenever he saw his cavalry manoeuvres mishandled and then he became sarcastic , at times even insulting his subordinates . However , whenever he went too far with his reprimands , he was noticeably displeased with himself and remorseful , trying to offer reparation to the person he had insulted . This behaviour seems to have been recurrent . His mood seems to have been particularly bad during his last days of service , in 1814 , after he had received a number of light wounds in a short period of time , and foremost , after he had fallen out with the Emperor . During this period , he severely mistreated one of his squadron commanders for not executing his order fast enough , and even sacked his chief of staff , Colonel de la Loyère , for a minor fault . Nansouty 's character as a proud and independent commander was apparent throughout his career and his conceitedly assertive nature , quite typical of the great cavalry commanders of the time , led to several clashes with his peers . At least one such incident almost led to a duel with another senior cavalry commander , in front of their men . It occurred on 11 July 1809 , a few days after the Battle of Wagram , and opposed him to General Arrighi de Casanova , the commander of the 3rd heavy cavalry division . Both Nansouty and Arrighi adamantly claimed for their respective troops exclusive rights to use a small farm pond that they had found . Both men refused to give way and engaged in a heated argument , to such a point that they almost came to a duel in order to settle the matter . In the end , the more senior Nansouty won out and just after the incident , one of Arrighi 's cuirassiers erected a sign sarcastically saying " Nansouty 's pond " . Indeed , at times , his sarcasm was directed even at his superiors , with Nansouty clashing with the more senior Grouchy at the Battle of Friedland . Nevertheless , Grouchy later recognised that the actions of Nansouty 's division throughout the battle were " glorious " . In 1809 , Nansouty famously responded to Napoleon 's criticism after the Battle of Wagram by saying : " It is not Your Majesty at any rate who can teach me how to handle cavalry . " Three years later , during the campaign in Russia , when Murat , King of Naples complained to him about the lack of resistance of the horses , Nansouty retorted : " Oh yes , Sire , this is because they lack patriotism . " At the Battle of Craonne , in 1814 , one day before resigning , he was recorded to have refused to execute Napoleon 's order to assault a redoubt , a move which he saw as a death sentence to his men . Instead , Nansouty told the Emperor : " I am going alone . There is nothing but death there and I will not lead these brave soldiers to it . " His behaviour on campaign can only be described as perfectly honourable and at times humane , a trait which was illustrated during the French Revolutionary Wars , when he spared no effort to protect captured émigrés from the wrath of the Revolutionary radicals in the army . He also showed respect for occupied populations and never tolerated pillaging nor violence from his men . As a sign a gratitude , he was offered gifts several times but he was often seen refusing and sending them back . While on campaign in Tyrol , he was recorded to have accepted a large sum of money but he immediately distributed it to the local hospitals . Further evidence of his humanity was the care that he displayed for the lives and well @-@ being of his men , whom he was always reluctant to sacrifice for the sake of glory . Overall as a heavy cavalry commander , Nansouty was one of the best men available during the Napoleonic Wars . Precise , methodical , with perfect knowledge of cavalry tactics , he was better than any other in preparing his attack dispositions . He was however less daring than the likes of Lasalle , Montbrun or Kellermann , which did not prevent him from leading some of the most memorable cavalry charges of the Napoleonic Wars . It has also been said that he reacted with " calculated slowness " when placed under the command of Murat . His talents for up @-@ keeping and training his troops seemed to surpass that of his peers . This was illustrated right from the start of the Napoleonic Wars , with the organisation of the cavalry reserve in the Grande Armée , under Marshal Murat . The command of the various units of this reserve was given to some of the best cavalry commanders available , including Jean @-@ Joseph Ange d 'Hautpoul , Louis Klein , Marc Antoine de Beaumont , Frédéric Henri Walther , Louis Baraguey d 'Hilliers and Édouard Jean Baptiste Milhaud . Despite the fame and quality of these commanders , it was Nansouty 's six @-@ regiment division that acquired the reputation of being the best serviced and most exact in its manoeuvres . He was also a commander who had his men continually manoeuvre during a battle , believing that this would distract them from the danger that they were facing . Nansouty 's battlefield talents were demonstrated through superb charges at Austerlitz , Friedland , Eckmühl , Essling , Borodino , Hanau , Montmirail , Vauchamps or Craonne , thus contributing to some of the most glorious victories of the French Empire and eliciting comparisons with the superb Prussian cavalry commander Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz .
= Meteorological history of Hurricane Gustav = The meteorological history of Hurricane Gustav spanned eleven days , from August 25 to September 4 , 2008 . The tropical disturbance which eventually spawned Hurricane Gustav gathered on August 16 , southwest of the Cape Verde islands , but was slow to develop as it trekked west across the Atlantic . Upon reaching the warm waters of Caribbean Sea it began to organize and became a tropical depression on August 25 . It quickly strengthened to a tropical storm , and then a hurricane , before making landfall on Haiti 's southwest peninsula . Gustav was severely disrupted by Hispaniola 's mountains and stalled , disorganized , in the Gulf of Gonâve between August 26 and 27 . Deep convection reformed the storm 's center southwest of Haiti , near Jamaica 's east coast . Under the influence of a mid @-@ level ridge that extended from the Gulf of Mexico to the western Atlantic Ocean , Gustav picked up a westward motion . It was briefly disrupted by Jamaica as it passed over the mountainous island but rapidly strengthened when it moved over open water once again . Reaching Category 4 strength less than 24 hours after having been a tropical storm , Gustav brushed the Isle of Youth and made landfall on Cuba 's western 's peninsula . Disrupted by mountains once again , Gustav never regained its former strength . Briefly traveling over a warm eddy of the Gulf Stream 's loop current it encountered moderate wind shear and cooling sea surface temperatures . Fluctuations in its internal structure and visible appearance did not counter the storm 's general weakening trend , and Hurricane Gustav made its final landfall as a Category 2 hurricane near Cocodrie , Louisiana on September 1 . Moving inland , the storm quickly weakened but persisted as a significant tropical depression until it was adsorbed by a frontal boundary on September 5 . = = Formation = = On August 18 , 2008 , a tropical wave which had left the coast of Africa five days previously , developed into a significant low pressure area about 600 miles ( 970 km ) west @-@ southwest of the Cape Verde islands . This wave moved westward across the Atlantic in conditions that were not favorable for development . As it began to approach the Windward Islands conditions improved and it showed some signs of organization , but no circulation . Upon reaching the windward islands on August 23 , bringing showers , thunderstorms , and generally squally weather , wind shear over the system decreased and atmospheric conditions improved . Over the eastern Caribbean Sea , about 250 miles ( 400 km ) south of Santo Domingo , a low level circulation began to form . Hours later well @-@ defined curved bands and an improving circulation at the surface warranted that the system be designated a tropical depression . The depression formed a small inner wind core 25 mi ( 40 km ) in diameter which allowed it to rapidly organize , and on the afternoon of August 25 it was upgraded to a tropical storm and first given the name Gustav . A renewed period of disorganization proved to be very short lived , and that night a well @-@ defined eye formed . This eye was accompanied by strengthening as the storm continued to move northwest towards Haiti . Before reaching the island , Gustav 's strengthening pattern raised it to hurricane strength . Its prominent and organizing central dense overcast belied persistent strengthening which continued until Hurricane Gustav made landfall on Haiti 's southwest peninsula about 10 mi ( 16 km ) west of Jacmel around 1730 UTC on August 26 , with winds of 90 mph ( 140 km / h ) and a minimum central pressure of 981 mbar ( 28 @.@ 97 inHg ) . = = Interaction with Haiti and Jamaica = = After making landfall near Jacmel , Hurricane Gustav began traversing northwestward across the mountainous terrain of southwestern Haiti , dumping heavy rains as it passed . With favorable atmospheric conditions the storm maintained its hurricane intensity for several hours after landfall , but the high mountains over which it was traveling disrupted its lower level circulation . The eye because ragged and clouded over as Gustav weakened to a tropical storm . A large mid- to upper @-@ level anticyclone over the Florida Straight slowed Gustav 's movement , holding it over the northern coast of Haiti 's southern peninsula . Rainfall from the storm , which had been heavy since its landfall , began to accumulate as the storm 's movement stalled . Although the storm 's upper levels began experiencing moderate shear , and although parts of its circulation were still interacting with the mountains of southwestern Haiti , enough of Gustav 's convection was over the Gulf of Gonâve that on the morning of August 27 its organization started to improve . That afternoon , as a broad ridge extended from the Gulf of Mexico into the western Atlantic Ocean , Tropical Storm Gustav began to slowly pull to the west , away from the island of Hispaniola . Increased shear weakened the storm as the building ridge to the north of Gustav imparted a southerly component to the storm 's motion . Northeasterly shear inhibited convection in the northeast quadrant , breaking up the storm 's existing center . The storm 's center reformed to the south , east of Jamaica , around a flare of deep convection . This new center was a little stronger than its previous one , and Gustav began moving southwest toward Jamaica . With its southerly reformation Gustav had moved itself away from the mountains of Haiti and over the warm waters of the Caribbean Sea . Finding itself in a much more advantageous environment , Gustav restrengthened to 70 mph ( 110 km / h ) . Continuing west under influence of the same mid @-@ level ridge that had dominated its steering thus far , Gustav approached Jamaica and its outer bands delivered heavy rains . Unwavering in its westward motion , Gustav made landfall on Jamaica 's eastern tip on August 28 at 1800 UTC at just below hurricane strength . It then moved across Jamaica , with its center on the southern coast , and its convection dragging across the island 's mountainous center . Fifteen hours after making landfall , Gustav 's center moved off the island 's west coast and back over the Caribbean Sea . Unlike its Haitian landfall , Gustav 's interaction with Jamaica did not disturb its structure . As it left the island on the morning of August 29 , the storm 's diameter increased substantially and prominent banding features developed . Its low @-@ level center reorganized over the open water and with little wind shear a strengthening pattern emerged which quickly returned Gustav to hurricane status that afternoon . = = Western Caribbean Sea = = Having cleared the disruptive landmass of Jamaica , Hurricane Gustav entered a period of sustained intensification . Within hours of leaving the island the storm regained hurricane status and the first signs of an eye appeared . Convective bands and upper @-@ level outflow became well defined in all quadrants , wind shear decreased , and deep warm waters of the Caribbean Sean provided the perfect conditions for strengthening . The subtropical ridge over the eastern Gulf of Mexico developed a weakness , and as Gustav approached the Cayman Islands it was into this weakness that Gustav was drawn . As Hurricane Gustav tore through the low @-@ lying Cayman Islands its 30 mi ( 48 km ) wide eye became very well pronounced . In the early morning hours of August 30 , and Gustav continued to pass through the Cayman Islands , the storm 's winds increased to 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) , raising Hurricane Gustav to Category 2 strength . Through the morning Hurricane Gustav continued to rapidly strengthen . Deep convection around the eye flared intensely and the hurricane 's minimum central pressure dropped precipitously — 24 mbar ( 0 @.@ 71 inHg ) in 24 hours . By 1000 UTC it had reached Category 3 strength and continued to strengthen . Another drop in pressure – down 11 mbar ( 0 @.@ 32 inHg ) in 6 hours to 954 mbar ( 28 @.@ 17 inHg ) – was quickly followed by an increase in wind speed to 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) , making Hurricane Gustav a Category 4 hurricane when it had been a mere tropical storm only 24 hours earlier . That afternoon , as Hurricane Gustav continued moving northwest towards Cuba , its western eyewall passed directly over the Isle of Youth . Passing along the eastern coast of the Isle of Youth , Gustav wobbled slightly , possibly the result of an eyewall replacement cycle , and strengthened even further . Here , even as it brushed the island , Hurricane Gustav continued to strengthen , making a brief landfall with a central pressure of 943 mbar ( 27 @.@ 85 inHg ) and winds of 145 mph ( 233 km / h ) . Its long @-@ term motion continued to be dominated by a mid @-@ level ridge over the western Atlantic , and that evening , with a central pressure of 941 mbar ( 27 @.@ 79 inHg ) , the hurricane made landfall in western mainland Cuba near los Palacios at just under Category 5 intensity , bringing its 155 mph ( 249 km / h ) winds onshore . At a height of 10 metres ( 33 ft ) , a 211 mph ( 340 km / h ) gust was recorded , which the World Meteorological Organization confirmed to be strongest ever measured during a hurricane . = = Gulf of Mexico = = The low mountains of western Cuba disrupted Hurricane Gustav 's low @-@ level circulation . Although it crosses the island in only a few hours , the brief interaction caused the storm 's eye to partially cloud @-@ over and its wind speeds fell to 140 mph ( 230 km / h ) as it entered that southeastern Gulf of Mexico that night . Through that night and into the morning of August 31 it continued moving northwestward across the gulf , its winds weakening to 125 mph ( 201 km / h ) as the damage from its interaction with Cuba continued to take its toll . That morning the eye , which was expanding as the storm weakened , completely clouded over . Some mid- to upper @-@ level dry air was drawn into the cyclone and a trough to the south added a slight vertical shear , but these interferences were short lived . Under the continued influence of the ridge over the western Atlantic and southeastern United States Hurricane Gustav accelerated into the central gulf . Here the storm tracked over a warm eddy in the loop current , but the high oceanic heat content failed to induce strengthening . Deep convection continued to be asymmetric and the eyewall opened to the southeast as wind speed continued to fall into Category 2 status . However by the afternoon of August 31 the hurricane 's ragged appearance began to improve . The eye returned properly and its minimum central pressure fell even as its outer bands came ashore on the northern Gulf Coast . Its asymmetric appearance improved and its wind radius expanded , but by that night Gustav had moved off the eddy of the loop current and over slightly cooler water . It could not restrengthen here , despite its more impressive presentation . In the pre @-@ dawn hours of September 1 , while 170 mi ( 270 km ) from the gulf coast , the hurricane 's wind field expanded and tropical storm force winds extended 220 mi ( 350 km ) from its center . Dry air intrusion from the south broke up the hurricane 's eye , completely dissolving the eyewall as heavy rain bands came ashore in the state of Louisiana . As the eye approached the Louisiana coast , the storm weakened to 105 mph . Making landfall near Cocodrie , Louisiana at 1430 UTC the eye briefly reformed but was not associated with any strengthening . = = Dissipation = = After landfall the hurricane continued moving northwestward at 15 mph ( 24 km / h ) . The mid @-@ level ridge over the southeastern United States which had dominated Gustav 's steering for the last few days drifted northward , pulling the hurricane with it . Moving further inland Hurricane Gustav continued to weaken while delivering torrential rains to the central gulf coast of the United States . The eye that had cleared during landfall filled in that afternoon and was replaced by a central dense overcast . That night , 12 hours after landfall , Gustav weakened to a tropical storm with winds of 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) . Slipping below tropical storm strength the following morning , Gustav 's previously firm steering currents began to erode and its forward motion slowed . As the storm crept through northwest Louisiana on September 2 , its heavy rainfall began to accumulate in the region . As the storm continued northwestward though the intersection of Arkansas , Louisiana , Texas , and Oklahoma and into Arkansas proper , its forward motion slowed considerably and it dumped isolated rainfall accumulations in excess of 9 inches ( 228 @.@ 60 mm ) . Through the morning of September 3 , Tropical Depression Gustav briefly drifted north @-@ northeastward under very weak steering currents , but stalled completely over southwestern Arkansas that afternoon and spread heavy rain into the mid @-@ Mississippi Valley . By the evening , steering currents returned and Gustav picked up speed to the northeast at 7 mph ( 11 km / h ) . Moving even more rapidly Gustav left the Mississippi Valley and headed towards the Ohio Valley . The next morning , as it passed through Missouri , Gustav began to gain extratropical characteristics as it merged with a frontal boundary . The extratropical transition was completed on the afternoon of September 4 as Gustav 's remnant low was moving 28 mph ( 45 km / h ) over St. Louis , Missouri . Although no longer a tropical system , the remnants of Gustav continued to bring wind and rain to the northern United States . That evening , still traveling northeastward , the remnants dropped 2 – 4 in ( 51 – 102 mm ) of rain on Illinois and its widespread remnant low produced trace rainfall stretching from Iowa to Indiana . By nightfall on September 4 the remnants had reached southwest Michigan , where they dumped rain until the next morning , with accumulations as high as 5 in ( 130 mm ) . The storm 's circulation remained intact through Wisconsin where it dropped almost 1 in ( 25 mm ) of rainfall . Some of Gustav 's more northerly remnants even drifted into Minnesota where they dropped small amounts of rain . On September 5 , the storm 's extratropical remnants were absorbed by a larger extratropical low moving through the Great Lakes .
= Slime ( Dragon Quest ) = The Slime is the mascot of the Dragon Quest role @-@ playing video game franchise . Originally inspired by the game Wizardry to be a weak and common monster for the video game Dragon Quest , Slime has appeared in almost every Dragon Quest game since . The character 's popularity led to the appearance of many varieties of slimes , including boss characters , and even emerging as the protagonist of the Rocket Slime video game series . The Slime has been placed on a multitude of different kinds of merchandise . The Slime 's friendliness , limited power , and appealing form have caused the Slime to become a popular character and symbol of the Dragon Quest series . = = Character design = = The inspiration for the Slime came to Yuji Horii , the creator of Dragon Quest , from a role @-@ playing game called Wizardry . " I was really hooked on ' Wizardy , ' the PC game , ... There 's ... slime @-@ looking characters ... , so I got the inspiration from it . I was doodling the slime @-@ looking character and I took it to Mr. Toriyama , who did the character design , and he made it the Slime we see today . " Horii said that when it was originally conceived , the Slime was " a pile of goo " , but Toriyama 's design came back as a tear @-@ drop which they considered " perfect " . = = Attributes = = = = = Personality = = = In most appearances of the Slime , it is an antagonist , and occasionally a boss . In some Dragon Quest titles , slimes also appear as friendly non @-@ player characters and peaceful inhabitants of cities . Friendly slimes usually greet players with the phrase , " I 'm not a bad slime ! " . Slimes , like many monsters in the Dragon Quest series , have a certain verbal tic , " slurp " . Slimes also replace certain words or syllables with the word " goo " ( i.e. " human " is " gooman " ) , or other words relating to slime or goo , when they speak . = = = Outward appearance = = = There are many different types of slimes found throughout the Dragon Quest and Rocket Slime series . These include slimes in different colors , bubble slimes , which look like pools of slime , nautical slimes that wear conch shells , the rare metal slimes , which have high defense , give out large amounts of experience points , and tend to flee from battle , healslimes , which have tentacles , and king slimes , which are very large slimes wearing crowns and come in various versions , such as regular or metal . = = Appearances = = The Slime made its first appearance in Dragon Quest as the first and weakest enemy in the game , and has made a similar appearance in all subsequent Dragon Quest titles . In Dragon Quest V , the monster is an easy recruit that learns a variety of magic spells . The Slime is also the protagonist of its own spinoff series , beginning with Slime MoriMori Dragon Quest , a Japanese Game Boy Advance title . It was followed by Dragon Quest Heroes : Rocket Slime , which was released worldwide for the Nintendo DS , and the Japanese @-@ exclusive title , Slime Mori Mori Dragon Quest 3 for the Nintendo 3DS . These games follow a nation of slimes who are intelligent and civilized , but also cute and somewhat comical . In the North American localization of the Dragon Quest games for the Nintendo DS , joking references and puns are made about slimes . Slime also appeared in three crossover games along with characters from Nintendo 's Mario franchise : Itadaki Street DS , Mario Sports Mix , and Fortune Street . = = Analysis = = Reviewers have seen the slime as symbolic of the Dragon Quest series in the same way that the Moogle represents Final Fantasy . Dragon Quest creator Yuji Horii speculated that the popularity of the slime may come from its cuteness , how it is easy to defeat , and while the protagonists change in every Dragon Quest game , the slime is always there . GamesRadar speculated that the intense " grinding " , or fighting of enemies in the Dragon Quest series exposed players to an abundance of slimes , but a positive association was created by their familiarity . Yoshiki Watabe , producer of Dragon Quest VIII , hypothesized its popularity came from it being a " well designed character " , but " simple " , being accessible to anyone . = = Cultural impact = = = = = Merchandise = = = As the most recognizable symbol of the best @-@ selling video game series in Japan , the Slime has been featured prominently in Dragon Quest @-@ related merchandise . It has its own section called ' Smile Slime ' on the Square Enix JP shopping website . Slime merchandise includes plush toys , pencil cases , keychains , game controllers , a stylus , and several boardgames including one titled Dragon Quest Slime Racing . In Japan , pork filled steam buns shaped like slimes have been sold . For Dragon Quest 's 25th anniversary , special items were sold including business cards , tote bags , and crystal figurines . = = = Reception = = = The Dragon Quest Slime has received positive reception from critics and fans , being called the " most prolific " of all the " memorable " monsters from the series and is one of the most recognizable characters in gaming . The Slime has also been called cute and charming by several critics , especially when reviewing Rocket Slime . GamesRadar listed it as the most lovable blob in video games , calling them the " equivalent of training wheels " due to how easy they are to defeat typically , but also saying that their weird smile makes players think twice about killing them . They also listed it as a character they wished they knew less about . They stated that while they started out as nothing more than things for players to kill and not feel guilty about , the playable role of a Slime in the Dragon Quest Heroes series made them realize they were more than just generic enemies . In the January 2010 issue of Nintendo Power , the editors listed the Slime among its Favorite Punching Bags , a list including Goombas and Octoroks . They wrote that " The Slimes are just so cute and friendly @-@ looking , it 's almost hard to slay them . But you know , a hero 's gotta do what a hero 's gotta do . "
= Battle of Ngomano = The Battle of Ngomano or Negomano was fought between the German Empire and Portugal during the East African Campaign of World War I. A force of Germans and Askaris under Paul Emil von Lettow @-@ Vorbeck had just won a costly victory against the British at the Battle of Mahiwa , in present @-@ day Tanzania and ran very short of supplies . To find food , the Germans invaded Portuguese East Africa to the south , to escape superior British forces to the north and supply themselves with captured Portuguese materiel . Portugal was part of the Entente and a belligerent , employing troops in France and a force under Major João Teixeira Pinto was sent to stop von Lettow @-@ Vorbeck from crossing the border . The Portuguese were flanked by the Germans , while encamped at Ngomano on 25 November 1917 . The battle saw the Portuguese force nearly destroyed , with many troops killed and captured . The capitulation of the Portuguese enabled the Germans to seize a large quantity of supplies and continue operations in East Africa until the end of the war . = = Background = = By late November 1917 , the Germans in East Africa were left with few options if they wanted to continue the war . They were outnumbered drastically and were split up into several different columns . The two largest of these , under Theodor Tafel and Paul Emil von Lettow @-@ Vorbeck , were completely cut off from each other . Although von Lettow @-@ Vorbeck 's column had defeated a large British force at the Battle of Mahiwa he had lost a large number of troops and expended virtually his entire supply of modern ammunition . With only antiquated weapons and no way of resupplying , von Lettow @-@ Vorbeck decided to invade Portuguese East Africa in hopes of acquiring sufficient supplies to continue the war . There was no legal impediment to this attack ; Germany had declared war on Portugal on 9 March 1916 . Although Tafel 's force was intercepted by the Allies and capitulated before reaching the border , von Lettow @-@ Vorbeck and his column was able to reach the Rovuma River . Facing supply shortages , the German general then reduced his force by dismissing a large number of Askaris , who could not be adequately equipped , as well as a number of camp followers . With his reduced force , von Lettow @-@ Vorbeck made plans to attack the Portuguese garrison across the river at Ngomano . The Portuguese force was a native contingent led by European officers under João Teixeira Pinto , a veteran with experience fighting in Africa . Rather than prepare defensive positions , the Portuguese had begun building a large encampment upon their arrival at Ngomano on 20 November . Pinto had at his disposal 900 troops with six machine guns and a large supply cache but his inexperienced force was no match for von Lettow @-@ Vorbeck 's force , which crossed the river with between 1 @,@ 500 and 2 @,@ 000 veterans as well as a large number of porters . = = Battle = = At 07 : 00 on the morning of 25 November , the Portuguese garrison at Ngomano received word from a British intelligence officer that an attack was about to commence . Nevertheless , when the attack came they were unprepared . In order to distract Pinto and his men , the Germans shelled the camp from across the river with high explosive rounds . While the artillery attacked the camp , the Germans moved their forces upstream and crossed the Rovuma safely out sight of Pinto and his men . The Portuguese did not resist von Lettow @-@ Vorbeck 's forces when they crossed the river and remained encamped at Ngomano . The Germans were easily able to flank the Portuguese positions and completely envelop them with six companies of German infantry attacking the camp from the south , south @-@ east and west . Having been forewarned about the attack , the Portuguese commander had been able to begin preparations for the assault ; however , he had planned on receiving a frontal assault and when the force came under attack from the rear he was completely surprised . The Portuguese attempted to entrench themselves in rifle pits , but they became disoriented after Pinto and several other officers were slain early in the engagement . The Germans had very little in the way of heavy weapons , as they had discarded most of their artillery and machine guns due to lack of ammunition . Despite the chronic ammunition shortage von Lettow @-@ Vorbeck was able to move four machine guns up close to the rifle pits , using them only at close range to ensure his ammunition would not be wasted . The inexperience of the Portuguese proved to be their downfall , as despite their firing over 30 @,@ 000 rounds German casualties were extremely light , including only one casualty among their officers . Taking heavy casualties , having lost their commanding officer , and finding themselves hopelessly outnumbered , the Portuguese finally surrendered despite the fact that they had enough military supplies to continue the action . = = Aftermath = = The German casualties were light , with only a few Askaris and one European killed . The Portuguese , on the other hand , had suffered a massive defeat and by failing to prevent von Lettow @-@ Vorbeck 's force from crossing the Rovuma allowed him to continue his campaign until the end of the war . Estimates of Portuguese casualties vary , with some sources providing figures of over 200 Portuguese killed and wounded and nearly 700 taken prisoner ; other writers state around 25 Portuguese killed along with 162 Askari , with almost 500 captured . The prisoners of war were used by the Germans as porters for the 250 @,@ 000 rounds of ammunition , six machine guns and several hundred rifles that were also captured . With this equipment , the Germans managed to completely resupply their force . Von Lettow @-@ Vorbeck abandoned and destroyed the majority of his force 's German weaponry for which he had no ammunition and armed his troops with Portuguese and British weapons . Portuguese uniforms seized from the captured prisoners were used to replace the ragged old German ones that the force had previously worn . Von Lettow @-@ Vorbeck did not stay at Ngomano for long and soon marched his force south to attack more Portuguese positions , leaving only one company at Ngomano as a rearguard in case the British decided to follow him into Portuguese East Africa . His force won several more victories while seizing even more supplies and ammunition before moving back into German East Africa in 1918 .
= Pygmy hippopotamus = The pygmy hippopotamus ( Choeropsis liberiensis or Hexaprotodon liberiensis ) is a small hippopotamid which is native to the forests and swamps of West Africa , primarily in Liberia with small populations in Sierra Leone , Guinea , and Ivory Coast . The pygmy hippo is reclusive and nocturnal . It is one of only two extant species in the family Hippopotamidae , the other being its much larger cousin the common hippopotamus ( Hippopotamus amphibius ) . The pygmy hippopotamus displays many terrestrial adaptations , but like its larger cousin , it is semi @-@ aquatic and relies on water to keep its skin moist and its body temperature cool . Behaviors such as mating and giving birth may occur in water or on land . The pygmy hippo is herbivorous , feeding on ferns , broad @-@ leaved plants , grasses , and fruits it finds in the forests . A rare nocturnal forest creature , the pygmy hippopotamus is a difficult animal to study in the wild . Pygmy hippos were unknown outside West Africa until the 19th century . Introduced to zoos in the early 20th century , they breed well in captivity and the vast majority of research is derived from zoo specimens . The survival of the species in captivity is more assured than in the wild ; the World Conservation Union estimates that there are fewer than 3 @,@ 000 pygmy hippos remaining in the wild . Pygmy hippos are primarily threatened by loss of habitat , as forests are logged and converted to farm land , and are also vulnerable to poaching , hunting for bushmeat , natural predators and war . Pygmy hippos are among the species illegally hunted for food in Liberia . = = Taxonomy and origins = = Nomenclature of the pygmy hippopotamus reflects that of the hippopotamus . The plural form is pygmy hippopotami ( hippopotamuses is also accepted as a plural form by the OED , or pygmy hippos for short ) . A male pygmy hippopotamus is known as a bull , a female as a cow , and a baby as a calf . A group of hippopotami is known as a herd or a bloat . The pygmy hippopotamus is a member of the family Hippopotamidae where it is classified as a member of either the genus Choeropsis ( " resembling a hog " ) or , the genus Hexaprotodon ( " six front teeth " ) . Members of Hippopotamidae are sometimes known as hippopotamids . Sometimes the sub @-@ family Hippopotaminae is used . Further , some taxonomists group hippopotami and anthracotheres in the superfamily Anthracotheroidea or Hippopotamoidea . A sister species of the pygmy hippopotamus may have been the little @-@ studied Malagasy pygmy hippopotamus ( Hexaprotodon madagascariensis or Hippopotamus madagascariensis ) , one of three recently extinct species from Madagascar . C. madagascariensis was the same size as C. liberiensis and shared its terrestrial behavior , inhabiting the forested highlands of Madagascar , rather than open rivers . It is believed to have gone extinct within the last 500 years . The taxonomy of the genus of the pygmy hippopotamus has changed as understanding of the animal has developed . Samuel G. Morton initially classified the animal as Hippopotamus minor , but later determined it was distinct enough to warrant its own genus , and labeled it Choeropsis . In 1977 , Shirley C. Coryndon proposed that the pygmy hippopotamus was closely related to Hexaprotodon , a genus that consisted of prehistoric hippos mostly native to Asia . This assertion was widely accepted , until Boisserie asserted in 2005 that the pygmy hippopotamus was not a member of Hexaprotodon , after a thorough examination of the phylogeny of Hippopotamidae . He suggested instead that the pygmy hippopotamus was a distinct genus , and returned the animal to Choeropsis . All agree that the modern pygmy hippopotamus , be it H. liberiensis or C. liberiensis , is the only extant member of its genus . = = = Nigerian subspecies = = = A distinct subspecies of pygmy hippopotamus lived in Nigeria until at least the 20th century , though the validity of this has been questioned . The existence of the subspecies , makes Choeropsis liberiensis liberiensis ( or Hexaprotodon liberiensis liberiensis under the old classification ) the full trinomial nomenclature for the Liberian pygmy hippopotamus . The Nigerian pygmy hippopotamus was never studied in the wild and never captured . All research and all zoo specimens are the Liberian subspecies . The Nigerian subspecies is classified as C. liberiensis heslopi . The Nigerian pygmy hippopotamus ranged in the Niger River Delta , especially near Port Harcourt , but no reliable reports exist after the collection of the museum specimens secured by I. R. P. Heslop , a British colonial officer , in the early 1940s . It is probably extinct . The subspecies is separated by over 1 @,@ 800 km ( 1 @,@ 100 mi ) and the Dahomey Gap , a region of savanna that divides the forest regions of West Africa . The subspecies is named after I. R. P. Heslop , who claimed in 1945 to have shot a pygmy hippo in the Niger Delta region and collected several skulls . He estimated that perhaps no more than 30 pygmy hippos remained in the region . Heslop reportedly sent four pygmy hippopotamus skulls he collected to the British Museum of Natural History in London . These specimens were not subjected to taxonomic evaluation , however , until 1969 when G. B. Corbet classified the skulls as belonging to a separate subspecies based on consistent variations in the proportions of the skulls . The Nigerian pygmy hippos were seen or shot in Rivers State , Imo State and Bayelsa State , Nigeria . While some local populations are aware that the species once existed , its history in the region is poorly documented . = = = Evolution = = = The evolution of the pygmy hippopotamus is most often studied in the context of its larger cousin . Both species were long believed to be most closely related to the family Suidae ( pigs and hogs ) or Tayassuidae ( peccaries ) , but research within the last 10 years has determined that pygmy hippos and hippos are most closely related to cetaceans ( whales and dolphins ) . Hippos and whales shared a common semi @-@ aquatic ancestor that branched off from other artiodactyls around 60 mya . This hypothesized ancestor likely split into two branches about six million years later . One branch would evolve into cetaceans , the other branch became the anthracotheres , a large family of four @-@ legged beasts , whose earliest member , from the Late Eocene , would have resembled narrow hippopotami with comparatively small and thin heads . Hippopotamids are deeply nested within the family Anthracotheriidae . The oldest known hippopotamid is the genus Kenyapotamus , which lived in Africa from 16 to 8 mya . Kenyapotamus is known only through fragmentary fossils , but was similar in size to C. liberiensis . The Hippopotamidae are believed to have evolved in Africa , and while at one point the species spread across Asia and Europe , no hippopotami have ever been discovered in the Americas . Starting 7 @.@ 5 to 1 @.@ 8 mya the Archaeopotamus , likely ancestors to the genus Hippopotamus and Hexaprotodon , lived in Africa and the Middle East . While the fossil record of hippos is still poorly understood , the lineages of the two modern genera , Hippopotamus and Choeropsis , may have diverged as far back as 8 mya . The ancestral form of the pygmy hippopotamus may be the genus Saotherium . Saotherium and Choeropsis are significantly more basal than Hippopotamus and Hexaprotodon , and thus more closely resemble the ancestral species of hippos . = = = Extinct pygmy and dwarf hippos = = = Several species of small hippopotamids have also become extinct in the Mediterranean in the late Pleistocene or early Holocene . Though these species are sometimes known as " pygmy hippopotami " they are not believed to be closely related to C. liberiensis . These include the Cretan dwarf hippopotamus ( Hippopotamus creutzburgi ) , the Sicilian hippopotamus ( Hippopotamus pentlandi ) , the Maltese hippopotamus ( Hippopotamus melitensis ) and the Cyprus dwarf hippopotamus ( Hippopotamus minor ) . These species , though comparable in size to the pygmy hippopotamus , are considered dwarf hippopotamuses , rather than pygmies . They are likely descended from a full @-@ sized species of European hippopotamus , and reached their small size through the evolutionary process of insular dwarfism which is common on islands ; the ancestors of pygmy hippopotami were also small and thus there was never a dwarfing process . There were also several species of pygmy hippo on the island of Madagascar ( see Malagasy hippopotamus ) . = = Description = = Pygmy hippos share the same general form as a hippopotamus . They have a graviportal skeleton , with four stubby legs and four toes on each foot , supporting a portly frame . The pygmy hippo , however , is only half as tall as the hippopotamus and weighs less than 1 / 4 as much as its larger cousin . Adult pygmy hippos stand about 75 – 100 cm ( 2 @.@ 46 – 3 @.@ 28 ft ) high at the shoulder , are 150 – 175 cm ( 4 @.@ 92 – 5 @.@ 74 ft ) in length and weigh 180 – 275 kg ( 397 – 606 lb ) . Their lifespan in captivity ranges from 30 to 55 years , though it is unlikely that they live this long in the wild . The skin is greenish @-@ black or brown , shading to a creamy gray on the lower body . Their skin is very similar to the common hippo 's , with a thin epidermis over a dermis that is several centimeters thick . Pygmy hippos have the same unusual secretion as common hippos , that gives a pinkish tinge to their bodies , and is sometimes described as " blood sweat " though the secretion is neither sweat nor blood . The highly alkaline substance is believed to have antiseptic and sunscreening properties . The skin of hippos dries out quickly and cracks , which is why both species spend so much time in water . The skeleton of C. liberiensis is more gracile than that of the common hippopotamus , meaning their bones are proportionally thinner . The common hippo 's spine is parallel with the ground ; the pygmy hippo 's back slopes forward , a likely adaptation to pass more easily through dense forest vegetation . Proportionally , the pygmy hippo 's legs and neck are longer and its head smaller . The orbits and nostrils of a pygmy hippo are much less pronounced , an adaptation from spending less time in deep water ( where pronounced orbits and nostrils help the common hippo breathe and see ) . The feet of pygmy hippos are narrower , but the toes are more spread out and have less webbing , to assist in walking on the forest floor . Despite adaptations to a more terrestrial life than the common hippopotamus , pygmy hippos are still more aquatic than all other even @-@ toed ungulates . The ears and nostrils of pygmy hippos have strong muscular valves to aid submerging underwater , and the skin physiology is dependent on the availability of water . = = Behavior = = The behavior of the pygmy hippo differs from the common hippo in many ways . Much of its behavior is more similar to that of a tapir , though this is an effect of convergent evolution . While the common hippopotamus is gregarious , pygmy hippos live either alone or in small groups , typically a mated pair or a mother and calf . Pygmy hippos tend to ignore each other rather than fight when they meet . Field studies have estimated that male pygmy hippos range over 1 @.@ 85 km2 ( 460 acres ) , while the range of a female is 0 @.@ 4 to 0 @.@ 6 km2 ( 99 – 148 acres ) . Pygmy hippos spend most of the day hidden in rivers . They will rest in the same spot for several days in a row , before moving to a new spot . At least some pygmy hippos make use of dens or burrows that form in river banks . It is unknown if the pygmy hippos help create these dens , or how common it is to use them . Though a pygmy hippo has never been observed burrowing , other artiodactyls , such as warthogs , are burrowers . = = = Diet = = = Like the common hippopotamus , the pygmy hippo emerges from the water at dusk to feed . It relies on game trails to travel through dense forest vegetation . It marks trails by vigorously waving its tail while defecating to further spread its feces . The pygmy hippo spends about six hours a day foraging for food . Pygmy hippos are herbivorous . They do not eat aquatic vegetation to a significant extent and rarely eat grass because it is uncommon in the thick forests they inhabit . The bulk of a pygmy hippo 's diet consists of ferns , broad @-@ leaved plants and fruits that have fallen to the forest floor . The wide variety of plants pygmy hippos have been observed eating suggests that they will eat any plants available . This diet is of higher quality than that of the common hippopotamus . = = = Reproduction = = = A study of breeding behavior in the wild has never been conducted ; the artificial conditions of captivity may cause the observed behavior of pygmy hippos in zoos to differ from natural conditions . Sexual maturity for the pygmy hippopotamus occurs between three and five years of age . The youngest reported age for giving birth is a pygmy hippo in the Zoo Basel , Switzerland which bore a calf at three years and three months . The oestrus cycle of a female pygmy hippo lasts an average of 35 @.@ 5 days , with the oestrus itself lasting between 24 – 48 hours . Pygmy hippos consort for mating , but the duration of the relationship is unknown . In zoos they breed as monogamous pairs . Copulation can take place on land or in the water , and a pair will mate one to four times during an oestrus period . In captivity , pygmy hippos have been conceived and born in all months of the year . The gestation period ranges from 190 – 210 days , and usually a single young is born , though twins are known to occur . The common hippopotamus gives birth and mates only in the water , but pygmy hippos mate and give birth on both land and water . Young pygmy hippos can swim almost immediately . At birth , pygmy hippos weigh 4 @.@ 5 – 6 @.@ 2 kg ( 9 @.@ 9 – 13 @.@ 7 lb ) with males weighing about 0 @.@ 25 kg ( 0 @.@ 55 lb ) more than females . Pygmy hippos are fully weaned between six and eight months of age ; before weaning they do not accompany their mother when she leaves the water to forage , but instead hide in the water by themselves . The mother returns to the hiding spot about three times a day and calls out for the calf to suckle . Suckling occurs with the mother lying on her side . = = Conservation = = The greatest threat to the remaining pygmy hippopotamus population in the wild is loss of habitat . The forests in which pygmy hippos live have been subject to logging , settling and conversion to agriculture , with little efforts made to make logging sustainable . As forests shrink , the populations become more fragmented , leading to less genetic diversity in the potential mating pool . Pygmy hippos are among the species illegally hunted for food in Liberia . Their meat is said to be of excellent quality , like that of a wild boar ; unlike those of the common hippo , the pygmy hippo 's teeth have no value . The effects of West Africa 's civil strife on the pygmy hippopotamus are unknown , but unlikely to be positive . The pygmy hippopotamus can be killed by leopards , pythons and crocodiles . How often this occurs is unknown . C. liberiensis was identified as one of the top @-@ 10 " focal species " in 2007 by the Evolutionarily Distinct and Globally Endangered ( EDGE ) project . Some populations inhabit protected areas , such as the Gola Forest Reserve in Sierra Leone . The Zoo Basel in Switzerland holds the international studbook and coordinates the entire captive pygmy hippo population that freely breeds in zoos around the world . Between 1970 and 1991 the population of pygmy hippos born in captivity more than doubled . The survival of the species in zoos is more certain than the survival of the species in the wild . In captivity , the pygmy hippo lives from 42 to 55 years , longer than in the wild . Since 1919 , only 41 percent of pygmy hippos born in zoos have been male . = = History and folklore = = While the common hippopotamus was known to Europeans since classical antiquity , the pygmy hippopotamus was unknown outside its range in West Africa until the 19th century . Due to their nocturnal , forested existence , they were poorly known within their range as well . In Liberia the animal was traditionally known as a water cow . Early field reports of the animal misidentified it as a wild hog . Several skulls of the species were sent to the American natural scientist Samuel G. Morton , during his residency in Monrovia , Liberia . Morton first described the species in 1843 . The first complete specimens were collected as part of a comprehensive investigation of Liberian fauna in the 1870s and 1880s by Dr. Johann Büttikofer . The specimens were taken to the Natural History Museum in Leiden , The Netherlands . The first pygmy hippo was brought to Europe in 1873 after being captured in Sierra Leone by a member of the British Colonial Service but died shortly after arrival . Pygmy hippos were successfully introduced to Europe in 1911 . They were first shipped to Germany and then to the Bronx Zoo in New York City where they also thrived . In 1927 , Harvey Firestone of Firestone Tires presented Billy the pygmy hippo to U.S. President Calvin Coolidge . Coolidge donated Billy to the National Zoo in Washington , D.C. According to the zoo , Billy is a common ancestor to most pygmy hippos in U.S. zoos today . Several folktales have been collected about the pygmy hippopotamus . One tale says that pygmy hippos carry a shining diamond in their mouths to help travel through thick forests at night ; by day the pygmy hippo has a secret hiding place for the diamond , but if a hunter catches a pygmy hippo at night the diamond can be taken . Villagers sometimes believed that baby pygmy hippos do not nurse but rather lick secretions off the skin of the mother .
= Rode Hall = Rode Hall , a Georgian country house , is the seat of the Wilbraham family , members of the landed gentry in the parish of Odd Rode , Cheshire , England . The estate , with the original timber @-@ framed manor house , was purchased by the Wilbrahams from the ancient Rode family in 1669 . The medieval manor house was replaced between 1700 and 1708 by a brick @-@ built seven @-@ bay building ; a second building , with five bays , was built in 1752 ; the two buildings being joined together in 1800 to form the present Rode Hall . Both the exterior and interior of Rode Hall have been altered multiples times , including work by Thomas Farnolls Pritchard and Lewis Wyatt , resulting in an irregular and complex layout . The house has large collections of period paintings , furniture , and porcelain by Chelsea , Bow and Royal Worcester . The house is Grade II * listed , and is surrounded by parkland and formal gardens , which are included as Grade II on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens . On the site are a grotto , an ice house , and an ornamental obelisk , all Grade II listed structures . Rode Hall is still owned and occupied by the Wilbrahams , currently by the 8th Baronet , Sir Richard Baker Wilbraham , and his wife , Lady Anne Baker Wilbraham . The hall and gardens are open to the public from April to September . = = History = = The Rode Estate had been owned by the Rode family since at least the 14th century , when William de Rode bore arms for Edward II . The estate was purchased in 1669 by Roger Wilbraham for the sum of £ 2 @,@ 400 ( equivalent to £ 350 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) , from his cousin Randle Rode . The Wilbrahams were prominent local landowners and descended from Sir Richard de Wilburgham , the Sheriff of Cheshire in the mid 13th century . The estate passed through the male line until 1900 when General Sir Richard Wilbraham died , leaving it to his only daughter Katherine . Katherine 's husband , George Baker , assumed by royal licence the surname Wilbraham . In 1910 , George succeeded to the Baker baronetcy on the death of his elder brother . Rode Hall consists of two houses , formerly separate , but later joined together . The older house was built for Randle Wilbraham in the early 18th century ; it was recorded as being " recently completed " in 1708 and replaced an earlier timber @-@ framed manor house , thought to have been similar to the nearby Little Moreton Hall . The second house was built for his grandson Randle Wilbraham III , a noted barrister , in 1752 . The hall has been updated by successive generations , most notably in the early 1800s , when a bay was constructed to join the two houses , and in 1927 , when the front portico was added . Rode Hall was opened to the public in 1980 , by Sir Randle John Baker Wilbraham , 7th Baronet . Since then an extensive restoration has been performed with the assistance of English Heritage , including tackling an outbreak of dry rot in the late 1980s . In 1985 , the house was designated Grade II * by English Heritage on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England ; Grade II * buildings are particularly important buildings of more than special interest . Only 5 @.@ 5 % of listed buildings are Grade II * . = = Architecture = = = = = Exterior = = = The older part of the brick @-@ built hall consists of seven bays , over two floors . There are projecting bays at either end of the building , dressed with ashlar quoins . A central doorway is flanked with plain pilasters , also of ashlar . The roof is of a hipped design , with a central octagonal bellcote , topped by a small dome . The newer building , constructed in 1752 under the guidance of architects William Hiorne and his brother David , consists of five bays , with a large bay at the side , constructed around 1800 to connect it to the older building . There is a central portico , with a flat roof supported by four ionic columns , added in 1926 . The tripartite windows of the ground floor contrast with the French windows of the first floor , which are fronted by cast iron balconies . The attic floor has small 4 x 2 pane windows . The rear of the house consists of four bays , with a large central window on the first floor and a central door , surrounded with ashlar cornicing . Both sections of the house are constructed in red Flemish bond brick , which , until 1926 , was covered with render . The design has received mixed reviews . Architectural historian David Watkin described the house as ' large , irregular and rather featureless ' and of a ' dull design ' . On the other hand , historian , archivist and Maltravers Herald Extraordinary John Martin Robinson , in The architecture of Northern England , noted the ' complex building history ' of the hall , describing it as a ' substantial and elegant Georgian house ' . In his early 19th century work ' Views of the Seats , Mansions , Castles , Etc. of Noblemen and Gentlemen of England , Scotland and Ireland ' , John Preston Neale noted that the house is ' large and handsome ' . = = = Interior = = = The main family living quarters are located in the 1752 addition . The staircase hall is the only room in the 1752 house to have kept its original , Georgian interior . The rococo plaster ceiling is attributed to Shrewsbury @-@ born architect , Thomas Farnolls Pritchard , who also designed interiors at Tatton Hall , Powis Castle and Croft Castle . Facing the gardens , on the north side of the house , is the library . Remodelled in the early 1800s , this room was previously used by the family as a dining room . It features fitted 19th @-@ century mahogany bookcases , decorated with small acanthus friezes . The white marble fireplace is flanked on either side by family coats of arms . Connecting the library to the staircase hall and the drawing room is the ante @-@ room , which is furnished with pieces commissioned by the family in the late 18th century . Originally , an entrance into the hall was located in this octagonal room , until Randle Wilbraham III relocated it . The room features copies of works by Raphael , attributed to Michelangelo Maestri . The dining room , originally the library , was designed by Lewis Wyatt in about 1808 . Wyatt extended the room and added a shallow , semi @-@ circular apse at one end . It features decorative plasterwork on both the ceiling and walls , but is largely unadorned . Wyatt implemented a design featuring gilded acanthus leaves and vines on the ceiling with large @-@ scale egg @-@ and @-@ dart molding around the upper sections of the wall , scagiola columns and a black marble fireplace with bronze ornamentation . Wyatt 's alteration works at Rode Hall are influenced by the style of Sir John Soane , and he described his designs for the interiors as an ' experiment in primitive simplicity ... At Rode the primitivist intent is emphasized by the total absence of an entablature . ' The room is furnished with original pieces of furniture designed and made by the English manufacturer Gillows of Lancaster and London ; of note is the mahogany dining @-@ table and the semi @-@ circular sideboard built into the apse . A Royal Crown Derby dinner service , purchased by Mary Wilbraham @-@ Bootle for her son Randle Wilbraham III in 1809 , is on display here . = = Grounds = = The park , including 10 acres ( 4 ha ) of gardens , are listed as Grade II on the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens , and are promoted by the Campaign to Protect Rural England . While there is a description in a seventeenth @-@ century survey , describing the ' orchards , gardens and courts within the Greene before the hall ' , there are no other known records of the gardens until 1790 , when gardener Humphry Repton was commissioned to landscape the grounds . Repton 's proposal was not implemented until 1803 , when Richard Wilbraham III employed a John Webb to construct a new driveway , create two artificial lakes , the smaller one called Stew Pond and the one @-@ mile long Rode Pool , and lay out a " Wild Garden " . The gardens are still maintained by the current owner and his wife and have been recognised as a member of Cheshire 's Gardens of Distinction . An Italian Garden was constructed in 2007 and contains olive and cypress trees . The garden 's design was inspired by the Garden of Ninfa , an English @-@ style garden outside of Rome which was planted under the guidance of Lady Constance Adela ( Ada ) Bootle @-@ Wilbraham , a distant relative of the owners . = = = Kitchen garden = = = The 2 @-@ acre ( 1 ha ) walled kitchen garden was built in the early 1700s to provide fruit and vegetables for the estate . The Victorian head gardener 's cottage is built into the southern wall . Alongside the west wall is a private path , known as the Colonel 's Walk , used by the family to bypass the kitchen garden on their way to church . There are traces of original chimneys built into the wall supporting espaliered fruit trees , located there in order to maintain an optimum temperature for year @-@ round growth . One of these chimneys has been restored . The garden is still in use today and includes traditional and exotic varieties [ of vegetables ] , and fruit bushes , some of which are used to make jams and chutneys for sale in the hall 's tearooms . = = = Structures = = = Four structures in the grounds around the house are recorded in the National Heritage List for England as designated Grade II listed buildings ; Grade II listing means that a building or structure is considered to be " nationally important and of special interest " . The red @-@ brick and rubble grotto was constructed in either the 18th or 19th century , and is built around a brick barrel vaulted tunnel , decorated internally with plasterwork and shells . The ice house is also in the garden and is built in brick and covered in earth . A tunnel @-@ vaulted passage leads into a circular chamber with a domed roof . The obelisk is located on the edge of the larger of the two estate lakes , and is in sandstone with chamfered edges . It stands on a square plinth and is constructed in two sections ; the upper section was added later . It was originally located at Kent Green , a nearby hamlet . The stable block was built in 1804 to the designs of one John Hope . As with the main house , the block is constructed in red Flemish @-@ bond brickwork , with ashlar quoins and banding and a slate roof . Originally there were a number of open archways , several of which have since been bricked @-@ up . The two central openings are topped with a stone pediment and the roof features an octagonal bellcote , with an ogee dome . = = = Mow Cop Castle = = = Mow Cop Castle is an elaborate , Gothic Revival folly , built two miles from Rode Hall , at Mow Cop , land previously belonging to the estate . Dating from 1754 , the castle was built by Randle Wilbraham III and designed by the Hiorne brothers , the architects who worked on the 1752 improvements to the hall . It was constructed to improve the view across the valley from the hall . The family often used it as a summer house and for picnics . The castle fell into disrepair a number of times in the 19th century and several programs of restoration were completed , including the replacement of the doors at a cost of £ 4 4s . The castle and surrounding land were sold by the Wilbrahams in 1923 . The castle is renowned as the birthplace of Primitive Methodism , following a camp meeting there in 1807 . = = Present day = = Rode Hall is still owned and occupied by the Wilbrahams , currently by the 8th Baronet , Sir Richard Baker Wilbraham , and his wife , Lady ( Anne ) Baker Wilbraham . The hall and gardens are open to the public from April to September , for an entrance fee . The tearooms , located in the 1752 section of the hall , use and sell the produce from the kitchen garden . Every month a farmers ' market is held next to the kitchen garden .
= Richard Hamming = Richard Wesley Hamming ( February 11 , 1915 – January 7 , 1998 ) was an American mathematician whose work had many implications for computer engineering and telecommunications . His contributions include the Hamming code ( which makes use of a Hamming matrix ) , the Hamming window , Hamming numbers , sphere @-@ packing ( or Hamming bound ) , and the Hamming distance . Born in Chicago , Hamming attended University of Chicago , University of Nebraska and the University of Illinois at Urbana @-@ Champaign , where he wrote his doctoral thesis in mathematics under the supervision of Waldemar Trjitzinsky ( 1901 @-@ 1973 ) . In April 1945 he joined the Manhattan Project at the Los Alamos Laboratory , where he programmed the IBM calculating machines that computed the solution to equations provided by the project 's physicists . He left to join the Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1946 . Over the next fifteen years he was involved in nearly all of the Laboratories ' most prominent achievements . After retiring from the Bell Labs in 1976 , Hamming took a position at the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey , California , where he worked as an Adjunct Professor and senior lecturer in computer science , and devoted himself to teaching and writing books . He delivered his last lecture in December 1997 , just a few weeks before he died from a heart attack on January 7 , 1998 . = = Early life = = Richard Wesley Hamming was born in Chicago , Illinois , on February 11 , 1915 , the son of Richard J. Hamming , a credit manager , and Mabel G. Redfield . He grew up in Chicago , where he attended Crane Technical High School and Crane Junior College . Hamming initially wanted to study engineering , but money was scarce during the Great Depression , and the only scholarship offer he received came from the University of Chicago , which had no engineering school . Instead , he became a science student , majoring in mathematics , and received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1937 . He later considered this a fortunate turn of events . " As an engineer , " he said , " I would have been the guy going down manholes instead of having the excitement of frontier research work . " He went on to earn a Master of Arts degree from the University of Nebraska in 1939 , and then entered the University of Illinois at Urbana @-@ Champaign , where he wrote his doctoral thesis on Some Problems in the Boundary Value Theory of Linear Differential Equations under the supervision of Waldemar Trjitzinsky . His thesis was an extension of Trjitzinsky 's work in that area . He looked at Green 's function and further developed Jacob Tamarkin 's methods for obtaining characteristic solutions . While he was a graduate student , he discovered and read George Boole 's The Laws of Thought . The University of Illinois at Urbana @-@ Champaign awarded Hamming his Doctor of Philosophy in 1942 , and he became an Instructor in Mathematics there . He married Wanda Little , a fellow student , on September 5 , 1942 , immediately after she was awarded her own Master of Arts in English literature . They would remain married until his death , but had no children . In 1944 , he became an Assistant Professor at the J.B. Speed Scientific School at the University of Louisville in Louisville , Kentucky . = = Manhattan Project = = With World War II still ongoing , Hamming left Louisville in April 1945 to work on the Manhattan Project at the Los Alamos Laboratory , in Hans Bethe 's division , programming the IBM calculating machines that computed the solution to equations provided by the project 's physicists . His wife Wanda soon followed , taking a job at Los Alamos as a human computer , working for Bethe and Edward Teller . Hamming later recalled that : Shortly before the first field test ( you realize that no small scale experiment can be done — either you have a critical mass or you do not ) , a man asked me to check some arithmetic he had done , and I agreed , thinking to fob it off on some subordinate . When I asked what it was , he said , " It is the probability that the test bomb will ignite the whole atmosphere . " I decided I would check it myself ! The next day when he came for the answers I remarked to him , " The arithmetic was apparently correct but I do not know about the formulas for the capture cross sections for oxygen and nitrogen — after all , there could be no experiments at the needed energy levels . " He replied , like a physicist talking to a mathematician , that he wanted me to check the arithmetic not the physics , and left . I said to myself , " What have you done , Hamming , you are involved in risking all of life that is known in the Universe , and you do not know much of an essential part ? " I was pacing up and down the corridor when a friend asked me what was bothering me . I told him . His reply was , " Never mind , Hamming , no one will ever blame you . " Hamming remained at Los Alamos until 1946 , when he accepted a post at the Bell Telephone Laboratories ( BTL ) . For the trip to New Jersey , he bought Klaus Fuchs 's old car . When he later sold it just weeks before Fuchs was unmasked as a spy , the FBI regarded the timing as suspicious enough to interrogate Hamming . Although Hamming described his role at Los Alamos as being that of a " computer janitor " , he saw computer simulations of experiments that would have been impossible to perform in a laboratory . " And when I had time to think about it , " he later recalled , " I realized that it meant that science was going to be changed " . = = Bell Laboratories = = At the Bell Labs Hamming shared an office for a time with Claude Shannon . The Mathematical Research Department also included John Tukey and Los Alamos veterans Donald Ling and Brockway McMillan . Shannon , Ling , McMillan and Hamming came to call themselves the Young Turks . " We were first @-@ class troublemakers , " Hamming later recalled . " We did unconventional things in unconventional ways and still got valuable results . Thus management had to tolerate us and let us alone a lot of the time . " Although Hamming had been hired to work on elasticity theory , he still spent much of his time with the calculating machines . Before he went home on one Friday in 1947 , he set the machines to perform a long and complex series of calculations over the weekend , only to find when he arrived on Monday morning that an error had occurred early in the process and the calculation had errored off . Digital machines manipulated information as sequences of zeroes and ones , units of information that Tukey would christen " bits " . If a single bit in a sequence was wrong , then the whole sequence would be . To detect this , a parity bit was used to verify the correctness of each sequence . " If the computer can tell when an error has occurred , " Hamming reasoned , " surely there is a way of telling where the error is so that the computer can correct the error itself . " Hamming set himself the task of solving this problem , which he realised would have an enormous range of applications . Each bit can only be a zero or a one , so if you know which bit is wrong , then it can be corrected . In a landmark paper published in 1950 , he introduced a concept of the number of positions in which two code words differ , and therefore how many changes are required to transform one code word into another , which is today known as the Hamming distance . Hamming thereby created a family of mathematical error @-@ correcting code , which are called Hamming codes . This not only solved an important problem in telecommunications and computer science , it opened up a whole new field of study . The Hamming bound , also known as the sphere @-@ packing or volume bound is a limit on the parameters of an arbitrary block code . It is from an interpretation in terms of sphere packing in the Hamming distance into the space of all possible words . It gives an important limitation on the efficiency with which any error @-@ correcting code can utilize the space in which its code words are embedded . A code which attains the Hamming bound is said to be a perfect code . Hamming codes are perfect codes . Returning to differential equations , Hamming studied means of numerically integrating them . A popular approach at the time was Milne 's Method , attributed to Arthur Milne . This had the drawback of being unstable , so that under certain conditions the result could be swamped by roundoff noise . Hamming developed an improved version , the Hamming predictor @-@ corrector . This was in use for many years , but has since been superseded by the Adams method . He did extensive research into digital filters , devising a new filter , the Hamming window , and eventually writing an entire book on the subject , Digital Filters ( 1977 ) . During the 1950s , he programmed one of the earliest computers , the IBM 650 , and with Ruth A. Weiss developed the L2 programming language , one of the earliest computer languages , in 1956 . It was widely used within the Bell Labs , and also by external users , who knew it as Bell 2 . It was superseded by Fortran when the Bell Labs ' IBM 650 were replaced by the IBM 704 in 1957 . In A Discipline of Programming ( 1967 ) , Edsger Dijkstra attributed to Hamming the problem of efficiently finding regular numbers . The problem became known as " Hamming 's problem " , and the regular numbers are often referred to as Hamming numbers in Computer Science , although he did not discover them . Throughout his time at Bell Labs , Hamming avoided management responsibilities . He was promoted to management positions several times , but always managed to make these only temporary . " I knew in a sense that by avoiding management , " he later recalled , " I was not doing my duty by the organization . That is one of my biggest failures . " = = Later life = = Hamming served as president of the Association for Computing Machinery from 1958 to 1960 . In 1960 , he predicted that one day half of the Bell Lab 's budget would be spent on computing . None of his colleagues thought that it would ever be so high , but his forecast actually proved to be too low . His philosophy on scientific computing appeared as the motto of his Numerical Methods for Scientists and Engineers ( 1962 ) : The purpose of computing is insight , not numbers . In later life , Hamming became interested in teaching . Between 1960 and 1976 , when he left the Bell labs , he held visiting or adjunct professorships at Stanford University , the City College of New York , the University of California at Irvine and Princeton University . As a Young Turk , Hamming had resented older scientists who had used up space and resources that would have been put to much better use by the young Turks . Looking at a commemorative poster of the Bell Labs ' valued achievements , he noted that he had worked on or been associated with nearly all of those listed in the first half of his career at Bell Labs , but none in the second . He therefore resolved to retire in 1976 , after thirty years . In 1976 he moved to the Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey , California , where he worked as an Adjunct Professor and senior lecturer in computer science . He gave up research , and concentrated on teaching and writing books . He noted that : The way mathematics is currently taught it is exceedingly dull . In the calculus book we are currently using on my campus , I found no single problem whose answer I felt the student would care about ! The problems in the text have the dignity of solving a crossword puzzle – hard to be sure , but the result is of no significance in life . Hamming attempted to rectify the situation with a new text , Methods of Mathematics Applied to Calculus , Probability , and Statistics ( 1985 ) . In 1993 , he remarked that " when I left BTL , I knew that that was the end of my scientific career . When I retire from here , in another sense , it 's really the end . " And so it proved . He became Professor Emeritus in June 1997 , and delivered his last lecture in December 1997 , just a few weeks before his death from a heart attack on January 7 , 1998 . He was survived by his wife Wanda . = = Awards and professional recognition = = Turing Award , Association for Computing Machinery , 1968 . IEEE Emanuel R. Piore Award , 1979 . Member of the National Academy of Engineering , 1980 . Harold Pender Award , University of Pennsylvania , 1981 . IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal , 1988 . Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery , 1994 . Basic Research Award , Eduard Rhein Foundation , 1996 . The IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal , named after him , is an award given annually by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers ( IEEE ) , for " exceptional contributions to information sciences , systems and technology " , and he was the first recipient of this medal . The reverse side of the medal depicts a Hamming parity check matrix for a Hamming error @-@ correcting code . = = Appearances = = Hamming discusses the use and potential of computers in the 1965 film Logic By Machine .
= Happy Brothers = Happy Brothers , Their Poor Mother ! ( often referred to simply as Happy Brothers ) is an 1887 oil painting by the Serbian artist Uroš Predić . It shows four intoxicated youths walking through their village whilst the mother of one shouts her disapproval from the distance . The painting is said to have been inspired by a frequent sight in Predić 's home village of Orlovat — that of drunken youths returning from the pub at dawn . Predić painted the composition hoping it would persuade the villagers to change their ways . He was disappointed that it not only failed to decrease the incidence of drunkenness in Orlovat , but was well received by the villagers themselves , who were happy merely to have been depicted . One art historian suggests the painting was influenced by the works of Rosa Bonheur and Gustave Courbet , while another believes it was informed by those of the satirists William Hogarth and Honoré Daumier . The painting 's humorous content contributed to its popularity among critics , collectors and the public at large , which led to Predić painting two replicas in 1918 and 1922 . By 1890 , the original was owned by the National Museum of Serbia , in whose possession it remains . = = Background = = Uroš Predić ( 1857 – 1953 ) was one of the most successful 19th- and 20th @-@ century Serbian realists . A native of Orlovat , a village in the Banat region of Austria @-@ Hungary , Predić drew scenes of life in the village throughout his career . One of the more frequent sights during his stays there was of intoxicated young men returning from the pub at dawn and waking up the whole village . In painting the composition , Predić was not only attempting to realistically depict contemporary village life but also to convey a message . " I observed this every day " , he explained . " I said to myself there must be some way of telling these people to what an unhappy level they have descended and have a moral impact on them , capturing all the bad habits of my compatriots . " Predić had expressed disapproval of the villagers ' behavior in an earlier work , Clients in Front of a Lawyer 's Door ( 1886 ) . = = Painting = = = = = Description = = = Happy Brothers , Their Poor Mother ! , often referred to simply as Happy Brothers , is an oil painting that measures 82 by 122 centimetres ( 32 by 48 in ) . " It is a glimpse into village life in early fall " , Predić explained . " The harvest has been gathered and the pigs slaughtered . The fires have been lit , the spits turned , the drinks dispensed and the celebrations fully under way . The air is filled with the aroma of ... cooking meat ... and the sounds of music and drunken song that disturb the village 's peace . " According to Predić , the painting shows four intoxicated youths who have been drinking all night walking rowdily through their village around dawn and waking all their neighbours . They trudge down the middle of the dirt road and distance themselves from the surrounding houses so as to avoid crashing against a wall and hurting themselves . The gajda ( bagpipe ) player — the most sober of the four — walks ahead of his friends . The one to the left , the youngest of the group , walks barefoot through the mud and props one of his friends up against his shoulder . The man he is propping up , who is the most intoxicated , paid for the previous night 's drinks and bounces between shoulders for support . The man to his right has just realized that he is walking by his own dilapidated home . His mother , alerted by the young men 's laughter and song , emerges from the house and recognizes her son . She begins shouting at him and says she will spank him once he returns , but the young man simply laughs and sends her an acknowledging wave with his hat . A young girl peaks out the bottom pane of the left window of the house to the far right , wondering if her boyfriend is part of the group . A sign above her reads Szeszfőzde ( " distillery " in Hungarian ) . Predić 's initials in Cyrillic — У.П. — can be found in the bottom @-@ right corner . In his notes , Predić identified the individuals depicted in the painting as " Maks " ( the gajda player ) , Nikola Bojić ( the man waving his hat ) and Nikola Madžarov ( the man bobbing between friends ) . Predić described the person to Madžarov 's right as simply " a young man from Orlovat " . = = = Analysis = = = The art historian Lilien Filipovitch @-@ Robinson posits that the painting is informed by the progressive style of French realists such as Rosa Bonheur and Gustave Courbet . She concedes that there is no documentary evidence to suggest Predić was influenced by Courbet 's depictions of peasant life , but notes that the latter 's work was in the public domain at the time Happy Brothers was created and was quite popular throughout Europe . Filipovitch @-@ Robinson believes that Predić rejected the precision and linearism of both Academic and Biedermeier art , and , as Courbet would have done , used heavily textured brushstrokes to define the roughness of the muddy road . She also draws parallels between the painting and Courbet 's Peasants of Flagey , which was shown at the Paris Salon of 1850 – 51 alongside The Stone Breakers and A Burial At Ornans . The art historian Dejan Medaković once suggested that Predić was imitating the style of satirists William Hogarth and Honoré Daumier . Filipovitch @-@ Robinson writes that if this were so , Predić 's attempt at emulation was almost certainly unsuccessful . " Perhaps this was due to the inherent limitations of his subject " , she writes , " the fact that the figures are not caricatured and that the painting is devoid of biting or mocking humor " . According to Filipovitch @-@ Robinson , Predić ’ s treatment of Balkan rural life differs in a number of ways from that of his contemporary Paja Jovanović , who was known for painting similar subjects . Jovanović 's paintings were based on careful ethnographic studies of rural costumes and everyday objects , whereas Predić 's works lack Jovanović 's precision , owing to the artist 's tendency not to produce detailed studies of his subjects beforehand . " The images " , Filipovitch @-@ Robinson writes , " are more gestural because of the combination of generous brush strokes and minimal linear definition . This painting also brings Predić much closer to the more daring experimentations of the Munich School not only because of the textural play of the mud @-@ laden soil against rough peasant garb but in his convincing presentation of the atmosphere of the quiet predawn hours . " = = Reception and legacy = = Upon seeing reproductions of the painting , the villagers did not interpret it as a call to change their ways . Instead , they were flattered by Predić 's decision to depict them . " To local audiences in particular " , Filipovitch @-@ Robinson writes , " such lighthearted didacticism entwined with a familiar and beloved world was immensely satisfying " . It is said that on one of his visits home , Predić went to the local pub and encountered the patrons examining a calendar with a reproduction of his painting inside it . A number of patrons — some of whom were included in the composition — tapped him on the shoulder in drunken stupor and commended him on how accurately he had captured them . What Filipovitch @-@ Robinson calls Predić 's " well @-@ meaning and subtle moralizing " had thus been rendered ineffectual . Writing for the Novi Sad @-@ based publication Javor in 1890 , the critic Milan Rešetar ranked the painting among Predić 's finest works up to that point . The Croatian magazine Vienac offered a positive review of the work , saying it offered a sad look at conditions in the Banat . The magazine praised Predić as " a true artist ... one who isn 't afraid to use his talent to educate people and nurture the nobler aspects of human nature " . Critics were satisfied with Happy Brothers because it not only offered an instructive narrative but also demonstrated the artist 's technical abilities . Such vignettes of village life contributed greatly to Predić 's popularity among collectors from the emerging Serbian middle class . Reproductions of the painting met with commercial success , further contributing to its popularity . This led Predić to paint two replicas , one in 1918 and the other in 1922 . By 1890 , the original was owned by the National Museum of Serbia , in whose possession it remains . = = = Endnotes = = =
= Catching Fire = Catching Fire is a 2009 science fiction young adult novel by the American novelist Suzanne Collins , the second book in The Hunger Games trilogy . As the sequel to the 2008 bestseller The Hunger Games , it continues the story of Katniss Everdeen and the post @-@ apocalyptic nation of Panem . Following the events of the previous novel , a rebellion against the oppressive Capitol has begun , and Katniss and fellow tribute Peeta Mellark are forced to return to the arena in a special edition of the Hunger Games . The book was first published on September 1 , 2009 , by Scholastic , in hardcover , and was later released in ebook and audiobook format . Catching Fire received mostly positive reviews , with reviewers praising Collins ' prose , the book 's ending , and the development of Katniss 's character . According to critics , major themes of the novel include survival , authoritarianism , rebellion and interdependence versus independence . The book has sold more than 19 million copies in the U.S. alone . A film adaptation , The Hunger Games : Catching Fire , was released on November 22 , 2013 . = = Plot = = After winning the 74th Hunger Games in the previous novel , Katniss Everdeen and Peeta Mellark return home to District 12 , the poorest sector in the country of Panem . But on the day that Katniss and Peeta are to start a " Victory Tour " of the country , President Snow visits unexpectedly and tells Katniss that he is angry with her for breaking the rules at the end of the last Hunger Games , which permitted both Peeta and Katniss to win . Snow tells Katniss that when she defied the Capitol , she inspired rebellion in the districts . The first stop on the Victory Tour is District 11 , the home of Katniss ' deceased friend and ally in the Hunger Games , Rue . During the ceremony , Katniss delivers a speech thanking the people of District 11 for their participants in the Games . When she finishes , an old man whistles the tune that Rue used in the arena to tell Katniss that she was safe . The song acts as a signal and everyone salutes Katniss , using the same gesture that she used to say farewell to Rue . To the horror of Katniss , the old man and two others are executed . Katniss and Peeta travel to the rest of the twelve Districts and the Capitol . Hoping to placate the growing rebellion and settle the dispute between Katniss and President Snow , Peeta proposes to Katniss during an interview . Despite this , Katniss learns that their attempt to avert revolt in the districts has failed . Shortly after returning to District 12 , Katniss discovers on the mayor 's television that District 8 has had an uprising , and she fears that what she has done to placate the crowds is not enough , as there may be uprisings in other Districts as well . She then meets two runaways from District 8 , Bonnie and Twill . They explain their theory which contradicts what the other districts have been led to believe : District 13 was not completely wiped out by the Capitol , and its residents survive in underground shelters . Later , it is announced that , for the 75th Hunger Games , twenty @-@ four victors from previous years will be forced to compete once again . This is the third occurrence of the " Quarter Quell " : an event that occurs every 25th year of the Games and allows the Capitol to introduce a twist . Knowing that she and Peeta will be competing in the Games a second time , Katniss decides that she will devote herself to ensuring that Peeta becomes the Quarter Quell 's victor and convinces their mentor , Haymitch , to help her . Likewise , Peeta is devoted to protecting her , but Katniss and her mentor are determined that only Peeta returns home safely . During the Games , set in a jungle with a saltwater lake , Katniss and Peeta join up with two other previous victors : Finnick Odair , a 24 @-@ year @-@ old man who survived the Games at the age of 14 , and Mags , Finnick 's 80 @-@ year @-@ old mentor , both from District 4 . The party encounters poisonous fog in which Peeta comes into contact with the gas and cannot walk . Mags sacrifices herself to save Peeta and dies in the poisonous fog . After Mags 's death , Katniss , Peeta , and Finnick join forces with Johanna Mason , a sarcastic and often cruel victor from District 7 , and Beetee and Wiress , an older couple from District 3 who are said to be " exceptionally smart " . Wiress soon proves her genius by revealing to Katniss that the arena is arranged like a clock , with all of the arena 's disasters occurring on a timed chart . After Wiress is killed in a battle with the Careers ( tributes from the first three districts who train all their lives for the Games and are usually the winners ) , Katniss learns of Beetee 's plan to harness lightning in order to electrocute Brutus and Enobaria , the two remaining Careers Tributes from District 2 . In the final chapters , Katniss instead directs the lightning at the force field that contains the arena , thereby destroying the arena and resulting in her temporary paralysis . When Katniss wakes up , she is being transported to District 13 , joined by Finnick , Beetee , and her mentor , Haymitch Abernathy . She learns that Peeta , Enobaria , and Johanna have been captured by the Capitol and is informed that there had been a plan among half of the contestants to break out of the arena — Beetee had been attempting to destroy the force field in the same way that she did . The book ends when Katniss ' best friend , Gale , comes to visit her and informs her that , though he got her family out in time , District 12 has been destroyed . = = Themes = = The main themes of Catching Fire include survival , sacrifice , and the conflict between interdependence and independence . As reviewer Margo Dill noted , " In [ Catching Fire ] , Katniss and Peeta are definitely interdependent . They are both helping each other to survive . As a matter of fact , they want the other one to survive more than they do themselves . " Dill goes on to explain how this likely increases the chances of each character dying . Government control is another important theme , both within the book and throughout the entire trilogy . After suppressing the first rebellion , the Capitol establishes rules in order to restrict and control the citizens ' lives . Examples noted by Dill include that , " the 75th annual Hunger Games have ' new ' rules that cause Katniss and Peeta to be in danger once again . More ' Peacekeepers ' are placed in districts to diminish any hope that the citizens started to have after the last Hunger Games . " Another major theme throughout the trilogy is the media and the influence or power that popular culture has over the emotions , wishes and views of society . Other themes in the book include morality , obedience , sacrifice , redemption , love , and law . = = Publication history = = Catching Fire had a preliminary hardcover release date of September 8 , 2009 , which was moved up to September 1 in response to requests by retailers to move the release to before Labor Day and the start of school for many readers . It was also published as an audiobook on the same day . Advance reading copies were available at BookExpo America in New York City , and were sent out to some booksellers , and offered as prizes in Scholastic 's " How Would You Survive " writing contest in May 2009 . An eBook version was also published on June 3 , 2010 . Catching Fire had an initial print of 350 @,@ 000 copies , a number which had grown to over 750 @,@ 000 by February 2010 . The release of Mockingjay , the third novel of the series , followed on August 24 , 2010 . As of March 2012 , the book has sold over 10 million copies . = = Critical reception = = Catching Fire received mainly positive reviews from critics . Publishers Weekly wrote , " If this second installment spends too much time recapping events from book one , it doesn 't disappoint when it segues into the pulse @-@ pounding action readers have come to expect . " Booklist commented on how the " unadorned prose provides an open window to perfect pacing and electrifying world building " . The New York Times also gave a positive review , writing , " Collins has done that rare thing . She has written a sequel that improves upon the first book . As a reader , I felt excited and even hopeful : could it be that this series and its characters were actually going somewhere ? " The review also praised Collins ' development of the character of Katniss . The Plain Dealer wrote , " The very last sentence of Catching Fire will leave readers gasping . Not to mention primed for part three . " However , not all reviews were positive . The same review from The Plain Dealer expressed displeasure at how , " after 150 pages of romantic dithering , I was tapping my foot to move on . " A review from Entertainment Weekly opined that the book was weaker than the first and wrote , " Katniss pretends to be in love with her sweet @-@ natured Games teammate Peeta Mellark , but she secretly pines for brooding Gale , a childhood friend . Except — why ? There 's little distinction between the two thinly imagined guys , other than the fact that Peeta has a dopier name . Collins conjures none of the erotic energy that makes Twilight , for instance , so creepily alluring . " In addition , Time magazine placed Catching Fire at number four on its list of the top 100 fiction books of 2009 , while People magazine rated it the eighth Best Book of 2009 . It also won the Publishers Weekly 's 2009 award for Best Book of the Year . = = Film adaptation = = Lionsgate announced that The Hunger Games : Catching Fire was to be released on November 22 , 2013 , as a sequel to the film adaptation of The Hunger Games . In April 2012 , it was announced that Gary Ross , director of The Hunger Games , would not return due to a " tight " and " fitted " schedule . Francis Lawrence was officially announced as the director for Catching Fire on May 3 , 2012 . The film 's cast includes Jena Malone as Johanna Mason , Philip Seymour Hoffman as Plutarch Heavensbee , Lynn Cohen as Mags , Alan Ritchson as Gloss , Sam Claflin as Finnick , and Jeffrey Wright as Beetee . Production officially began on September 10 , 2012 and concluded on December 21 , 2012 . Shooting first took place in and around metropolitan Atlanta . Several District 11 scenes were also filmed in the rural areas of Macon County , Georgia , and the rest of production took place in Hawaii . Some of the wooded scenes were filmed in Oakland , New Jersey . The film was successful , grossing more than $ 800 million to become the fifth highest @-@ grossing film at the box office in 2013 and receiving positive reviews from critics .
= 2010 São Paulo Indy 300 = The 2010 São Paulo Indy 300 was the first race of the 2010 IZOD IndyCar Series season . The race took place on March 14 , on the 2 @.@ 536 @-@ mile ( 4 @.@ 081 km ) temporary street circuit in São Paulo , Brazil , and was telecast by Versus in the United States . Originally scheduled for 190 @.@ 2 miles ( 306 @.@ 1 km ) , the race was shortened to 154 @.@ 696 miles ( 248 @.@ 959 km ) due to a two @-@ hour time limit brought about by an extended red @-@ flag period due to heavy rain . The race was won by Australian driver Will Power for Team Penske . Power was making his race return after an incident during a practice session at the 2009 Indy Grand Prix of Sonoma , which left him with two broken vertebrae in his back . Second place went to Ryan Hunter @-@ Reay , who was making his first start for Andretti Autosport , and third place went to another returnee , A. J. Foyt Enterprises ' Vitor Meira . Meira was making his first start since suffering similar injuries to Power , during the 2009 Indianapolis 500 . Four drivers made their IndyCar Series débuts in the race . Former Formula One driver Takuma Sato , Firestone Indy Lights graduates Ana Beatriz and Mario Romancini , and Atlantic Championship title contender Simona de Silvestro were all classified outside the top ten at the conclusion of the race , with de Silvestro leading four laps during the race . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = Plans for an IndyCar Series race in Brazil were confirmed on 25 November 2009 , with authorities in São Paulo and the Indy Racing League agreeing to a deal for the city to host the series . Race details for the São Paulo Indy 300 were announced on 25 January 2010 . It was the first American open @-@ wheel race in the country since the Rio 200 at Jacarepaguá in 2000 . Despite a lengthy distance to travel from most team bases , the event promoters offered each team a six @-@ figure sum of money , as well as paying for all expenses . A total of seven Brazilian drivers would compete in the race , including Ana Beatriz , Hélio Castroneves , Tony Kanaan , Raphael Matos , Vitor Meira , Mario Moraes and Mario Romancini . Of those seven , four drivers — Beatriz , Castroneves , Moraes and Romancini — are natives of São Paulo . The race weekend was scheduled to have two practice sessions on Saturday morning , qualifications on Saturday afternoon with the race on Sunday afternoon . In preparation for the race weekend , the public roads that made up areas of the track were closed off just before midnight on Friday evening . = = = Practice and qualifying = = = In the first practice session , Chip Ganassi Racing driver Scott Dixon recorded the fastest lap , ahead of Team Penske 's Ryan Briscoe , the Andretti Autosport car of Tony Kanaan and Briscoe 's teammate Will Power . Due to the slippery nature of the circuit , drivers were caught out and ended up inflicting damage to their cars . Defending series champion Dario Franchitti ventured down the escape road before damaging his suspension against the Turn 8 wall . He ended the session in seventeenth position . Other drivers to hit the wall included Romancini and Milka Duno . Incidents continued in the second practice session , with no less than five drivers spinning or making contact with the outside retaining walls . The session saw the same top four drivers as the first session . Having observed the sessions and received feedback from the drivers and the teams about the circuit conditions , the series ' president of competition Brian Barnhart and course designer Tony Cotman opted to postpone the qualification session to race morning , with the running of a third practice session and a Sunday morning warm @-@ up instead of it . Power topped this extra session , ahead of Kanaan and Ryan Hunter @-@ Reay , with Justin Wilson — a new arrival at Dreyer & Reinbold Racing — in fourth position . After the session , track officials started grinding down the concrete in order to provide a track surface that was suitable for racing the following day . Hunter @-@ Reay topped the Sunday morning warmup before qualifying , setting the fastest lap time by over half a second ahead of second @-@ year driver Mike Conway in another Dreyer & Reinbold car . Qualifying followed the usual road and street course system , with the field being split into two groups . In the first group of twelve runners , Wilson topped the session , 0 @.@ 46 seconds ahead of the HVM Racing machine of Switzerland 's Simona de Silvestro — one of four female drivers in the race — with Alex Tagliani in third position . Other drivers to make it into the second session of qualifying were Power , Takuma Sato and Raphael Matos . The remaining twelve drivers took part in the second group , with Hunter @-@ Reay topping his second session of the day . Hélio Castroneves , Briscoe , Franchitti , Dixon and Kanaan were the other competitors in the top six , and thus progressed to the second round of qualifying . In the Top 12 , Power recorded the fastest lap time , holding off the British pair Wilson and Franchitti . Hunter @-@ Reay , Kanaan and Tagliani finished between fourth and sixth , and would be the other half of the drivers that progressed to the Fast Six . Franchitti saved his best lap of qualifying to the last possible moment , taking his thirteenth career IndyCar Series pole position , and his 24th in American open @-@ wheel racing . Tagliani took second on the grid , on his début with the FAZZT Race Team . Wilson took third ahead of Hunter @-@ Reay , Power and Kanaan . = = = Race = = = Minutes before the race start , reports of rain falling on the track caused the start to be delayed by around ten minutes . Race control eventually deemed the race to be dry enough to be called a dry race , thus the rain tyres were not necessary , but would be required later in the race . Dario Franchitti and Alex Tagliani led the field to the line , with the circuit still being dusty from the previous night 's repair work . Dust clouds engulfed the start @-@ finish straight , blinding many of the midfield runners . The top five runners managed to negotiate the first chicane cleanly , while behind , half a dozen cars were involved in a first @-@ corner crash . Takuma Sato misjudged his braking into the first corner and clipped the rear of Will Power 's Penske machine , which spun him into Scott Dixon . Hélio Castroneves could not avoid running into Dixon 's stationary car at the first corner . After many drivers went down the escape road to avoid being involved in the crash , a separate accident took place between Marco Andretti and Mario Moraes . Moraes lost control of his KV Racing Technology car behind Ana Beatriz , hit Andretti and became airborne before coming to rest across the cockpit of Andretti 's car . It took several minutes to extricate Andretti from his damaged machinery , but was uninjured and very critical of Moraes ' driving . The crash resulted in a seven @-@ lap caution period , and eliminated Sato , Moraes and Andretti from the race . Dixon and Castroneves both recovered to the pit lane to repair damage . Franchitti led the field to the restart on lap eight , ahead of Tagliani , Hunter @-@ Reay ( up from fourth ) , Kanaan ( up from sixth ) , and Matos , who advanced seven positions while avoiding the mêlée at turn one . Franchitti became only the third driver in series history to lead the final lap of one season and the first lap of the next , having won the championship by winning the 2009 Firestone Indy 300 at Homestead @-@ Miami Speedway . The top five remained the same until lap 15 when Dan Wheldon passed the De Ferran Luczo Dragon Racing car of Matos for fifth place . Hunter @-@ Reay took second place from Tagliani into the final hairpin on lap 19 , before Milka Duno brought out the second caution of the afternoon on lap 22 by nudging her Dale Coyne Racing car into the wall at turn four . The entire field except for Simona de Silvestro headed to pit road for the first of two scheduled pit stops . De Silvestro became the first rookie driver since Graham Rahal in 2008 to lead at least one lap on début . When the race returned to green flag conditions on lap 26 , de Silvestro held the lead ahead of Franchitti , Hunter @-@ Reay and Kanaan with Tagliani in fifth position . De Silvestro kept the lead for a further two laps , with Hunter @-@ Reay 's Andretti Autosport car moving ahead of Franchitti on lap 27 , repeating his move on Tagliani on the defending series champion . Not long after , Hunter @-@ Reay moved ahead of de Silvestro as the pair were under braking for turn five . Hunter @-@ Reay nearly lost control of his car as his car bottomed out on the straight , with lifted the car slightly airborne . Franchitti further demoted the young Swiss driver to third , moving ahead on lap 29 . Behind them , Hideki Mutoh hit Vitor Meira which saw his retirement from the race , and Wheldon hit the back of Tagliani which sent him into Kanaan , resulting in the retirement of the Canadian driver . Rain started falling once again , more heavily than before and much of the field pitted to change from dry @-@ weather tyres to wet @-@ weather ones . Alex Lloyd aquaplaned into the wall in the second Dale Coyne car , bringing out the caution for the third time , and with rain falling relentlessly , series officials brought out the red flag to allow the weather conditions to pass . After a 36 @-@ minute red flag delay , cars returned to the circuit with slicks being the choice of tyre for the track , despite a few wet patches remaining on the circuit . Some cars gambled on wets thinking that the circuit would not dry quickly enough for their tyres to drop off compared to the slicks . As the green flag flew on lap 38 , Chip Ganassi Racing held a one – two with Franchitti leading Dixon , with two of the Dreyer & Reinbold cars — Conway and Wilson — holding third and fourth places , with the only remaining KV car of E. J. Viso holding fifth , the Venezuelan disposing of Castroneves just after the restart . Realising that the gamble had backfired , the lead quintet pitted on laps 41 and 42 , which cycled Hunter @-@ Reay back through to the lead . Power made an error which allowed Matos and Briscoe to move ahead of him . Briscoe moved ahead of Matos on lap 45 and set off in chase of Hunter @-@ Reay . Four laps later , the Australian was on the American 's tail , and moved ahead after an outbraking move into the final hairpin . Hunter @-@ Reay immediately regained the position into the first chicane on Lap 51 , before Briscoe sealed the place with a similar final hairpin move at the end of the lap . Briscoe 's luck would run out , however , when he overcooked it into turn five on lap 54 , and nudged the barriers with his nose assembly , bringing out the fourth and final caution of the race . The time limit meant that only six laps remained at the restart , with Hunter @-@ Reay leading Power , Matos , Meira and Wheldon . Meira soon passed his fellow Brazilian for third on Lap 57 , and began to chase down the lead duo , who had changed positions after Power used the slipstream to overtake Hunter @-@ Reay into the final corner . Power moved away from Hunter @-@ Reay in the final laps , taking the chequered flag to cap his return from injury with a victory . Hunter @-@ Reay took his best result for a year in second , with another injury returnee , Meira , finishing third . Matos was fourth , holding off seven other cars , as fourth to eleventh were covered by 3 @.@ 49 seconds at the race 's conclusion . Wheldon led those seven in fifth , ahead of the Ganassis , Conway , Castroneves , Kanaan and Wilson . Viso finished twelfth ahead of top rookie Beatriz , a recovering Briscoe , Danica Patrick and de Silvestro , the final two off the lead lap . = = Classification = = = = = Qualifying = = = All cars were split into two groups of twelve , with the fastest six from each group going through to the " Top 12 " session . In this session , the fastest six runners progressed to the " Firestone Fast Six " . The fastest driver in the final session claimed pole , with the rest of the runners lining up in session order , regardless of qualifying times . ( Fast Six from 1 @-@ 6 , Top 12 from 7 @-@ 12 and Round 1 from 13 @-@ 24 , with Group 1 drivers occupying the odd @-@ numbered grid positions , and Group 2 drivers occupying the even @-@ numbered grid positions ) . = = = Race = = = = = Championship standings after the race = =
= William Henry Cushing = William Henry Cushing ( August 21 , 1852 – January 25 , 1934 ) was a Canadian politician . Born in Ontario , he migrated west as a young adult where he started a successful lumber company and later became Alberta 's first Minister of Public Works and the 11th mayor of Calgary . As Minister of Public Works in the government of Alexander Cameron Rutherford , he oversaw the creation of Alberta Government Telephones . Cushing 's resignation in 1910 precipitated the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway scandal , which forced Rutherford 's resignation . Though Cushing had hopes of being asked to replace Rutherford , that role fell instead to Arthur Sifton , the province 's chief judge . Left out of Sifton 's cabinet , Cushing did not seek re @-@ election in the 1913 election , and did not re @-@ enter politics thereafter . He was the chairman of Mount Royal College 's board of governors for sixteen years . He died in 1934 . = = Early life = = Cushing was born August 21 , 1852 in Kenilworth , Ontario to William Cusing and Sarah Thomson . His father was a farmer who had immigrated from Norwich , England in 1840 . In 1879 , Cushing indentured as a carpenter . He moved to Calgary in 1883 , where in partnership with Stephen Jarett , he engaged in carpentry , building houses and stores . In 1877 Cushing married Elizabeth Rinn , who died three years later . In 1883 he married Mary Jane Waters , with whom he had two children . In 1885 he opened a sash and door factory , which made him wealthy . His business flourished and expanded ; by 1900 , it occupied 42 city lots and employed more than one hundred workers ; by 1911 , this number had reached two hundred . He was also active in the local Methodist church and the Bowness golf club , and served eight years as a school trustee with the Calgary Board of Education . He was a supporter of the Temperance Movement . = = Municipal politics = = Cushing was elected Calgary town councillor for a term beginning on January 20 , 1890 . He remained in that capacity until January 16 , 1893 . Two years later he became an alderman on the council of Calgary , which was now a city . He served as alderman from January 7 , 1895 until January 4 , 1897 , and again from May 1899 until January 2 , 1900 . During his last term he was elected the thirteenth mayor of Calgary , a position he held from January 2 , 1900 until January 7 , 1901 . He subsequently served another term as alderman from January 6 , 1902 until January 2 , 1905 . He also served as the president of Calgary 's Board of Trade in 1906 . = = Provincial politics = = After Alexander Cameron Rutherford was asked to form Alberta 's first government in 1905 , he appointed Cushing as his Minister of Public Works . Historian L. G. Thomas notes that this was an important portfolio , given the rapid development of infrastructure expected in the new province . In keeping with custom for cabinet ministers in Westminster parliamentary systems , Cushing ran for the first Legislative Assembly of Alberta in the district of Calgary in the 1905 election . Cushing , a Liberal , was opposed by Conservative leader R. B. Bennett . The campaign was acrimonious ; at one meeting , Bennett accused Cushing of giving his fellow Liberal candidates road @-@ building money with which they could bribe their districts . On election day , Cushing defeated Bennett , who attributed his defeat to " Roman Catholic influence " . Once elected , he was Calgary 's primary supporter in the legislature 's debate over Alberta 's capital city , claiming that it was the new province 's economic centre , that Alberta 's status as a province was the result of a political movement that had begun in Calgary , and that it would be cheaper to build a legislature there than in Edmonton , site of the interim capital . His motion to name Calgary as the capital was defeated 16 votes to eight , and permanent capital was located at Edmonton . Though it was not to be at his preferred location , as Public Works Minister Cushing did choose the design for the new Alberta Legislature Building , which was based on the Minnesota State Capitol . As Calgary 's representative , Cushing was further dismayed when Rutherford elected to locate the University of Alberta in his own hometown of Strathcona , immediately across the North Saskatchewan River from Edmonton . Calgarians felt that , having been denied the capital , they should be first in line for the university . As Public Works Minister , Cushing was a primary advocate of government intervention in the labour disputes plaguing Alberta 's coal industry in 1907 ; Rutherford eventually appointed a commission to examine the problem . Cushing also presided over the government 's entry into the telephone business : in 1906 , most telephone lines in Alberta were privately owned , and the largest of these private owners was the Bell Telephone Company . Bell controlled all telephone service in Calgary , and refused to extend its operations into less densely populated , and therefore less profitable , regions of the province . In response , Cushing attacked Bell as " the most pernicious and iniquitous monopoly that had ever been foisted upon a people claiming to be free " and sponsored legislation creating Alberta Government Telephones to service areas that Bell would not . This new company later purchased Bell 's lines , financing the venture by issuing debentures , in contrast to the government 's usual policy of " pay as you go " . Cushing 's zeal for government involvement was such that member of the Canadian House of Commons Peter Talbot in 1908 warned Rutherford that his Public Works Minister was " going crazy " with public ownership and that Rutherford would " someday find a lot of trouble through him " . Thomas has argued that it was strange for a successful businessman like Cushing to be so aggressive rhetorically against a successful corporation , but Mount Royal College historian Patricia Roome has suggested that Cushing was soured by his own experience as a Calgarian living under the monopoly , hostile to what he saw as a symbol of " eastern capitalism " , and hopeful that bringing telephone service to rural areas would guarantee continued Liberal success . = = = Railway scandal = = = By the 1909 election , Calgary 's growth had earned it a second seat in the legislature . Cushing finished first in a five candidate field , and was elected to fill one of these seats ; Bennett , finishing second , was elected to the other . Though Cushing , as Minister of Public Works , was initially responsible for railway policy , on November 1 , 1909 Rutherford created a new ministry of Railways , which he appointed himself to head . In February 1910 , Cushing resigned as Minister of Public Works , expressing disagreement with Rutherford 's policy of offering loan guarantees to private railway builders , including the Alberta and Great Waterways ( A & GW ) Railway . He stated in his letter of resignation that this policy had been adopted without his knowledge or consent . Rutherford accepted the resignation with regret , but publicly disagreed with Cushing 's claim that he had been kept unaware of government railway policy . On February 25 , Cushing gave his account of the events leading to his resignation In the legislature : after responsibility for railways was removed from his department , Rutherford had offered the A & GW guarantees of $ 20 @,@ 000 per mile of railway constructed . In making this guarantee , Rutherford had not consulted government engineers in the department of Public Works about construction costs , relying instead on the A & GW 's engineer . Cushing felt that guaranteeing $ 20 @,@ 000 per mile , regardless of actual construction costs , was unwise , and further believed that the government 's reliance on the A & GW 's engineer could let the company get away with building a sub @-@ standard railway . There followed a dramatic series of legislative debates and votes , in which many Liberals , including Cushing , frequently voted against their own government , even on motions of non @-@ confidence . In March , Rutherford invited Cushing to rejoin the cabinet ; according to Cushing , he was assured that if he did so his rival , Attorney General Charles Wilson Cross , would resign . He declined Rutherford 's offer , both because he considered that he was no longer able to work with the premier and because his allies among the anti @-@ Rutherford Liberals urged him to fight on . Rumours began to circulate that Rutherford would resign , to be replaced by Cushing . Lieutenant Governor of Alberta George Bulyea was indeed convinced that Rutherford would have to resign in order to save the Liberals , but he and other powerful Liberals did not view Cushing as capable of leading the government . Bulyea instead invited provincial Chief Justice Arthur Sifton to form a government , though Cushing was reputed to have been " sitting in his hotel room , his ear glued to the telephone , waiting for the summons from the Lieutenant @-@ Governor to assume the robes of Rutherford " . Sifton left Cushing , along with all other major figures of the A & GW dispute , out of his first cabinet ; Ezra Riley , a staunch Cushing ally , resigned his seat in protest . Cushing did not do the same , but did not seek re @-@ election in the 1913 election . = = Later life and legacy = = Cushing was the first chairman of the Mount Royal College Board of Governors , holding the post from 1910 until 1926 , when he was designated Honorary Chairman . He died in Calgary January 25 , 1934 of a heart attack . Calgary 's W. H. Cushing Workplace School is named in his honour . Cushing is primarily remembered for his role in the Alberta and Great Waterways Railway Scandal . In assessing his role in that episode , Thomas has suggested that his actions were motivated by something other than " revulsion against what appeared to be an unwise contract with a railway company " . Instead , he believes that Cushing had concluded that he , rather than Rutherford , should be premier , and began to conduct himself publicly in such a way as to undermine Rutherford 's authority . Whatever his motivations , Cushing 's resignation precipitated a scandal that ended Alexander Rutherford 's political career , and in so doing had a profound effect on Alberta 's political history . In evaluating his legacy , Roome also considers his role in establishing the government telephone system , which in her opinion " produced serious financial difficulties " for the province in the years ahead . = = Electoral record = =
= Somehow , Satan Got Behind Me = " ' Somehow , Satan Got Behind Me " is the twenty @-@ first episode of the second season of the American crime @-@ thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on May 1 , 1998 . The episode was written and directed by Darin Morgan , and featured guest appearances by Bill Macy , Dick Bakalyan and Alex Diakun . In this episode , a group of demons convene in a doughnut shop to share stories of tempting and damning humans . However , their stories all seem to include one mysterious figure who can see them for who they really are — Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) . " Somehow , Satan Got Behind Me " marks Morgan 's second and last script for the series , and parodies his earlier difficulties writing for The X @-@ Files . The episode has received mixed to positive reviews , and earned Morgan a Bram Stoker Award for Best Screenplay nomination in 1999 . = = Plot = = Four elderly men meet for coffee late at night . The fourth to arrive is hostile to the waiter , who secretly urinates in the man 's coffee . The man , Abum ( Dick Bakalyan ) , realizes this , and the group share a laugh over it , during which they are revealed to actually be demons . One of them , Blurk ( Bill Macy ) , complains that there are no strong personalities in this century . He tells a story of Perry , a man he met hitch @-@ hiking , who he molded into a serial killer over encouraging conversations . Perry sought to emulate Johnny Mack Potter , the country 's most prolific killer , and to break his record number of murders . As Perry drew level with Potter 's figure , Blurk grew bored accompanying him on the " mundane " murders of prostitutes and vagrants . Blurk gave an anonymous tip to the police that leads to Perry 's arrest ; one of the men present at the arrest — offender profiler Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) — seems to see through Blurk 's human disguise . In prison , Perry is murdered by his cellmate Johnny Mack Potter , reclaiming his record . Abum tells another story , which he believes shows that mankind no longer needs demonic temptation to be damned . Abum followed an everyman figure called Brock , watching his grindingly repetitive life . Brock visited a strip club often but without joy , which led Abum to believe he no longer took pleasure from sinning . One day , Abum added an additional irritation to Brock 's life , posing as a traffic warden and giving him a ticket . This was enough to drive Brock to suicide . However , during this time , Abum also encountered Black , who again saw his demonic nature . Greb ( Alex Diakun ) shares his tale , of a television censor called Waylon Figgleif . Figgleif 's overzealous approach to censorship leads Greb to try pushing his limits . Greb assumed the form of a small demonic baby and reveals himself to Figgleif , who breaks down and starts attempting to censor everyday life . Greb repeats this trick , and encourages Figgleif to go on a killing spree — Figgleif takes a gun , bursts onto the taping of a science @-@ fiction show about alien abduction , and kills several actors . Greb 's methods and effectiveness are dismissed until he reveals the story 's epigram . Figgleif 's spree was caught on camera , and broadcast by another network as a found footage special . However , Greb also notes that he too was spotted by Black during this . The fourth devil , Toby ( Wally Dalton ) , is convinced that Black really does know that they are demons . Toby also recounts his story , in which he begins to feel ennui at his failure to damn humans for some time . He meets and courts an aging stripper , Sally , who falls in love with him . Their relationship blossomed , despite her having seen his true demonic form . One day Toby leads her to believe he is about to propose to her , before instead curtly insulting and breaking up with her . He later visited her home to find police investigating her suicide — a successful damnation . However , he also encounters Black , who sees his true nature . Instead of recoiling or reacting , Black simply tells Toby that he sees how lonely he must be . Toby 's story affects all the gathered demons , who realize how lonely they really are . As they get up to leave , Abum praises the shop 's coffee and briefly reveals his true form to the waiter . = = Production = = " Somehow , Satan Got Behind Me " is the second , and last , episode of Millennium to have been written by Darin Morgan , who also directed the episode . Morgan had previously written and directed " Jose Chung 's Doomsday Defense " earlier in the season . Morgan also served as a consulting producer for the season , and is the younger brother of Glen Morgan , an executive producer for the series . Morgan 's script contains several references to his time as a writer for Millennium 's sister show , The X @-@ Files . One of Morgan 's episodes for that series , " War of the Coprophages " , had come under heavy criticism by the standards and practices department at parent network Fox , who took exception to the initial script 's heavy use of words such as " crap " to refer to the excrement that episode 's cockroaches fed upon . Morgan attacked and parodied this approach with one of the tales in " Somehow , Satan Got Behind Me " , with a network censor again targeting the use of the word " crap " and storming onto the set of a show resembling The X @-@ Files being taped , featuring lookalikes of Fox Mulder and Dana Scully with theme music very similar to that series ' playing in the background . The episode also contains a version of the dancing baby animation that was popular at the time , parodying its use on the series Ally McBeal . Guest star Alex Diakun had previously appeared in the first season episode " Lamentation " in an unrelated role ; while Dan Zukovic , who played network censor Waylon Figgleif , had also appeared in a small role in " Jose Chung 's Doomsday Defense " . = = Broadcast and reception = = " Somehow , Satan Got Behind Me " was first broadcast on the Fox network on May 1 , 1998 . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 5 @.@ 7 during its original broadcast , meaning that 5 @.@ 7 percent of households in the United States viewed the episode . This represented approximately 5 @.@ 59 million households , and left the episode the eightieth most @-@ viewed broadcast that week . Morgan 's script for the episode earned him a Bram Stoker Award nomination in 1999 , for Best Screenplay ; the award was won jointly by Bill Condon for Gods and Monsters and Alex Proyas , David S. Goyer and Lem Dobbs for Dark City . The episode received mixed to positive reviews from critics . The A.V. Club 's Zack Handlen rated the episode an A , calling it " maybe the best hour of television Millennium ever produced " . Handlen felt that the episode 's " disarmingly simple " premise belied its depth , and praised Morgan 's script as perhaps the writer 's best work . Bill Gibron , writing for DVD Talk , rated the episode 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 , calling it " a very fun , very irreverent respite for the series " . Gibron felt positively about the episode 's dialogue and humor , and praised it for its self @-@ parodying elements . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated " Somehow , Satan Got Behind Me " two stars out of five , finding that it fitted poorly with the tone of the series . Shearman felt that the episode was " self @-@ indulgent and irrelevant at worst , and at best only sporadically funny " .
= Washington State Route 702 = State Route 702 ( SR 702 ) is a 9 @.@ 32 @-@ mile ( 15 @.@ 00 km ) long two @-@ lane state highway located entirely in Pierce County , Washington , United States . The highway travels through rural Pierce County , and has existed since at least 1931 as State Highway 10 , then as Secondary State Highway 5J until the 1964 state highway renumbering when it was renumbered to SR 702 . The roadway the highway is routed along , continues east to an interchange with SR 161 . = = Route description = = State Route 702 ( SR 702 ) starts at a t intersection with SR 507 , east of McKenna Elementary School , headed easterly along 352nd Street . The highway travels through sections of lightly populated rural Pierce County , with sections of alternating houses and small sections of heavily wooded land . The highway terminates at SR 7 , however the roadway continues east past the intersection . The entire route is a two lane undivided highway with a 55 miles per hour ( 89 km / h ) speed limit posted . Every year the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2009 , WSDOT calculated that as few as 4 @,@ 400 cars traveled over the highway at the eastern terminus at SR 7 , and as many as 8 @,@ 600 cars at the western terminus at SR 507 . = = History = = The roadway linking McKenna to now SR 7 has existed since at least 1931 , then designated State Highway 10 , and by 1939 the highway designation had been changed to Secondary State Highway 5J ( SSH 5J ) . This number remained until the 1964 state highway renumbering , where the number was changed to the current SR 702 . The highways SR 702 have connected to also been renumbered over the years , the western highway being numbered SSH 5H , and the highway on the east was formerly designated Primary State Highway 5 . In February 2010 , Representative Tom Campbell secured funding to install a traffic light at the eastern terminus , claiming it " will save lives and support jobs . " Updated Google Street View imagery of the highway has not yet been completed . = = Major intersections = = The entire highway is in Pierce County .
= Blown for Good = Blown for Good : Behind the Iron Curtain of Scientology is a memoir written by Marc Headley , a former Scientologist and Sea Org member , about his life and experiences in the Church of Scientology . It was self @-@ published in the United States on November 5 , 2009 . = = Background = = Marc Headley was raised in Los Angeles , California . Headley 's mother was a Scientologist , and she raised him within the church from an early age . He began work as an employee for the church at age 16 . Headley soon after joined the Sea Org and worked at the international headquarters of Scientology in Hemet , California , for 15 years . Headley claims he escaped from the international headquarters of the organization in 2006 . He received the help of police during his escape from the organization . In Headley v. Church of Scientology International , the 9th Circuit Court of Appeals wrote , " The record overwhelmingly shows that the Headleys joined and voluntarily worked for the [ Sea Organization ] because they believed that it was the right thing to do , because they enjoyed it , and because they thought that by working they were honoring the commitment that they each made and to which they adhered . " The court also noted that the Headleys had private quarters outside the base , and had access to vehicles and multiple opportunities to leave . After leaving the organization , Headley wrote about his experiences in Scientology . His writings were published in the media including news magazines , publications on the internet and other websites . In 2008 , Headley was invited to speak in Hamburg , Germany , at a conference discussing abuses within Scientology , alongside actor and former Scientologist Jason Beghe . In 2009 , Headley lived in Los Angeles , California , with his wife and two children , where he opened a business . = = Contents = = The book 's title is a reference to the Scientology terms " blow " or " blown , " which describe one who leaves Scientology without prior authorization from the organization . Headley recounts episodes from his years as a member of the Church of Scientology , most of that time as part of the order called the Sea Organization , or Sea Org . He details his experiences while working hundred @-@ hour weeks at Scientology 's secluded international headquarters known as Gold Base ( or " Int Base " ) at Gilman Hot Springs , California , about eighty miles southeast of Los Angeles . The book includes a forward written by former high @-@ ranking Scientology official Mark Rathbun . = = = Golden Era Productions = = = Headley worked out of the film @-@ production studio facilities of Scientology from 1989 through 2005 . He held multiple positions while employed by Scientology at Gold Base , mainly focused on the production of video and audio materials to disseminate the message of Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard . He helped originate scripts of videos to introduce new members to Scientology methodology . He also supervised large scale Scientology public events presided over by Scientology 's leader David Miscavige . Headley reproduced thousands of copies of audio recordings of speeches by Hubbard . = = = 2004 Tom Cruise video = = = The author describes a 2004 event where Tom Cruise was awarded the organization 's Medal of Valor from David Miscavige , the video of which was leaked to the Internet in January 2008 . Initially , the video intended for the event featured Cruise and other celebrities including Will Smith appearing on camera and praising the actor . Miscavige disapproved and instructed Scientology staff to create a video where Cruise would speak about himself and his views on being a Scientologist . " Dave Miscavige later said that his Tom Cruise video was one of the most important videos that had ever been produced , " writes Headley . = = = Departure from Scientology = = = Headley states he gained approval to sell old Scientology materials on eBay to recoup money for the organization – he was later accused of embezzlement for doing this . In 2005 , when he knew he would be faced with being sent to the organization 's prison @-@ like program the Rehabilitation Project Force , Headley decided to leave . Headley worried that leaving Scientology would mean becoming separated from his wife Claire , to whom he had been married for 13 years , and other family members in accordance with the Scientology practice of disconnection . Headley alleges that left Gold Base on his motorcycle but was followed by Scientology security guards , which resulted in Headley falling off his bike by the side of the road . Riverside County , California police arrived , and they helped Headley safely get further away from the Scientology compound . From there he traveled to his father in Kansas City . He was later reunited with his wife who had also been an employee at Gold Base . Prior to his wife 's departure from Gold Base , she was monitored closely day and night by the organization . The author credits multiple sources for introducing doubts about his conditions while living at Gold Base . He writes that he listened to The John and Ken Show on KFI , and that their discussion of Scientology allowed him to think more critically during his time at the compound . He says that viewing Conan O 'Brien make fun of Scientology celebrities changed his views on individuals that the organization had only spoken of internally with reverence . = = Scientology response = = When Headley and a Danish film crew went to the Gold Base , Headley was confronted by Gold staff , Catherine Fraser , who said Headley 's account of his escape was untrue . " Marc lived in another place , not even on the property , another place altogether , " Fraser said in one of the [ video clips of the incident ] . " And that day when I explained that to the sheriff -- the sheriff looked at me and said , ' Oh , you mean he could have left at any time ? ' I said , ' Yes , he could have left at any time and he did . ' " After reviewing the evidence , the 9th Circuit agreed with the Scientologists that the Headleys lived outside the base , they had many opportunities to leave the Gold staff , and they had no problem leaving on their first try . = = = Suppressive Person declare = = = In an interview on The John and Ken Show on KFI , Headley was asked if he experienced retaliation from Scientology for speaking critically about the organization . He said that he had been issued a declaration that he was to be considered a " Suppressive Person " by members of the organization , and explained , " That 's basically the thing that goes out to anyone and everyone who is in Scientology , saying , ' This person is a Suppressive Person , and you can no longer speak to him ever again . ' If you are in Scientology , and you speak to somebody who is a Suppressive Person , you yourself can be declared a Suppressive Person . " Headley said when he left Scientology the organization gave him a " freeloader statement " , a bill for US $ 62 @,@ 000 , for courses he had received in Scientology . " It 's actually illegal , because they are basically charging me for on @-@ the @-@ job training – in California you can 't charge somebody for on @-@ the @-@ job training . It 's of no real value , but you don 't know that , when you 're in Scientology . You think , ' Are they going to garnish my wages , are they going to sue me ? ' You don 't know , " said Headley . = = Reception = = The book was self @-@ published November 5 , 2009 , and was made available through the author 's website at www.blownforgood.com and on Amazon.com. Blown for Good was selected as a finalist in the 2009 " Book of the Year Awards " , by ForeWord Magazine . The Editor in chief of The Village Voice , Tony Ortega , described the book as a " remarkable account " . Ortega noted , " Headley 's story provides a damning account of life working for Scientology ... " He concluded the review by commenting , " Perhaps the best service that Headley provides with Blown for Good is giving non @-@ Scientologists the sense of what it 's really like to work , day in and day out , in such a strange organization , from the lowliest laborer mucking out excrement in a Gold Base pond ( Headley says shit was coming out of his ears and pores for days ) to what kind of luxuries the celebrities and high @-@ ranking members enjoy . " On the KFI talk radio program The John and Ken Show , commentators John Kobylt and Ken Chiampou talked about Blown for Good and discussed Scientology . Paul Beaumont , Toni O 'Loughlin and Paul Harris of The Observer commented that Headley 's book , " details – as others have – allegations of systematic abuse and bizarre episodes " of experiences in Scientology . They noted , " Headley 's book follows a year in which Scientology has been plagued by unwelcome revelations from high @-@ profile defectors and fresh media investigation into its practices . " Catholic Online associate editor and former Archbishop of the Charismatic Episcopal Church , Randy Sly , characterized Blown for Good as " a bold insider memoir " . Sly reported on criticism of Scientology in the Australian Senate by Senator Nick Xenophon , and commented , " Headley provides vivid accountings of activities within Scientology that confirm the Australian Senator ’ s concerns . " Sly noted , " A number of comments left on the Amazon.com website were from those who indicated they were ex @-@ Scientologists and confirmed the author ’ s accounts . " Ian Punnett of Coast to Coast AM commented that the song " We Gotta Get out of This Place " , " certainly would be a theme of several of the chapters of Blown for Good " . Hamilton Nolan of Gawker described the book 's design as " featuring a dramatic , action @-@ scene @-@ type cover " , and called the work " a new tell @-@ all book " . Star described Blown for Good as an " explosive new book " . Pete Samson of The Sun called the book " a revealing account of goings @-@ on within the church " . The Flemish daily newspaper published in Belgium , De Standaard , noted the book discusses " remarkable experiences " the author underwent as a Scientology staff member . In a 2010 article in New Humanist , Paul Sims noted , " Since its release at the end of last year , Blown for Good has made the kind of impact its author hoped . Having built up an online buzz courtesy of Anonymous , and sold thousands of copies in the US , Headley says he has been receiving letters and emails from Scientologists , many of whom have said the revelations in his book have confirmed their suspicions about the inner workings of the Church . "
= Threni ( Stravinsky ) = Threni : id est Lamentationes Jeremiae Prophetae , usually referred to simply as Threni , is a musical setting by Igor Stravinsky of verses from the Book of Lamentations in the Latin of the Vulgate , for solo singers , chorus and orchestra . It is important among Stravinsky 's compositions as his first and longest completely dodecaphonic work , but is not often performed . It has been described as " austere " but also as a " culminating point " in his career as an artist , " important both spiritually and stylistically " and " the most ambitious and structurally the most complex " of all his religious compositions , and even " among Stravinsky 's greatest works " . Stravinsky composed Threni in 1957 – 1958 for the Venice Biennale , and it was first performed there in September 1958 . A performance in Paris two months later was a disaster , attributed to inadequate performers and insufficient rehearsals . It led to mutual recriminations between Stravinsky , Pierre Boulez and Robert Craft . The work was first published in 1958 and first recorded in 1959 , in a recording conducted by the composer . As Threni was intended for concert rather than liturgical use , Stravinsky chose the text freely from the early chapters of the Book of Lamentations . It has three movements : the large central movement is surrounded by two much shorter ones . Ernst Krenek composed a setting of the Lamentations in 1942 , and Stravinsky acknowledged that it might have influenced him . He considered it less likely that works by Renaissance composers , including Tallis , Byrd and Palestrina , had influenced him , although he had studied such music . = = History = = Stravinsky composed Threni between the summer of 1957 and the spring of 1958 , beginning it on 29 August 1957 at the piano of the nightclub in the hotel where he was staying in Venice , and completing it before 27 March of the next year . It was first performed on 23 September 1958 in the hall of the Scuola Grande di San Rocco , Venice . Stravinsky dedicated the performance to Alessandro Piovesan , director of the Venice Biennale , who had recently died . The first Paris performance , on 14 November 1958 , was disastrous . According to Stephen Walsh , Pierre Boulez failed to fulfil his undertaking to obtain adequate performers , and those that he could obtain broke down several times . The audience response was polite at first , but when Stravinsky refused to return and take a bow , it gradually descended into jeers . Stravinsky said he would never conduct in Paris again . Stravinsky felt humiliated by what he called a " scandalous concert " , writing in his diary immediately after the performance that it was the " unhappiest concert of my life " and blaming Boulez for the result . Robert Craft adds that Boulez had promised to rehearse Threni , but failed to do so . Stravinsky nevertheless had a share in the blame for not cancelling the concert despite the pleas of family and friends , including his wife and Nadia Boulanger . Conceding that the performance was a " catastrophe " , Boulez nevertheless insisted that he did in fact participate in the piano rehearsals , together with Stravinsky , whom he had tried in vain to persuade to be more firm with the singers . He concluded that Stravinsky " was not a good conductor ; he was a terribly lousy conductor " , and the problems with the singers were compounded because " the orchestra had been ill @-@ prepared by Craft " . While agreeing that the singers were " absolutely awful " , Boulez protested they had been chosen not by himself , but by an agent in charge of the Aix @-@ en @-@ Provence festival . Stravinsky himself conducted the first recording in January 1959 with the Columbia Symphony Orchestra . This recording has been reissued several times since first being published on LP in 1959 , and forms part of the 2007 release of Stravinsky 's works by Sony . Threni was first published by Boosey & Hawkes in 1958 . Conducting from this score is difficult because of a shortage of bar lines . Asked by Robert Craft about this , Stravinsky said , " The voices are not always in rhythmic unison . Therefore , any bar lines would cut at least one line arbitrarily " . He recommended the conductor to " merely count the music out as he counts out a motet by Josquin " . However , a revised edition , with several changes to the barring as well as some corrections , was issued in 1965 . Stravinsky had already used twelve @-@ tone technique earlier in the 1950s , both in Canticum Sacrum ( 1955 ) and in Agon ( 1957 ) . But neither of these is exclusively dodecaphonic , whereas Threni is . = = Orchestration = = Threni is scored for one soprano , one contralto , two tenor and two bass soloists , chorus and an orchestra of 2 flutes , 2 oboes , cor anglais , 2 clarinets ( second doubling alto clarinet in F ) , bass clarinet , contrabass sarrusophone , flugelhorn , 4 horns , 3 trombones ( 1 alto , 1 tenor , 1 bass ) , tuba , timpani , tamtam , harp , celesta , piano and strings . ( The flugelhorn is actually listed as " bugle " by the publisher , though in the " orchestration " list at the head of the score the specification is for " Contralto Bugle in B ♭ ( Fluegelhorn ) " , and in the score itself , where all the other instruments are named in Italian , it is called in French and German , " Bugle C @-@ alto ( Flügelhorn ) " . However , the part is played on the flugelhorn . The French word for flugelhorn is bugle à pistons , and the Italian is flicorno . ) = = General attributes = = = = = Text = = = Stravinsky wrote Threni for the Venice Biennale , not for liturgical use , and he chose the words himself to suit his musical purposes . The complete text is included in Kuster 's analysis . The text includes the Hebrew letters that begin the verses in some chapters of the Lamentations of Jeremiah . These are always set for chorus and have been likened to " a series of illuminated initials embellishing a manuscript " . = = = Musical style = = = Stravinsky himself described his treatment of pitch in Threni as " a kind of ' triadic atonality ' " , contrasting this with the " tonality repetition " of his ballet scores . Threni makes extensive use of canons . It also uses pitchless chanting in the choir – the first time Stravinsky had done this . The score calls for a large orchestra , but never uses it in tutti , preferring small groups of individually selected instruments at any one time . The principal 12 @-@ tone row for Threni is D ♯ -G ♯ -G ♮ -A ♯ -C ♯ -A ♮ -D ♮ -B ♮ -E ♮ -C ♮ -F ♮ -F ♯ . Stravinsky makes considerable use of the tonal – even diatonic – possibilities of this row . However , Stravinsky does not really use twelve @-@ tone technique in depth in this work , relying on free transposition and combination , selection , and repetition , so that the character of the music is actually not very different from his earlier works : the beginning of " Sensus spei " , for example ( especially the many repeated notes in the alto solo , and the repeated response from the chorus ) , recalls Renard and Les noces , and the two short passages for strings and chorus near the beginning setting the Hebrew letters caph and res are reminiscent of places in Orpheus ( 1948 ) . = = = Influences = = = The work most likely to have influenced Stravinsky 's Threni is the Lamentatio Jeremiae prophetae , opus 93 , by Ernst Krenek , for 8 @-@ part unaccompanied choir , composed in 1942 but only published in 1957 ( the year before Threni ) . Stravinsky himself said that he liked this work , that he had read a treatise by Krenek on twelve @-@ tone counterpoint , and that " Perhaps my own Threni shows contact with [ Krenek 's ] Lamentations . " Stravinsky 's decision to rely on a tactus beat rather than on barlines in the " Querimonia " section is one instance . Edgar Murray finds Threni less expressive than the Krenek , and more like the Lamentationes of Thomas Tallis . Stravinsky , however , while acknowledging that he had studied the Tallis settings and works by William Byrd and Palestrina , did not believe that they had influenced his music . Other resemblances have been observed – for example , the male @-@ quartet episode in the " Querimonia " was probably suggested by Carlo Gesualdo 's Aestimus sum – though such things may be better characterized as " identifications " than " influences " . The series used by Pierre Boulez in his Structures 1a is found in the sketches for Threni , but it differs so fundamentally from the row Stravinsky actually used that its relevance to Threni is unclear . = = Movements = = Threni has three movements , corresponding to the three chapters of the Lamentations of Jeremiah from which the texts used in the work are taken . The following is a summary . A detailed musical analysis and the complete Latin text , side by side with the English of the King James version of the Bible , are available in the thesis by Andrew Kuster . = = = 1 . De Elegia Prima = = = After a short orchestral introduction , the movement begins with the words " Incipit lamentatio Jeremiae Prophetae " ( here begins the lamentation of the prophet Jeremiah ) , after which the music sets Lamentations chapter 1 , verses 1 , 2 ( first part ) , 5 ( first part ) , 11 ( last part ) and 20 . A Hebrew letter precedes each verse used . = = = 2 . De Elegia Tertia = = = This movement uses text from chapter 3 of Lamentations , with a Hebrew letter preceding each block of three verses . It is much longer than the other two movements combined , and is divided into three sections : Querimonia ( complaint ) uses verses 1 – 6 and 16 – 21 . Sensus spei ( sense of hope ) uses verses 22 – 27 , 34 – 36 , 40 – 45 and 49 – 57 . Solacium ( solace ) uses verses 58 – 64 . = = = 3 . De Elegia Quinta = = = This is by far the shortest movement of the work . It begins with the words " Oratio Jeremiae Prophetae " ( prayer of the prophet Jeremiah ) , after which the music sets Lamentations chapter 5 , verses 1 , 19 and 21 . No Hebrew letters are associated with this text . = = Discography = = Stravinsky : Threni , id est Lamentationes Jeremiae Prophetae ( 1957 – 58 ) , Igor Stravinsky Conducting . Bethany Beardslee ( s ) ; Beatrice Krebs ( contralto ) ; William Lewis and James Wainner ( tenors ) ; Mac Morgan ( baritone ) ; Robert Oliver ( bass ) ; The Schola Cantorum ( Hugh Ross , dir . ) ; Columbia Symphony Orchestra ; Igor Stravinsky conducting ( recorded 5 – 6 January 1959 , New York ) . LP recording , monaural . Columbia Masterworks ML 5383 . New York : Columbia Records , 1959 . Reissued on Stravinsky : Choral Works . Igor Stravinsky Recorded Legacy 14 . 2 @-@ LP set . CBS 37527 – 37528 . [ N.p. ] : CBS , 1981 . Reissued on Igor Stravinsky Edition , Vol . 11 . 2 @-@ CD set . Sony SM2K 46301 . [ N.p. ] : Sony Classical , 1991 . Reissued on Disc 21 ( 88697103112 @-@ 21 ) , " Sacred Works vol . 2 " , of Works of Igor Stravinsky . 22 @-@ CD set . Sony Classical 88697103112 . New York : Sony BMG Music Entertainment , 2007 . Stravinsky Vol . VI : Symphony of Psalms , Les Noces , Lamentations of Jeremiah . The Philharmonia ; The Simon Joly Chorale ; Robert Craft , cond . In Les Noces : International Piano Quartet , Tristan Fry Percussion Ensemble , Alison Wells ( soprano ) , Susan Bickley ( mezzo @-@ soprano ) , Martyn Hill ( tenor ) , Alan Ewing ( basso profundo ) ; In Threni : Julie Moffat ( soprano ) , Jennifer Lane ( mezzo @-@ soprano ) , Martyn Hill and Joseph Cornwell ( tenors ) , David Wilson @-@ Johnson and Martin Robson ( basses ) . ( Symphony of Psalms recorded 5 & 6 January 2001 ; Les Noces recorded 8 & 9 January 2001 ; Threni recorded 25 – 30 June 2001 ; all recorded at Abbey Road Studio One , London , England . ) Koch KIC @-@ CD @-@ 7514 . New York : Koch International Classics , 2002 . Stravinsky : Threni , Requiem Canticles . Collegium Vocale Gent ; Royal Flemish Philharmonic ; Philippe Herreweghe , cond . Christina Landshamer ( soprano ) , Ewa Wolak ( alto ) , Maximilian Schmitt ( tenor ) , Magnus Staveland ( tenor ) , Florian Boesch ( bass ) , David Soar ( bass ) , recorded 13 – 15 October 2014 . PHI – LPH020 . Phi Classics , 2016 .
= Subway Hero = " Subway Hero " is the twelfth episode of the second season of 30 Rock and thirty @-@ third episode of the series . It was written by Jack Burditt , one of the series ' co @-@ executive producers , and executive producer Robert Carlock . It was directed by Don Scardino . It aired on April 17 , 2008 on the NBC network in the United States . Guest stars in this episode include Michael Bloomberg , Tim Conway and Dean Winters . The Lord Stanley Cup is also jokingly listed as a guest star . Dennis Duffy 's actions in this episode were modeled after real New York City Subway Hero Wesley Autrey . The episode revolves around Liz 's former boyfriend , Dennis Duffy ( Dean Winters ) , becoming a local celebrity when he saves somebody 's life at a subway station . Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) is looking for a celebrity to be the face of the Republican Party and Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) meets one of his idols , Bucky Bright ( Tim Conway ) . = = Plot = = When invited to Jack 's office , Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) is asked whether or not she would mind having her former boyfriend , Dennis , appear on TGS with Tracy Jordan , a fictional sketch comedy series . Since they last met , Dennis saved somebody 's life at a subway station and has become a local celebrity . Liz and Dennis meet up where she agrees to let him appear on the show . Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) is wary and warns Liz not to let herself fall in love with Dennis again . When Liz realizes she does still have feelings for him , an excuse to get rid of him is presented when Dennis ' " 15 minutes of fame " are up and Liz revokes her invitation . Liz later follows him to 47th – 50th Streets – Rockefeller Center subway station where he tries to regain his subway hero title by throwing her onto the tracks of an oncoming train . Jack is looking for a famous face to represent the Republican political party . After struggling to find somebody , he selects Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) for the position . One of Jack 's failed candidates , Bucky Bright , befriends Kenneth during a tour of 30 Rockefeller Plaza ; Bucky shares a number of horrifying backstage stories about the early days of television that wind up traumatizing Kenneth . = = Production = = Some scenes of " Subway Hero " were filmed on March 10 , 2008 . This episode was originally expected to air on April 10 , 2008 but was rescheduled to air on April 17 . The episode " MILF Island " aired on April 10 instead . On the newspaper shown to Liz by Jenna , the front page article states that Kay Cannon wrote the article . Kay Cannon is a writer of various episodes of 30 Rock . Upon working with Mayor Michael Bloomberg , Dean Winters described Bloomberg as " fun " and that " he was cool . And he 's a natural . " The scene that takes place at the Rockefeller Center Subway Station was actually filmed on the 42nd Street Shuttle platform at the Grand Central Subway Station , with prop signs reading " 47 – 50 Sts – Rockefeller Center " placed over the original signage , and a shuttle train relabelled as a D train . = = Reception = = " Subway Hero " brought in an average of 6 @.@ 4 million viewers . This was the highest @-@ rated episode since the episode " Somebody To Love " which aired on November 15 , 2007 . The episode also achieved a 2 @.@ 8 / 8 in the key 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old demographic . The 2 @.@ 8 refers to 2 @.@ 8 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds in the U.S. and the 8 refers to 8 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast , in the U.S. This episode built by 0 @.@ 2 points , in the 18 – 49 demographic , from the episode of My Name Is Earl , named " No Heads And A Duffel Bag , " which aired prior to it . Claire Zulkey of The Los Angeles Times wrote that " In some ways the episode almost felt too comfortable , with the familiar story lines and even the obligatory fantasy featuring Baldwin as a former president . The show , thus far post @-@ strike , hasn 't seemed like it has distinguished itself too much from Season 1 . But is that really so bad ? " Ann Oldenburg of USA Today said that " As always , [ this episode of ] 30 Rock was filled with fast one @-@ liners . " Jeff Labrecque of Entertainment Weekly thought that " Even for the always politically astute 30 Rock , last night 's episode was unusually so . " Bob Sassone of AOL 's TV Squad said that " [ This ] episode of 30 Rock had more jokes and one @-@ liners - the kind where you actually smile and laugh out loud " and that " There 's no other comedy that 's running on all cylinders like 30 Rock is right now . " Matt Webb Mitovich of TV Guide said that " [ the episode ] was filled not with just great laughs , but also some heart . Damn the roller coaster that is the crazy Dennis @-@ and @-@ Liz on @-@ again / off @-@ again thing ! " Robert Canning of IGN wrote that " this is why 30 Rock is still a show you can 't miss . Even the weaker episodes can be damn funny . " Canning rated the episode 7 @.@ 7 out of 10 . The Daily Herald 's Ted Cox wrote that " [ he has ] to insist that it sure seems to me that not just Fey and Liz , but most of all viewers at home deserve better . " Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger said that " I saw " Subway Hero " a while back , and as I wrote in my column last week , my reaction to it was roughly the same as it was to " MILF Island " : a number of very funny individual moments , but an episode that was less than the sum of its parts . " David Hinckley of The New York Daily News said that there were " a lot of former @-@ boyfriend gags that are , once again , well @-@ formulated " in this episode and that " They work . " Hinckley also wrote that " the real reason [ " Subway Hero " ] is must @-@ see TV is a guest spot by Tim Conway as an old @-@ time television star whose deadpan recollections of the " good old days " keep getting weirder and funnier . He darn near steals the show . " Conway won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series for this episode .
= Two Complete Science @-@ Adventure Books = Two Complete Science @-@ Adventure Books was a pulp science fiction magazine , published by Fiction House , which lasted for eleven issues between 1950 and 1954 as a companion to Planet Stories . Each issue carried two novels or long novellas . It was initially intended to carry only reprints , but soon began to publish original stories . Well @-@ known contributors included Isaac Asimov , Robert A. Heinlein , Arthur C. Clarke , Poul Anderson , John Brunner , and James Blish . The magazine folded in 1954 , almost at the end of the pulp era . = = Publication history = = The early 1950s saw dramatic changes in the world of U.S. science fiction ( sf ) publishing . At the start of 1949 , all but one of the major magazines in the field were in pulp format ; by the end of 1955 , almost all had either ceased publication or switched to digest format . Despite the rapid decline of the pulp market , several new science fiction magazines were launched in pulp format during these years . Planet Stories , a pulp sf magazine that focused on interplanetary adventure , was sufficiently successful to switch to from quarterly to bimonthly in late 1950 . The publisher , Fiction House , also decided to launch a companion magazine , aimed more specifically at the growing readership for pocket books . This was Two Complete Science @-@ Adventure Books ; the first issue was dated Winter 1950 , and it appeared three times a year on a regular schedule . Malcolm Reiss , who oversaw several of Fiction House 's magazines and comics , was editorially involved with the Two Complete Science @-@ Adventure Stories throughout its life , but for the first three issues Jerome Bixby , who at that time was editing Planet Stories , took on the new magazine as well . Bixby left in 1951 to work for Standard Publications . After this , Reiss was left in sole control until 1953 , when Katherine Daffron was appointed editor . Daffron edited the magazine for the last two issues . Fiction House tried another companion magazine that year , Tops in Science Fiction , but it lasted for only two issues . Two Complete Science @-@ Adventures Books outlasted Tops in Science Fiction by only a few months ; it was cancelled in 1954 , amid the collapse of the overall pulp market . The final issue was dated Spring 1954 , and Planet Stories itself only lasted until the following year . Two Complete Science @-@ Adventure Books typically carried about 80 @,@ 000 words , which was noticeably more than most of its competitors , which usually ran from 45 @,@ 000 to 75 @,@ 000 words . Fiction House paid $ 300 or more for the original novels it printed . = = Contents = = The magazine was originally intended to be a vehicle for reprinting novels . The title and format were an echo of Two Complete Detective Books Magazine , which had been published , also by Fiction House , in the 1930s . The first issue included Isaac Asimov 's Pebble in the Sky , and L. Ron Hubbard 's " The Kingslayer " . Both of these were reprints : Pebble in the Sky had been published by Doubleday earlier in the year , and " The Kingslayer " had appeared in Hubbard 's short story collection The Kingslayer , published by Fantasy Publishing Company , Inc . , in 1949 . Subsequent issues abandoned the policy of reprinting two novels , and for a while each issue featured one original story and one reprint . In some later issues both stories were original . Although the authors included well @-@ known names such as James Blish and Poul Anderson , much of the material was , in the words of sf historian Joseph Marchesani , " derivative space opera " , particular the original novels . The original stories that appeared in the magazine included " The Wanton of Argus " , an early story by John Brunner ; " Seeker of the Sphinx " , by Arthur C. Clarke ; " Sword of Xota " and " Sargasso of Lost Cities " , both by James Blish ; and " The Tritonian Ring " , by L. Sprague de Camp . Reprints included The Time Machine by H.G. Wells ; Beyond This Horizon , by Robert A. Heinlein ( under the pseudonym Anson MacDonald ) ; and The Humanoids by Jack Williamson . Bixby included a column for readers ' letters in the issues he edited , but Reiss and Daffron did not , and none of the three wrote editorials . The following table shows which novels appeared in which issues . = = Bibliographic details = = Two Complete Science @-@ Adventure Books was edited primarily by Jerome Bixby for the first three issues , then by Malcolm Reiss for six issues , and then primarily by Katherine Daffron for the last two issues . Reiss was involved with editing the magazine throughout its run . The schedule was completely regular , with issues dated Spring , Summer , and Winter of each year . The magazine was in pulp format throughout ; each issue was priced at 25 cents . The first three issues were 144 pages ; this was reduced to 128 pages for the Winter 1951 issue , reduced again to 112 pages for the Spring 1952 issue , and reduced further to 96 pages for the next four issues . The last two issues were 128 pages long . The publisher was listed as Wings Publishing Co . , in New York for the first six issues and in Stamford , Connecticut , for the last five issues .
= Flying Aces ( magazine ) = Flying Aces was a monthly American periodical of short stories about aviation , one of a number of so @-@ called " flying pulp " magazines popular during the 1920s and 1930s . Like other pulp magazines , it was a collection of adventure stories , originally printed on coarse , pulpy paper but later moved to a slick format . The magazine was launched in October 1928 by Periodical House , Inc . It featured stories written and illustrated by known authors of the day , often set against the background of World War I. Later issues added non @-@ fiction aviation articles , as well as articles and plans for model airplanes . The latter became more prominent , and eventually the magazine was renamed Flying Models , and catered exclusively to model airplane hobbyists . = = Historical context = = The period from the late 1920s through the 1930s is considered the heyday of pulp fiction , and pulps were at the peak of their popularity . Over 200 magazines were published monthly , reaching an audience of 10 million readers , with the most successful titles selling up to a million copies per issue . Pulp fiction publishers employed unprecedented levels of market segmentation for their titles , exploring every popular category , including love stories , western stories , detective stories , and mystery stories . Publications were highly specialized , with each category having its own set of magazines , readers , and reader expectations . This period also coincided with the golden days of aviation , highlighted by feats such as Lindbergh 's solo flight across the Atlantic and the first extensive use of airplanes in combat in World War I. Pulp publishers sought to capitalize on public interest in flying , which was influenced by stories of World War I flying aces , particularly Eddie Rickenbacker ’ s memoirs , Fighting the Flying Circus , and Elliot Spring 's book on World War I combat flying , Nocturne Militaire . The revived interest in these stories was also due to films such as the 1927 release of Wings and Howard Hughes ' 1930 production of Hell 's Angels , an epic , mega @-@ budget movie featuring more than 100 pilots and dozens of planes , glorifying World War I American air aces . The movie led to numerous similar films , and a plethora of aviation @-@ oriented pulp magazines followed . Nicknamed " flying pulps , " more than forty pulps devoted to World War I air battles began publication during this time , including titles such as Aces ( 1928 ) , Battle Birds ( 1932 ) , Air Trails ( 1928 ) , G @-@ 8 and his Battle Aces ( 1933 ) , Sky Birds ( 1928 ) , War Aces ( 1930 ) , War Birds ( 1928 ) , Wings ( 1927 ) , and Flying Aces ( 1928 ) . = = Content = = The magazine ’ s genre was air adventure stories , some set against a war background , written by well @-@ known authors such as Lester Dent , Donald E. Keyhoe , Joe Archibald , and Arch Whitehouse . With the exception of Keyhoe and Whitehouse , who was with the RAF in World War I , the authors had no personal knowledge of flying . The plot invariably centered on a hero — a military pilot — trapped in a difficult situation , from which he would extricate himself utilizing exceptional flying skills . The stories never featured any love interest or profanity . Attempts to introduce such elements were soundly rejected by the readership . According to Whitehouse , he tried hard to introduce a " seductive secretary " character to the Kerry Keene series , but the effort was met with numerous letters from readers demanding that he " Get rid of the broad . Get her out of the series of Kerry Keene stories . " The cover art featured dramatic air battle scenes painted by notable commercial artists of the day , such as Alex Schomburg and his brother August Schomburg . = = = Notable series and recurring characters = = = Many of the stories published were part of long @-@ running series , featuring well developed characters who appeared in every story . = = = = Kerry Keene / The Griffon = = = = Created by Arch Whitehouse , Kerry Keene , the Griffon , was a Department of Justice employee , and the pilot of an amphibian plane . The plane incorporated many modern design elements , such as folding wings and retractable landing gear ( wheels and floats ) . This enabled the plane to land on water in Long Island Sound and then run up into a secret hangar on land , not far from Keene 's residence in New York City . Keene was accompanied by his side @-@ kick , an Irish mechanic named Barney O ’ Dare . Several features of the plane were incorporated into airplane models sold by the magazine ’ s advertisers . 43 stories were published between 1935 and 1942 . Altus Press is doing a reprint series , with Pro Se Press doing new stories . = = = = Phineas Pinkham = = = = Joe Archibald created the character of Lt. Phineas Pinkham , a World War I pilot stationed in Bar @-@ le @-@ Duc , France , as part of the " 9th pursuit squadron . " Phineas , a freckled farm boy from Boontown , Iowa , was a fearless stunt performer , to the disapproval of the squadron commander , Major Rufus Garrity and the flight leader , Captain Howell . His creator describes him as " maybe the worst pilot to fly a plane … downed more Krauts with trickery than any other way . " Like American World War I ace Eddie Rickenbacker , he flew a Spad biplane , and was the first pilot to rig the plane with a rear @-@ gun — a shotgun operated with wires from the cockpit . The series ran in Flying Aces for 12 years . Archibald later published the collection of stories as The Phineas Pinkham Scrapbook . = = = = Captain Philip Strange = = = = Created by Donald Keyhoe , Captain Strange , was referred to as " the Brain Devil " and " the Phantom Ace of G.2. " . Captain Strange was an American intelligence officer during World War I who was gifted with ESP and other mental powers . His stories ran for nine years , 1931 @-@ 39 , with 64 stories . Age of Aces is reprinting his stories . = = = = Richard Knight = = = = Created by Donald Keyhoe , his other " superpowered " flying ace was Richard Knight , a World War I veteran who was blinded in combat but gained a supernatural ability to see in the dark . Knight featured in a number of adventure stories set in the 1930s ( when the stories were written ) . His series lasted for seven years , from 1936 @-@ 42 , for 35 stories . Altus Press is doing a reprint series , with Pro Se Press doing new stories . = = Publication history = = The magazine was launched in October 1928 by Periodical House , Inc . It was initially published in a 7x10 ” format , with more than 100 pages per issue , and sold for 15 cents per copy . In November 1933 , the magazine moved to the so @-@ called " slick " format — an 8 ½ x10 " format printed on glossy paper and began featuring full @-@ sized plans for model airplanes in every issue . Issue size was reduced to 74 pages . The magazine was published on a monthly basis . In addition to adventure stories , non @-@ fiction aviation articles and aviation news were added , as were modeling articles . The magazine ’ s tagline became " Fiction , Model Building , Fact — Three Aviation Magazines in One . " During World War II the magazine had been subtitled " Magazine of the Flying Age " . The content focused on the war effort , with little advertising , and late in the war the name changed briefly to Flying Age . In later years , aviation modeling articles started appearing more regularly and became more and more dominant , until finally , in 1947 , the magazine was renamed Flying Models , and later sold to Carstens Publications in 1969 , without the fiction content . Flying Models ceased publication in 2014 . = = Impact and historical significance = = Many American pilots who took part in World War II grew up during the 1930s enthusiastically reading flying pulps such as Flying Aces , and were captivated by the adventure stories , an experience that no doubt played a part in their decision to become military aviators themselves . Joseph W. Rutter , a pilot in the Army Air Force in 1944 , recalls this vividly in his book Wreaking Havoc : A Year in an A @-@ 20 , as does First Blue , the biography of Roy Marlin Voris , World War II ace and two @-@ time commander of the Blue Angels . Many have noted the uncannily accurate way that stories in Flying Aces predicted the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor as well as the locations of other air battles of the Pacific Theater . = = Fan club = = In addition to the magazine , the publishers created a fan club for readers . Members were organized into regional " squadrons , " and were offered flying @-@ themed stationery , stickers , and even uniforms mimicking those in use by the United States Army Air Forces . The club arranged meetings between readers and notable military and commercial pilots , both American and foreign . Some of the " squadrons " originated by the magazine have lived on , as clubs for modeling enthusiasts . The Flying Aces Club , a model airplane club dedicated to free @-@ flight models , takes its name from the magazine and its old clubs . A Flying Aces Club squadron in Connecticut has named its airstrip ' Pinkham Field ' in honor of the fictional Phineas Pinkham .
= Royal Rumble ( 2007 ) = Royal Rumble ( 2007 ) was the twentieth annual Royal Rumble professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It took place on January 28 , 2007 , at the AT & T Center in San Antonio , Texas and featured talent from the Raw , SmackDown ! and ECW brands . This marked the first time that the new ECW brand participated in the Royal Rumble match . As has been customary since 1993 , the Royal Rumble match winner received a match at that year 's WrestleMania , ( in this instance : WrestleMania 23 ) for his choice at either the WWE Championship , the World Heavyweight Championship or the ECW World Championship . Five professional wrestling matches were featured on the event 's supercard , a scheduling of more than one main event . The main event was the annual 30 @-@ man Royal Rumble match , which featured wrestlers from all three brands . The Undertaker , the thirtieth entrant , won the match by last eliminating Shawn Michaels , the twenty @-@ third entrant . The primary match on the Raw brand was a Last Man Standing match for the WWE Championship between John Cena and Umaga . Cena won the match and retained the title after Umaga was unable to get to his feet before the referee counted to ten . The predominant match on the SmackDown ! brand was Batista versus Mr. Kennedy for the World Heavyweight Championship , which Batista won by pinfall after executing a Batista Bomb . The featured match on the ECW brand was between Bobby Lashley and Test for the ECW World Championship , which Lashley won after Test was counted out . = = Background = = Royal Rumble featured professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre @-@ existing scripted feuds , plots , and storylines that were played out on Raw , SmackDown ! , and ECW – World Wrestling Entertainment 's ( WWE ) primary television programs . Wrestlers portrayed a villain or a hero as they followed a series of events that built tension , and culminated into a wrestling match or series of matches . The event featured wrestlers from WWE 's Raw , SmackDown , and ECW brands – a storyline division in which WWE employees were assigned to a television program of the same name . The main feud heading into the Royal Rumble on the Raw brand was between John Cena and Umaga , with the two feuding over the WWE Championship . At the previous pay @-@ per @-@ view event , New Year 's Revolution , Cena defeated Umaga to end his undefeated streak and retain the WWE Championship . The night after on Raw , Armando Alejandro Estrada , Umaga 's manager , asked for a rematch , which Cena agreed to . Later that night , during a match between Cena and The Great Khali , Umaga interfered and attacked Cena . The following week , the official contract signing for their rematch at the Royal Rumble took place . After it was announced that Estrada could choose the match type , Estrada chose the match to be a Last Man Standing match . Cena signed the contract and proceeded to attack both Umaga and Estrada . On the January 22 episode of Raw , after Cena was eliminated from a Battle Royal , Umaga attacked Cena , and injured his spleen , which was portrayed as real as part of their storyline . The predominant feud on the SmackDown ! brand was between Batista and Mr. Kennedy , with the two battling over the World Heavyweight Championship . On the January 5 episode of SmackDown ! a Beat the Clock Sprint began . Wrestlers competed in single matches , and the wrestler to win a match in the shortest amount of time would then become the number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship at the Royal Rumble . Mr. Kennedy , who defeated Chris Benoit in nearly five minutes , had the shortest time at the end of the show . The following week , the Sprint continued . In the final match , between The Undertaker and The Miz , Kennedy interfered by pulling The Miz out of the ring . After performing the Tombstone piledriver on The Miz , The Undertaker went for the pin attempt . Time , however , ran out and Kennedy became the winner of the Sprint . The following week after on SmackDown ! , The Undertaker was put in a match with Kennedy , where if he won , he would be added to the title match at the Royal Rumble . During the match , after Kennedy attacked Batista , who was at ringside . Batista retaliated against Kennedy , causing The Undertaker to get disqualified . Thus , the match at the Royal Rumble remained a singles match between Batista and Kennedy . The main feud on the ECW brand was between Bobby Lashley and Test , with the two feuding over the ECW Championship . Rob Van Dam won an online poll against Test and Sabu to earn a title shot on the January 2 episode of ECW , which ended in no @-@ contest . Van Dam was given another title match the next week . Test interfered in the match , and attacked both men . A Triple Threat match for the title occurred on the January 16 episode of ECW between Lashley , Van Dam , and Test . Lashley won , but was beaten down afterwards by Test . A title match between Lashley and Test was then made for the Royal Rumble . A week after that match was made , on the January 23 episode of ECW , Lashley defeated Test in another title match . = = Event = = Before the event went live on pay @-@ per @-@ view , JTG defeated Lance Cade in a dark match . = = = Preliminary matches = = = The first match that aired was a tag team match between The Hardys ( Matt and Jeff Hardy ) and MNM ( Joey Mercury and Johnny Nitro ) . The match went back and forth until MNM took control by attacking Matt 's injured jaw repeatedly . The Hardys gained the advantage briefly , but lost it when Nitro countered an aerial attack by Jeff . Jeff finally tagged Matt , who beat down both Mercury and Nitro . The finish came when Matt hit the Twist of Fate , and Jeff hit the Swanton Bomb on Nitro . Jeff then pinned Nitro for the victory . The second match was between ECW World Champion Bobby Lashley and Test for the ECW World Championship . Test used several illegal moves , and took control after driving Lashley 's shoulder into the ringpost . He continued to attack the shoulder until Lashley fought back with several powerful moves . Test rolled out of the ring , and allowed himself to be counted out . Lashley won , and retained his title . He came after Test , however , brought him back into the ring , and continued to beat him down . = = = Main event matches = = = The third match was between World Heavyweight Champion Batista and Mr. Kennedy for the World Heavyweight Championship . Batista gained an early advantage by overpowering Kennedy until Kennedy injured Batista 's knee by using the steel steps . Kennedy continued to attack Batista 's knees , and applied various submission holds that target the knee . Batista fought back , still favoring the knee , until Kennedy pushed Batista into the referee , and hit a low blow . Kennedy had a clear advantage and had Batista pinned for over a three @-@ count , but the match went on due the referee being knocked out . Batista eventually rose and hit a clothesline , and a Batista Bomb for the pinfall to retain the title as the referee had since woken up . The fourth match was the Last Man Standing match between John Cena and Umaga for the WWE Championship . Umaga dominated Cena , gaining the advantage by using powerful moves , and attacking Cena 's bandaged ribs . Cena tried to fight back using the steel steps , but Umaga quickly recovered , and continued the beat down . Cena managed to hit a low blow , a bulldog onto the steel steps , a spin @-@ out powerbomb , and the Five Knuckle Shuffle all onto Umaga . Umaga regained control when Cena attempted an FU onto the steps , and collapsed , hitting his head on the steps . Cena avoided a running headbutt drop , and hit Umaga in the head with a television monitor . Umaga got up , but missed a running splash through the announce table . Umaga got up again as his manager , Armando Alejandro Estrada , detached one of the top turnbuckles for Umaga to use . Cena avoided the attack , hit an FU , and choked Umaga using the loose ring rope . Umaga failed to answer the referee 's count of ten , and Cena retained the title . The final match was the Royal Rumble match . Kane , the tenth entrant , dominated the match upon entering , and eliminated Tommy Dreamer and Sabu , hitting the latter with a chokeslam through a table Sabu had earlier set up . The Sandman , entering fifteen , used his signature Singapore Cane in the match before being quickly eliminated by King Booker . Randy Orton and Edge worked together to eliminate the Hardys . After Booker was eliminated by Kane , he returned to the ring , eliminated Kane , and continued to beat him down . It took the combined effort of eight men to eliminate Viscera after Shawn Michaels hit him with a superkick . The Great Khali , entering twenty @-@ eighth , dominated upon entering the match , and eliminated seven men . Entering last was The Undertaker , who immediately fought with , and eliminated Khali . He then eliminated Montel Vontavious Porter , leaving four in the match : Edge , Orton , Michaels , and The Undertaker . Orton caught Edge trying to attack him , but the two soon reconciled , and worked together on The Undertaker . Michaels , who was outside of the ring , came back in , and eliminated both Orton and Edge . The remaining two exchanged attacks until the end , when The Undertaker hit a chokeslam , but Michaels came back with a superkick . Michaels went for another superkick , but The Undertaker avoided it , and eliminated Michaels to win the match . The Undertaker is the first competitor to win the Rumble match from slot 30 ( what is considered to be the " easiest " spot to win from , despite no one having done so in any previous match ) . = = Aftermath = = The shows following the Royal Rumble surrounded The Undertaker 's choice of which champion to face at WrestleMania 23 . The Undertaker appeared on all three brands , and stared down the champions . Finally , on the February 5 episode of Raw , The Undertaker chose to face Batista for the World Heavyweight Championship , and performed a chokeslam on him , starting their rivalry . The Undertaker won the title at WrestleMania , and their feud continued until the May 11 episode of SmackDown ! , when The Undertaker lost the title to Edge , who cashed in the Money in the Bank , that he won from Mr. Kennedy , earlier that week on Raw . After The Undertaker made his choice on February 5 , Shawn Michaels , Edge , and Randy Orton all wanted to face Cena for his title at WrestleMania . A Triple Threat match was made between the three for the title shot , which Michaels won after pinning Orton . Cena successfully retained his title against Michaels at WrestleMania . They continued to feud over the title with the addition of Orton and Edge , but Cena remained champion . Soon after the Royal Rumble , Umaga and Bobby Lashley joined the feud between Mr. McMahon and Donald Trump in the " Battle of the Billionaires " as their representatives respectively for the Hair vs. Hair match at WrestleMania . His Royal Rumble match marked the start of Mr. Kennedy 's push to main @-@ event status . He went on to face Bobby Lashley for the ECW Championship at No Way Out , which he won via disqualification , thus failing to win the title . Kennedy won the Money in the Bank ladder match at WrestleMania , which gave him a world title shot at any time of his choosing for the year following . Kennedy sustained an injury at a house show , however , that would leave him sidelined for five to seven months , and was booked to lose his title shot to Edge on the May 7 episode of Raw . Later results showed the injury to be much less severe , but Kennedy had already lost his title shot . He returned to mid @-@ card status for the remainder of the year . = = = Reception = = = The AT & T Center has hosted many different events that have a variety of seating maximums . A Basketball event , which has a smaller set @-@ up than a wrestling event , can hold a maximum of 18 @,@ 797 fans . Due to the Royal Rumble 's production , the maximum standard was lowered and the event drew 13 @,@ 500 fans and received 491 @,@ 000 pay @-@ per @-@ view buys . WWE made $ 15 @.@ 8 million from pay @-@ per @-@ view revenues in their first quarter ( which included the Royal Rumble , No Way Out , and WrestleMania ) versus $ 17 @.@ 1 million in 2006 for the same events , a $ 1 @.@ 3 million difference . The 2006 Royal Rumble also resulted in 548 @,@ 000 pay @-@ per @-@ view buys , 57 @,@ 000 more than the 2007 Royal Rumble . Canadian Online Explorer 's professional wrestling sub website , Slam ! Wrestling , rated the entire event 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 points , due to the event not lasting its entire three hours and many mishaps that occurred during the Royal Rumble match , which they also rated a 7 @.@ 5 . The Royal Rumble 2007 was released on DVD on February 27 , 2007 and was distributed by WWE . The DVD debuted on Billboard 's Top DVD sales chart at # 3 on March 24 , 2007 . The DVD remained on the chart for 13 consecutive weeks until June 16 , 2007 when its final rank was at # 10 . = = Results = = = = = Royal Rumble entrances and eliminations = = = Red █ █ and " Raw " indicates a Raw superstar , blue █ █ and " SD ! " indicates a SmackDown ! superstar , purple █ █ and " ECW " indicates an ECW superstar .
= 2006 – 07 Toronto Raptors season = The Toronto Raptors 2006 – 07 season is the twelfth National Basketball Association ( NBA ) season for the Toronto Raptors basketball franchise . Following a poor 2005 – 06 season , General Manager Bryan Colangelo greatly revamped the team roster during the pre @-@ season but continued to build the team around All @-@ Star Chris Bosh . Despite a sluggish start , the 2006 – 07 season transformed into a watershed year for Toronto . The Raptors captured their first division title , finished third in the Eastern Conference , made the playoffs for the first time in five years , equalled their best ever regular season record , and secured home court advantage for the first time in franchise history . However , the Raptors met the New Jersey Nets in the first round of the playoffs and were defeated four games to two . At the end of the regular season , head coach Sam Mitchell and Colangelo were named NBA Coach of the Year and NBA Executive of the Year respectively . = = Pre @-@ season = = = = = NBA Draft = = = = = = Pre @-@ season trades = = = Before the season , Toronto won the NBA Draft Lottery and were awarded the 1st overall pick in the 2006 NBA Draft . To prepare for their draft choice , the Raptors traded Rafael Araújo for Kris Humphries and Robert Whaley , and traded Matt Bonner , Eric Williams and a second round pick for Rasho Nesterovič and cash considerations . The 1st overall pick was used to select Italian Andrea Bargnani , making him the first European drafted number one overall . Maurizio Gherardini was hired as the club 's vice @-@ president and assistant general manager , making him the first European elevated to an NBA executive job . Promising small forward Charlie Villanueva was traded for point guard T. J. Ford and cash considerations , while Chris Bosh was rewarded with a three @-@ year extension . = = Roster = = = = Regular season = = General Manager Bryan Colangelo continued to surround Bosh with complementary players , and signed two @-@ time Euroleague Most Valuable Player Anthony Parker . Spanish international Jorge Garbajosa and former slam dunk champion Fred Jones were also signed from free agency . The Raptors concluded pre @-@ season transactions by re @-@ signing veteran Darrick Martin . With this new lineup , Toronto looked to maintain a team who could both pass and shoot the ball , but was also stronger defensively than the 2005 – 06 roster . As a showcase of their new roster , on 15 October 2006 , the 119 points by Toronto marked the third highest total in a pre @-@ season game in franchise history . The Raptors finished the pre @-@ season with a 7 – 1 win @-@ loss record , which was the best record in the league and a franchise record . = = = Push for playoffs = = = The first half of the season produced mixed results as Toronto struggled towards the .500 mark after a dismal 2 – 8 start . Bosh 's consistent performances however ensured he was named an All @-@ Star starter in the 2007 NBA All @-@ Star Game on 25 January 2007 . He received the most number of votes after LeBron James among all Eastern Conference forwards . A day later , the Raptors hit the .500 mark for the first time since the 2003 – 04 season after defeating the Boston Celtics at the Air Canada Centre . On 2 February , the Raptors went 24 – 23 , the first time since 2001 – 02 that they had been over .500 this late in a season . As a result , the Raptors won three NBA Eastern Conference awards for the month of January : Player of the Month ( Bosh ) , Rookie of the Month ( Bargnani ) and Coach of the Month ( Sam Mitchell ) . On 4 February , the Raptors ' 122 – 110 home win against the Los Angeles Clippers represented a season @-@ high in points for the Raptors . Within the same week , Bosh 's career @-@ high 41 points in a win against the Orlando Magic prompted an unheard of event at the Air Canada Centre — chants of " MVP " by the home fans . This chant was repeated in a win against Vince Carter 's New Jersey Nets ten days later — to the disbelief of Carter — a game which also saw the team break franchise records for most number of home wins and highest home winning percentage entering the All @-@ Star break . After the break , Colangelo traded Jones for Juan Dixon , a versatile guard . Luke Jackson was also signed to provide depth to Toronto 's bench . Following a win against the Charlotte Bobcats on 1 April 2007 , Toronto clinched a playoff berth for the first time in five years . They then claimed their first division title when they defeated the Philadelphia 76ers five days later , winning the Atlantic Division crown . Another franchise record was set when Toronto won the next game against the Bulls , this time for most home wins . The Raptors were eventually seeded third in the Eastern Conference , marking one of the biggest turnarounds in NBA history in terms of league standing and defensive ranking . Throughout the season , they were lauded for playing solid defense and good sharing and moving of the ball . José Calderón , Bargnani , Dixon and Morris Peterson turned in reliable performances from the bench while Ford and Bosh ran the offence with consistent numbers . And in Parker and Garbajosa , the Raptors had two very versatile players who could both defend and attack . Furthermore , in contrast to previous seasons , the Raptors were able to win games despite injuries to key players such as Bosh , Bargnani , Parker , Ford and Garbajosa . Colangelo , Gherardini and Mitchell were also largely credited for transforming Toronto 's fortunes . = = = Standings = = = = = Playoffs = = As third seed , the Raptors played sixth seed New Jersey Nets in the first round of the 2007 NBA Playoffs . The series drew much media attention as Vince Carter , a former Raptor who left Toronto under acrimonious circumstances two seasons ago , was now back at the ACC as a Net . In the opening game , while Carter was constantly booed by the home crowd and was not an offensive threat , Toronto 's inexperience was evident as they too struggled offensively and were down 65 – 78 going into the fourth quarter . A late rally by Toronto in the fourth quarter was not enough as they eventually lost 91 – 96 . The Raptors won game 2 89 – 83 at the ACC to tie the series 1 – 1 , as Bosh recorded 25 points and a game @-@ high 13 rebounds . The Nets won games 3 and 4 to lead 3 – 1 , but Toronto forced a game 6 when they narrowly won 98 – 96 in game 5 . In that game , the Raptors set two post @-@ season franchise records : most number of points going into halftime and biggest lead for a half . The attendance for the game was also a franchise record for a playoff game . In game 6 , however , New Jersey won 98 – 97 , sealing the series 4 – 2 and sending Toronto out of the first round . In recognition of being the chief architects of Toronto 's turnaround season , on 24 April 2007 , Mitchell was named 2006 – 07 NBA Coach of the Year , the first Raptors coach to receive this honour ; Colangelo was later named 2006 – 07 Executive of the Year . = = Game log = = = = = Playoffs = = =
= North Philadelphia station = North Philadelphia station is an intercity rail and regional rail station on the Northeast Corridor , located on North Broad Street in the North Philadelphia neighborhood of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States . The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority 's ( SEPTA ) Regional Rail Trenton Line and Chestnut Hill West Line account for most of the station 's service ; five Amtrak trains also stop each weekday . The station opened in the 1870s and was known as New York Junction and Germantown Junction . A new station , which ushered in the Beaux @-@ Arts style for large train stations , was built from 1896 to 1901 . After a 1912 – 1915 enlargement , it was renamed as North Philadelphia . Despite several other renovations , its use declined in the mid and late 20th century ; in 1991 , Amtrak constructed a smaller replacement station across the tracks . The building was renovated once more in 1999 and is now used as commercial space . It was added to the National Register of Historic Places the same year . = = Layout and service = = Two high @-@ level island platforms serve three of the four Northeast Corridor passenger tracks ; there is a center passing track , as well as a fifth track on the south side that is only used by CSX freights . Most SEPTA Trenton Line trains and five daily Amtrak trains ( two northbound and three southbound ) stop at these platforms . Two low @-@ level platforms , a short distance to the west , serve the diverging SEPTA @-@ owned Chestnut Hill West Line . North Philadelphia has been a flag stop on the line since 1993 . The station has relatively low inbound boardings ; however , it is used by riders from the Chestnut Hill West Line transferring to SEPTA and Amtrak trains to reach jobs in New Jersey and New York . The station is within a few blocks of the North Broad station on SEPTA 's Main Line ( formerly belonging to the Reading Company ) , and the North Philadelphia subway station on SEPTA 's Broad Street Line . = = History and architecture = = = = = Germantown Junction = = = The Pennsylvania Railroad ( PRR ) built the Connecting Railway in 1867 to connect its main line to the Philadelphia and Trenton Railroad . By the early 1870s , New York Junction station was established where the Connecting Railway crossed over the Philadelphia and Reading Railroad mainline in North Philadelphia . A signal tower , still extant , was constructed around this time . By the early 1880s , the PRR station was known as Germantown Junction , while the Reading had its 16th Street station a block to the northwest ( and after 1890 , Huntingdon Street station to the southeast ) . Germantown Junction station was a two @-@ story Queen Anne style building located between the diverging lines ; its large gables acted as shelters for passengers . = = = A new station needed = = = By the mid 1890s , the station was frequently overcrowded and North Philadelphia and the northern suburbs grew in population . The completion of the Delair Bridge in 1896 allowed passengers to ride trains directly to the summer resorts of southern New Jersey ( rather than taking a ferry to Camden ) further increased traffic on the line . George B. Roberts , president of the railroad , used his social connections to hire Theophilus Parsons Chandler , Jr. to construct a new station . The new station was constructed on a former freight yard on the south side of the tracks ( across from the previous station ) , where there was more space for the station . The site also provided better connections for passengers using newly electrified streetcars on Glenwood Avenue and North Broad Street to reach the station . Foundation construction began in May 1896 . However , work was stopped when Roberts took ill in August ; he died the next January . The Panic of 1896 led Roberts ' successor , Frank Thomson , not to continue work . When Thomson died in 1899 , Alexander Cassatt was recalled to the PRR to serve as president . Cassatt immediately began a major capital improvement program , which included both adding capacity to mainlines and constructing large stations including Washington Union Station and New York Penn Station . Work resumed in 1900 with an enlarged floor plan , and the new station was complete in April 1901 . = = = Architecture = = = Previous PRR stations were generally in the picturesque eclectic style common among 19th century railroads stations , like the Victorian eclectic Overbrook station and the Furness @-@ style Broad Street Station . Germantown Junction was the first station along the Northeast Corridor to be constructed in the Châteauesque style , and it ushered in the Beaux Arts style used by the Pennsylvania and other railroads during the early 20th century . As constructed , the main facade of the station faced Glenwood Avenue . The two @-@ story entrance loggia consisted of seven arched bays , with a three @-@ bay wing to the northeast and a two @-@ bay wing to the southwest , and acted as a transition point between the street and the station interior . The first floor ( at track level ) featured a large waiting room occupying the entire center block , with vault lights providing natural illumination and a fountain set into the western wall . Restrooms , a kitchen , and a cafe occupied the wings . The basement housed the boiler room , a smaller waiting room , kitchen storerooms , and baggage rooms . The station appears to have had two side platforms serving four tracks , accessed through a basement @-@ level tunnel that was reached from the main waiting room by a staircase . The steep roof over the center block had several dormers , some of which were later removed . A covered ramp from the west wing , which had direct access from the south platform , led to a small trolley station on Glenwood Avenue . = = = North Philadelphia = = = After construction , the station served as Philadelphia 's sole stop for most long @-@ distance east @-@ west Main Line traffic to avoid a reverse move into Broad Street Station ( and later 30th Street Station ) . It also served local trains from Fort Washington , Chestnut Hill , Bustleton , and Trenton , as well as a variety of services from the PRR @-@ owned West Jersey and Seashore Railroad system . Within a decade of completion , the station was already overcrowded . On June 22 , 1912 , the PRR signed a million @-@ dollar contract for massive renovations to the station . Designed by PRR architect William H. Cookman , the modifications reflected the latest in passenger station design . The ground was lowered by a full story on the south and east sides of the station , exposing what had formerly been the basement to improve access for taxis and private automobiles . A marquee to shelter arriving and departing passengers spanned the seven central bays of the lower level , with a more ornate version on the north end of the pedestrian tunnel . The lower waiting room was expanded , a ticket office constructed , and a larger staircase to the main waiting room was built . The floor was covered with terrazzo and green marble , with white marble wainscoting on the walls . Three bays were added to the west wing for additional functional space , removing direct track access from the ramp . Cast iron streetlights with the PRR Keystone motif in their base were located around the driveway and grounds . The original side platforms were replaced with high @-@ level island platforms , long enough to permit level boarding for twelve @-@ car trains . The platforms and platform supports were constructed of cast @-@ in @-@ place concrete . The line was widened to eight tracks through the station , with the platforms between the 2nd and 3rd tracks and the 6th and 7th tracks . The center non @-@ platform tracks were reserved for through freights , with the outside non @-@ platform tracks used by local freights . Each platform had a 10 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) -wide waiting room , 60 feet ( 18 m ) long on the eastbound ( south ) platform and 80 feet ( 24 m ) long on the westbound platform . The waiting rooms were covered in copper sheathing and had large skylights . The railroad constructed full @-@ length steel platform canopies in their own shops . A separate baggage tunnel , west of the main passenger tunnel , connected with freight elevators to the platforms . When the renovations were complete in 1915 , the station was renamed as North Philadelphia . = = = Decline = = = North Philadelphia continued to grow during the early 20th century as a popular residential area for the nouveau riche rejected by old money society . Two ballparks ( Baker Bowl and Shibe Park ) were located nearby , as were new cultural institutions and automotive industry buildings . In 1928 , the Broad Street Subway was opened with a station at North Philadelphia , offering more frequent service to downtown . Its northern entrances were located at the intersection of Glenwood Avenue and North Broad Street , with an underground passage offering an easy connection to the PRR station . The Reading Company replaced Huntingdon Avenue station with North Broad Street station , a massive Classical Revival structure rivaling the PRR station in grandeur . 30th Street Station opened in 1933 , reducing North Philadelphia 's importance for north @-@ south services . However , North Philadelphia continued to serve heavy commuter traffic and east @-@ west long @-@ distance trains . An interior rearrangement was completed around 1942 . The women 's room for the main waiting room was moved from the east side to the west side , with one bay added to the west wing . A new dining area was constructed , occupying one @-@ third of the waiting room , with its kitchen occupying the former bathroom space . The lunch cafe and staircases were also modified . After World War II , North Philadelphia suffered from the failure of its industries , and the PRR reduced both local and long @-@ distance service due to competition from private autos , further reducing the importance of the station . Escalators and a new drop ceiling were added around 1955 , the former due to the insistence of the city council . The surrounding parking lots and ground were rearranged in 1968 . After a March 1976 fire , 1977 Amtrak undertook a $ 314 @,@ 000 rehabilitation of the station . The roof and portico were rebuilt , two of the three dormers removed , new restrooms added , and the platform and waiting room repaired . The loggia , windows , and other openings were covered with cinderblocks and brick . = = = New station and reuse = = = In the 1980s , the city and Amtrak attempted to fund a second renovation with a private partner , but plans fell through . In 1991 , Amtrak constructed a rectangular concrete and glass station building on the north side of the tracks , in front of the passenger tunnel . Access from the south was blocked off . In 1999 , the original station building was renovated at a cost of $ 7 million for use as commercial space . The front parking lot was expanded on a slope to the west ; it covered much of the ground level ( similar to the station before 1915 ) . The mechanical building and the covered ramp to the trolley station were removed . A strip mall was built just to the east , with balustrades and archways referencing the historic station . The passageway from the subway station , long closed , was likely buried at this time . The 1901 @-@ built station building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on July 8 , 1999 . The Amtrak ticket office was closed in April 2001 as part of austerity measures . Vandalism also forced the closure of elevators . The same year , SEPTA proposed closing the station because it served few inbound commuters . However , advocacy from the Delaware Valley Association of Rail Passengers , which showed that the station was more heavily used by commuters from the Chestnut Hill West Line changing to SEPTA Trenton Line trains and Amtrak Clockers to Trenton and New York , succeeded in persuading SEPTA to keep the station open for the time being . By 2005 , no official decision had been made to permanently keep the station , but SEPTA planned repairs to the deteriorated platforms . In 2010 , a renovation of North Philadelphia subway station was completed . This included restoring the Glenwood Avenue headhouses , closed for decades before , which improved connections to the mainline station .
= Superman Returns = Superman Returns is a 2006 American superhero film directed and produced by Bryan Singer . It is based on the DC Comics character Superman and serves as a homage sequel to the motion pictures Superman ( 1978 ) and Superman II ( 1980 ) , ignoring the events of Superman III ( 1983 ) and Superman IV : The Quest for Peace ( 1987 ) . The film stars Brandon Routh as Clark Kent / Superman , Kate Bosworth as Lois Lane , Kevin Spacey as Lex Luthor , with James Marsden , Frank Langella , and Parker Posey . The film tells the story of the title character returning to Earth after a five @-@ year absence . He finds that his love interest Lois Lane has moved on with her life , and that his archenemy Lex Luthor is plotting a scheme that will destroy Superman and the world . After a series of unsuccessful projects to resurrect Superman on the screen , Warner Bros. hired Bryan Singer to direct and develop Superman Returns in July 2004 . The majority of principal photography took place at Fox Studios Australia , Sydney , while the visual effects sequences were created by a number of studios , including Sony Pictures Imageworks , Rhythm & Hues , Framestore , Rising Sun Pictures , and The Orphanage ; filming ended in November 2005 . Superman Returns received positive reviews , with critics praising its story , visual effects , musical score , and style . However , it received mixed reviews from audiences , who criticized the film for its length , the story , and lack of action sequences . Warner Bros. was also disappointed with the worldwide box office return . A sequel was planned for a summer 2009 release , but the project was later canceled . The Superman film series was rebooted in 2013 with the film Man of Steel , directed by Zack Snyder and starring Henry Cavill as Superman . = = Plot = = For five years , Superman ( Brandon Routh ) has abandoned his adopted home of Earth while on a journey to visit the remains of Krypton . His seemingly selfish decision has ruined his image in the eyes of many , including journalist Lois Lane ( Kate Bosworth ) , who writes a scathing article claiming that the world " doesn 't need Superman " . Scientist Lex Luthor ( Kevin Spacey ) , who lost his fame and fortune after being exposed as a criminal by Superman , secures an early release from prison and marries an old heiress , whose subsequent death makes him wealthy once again . Upon returning to Metropolis , Superman , in his human identity of Clark Kent , is shocked to discover the consequences of his disappearance . While covering the launch of a space shuttle , he narrowly saves a plane carrying Lois and other observers from crashing after a mysterious power failure , an act that earns him much goodwill . Unbeknownst to anyone , the accident was triggered by Luthor using Kryptonian technology stolen from the Fortress of Solitude . Clark tries to fix his relationship with Lois , but soon learns that she is engaged to Richard White ( James Marsden ) , nephew of Daily Planet editor @-@ in @-@ chief Perry White ( Frank Langella ) , with whom she shares a young , asthmatic son , Jason ( Tristan Lake Leabu ) . Luthor has his aide Kitty ( Parker Posey ) distract Superman , allowing Lex to steal a sample of kryptonite from a museum . Suspecting his involvement , Lois requests an off @-@ the @-@ record interview aboard his private yacht . Luthor admits that he is indeed responsible and reveals his true plan : to create a new continent modeled after Krypton that he can shape in his image , while triggering massive tsunamis that will wipe out the nations of the world and force humanity to turn to him for survival . Jason has an asthmatic attack when Luthor reveals the kryptonite , but has no subsequent reaction when Luthor holds the stone near him . Jason is sitting by the piano and the Yacht starts to rock from the waves . When one of Luthor 's henchmen threatens Lois , Jason pushes the piano towards the henchmen showing Lois that Jason is Superman 's son . Luthor and his thugs escape by helicopter as the new landmass emerges from the ocean . While working to contain the damage to Metropolis , Superman learns from Richard that Lois is in danger and saves her and Jason seconds before the yacht sinks . Superman tries to apprehend Luthor , but the kryptonite @-@ poisoned atmosphere quickly strips him of his powers . After letting his men beat him into submission , Luthor stabs Superman with a Kryptonite shard and leaves him to die . With Richard 's help , Lois gets him to safety and removes the shard . Fueled by the sun 's radiation , Superman defeats Luthor 's gang and covers the landmass with soil , allowing him to safely throw it into space . While helping Luthor escape , a disillusioned Kitty allows the helicopter to crash on a remote island , trapping him . Complications from Kryptonite exposure cause Superman to fall into a coma , and while doctors are able to remove most of the fragments , they cannot revive him . Lois visits him and whispers something into his ear while glancing at Jason , after which Superman comes to . Acknowledging that he has a much greater responsibility than himself , he recalls Jor @-@ El 's ( Marlon Brando ) last speech to Jason as he sleeps . Lois starts writing another article , titled " Why the World Needs Superman " . Superman reassures her that he is now back to stay , and flies off into space , where he gazes down at the world . = = Cast = = Brandon Routh as Clark Kent / Superman : The Kryptonian superhero who disguises himself as a journalist . Stephan Bender portrays the teenage Clark Kent in a flashback scene . Director Singer believed only an unknown actor would be suitable for the part . Routh was chosen from thousands of candidates interviewed at casting calls in the United States , United Kingdom , Canada and Australia . He had coincidentally auditioned for Clark Kent in the television series Smallville , but lost to Tom Welling . Routh had also met director Joseph " McG " Nichol for the role during pre @-@ production of Superman : Flyby . Dana Reeve , wife of Christopher Reeve , believed Routh 's physical resemblance to her late husband was striking . To obtain the muscular physique to play Superman convincingly , Routh underwent a strict bodybuilding exercise regimen . Prior to Routh 's casting , Singer had X2 actor Daniel Cudmore audition . Kate Bosworth as Lois Lane : A reporter who works with Clark Kent at the Daily Planet , and former lover of Superman . Spacey recommended Singer to cast Bosworth in the role because she co @-@ starred with Spacey in Beyond the Sea ( 2004 ) as Sandra Dee . Claire Danes and Keri Russell were reportedly considered for the role . Amy Adams , who would later be cast as Lois Lane in the 2013 reboot Man of Steel , confirmed in an interview that she had also auditioned for Lois in 2005 . Adams had previously auditioned for Lois in 2003 when Brett Ratner was planning to direct Superman : Flyby . Bosworth studied Katharine Hepburn 's acting for inspiration , particularly in The Philadelphia Story ( 1940 ) and Guess Who 's Coming to Dinner ( 1967 ) , as well as Julia Roberts in Erin Brockovich ( 2000 ) . Kevin Spacey as Lex Luthor : An evil sociopath armed with vast resources and an extensive knowledge of science who is Superman 's nemesis . Because of his Academy Award @-@ winning performance in Singer 's film The Usual Suspects ( 1995 ) , and friendship with the director , Spacey was the only actor considered for Lex Luthor . The writers specifically had Spacey in mind for the part when writing the script . Spacey 's version of Luthor has the same comically exaggerated vanity and pompous arrogance of the earlier Gene Hackman version as well as the same strong interest in real estate , but Spacey 's version is far less campy and more serious . Spacey later said that director Singer told him to play the character as " darker and more bitter " compared to Hackman and not to use the earlier portrayal as an inspiration . James Marsden as Richard White : The nephew of the Daily Planet editor @-@ in @-@ chief Perry White and fiancé to Lois Lane . Marsden said Richard acts as an emotional challenge for Superman , since the hero comes back to find that " Lois Lane picks somebody who 's very Supermanesque " . Parker Posey as Kitty Kowalski : Lex Luthor 's henchwoman . She served as a prison nurse and would give Lex his examinations . The character is based on Eve Teschmacher from the 1978 film , portrayed by Valerie Perrine . Posey was the only actress considered for the role . Marlon Brando as Jor @-@ El : Superman 's biological father . Brando ( who died in 2004 ) reprises his role from the 1978 film through the use of previous footage combined with computer @-@ generated imagery . This required negotiations with Brando 's estate for permission to have his footage used . Singer explained , " We had access to all of the Brando footage that was shot . There was unused footage that had Brando reciting poems , trailing off subject and swearing like a sailor . " Tristan Lake Leabu as Jason White : The son of Lois Lane and Superman . The question of whether Superman or Richard is Jason 's father is initially unclear . He suffers from asthma and other ailments , but it is later revealed that he is the son of Superman , when he displays superhuman strength and discomfort around Kryptonite . Other cast members include Frank Langella , who plays Daily Planet editor Perry White , a role originally attached to Hugh Laurie ; Sam Huntington as Daily Planet photographer Jimmy Olsen , Eva Marie Saint as Clark Kent 's adoptive mother Martha Kent , and Kal Penn as one of Luthor 's henchmen , Stanford . Jack Larson , who portrayed Jimmy Olsen in the 1950s television series Adventures of Superman , makes a cameo appearance as a bartender . Noel Neill — who portrayed Lois Lane in the television series and the film serials Superman ( 1948 ) and Atom Man vs. Superman ( 1950 ) -- appears as Luthor 's elderly wife Gertrude Vanderworth . Richard Branson cameos as the engineer aboard the space shuttle . Another of Luthor 's henchmen ( Riley ) is played by former Australian Rugby League player Ian Roberts . = = Development = = Director and producer Bryan Singer conceived the storyline of " Superman returning to Earth after a five @-@ year absence " during the filming of X2 ( 2003 ) . He presented the idea to Lauren Shuler Donner and her husband Richard Donner , director of Superman ( 1978 ) . Donner greeted Singer 's idea with positive feedback . In March 2004 , Warner Bros. was commencing pre @-@ production on Superman : Flyby , which had a target theatrical release date of June 2006 . McG was signed to direct with a script by J. J. Abrams , but dropped out in June 2004 . That same month , Singer was approached by Warner Bros. to pitch his idea for Superman Returns , as he was preparing to leave for Hawaii on a short vacation with his X2 writers Michael Dougherty and Dan Harris . While in Hawaii , Singer , Dougherty and Harris began to outline the film treatment . In July 2004 , Singer signed on to direct and develop Superman Returns . Although he was not a comic book fan , Singer was most impressed with Donner 's 1978 film , citing it as an influence of his , Dougherty and Harris 's writing . With Singer 's hiring , he dropped out of X @-@ Men : The Last Stand ( 2006 ) and also had the Logan 's Run remake pushed back . Superman Returns was financed 50 / 50 between Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures , and pre @-@ production began in November 2004 . By February 2005 , Dougherty and Harris had written six drafts of the script . Early versions of the script contained references to the September 11 attacks before they were removed . = = = Production = = = Warner Bros. considered shooting Superman Returns at Warner Roadshow Studios in the Gold Coast , Queensland , Australia . After filming , this could have been used as an attraction for the adjoining Warner Bros. Movie World theme park , but the idea was scrapped for being too expensive . Set construction started in January 2005 at Fox Studios Australia for the film 's 60 setpieces , while the start date was pushed back for two weeks . In an attempt to avoid public attention , Superman Returns carried the fake working title of Red Sun during filming . Starting in late March 2005 , principal photography lasted until November . Filming of Superman Returns in New South Wales constituted hiring thousands of local workers , generating over $ 100 million into the local economy . 80 % of filming took place at Fox Studios Australia , occupying all nine sound stages . Scenes set in Smallville were shot at Tamworth , while the Australian Museum doubled for the Metropolis Museum of Natural History . = = = Design and effects = = = Superman Returns was shot using Panavision 's Genesis digital camera . Production designer Guy Hendrix Dyas was influenced by Frank Lloyd Wright 's Johnson Wax Headquarters for the design of the Daily Planet . ESC Entertainment was originally set to design the visual effects sequences , but Warner Bros. replaced them with the hiring of Mark Stetson from Sony Pictures Imageworks as the visual effects supervisor . A total of 1 @,@ 400 visual effects shots were created . The script required a scene of Superman safely delivering a Boeing 777 in a baseball park where computer @-@ generated imagery was used as it would have been impossible to assemble the number of extras for the shots . A second unit crew traveled to Dodger Stadium to photograph elements that were composited into the final images . The scenes of Metropolis was actually a modified version of the skyline of Manhattan . Using footage from the original Superman ( 1978 ) film as a reference point , Marlon Brando was re @-@ created by Rhythm & Hues using CGI . The opening credits for Superman Returns are presented in an intended recreation of the style used for Superman , again to the accompaniment of John Williams 's theme music . = = = Music = = = Singer hired regular collaborator John Ottman as editor and film score composer months before the script was written . Ottman said in past interviews that John Williams , who composed the 1978 film , had influenced his decision to become a musician . He was both cautious and enthusiastic to work on Superman Returns . " Bryan [ Singer ] said he wouldn 't even greenlight the movie if he couldn 't use the John Williams music . " Ottman continued , " it was important for me to preserve the Williams theme right down to every single note for the opening titles . " Ottman referred to his work on Superman Returns as a homage to , not a ripoff of , Williams . = = = Budget = = = Originally budgeted at $ 184 @.@ 5 million , Warner Bros. placed the production cost at $ 204 million , after factoring in tax rebates and incentives . Taking into account the development costs since the early 1990s , total expenditure is estimated to be around $ 263 million , with up to a further $ 100 million spent on worldwide marketing . = = Release = = = = = Marketing = = = Warner Bros. promoted Superman Returns at 2005 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International . Singer and screenwriters Michael Dougherty and Dan Harris came up with the idea of publishing a prequel limited series , spanning four comic book issues . The stories were written by Jimmy Palmiotti , Marc Andreyko and Justin Gray , with artwork by Karl Kerschl and Matt Haley . During production , a series of " video diaries " on the Internet were released at BlueTights.net , showing behind @-@ the @-@ scenes work being done . After 27 installments , the video diaries stopped for a while shortly before the teaser trailer debuted on November 17 , 2005 . The main theatrical trailer premiered online on May 2 , 2006 . The trailer appeared in theaters on May 5 , with prints of Mission : Impossible III , while the international trailer came with The Da Vinci Code and X @-@ Men : The Last Stand . DC Comics published a comics adaptation by artist Matt Haley and writer Martin Pasko , Marv Wolfman wrote a novelization , and Electronic Arts developed a video game based on both the movie and the comics . The estimated budget for Superman Returns marketing campaign was $ 45 @.@ 5 million , the second highest of the year behind Disney 's $ 53 @.@ 5 million campaign for Cars . Warner Bros. made tie @-@ in deals with General Mills , Burger King , Duracell , Pepsi , Doritos , Papa John 's Pizza , 7 @-@ Eleven and Colgate . The film was also advertised with Red Bull Racing Formula One cars at the 2006 Monaco Grand Prix . David Coulthard managed to get the team 's first top three finish that day ; on the podium , he wore a Superman cape in celebration of his achievement . NASCAR Sprint Cup champion Jeff Gordon also sported the " Man of Steel " look by promoting the movie on his # 24 Chevrolet Monte Carlo in the 2006 Pepsi 400 at Daytona International Speedway . Troy Bayliss appeared in promotional " Superman " leathers and sported a cape on the podium following a win and a 2nd place at the 2006 Brands Hatch Superbike World Championship round on his way to winning that year 's championship . The National Geographic Channel released The Science of Superman on June 29 , 2006 : a television special that studied popular science analogies with the Superman mythos . Singer admitted at 2006 Comic @-@ Con International that he was dissatisfied with the marketing and promotion . " A lot of people did their job , and a lot didn 't " . = = = Box office = = = Bryan Singer convinced Warner Bros. not to experiment with test screenings . In addition , Singer removed 15 minutes of footage from Superman Returns after showing it to some of his " trusted associates " . The final theatrical time length ran at 154 minutes . Warner Bros. originally slated the movie for release on Friday , June 30 , but moved it up to Wednesday , June 28 . Superman Returns was released on June 28 , 2006 in the United States and Canada in 4 @,@ 065 theaters . The film ranked at the top in its opening weekend , accumulating $ 52 @,@ 535 @,@ 096 . Within five days , Superman Returns took in $ 84 @.@ 2 million , a new record for Warner Bros. , beating out The Matrix Revolutions ( 2003 ) , which has since been surpassed by The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) . Superman Returns : An IMAX 3D Experience was released simultaneously in 111 IMAX format theatres worldwide , which included 20 minutes of converted 3 @-@ D film material . It was the first Hollywood full @-@ length live @-@ action film to be released in this combined format . One of the key scenes Singer took out was " the Return to Krypton sequence " . $ 10 million was spent on this sequence alone , but it was deleted . Singer noted that it could not be released as part of a DVD featurette because it was converted to IMAX 3D . He hoped it could have appeared in an IMAX reissue . The film 's second week gross rapidly declined from the first week , due to the presence of Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest and The Devil Wears Prada . Superman Returns went on to gross $ 200 @,@ 081 @,@ 192 in North America and $ 191 million internationally , earning $ 391 @,@ 081 @,@ 192 worldwide . Domestically , the film was the sixth @-@ highest grossing film of 2006 . In worldwide totals , Superman Returns was ninth @-@ highest . = = = Critical reception = = = Superman Returns received mixed to positive reviews from film critics . Based on 258 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes , 76 % of the reviewers enjoyed the film . Metacritic gave the film a score of 72 / 100 , based on 40 reviews , indicating " generally favorable reviews . " Richard Corliss of Time praised Superman Returns , calling it one of the best superhero films . He was mostly impressed with Singer 's direction and the storyline . Joe Morgenstern from The Wall Street Journal also gave a positive review , but observed Routh 's and Bosworth 's acting was " somewhat dead or super average . Nothing special . " Morgenstern believed Lex Luthor 's characterization was " well written by the writers and well played by Kevin Spacey " . He also praised Newton Thomas Sigel 's cinematography and Guy Hendrix Dyas 's production design . Peter Travers , writing in Rolling Stone , felt the film " perfectly updates Superman for the modern audience " . J. Hoberman of The Village Voice called it " surprisingly well made . It 's a summer blockbuster filled with mythology and sensitivity . " James Berardinelli reacted positively to the movie , comparing it favorably with Richard Donner 's 1978 film . He felt Spacey was better than Gene Hackman as Lex Luthor , describing him as " more cruel and less flippant " than Hackman . " There are no miscasts to be found in the supporting cast , either , " Berardinelli said . " Superman Returns is near the top , if not at the top of the superhero movie pile . It offers nearly everything : romance , action , humor , and plenty of goose bumps . " However , Roger Ebert argued the film was a " glum , lackluster movie in which even the big effects sequences seem dutiful instead of exhilarating . " He also felt that " Brandon Routh lacks charisma as Superman " , surmising that he " may have been cast because he looks a little like Reeve " . Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle felt that Warner Bros. should have rebooted the series along the lines of Batman Begins . He also felt Bosworth , at 22 years old , was too young to portray Lois Lane , and the climax did not " match the potential of the tiring 154 minute long film " . Superman Returns was nominated for both the Academy Award for Visual Effects and BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects , but lost to Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest . The film was successful at the 33rd Saturn Awards , winning Best Fantasy Film , and categories for Direction ( Bryan Singer ) , Best Actor ( Brandon Routh ) , Writing ( Michael Dougherty and Dan Harris ) and Music ( John Ottman ) . Kate Bosworth , Tristan Lake Leabu , James Marsden , Parker Posey , and the visual effects department were nominated for categories . However , Bosworth was also nominated a Razzie Award for Worst Supporting Actress . On May 3 , 2009 , almost three years after the debut of Superman Returns , the Academy Award winning filmmaker and screenwriter Quentin Tarantino declared his appreciation for Bryan Singer 's directorial work on Superman Returns and that he would write a 20 @-@ page review about Superman Returns . On January 9 , 2012 , more than five years after the movie was released , the independent film community daily news site indieWire released a two @-@ part video essay that probes the melancholic nature of Superman Returns . Produced by Matt Zoller Seitz and Ken Cancelosi , the critique was inspired by a review that Seitz wrote for the New York Press in 2006 , in which he stated that " From the moment its hero returns to the sky to rescue Lois Lane from a plummeting jet , Superman Returns flirts with greatness . " A critical commentary of the film written in English around the time of its release by a Pakistani columnist , Dr Haider Mahdi , accused the film of being " American propaganda " and portraying opponents to the United States as evil , while defending American foreign policy . It claims previous adaptations of Superman advocate American aggression and coincided the films release with America 's war in the Middle East and South Asia . It alleges that American society has always needed an " external threat " to justify invasions and aggression and the portrayal of Superman in film glorifies him when he eliminates these " external threats " . In 2013 , Singer stated that Superman Returns was made for " Perhaps more of a female audience . It wasn 't what it needed to be , I guess . " Singer stated that he would have cut about the first quarter off of the film and started it with " the jet disaster sequence or something . I could have grabbed the audience a little more quickly . I don 't know what would have helped . Probably nothing . If I could go again , I would do an origin . I would reboot it . " Empire Magazine ranked the movie 496 on its " The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time " list . Stating that " It may have been a slighter return than some people had hoped for , but Singer 's vision of the Man Of Steel is an heroic effort . Plenty of spectacle and a lot of heart helps Kal @-@ El soar . " = = = Awards = = = The film received eleven nominations in the 33rd Saturn Awards including categories of Best Fantasy Film , Best Direction ( Bryan Singer ) , Best Actor ( Brandon Routh ) , and Best Actress ( Kate Bosworth ) . The results were the following : four nominations and five wins . These are the results : = = = Home media = = = Superman Returns debuted on DVD on November 28 , 2006 in two versions , one with a single disc , and a double @-@ disc edition which featured over three hours of behind @-@ the @-@ scenes features . That same day , a 14 @-@ disc DVD box set titled Superman Ultimate Collector 's Edition was released , containing special editions of all five Superman films , as well as the documentary Look , Up in the Sky : The Amazing Story of Superman . It debuted at the top spot of the DVD charts , and also generated $ 13 million in rentals during its first week . The film was also released in both high definition formats , HD DVD , which featured both standard and high definitions on the same disc , and Blu @-@ ray . It was the best @-@ selling title on both formats in 2006 , and was among the best @-@ sellers of both formats of 2007 . = = Unproduced sequel = = In February 2006 , four months before the release of Superman Returns , Warner Bros. announced a mid @-@ 2009 theatrical release date for a sequel , with Bryan Singer reprising his directing duties . Brandon Routh , Kate Bosworth , Kevin Spacey , Sam Huntington , Frank Langella , and Tristan Lake Leabu were to reprise their roles . Due to his commitment , Singer dropped out of directing a remake of Logan 's Run and an adaptation of The Mayor of Castro Street . Writer Michael Dougherty wanted the sequel to be " action packed " , featuring " other Kryptonians " with Brainiac and Bizarro also considered for primary villains . The " New Krypton " landmass floating in space at the end of Superman Returns would have served as a plot device . Although Superman Returns received mostly positive reviews , Warner Bros. and Legendary Pictures were disappointed by the film 's box office return . Warner Bros. President Alan F. Horn explained that Superman Returns was a very successful film , but that it " should have done $ 500 million worldwide . We should have had perhaps a little more action to satisfy the young male crowd . " Singer reacted incredulously to the studio complaints , saying , " That movie made $ 400 million ! I don ’ t know what constitutes under @-@ performing these days ... " $ 175 million was the maximum budget Warner Bros. was projecting for the sequel , as Superman Returns cost $ 204 million . Filming for the Superman Returns sequel was to start in mid @-@ 2007 , before Singer halted development in favor of Valkyrie . Filming was then pushed to March 2008 , but writers Dougherty and Dan Harris left in favor of other career opportunities . The 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike pushed the release date to 2010 . Singer still listed the sequel as a priority in March 2008 , saying that the film was in early development . Routh expected filming to begin in early 2009 . Paul Levitz , president of DC Comics , expected Routh to reprise the title role from Superman Returns before his contract for a sequel expired in 2009 . However , with Warner Bros. deciding to reboot the film series , Singer dropped out in favor of directing Jack the Giant Slayer . In August 2008 , Warner Bros. President of Production Jeff Robinov reflected , " Superman Returns didn 't quite work as a film in the way that we wanted it to . It didn 't position the character the way he needed to be positioned . Had Superman worked in 2006 , we would have had a movie for Christmas of this year or 2009 . Now the plan is just to reintroduce Superman without regard to a Batman and Superman movie at all . "
= Sam Loxton = Samuel John Everett " Sam " Loxton , OBE ( 29 March 1921 – 3 December 2011 ) was an Australian cricketer , footballer and politician . Among these three pursuits , his greatest achievements were attained on the cricket field ; he played in 12 Tests for Australia from 1948 to 1951 . A right @-@ handed all @-@ rounder , Loxton was part of Don Bradman 's Invincibles , who went through the 1948 tour of England undefeated , an unprecedented achievement that has never been matched . As well as being a hard @-@ hitting middle @-@ order batsman , Loxton was a right @-@ arm fast @-@ medium swing bowler who liked to aim at the upper bodies of the opposition , and an outfielder with an accurate and powerful throw . After being dropped from the national team , Loxton represented Victoria for seven more seasons before retiring from first @-@ class cricket . He served as an administrator after his playing days were over and spent 24 years as a Liberal Party member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly . Up until 1946 , Loxton also played in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) for St Kilda as a forward . In all three arenas , he was known for his energetic approach . Educated at Wesley College , Melbourne , Loxton first gained prominence as an Australian rules football player . After debuting in 1942 , he played 41 games in the VFL for St Kilda as a forward , kicking a total of 114 goals before retiring at the end of the 1946 season to concentrate on his cricket career . In 1944 , he headed St Kilda 's goal @-@ kicking aggregate with 52 goals and placed second in the club 's Best and Fairest . Loxton served in a tank division during World War II and made his first @-@ class cricket debut in 1946 – 47 . He scored 232 not out , which remains a record for any Australian player on his first @-@ class debut . After a strong first season , Loxton was selected to make his Test debut in the final match of the 1947 – 48 home series against India . Australia had already won the series and used the last match to trial their young talent . Loxton seized his opportunity , scoring 80 and taking three wickets , securing himself a position on the 1948 England tour . After a slow start to the historic campaign , Loxton struck form midway through the English summer and forced his way into the team for the last three Tests . He played a prominent role in the Fourth Test , scoring an aggressive and counterattacking 93 that helped Australia pry the initiative from England ; the tourists eventually won the match . In 1949 – 50 , Loxton cemented his position in the national team , playing in all five Tests in South Africa and scoring his only century at international level . He remained a regular member of the Test team until a form slump during the 1950 – 51 home season ; he was dropped after three Tests against England and never played for Australia again . Loxton continued to play for Victoria in domestic competition until retiring at the end of the 1957 – 58 season . A member of the Liberal Party , Loxton entered politics and was a member of Victorian Legislative Assembly , representing the electoral district of Prahran from 1955 to 1979 . During this time , Loxton was also active in cricket administration at club , state and international level . He was a state selector for over two decades , and served at national level for ten years , starting in 1970 – 71 . He was also the team manager for Australia 's tour of the subcontinent in 1959 – 60 , overseeing a successful campaign despite a spate of serious illnesses to personnel . Loxton had to deal with a variety of tumultuous events on and off the field during his tenure , often relating to player misconduct , and retired from cricket administration in 1981 following the underarm incident . = = Early and war years = = Loxton was born in March 1921 at Albert Park , Victoria , the son of Sam Sr. and Annie . The elder Sam Loxton was an electrician who played second grade cricket for Collingwood . The younger Sam started his education at Yarra Park State School , where he learned to bat , using a pine tree in the schoolyard as the stumps ; the same tree was used for the same purpose years earlier by Test players Vernon Ransford and Ernie McCormick , and long @-@ serving Victorian batsman Jack Ledward . The family moved to Armadale , and young Loxton attended Armadale Public School before completing his secondary education at Wesley College , Melbourne , an elite private boys ’ school . One of his colleagues at Wesley College was Ian Johnson , a future teammate for Victoria and Australia . The boys ’ school coach was P. L. Williams , a renowned mentor of teenagers who had earlier coached Ross Gregory and future Test captain Lindsay Hassett . Away from his sporting commitments at school , Loxton played district cricket for Prahran 's third grade team when he was just 12 . The young cricketer 's parents were stalwarts of the club ; Sam Sr. was the scorer and served as a transport man , driving the matting and equipment to matches , while Annie made cucumber sandwiches for 25 years — due to the economic difficulties caused by the Great Depression and World War II , meat catering for players was a luxury even at first @-@ class and international matches . The elder Sam was a member of the club committee from 1941 until his death in 1974 , and was a vice @-@ president for the last 17 years of his life . At the age of 16 , the younger Loxton was selected in the Victorian Cricket Association Colts team that played in the first grade competition in 1937 – 38 ; he played three seasons with the outfit , which was effectively a state youth team . The squad was coached by Bert Cohen and former Test batsman and captain Jack Ryder , and Loxton credited the latter as the biggest influence on his career , saying He was an inspiration so far as I was concerned . He had so much to do with my early grounding . Old Jack never had a drink and never smoked a cigarette in his life and nobody walked so tall as that man . He was my cricket father , no doubt about that at all . Loxton improved significantly in his third season with the Colts , scoring his first century and taking 21 wickets , having managed only seven scalps in the two previous summers . In 1940 – 41 , aged 19 , he moved back to Prahran to play in their first grade team after the Colts were disbanded , and he became more productive over the next few years , taking 46 wickets in one season . Loxton also played Australian rules football , and in 1942 , he made his debut in the Victorian Football League ( VFL ) — the highest tier of competition at the time — playing for St Kilda . One of his teammates was Keith Miller , a future Invincibles colleague . Loxton played as both a forward and a defender , and the pair sometimes played together in attack . The recruit from Prahran played in only six matches in his first year , kicking 15 goals . Debuting in round six , he started his career brightly , kicking five and four goals in his first two matches against Melbourne and Collingwood respectively , helping his team to two victories . However , the goals and victories began to dry up and Loxton managed only six goals and one win in the remaining four matches . St Kilda came second to last and did not make the finals . During World War II , Loxton served with the 2nd Armoured Division . He enlisted on 31 July 1942 at Oakleigh , Victoria and was discharged on 7 November 1945 with the rank of sergeant , having spent most of his time at the division headquarters . The war ended Loxton and Miller ’ s partnership at St Kilda . Miller was deployed to South Australia for training before becoming a fighter pilot in England , while his St Kilda colleague served in a reserve unit in Melbourne , enabling him to continue his football career when granted leave . In 1943 , Loxton played in only the last four matches of the season , all of which were lost , kicking seven goals , and St Kilda finished last with a solitary victory from ten games . He managed three goals each against Essendon and South Melbourne but was held goal @-@ less against Melbourne . The following year , Loxton played in all 18 matches and topped St Kilda ’ s goal @-@ kicking aggregates with 52 . After making a slow start to the season , aggregating only four goals in the first four matches , including two goal @-@ less outings , he began to score more heavily . The St Kilda forward registered a six @-@ goal haul against Geelong in round eight , helping to secure an away win , and scored 23 goals in the last six matches , including five in each of the last three matches . However , St Kilda won only one of these three matches . Loxton 's efforts helped his club to finish ninth out of 12 teams , and he came second in the club Best and Fairest . He played a solitary match in 1945 , which St Kilda lost , and went goal @-@ less . = = First @-@ class and Test debut = = An attacking right @-@ handed middle @-@ order batsman and a right @-@ arm fast @-@ medium bowler , Loxton spent much of his cricket career in the shadow of Miller , who played the same type of role . Upon Miller 's death in 2004 , he said " I was in Keith 's shadow all my career ... and it was a pretty big shadow . " First @-@ class cricket resumed in 1945 – 46 after the end of the war , but Loxton failed to gain state selection during the season . He played his final VFL season in 1946 and was chosen in 12 of St Kilda ’ s 19 games , kicking 40 goals . However , his team only won two of these 12 matches , and finished second last . Loxton had a strong start to his final season , kicking 34 goals in the first 8 rounds . This included a career best of eight goals in another away win over Geelong . He also added six goals apiece against Footscray and Collingwood , but it was not enough to prevent defeats . However , Loxton missed three matches after the eighth round and upon his return , struggled and managed only six goals in his last four matches for St Kilda . Having retired from top @-@ tier football , Loxton soon broke into first @-@ class cricket . He was selected for Victoria to make his debut in the match against Queensland in December 1946 because five players , including Miller , were playing in a Test match for Australia against England during their Test tour . The debutant scored 232 not out , sharing a Victorian record sixth @-@ wicket partnership of 289 with Doug Ring , who made 145 . When he had scored 183 , Loxton hit himself on the head with his bat in attempting a hook shot , but continued batting until the end of Victoria ’ s innings and then opened the bowling in Queensland ’ s innings . He took the first wicket before going off to hospital with concussion . Recovering in time to bowl in the second innings , he took 2 wickets for 40 runs ( 2 / 40 ) in an innings win . Loxton 's 232 not out remains a record debut score in Australian first @-@ class cricket . His debut performance was enough for him to keep his place when the Test players returned , and he scored 73 and took a total of 3 / 17 in the next match against arch @-@ rivals New South Wales , which Victoria won by an innings . He compiled 87 in the next match against Queensland , and Victoria won all but one of the five Sheffield Shield matches in which he played — the only draw was washed out — to claim the title . The all @-@ rounder finished the season atop Victoria 's batting averages , with 429 runs at a batting average of 143 @.@ 00 . He also headed the bowling averages with 8 wickets at 14 @.@ 00 runs apiece . The following season , Loxton 's record was less spectacular despite playing in all but one of Victoria ’ s matches . He hit 77 and 35 not out in the opening match of the summer against the Indian tourists , and was rewarded with selection in an Australian XI to play the visitors ahead of the Tests . In what was effectively a Test trial , the uncapped all @-@ rounder failed to impress with the bat , making a duck and six . He bowled extensively , sending down 47 overs and taking a total of 4 / 113 as the Australians fell to a defeat . Loxton was passed over for Test selection and returned to domestic competition , scoring 53 and taking a total of 4 / 56 in the next match against New South Wales , which the Victorians won by nine wickets . He then went into an unproductive sequence , failing to pass 31 and taking only three wickets in his next four matches over a two @-@ month period . His seven wickets in the Sheffield Shield games cost almost 49 runs each . Despite this , the Australian captain Don Bradman had been impressed by what he saw of Loxton at domestic level , and the Victorian all @-@ rounder was chosen for the Fifth and final Test against India . With the series already convincingly won 3 – 0 , Australia decided to rest several players in order to trial up and coming cricketers ahead of the 1948 tour of England . Len Johnson , Loxton and fellow Victorian Ring were thus given their Test debuts . Australia batted first and Loxton came in to bat in front of a supportive home crowd at the Melbourne Cricket Ground . He made 80 , putting on 159 with fellow Victorian Neil Harvey , who made his first Test century in his second international match , as Australia amassed 8 / 575 . The debutant all @-@ rounder said that he was nervous but Harvey " was going along merrily and he soon settled me down " . Bradman fell ill and Bill Brown led the Australians in the field during the first innings . Understanding that one of the objectives was to give the new players an opportunity to show their talent , Brown threw the ball to his debutants . Johnson was given the ball first change , but failed to make an impact , so Loxton was handed his chance . He had a catch dropped early on but ended with 2 / 61 in the first innings , removing Hemu Adhikari and then Vinoo Mankad . In the words of Brown , the Victorian all @-@ rounder " looked twice the bowler Johnson did " . The Victorian debutant took the wicket of Adhikari in the second innings as Australia enforced the follow on and skittled India by 67 to win by an innings . The Test debut performance won Loxton a place on the Invincibles tour to England in 1948 . He reflected that " It 's not the fellow who gets the opportunity it 's the fellow who puts his hands around it and grabs it . I just happened to be in the right place at the right time . " After his position in the touring party was confirmed , he continued his late @-@ season resurgence , scoring two fifties for the Australians in two matches against Tasmania before they departed for England . = = Invincibles tour = = Loxton started his English campaign slowly . Australia typically selected their strongest team for the tour opener against Worcestershire , and the all @-@ rounder was omitted as the visitors won by an innings . As the Australians often played six days a week , they employed a rotation policy in the county matches , and in the second game against Leicestershire , Loxton made his debut on English soil . He made only four , before opening the bowling in both innings and taking a total of 1 / 23 in an innings victory . His attempts to break into the first @-@ choice team were hampered by a groin strain he suffered in the third match against Yorkshire when he was striving for extra pace in his only over in the first innings . As a result , he played no further part in the match . One man down , Australia came closest to losing for the whole tour . They fell to 6 / 31 in pursuit of 60 — effectively seven down with Loxton unable to bat — before scraping home without further loss after Yorkshire dropped both batsmen . The injured all @-@ rounder missed two matches to recuperate before reappearing in mid @-@ May , hitting 120 as the Australians posted a total of 721 against Essex in a single day at Southend , still the highest single day 's total in first @-@ class cricket . He put on 166 in 65 minutes with Ron Saggers , who , with Bill Brown and Donald Bradman , also scored centuries . Loxton 's rapid innings was noted for its hooking and driving and took around 80 minutes . He followed up with an unbeaten 79 and two wickets in the match against Oxford University , but that failed to win him a place in the first set @-@ piece battle of the summer , against the Marylebone Cricket Club at Lord 's . The MCC fielded seven players who would represent England in the Tests , and were basically a full @-@ strength Test outfit , while Australia fielded their strongest XI , so the fixture was effectively a dress rehearsal for the Tests . Bradman opted to play Brown out of the position in the middle @-@ order , and Loxton missed out ; Australia went on to win by an innings . Loxton then played in each of Australia ’ s four remaining tour games before the Tests , but was unable to do enough to force his way into the first @-@ choice team . He made 39 and 52 against Lancashire , and 16 against Nottinghamshire , squandering his starts in the latter two innings to run outs . In the match against Hampshire , he made one in his only innings after Australia were caught on a damp pitch and took a solitary wicket . The Australian team 's batting depth did not help Loxton ’ s cause ; in the final pre @-@ Test match against Sussex , a match won by an innings and 325 runs , he was slated to bat at No. 9 , but Australia ’ s earlier batsmen were largely untroubled so Bradman declared at 5 / 549 . The all @-@ rounder ’ s 3 / 13 in the first innings had the effect of removing him from the bowling line @-@ up for the rest of the match , as Doug Ring , Ernie Toshack , Ron Hamence and Ian Johnson helped Ray Lindwall to bowl the touring team to an easy victory . Loxton had limited opportunities as those ahead of him tended to finish off the opposition before his turn , and did not score heavily enough when he had a chance , so he was overlooked for the First Test at Trent Bridge . Bradman again opted to use Brown out of position in the middle @-@ order as Australia took an eight @-@ wicket win . There were only two matches between the First and Second Tests . Loxton took a total of 2 / 29 and scored only 17 against Northamptonshire , and was rested against Yorkshire . Brown made a century in the latter match , and Australia fielded an unchanged team for the Second Test at Lord 's and completed another victory . As the tour reached its halfway point , the Victorian began to make an impression . In the next county game , his opening partnership with Neil Harvey scored the 122 runs needed to beat Surrey in only 58 minutes , Loxton making 47 . He also took a total 3 / 90 for the match , bowling 43 overs as Bradman allowed his main bowlers to recuperate after the previous Test . In the following match against Gloucestershire he contributed an unbeaten 159 including four sixes , as Australia made their highest score for the summer , 7 / 774 declared . The all @-@ rounder 's innings involved a series of powerful strokes and he was particularly noted for using his feet to charge and attack the off spin of Tom Goddard . The Gloucestershire bowler had been touted as a possible Test selection , because the other England bowlers had failed to contain Australia ’ s batsman in the first two matches , but his chances of selection were ended by the tourists ’ assault at Bristol . These performances won Loxton selection for the Third Test , played at Old Trafford , where he replaced Brown , who had struggled in the middle @-@ order , averaging less than 25 in the unfamiliar environment . The match was the most evenly contested Test of the series , with England in control before four sessions were lost to rain on the last two days , resulting in a draw . Loxton bowled 15 overs in all without success , and made 36 runs batting at No. 7 in the first innings , helping Australia to avoid the follow on . In the first innings , he ran out Alec Bedser , ending a 121 @-@ run partnership between Bedser and Denis Compton . The Victorian all @-@ rounder then top @-@ scored with 123 and took a total of 4 / 48 in a nine @-@ wicket win in the intervening county match against Middlesex at Lord ’ s , and he retained his place in the side for the Fourth Test at Leeds . Loxton was not involved in the second inning effort in which the Australians scored 3 / 404 on the final day , a world record for a successful Test run @-@ chase , but he had taken three of the last four wickets in England ’ s first innings of 496 and scored a hard @-@ hitting 93 in the first innings , putting on 105 in 95 minutes with Harvey . Their counterattacking partnership helped Australia to halt the English momentum after an early collapse ; the score was still 4 / 189 when Loxton came in to bat . He was particularly severe on Jim Laker , lifting his off breaks into the crowd for four of his five sixes , mostly from lofted drives . With a maiden Test century beckoning , the Victorian swung wildly at a Norman Yardley ball and was bowled . In the dressing room , Sir Robert Menzies , a Prime Minister of Australia well known as a cricket @-@ lover , upbraided him , saying " That was a pretty stupid thing to do . You could have made a century " , to which the fallen batsman retorted , " Haven ’ t you made a few mistakes in your time , too ? " Nevertheless , Australia eventually proceeded from 6 / 329 at the time of Loxton ’ s departure to end on 458 , almost nullifying the effect of England ’ s strong first innings total . Immediately after the Fourth Test , Loxton scored 51 and took a total of 4 / 43 in an innings victory over Derbyshire , but was less productive in his remaining three matches before the Fifth Test , totaling only four wickets and 17 runs in three completed innings . He retained his position for the final Test of the series , but had little to do in an innings victory . He was only required to bowl two overs in the first innings as the frontline pacemen cut down the hosts for only 52 , and then scored 15 in Australia 's reply of 389 . In the second innings he bowled ten overs without taking a wicket . The Victorian all @-@ rounder was not prominent in his four matches after the Tests , totaling only 112 runs and five wickets . His most successful returns were four wickets for the match in an innings victory over Kent , and a quickfire 67 not out in 75 minutes against the South of England . In the final match of the England leg of the tour — there were two matches in Scotland afterwards — he hit a ball from Freddie Brown into his face , breaking his nose , thus forcing him to miss the final two matches in Scotland . On the tour as a whole , Loxton scored 973 runs at an average of 57 @.@ 23 and took 32 wickets at 21 @.@ 71 . Such was the strength of the team he was only fifth in the batting averages and eighth among the bowlers . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack summed up his contribution thus : A fine driving batsman with a fierce square cut , Loxton achieved little as a bowler , but he played his part as an all @-@ rounder , one of many in the team ; in addition to his batting feats , he kept the game alive by his unlimited enthusiasm . Whether in stopping the ball or hurling down the wicket from almost any angle , he won the admiration of all who appreciated keenness in the field . = = Heading for South Africa = = There were no Tests during the 1948 – 49 season in Australia , with only domestic matches scheduled . Loxton played regularly for Victoria , scoring 500 runs in the Sheffield Shield , compiling 135 against South Australia and 84 against Queensland . He scored 60 and took a total of 5 / 77 in one match against New South Wales , but Victoria was unable to win either match against their arch @-@ rivals , who took the title . Two big set @-@ piece matches , a testimonial match for Bradman and a joint benefit for Alan Kippax and Bert Oldfield , were used by the selectors as a trial for the 1949 – 50 South African tour . Loxton played in both testimonial matches ; he failed to pass 21 in the first match but took a total of 4 / 100 . In the latter match he scored 93 . The Victorian all @-@ rounder ended the season with 634 runs at 42 @.@ 26 and 16 wickets at 24 @.@ 31 and was selected for the South African tour under the leadership of the newly appointed captain Lindsay Hassett . Like the Invincibles tour , the 1949 – 50 Test series in South Africa was another triumph for the Australians . They won four of the five Tests and were undefeated in 21 first @-@ class matches . Loxton started the tour strongly , making 117 in the opening match against Zululand , which was not first @-@ class . He continued his productivity in the succeeding games , never failing to pass 40 in any completed innings in the first five first @-@ class matches of the tour . This included an all @-@ round effort of 76 not out and a total of 4 / 10 in an innings victory over Orange Free State . However , the Victorian 's form slumped just before the Tests . He made single figure scores in his last three innings , including in the last match against a South African XI in what was effectively a dry run for the Tests . However , he did take 4 / 32 for the match . Loxton played in all five Tests , and in the First Test at the Wanderers in Johannesburg , he scored his first Test century . He compiled 101 in 150 minutes , helping Australia to a total of 413 after both opening batsmen were out without scoring . Hassett ’ s men went on to win the match by an innings . The Second Test was an eight @-@ wicket victory for the Australians , this time dominated by Harvey 's 178 , with whom Loxton shared a 140 @-@ run stand for the fifth wicket , contributing 35 himself . He also took a wicket . The Third Test at Kingsmead in Durban was dramatic ; batting first , South Africa made 311 and Hugh Tayfield then took 7 / 23 as Australia collapsed to 75 all out after the rain and sun had baked the playing surface into a sticky wicket . During the first innings , Hassett changed his batting order so that his better batsmen were low down in the order so that they could bat in better conditions as the pitch stabilised . Loxton batted at No. 10 and Harvey at No. 9 , but the Australians collapsed before the pitch had changed measurably . Not enforcing the follow @-@ on , the South Africans batted again and were themselves bowled out for 99 , losing their last seven wickets for 14 runs . This left Australia to chase 336 runs for victory , highly unlikely as the last 28 wickets had fallen for only 245 . The tourists were still more than 200 runs in arrears when Loxton came in to join Harvey . On Loxton ’ s first ball , a delivery from Tayfield narrowly missed his edge . He survived to lunch after being caught from a no ball on the long on boundary from a lofted drive . With an unbeaten 151 , Harvey took Australia to an improbable five @-@ wicket victory , supported by his fellow Victorian , who scored 54 in a century partnership . The Fourth Test of the series was a high @-@ scoring draw , Loxton making six in his only innings . His 43 in the final Test of the series was overshadowed by centuries for three of his team @-@ mates , in an innings win that sealed the series 4 – 0 . In the Test series as a whole , the Victorian all @-@ rounder made 255 runs at an average of 42 @.@ 50 , but bowled only 34 overs in taking two wickets . He made little impact on the tour matches after the start of the Tests , passing fifty twice and taking two wickets from 13 overs in five matches . For the entire tour , Loxton totaled 809 first @-@ class runs at 40 @.@ 45 and took 12 wickets . = = Final Tests = = Loxton had an unproductive time during the 1950 – 51 Australian season . He lost his Test place after three matches , and in Sheffield Shield games his highest score for the season was just 62 . In the first match of the season , he made four for Victoria against Freddie Brown 's touring team , a portent of the coming season . However , he did bounce back in the final match before the Tests , scoring 62 and 37 and taking 3 / 24 against New South Wales . The First Test of the Ashes series at Brisbane was decided largely by a tropical storm that completely changed the nature of the pitch after the first day . The Australian all @-@ rounder had by then been the victim of a spectacular catch by England wicket @-@ keeper Godfrey Evans , making 24 in Australia 's 228 . He picked up five catches — his first Test catches in his tenth match — as the Australians surrounded the English batsmen , who made 7 / 68 on the sticky wicket before Brown declared to force the Australian batsmen to suffer on the treacherous surface . Loxton was out for a duck in the second innings , unable to cope with the conditions , as did most of his compatriots . Australia collapsed to 3 / 0 before reaching 7 / 32 , at which point Hassett declared after 78 minutes of batting . England fell to 6 / 30 at stumps in pursuit of 193 . Twenty wickets had fallen in four hours , while only 102 runs had been scored . Australia eventually won the match by 71 runs . In the Second Test at the Melbourne Cricket Ground , his last at his home ground , Loxton 's 32 formed part of a stand of 84 with Hassett , the highest partnership in a closely fought , low @-@ scoring game in which no team passed 200 . He again failed in the second innings , scoring two as Australia scraped home by 28 runs . After contributing 17 in a total of 426 in the Third Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground , which Australia won by an innings to take an unassailable 3 – 0 series lead , he was dropped in favour of Jim Burke , who scored a century on debut . The Victorian never played Test cricket again . Loxton returned to play for Victoria , and although he struggled for runs , managing only three fifties for the season , wickets came regularly . He took match totals of 4 / 55 and 3 / 24 against Queensland , 4 / 55 against South Australia and 2 / 23 against Western Australia ; Victoria won all four matches , and claimed the Sheffield Shield . Playing in seven of the eight matches , he scored 309 runs at 30 @.@ 90 and taking 16 wickets at 12 @.@ 56 . = = Later cricket = = Although his Test career had finished , Loxton continued to play for his state . He had another disappointing season with the bat in 1951 – 52 , scoring only 322 runs at 24 @.@ 76 in nine matches . After winning the opening match of the season against Western Australia , he did not taste victory again until the final fixture of the summer against South Australia , in which he scored 71 — his only fifty of the season — and took a total of 4 / 37 in an innings victory . Victoria lost three times and would have suffered a fourth defeat but for Loxton ’ s unbeaten 41 against Queensland , which helped them to hold on for a draw with one wicket intact . He continued to take regular wickets , ending with 21 scalps at 31 @.@ 00 for the season , including an innings best of 4 / 56 , but he managed a total of only 4 / 249 against New South Wales , who went on to win the competition . Loxton had a more productive campaign during the 1952 – 53 season , scoring 470 runs at 33 @.@ 57 and taking 23 wickets at 26 @.@ 26 in nine matches . He broke through for his first first @-@ class century in three years when he made 169 against New South Wales , but it was not enough to prevent an innings defeat . He scored 60 and took a match total of 5 / 102 in a match for Victoria against the touring South Africans early in the season , but this was not enough for him to regain his Test position . He bowled with steady results throughout the season , never taking more than three wickets in an innings and five in a match . In 1953 – 54 , Loxton was part of a Commonwealth team that toured India during the Australian season , playing in 15 first @-@ class matches . He played in all five of the matches that were termed as " unofficial Tests " on this tour . The Victorian 's first month on tour was keynoted by his bowling . He took 12 wickets at 19 @.@ 75 but scored only 115 runs at 23 @.@ 00 without passing 25 in the first four matches . Loxton had no success in the first representative match , scoring 2 and 6 and taking 0 / 72 in an innings defeat . However , his fortunes turned in the next match against Bombay , when he took 5 / 92 , the first five @-@ wicket innings haul in his first @-@ class career . He also scored 123 , but was unable to force a victory . He carried the form into the next representative match , scoring 55 and taking a total of 3 / 99 in a drawn encounter . The Victorian continued his all @-@ round form against Bengal , scoring 100 and taking 5 / 87 in an innings victory . His form tapered away thereafter and he failed to pass 40 and took only a total of only four wickets in the three remaining representative matches . The Commonwealth outfit won the third match but lost the fourth , ceding the series 2 – 1 . Loxton ended the tour with 647 runs at 35 @.@ 94 and 33 wickets at 31 @.@ 90 , but struggled in the matches against India , scoring 148 runs at 21 @.@ 14 and taking 7 wickets at 56 @.@ 14 . After returning to Australia , Loxton had a torrid time with the bat in the 1954 – 55 season , scoring only 126 runs at 14 @.@ 00 and failing to pass 30 in his six matches . He took 12 wickets at 32 @.@ 41 for the season , the least number of wickets in any of his first @-@ class seasons . The all @-@ rounder ’ s best effort was a 4 / 31 against New South Wales in a match that Victoria lost by nine wickets . Loxton had a more productive summer in 1955 – 56 . In seven matches , he scored 286 runs at 40 @.@ 85 including an unbeaten century against South Australia , and took 14 wickets at 20 @.@ 07 ; his best was a 4 / 35 in the return match against South Australia . The Sheffield Shield was won by Victoria ’ s bitter rivals New South Wales in both seasons . In 1956 – 57 , his penultimate season for Victoria , Loxton — aged nearly 36 — scored 134 and took 2 / 30 to orchestrate an innings victory over South Australia in the second match of the summer . In the penultimate match of the season , which effectively determined the fate of the Sheffield Shield , the Victorian all @-@ rounder took 4 / 44 to help dismiss New South Wales for 149 and take a 292 @-@ run first innings lead . However , the defending champions hung on for a draw to ensure the retention of their title . Loxton then surpassed his previous career best by taking 6 / 49 against Western Australia to set up a nine @-@ wicket win in the last match of the season . Loxton retired after playing in the 1957 – 58 season . With the Test players in South Africa , he made 331 runs at 41 @.@ 37 including 2 centuries , and took 9 wickets at 26 @.@ 33 in 8 matches . He made 107 in an innings triumph over Queensland and 106 in a drawn match against South Australia . It was not enough for him to win a third Sheffield Shield title ; New South Wales won for the fifth successive time , defeating Victoria in both of their matches . Loxton made little impact in his final match ; although the Victorians defeated Queensland , his only participation was to score five runs in the first innings . His highest score remained the 232 not out he had made on his first @-@ class debut . Loxton continued to play for Prahran until 1962 – 63 , and he topped the batting and bowling averages for the club on five and six occasions respectively . He topped both the batting and bowling averages in the same season on four occasions . The all @-@ rounder scored a total of 6 @,@ 032 runs and took 351 wickets during his first grade career , and was named the captain of the club 's honorary Team of the Century . = = Style = = An aggressive right @-@ handed all @-@ rounder , Loxton tended to bat in the middle @-@ order , and bowled after the new ball pacemen . As well as being a belligerent batsman , he was a right @-@ arm fast @-@ medium swing bowler known for his ability to move the ball , and a powerful outfielder . He had a strong arm and exploited his power frequently , to the extent that the Australian wicket @-@ keeper Don Tallon complained about the jarring impact of his unnecessarily strong throws when the batsmen were already home and no run out was possible . Loxton was known for his energetic and aggressive approach to cricket , and liked to attack and intimidate opposition batsmen . In one match in the late @-@ 1950s , he bowled an eight @-@ ball over at New South Welshman Norm O 'Neill consisting entirely of bouncers aimed at the upper body . Loxton was not afraid of opposition bowlers doing the same to him ; he had a penchant for trying to hook bouncers out of the ground . He was a predominantly back @-@ foot player whose initial foot @-@ movement tended to be back and towards and then across the stumps . When he committed to a back foot shot , Loxton often made such a decisive retreat that he almost stepped onto his stumps . One painter once captured the Victorian almost disturbing the woodwork with his right leg , leading Loxton to quip " That 's what I call using the crease " . Hassett said that his fellow Victorian " really used to give everything he had all the time ... Put him on to bowl and he 'd bowl his hardest , no matter how he felt . " Bradman said that Loxton " never shirked the issue " and that " he ’ d throw himself into it with everything he had . This is one of the reasons he was a great team man . You could call on him at any stage and he ’ d give you his very best . " Bradman said that the Victorian all @-@ rounder " was never a great cricketer in the sense that some others were great , but he was a very good player and what he lacked in ability he made up for in effort " . He further added that the Victorian was " the very essence of belligerence ... His whole attitude suggests defiance and when he hits the ball it is the music of a sledgehammer . " Former Test leg spinner Bill O 'Reilly , while agreeing that Loxton was always energetic , regarded his bowling as being too dull and predictable to have any major impact at the highest level , and thought that the Victorian all @-@ rounder ’ s career would have been best served by saving his energy purely for batting . As a footballer , Loxton usually played as a forward , but was also used as a full @-@ back and alternated between the two positions . He was known for his physical strength ; another VFL player who had a reputation as an " enforcer " tried to bump him and later said that the collision made him feel as though he had run into a goalpost . According to Robert Coleman , Loxton was " competitive , pugnacious and outspoken , with a doglike loyalty to everyone and everything he served , whether it was his captain , his team , his party , his premier or his constituents . " = = Manager in 1959 – 60 = = Loxton was the manager of the 1959 – 60 Australian team that toured Pakistan and India . By this time , only two colleagues from the 1948 Invincibles tour — Harvey and Ray Lindwall — remained . The Victorian was the first manager since World War II to not also be a member of the Australian Board of Control . It was widely believed that the high @-@ ranking administrators saw the Indian subcontinent as an unenviable appointment ; on past tours , many players had fallen seriously ill , suffered food poisoning , and found the oppressive heat and third world living conditions hard to bear . Some players were reluctant to tour and wanted to opt out . Loxton felt that his experience with the Commonwealth XI six years earlier was a factor in his selection and suspected that he was the only applicant , quipping " what board member would be silly enough to go there ? " Loxton was known for his blunt nature , and his appointment to a post that required him to liaise with cricket officials from opposing nations raised eyebrows . The cricket historian Gideon Haigh wrote " Thoughts of such a gruff , soldierly man acting the diplomat had caused great ribaldry " . In a speech at a cricket dinner , his former captain Hassett joked " I would advise Mr [ Prime Minister ] Menzies to have army and navy standing by . A week after Sam gets to India , war is bound to break out . " On the field , the Australians — captained by Richie Benaud — were successful . They defeated Pakistan 2 – 0 in three Tests , and India 2 – 1 over five matches . Australia ’ s only other Test win on Pakistani soil came in 1998 and they have only won two series in India since the Benaud @-@ Loxton expedition . They also remained unbeaten outside the Test matches . Despite the success with bat and ball , the Australians were struck down by serious illness during the second part of their tour in India , despite taking Dr. Ian McDonald — a former Victorian first @-@ class cricketer — with the travelling party . Gordon Rorke , Lindsay Kline and Gavin Stevens all contracted hepatitis ; the former two were sent home , while the latter was too ill to fly back to Australia until the end of the tour . Harvey said that Stevens — who never played first @-@ class cricket again after his illness — " could 've been the first man to die on tour " . Due to the bevy of unfit players , Loxton was forced to line up in one game , against Indian Universities in Bangalore , two years after playing his last first @-@ class match . He scored 33 and bowled six overs without taking a wicket in a high @-@ scoring draw . There were several administrative difficulties during the tour . Bill Dowling — the chairman of the Australian Board of Control — had informed Loxton that no Test match was to begin until a receipt for 6 @,@ 500 pounds had been handed over to Australian authorities . The Australian manager had also been told to rebuff any Pakistani overtures for a reciprocal tour , as it was feared that they lacked public appeal and would have caused financial losses due to a fall in ticket sales . Despite previous assurances to prepare turf pitches , the locals made a matting surface for the First Test . During the Second Test , when asked by General Ayub Khan — head of the ruling military junta — why Pakistan had not been invited to Australia , Loxton exploited the opportunity to complain about the wickets . When the tourists were greeted by another matting track in the Third Test , Ayub threatened to shoot the groundsmen if they prepared any more non @-@ turf surfaces . The financial issue reared its head before the Second Test against India in Kanpur , when Loxton belligerently refused to start the match after the payment had failed to arrive on time . An Indian official asked the Australian manager to not " spoil a beautiful friendship over money " , to which the Australian manager replied " Try me . I want it please ... You know the rules . " The match proceeded after the cheque was delivered , and India inflicted Australia 's only defeat for the tour and their first Test win over the visitors . Another mishap occurred during the Fifth Test at Eden Gardens in Calcutta ; the Australians left their hotel and took to the field with ten men , having failed to notice that Ian Meckiff had overslept and been left behind by the team bus . During the First Test against Pakistan in Dacca , one of the umpires took off his shoes and put them on the ground while play was in progress . Loxton took a photo of the scene and lodged it to cricket authorities , asking them to make a ruling on whether a batsman would be out if the ball struck the umpire ’ s loose shoes and bounced up into a fielder ’ s hands . However , he never received a reply . = = Political career = = Loxton joined the Armadale branch of the Liberal Party in 1950 . Henry Bolte , the Liberal leader in Victoria , was the state opposition leader at the time , and encouraged him to enter politics . The cricketer ’ s entry into electoral politics came after he was involved in a debate at a cricket club meeting . A person at the gathering reported his argumentative performance to senior Liberal Party figures , and soon after , Bolte began actively courting the cricketer . On 28 September 1954 , Loxton won pre @-@ selection and was endorsed as the Liberal candidate for the electorate of Prahran . At the time , the seat was comfortably held by the ruling Australian Labor Party ( ALP ) , who had captured 61 @.@ 59 % of the vote at the previous election . The Liberals were not optimistic about their chances , and Bolte told his candidate " You won 't win [ the seat ] , but we 'd like you to fly the flag " . The cricketer refused to think that his candidacy was simply there to make up the numbers , and he told Bolte as much . The start of the election campaign coincided with the 1954 – 55 grade cricket finals . Loxton took 7 wickets and scored 129 runs to help Prahran claim the title for the first time in 32 years , and was hailed as a local hero . It capped off a season in which he topped the competition batting averages and took the most wickets . In a close @-@ run contest , the cricketer defeated the sitting ALP member Bob Pettiona by only 14 votes on the two party preferred count . He was aided by preferences from the Democratic Labor Party ( DLP ) , which had broken away from the ALP during the 1950s , claiming that it was too soft towards communism ; fears of left @-@ wing influence was causing great concern in Australian society at the time . Loxton polled 35 @.@ 70 % of the first preferences , well behind Pettiona 's 47 @.@ 25 % , but received almost all of the DLP 's 13 @.@ 66 % of the vote as preferences to end with 50 @.@ 04 % . The result helped bring Bolte 's Liberals to power , and they stayed in office until 1982 , by which time Loxton had retired . Loxton entered the Victorian parliament in 1955 , and served as government whip from 1961 until his retirement in 1979 . At the time of his election , he was the youngest member of parliament , and was given the honour of making the Address @-@ in @-@ Reply , the first speech after opening of the new sitting by the governor , using it to advocate increased lending from the government @-@ owned banks to promote higher levels of home ownership . At the 1958 election , Loxton consolidated his hold on the seat , leading on first preferences ( 43 @.@ 67 % ) , and ending with 54 @.@ 85 % of the two party preferred vote to halt Pettiona 's attempted comeback . During the election campaign in 1961 , a campaign meeting in Prahran that was attended by Premier Bolte and Loxton drew several hundred people and descended into chaos ; heckling and some scuffles broke out . At this election , the Liberals ' primary vote fell to 41 @.@ 69 % behind the Labor Party 's candidate George Gahan 45 @.@ 29 % , and he had to rely on DLP preferences to retain the seat with a reduced two party preferred vote of 52 @.@ 71 % . The Liberals may have been hindered by a how @-@ to @-@ vote card circulated on election day by a third party that had a pro @-@ Liberal headline , but instructed the reader to mark the ALP candidate as their first preference . Loxton managed to secure a court injunction — believed to be the first of its kind in Victoria — prohibiting further distribution of the material , but not before hundreds of misleading instructions had been disseminated . In 1964 , Loxton increased his primary vote to 45 @.@ 77 % and defeated Pettiona for the third time , ending with a fairly safe 57 @.@ 72 % after the distribution of preferences . In 1967 , the retired cricketer repelled a political challenge by Jack Dyer , an iconic former footballer of the Richmond Tigers famed as one of the toughest players in history , and retained his seat at further elections in 1970 , 1973 and 1976 before opting to retire at the 1979 poll . Without Loxton 's personal appeal , the Liberals lost the seat to the ALP upon his departure . As he continued to play first @-@ class cricket for three years after his election to parliament , he was a busy man , and team @-@ mates described him as a hard @-@ working representative , recalling that he often brought his political paperwork to the ground with him , going through the material while waiting in the dressing room for his turn to bat . Although he was a low @-@ key presence in the parliamentary chambers , Loxton served on the library committee from 1958 to 1961 , and he was known for his work ethic and thorough approach , as well as his " sporting charisma " . = = Cricket administration = = Loxton continued to involve himself in cricket administration after his retirement as a player . He was a Victorian selector from 1957 to 1980 – 81 and the Prahran delegate to the Victorian Cricket Association ( VCA ) from 1955 – 56 to 1979 – 80 . Loxton was Prahran 's vice president and was involved in coaching and selecting teams , and his service to the club was honoured with life membership . He served as a MCG trustee from 1962 to 1982 . The Victorian was appointed as the manager for Australia 's tour of India in 1969 – 70 but had to withdraw due to a clash of commitments . In his absence , the campaign hit rocky waters . Although Australia won 3 – 1 , the players became disgruntled with the arrangements made by the administrators , while rancorous incidents leading to crowd riots were frequent . He was a Test selector for the Australian team from 1970 to 1981 , filling the vacancy left by the retirement of former Test captain Ryder . Loxton 's tenure on the selection panel coincided with a period of great upheaval in Australian cricket , on and off the field . Up until 1965 , Australia had never lost a Test series to any country other than England , and their bilateral contests were regarded as the de facto world championship . However , in the next five years , Australia lost away to the West Indies 2 – 1 , and to South Africa twice , 3 – 1 and 4 – 0 respectively . The former all @-@ rounder became a selector after the whitewash in South Africa , joining Bradman and Harvey on the panel . During the 1970 – 71 home series against England , which Australia lost 2 – 1 , the trio made a raft of changes , handing debuts to nine players , the largest number in a season since 1945 – 46 when competition resumed after World War II . One of the new players that Harvey and Loxton recommended to Bradman was Dennis Lillee , who went on to become one of Australia 's greatest fast bowlers and the world ’ s leading wicket @-@ taker . However , the season ended acrimoniously when captain Bill Lawry was sacked before the final Test without being informed of his fate ; he only learned of his omission second hand . In 1977 , Loxton helped to select David Hookes to make his debut in the Centenary Test , after receiving a recommendation from Bradman , who had retired from the panel . Hookes famously struck five consecutive fours in one Tony Greig over in an Australian win . The later period of Loxton 's tenure was thrown into chaos when most of the leading players abandoned the existing establishment to sign contracts with the breakaway World Series Cricket — which offered substantially more remuneration — meaning that an almost @-@ entirely new team had to be cobbled together ; the 42 @-@ year @-@ old Bob Simpson was brought out of a decade of retirement to lead the outfit . During this time , Australia 's depleted team suffered many heavy defeats . During the 1970s , Loxton also became more disillusioned with cricket , as player behaviour deteriorated and incidences of verbal hostility and altercations increased . The former all @-@ rounder was known for his vigorous advocacy of the more sedate and gentlemanly conduct that existed during his playing days and felt that he and his fellow administrators were losing control of the sport . In February 1981 , matters came to a head . Loxton , who was watching a one @-@ day international between Australia and New Zealand at the MCG in his role as a selector , broke down and wept after Australian captain Greg Chappell infamously ordered his younger brother Trevor to exploit a loophole and bowl underarm to eliminate the chance of a defeat . Loxton saw the Australian skipper 's action as a " betrayal " of cricket . He turned to a fellow official and remarked " The game 's gone ! Money has become the god and winning is everything . " At a VCA meeting in April 1981 , Loxton announced that he was severing all connections with organised cricket . He initially said that he was resigning for family reasons , as he would be moving to the Gold Coast in Queensland with his wife . However , he proceeded to give a blunt 15 @-@ minute speech , claiming that he had lost the art of communicating with the players and expressing his disenchantment with some aspects of the game , a reference to the declining player conduct . After relocating to the Gold Coast , he was unable to turn his back on cricket , and umpired matches at local level into his 70s . Although he became severely visually impaired , Loxton still attended matches and asked his companions to describe the proceedings for him ; ever opinionated and blunt , he still offered advice to local cricketers . = = Other work and personal life = = Prior to entering politics , Loxton worked as a bank teller . In 1956 , television began in Australia , and he participated in the nation 's first generation of sports telecasting . Loxton was a commentator on GTV @-@ 9 for the Melbourne Summer Olympics held in late 1956 , and his co @-@ commentators included American track and field icon Jesse Owens . After leaving parliament , the former politician joined the property developers Ellis , Sallmann and Seward . Loxton served as an administrator with various local groups . He was vice @-@ president of the Victorian School for Deaf Children , president of the Prahran Technical School Council and a member of the Prahran College of Advanced Education Council . With regards to housing and social inclusion issues , he served as a committee member of the Glen Loch Home for the Aged and chairman of the Deakin Co @-@ operative Housing Society . His opinions on contemporary cricket were frequently sought . " People get a bit worried about me , " he told Cricinfo in 2008 , " Shane Warne 's been a fine bowler — no doubt about it , he 's done some wonderful things — but Bill O 'Reilly and Clarrie Grimmett , who have better strike @-@ rates per match than Warne and never played against a 2nd XI [ a reference to the likes of Bangladesh and Zimbabwe ] — they only played against the best — had no rough to bowl at . I never had to bat to a leg @-@ spinner who bowled into the rough outside my leg stump , and I played for a long time . " Loxton married three times . He divorced his first wife Hilda in February 1952 after a nine @-@ year union that produced no children . The cricketer then wed Caryl Bond , whom he had met during the 1949 – 50 tour of South Africa , and the pair had two sons . Loxton later divorced Bond and wed his third wife Joan Shiels . In 2000 , one of his sons and his third wife died on the same day , due to a shark attack in Fiji and drowning in the family swimming pool , respectively . In later life he lived alone and was still mobile despite being almost blind . Loxton died on 3 December 2011 . = = Test match performance = =
= Fulfordgate = Fulfordgate was an association football ground in Fulford , York , England , and was the home of York City Football Club from 1922 to 1932 . The ground was located next to Heslington Lane , and was purchased by York for £ 2 @,@ 000 following their formation in 1922 . The club 's first two home matches were played at another venue as Fulfordgate was not ready , and the ground hosted its first match against Mansfield Town in September 1922 . The highest attendance at the ground was 12 @,@ 721 , which came against Sheffield United in an FA Cup match in 1931 . York decided to move to Bootham Crescent , which had been vacated by York Cricket Club in 1932 , as Fulfordgate was relatively inaccessible . The ground was sold and developed as a housing estate , and Eastward Avenue now lies at its former location . = = History = = Following York City F.C. ' s formation in 1922 , the club purchased 8 acres ( 3 @.@ 2 ha ) of land for £ 2 @,@ 000 in Heslington Lane , Fulford , York . This was in the south @-@ east of the city in a rural setting , which was surrounded by hawthorn hedges and was well drained . The land was known as Gate Fulford , which was reversed to become known as Fulfordgate . As the ground was not ready , York played their first two home matches at Mille Crux , Haxby Road , which was owned by Messrs Rowntree & Company Limited . The first match played at Fulfordgate was a 4 – 1 victory over Mansfield Town on 20 September 1922 , which only went ahead after director John Fisher paid the requisite deposit of £ 180 . When York applied for election into the Football League in 1927 , they stated that Fulfordgate was " splendidly drained , well equipped , spacious and capable of being extended to hold up to 40 @,@ 000 spectators " . By the time of the club 's admission into the Football League in 1929 , the ground was estimated hold a capacity of 17 @,@ 000 . When York set their then @-@ record attendance of 12 @,@ 583 against Newcastle United in an FA Cup third round replay on 15 January 1930 , approximately 4 @,@ 000 supporters had to be turned away as the gates were closed an hour before kick @-@ off . York finished the 1929 – 30 season with an average attendance of 5 @,@ 247 , higher than seventeen other Third Division North clubs . Concern was expressed at York 's poor support towards the end of their third season in the Football League , and director G. W. Halliday believed the only solution was a change of ground . A major problem was the ground 's relatively inaccessible location , and in early 1932 , York held preliminary discussions about moving to Bootham Crescent , which had been vacated by York Cricket Club . A special meeting of the shareholders was held , in which chairman Arthur Brown drew attention to gate receipts figures in Fulfordgate 's three Football League seasons , which represented average crowds of 4 @,@ 000 and a deficit on the balance sheet . It was pointed out by Halliday that within one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) of Bootham Crescent the population was 30 @,@ 000 , whereas it was only 3 @,@ 000 for a similar radius of Fulfordgate . The directors were satisfied that the new ground would fulfil all requirements , although there was some opposition to the move . Two former directors argued that attendances at many grounds had fallen during the Great Depression , and that the approaches and surrounds to Bootham Crescent were limited . Following much discussion , the decision to move to lease Bootham Crescent was approved by 115 votes to 37 , and Fulfordgate was sold and developed as a housing estate . Today , Eastward Avenue occupies the area where the ground once stood . = = Structure and facilities = = Fulfordgate did not initially have any covered stands , and the dressing rooms consisted of an old army hut , before open stands were bought from York Race Committee . The ground was gradually built up and improved , and covered accommodation was available after two years . In 1927 , new turnstiles were installed and stronger fencing was built around the pitch , which made it more difficult for spectators to surmount it and access the pitch . Nine @-@ tier terracing replaced the old banking behind one of the goals , the covered Popular Stand was extended to hold 1 @,@ 000 supporters and there a small seated stand was erected . = = Transport = = Fulfordgate was located in the south @-@ east of York , away from the city centre . It was a large distance from York railway station , while the tram service to Fulford only had one track , and the loop system for tramcars passing each other further restricted the service . During the ground 's existence , bus routes had not been fully developed and car ownership was not yet become common ; it was not easy for the majority of supporters to reach . = = Other uses = = The ground hosted the Yorkshire Flower Show and Gala in June 1924 , after the event had been held at Bootham Park for the previous sixty years . It annually hosted Faber Cup races for the York Harriers , which consisted of six @-@ mile courses over grass with hurdles , on a number of occasions . An amateur international was held at the ground when England played Ireland on 14 November 1931 . = = Records = = The highest attendance at Fulfordgate before York 's election into the Football League was 8 @,@ 318 for a match between York Boys and Brighton Boys in an English Schools ' Trophy semi @-@ final on 12 May 1928 . The record highest attendance at the ground was set on 14 January 1931 , when 12 @,@ 721 saw Sheffield United play York in an FA Cup third round replay . The highest attendance in the Football League was 10 @,@ 120 , for a Third Division North match against Port Vale on 21 April 1930 . The record lowest attendance for a Football League match was 1 @,@ 735 , when York played New Brighton on 25 April 1931 in the Third Division North . The lowest attendance at the ground for any first @-@ team fixture was 1 @,@ 500 for an FA Cup preliminary round match against Maltby Main on 23 September 1925 . The highest seasonal average attendance at Fulfordgate whilst York were in the Football League was 5 @,@ 279 in 1929 – 30 . The lowest seasonal average attendance in the Football League was 3 @,@ 906 in 1930 – 31 . York 's biggest margin of victory at Fulfordgate was by seven goals , when they recorded a 7 – 0 win over Alfreton Town in the Midland League on 11 September 1926 . Their biggest margin of defeat at the ground was by three goals , when they were beaten 6 – 3 by Notts County reserves in the Midland League on 5 September 1928 . The most goals scored in a match was 10 on 23 February 1929 , when York defeated Worksop Town 8 – 2 in the Midland League .
= Fleet Street = Fleet Street is a major street in the City of London . It runs west to east from Temple Bar at the boundary with the City of Westminster to Ludgate Circus at the site of the London Wall and the River Fleet from which the street was named . Having been an important through route since Roman times , businesses were established along the road during the Middle Ages . Senior clergy lived in Fleet Street during this period where there are several churches including Temple Church and St Bride 's . Fleet Street became known for printing and publishing at the start of the 16th century and it became the dominant trade so that by the 20th century most British national newspapers operated from here . Much of the industry moved out in the 1980s after News International set up cheaper manufacturing premises in Wapping , but some former newspaper buildings are listed and have been preserved . The term Fleet Street remains a metonym for the British national press , and pubs on the street once frequented by journalists remain popular . Fleet Street has a significant number of monuments and statues along its length , including the dragon at Temple Bar and memorials to a number of figures from the British press , such as Samuel Pepys and Lord Northcliffe . The street is mentioned in several works by Charles Dickens and is where the legendary fictitious murderous barber Sweeney Todd lived . = = Geography = = Fleet Street is named after the River Fleet , which runs from Hampstead to the River Thames at the western edge of the City of London . It is one of the oldest roads outside the original city and was established by the Middle Ages . In the 13th century , it was known as Fleet Bridge Street , and in the early 14th century it became known as Fleet Street . The street runs east from Temple Bar , the boundary between the Cities of London and Westminster , as a continuation of the Strand from Trafalgar Square . It crosses Chancery Lane and Fetter Lane to reach Ludgate Circus by the London Wall . The road ahead is Ludgate Hill . The street numbering runs consecutively from west to east south @-@ side and then east to west north @-@ side . It links the Roman and medieval boundaries of the City after the latter was extended . The section of Fleet Street between Temple Bar and Fetter Lane is part of the A4 , a major road running west through London , although it once ran along the entire street and eastwards past St Paul 's Churchyard towards Cannon Street . The nearest London Underground stations are Temple , Chancery Lane , and Blackfriars tube / mainline station and the City Thameslink railway station . London Bus routes 4 , 11 , 15 , 23 , 26 , 76 and 172 run along the full length of Fleet Street , while route 341 runs between Temple Bar and Fetter Lane . = = History = = = = = Early history = = = Fleet Street was established as a thoroughfare in Roman London and there is evidence that a route led west from Ludgate by 200 AD . Local excavations revealed remains of a Roman amphitheatre near Ludgate on what was Fleet Prison , but other accounts suggest the area was too marshy for regular inhabitation by the Romans . The Saxons did not occupy the Roman city but established Lundenwic further west around what is now Aldwych and the Strand . Many prelates lived around the street during the Middle Ages , including the Bishops of Salibsury and St Davids and the Abbots of Faversham , Tewksbury , Winchcombe and Cirencester . Tanning of animal hides became established on Fleet Street owing to the nearby river , though this increased pollution leading to a ban on dumping rubbish by the mid @-@ 14th century . Many taverns and brothels were established along Fleet Street and have been documented as early as the 14th century . Records show that Geoffrey Chaucer was fined two shillings for attacking a friar in Fleet Street , though modern historians believe this is apocryphal . An important landmark in Fleet Street during the late Middle Ages was a conduit that was the main water supply for the area . When Anne Boleyn was crowned Queen following her marriage to Henry VIII in 1533 , the conduit flowed wine instead of water . By the 16th century , Fleet Street , along with much of the City , was chronically overcrowded , and a Royal proclamation in 1580 banned any further building on the street . This had little effect , and construction continued , particularly timber . Prince Henry 's Room over the Inner Temple gate dates from 1610 and is named after Henry Frederick , Prince of Wales , eldest son of James I , who did not survive to succeed his father . The eastern part of the street was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666 , despite attempts to use the River Fleet to preserve it . Fire damage reached to about Fetter Lane , and the special tribunal of the ' Fire Courts ' was held at Clifford 's Inn , an inn of Chancery at the edge of the extent of the fire , to arbitrate on claimants ' rights . Properties were rebuilt in the same style as before the fire . During the early @-@ 18th century , a notorious upper @-@ class gang known as the Mohocks operated on the street causing regular violence and vandalism . Mrs Salmon 's Waxworks was established at Prince Henry 's Room in 1711 . It had a display of macabre and black @-@ humoured exhibits , including the execution of Charles I ; a Roman lady , Hermonie , whose father survived a sentence of starvation by sucking her breast ; and a woman who gave birth to 365 children simultaneously . The waxworks were a favourite haunt of William Hogarth , and survived into the 19th century . In 1763 , supporters of John Wilkes , who had been arrested for libel against the Earl of Bute , burned a jackboot in the centre of the street in protest against Bute . It led to violent demonstrations and rioting in 1769 and 1794 . Tanning and other industries declined sharply after the River Fleet was routed underground in 1766 . The street was widened during the late @-@ 19th century , when Temple Bar was demolished and Ludgate Circus was constructed . The headquarters of the Anti @-@ Corn Law League were based at No. 67 Fleet Street , and a blue plaque marks the location . = = = Printing and journalism = = = Publishing started in Fleet Street around 1500 when William Caxton 's apprentice , Wynkyn de Worde , set up a printing shop near Shoe Lane , while at around the same time Richard Pynson set up as publisher and printer next to St. Dunstan 's church . More printers and publishers followed , mainly supplying the legal trade in the four Law Inns around the area , but also publishing books and plays . In March 1702 , London 's first daily newspaper , the Daily Courant , was published in Fleet Street . It was followed by the Morning Chronicle . The publisher John Murray was founded at No. 32 Fleet Street in 1762 and remained there until 1812 , when it moved to Albemarle Street . The popularity of newspapers was restricted due to various taxes during the early 19th century , particularly Paper Duty . Peele 's Coffee @-@ House at No. 177 – 8 Fleet Street became popular and was the main committee room for the Society for Repealing the Paper Duty in 1858 . The society was successful and the duty was abolished in 1861 . Along with the repealing of the Newspaper Tax in 1855 , this led to a dramatic expansion of newspaper production in Fleet Street . The " penny press " ( newspapers costing one penny ) became popular during the 1880s and the initial number of titles had consolidated into a few nationally important ones . By the 20th century , Fleet Street and its surrounding area was dominated by the national press and related industries . The Daily Express relocated to No. 121 – 8 Fleet Street in 1931 , into a building designed by Sir Owen Williams . It was the first curtain wall building in London , and survived the departure of the newspaper in 1989 and was restored in 2001 . The Daily Telegraph was based at No. 135 – 142 . These premises are both Grade II Listed . In the 1930s , No. 67 housed 25 separate publications ; by this time the majority of British households bought a daily paper produced from Fleet Street . In 1986 , News International owner Rupert Murdoch caused controversy when he moved publication of The Times and The Sun away from Fleet Street to new premises in Wapping , East London . Murdoch believed it was impossible to produce a newspaper profitably on Fleet Street and the power of the print unions , the National Graphical Association ( NGA ) and the Society of Graphical and Allied Trades ( SOGAT ) , was too strong ( an opinion endorsed by the Prime Minister , Margaret Thatcher ) . All Fleet Street print staff were sacked and new staff from the Electrical , Electronic , Telecommunications and Plumbing Union were brought in to operate the presses at Wapping using modern computer @-@ operated technology , rendering the power of the old unions obsolete . The resulting Wapping dispute featured violent protests at Fleet Street and Wapping that lasted over a year , but ultimately other publishers followed suit and moved out of Fleet Street towards Canary Wharf or Southwark . Reuters was the last major news outlet to leave Fleet Street in 2005 . The same year , The Daily Telegraph and Sunday Telegraph announced they were returning to the centre of London from Canary Wharf to new premises in Victoria in 2006 . Some publishers have remained on Fleet Street . The London office of D.C. Thomson & Co . , creator of The Beano , is at No. 185 . The Secretariat of the Commonwealth Broadcasting Association is at No. 17 , as is Wentworth Publishing , an independent publisher of newsletters and courses . The Associated Press has an office in Fleet Street as did The Jewish Chronicle until 2013 when it moved to Golders Green . The British Association of Journalists is based at No. 89 while Metro International , publishers of the free newspaper Metro , are at No. 85 . Though many prominent national newspapers have moved away from Fleet Street , the name is still synonymous with the printing and publishing industry . In the adjacent St. Brides Lane is the St Bride Library , holding a specialist collection relating to the type and print industry and providing courses in printing technology and methods . On the wall of Magpie Alley , off Bouverie Street , is a mural depicting the history of newspapers in the area . = = = Modern history = = = Despite the domination of the print industry , other businesses were also established on Fleet Street . The Automobile Association was established at No. 18 Fleet Street in 1905 . Since the post @-@ Wapping migration , Fleet Street is now more associated with the investment banking , legal and accountancy professions . For example , The Inns of Court and barristers ' chambers are down alleys and around courtyards off Fleet Street itself and many of the old newspaper offices have become the London headquarters for various companies ; e.g. Goldman Sachs is in the old Daily Telegraph and Liverpool Echo buildings of Peterborough Court and Mersey House . C. Hoare & Co , England 's oldest privately owned bank , has been operating in Fleet Street since 1672 . Child & Co , now a wholly owned subsidiary of Royal Bank of Scotland , claims it is the oldest continuous banking establishment in the United Kingdom . It was founded in 1580 and has been based at No.1 Fleet Street , adjacent to Temple Bar , since 1673 . The law firm Freshfields moved to No. 65 Fleet Street in 1990 . = = Notable buildings = = In the High Middle Ages senior clergymen had their London palaces in the street . Place @-@ names surviving with this connection are Peterborough Court and Salisbury Court after their respective Bishops ' houses here ; apart from the Knights Templars ' establishment the Whitefriars monastery is recalled by Whitefriars Street and the remains of its undercroft have been preserved in a public display area . A Carmelite church was established on Fleet Street in 1253 , but it was destroyed during the Reformation in 1545 . Today three churches serve the spiritual needs of the three ' communities ' associated with the area of the street . Temple Church was built by the Knights Templar in 1162 and serves the Legal profession . St Bride 's Church was established as early as the 6th century and was later designed by Sir Christopher Wren in a style the complemented St Mary Le Bow further east in the City . It remains the London church most associated with the print industry . St Dunstan @-@ in @-@ the @-@ West also dates from the 12th century supplements these as the local parish ( as opposed to guild church ) and is the London home for the Russian Orthodox church . To the south lies an area of legal buildings known as the Temple , formerly the property of the Knights Templar , which at its core includes two of the four Inns of Court : the Inner Temple and the Middle Temple . There are many lawyers ' offices ( especially barristers ' chambers ) in the vicinity . To the west , at the junction with Strand are the Royal Courts of Justice whilst at the eastern end of the street the Old Bailey is near Ludgate Circus . As a principal route leading to and from the City , Fleet Street was especially noted for its taverns and coffeehouses . Many notable persons of literary and political fame such as Samuel Johnson frequented these , and journalists would regularly meet in pubs to collect stories . Some , such as Ye Olde Cock Tavern at No. 22 and Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese at No. 145 , have survived to the 21st century and are Grade II listed . The El Vino 's wine bar moved to No. 47 in 1923 , quickly becoming popular with lawyers and journalists . Women were not allowed in the bar until 1982 , and then only because of a court order . Since 1971 , the southern side of the street has been part of the Fleet Street Conservation Area , which ensures buildings are regularly maintained and the character of the street is preserved . The area expanded to the north side in 1981 . = = Monuments and statues = = The area around Fleet Street contains numerous statues and memorials to prominent public figures . At the north @-@ eastern corner is a bust of Edgar Wallace , and a full @-@ length representation of Mary , Queen of Scots in a first @-@ floor niche at No. 143 – 144 by John Tollemache Sinclair . Above the entrance to the old school @-@ house of St Dunstan 's is a statue of Queen Elizabeth I provided for the then new Ludgate in 1586 by William Kerwin ; it was moved to here following the gate 's demolition in 1776 . Adjacent to this is a bust of Lord Northcliffe , the newspaper proprietor , co @-@ founder of the Daily Mail and the Daily Mirror . At No. 72 is a bust of the Irish journalist and MP TP O 'Connor , constructed in 1934 by F. W. Doyle @-@ Jones . On the southern side of the street nearby memorials and monuments include the Temple Bar . The current Temple Bar marker was designed by Sir Horace Jones in 1880 following the demolition of the older bar . In the Inner Temple Gardens is a memorial to Charles Lamb . In Salisbury Square there is an obelisk commemorating Robert Waithman , mayor of London between 1823 and 1833 , and a blue plaque commemorating the birthplace of diarist and naval secretary Samuel Pepys . = = Notable residents = = Several writers and politicians are associated with Fleet Street , either as residents or regulars to the various taverns , including Ben Jonson , John Milton , Izaak Walton , John Dryden , Edmund Burke , Oliver Goldsmith and Charles Lamb . The lexicographer Samuel Johnson lived at Gough Square off Fleet Street between 1748 and 1759 ; the building has survived into the 21st century . The cartographer John Senex owned a map store , The Sign of the Globe , on Fleet Street between 1725 and his death in 1736 . Wynkyn de Worde was buried in St. Bride 's Church in 1535 , as was poet Richard Lovelace in 1657 , while Samuel Pepys was baptised there in 1633 . The Royal Society was based in Crane Court from 1710 to 1782 , when it moved to Somerset House on the Strand . = = Cultural references = = The barber Sweeney Todd is traditionally said to have lived and worked in Fleet Street in the 18th century , where he would murder customers and serve their remains as pie fillings . An urban myth example of a serial killer , the character appears in various English language works starting in the mid @-@ 19th century . Adaptations of the story include the 1936 George King film , the 1979 Stephen Sondheim musical , and the 2007 Tim Burton film based on the musical , all titled Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street . Fleet Street is mentioned in several of Charles Dickens ' works . The eponymous club in The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club , more commonly known as The Pickwick Papers , is set in the street , as is Tellson 's Bank In A Tale of Two Cities . The poet John Davidson wrote two works in the late 19th century titled the Fleet Street Eclogues . Arthur Ransome has a chapter in his Bohemia in London ( 1907 ) about earlier inhabitants of the street : Ben Jonson , the Doctor ( Samuel Johnson ) , Coleridge , Hazlitt and Lamb ; and about Temple Bar and the Press Club . Fleet Street is a square on the British Monopoly board , in a group with the Strand and Trafalgar Square . One of the Chance cards in the game , " You Have Won A Crossword Competition , collect £ 100 " was inspired by rival competitions and promotions between Fleet Street @-@ based newspapers in 1930s , particularly the Daily Mail and Daily Express .
= Battle of Bound Brook = The Battle of Bound Brook ( April 13 , 1777 ) was a surprise attack conducted by British and Hessian forces against a Continental Army outpost at Bound Brook , New Jersey during the American Revolutionary War . The British objective of capturing the entire garrison was not met , although prisoners were taken . The American commander , Major General Benjamin Lincoln , left in great haste , abandoning papers and personal effects . Late on the evening of April 12 , 1777 , four thousand British and Hessian troops under the command of Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis marched from the British stronghold of New Brunswick . All but one detachment reached positions surrounding the outpost before the battle began near daybreak the next morning . During the battle , most of the 500 @-@ man garrison escaped by the unblocked route . American reinforcements arrived in the afternoon , but not before the British plundered the outpost and began the return march to New Brunswick . = = Background = = Following the Battles of Trenton and Princeton in December 1776 and January 1777 , the Continental Army of Major General George Washington entered winter quarters in Morristown , New Jersey , while the British and German forces of Lieutenant General William Howe settled into winter quarters in New York City and northeastern New Jersey . Throughout the winter months , a guerrilla war of sorts went on , in which American militia companies , sometimes with Continental Army support , harassed British and German outposts and ambushed their foraging and raiding expeditions . One of the forward bases used for these operations was at Bound Brook , located on the Raritan River upriver from New Brunswick , the major British camp in New Jersey . The post was responsible for patrolling three bridges across the Raritan likely to be used by the British in moves against the main camp at Morristown . In February 1777 , the Bound Brook outpost consisted of 1 @,@ 000 men under the command of Major General Benjamin Lincoln , but this was reduced by expiring militia enlistments to 500 in mid @-@ March . The troops that remained were from the 8th Pennsylvania Regiment , a company from the 4th Continental Artillery , and two independent companies from the Wyoming Valley in what is now northeastern Pennsylvania , but was then also claimed by Connecticut as Westmoreland County . Lincoln expressed concern over his exposed position to General Washington , noting that many units were not in a position to " render the least assistance to this post in case it is attacked " , and that he was keeping wagons ready in case a precipitate departure was needed . Lieutenant General Lord Charles Cornwallis , in command of the British forces in New Jersey , had had enough of the ongoing petite guerre , and organized a reprisal action against the Bound Brook outpost . According to the Hessian jäger Captain Johann Ewald , Cornwallis asked him to draft a plan of attack in February , but the plan could not be executed until springtime because it necessitated fording the Raritan . On the night of April 12 , the plan was put into action . = = Battle = = Under the overall command of Cornwallis , 4 @,@ 000 British and Hessian troops marched from New Brunswick to make a multi @-@ pronged surprise attack . The right flank , under the command of Major General James Grant , consisted of the Hessian jäger corps , grenadiers from the English Brigade of Guards , and a detachment of British light dragoons . While most of this column advanced from Raritan Landing ( opposite New Brunswick on the left , or Bound Brook side , of the river ) , two companies of light infantry went further right , aiming to cut off the main road from Bound Brook to the Continental Army camp at Morristown . The center , under the command of Hessian Colonel Carl von Donop , consisted of the Hessian grenadier battalions von Linsing and Minnigerode , and the left , commanded by Cornwallis , consisted of two battalions of British light infantry , the 1st battalion of grenadiers , and another detachment of light dragoons . Donop 's column advanced up the right bank of the Raritan , aiming to gain control of the bridge directly at Bound Brook , while Cornwallis took a longer route to ford the river above Bound Brook and thus cut off the possibility of retreat in that direction . Ewald and a few of his jägers were in the vanguard of Grant 's column and engaged the American sentries to the south of Bound Brook . Unaware that this was supposed to be a feint , Ewald drove the sentries back nearly to the main redoubt where the outpost 's cannons were located . By sunrise he was nearly surrounded ; the timely arrival of von Donop 's column just over the river , and the attack by Cornwallis 's column prompted the Americans to begin abandoning the post . The surprise was very nearly complete ; the Pennsylvania artillery company , which had been manning the redoubt , was severely mauled , with numerous killed and captured . Colonel von Donop reported that General Lincoln " must have retired en Profond Négligé " ( " profoundly undressed " , or naked ) , and Lincoln 's papers were taken . The British plan was marred by the early skirmishing involving Ewald , and the too @-@ late arrival of the companies sent to cut off the road to Morristown ; Many Americans escaped via this route . The British captured also cannons , ammunition , and supplies , and looted Bound Brook , but returned to New Brunswick later that morning . = = Aftermath = = The Continental Army response was immediate ; Washington sent a large force under Major General Nathanael Greene to reoccupy Bound Brook . The British had already left by the time they arrived ; Greene sent a detachment to harass their rear guard . This detachment caught up with the British near Raritan Landing , where they killed 8 and captured 16 . General Howe reported that about 30 Americans were killed and 80 to 90 were captured , while General Lincoln reported that 60 of his men were killed or wounded . Howe claimed no deaths and seven wounded among the British and Hessians . Washington reported that " [ t ] he enemy lost the post at Eleven O 'Clock the same day , & our people took possession of it again " , and that the army 's losses were " trifling and not worth mentioning " . He did , however , also report that between 35 and 40 killed or captured , and the loss of three field cannons . In a report to the Board of War , Washington admitted the capture of two cannons , two officers and 20 men from Colonel Proctor 's Regiment . General Greene reported to his wife , " The British Generals breakfasted and I [ dined ] at the same house that day " . Washington , concerned that the attack presaged an early start to the campaign season , worried that his troops were not yet in place to deal with major British movements . Two weeks later , after no further major activity , the Americans learned that " the Enemy are to take the field the first of June . " Washington recognized that Bound Brook itself was a difficult place to defend . On May 26 he withdrew the garrison , and on May 28 , he moved part of his army from Morristown to a new entrenched camp near Middle Brook , just north of Bound Brook but well protected between the first and second Watchung Mountain ranges ; other troops were stationed near Princeton . From the top of the Watchung Mountains Washington monitored British movements while the two sides continued to skirmish . Both sides also engaged in intelligence gathering , each trying to determine the strength and intentions of the other . On June 12 Howe marched a significant force ( more than 18 @,@ 000 men ) out of New Brunswick , through Bound Brook , and as far as Somerset , apparently in an attempt to draw Washington out of the hills . Washington , aware that Howe had left the army 's heavy baggage behind , was not fooled and refused to move . Howe then abruptly retreated back to Piscataway on June 19 , upon which Washington had some of his troops give chase , and he moved down out of the hills . A week later Howe tried to spring a trap on one of Washington 's detachments that would have cut the American retreat into the hills off ; this effort was repulsed in the Battle of Short Hills . After this failure , Howe embarked his army on transports and set sail for Chesapeake Bay , intending to take Philadelphia from the south . The battle site in Bound Brook is marked by signs and interpretive plaques .
= 2015 Liège – Bastogne – Liège = The 2015 Liège – Bastogne – Liège was a one @-@ day cycling classic that took place in the Belgian Ardennes on 26 April 2015 . It was the 101st edition of the Liège – Bastogne – Liège one @-@ day cycling race and was the fourth cycling monument of the 2015 season . It was part of the 2015 UCI World Tour and was organised by the Amaury Sport Organisation ( ASO ) , who also organise the Tour de France . 200 riders raced over a 253 @-@ kilometre ( 157 mi ) route that started in Liège , travelled south to Bastogne , then returned north by an indirect route to finish in Ans on the outskirts of Liège . The route included many hills , especially in the final 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) , which were the principal difficulty in the race . There were many attacks in the final part of the race , with several groups breaking away from the peloton and subsequently being caught . A small group came together on the final ascent to the finish line , where the race was decided in a sprint . It was won by the pre @-@ race favourite , Alejandro Valverde ( Movistar Team ) , ahead of Julian Alaphilippe ( Etixx – Quick @-@ Step ) and Joaquim Rodríguez ( Team Katusha ) . This was Valverde 's third victory in Liège – Bastogne – Liège and put him into the lead of the World Tour standings . = = Background = = Liège – Bastogne – Liège was established in 1892 and is one of the oldest races on the cycling calendar . Milano – Torino is the only current race to have begun earlier , although it did not exist as a regular event until the 1920s . Liège – Bastogne – Liège was founded as a precursor to a planned Liège – Paris – Liège event , which never came about , but eventually became one of the most important races on the cycling calendar in its own right . The race has come to be seen as one of the cycling Monuments , alongside Milan – San Remo , the Tour of Flanders , Paris – Roubaix and the Giro di Lombardia . Because Liège – Bastogne – Liège is the oldest of the major races on the cycling calendar , it has been given the nickname La Doyenne ( English : The Old Lady ) . It is particularly known as a race where the best one @-@ day riders and the best Grand Tour riders can compete on relatively equal terms . In his book The Monuments , Peter Cossins wrote that Liège – Bastogne – Liège " is generally regarded as the toughest one @-@ day race on the calendar " . Eddy Merckx holds the record for the most victories : he won five times between 1969 and 1975 . Liège – Bastogne – Liège was the fourth of the Monuments to take place in the 2015 season . Milan – San Remo and Paris – Roubaix has been won by John Degenkolb ( Giant – Alpecin ) , while the Tour of Flanders was won by Alexander Kristoff ( Team Katusha ) . Liège – Bastogne – Liège was the final event of the spring classics season and came as the conclusion to the Ardennes classics , following the Amstel Gold Race and La Flèche Wallonne . It was also part of the 2015 UCI World Tour , a season @-@ long competition that included both one @-@ day events and stage races . = = Teams = = As it is part of the UCI World Tour , the 17 UCI WorldTeams were automatically invited and obliged to send a team to Liège – Bastogne – Liège . The race organisers ( ASO , which also organises the Tour de France ) also made eight wildcard invitations to UCI Professional Continental teams . The peloton was therefore made up of 25 teams . Six of the teams were also invited to La Flèche Wallonne . These included two Belgian teams ( Wanty – Groupe Gobert and Topsport Vlaanderen – Baloise ) , two French teams ( Cofidis and Team Europcar ) , Team Roompot and MTN – Qhubeka . The final two teams to be invited to Liège – Bastogne – Liège were Bora – Argon 18 ( whose invitation meant that they would participate in all five Monuments in 2015 ) and Cult Energy Pro Cycling . As each team was required to enter between five and eight riders , the maximum size of the peloton was 200 riders . = = Route = = The route for the 2015 race was announced on 15 April . The route was 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) shorter than in 2014 ; it was therefore 253 kilometres ( 157 mi ) in length . The changes came in the final section of the route , with the Côte de la Vecquée removed and the Col du Rosier and the Col du Maquisard added instead . The second change was a reduction in distance between the third @-@ last and second @-@ last climbs : the distance was cut from 25 kilometres ( 16 mi ) to 16 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 9 mi ) , with a small unclassified climb also added . Cyclingnews.com described the first change as a " much harder combination " suggested that the new route would make the race more interesting than the 2014 edition , which it described as " painfully dull " . The race began in Liège , in Place Saint @-@ Lambert outside the Prince @-@ Bishops ' Palace , with a neutral zone that took the riders out of the town to the south . The first 75 kilometres ( 47 mi ) of the race brought the peloton south , through Aywaille to La Roche @-@ en @-@ Ardenne ; although the roads were not flat there were no difficult or categorised climbs . Here the riders encountered the first classified climb of the day , the Côte de la Roche @-@ en @-@ Ardenne ( 2 @.@ 8 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 7 mi ) at an average gradient of 6 @.@ 2 % ) . After reaching the summit , the riders continued south for another 28 kilometres ( 17 mi ) . This took them through Bertogne to Bastogne , which they reached after 107 kilometres ( 66 mi ) of racing . This was the turning @-@ point : from here the route turned to the north to return towards Liège . The northern leg of the race was both longer – 146 kilometres ( 91 mi ) – and more difficult – it included nine categorised climbs . After turning around at the Rond @-@ point La Doyenne ( named after the race itself ) , the peloton left Bastogne to the north @-@ east . The first 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) were fairly flat and took the riders to Houffalize . After a fast descent came the Côte de Saint @-@ Roch ( 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) at 11 @.@ 2 % ) . Another fairly flat section followed : the route continued north for approximately 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) on fairly major roads through Gouvy and Vielsalm . At this point , with 86 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 53 @.@ 7 mi ) to the finish line , there were still eight categorised climbs remaining . The first three of these climbs came in quick succession . These were the Côte de Wanne ( 2 @.@ 7 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 7 mi ) at 7 @.@ 4 % ) , the Côte de Stockeu ( 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) at 12 @.@ 5 % ) and the Côte de la Haute @-@ Levée ( 3 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 2 mi ) at 5 @.@ 6 % ) . The Côte de Wanne was narrow and badly surfaced , with a dangerous descent following . The Côte de Stockeu was described by Cycling Weekly as a " killer climb " , because of its steep gradient , its narrowness and its poor road surface . The Côte de la Haute @-@ Levée was unique on the course because it included a 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) section of cobblestones . These climbs brought the riders to Stavelot . Soon afterwards , there was a hairpin turn that took them towards the two climbs new to the 2015 edition . The first of these was the Col du Rosier ( 4 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 2 @.@ 7 mi ) at 5 @.@ 9 % ) , which was the longest climb of the day . The riders then descended through the town of Spa and turned west onto the Col du Maquisard ( 2 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 6 mi ) at 5 % ) , which they crossed with 46 kilometres ( 29 mi ) to the finish line . The route then crossed over the roads used for the southern leg as the riders entered the final section of the race . The following climb was Côte de La Redoute ( 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) at 8 @.@ 9 % ) , with 34 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 21 @.@ 4 mi ) from the summit to the finish line . Cyclingnews.com described La Redoute as " the most emblematic climb of the entire race " . It had an uneven gradient : the first 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) was at about 8 % , before 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) at around 13 % and another 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) at 6 % . The riders descended down twisting roads , crossed over the uncategorised Côte de Sprimont , before coming to the penultimate climb , the Côte de la Roche @-@ aux @-@ Faucons ( 1 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 93 mi ) at 9 @.@ 4 % ) with 19 kilometres ( 12 mi ) to the finish line . This was one of the most difficult climbs of the race , with frequent changes of gradient and a poor road surface . There was then another uncategorised climb and a steep descent into the outskirts of Liège . The final climb of the day came with 6 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 9 mi ) remaining . This was the Côte de Saint @-@ Nicolas ( 1 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 75 mi ) at 8 @.@ 6 % ) . Cycling Weekly described it as " a succession of steep corners with nothing between " . After the descent from the climb , the riders entered Ans , the finishing town . There was a long , straight road that started 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) from the finish line . After 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) of flat , the road climbed towards the finish at around 5 % . With around 300 metres ( 980 ft ) to go , there was a left @-@ hand turn that took the riders to the finish line . = = Pre @-@ race favourites = = Recent editions of Liège – Bastogne – Liège had been won in several different ways . Andy Schleck ( then riding for Team Saxo Bank ) had won a solo victory with a long @-@ distance attack in 2009 , while Dan Martin ( Cannondale – Garmin ) had attacked late on to win in 2013 . The 2010 edition was won by a two @-@ man breakaway and the 2011 edition by a three @-@ man group . The defending champion , Simon Gerrans ( Orica – GreenEDGE ) won the 2014 edition in a bunch sprint after a large group came to Ans together . The pattern of the 2015 edition was therefore hard to predict . One consistent pattern , however , was that recent editions of the race had been won by major names rather than by outsiders . Alejandro Valverde ( Movistar Team ) had won La Flèche Wallonne during the week that preceded Liège – Bastogne – Liège and he was one of the major favourites to take the victory . Valverde had won the race on two previous occasions ( in 2006 and 2008 ) and had also been on the podium on four other occasions . Valverde 's status as the major favourite had the potential to work against him , however , as other riders were expected to mark him closely and perhaps prevent him from winning . Philippe Gilbert ( BMC Racing Team ) had suffered from this problem in the Amstel Gold Race . The other major favourite for the race was the reigning world champion , Michał Kwiatkowski ( Etixx – Quick @-@ Step ) . Kwiatkowski had finished third in the 2014 Liège – Bastogne – Liège and had already won the Amstel Gold Race in 2015 . Although he had not been as strong as had been expected in La Flèche Wallonne , the longer climbs of Liège – Bastogne – Liège were expected to suit him better . Other favourites included Joaquim Rodríguez ( Katusha ) , Rui Costa ( Lampre – Merida ) and Dan Martin , as well as Vincenzo Nibali ( Astana ) and Tim Wellens ( Lotto – Soudal ) . Simon Gerrans had suffered an injury earlier in the season and had not fully recovered ; he was not expected to be able to defend his title . Similarly , Philippe Gilbert had suffered a fall in La Flèche Wallonne ; he was also not as well suited to the route of Liège – Bastogne – Liège as he was to the other Ardennes classics . = = Race report = = The race began with hard racing for the first hour until the day 's main breakaway was formed , with around 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) raced . The breakaway involved eight riders . These were Diego Ulissi ( Lampre – Merida ) , Matteo Montaguti ( AG2R La Mondiale ) , Otto Vergaerde ( Topsport Vlaanderen – Baloise ) , Clément Chevrier ( IAM Cycling ) , Marco Minnaard ( Wanty – Groupe Gobert ) , Anthony Turgis ( Cofidis ) , Cesare Benedetti ( Bora – Argon 18 ) and Rasmus Quaade ( Cult Energy Pro Cycling ) . The group 's lead soon extended to nearly eight minutes , while the peloton was led by Team Europcar . Europcar 's work reduced the breakaway 's lead by around three minutes by the time of the Côte de La Roche @-@ en @-@ Ardenne , 79 kilometres ( 49 mi ) into the race . After the turn in Bastogne , the breakaway continued . It was , however , reduced in numbers , as Quaade , Chevrier and Vergaerde all fell back before the peloton reached the Côte de Wanne , four hours into the race . Katusha led the peloton as it approached the climb . On the climb itself , Astana came to the front of the peloton and led the chase , with the breakaway 's lead reduced to under a minute . On the Côte de Stockeu , Andriy Hrivko ( Astana ) , Gorka Izagirre ( Movistar ) and Simon Yates ( Orica – GreenEDGE ) attacked and joined the lead group ; more riders then bridged across to form a 21 @-@ man group . This included five Astana riders , though not Nibali . On the Côte de la Haute @-@ Levée , several riders attacked again to form a smaller breakaway ; these were Tanel Kangert and Michele Scarponi ( both Astana ) , Manuele Boaro ( Tinkoff – Saxo ) , Esteban Chaves ( Orica @-@ GreenEDGE ) and Julián Arredondo ( Trek Factory Racing ) . They had a 25 @-@ second lead at the summit and , although Boaro and Arredondo were dropped on the Col du Rosier , this increased to more than a minute for a short while . It was reduced to 45 seconds on the Col du Maquisard , however , as Movistar worked hard in the peloton to bring them back . As the peloton approached the Côte de la Redoute , there was a large crash . Among the riders to crash were two previous winners of the race , Dan Martin and Simon Gerrans , as well as Fränk Schleck ( Trek Factory Racing ) , Nicolas Roche ( Sky ) , Mathias Frank ( IAM ) and Yukiya Arashiro ( Europcar ) . Vincenzo Nibali was forced to unclip himself from his bike , but avoided crashing . The peloton was reduced to around 40 riders at the foot of the climb . Although there were no bad injuries in the crash , Roche and Arashiro took some time to stand up , with Roche looking particularly dazed . Many of the riders who crashed attempted to get back into the peloton , with Gerrans and Martin among them . Gerrans was forced to abandon the race shortly afterwards after he crashed for a second time . On the Col de la Redoute itself , Kangert was dropped from the breakaway ; Scarponi and Chaves had a 35 @-@ second lead at the summit and were caught around 10 kilometres ( 6 mi ) later . The riders then entered the Côte de la Roche @-@ aux @-@ Faucons , where Roman Kreuziger ( Tinkoff @-@ Saxo ) and Giampaolo Caruso ( Katusha ) attacked ; they were quickly joined by Jakob Fuglsang ( Astana ) and had an 18 @-@ second lead at the summit . Several riders attempted to form chase groups ; eventually a six @-@ man chase group was formed by Giovanni Visconti ( Movistar ) , Julian Alaphilippe ( Etixx @-@ Quick Step ) , Rui Costa ( Lampre @-@ Merida ) , Samuel Sánchez ( BMC Racing Team ) and Daniel Moreno ( Katusha ) . They stayed away for a short while and were then joined by around 20 other riders with 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) remaining as rain began to fall . Zdeněk Štybar ( Etixx @-@ Quick Step ) took over the pace @-@ setting in the peloton as it approached the Côte de Saint @-@ Nicolas and he reduced the gap to Kreuziger , Caruso and Fuglsang . On the climb , Valverde came to the front of the group to control the pace . Nibali then attacked and , while he was not able to escape the group , several riders were dropped . These included Michał Kwiatkowski and Philippe Gilbert . Nibali 's attack also brought the chasing group back to the leaders . The next attack came from Romain Bardet ( AG2R La Mondiale ) on the descent from the Côte de Saint @-@ Nicolas . While he too was unable to break away from the group , his attack did cause Nibali to lose contact and reduced the group to ten riders . Giampaolo Caruso led the group into Ans and towards the climb to the finish . At the foot of the climb , Daniel Moreno , Caruso 's teammate , attacked and built a small gap ahead of the group . The group did not initially chase him , as all the other riders looked for Valverde to do the work . Eventually Valverde did start to chase Moreno and caught him at the final bend . He opened his sprint from a long way out , with Joaquim Rodríguez ( Katusha ) right behind him . Rodríguez slowed as they approached the line , however , and Valverde took the victory . Julian Alaphilippe came around Rodríguez in the final metres to take second place . = = Result = = = = Post @-@ race analysis = = = = = Rider reactions = = = Valverde 's win was the third victory at Liège – Bastogne – Liège in his career . He became one of only six riders to have three or more victories in the race . Liège – Bastogne – Liège also concluded a very successful Ardennes week for him : he had two victories and one second @-@ place finish in the three races . Valverde was the first rider since Philippe Gilbert in 2011 to win both La Flèche Wallonne and Liège – Bastogne – Liège in the same week and , although he was one place away from imitating Gilbert 's Ardennes triple , he described it as a " great week " . Alaphilippe 's second @-@ place finish was the best for any French rider since Laurent Jalabert in 1998 . He had entered the race in support of Kwiatkowski . When Kwiatkowski was struggling on the Côte de Saint @-@ Nicolas , the Etixx @-@ Quick Step directeur sportif sent a radio message to Alaphilippe to ride for himself ; this was similar to the events in La Flèche Wallonne , where Alaphilippe also finished second to Valverde . He was frustrated on the finish line and waved his arm in the air ; he said after the race " today I really felt I could have done something more " . Cyclingnews.com suggested after the race that he had the potential to win a Monument in the future . Several riders were injured in the crash 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) from the finish . The worst @-@ affected was Yukiya Arashiro , who suffered several broken bones . Gianluca Brambilla ( Etixx @-@ Quick Step ) broke his collarbone . LottoNL – Jumbo had two riders with injuries : Paul Martens broke his hand and Bram Tankink suffered from concussion and bruises . Nicolas Roche and Simon Gerrans both suffered some discomfort after their crashes , but neither had significant injuries . Dan Martin rode the Tour de Romandie the following week . After he suffered with his breathing through the race , he discovered that he had broken two ribs in the crash in Liège – Bastogne – Liège . = = = UCI World Tour rankings = = = After his strong Ardennes week , Valverde moved into the lead of the UCI World Tour individual rankings , with Richie Porte ( Team Sky ) dropping to second place . Rui Costa also moved into the top ten . Spain moved ahead of Australia in the nations ' standings , while Etixx @-@ Quick Step retained their lead of the team rankings .
= Skinny Jeanz and a Mic = Skinny Jeanz and a Mic was the debut studio album by jerkin ' crew and rap duo New Boyz , Legacy and Ben J. It was released on September 15 , 2009 , via Shotty Music , Asylum Records and Warner Bros. Records . The album was heavily influenced by jerkin ' music . It received generally positive reviews , being called the sixth best album of 2009 by The New York Times . The album was released after the duo brought jerkin ' to national attention with their viral hit " You 're a Jerk " , which later became a commercial success and the first single off their album . The second single " Tie Me Down " , featuring Ray J , was released and also was successful . The album debuted at fifty @-@ six on the Billboard 200 , and at number twelve on Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums and eight on Top Rap Albums . The album was produced by New Boyz member , Legacy , and also contributions from producers , Jay @-@ Nari , D & D and DJ Felli Fel . = = Background = = The album was originally scheduled for release , August 18 , 2009 , but plans were changed for unknown reasons . Legacy received main production credits on the album . In an interview with Format Magazine he said , " I started making beats because I didn ’ t want everybody else ’ s sound . We wanted our own sound . So , I had no choice but to make my own beats to get that sound . " In an interview with Ozone Magazine , when asked about their music and the revival of the " newer west " movement , Ben J stated , " Everything is becoming positive out here . People are growing out of that old mentality . Rapping about gangs ain ’ t really what it ’ s about out here now . Everybody is having fun . " In the same interview , Legacy said , " I think music like ours is coming from people being tired of the same ol ’ thing . People thought they had to bang to be the cool kid but now the smart kid is the cool kid . People being creative are the people coming up right now . " In an interview with HipHopDX , Legacy said the album was , " [ It ’ s ] pretty much like the lifestyle and the culture of the typical California teenager put in [ to ] music . It ’ s going to surprise a lot of people , because a lot of people think we just make the jerk songs [ and ] dance music . " According to Legacy , only two tracks on the album are jerking songs . He also stated that the album is about a lot of different topics , and was quick to point out that most of them were pre- " Jerk " stating they were fifteen songs in before ' You 're a Jerk ' . Most of the producers on the album were mostly unknown , local producers . Legacy said , " We have no big producers on our album . All of our producers are like kids our age . Everything compliments each other , because the style and the music are so new to the game . " = = Composition = = Many critics noted Several songs are built on the same formula of " You 're a Jerk " , with Allmusic noting that , " Dot Com , " " Colors , " " Turnt , " and " So Dope " ( which the chorus is a sound bite from the 1992 film Class Act ) all have the cheesy drum machines , samples , and off @-@ kilter lyric approach that make " Jerk " so good . The review also said " R & B ballad " Tie Me Down " featuring smooth Auto @-@ tuned vocals from Ray J , the B.A.S.S.-inspired " Bunz " , the slow jam " New Girl , " and the rollicking " Cashmere , " which bumps along like a New Jack rap jam , are nice diversions . " On the album split , The Los Angeles Times said , " The album begins to lose circulation toward its end , when the pair lose their lambent wit in favor of mawkish lover @-@ boy ballads better left to Sean Kingston albums . " Jeff Weiss of the newspaper used " Tie Me Down " as an example , noting that its sounds have " a saccharine sappiness and contrived tone that feels at odds with the otherwise organic @-@ sounding album . " Some points of the work were inspired by Pharrell Williams , Kanye West , and other " hip @-@ hop style eccentrics " . The songs on the album have heavy lyrical underlies , noted by several critics . The comic @-@ esque " Way 2 Many Chickz " described as talking about " a string of almost @-@ conquests better left unvanquished " : " Chick had a cold sore that looked like John McCain . " On " Cashmere " , Ben J and Legacy " try to outdo each other to win the attention of a young woman , but , predictably , she spurns them both " . The lyrics also cover their difference in style , as seen in " Cricketz " , as Legacy raps , " Jeans stay skinny like I starve my fabric , Another damn thing / You ’ ll never see me care about another man ’ s jeans . " Jon Caramanica of The New York Times responded , " Baggy has been de rigueur in hip @-@ hop for so long it ’ s easy to forget that 25 years ago , rappers gladly wore tight denim . Now it ’ s cause for a fight . " Some of the lyrics use double entendre , with the duo referring to themselves as " rejects " and " jerks " on " Dot Com " , which The Los Angeles Times called " both a double @-@ entendre for the dance moves spurring the craze , and illustrative of their generation ’ s reclamation of formerly nerdy archetypes . " = = Singles = = " You 're a Jerk " was released as the album 's first single on April 2 , 2009 . The song was a viral success , and later succeeded peaked at number twenty @-@ four on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , thirteen on Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs and four on Hot Rap Songs . " Tie Me Down " was released as the album 's second single on August 31 , 2009 , it peaked at number twenty @-@ two on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and five on Hot Rap Songs . It reached forty two on Hot R & B / Hip Hop Songs , and fared better on mainstream airplay , the duo 's first entry at pop radio , peaking at twenty @-@ three on the Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) chart . There are music videos for three of the album 's songs , " Cricketz " featuring Tyga , " So Dope " and " Dot Com " . = = Reception = = = = = Commercial response = = = The album debuted at number fifty @-@ six on the U.S. Billboard 200 , and spent four weeks on the chart . It debuted and peaked at number eight on the Top Rap Albums chart and number twelve on the Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums chart . Before falling off the chart in November 2009 , the album had sold around 35 @,@ 000 copies . The album has sold 133 @,@ 500 copies til ' the beginning of 2011 . = = = Critical response = = = Tim Sendra of Allmusic gave the album three out of five stars review , and said the album had the " cheesy drum machines , samples , and off @-@ kilter lyric approach that make " Jerk " so good " , " the duo stick to the template [ of " Jerk " ] , considering the uniqueness of the sound they 've created and also the fact that it 's a debut record made by teenagers , and an impressive and unfailingly fun debut at that . " The review goes on to point out that " the reliance on the " Jerk " sound can be a little monotonous , there are enough variations along the way to keep things interesting . " He also says " The duo 's flow is not incredible but they spit convincingly . If you were looking for undisputedly pop @-@ rap with a fresh sound and a light lyrical touch , the New Boyz debut is a fine destination . " XXL said that the album delivered " unexpected lyrical talent " but that it lacked " sonic variety " . The review also goes on to say that the album " is no hip @-@ hop classic , but rather the breath of fresh air rap needs . " Jeff Weiss of The Los Angeles Times gave the album three stars , commenting that the album " is a catchy and charismatic debut that should engender pleasant teen nostalgia in anyone old enough to vote and help explain why for the last six months , the kids have been saying out with the old , in with the New Boyz . " . The review also said that the album " successfully strikes a balance between introducing a new sound ( the minimalist bass @-@ heavy bounce of jerk music ) and style ( skinny jeans , Vans and " colors that ain ’ t even on the rainbow " ) , with traditional teenage themes ( girls , the desire for self @-@ expression , adults who don ’ t understand , girls ) . The result is a West Coast antidote to the South ’ s veritable monopoly on homeroom rap — a relentlessly breezy and fun ride through the lives of a pair of class clowns bent on enjoying the face cards that fate dealt . " The Selby Times said that the album " is about as happening as it gets for teenage music with an attitude , even if it makes adults ' eyes roll in disgust . " Wendy Roby of BBC said that , " But overall their sheer chutzpah wins you over – and with its day @-@ glo tongue wedged so very firmly in its cheek , Skinny Jeanz and a Mic is hard to resist . " Jon Caramanica of The New York Times called the album " one of the year ’ s most charming rap debuts , and certainly the least expected . " In a separate review , he named the album the sixth best album of the year , commenting , " Emerging from Southern California ’ s jerk scene , this teenage duo made an album that ’ s appealingly young , simultaneously wide @-@ eyed and knowingly lewd . " DJBooth.net 's Nathan Slavik was less positive , predicting that the album would be " the last time we hear from the New Boyz . " = = Track listing = = = = Charts = =
= Blood Feud ( The Simpsons ) = " Blood Feud " is the twenty @-@ second and final episode of The Simpsons ' second season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on July 11 , 1991 . In the episode , Mr. Burns falls ill and desperately needs a blood transfusion . Homer discovers Bart has Burns ' rare blood type and urges his son to donate some , promising that they will be handsomely rewarded . However , after receiving the blood , all Burns does is send the family a card . Enraged , Homer writes an insulting reply , but Marge convinces him at the last minute not to send it , although Bart mails it anyway . The episode was written by George Meyer and directed by David Silverman . Executive producer Sam Simon and writers Al Jean and Mike Reiss came up with the idea for the episode . A co @-@ worker had recently needed a blood transfusion and the writers thought it would be funny if Mr. Burns had one . Although Meyer was credited with writing the episode , Jean and Reiss re @-@ wrote and polished the script . The episode includes the debut of the Olmec head Xtapolapocetl , which would become a common background prop in the Simpson home . " Blood Feud " was part of the season two production run , but was completed behind schedule . It was originally broadcast on July 11 , 1991 as part of " premiere week " , the Fox Network 's attempt to expand the normal 30 week prime time season and gain new viewers for the fall . In its original broadcast , the episode finished 24th in ratings for the week with a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 8 . = = Plot = = Mr. Burns falls ill with hypohemia ( a fictional condition in which the body naturally runs out of blood , though it is akin to a real condition called hypovolemia ) and needs a blood transfusion . His blood type , double O negative , is very rare , however , and none of the employees at Springfield Nuclear Power Plant have it . Homer discovers that Bart has double O negative blood and urges his son to donate , promising that he will be handsomely rewarded . Bart reluctantly agrees and his blood donation saves Mr. Burns ' life . Burns is rejuvenated by the blood and he sends the Simpson family a thank you card . Enraged at Burns ' paltry gesture , Homer writes an insulting reply , but Marge convinces him at the last minute not to send it . The next morning , Homer discovers that the letter is gone as Bart has mailed it . Bart explains that he knew Homer would probably change his mind , and decided to send the letter before that could happen . Homer desperately tries to prevent the letter from reaching Burns , but fails . Mr. Burns becomes furious and demands that Homer be beaten . However , Mr. Smithers calls off the beating on the grounds that that is no way to thank the man who saved Mr. Burns 's life . Smithers convinces Burns to instead reward the Simpson family . The Simpsons receive an antique Xtapolapocetl , an Olmec head ( a massive , Tiki @-@ god @-@ like affair ) that Bart , the blood donor , likes , and which Homer hates . At the end , as the family stare at the head , the Simpsons debate on what the moral of this whole story is . It cannot be ' A good deed is its own reward ' as Bart got a reward he likes , but at the same time it is not ' No good deed goes unrewarded ' as they never would have received anything if Homer had not written the angry letter . Homer decides that there is not a lesson to be learned from this , as it 's " just a bunch of stuff that happened " . = = Production = = " Blood Feud " was written by George Meyer and directed by David Silverman . Executive producer Sam Simon and writers Al Jean and Mike Reiss came up with the idea for the episode while they were trying to fill up the rest of the production run . A co @-@ worker had recently needed a blood transfusion , and the writers thought it would be funny if Mr. Burns had one . Although Meyer was credited with writing the episode , Jean and Reiss re @-@ wrote and polished the script . Harry Shearer , the voice of Mr. Burns and Smithers , could not attend the table read for the episode , so his parts were read by Dan Castellaneta ( the voice of Homer ) . " Blood Feud " includes a first act that is much longer than a normal episode of the show . The producers were going to end the act with Mr. Burns feeling better , but decided to extend it to show how the Simpson family was affected . " Blood Feud " ends with the family discussing what the message of the episode was , but decide that there was no message . The writers were having trouble conceiving an ending , but decided that since there was no point , they would discuss it . In his book Planet Simpson , Chris Turner writes that the ending is meant to openly mock the " notion of the tidy sitcom @-@ style moral " and the " formulaic plots of sitcoms " . David Silverman describes the episode as " one of my very favorite episodes that I had the pleasure to direct " . He notes that several " standard Homerisms " appear for the first time in the episode , such as Homer 's conversations with his brain and his high @-@ pitched " fairy voice " . Silverman inserted a red herring into the episode in a scene where Mr. Burns says that he was rejuvenated . Silverman used a close @-@ up of Burns when he says " blood of a young boy " in hopes of misleading viewers into thinking that the rest of episode would be about Burns seeking more of Bart 's blood . The episode includes the debut of the Olmec head Xtapolapocetl . After the episode , it was moved into the Simpsons ' basement , where it has since reappeared as a prop in the background of several episodes , although never in a major role . The design was partially based on real Olmec heads , but changed to look more interesting and grotesque . = = Cultural references = = The composition and setting of the scene where Smithers and Dr. Hibbert discuss Mr. Burns ' health is partially inspired by a scene from Citizen Kane where Kane talks to his wife Susan Alexander after she attempts suicide . Otto is heard humming " Iron Man " by Black Sabbath . The ghostwriter Mr. Burns hires mentions that he wrote " Like Hell I Can 't " . The title is a play on Sammy Davis , Jr . ' s autobiography Yes , I Can . Homer mistells the story of " Androcles and the Lion " , instead referring to it as " Hercules and the Lion " . A mural in the post office resembles Michelangelo 's The Creation of Adam . Burns 's line about getting " A frabulous , grabulous , zip @-@ zoop @-@ zabulous present " is similar to lines used in Dr. Seuss books . The scene where Homer dictates the angry letter to Mr. Burns , and the scene where he and Bart attempt to get it out of the mailbox , are inspired by the Honeymooners episode " Letter to the Boss " . = = First broadcast = = " Blood Feud " was part of the season two production run , but was completed behind schedule . It was originally broadcast on July 11 , 1991 as part of the Fox Network 's " premiere week " . Fox aired new episodes of several of its top shows , including The Simpsons and Beverly Hills , 90210 , in hopes of expanding the normal 30 week prime time season and gaining new viewers for the fall . Although " Three Men and a Comic Book " was the official season two finale , " Blood Feud " is considered part of the second season and was included in The Complete Second Season DVD boxset . In its original broadcast , " Blood Feud " finished 24th in ratings for the week of July 8 – 14 , 1991 , with a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 8 . It was the second highest rated program on Fox after Beverly Hills , 90210 . The episode beat a rerun of The Cosby Show , which aired at the same time on NBC , which had a Nielsen Rating of 10 @.@ 3 . Fox finished second overall on July 11 , with an average rating of 10 @.@ 4 . = = Reception = = The episode has received positive reviews from television critics . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , wrote , " One of those shows that people always talk about when discussing The Simpsons – and rightfully so . Homer 's transformation from angry parent to sensible , calm husband is excellent , as is his reaction to Bart posting his angry letter . Their attempts to retrieve the letter and Burns ' eventual reaction are fabulous . " DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson wrote : " In many ways , " Feud " seemed more derivative than usual . Not only did it resemble parts of " Two Cars in Every Garage and Three Eyes on Every Fish " , but Homer ’ s attempts to regain the letter before Burns reads it appear reminiscent of an episode of The Flintstones . Despite those similarities , " Feud " still provided a very entertaining show . The program packed in a slew of hilarious moments , from Homer ’ s description of a Bible story to his visit to the post office . " A reviewer for DVDTown gave the episode a grade of C , describing it as " a fun episode , but far from great . " Ben Rayner of The Toronto Star included " Blood Feud " in his list of the top ten episodes of The Simpsons , noting that " Homer 's efforts to thwart the mail service still kill me 15 years later . "
= 2010 Toyota / Save Mart 350 = The 2010 Toyota / Save Mart 350 was a NASCAR Sprint Cup Series stock car race held on June 20 , 2010 , at Infineon Raceway in Sonoma , California . Contested over 110 laps , it was the sixteenth race of the 2010 Sprint Cup Series season and the first of two road course competitions on the schedule . The race was won by Jimmie Johnson , for the Hendrick Motorsports team . Robby Gordon finished second , and Kevin Harvick , who started fourth , clinched third . Conditions were sunny at the start of the race , making the track potentially slippery . Pole position driver Kasey Kahne maintained his lead into the first corner , but Johnson , who had started in the second position on the grid , took the lead before the first lap was over . Kahne suffered an ill @-@ handling car during the beginning of the race , causing him to fall to seventh by the sixth lap . Seven laps before the finish , race leader Marcos Ambrose , turned his car off to try to save fuel , but he could not refire the engine and subsequently stalled . He dropped back from the lead to sixth place with seven laps remaining , allowing Kahne to finish fourth and Jeff Gordon fifth . There were eight cautions and twelve lead changes among eight different drivers throughout the course of the race , Johnson 's fourth win of the season and his first ever at Infineon . The result moved him up four spots to second in the Drivers ' Championship , 140 points behind of leader Kevin Harvick and one ahead of Kyle Busch . Chevrolet maintained its lead in the Manufacturers ' Championship , nine points ahead of Toyota and forty @-@ three ahead of Dodge , with twenty races remaining in the season . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = Prior to the race , Kevin Harvick led the Drivers ' Championship with 2 @,@ 169 points , and Kyle Busch stood in second with 2 @,@ 147 points . Denny Hamlin was third in the Drivers ' Championship with 2 @,@ 122 points in a Toyota , Kyle Busch 's brother Kurt was fourth with 2 @,@ 051 points , and Matt Kenseth was in fifth with 2 @,@ 019 points . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet was leading with 103 points , six points ahead of their rival Toyota , which had been closing the gap between the two teams in the four previous races . Dodge , with 65 points , was tied with Ford in the battle for third . Two teams chose to temporarily replace their regular drivers with road course ringers . Because of an accident at the previous race in between Scott Speed and Casey Mears , Red Bull Racing Team chose to replace Mears with Mattias Ekström while Phoenix Racing chose Jan Magnussen to replace Landon Cassill . Infineon Raceway is one of two road courses to hold NASCAR races , the other being Watkins Glen International . The standard road course at Infineon Raceway is a 12 @-@ turn course that is 2 @.@ 52 miles ( 4 @.@ 06 km ) long ; the track was modified in 1998 , adding the Chute , which bypassed turns 5 and 6 , shortening the course to 1 @.@ 95 miles ( 3 @.@ 14 km ) . The Chute was only used for NASCAR events such as this race , and was criticized by many drivers , who preferred the full layout . In 2001 , it was replaced with a 70 @-@ degree turn , 4A , bringing the track to its current dimensions of 1 @.@ 99 miles ( 3 @.@ 20 km ) . = = = Practice and qualifying = = = Three practice sessions were held before the Sunday race — one on Friday , and two on Saturday . The first session lasted 90 minutes . The Saturday afternoon session lasted 45 minutes , and the evening session lasted 65 minutes . In the first practice session , Marcos Ambrose was the quickest , leading Clint Bowyer , Ryan Newman , Kasey Kahne , and Kevin Harvick , who were in second , third , fourth , and fifth , respectively . In the second practice session , Ambrose was again the fastest with a fastest lap time of 1 : 16 @.@ 40 , less than seven @-@ tenths of a second quicker than second @-@ placed Jeff Burton . A. J. Allmendinger took third place , ahead of fourth @-@ placed Jimmie Johnson and Martin Truex , Jr .. There were two cautions in the second session ; one of them was caused by Kevin Conway , who stopped on track , and the other was waved for Sam Hornish , Jr . , who had spun out and collided in the wall . The Saturday evening session was held around the same time of day the race would start . Once more , Ambrose was the quickest , posting a time of 1 : 16 @.@ 82 , narrowly faster than both McMurray in second and Burton in third . Johnson and Harvick , rounded out the top five positions . Juan Pablo Montoya , who won this race in 2007 , only managed twelfth . During qualifying , forty @-@ six cars were entered , but only forty @-@ three were able to race because of NASCAR 's qualifying procedure . Kahne clinched his seventeenth career pole position , with a time of 1 : 16 @.@ 30 . He was joined on the front row of the grid by Johnson . Kurt Busch qualified third , Harvick took fourth , and Jeff Gordon started fifth , after being quickest earlier in the session . The three drivers that did not qualify were Brian Simo , Brandon Ash , and Michael Waltrip . = = = Race = = = The race , the sixteenth out of a total of thirty @-@ six in the season , began at 3 pm EDT and was televised live in the United States on TNT . Conditions were sunny with a high of 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) , making the track potentially slippery . Infineon Raceway volunteer coordinator Tim Boeve began the pre @-@ race ceremonies by giving the invocation . Next , CNN news anchor Robin Meade performed the national anthem , and former NFL running back Roger Craig and Northern California Toyota Dealer Association 's Henry Hansel gave the command for drivers to start their engines . On the pace laps , Sam Hornish , Jr. and David Ragan had to go to the rear of the starting grid because they switched to back @-@ up cars due to accidents during practice and qualifying . Kasey Kahne held the lead going through the first corner with Jimmie Johnson behind him . Going through turn seven , Kurt Busch went three @-@ wide with Kahne and Johnson for the lead , and Kahne slowed as Johnson claimed the lead . Kahne 's vacated third position was filled by Kevin Harvick . Marcos Ambrose moved into fifth , passing Jeff Gordon on the sixth lap . After starting in the pole position , Kahne lost six positions in the first seven laps . Johnson continued to increase his lead over Kurt Busch to 3 @.@ 17 seconds . On lap 11 , the first caution flag was waved for an accident involving Clint Bowyer , A. J. Allmendinger , Kyle Busch , and Jamie McMurray . Four laps later , some teams decided to pit as Kyle Busch went to the garage for repairs . Johnson made a good restart , retaining the first position as Ambrose passed Kurt Busch for the second position . Tony Stewart also improved his position by passing Harvick for fourth when McMurray spun out on the restart . Johnson built a lead of one second over Ambrose within two laps of the restart . On lap 17 , Jeff Gordon improved his position to sixth after passing Martin Truex , Jr . , and Johnson continued to pull away with a three @-@ second lead after lap 21 . On lap 23 , Denny Hamlin reported that he was struggling due to damage on the hood of his race car . A lap later , Biffle passed Ryan Newman for ninth while Jeff Gordon emerged in third after passing Juan Pablo Montoya and Kurt Busch . On lap 27 , green flag pit stops began when Ambrose came to pit road for fuel and four new tires . A few laps later , Bobby Labonte received a drive @-@ through penalty for exiting pit road too fast . On lap 35 , Johnson went to pit road and received four new tires and fuel , allowing Stewart to claim the lead . Debutant Mattias Ekström gained the lead as Stewart went to pit lane . On lap 44 , Hamlin continued to have trouble ; his hood began to cover his windshield under green flag conditions . Johnson soon built a 1 @.@ 58 second lead over second place Ambrose . Hamlin was then given a drive @-@ through penalty for speeding on pit road . On lap 52 , Ambrose made a pit stop because of his team 's three pit stop strategy . Johnson 's lead — 13 seconds over Truex , Jr. by lap 54 — was reduced to nothing when the safety car was deployed on the fifty @-@ eighth lap . Dave Blaney had spun out and his car stopped in the middle of the track . After pit stops were completed , the top five positions were filled by Boris Said in first , Stewart in second , Ambrose in third , Ekström in fourth , and David Ragan in fifth . Said made a good restart , but because of his older tires , Ambrose passed him . One lap later , Johnson had all ready passed four cars and was in the third position when Truex Jr. spun going through turn eleven . The third caution flag was waved because Brad Keselowski turned sideways at turn ten ; he had major damage to the splitter from going through the dirt off the track . Said made a slow restart , making cars collide with each other , prompting a red flag on lap 67 . After twenty @-@ two minutes , drivers restarted their engines as cleanup crews were still working . Ambrose made a good restart on lap 70 to keep Johnson behind him . Six laps later , Stewart went to pit lane as Johnson was catching Ambrose . On lap 79 , Johnson went to pit lane for fuel and four new tires ; he was scored in seventeenth afterward . On the following lap , Ambrose went to pit lane for new tires and fuel , so Bowyer became the leader . Elliott Sadler and Boris Said both held the lead during the pit stops . The fifth caution flag came out on lap 85 because Montoya and Joey Logano collided . Boris Said led the field on the restart , but he went off track in turn two and fell to the fifth position as Ambrose , Johnson , Robby Gordon and Biffle passed him . Shortly after the restart , the sixth caution came out because Ekström and David Gilliland both spun out . Ambrose made a good restart to maintain the first position , while Johnson defended second . On lap 100 , Bowyer and Sadler both spun sideways because Jeff Gordon collided with them . Three laps later , the seventh caution came out because Keselowski had fluid coming out of his race car after being spun around by Gilliland . Under caution , Ambrose in the first turn stopped his car to save fuel in case of green @-@ white @-@ checkered finishes and came to a stop going up a hill ; he lost six positions and went back to the lead under caution thinking that that was where he was to be on the restart . However NASCAR ruled soon afterwards that Ambrose failed to maintain any speed under caution by stalling his car and ordered Ambrose to go back to 7th place on the restart costing Ambrose a chance at his first NSCS victory . Ambrose obeyed and slowed his lead to 7th place and Johnson restarted well to take the lead from Robby Gordon . On the final lap ( 110 ) , Matt Kenseth spun and collided with the tire barriers after his brakes failed . Johnson crossed the finish line in first to take his fourth win of the season and his first ever at a road course . Robby Gordon followed in second , ahead of Harvick in third , Kahne in fourth , and Jeff Gordon in fifth . The race had a total of eight cautions and twelve lead changes among eight different drivers . = = = Post @-@ race = = = Jimmie Johnson appeared in victory lane after his victory lap to start celebrating his fourth win of the season , and his first on a road course . Before the race , he had stated , “ I have a lot of confidence but at the same time , after eight years of trying , I ’ m hopeful we have overturned a stone that we have missed in the past . I don ’ t think we have forgotten any area or missed something , but we ’ ll go out and give it a shot and see what we can do and I am ready mentally , physically and we did some testing . I think we found a couple of small things that will bring speed to the cars . ” Following his win , he added , " This win is important , but it ’ s not what it ’ s going to take to win a championship . " Although Marcos Ambrose was leading near the end of the race , he stalled his car while going uphill when coasting in order to conserve fuel . NASCAR ruled that he had failed to maintain reasonable speed under the caution which caused him to drop to seventh . In the subsequent press conference , Johnson said , " I feel bad for him . It was definitely a gift kind of handed to us . " Johnson expressed his enjoyment of winning the race , but he also stated : " Normally , you shut off the car downhill to save fuel . I don ’ t think you do that going up the hill — that ’ s the last place to do it . I thought he was out of fuel , or it was electrical . His car came to a stop and I just thought , ‘ Wow . ’ I know he is kicking himself for whatever happened there . It ’ s the last type of mistake I would expect to see . I was just hoping that I could stay alongside of him . You can count on some guys making mistakes , but I didn ’ t think Marcos would make one . To see him make that was totally off the wall . " Martin Truex , Jr. was furious because of the accident involving himself and Jeff Gordon . Gordon apologized for the collision , but Truex vowed , " We ’ ll get him . " From a second @-@ place finish , Robby Gordon said , " My team needs a little bit of morale here and there . This will be a morale boost back at the workshop . " The race result left Kevin Harvick leading the Driver 's Championship with 2 @,@ 334 points . Johnson , who failed to finish three of the past six races , was second on 2 @,@ 194 , one point ahead of Kyle Busch and eleven ahead of Denny Hamlin . Jeff Gordon was fifth with 2 @,@ 142 points . In the Manufacturers ' Championship , Chevrolet maintained their lead with 112 points . Toyota remained second with 103 points . Ford followed with 69 points , one point ahead of Dodge in fourth . The race took two hours , fifty @-@ six minutes and thirty @-@ eight seconds to complete , and the margin of victory was 3 @.@ 105 seconds . = = Results = = = = = Qualifying = = = = = = Race = = = = = Standings after the race = = Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
= Franklin Knight Lane = Franklin Knight Lane ( July 15 , 1864 – May 18 , 1921 ) was a political progressive and American Democratic politician from California who served as United States Secretary of the Interior from 1913 to 1920 . He also served as a commissioner of the Interstate Commerce Commission , and was the Democratic nominee for Governor of California in 1902 , losing a narrow race in what was then a heavily Republican state . Lane was born July 15 , 1864 , near Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island , in what was then a British colony but is now part of Canada , and in 1871 , his family moved to California . After attending the University of California while working part @-@ time as a reporter , Lane became a New York correspondent for the San Francisco Chronicle , and later became editor and part owner of a newspaper . Elected City Attorney of San Francisco in 1898 , a post he held for five years , Lane ran in 1902 for governor and in 1903 for mayor of San Francisco , losing both races . In 1903 , he received the support of the Democratic minority in the California State Legislature during the legislature 's vote to elect a United States Senator from California . Appointed a commissioner of the Interstate Commerce Commission by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1905 and confirmed by the Senate the following year , Lane was reappointed in 1909 by President William Howard Taft . His fellow commissioners elected him as chairman in January 1913 . The following month , Lane accepted President @-@ elect Woodrow Wilson 's nomination to become Secretary of the Interior , a position in which he served almost seven years until his resignation in early 1920 . Lane 's record on conservation was mixed : he supported the controversial Hetch Hetchy Reservoir project in Yosemite National Park , which flooded a valley esteemed by many conservationists , but also presided over the establishment of the National Park Service . The former Secretary died of heart disease at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester , Minnesota , on May 18 , 1921 . Because of two decades of poorly paid government service , and the expenses of his final illness , he left no estate , and a public fund was established to support his widow . Newspapers reported that it was often said of Lane that had he not been born in what is now Canada , he would have become president . In spite of that limitation , Lane was offered support for the Democratic nomination for Vice President , though he was constitutionally ineligible for that office as well . = = Early life = = Lane was born near Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island , on July 15 , 1864 , the first of four children of Christopher Lane and the former Caroline Burns . Christopher Lane was a preacher who owned a farm outside Charlottetown ; when his voice began to fail , he became a dentist . The elder Lane , disliking the island colony 's cold climate , moved with his family to Napa , California in 1871 , and to Oakland in 1876 , where Franklin graduated from Oakland High School . Franklin Lane was hired to work in the printing office of the Oakland Times , then worked as a reporter , and in 1884 campaigned for the Prohibition Party . From 1884 to 1886 , he attended the University of California at Berkeley , though he did not graduate . Lane later wrote , " I put myself through college by working on vacation and after hours , and I am very glad I did it . " He later received honorary Doctor of Laws degrees from the University of California , from New York University , Brown University , and the University of North Carolina . After leaving college , he worked as a reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle . In 1889 , he was admitted to the California Bar , having attended Hastings Law School . Rather than practicing law , Lane moved to New York City to continue his newspaper career as a correspondent for the Chronicle . There he became a protégé of the reformer Henry George and a member of New York 's Reform Club . He returned to the West Coast in 1891 as editor and part owner of the Tacoma News . He was successful in driving a corrupt chief of police into exile in Alaska , but the business venture as a whole was unsuccessful , and the paper declared bankruptcy in 1894 , a victim of the poor economy and Lane 's espousal of Democratic and Populist Party causes . In 1893 , Lane married Anne Wintermute ; they had two children , Franklin Knight Lane , Jr. and Nancy Lane Kauffman . Lane moved back to California in late 1894 , and began to practice law in San Francisco with his brother George . He also wrote for Arthur McEwen 's Letter , a newspaper which crusaded against corruption , especially in the San Francisco Bay area and in the Southern Pacific Railroad . In 1897 – 98 , he served on the Committee of One Hundred , a group which was tasked with drafting a new city charter . The charter required the city to own its own water supply . = = California politician = = In 1898 , Lane , running as a Democrat , was elected to the combined position of City and County Attorney , defeating California 's sitting Attorney General , W. F. Fitzgerald , by 832 votes in a year that otherwise saw most offices across the state fall to the Republicans . He was re @-@ elected in 1899 and 1901 . Lane ran for Governor of California in 1902 on the Democratic and Non @-@ Partisan tickets . At a time when California was dominated by the Republican Party , he lost by less than a percentage point to George Pardee . ( Theodore Roosevelt won the state by 35 points two years later . ) Between 8 @,@ 000 and 10 @,@ 000 votes were disqualified on various technicalities , possibly costing him the election . During the campaign , the influential San Francisco Examiner slanted its news coverage against him . Examiner owner William Randolph Hearst later denied responsibility for this policy , and stated that if Lane ever needed anything , he should send Hearst a telegram . Lane retorted that if Hearst received a telegram purportedly signed by Lane , asking him to do anything , he could be sure it was a forgery . Journalist Grant Wallace wrote of Lane at the time of the gubernatorial campaign : That Lane is a man of earnestness and vigorous action is shown in ... every movement . You sit down to chat with him in his office . As he grows interested in the subject , he kicks his chair back , thrusts his hands way to the elbows in his trouser pockets and strides up and down the room . With deepening interest he speaks more rapidly and forcibly , and charges back and forth across the carpet with the heavy tread of a grenadier . At the time , the state legislatures still elected United States Senators , and in 1903 , Lane received the vote of the state legislature 's Democratic minority in the Senate election . However , the majority Republicans backed incumbent George Clement Perkins , who was duly re @-@ elected . Later that year , City Attorney Lane ran for mayor of San Francisco , but again was defeated , finishing third in the race . He returned to the private practice of law , and would not again stand for elective office . Even before the mayoral election , there was support for Lane as a potential Democratic candidate for Vice President , though since he was born in what was by then a Canadian province he was ineligible under the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution . In an era when political convention delegates were far more free to make their own choices than they are today , Lane wrote that he had heard that he could gain the support of the New York delegation , which he declined to do . While returning to California from a trip to Washington , D.C. , as an advocate for the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir project , he stopped in Austin , Texas , to confer with Democratic leaders and address the legislature . The New York Times saw this as part of a campaign to secure the vice @-@ presidential nomination , and stated that he had been promised help from Texas . = = Interstate Commerce Commission = = = = = Appointment and confirmation = = = The railroad companies , which were loosely regulated by the Interstate Commerce Commission ( ICC ) , exercised great power in California because of the lack of alternate means of shipping freight . Lane had taken cases against those corporations in his law practice , and , in his gubernatorial campaign , had argued that they had too much power . In early 1904 , Benjamin Wheeler , president of the University of California , suggested to President Roosevelt that Lane would be an admirable choice to serve on the ICC . Roosevelt agreed , and promised to name him to the next ICC vacancy . When that vacancy occurred in early 1905 , Roosevelt forgot his promise and instead named retiring five @-@ term Senator Francis Cockrell of Missouri . Wheeler wrote to remind Roosevelt that he had said he would name Lane . Roosevelt apologized for his oversight , but noted that , as he had just been re @-@ elected , " I shall make ample amends to Lane later " . In December 1905 , Commissioner Joseph W. Fifer resigned from the ICC and on December 6 , 1905 , President Roosevelt named Lane to fill the remaining four years in his term . Opposition to the appointment came from Republicans , who pointed out that were the nominee to be confirmed by the Senate , three of the five commissioners would be from the minority Democratic Party . Historian Bill G. Reid , in his journal article about Lane , suggests that Lane 's liberal record was a factor in the Senate 's hesitation to confirm him . The dispute held up Senate approval . However , Republican Congressman William Peters Hepburn proposed legislation which , though its primary purpose was increased railroad regulation , would expand the Commission by two members . Roosevelt indicated that he would appoint Republicans to the new positions , and opposition to Lane 's nomination dissipated . The resultant Hepburn Act was signed by President Roosevelt on June 29 , 1906 , while his nominee was confirmed the same day and was sworn in on July 2 , 1906 . The City of San Francisco suffered a severe earthquake on April 18 , 1906 . Lane , who was living in north Berkeley while awaiting Senate confirmation , hurried to the city within hours of the earthquake to do what he could to help . Mayor Eugene E. Schmitz immediately appointed him to the Committee of Fifty to deal with the devastation of the earthquake and subsequent fire , and plan the rebuilding of the city . According to Lane 's friend , writer Will Irwin , Lane did not content himself with committee work , but personally fought the fire , helping to save much of the Western Addition . In late April , the commissioner @-@ designate took the train east to Washington , where he unsuccessfully fought to obtain Federal money to help the city 's recovery . = = = Commission work = = = The new commissioner spent the second half of 1906 attending ICC hearings around the country . The Hepburn Act had given the Commission broad powers over the railroads , and the Commission worked to deal not only with past railroad abuses , but to strike a balance between the desires of railroads and those of shippers . There was a severe shortage of coal in the Upper Midwest in late 1906 , especially in North Dakota , and President Roosevelt ordered an investigation . Railroad companies were accused of failing to send cars with coal to that region that could then be used to transport grain from that region to Great Lakes ports . It was alleged the companies were waiting for the lakes to freeze over before sending cars so that the grain would have to be transported by rail all the way to market instead of by water transport . Lane led the inquiry and held hearings in Chicago , and concluded that the car shortage was due to demand for cars further west , and that it would actually cause area railways to lose money since they could not transport the grain to port . In January 1907 , he submitted his report to Roosevelt , which set out the causes of the shortage . He found that fifty million bushels of grain still remained on North Dakota farms or in the state 's grain elevators , because of lack of space in eastbound railroad cars . He recommended that railroad companies pool their cars with neighboring lines . The Commission spent much of 1907 investigating the railroads and other companies owned by Edward H. Harriman , holding hearings across the country . In October , Lane determined that the Southern Pacific Railroad , one of Harriman 's lines , was engaged in rebating , a practice of effectively giving special rates to favored shippers that had been outlawed by the Hepburn Act . Lane was reappointed as commissioner by President William Howard Taft on December 7 , 1909 , this time to a full seven @-@ year term , and was confirmed by the Senate three days later . He was also approached by , as he put it , " a good many people " who urged him to seek the Democratic nomination for Governor of California in 1910 . He did not run , remaining an ICC commissioner . Taft designated Lane as a U.S. delegate to the 1910 International Railways Congress . The Congress , which convened every five years , met in Berne , Switzerland . Before adjourning in anticipation of meeting in 1915 in Berlin , it elected Lane to its Permanent International Commission . On July 1 , 1911 , the ICC ordered a " sweeping investigation " into the activities of express companies , which transported and delivered parcels . Lane presided over a lengthy hearing in New York in November 1911 . Fellow Commissioner James S. Harlan noted that after hearing of the abuses of the express system , Lane recommended to Congress that it establish a parcel post service as part of the United States Post Office Department . Parcel post began on January 1 , 1913 , and was an immediate success . Early in 1912 , Commissioner Lane returned to New York to preside over hearings ( begun on the Commission 's own initiative ) into oil pipelines . While investigating the sale of pipelines to the Standard Oil Company , he grew frustrated with the testimony of a witness who , though secretary of several pipeline companies , could not say who authorized the sales . " I don 't want to deal with a clerk or one of your $ 5 @,@ 000 a year men . I want testimony from someone who can speak with authority . " The Commission held that oil pipelines were common carriers , and ordered the companies owning them to file rate schedules and otherwise comply with the Interstate Commerce Act . Lane also gave attention to improving the ICC 's internal capabilities . Lane and his ally , fellow Commissioner Balthasar H. Meyer , supported increasing the Commission 's ability to compute marginal rates , and the Commission engaged noted economist Max O. Lorenz ( inventor of the Lorenz curve ) for this task . Lane also advocated the creation of a new commission with powers over any corporation engaged in interstate commerce , as the best way to prevent trusts . = = Secretary of the Interior = = = = = Selection by Wilson = = = In the 1912 presidential election , Lane supported Democratic candidate and New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson , though he declined to make campaign speeches on Wilson 's behalf , citing ICC policy that commissioners act in a nonpartisan manner . Wilson was elected on November 5 , 1912 , and on November 21 the commissioner spent much of the day with Colonel Edward House , the President @-@ elect 's advisor , who would play a key role in selecting Cabinet appointees . The possibility of Lane becoming Secretary of the Interior was discussed , but he indicated he was happy in his present position . After the meeting , Lane had second thoughts , and asked House if he would have a free hand as Interior Secretary . House indicated that were he to prove capable in the position , Wilson would not interfere . Colonel House did not immediately recommend Lane for the job , but went on to consider other candidates , such as former San Francisco mayor James D. Phelan and Wilson friend Walter Page . At the ICC meeting on January 8 , 1913 , the commissioners elected Lane as the new chairman , effective January 13 . Wilson continued to keep his Cabinet intentions quiet , and Lane noted in January 1913 of those who met with the President @-@ elect in New Jersey , " nobody comes back from Trenton knowing anything more than when he went " . On February 16 , House met again with him ( on Wilson 's instructions ) to get a better sense of the ICC chairman 's views on conservation . According to House 's diaries , Lane , while reluctant to leave his position as chairman , was willing to serve in the Interior position if offered . He considered the position the most difficult Cabinet post but was also willing to serve in any other capacity . As Wilson adjusted his lineup of potential Cabinet appointees , he and House considered Lane for the positions of Attorney General and Secretary of War . Finally , Wilson wrote to him on February 24 , 1913 , offering him the Interior position , and , although the two had never met , he accepted the post . According to The New York Times , Chairman Lane was selected since he was one of the few California Democrats who had fought the railroads and who was not beholden to Hearst . At the time , it was customary not to make an official announcement of Cabinet appointments until the new President formally submitted the names to the Senate on the afternoon of Inauguration Day , March 4 ; however , The New York Times obtained the list of Wilson 's appointees a day early . The Senate met in special session on March 5 , and approved all of President Wilson 's Cabinet appointees . = = = Department activities = = = The Department of the Interior in 1913 was a hodgepodge of different agencies . Many of them , such as the Pensions Office , Indian Office , and General Land Office had been departmental responsibilities since the Interior Department was organized in 1849 . Others , such as the Bureau of Education , the Geological Survey and the Bureau of Mines , had been added later . The Department was also responsible for national parks , the Patent Office , the United States Capitol building and grounds , Howard University , Gallaudet University , St. Elizabeths Hospital and the Maritime Canal Company of Nicaragua , charged with building a canal upon which work had been suspended for twenty years . Soon after taking office in 1913 , Lane became involved in the Hetch Hetchy Valley dispute . San Francisco had long sought to dam the Tuolumne River in Yosemite National Park to create a reservoir that would assure a steady flow of water to the city . Lane had supported the project as City Attorney and continued his advocacy as the new Interior Secretary . The Hetch Hetchy project was strongly opposed by many conservationists , led by John Muir , who said , " Dam Hetch Hetchy ! As well dam for water tanks the people 's cathedrals and churches ; for no holier temple has ever been consecrated by the heart of man . " In spite of Muir 's objections , Lane was successful : Congress authorized the project after a long and bitter battle . The new Secretary sought allies in Congress to implement his agenda . One such ally was the new junior senator from Montana , Thomas J. Walsh , whose support was key to the passage of the Hetch Hetchy legislation . While Walsh dissented from Lane 's policies on national parks , for example by supporting local control of development in his home state 's Glacier National Park , he sided with him on subjects ranging from development of Alaska to reclamation projects . The Interior Secretary advocated leasing , rather than selling , public lands with possible mineral deposits , and Senator Walsh pursued legislation in this area . While the two were successful in providing for coal land leasing in Alaska , a general minerals leasing bill would not be passed until shortly after Lane left office in 1920 . In July 1913 , Lane left on a long inspection tour of National Parks , Indian reservations , and other areas under the Interior Department 's jurisdiction . Fearful that local employees would control what he was allowed to see , he sent an assistant to visit each site and provide him with a complete report on it two weeks in advance of his arrival . The tour was interrupted in August , when President Wilson asked his Interior Secretary to go to Denver and serve as his representative at the Conference of Governors . Lane did , and then rejoined his inspection party in San Francisco . After several days of meetings there , he collapsed because of an attack of angina pectoris . After three weeks recuperating , he returned to Washington against medical advice to resume his work . As Interior Secretary , Lane was responsible for the territories , and advocated the development of the Alaska Territory . While private railroads had been established there , they were not successful , and he pushed for a government @-@ built railroad , which he believed would lead to large @-@ scale population movement into Alaska . In 1914 , Congress passed a bill authorizing construction of the Alaska Railroad , which passed the Senate following a two @-@ day speech in support by Walsh . Lane was the first Interior Secretary to appoint an Alaska resident , John Franklin Alexander Strong , as territorial governor . Secretary Lane 's vision for the territory was , " Alaska should not , in my judgment , be regarded as a mere storehouse of materials on which the people of the States may draw . She has the potentialities of a State . And whatever policies may be adopted should look toward an Alaska of homes , of industries , and of an extended commerce . " Despite his role in the Hetch Hetchy controversy , Lane was friendly towards the National Park movement , and in 1915 hired Stephen Mather to oversee the parks for which the Department was responsible . Mather , a self @-@ made millionaire and member of the Sierra Club , had written Lane a bitter letter in late 1914 , complaining that the national parks were being exploited for private profit . Lane was intrigued by Mather 's letter , made inquiry , and found that Mather was well thought of by Lane 's friends — and had , like Lane , attended the University of California . Mather 's advocacy led to the establishment of the National Park Service in 1916 . In 1915 , Lane returned to San Francisco to open the Panama @-@ Pacific International Exposition . The President was supposed to open the fair , but was unable to attend , and sent the Interior Secretary in his place . In 1916 , Wilson appointed Lane to lead the American delegation and meet with the Mexican commissioners at Atlantic City , New Jersey about the unstable military situation in Mexico . These negotiations led to the withdrawal of United States troops from Mexico . The Interior Department had never had a central headquarters , but had worked from offices scattered across Washington , with the bulk of the department located in the old Patent Office building . The Secretary lobbied for a new building for the Department , and , after Congress appropriated the funds , construction went ahead and the building was opened in early 1917 . The structure , located at 1800 F Street N.W. , now houses the General Services Administration . Mather , who had been appointed the first director of the National Park Service , began to display apparent mental illness in 1917 . His assistant , Horace Albright , reported this condition to Lane . The Secretary chose to keep Mather in his position , while allowing Albright to perform the functions of Mather 's job until Mather recovered , keeping all of this secret . According to Albright , Lane was not a conservationist , but did not care to interfere in the decisions of his officials , and so let Mather and Albright have free rein . Lane wrote in 1917 : A wilderness , no matter how impressive and beautiful , does not satisfy this soul of mine , ( if I have that kind of thing ) . It is a challenge to man . It says , ' Master me ! Put me to use ! Make me something more than I am.' = = = World War I responsibilities = = = In 1916 , Wilson appointed Lane to the Council of National Defense ( CND ) , where he urged cooperation between the private and public sectors . He defused a difficult situation for the CND when it decided to merge its male @-@ dominated state and local organizations with the separate Women 's Committee into a unified Field Division . Lane headed the Division , leading a board of five men and five women . Lane bitterly opposed what he saw as the President 's hesitation to commit the country to war . He wrote to his brother George in February 1917 : ... in Mexico , Cuba , Costa Rica , and Europe we have trouble . The country is growing tired of delay , and without positive leadership is losing its keenness of conscience and becoming inured to insult . Our Ambassador in Berlin is held as a hostage for days — our Consuls ' wives are stripped naked at the border , our ships are sunk , our people killed — and yet we wait and wait ! What for I do not know . Germany is winning by her bluff , for she has our ships interned in our own harbors . Lane was a strong advocate of preparedness in the prelude to U.S. involvement in World War I. In early 1917 , he urged Wilson to authorize the arming and convoying of merchant vessels . Wilson refused , but changed his mind when informed of the Zimmermann Telegram . In a critical Cabinet meeting in March 1917 , Lane , with other Cabinet members , urged American intervention in the war . With Lane 's support , the nation 's railroads voluntarily united to form a Railroad War Board to meet the emergency . Lane made many effective speeches for the Committee on Public Information . The Secretary penned two brief works for the Committee , Why We Are Fighting Germany and The American Spirit , which were well received and widely distributed . He urged businessmen to make " sacrifices as worthy as those of the men on their way to the trenches " . President Wilson reportedly stopped discussing matters of importance at Cabinet meetings because the " gregarious " Lane divulged confidential matters . Lane was a supporter of the Treaty of Versailles and of the League of Nations . He wrote articles urging , in vain , U.S. ratification of the treaty establishing the international organization . = = Later life and legacy = = On December 17 , 1919 , Lane confirmed rumors that had been circulating in Washington for some months that he would be leaving the Cabinet . Secretary Lane stated that he had not done so earlier because of President Wilson 's illness . While he gave no specific reason for his departure , The New York Times reported that Lane had found it difficult to make ends meet on a Cabinet officer 's salary of $ 12 @,@ 000 and desired to make more money for himself and his family . As Lane prepared to leave office in January 1920 , he reflected on the postwar world : But the whole world is skew @-@ jee , awry , distorted and altogether perverse . The President is broken in body , and obstinate in spirit . Clemenceau is beaten for an office he did not want . Einstein has declared the law of gravitation outgrown and decadent . ... Oh God , I pray , give me peace and a quiet chop . I do not ask for power , nor for fame , nor yet for wealth . Lane resigned in February 1920 , and left office on March 1 . He subsequently accepted employment as Vice President and legal advisor to the Mexican Petroleum Company , which was run by Edward Doheny ( who , after Lane 's death , would be implicated in the Teapot Dome scandal ) , as well as a directorship of the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company . In a letter to Democratic Presidential candidate and Ohio Governor James M. Cox in July 1920 , Lane set forth his vision for America : We want our unused lands put to use . We want the farm made more attractive through better rural schools , more roads everywhere ... [ W ] e want more men with garden homes instead of tenement homes . We want our waters , that flow idly to the sea , put to use ... [ W ] e want fewer boys and girls , men and women , who cannot read or write the language of our laws , newspapers , and literature ... [ T ] he framing of our policies should not be left to emotional caprice , or the opportunism of any group of men , but should be result of sympathetic and deep studies by the wisest men we have , regardless of their politics ... [ W ] e want our soldiers and sailors to be more certain of our gratitude ... [ W ] e are to extend our activities into all parts of the world . Our trade is to grow as never before . Our people are to resume their old place as traders on the seven seas . We are to know other people better and make them all more and more our friends , working with them as mutually dependent factors in the growth of the world 's life By early 1921 , Lane 's health was failing , and he sought treatment at the Mayo Clinic . He was able to leave the Clinic and spend the remainder of the winter in warmer areas as advised by his physicians , but soon returned . Lane 's heart was in such poor condition that the Clinic could not give him general anesthesia during his heart operation . Lane survived the operation , and wrote of the ordeal , but died soon afterward . According to his brother , George Lane , the former Secretary left no will or estate . The vice @-@ president of Lane 's company noted that the Californian had worked 21 years for the Government on a " living salary " , and the earnings from the one year of substantial wages had been heavily sapped by illness . Lane 's body was cremated , and his ashes thrown to the winds from atop El Capitan peak in Yosemite National Park . According to newspapers reporting Lane 's death , it was said that had he been born in the United States he would have been elected President . Following Lane 's death , a memorial committee was formed by Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover , former Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt and former Lane assistant and member of the Federal Reserve Board Adolph C. Miller . The committee established a Franklin K. Lane Memorial Fund , initially dedicated to the support of Lane 's widow , Anne Lane , and upon her death to be used to promote causes in which her husband believed . The two future presidents , Miller , and National Park Service Director Mather were among the major contributors to the fund . In 1939 , after Mrs. Lane 's death , the corpus of the trust ( just over $ 100 @,@ 000 ) was transferred to the former Secretary 's alma mater , the University of California , to promote the understanding and improvement of the American system of democratic government . Fifty years later , the entrusted amount , still administered by the University , had grown to almost $ 1 @.@ 9 million . In November 1921 , Lane Peak in Mount Rainier National Park was named for the former Secretary . Other tributes to Lane included a World War II Liberty ship , a New York City high school , and a California redwood grove . Lane 's patriotic essay " Makers of the Flag " adapted from a speech he delivered to Interior Department employees on Flag Day 1914 , continues to be reprinted as a speech and in schoolbooks .
= Hisar ( city ) = Hisar pronunciation , previously spelled Hissar , is the core of Hisar Urban Agglomeration and administrative headquarters of Hisar district of Hisar division in the state of Haryana in northwestern India . It is located 164 km ( 102 mi ) to the west of New Delhi , India 's capital , and has been identified as a counter @-@ magnet city for the National Capital Region to develop as an alternative center of growth to Delhi . The city was ruled by several major powers , including the Mauryans in the third century BC , the Tughlaqs in the 14th century , the Mughals in the 16th century , and the British in the 19th century . After India achieved independence , it was unified with the state of Punjab . When the Punjab was divided in 1966 , Hisar became part of Haryana . The current name was given in 1354 AD , as Hisar @-@ e @-@ Firoza by Firuz Shah Tughlaq , the Sultan of Delhi from 1351 to 1388 . The Ghaggar and Drishadvati Rivers once flowed through the city , but they have now changed their course . Hisar has a continental climate , with very hot summers and relatively cool winters . The most commonly spoken languages are Hindi , Haryanvi , and Bagri . = = History = = = = = Early history = = = Archeological excavations at nearby locations of AntarcticaRakhigarhi , Siswal , and Lohari Ragho suggest the presence of human habitation from pre @-@ Harappan period . Later , Aryan people settled around Drsadvati River . The Jain literature Uttaradhayana Sutra mentions a town Isukara in the Kuru country which is believed to be the earlier name of Hisar . The kingdom of Hisar , with its capital at Agroha , possibly assisted Chandragupta Maurya in his war against the Greeks . The kingdom was then included in the Mauryan Empire , as evidenced by the discovery of Ashokan pillars in the vicinity of the city . The city later came under the Kushan Empire and the Gupta Empire . In the 12th century , the Chauhan king Prithviraj Chauhan made Hansi , located in the present day Hisar district , his capital and built a fort . It remained a strategic place for Chauhan Empire until Prithviraj was defeated in the Second Battle of Tarain by the invading Ghurid ruler Muhammad Ghori . = = = Tughlaq era = = = Hisar was founded in 1354 AD , as ' Hisar @-@ e @-@ Firoza ' by Firoz Shah Tughlaq , who reigned over the Sultanate of Delhi from 1351 to 1388 . He built a walled fort with four gates , the Delhi Gate and Mori Gate to the east , the Nagori Gate to the south , and the Talaqi Gate to the west . The construction of the fort started in 1354 AD and was completed in 1356 AD . In the middle of the fort stood the Firoz Shah Palace . Apart from its several underground apartments , the complex had different buildings such as Baradari , Lat ki Masjid , Diwan @-@ e @-@ Aam , and Shahi Darwaza . Near the palace was the Gujri Mahal built by the emperor for his wife Gujri . The city was named as Hisar @-@ e @-@ Firoza , which means Fort of Firoz in Persian . Timur invaded the city in 1398 AD and his soldiers set fire to the fort . The city later come under the rule of Sayyid dynasty and Lodi dynasty before Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi in the first battle of Panipat . = = = Mughal era = = = When Babur invaded India in the 1524 – 1526 , Hisar was part of Ibrahim Lodi 's empire . In the battle of Panipat in 1526 , Babur sent prince Humayun , who succeeded in defeating the army of Ibrahim Lodi . Babur handed over the city of Hisar to Humayun as a reward for his success on his first military expedition . In 1540 , Hisar came under the control of Sher Shah Suri when he defeated Humayun but Humayun took it back in 1555 and assigned it to Akbar . During Akbar 's reign ( 1556 – 1605 ) Hisar became once more a place of considerable importance . The city remained under the rule of Mughals until 1760 . = = = British era = = = Hisar was occupied by George Thomas , an Irish adventurer , in 1798 . The arrangement continued until 1801 , when Thomas was driven out by the Sikh @-@ Maratha @-@ French confederacy . The region came under the rule of British East India Company in 1803 and remained a part until the Indian Rebellion of 1857 when Muhammad Azim and Rao Tula Ram conquered it away for a short period . The company sent forces under General Van Cortlandt , who defeated Azim and Tula Ram on 16 November 1857 . Between 1803 and 1879 , British constructed a 4 @,@ 000 @-@ km @-@ long Great Hedge of India , for levying the customs duty on salt and sugar , that ran through Hisar and Hansi . Hisar became a municipality in 1867 . The city remained as a major center of the Indian independence movement from the rebellion of 1857 until the independence , as many national leaders visited the city during the movement such as Lala Lajpat Rai in 1886 , Subhas Chandra Bose in 1938 , and Jawaharlal Nehru in 1946 . = = = After independence = = = After independence , the city became a part of Punjab and later Haryana in 1966 . = = Geography = = Hisar is located at 29 @.@ 09 ° N 75 @.@ 43 ° E / 29 @.@ 09 ; 75 @.@ 43 in western Haryana . It has an average elevation of 215 m ( 705 ft ) above mean sea level . The region is part of the alluvial Ghaggar @-@ Yamuna plain and its southern and western portions mark a gradual transition to the desert . Ghaggar and Drishadvati Rivers once flowed through the city . According to tectonic map , the district lies on Delhi @-@ Lahore Ridge which is bounded by thrusts and no earthquake of any significance has originated in the zone in the past . Only one instance has been recorded of a famine occurring in the city in 1837 – 38 . = = Neighborhoods = = Main residential areas include : Popular commercial areas include : = = Climate = = Hisar has a continental climate , with very hot summers and relatively cool winters . The main characteristics of climate in Hisar are dryness , extremes of temperature , and scanty rainfall . The maximum daytime temperature during the summer varies between 40 and 46 ° C ( 104 and 115 ° F ) . During winter , its ranges between 1.5and 4 ° C. Maximum temperature recorded is 48 @.@ 3 ° C ( 118 @.@ 9 ° F ) in May 1944 , whereas the minimum temperature recorded is − 3 @.@ 9 ° C in January 1929 . Annual average maximum and minimum temperature is 31 @.@ 5 ° C ( 88 @.@ 7 ° F ) and 16 @.@ 2 ° C ( 61 @.@ 2 ° F ) , respectively . Relative humidity varies from 5 to 100 % . Hisar is located on the outer margins of the south @-@ west monsoon region . The average annual rainfall is around 450 mm ( 18 in ) , most of which occurs during July and August . The annual highest rainfall of 793 @.@ 6 mm ( 31 @.@ 24 in ) was recorded in 1976 and the lowest of 145 @.@ 2 mm ( 5 @.@ 72 in ) in 2000 . Dew is observed in December and January . Hot winds , locally known as loo , are strong and frequent from May to July . Occasionally , dust @-@ storms are experienced during summer and hail @-@ storms during February to April . Fog prevails generally in December and January . Thunderstorms also occur during postmonsoon season and summer . = = Civic administration = = Hisar became a municipality in 1867 . It was made the headquarters of the Hisar district in 1832 . The Municipal Corporation of Hisar ( Hisar Nagar Nigam ) , consisting of 20 wards , is headed by Mayor of Hisar and the functions of the Nagar Nigam include registration of birth & death and marriage , water supply , drainage and sewerage , sanitation , solid waste management , street lighting , and building regulation . Law and order in the city are maintained by Haryana Police , which is headed by Superintendent of Police . The city also serves as headquarters of the Hisar Range of Haryana Police which covers Sirsa , Jind , Bhiwani , and Hisar and is headed by Inspector General of Police . District court was set up at Hisar in 1832 and was upgraded as a Sessions Division in 1915 . It is headed by Chief Judicial Magistrate . The district court has a bar association which was founded in 1870 . Hisar elects its member to the legislative assembly for Hisar ( Vidhan Sabha constituency ) and a member to the parliament for Hisar Lok Sabha constituency . It serves as the headquarters of 33rd Battalion of Border Security Force and 3rd Battalion of Haryana Armed Police . The 33rd Armoured Division of Indian Army is stationed at Hisar and is a part of I Corps . In 1996 , Brigade of the Guards arrived here for conversion to mechanized profile and the unit is now a fully mechanized battalion . = = Economy = = The city has a large steel industry and is known as the ' city of steel ' . As of June 2012 , Hisar is India 's largest manufacturer of galvanized iron . Textile and automobile industry is also a major contributor to the economy of the city . It also has a large number of livestock farms with the Central Livestock Farm , established in 1809 being one of the Asia 's largest cattle farms . The Jindal Group and Jindal Steel and Power headed by Savitri Jindal , the 10th @-@ wealthiest woman in the world is based in Hisar . The city has been identified as a counter @-@ magnet city for the National Capital Region to attract migrants and develop as an alternative center of growth to Delhi . = = Demographics = = According to the 2011 census of India , Hisar has a population of 301 @,@ 249 and is currently the 141st @-@ most populated city in India . Males constitute 54 % of the population and females 46 % , with 844 females per thousand males . Hisar has an average literacy rate of 81 @.@ 04 % , higher than the national average : male literacy is 86 @.@ 13 % and female literacy is 75 @.@ 00 % . In Hisar , 11 % of the population is under 6 years of age and the child sex ratio is 860 girls per thousand boys . Although Hisar city has population of 301 @,@ 249 , its urban population is 306 @,@ 893 , of which 166 @,@ 623 are males and 140 @,@ 270 are females . The decadal growth rate was 27 @.@ 06 % . = = = Religion = = = Over 97 % of the city 's population are followers of Hinduism . The remaining 3 % are followers of Sikhism , Jainism , Islam , and Christianity . The city had a major Muslim population before Indian Independence in 1947 , following which most Muslims migrated to Pakistan during the Partition of India . It was also a major centre of learning for Digambara Jains and was once the seat of Bhattaraka , head of Digambara Jain institutions . = = Culture = = Most of the popular Indian festivals are celebrated in the city , the most important being Diwali , Dussehra , Ram Navami , Janamashtami , Shivratri , Gugga Navami , Holi , Basant Panchami , Teej , and Makar Sankranti . The festivals of Jains , Christians , Sikhs and Muslims are also celebrated . Sweets are popular , with Hansi ka Peda being the most popular amongst them . Ghoomar is the primary folk dance performed by people during festivals and other occasions and Saang is the folk @-@ theatre of the region . Classical Indian vocalist Jasraj and poet Vishnu Prabhakar belong to Hisar . = = = Architecture = = = Signs of pre @-@ Harappan settlements have been found at Siswal and Lohari Ragho . One of the four pre @-@ Harappan phases has been named Sothi @-@ Siswal period ( 3200 – 2600 BC ) on this site . Harappan settlements can be found as well in Rakhigarhi . The site covers 2180 hectares , making it the largest Harappan site known in India and the second @-@ biggest overall after Mohenjodaro . All the sites are maintained by Archaeological Survey of India . Agroha is another place of historical importance . It is situated about 24 km from the city and was once the capital of king Agrasena , who is believed to have lived during the last stages of Dwapar Yuga in the Mahabharat era . Remains of his capital have been excavated , known as Agroha Mound or locally as Ther , and belong to around 3000 BC . The city was also a major centre during the Mauryan period as Buddhist and Jain temples have also been revealed in the excavations . Firoz Shah Palace Complex is another prominent historical site located inside the city . It was built by Firuz Shah Tughlaq in 1354 . Asigarh Fort , a centrally protected monument , was built in 1304 – 1305 . Historical places from the British era include St. Thomas Church and Jahaj Kothi Museum , a Jain temple converted to a museum . = = Places of interest = = Siswal , Banawali , Kanwari , and Rakhigarhi are some of the sites of Indus Valley Civilization of now lost ancient Drishadvati river flowing through Hisar , Drishadvati river was a tributary of ancient Sarasvati River which still flows as remnant Ghaggar @-@ Hakra River . Historic Agroha Mound and Agroha Dham is a prominent religious place located on the outskirts of the city about 22 km away on Fatehabad @-@ Sirsa @-@ Bhatinda road . A local deity Banbhori is worshipped by local people . Delhi Sultanate era Firoz Shah Palace Complex and Pranpir Badshah tomb are located in the city . The oldest park located in the city is the Krantiman Park , located across the historic St. Thomas Church . The park was built in the 19th century and was then known as Company Bagh . Other parks include Madhuban Park , Town Park , and O. P. Jindal Knowledge Center . The O. P. Jindal Knowledge Centre , inaugurated in 2009 a museum , library , park and houses a 25 @-@ storied , 282 @-@ ft- high steel tower modeled on the Space Needle in Seattle . Haryana Rural Antique Museum , which is maintained by CCS HAU in its Gandhi Bhawan , exhibits evolution of agriculture and vanishing antiques . Jahaj Kothi Museum , named after George Thomas , is located inside Firoz Shah Palace Complex and maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India . Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum is located at Rakhigarhi , which is a Indus Valley civilisation site 60 km away . Blue Bird Lake , an artificial lake and tourist complex maintained by the Haryana Tourism , offers boating and watersports , birding , picnicking , and recreation . The deer park and Shatavar Vatika Herbal Park are located at the outskirts of the city and maintained by the Haryana State Forest Department . It was established in 1971 and endangered species such as blackbuck , chital , sambar , and nilgai can be found here . Hisar Police Lines Golf Course is located near the Hisar Airport . = = Media = = DD Haryana Doordarshan Kendra headquartered at in Hisar was set up in 2002 . Besides Doordarshan , local cable operators offer over 900 local , regional , national and international channels in the city . An All India Radio Hisar station is located at Hisar . Private FM stations operating in Hisar are BIG FM , Radio Mantra , Radio Dhamaal and Radio Tarang . CCS HAU Community Radio Station ( CHCRS ) was started in 2011 by CCS HAU as the first community radio station of North India at 91 @.@ 2 MHz for farming community . = = Facilities = = = = = Utility services = = = Before independence of India , monsoon or groundwater were the main sources of irrigation . The main source of water now is Balsamand branch of Western Yamuna Canal . Municipal Corporation of Hisar supplies potable water to the city . The city first got electricity in 1936 . It is now produced by the Rajiv Gandhi Thermal Power Station and distributed by Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Limited . Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited ( BSNL ) provides landline and broadband services . Cell phone coverage is extensive , and the main service providers are Vodafone Essar , Airtel , MTNL , Reliance Communications , Idea Cellular and Tata Indicom . The planning of the city is done by Haryana Urban Development Authority . = = = Healthcare = = = People from Punjab and Rajasthan come to Hisar for medical treatment . The district Red Cross Society caters to specially abled people . = = Transport = = = = = Road = = = The city lies on National Highway 10 and National Highway 65 . National Highway 10 from Delhi to Fazilka connects it to Rohtak and Sirsa and National Highway 65 from Ambala to Pali connects it to Kaithal and Jodhpur . The state highways of Haryana that pass through Hisar are State Highways 10 , 13 , and 20 . Besides , there are district roads , village link roads and canal inspection roads . In 1947 , the total metalled road length in the city was 137 km ( 85 mi ) which increased to 1 @,@ 188 km ( 738 mi ) in 1978 . Hisar Bus Stand is the hub of bus service that is the major means of transport in the district . Bus services are provided by Haryana Roadways and other private operators . Hisar Bus Stand came into being on 11 August 1969 and has a subdepot at Hansi . As of 2012 , the depot has a total of 198 buses with daily ridership of 73 @,@ 500 . Bus stands are located at Hisar , Adampur , Barwala , Hansi , Narnaund and Uklana . All the 290 villages of Hisar district are connected to the city through either public transport provided by Haryana Roadways or through private buses . Auto rickshaws are a major means of transport for travelling within the city . In August 2012 , city bus service was started in the city . The city is a part of Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor Project which aims at developing strong road and rail connections between the cities lying on it and develop them as an industrial area . = = = Rail = = = Hisar is a railway junction station , and it falls under Bikaner division of North Western Railway Zone . The first railway line to the city was laid down in 1883 when Delhi Rewari Railway was extended to Bhatinda . Currently , four broad gauge railway lines are at the station . The railway station is a part of Western Dedicated Rail Freight Corridor according to which the city is to be developed as an export @-@ oriented industrial unit . The city is well connected to the neighboring states through rail links . = = = Air = = = Hisar Airport ( IATA : HSS , ICAO : VIHR ) is located on the outskirts of the city . In August 2012 , the DGCA approved the Haryana state government 's plan to develop the airport to operate domestic passenger services . Its 4 @,@ 000 @-@ foot ( 1 @,@ 200 m ) runway will be extended to 6 @,@ 000 ft ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) to accommodate air service . = = Education = = Before the British Raj , indigenous schools provided elementary education . Till 1892 , the city had only one middle school . The first private school , CAV High School , was set up by Arya Samaj in 1918 . Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University , one of Asia 's biggest agricultural universities was the first university established in Hisar , in 1971 . Other universities located in the city are Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology , Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Shanti Niketan Vidyapeeth , Hisar . Commercial and private pilot license training is provided by the Haryana Institute of Civil Aviation ( HICA ) from Hisar Airport built in 1965 . A few agricultural and veterinary research centers are also situated in the city such as National Research Centre on Equines , Central Sheep Breeding Farm , Government Livestock Farm , Hisar Northern Region Farm Machinery Training and Testing Institute , Regional Fodder Station , Hisar and Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes . In 1988 , the city hosted the 2nd World Buffalo Congress . The major library in the city is Nehru Library . = = Sports = = Mahabir Stadium , Haryana Agricultural University Stadium and HAU Giri Centre host state sponsored sports academies . Hisar hosted the 51st National Boxing Championship in 2004 and 22nd Haryana State Women Sports Festival in 2008 . It has a sports center run by Sports Authority of India at Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University which has a synthetic track of international standard apart from other facilities . Other major sporting venue in Hisar is Mahabir Stadium for multiple sports which was completed in the year 1972 , run by District Olympic Association . Sports persons from Hisar include Chandgi Ram , Geetika Jakhar in wrestling , Krishna Poonia in discus throw , Manvinder Bisla in cricket , Nirmala Devi in wrestling , Udey Chand , and Vikas Krishan Yadav in boxing . In April 2012 , 18 @-@ year @-@ old Ajay Kumar from Hisar qualified for 2012 Summer Olympics .
= Destination X ( 2008 ) = Destination X ( 2008 ) was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view ( PPV ) event produced by the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) promotion , which took place on March 9 , 2008 , at the Norfolk Scope in Norfolk , Virginia . It was the fourth event under the Destination X chronology and the third event in the 2008 TNA PPV schedule . Eight professional wrestling matches were featured on the event 's card , two of which involved championships , while one match was held prior to the event . The main event was a Six Man Tag Team match where The Unlikely Alliance ( Christian Cage , Kevin Nash , and Samoa Joe ) defeated The Angle Alliance ( Kurt Angle , A.J. Styles , and Tomko ) . On the undercard was an Elevation X match in which Rhino defeated James Storm . Robert Roode defeated Booker T in a Stand By Your Man Strap match . The team of Curry Man and Shark Boy defeated Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) in a Fish Market Street Fight . This event marked the second time the Elevation X match was used by TNA . Jason Clevett of the professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer rated the event a six of ten , lower than the seven out of ten given to the 2007 event 's ranking by Chris Sokol . = = Production = = = = = Background = = = It was reported in December 2007 that Destination X was planned to be held on March 16 outside of the TNA Impact ! Zone in Orlando , Florida . However , in January 2008 TNA announced that Destination X would be held on March 9 instead . TNA issued a press release in mid @-@ January 2008 stating that Destination X would be held at the Norfolk Scope in Norfolk , Virginia on March 9 , 2008 . Tickets for the event went on sale January 25 , 2008 . In Demand listed a preview of Destination X in late @-@ January 2008 promoting the return of the Elevation X match . TNA released a poster featuring The Motor City Machine Guns ( Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin ; MCMG ) sometime prior to help promote the event . The song Life Story by the band Crash Anthem was used as the official theme for the show . = = = Storylines = = = Destination X featured eight professional wrestling matches and one match prior to the event that involved different wrestlers from pre @-@ existing scripted feuds and storylines . Wrestlers portrayed villains , heroes , or less distinguishable characters in the scripted events that built tension and culminated into a wrestling match or series of matches . The main event at Destination X was a Six Man Tag Team match pitting The Unlikely Alliance of Christian Cage , Kevin Nash , and Samoa Joe against The Angle Alliance ( Kurt Angle , A.J. Styles , and Tomko ) . The storyline behind this match was Joe 's quest to win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship from Angle , with the two scheduled to fight for the title at TNA 's next PPV event Lockdown on April 13 , 2008 . Also connected was Cage 's feud with Styles and Tomko , after the two betrayed him and cost him the TNA World Heavyweight Championship twice against Angle in the storyline at TNA 's Final Resolution PPV event on January 6 , 2008 , and at TNA 's Against All Odds PPV event on February 10 , 2008 . This bout was announced on the February 21 , 2008 , episode of TNA 's television program TNA Impact ! during a backstage segment between Joe and Management Director Jim Cornette . On the March 6 , 2008 , episode of Impact ! , the participants in the match fought in a series of matches to determine who would get a five @-@ minute man advantaged at Destination X. Nash defeated Styles , Tomko defeated Joe in a First Blood match , and Cage defeated Angle in a Six Sides of Steel Cage match , leaving it two to three , with The Unlikely Alliance gaining the advantage . TNA held the second @-@ ever Elevation X match at Destination X between Rhino and James Storm . At Against All Odds , Rhino returned from injury to attack Storm during his encounter with Eric Young over the TNA World Beer Drinking Championship , reigniting their feud from mid @-@ 2007 . Prior to this match , Rhino and Storm were involved in a storyline over past alcoholic issues by Rhino . This led to the two fighting at TNA 's Victory Road PPV event on July 15 , 2007 , which Storm won . The two fought again at TNA 's Hard Justice PPV event on August 12 in a Bar Room Brawl , which Storm also won . Rhino defeated Storm at TNA 's No Surrender PPV event on September 9 , 2007 , thus ending the feud . In late @-@ 2007 , Rhino suffered an injury sidelining him until his return at Against All Odds . On the February 14 , 2008 , episode of Impact ! Rhino challenged Storm to an Elevation X match . The match was later promoted for the event by TNA . Robert Roode versus Booker T in a Stand By Your Man Strap match was another highly promoted match heading into the event . The feud regrading this contest began at Final Resolution , where Roode accidentally punched Booker T 's wife Sharmell , fracturing her jaw in the storyline , after a Mixed Tag Team match pitting Roode and his then @-@ manager Ms. Brooks against Booker T and Sharmell . Booker T and Roode then fought at Against All Odds to a double count @-@ out . Cornette announced on the February 14 episode of Impact ! that Booker T and Roode would face in another match at Destination X. On the February 28 , 2008 , episode of Impact ! , Roode handcuffed Booker T to the ring ropes and beat him with a belt , until Roode 's former manager Ms. Brooks , now Traci Brooks , came to Booker T 's defense . However , Roode and his new manager Payton Banks ended up attacking both with belts . On the March 6 episode of Impact ! , Cornette announced that Booker T and Roode would face in a Stand By Your Man Strap match , in which if Booker T won then Brooks would be allowed to beat Banks with a strap ten times and vice versa . Curry Man and Shark Boy fought Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) in a Fish Market Street Fight at Destination X. At Against All Odds , Team 3D and Johnny Devine lost a Six Man Tag Team Street Fight to Jay Lethal and MCMG ( Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin ) . Due to pre @-@ match stipulations , Team 3D was then forced to work with a weight @-@ limit in TNA in order to compete in matches , with the limit set at 275 lb ( 125 kg ) . On the February 14 episode ofImpact ! , Team 3D fought Curry Man and Shark Boy in which Ray did not make weight , leaving Devon to face them alone . Devon won the contest after help from Ray . On the February 21 , 2008 , episode of Impact ! , another match was held between the teams , in which Devon did not make weight , but Ray still won the bout after cheating . On the February 28 episode of Impact ! , neither of Team 3D made weight , losing the match by disqualification . Curry Man and Shark Boy won a battle royal on the March 6 episode of Impact ! to add a stipulation to a match between them and Team 3D at Destination X. The two chose that if Team 3D did not make weight then Team 3D would be forced to leave TNA , but if they did then the contest would be a Fish Market Street Fight . The TNA Women 's Knockout Championship was defended in a Three Way match by Awesome Kong against Gail Kim and ODB , also on the card . Build to this encounter began on December 2 , 2007 , at TNA 's Turning Point PPV event , where then @-@ TNA Women 's Knockout Champion Kim defeated Kong by disqualification . Kim then fought Kong again at Final Resolution in a No Disqualification match , in which Kim retained the title . On the January 10 , 2008 , episode of Impact ! , Kong defeated Kim to win the title in a match which gave Kim an injury in the storyline . Kong then defended the title against ODB at Against All Odds , which Kong won . Leading up to Destination X , Kim and ODB started a partnership in order to try and take the championship from Kong on the February 14 episode of Impact ! . TNA later promoted a Three Way match between the three leading up to the event . = = Event = = Prior to the show , TNA held a match for the crowd between Roxxi Laveaux and Angelina Love , which Roxxi won . = = = On @-@ air employees = = = The event featured employees other than the wrestlers involved in the matches . Mike Tenay and Don West were the commentators for the telecast . Jeremy Borash and David Penzer were ring announcers for the event . Andrew Thomas , Earl Hebner , Rudy Charles , and Mark " Slick " Johnson participated as referees for the encounters . Crystal Louthan and Borash were used as interviewers during the event . Besides employees appearing in a wrestling role , Salinas , Christy Hemme , Rhaka Khan , Scott Steiner , Sonjay Dutt , SoCal Val , Raisha Saeed , Jim Cornette , Johnny Devine , Payton Banks , Traci Brooks , and Jackie Moore all appeared on camera , either in backstage or ringside segments . = = = Preliminary matches = = = The event opened with a Three Way Tag Team match to determine the number one contenders to the TNA World Tag Team Championship between The Latin American Xchange ( Hernandez and Homicide ; LAX ) , who were accompanied by Salinas , MCMG ( Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin ) , and The Rock ' n Rave Infection ( Jimmy Rave and Lance Hoyt ) , who were accompanied by Christy Hemme . The bout lasted ten minutes and twenty @-@ eight seconds . LAX won the bout thus becoming number one contenders after Hernandez pinned Rave following his signature Border Toss maneuver . Jay Lethal defended the TNA X Division Championship against Petey Williams , who was accompanied by Rhaka Khan , in a contest lasting eleven minutes and forty @-@ one seconds . Near the end of the bout , Khan distracted the referee , at which time Steiner came down to the ring and interfered in the match , allowing Williams to perform his signature Canadian Destroyer maneuver . SoCal Val then interfered as the referee was counting the pinfall , removing him from the ring . Khan began to chase Val , before Sonjay Dutt came to her rescue . When Williams went for another pin attempt , Lethal countered it into a small package pin , winning the match and retaining the TNA X Division Championship . The team of Eric Young and Kaz were pitted against the team of Black Reign and Rellik in the third match . The duration of the encounter was ten minutes and three seconds . During the contest , Young left the ring , leaving Kaz to fight off both Reign and Rellik by himself . Later , Young returned to the ring dressed as a superhero , where he performed a double Death Valley Driver on Reign and Rellik slamming them both into the mat , thus winning the match . A Three Way match for the TNA Women 's Knockout Championship was held in which then @-@ champion Awesome Kong , who was accompanied by Raisha Saeed defended the title against Gail Kim and ODB . Near the end , ODB was tripped by Saeed , which led to Kong performing her signature Awesome Bomb maneuver at eleven minutes and thirty @-@ three seconds to win the contest . = = = Main event matches = = = The team of Curry Man and Shark Boy were pitted against Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) , who were accompanied by Johnny Devine , in a thirteen @-@ minute @-@ and @-@ twelve @-@ second Fish Market Street Fight . Prior to this bout , Management Director Jim Cornette announced that if Team 3D made weight , then the weight restriction on them would be lifted . Also , that Kurt Angle originally won the Six Sides of Steel Cage match against Christian Cage , however the decision with The Unlikely Alliance gaining the advantage in the Six Man Tag Team match was still in effect . Before the bout , both members of Team 3D were weighed , with both coming in below the mark . In a Fish Market Street Fight the match is won by pinfall or submission , in which there are no disqualifications and the ring area is covered by fish paraphernalia . Devine interfered in the match near the end , accidentally throwing white powder in Ray 's face . This led to Shark Boy tossing him out of the ring and through a table . Afterwards , Ray mistakenly performed Team 3D 's signature tag team maneuver the 3D on Devon with Curry Man , allowing Shark Boy to cover for the pinfall victory . Robert Roode , who was accompanied by Payton Banks , fought Booker T , who was accompanied by Traci Brooks , in a Stand By Your Man Strap match . The duration of the contest was seven minutes and fifty @-@ six seconds . In a Stand By Your Man Strap match , both competitors are connected with a ten @-@ foot @-@ long strap , with the match won by either pinfall or submission . Roode gained the pinfall after punching Booker T with a pair of handcuffs . After the match , Banks got to lash Brooks with a strap ten times , until Sharmell made her return attacking Roode and Banks with a strap . The second @-@ ever Elevation X match was held between Rhino and James Storm , who was accompanied by Jackie Moore . The bout lasted thirteen minutes and eighteen seconds . In an Elevation X match , both opponents fight on a scaffolding several feet above the ring , in which the only way to win is for one to fall off and down to the ring . The two brawled at ringside during the opening minutes . Rhino won the match after kicking Storm off the scaffold and down to the ring through a table . The main event was a Six Man Tag Team match pitting The Unlikely Alliance ( Christian Cage , Kevin Nash , and Samoa Joe ) against The Angle Alliance ( Kurt Angle , A.J. Styles , and Tomko ) . The match duration was twelve minutes and twenty @-@ nine seconds . Angle was forced to sit out of the match for five minutes , giving The Unlikely Alliance the three on two advantage . Joe won the encounter after he forced Tomko to submit with his signature Coquina Clutch submission maneuver . = = Reception = = A total of three thousand two hundred people attended the event . Canadian Online Explorer writer Jason Clevett rated the entire event a six out of ten , which was lower than the seven out of ten given to the 2007 Destination X event by Chris Sokol . Destination X 's rating was lower than TNA 's previous event Against All Odds , which was given a seven and a half out of ten . It was also lower than the six and a half given to TNA 's next event Lockdown . Compared to rival World Wrestling Entertainment 's WrestleMania XXIV PPV event held on March 30 , 2008 , Destination X was rated lower as WrestleMania was given a nine out of ten by Dale Plummer . The highest rating of Clevett 's review , an eight out of ten , was given to the Women 's Knockout Championship match and the Three Way Tag Team match . The Elevation X match received the lowest rating of the review with a zero out of ten . The main event was rated a five out of ten , while the Stand By Your Man Strap match was ranked a three out of ten . The Fish Market Street Fight was rated four out of ten . Clevett felt Destination X " was not a bad pay per view , " but " it wasn ’ t particularly good . " Wade Keller of the Pro Wrestling Torch , in his published review of the event , rated the main event three and one @-@ quarter stars out of five , the Elevation X match one star out of five , the Stand By Your Man Strap match one and one @-@ quarter stars out of five , and the Fish Market Street Fight two stars out of five . The Women 's Knockout Championship match and the main event were the highest rated matches in the review , with the Elevation X match the lowest . Keller thought the main event was a " good six @-@ man tag match , but it didn 't feel substantial enough to be a PPV main event . " Regrading the Elevation X match , Keller felt it was " pretty bad . " Commenting on the Stand By Your Man Strap match , Keller said it was a " letdown . " Remarking on the Women 's Knockout Championship match , Keller thought that " in some ways , just excellent " and that it was a " strong showing again by these women . " The event was released on DVD on May 13 , 2008 , by TNA Home Video . = = Aftermath = = Following Destination X , Samoa Joe went on to Lockdown on April 13 , 2008 , to face Kurt Angle in a Six Sides of Steel Cage match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship . This match was announced on the March 13 , 2008 , episode of Impact ! by Management Director Jim Cornette . On the April 10 , 2008 , episode of Impact ! , a stipulation was added that if Joe lost he would retire from professional wrestling . At Lockdown , Joe defeated Angle to win the championship . Christian Cage and Tomko were announced as the annual team captains in the 2008 Lethal Lockdown match by Cornette on the March 13 episode of Impact ! . Over the weeks leading up to the event the two picked their team members , ending up with Team Cage consisting of Cage , Rhino , Kevin Nash , Sting , and Matt Morgan , while Team Tomko was made up of Tomko , A.J. Styles , James Storm , and Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) . At Lockdown , Team Cage defeated Team Tomko in a Five @-@ on @-@ Five Lethal Lockdown match . With the return of Sharmell at Destination X , an Intergender Tag Team Six Sides of Steel Cage match was held at Lockdown , pitting Sharmell and Booker T against Payton Banks and Robert Roode . The bout was announced on the March 20 , 2008 , episode of Impact ! by Cornette . Sharmell and Booker were the victors in the contest at Lockdown , thus ending the feud between Booker T and Roode . TNA X Division Champion Jay Lethal went on to defend the title in an Xscape match at Lockdown . The match was promoted on the March 13 episode of Impact ! , with qualifying matches held leading up to Lockdown . The wrestlers who qualified for the bout were Shark Boy , Curry Man , Johnny Devine , Sonjay Dutt , and Consequences Creed . Lethal ended up retaining the title at the event . Lethal eventually lost the title on the April 17 , 2008 , episode of Impact ! , when Petey Williams used his TNA X Division Feast of Fired Title shot . LAX ( Hernandez and Homicide ) became number one contenders to the TNA World Tag Team Championship at Destination X. They were given their championship match on the April 17 episode of Impact ! , however at Lockdown the team of Eric Young and Kaz won a Cuffed in the Cage match earning them a championship match as well . Due to this , it became a Three Way Tag Team match between LAX , the team of Young and Kaz , and TNA World Tag Team Champions Styles and Tomko . Young and Kaz won the bout , however , due to a controversial finish the championship was vacated by Cornette . Cornette then set up the Deuces Wild Tag Team Tournament heading into TNA 's Sacrifice PPV event on May 11 , 2008 , to crown new champions . LAX went on to the event to win the tournament , thus winning the championship . = = Results = =
= Chicago Spire = The Chicago Spire was a supertall skyscraper project at 400 N. Lake Shore Drive in Chicago , Illinois that failed financially after beginning construction . When originally proposed as the Fordham Spire in July 2005 , the design had 116 stories and would have included a hotel and condominiums and been topped with a broadcast antenna mast . The design was by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava , and Chicago developer Christopher T. Carley of the Fordham Company was spearheading the project . On 16 March 2006 , the initial design of the building passed unanimously during that day 's meeting of the Chicago Plan Commission . A court ruling on 4 November 2014 brought to a close the original development plan and the extended litigation over the nine @-@ year @-@ old project ; developer Garrett Kelleher signed over the property location to the project 's biggest creditor , Related Midwest , who announced that they would not build the Spire . = = Planning = = The building was originally proposed as the Fordham Spire in July 2005 ; Chicago developer Christopher T. Carley of the Fordham Company was spearheading the project . It was to have had 116 stories and to include a hotel and condominiums and be topped by a tall broadcast antenna mast . On March 16 , 2006 , the initial design of the building passed unanimously during that day 's meeting of the Chicago Plan Commission and on March 23 , 2006 , the same happened at the city 's Zoning Committee meeting . On March 29 , 2006 , the Chicago city council also approved that design . As part of the approval process , the council passed a measure that raised the height limit on structures at the site to accommodate the 2 @,@ 000 @-@ foot ( 610 m ) design height . It would have become the second tallest building in the entire world , surpassed only by the Burj Khalifa . It would have also surpassed the CN Tower to become the tallest freestanding structure and the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere . The building was designed by Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava and was being developed by St Patrick 's Athletic owner Garrett Kelleher of Shelbourne Development Group , Inc . There was widespread support for the original design of the building among both the residents of the immediate neighborhood and the city of Chicago as a whole , partly because the building would block less sunlight and obscure less of the skyline than the lower buildings for which the land was originally zoned . Chicago Mayor Daley said he approved of the design , stating that it was environmentally friendly . Burton F. Natarus , who was the 42nd @-@ ward alderman when the building was announced , said : " This is a very unique opportunity for the city of Chicago . This building belongs to Chicago and should be in Chicago . " Some opposition from neighborhood residents originated from concerns with increased congestion . Donald Trump immediately voiced opposition to the building , stating that the tall structure would be a target for terrorists and did not even seem to be a viable project . The opposing comment by Trump was made while he himself was developing a supertall tower in Chicago , the Trump International Hotel and Tower . Trump 's tower completed construction in January 2009 , just a few blocks west of the Chicago Spire site . If the Chicago Spire had been built as planned , it would have replaced the Trump International Hotel and Tower as the tallest residential structure in the United States , and the two towers would have been in direct competition in selling residential units . = = Development = = = = = Initial financial problems = = = After several months of development in 2005 , Carley failed to obtain sufficient financing for the construction of the building . Irish developer Garrett Kelleher , executive chairman of Shelbourne Development Group , Inc . , acquired the land and took over the project . It was announced that he would put up 100 % of the equity , something Carley had been unable to do . He also had financial backing to acquire the land , something Carley lacked . Kelleher stated he would consider using Carley 's services on the development and that " Carley will be paid an unspecified sum for his involvement in the deal so far . " Kelleher later renamed the project " Chicago Spire " after shortly going by " 400 North Lake Shore Drive " , as it was no longer a Fordham project . = = = New designs = = = In the final quarter of 2006 , Shelbourne Development issued two separate press releases regarding the construction and design of the spire . A November 2006 press release stated that construction of the Chicago Spire would begin in June 2007 . In early December 2006 , Shelbourne Development issued another press release stating that the design of the building had been revised . This included the removal of the hotel and the antenna mast , making the building consist solely of condominium units . The design change altered the twist to be consolidated towards the base of the building , which was also wider than the original plan . Additionally , the spire no longer tapered at the top , resulting in an increase in floor space and overall floor count . The revision also removed the separate parking structure from the original plan , instead incorporating underground parking into the spire itself . This first major redesign of the Chicago Spire was criticized by architectural critics and city officials . In late December 2006 , the Chicago Tribune reported that the developer was soliciting opinions on a further revision from community leaders . Several weeks following that report the Chicago Tribune held an exclusive interview with architect Santiago Calatrava and lead developer Garrett Kelleher . During the interview , Calatrava drew out design ideas restoring the rotating design of the building and showcasing his vision for the Chicago Spire 's lobby . On March 26 , 2007 , further revisions were shown during a public presentation by Shelbourne Development showcasing the most recent design . = = = Approval = = = Following the March 26 , 2007 public presentation by Shelbourne Development , residents showed favorable reaction to the newest design of the Chicago Spire . The Chicago Plan Commission approved the final plans of the Chicago Spire on April 19 , 2007 . Chicago 's zoning committee also approved the tower on April 26 and , on May 9 , 2007 , the Chicago City Council approved the final design of the Chicago Spire . = = = Marketing = = = By June 2008 , Shelbourne had sold more than 350 of the 1 @,@ 193 units — more than half of those to foreign investors in markets where certain United States Securities and Exchange Commission regulations do not apply . Shelbourne announced on September 30 , 2008 that the building 's penthouse had been sold to Beanie Babies manufacturer Ty Warner . Kelleher offered to rent out units at a guaranteed 7 @.@ 5 % return to spur sales . The approach is common outside the United States where the tower was marketed more heavily and was meant to spur sales of the smallest units , which are the most likely to be purchased as rental property investments by foreigners . = = = Financial crisis and suspension of construction = = = By October 2008 , the late @-@ 2000s recession was beginning to affect the project . Construction was suspended and the tower 's architect , Santiago Calatrava , placed an $ 11 @.@ 34 million lien on the construction site , stating that Kelleher had not yet paid him for his work . Within a few months Anglo Irish Bank , the primary lender for the project , was on the brink of financial collapse . The bank 's stocks had lost nearly all of their value and Anglo Irish Bank was facing nationalization . Due to the bank 's dire financial situation , Shelbourne Development was forced to suspend construction , and would eventually have to pay back the $ 69 @.@ 5 million ( USD ) it had already borrowed . Additional litigation and liens threatened the project by autumn 2009 . The owner of the NBC Tower in Chicago sued to evict Shelbourne Development from their sales office , where extensive modeling of Chicago Spire units had been installed . The lawsuit alleged that Shelbourne was behind $ 316 @,@ 000 ( USD ) in lease payments . In addition to this and other liens listed on the property , Bank of America filed a lawsuit against Shelbourne Development for $ 4 @.@ 92 million ( USD ) . The lawsuit was an attempt to collect that sum on two unpaid loans used for initial construction at the Chicago Spire site . After these setbacks , the AFL @-@ CIO and Kelleher announced in late 2009 that they were discussing the potential for a $ 170 million ( USD ) land loan that would retire Kelleher 's loan from Anglo Irish Bank , pay off the outstanding liens , and restart work in exchange for making the construction a completely union job . Due to the lack of construction and the sluggish economy , Chicago unions were desperate to find work for their employees as they faced near 30 % unemployment . Construction of the Chicago Spire would have provided approximately 900 full @-@ time jobs to union members for four years if construction had resumed . In addition to the $ 194 million ( USD ) that Kelleher has invested personally in the project already , backup financing of an unspecified amount and from an unknown source in the form of mezzanine capital and bridge loans has been guaranteed and would have kicked in automatically if the $ 170 million ( USD ) AFL @-@ CIO loan had been secured . But within weeks of the official announcement that Kelleher was searching for union bailouts , four major labor union investment funds declined to offer Shelbourne Development any loans . Kelleher continued to search for financing . Shelbourne Development faced eviction from its offices on the 50th floor of 111 South Wacker Drive on which Shelbourne owed $ 27 @,@ 600 in unpaid rent . Earlier in the year , the spire 's Chicago sales office had been ejected from the nearby NBC Tower . In October 2010 Anglo Irish Bank Corp. filed a $ 77 million foreclosure lawsuit against Kelleher , claiming that loans made to Kelleher ’ s development company had been in default for a year . The bank was expected to take possession of the site . By the end of the year , courts handed control of the site to a receiver , leaving the project ( at the time ) dead . In addition , two Chicago firms purchased the tax lien certificates on the property . = = = Failure of reorganization plan and end of project = = = In 2013 , with the Chicago Spire site for sale by Ireland 's National Asset Management Agency ( NAMA ) , interest resumed , drawing in at least a half @-@ dozen offers for the property . Under the involuntary bankruptcy ruling in October 2013 , Shelbourne had until the end of March 2014 to obtain approval of a reorganization plan , and was considering a bid to take back control of the property , reigniting hope that the skyscraper might actually be built . In February 2014 , Shelbourne sought court approval to take up an offer of up to $ 135 million from Atlas Apartment Holdings intended to underpin the project 's emergence from bankruptcy , with a deadline of August 31 , 2014 for having a court @-@ approved reorganization plan . At a hearing on March 11 , 2014 , Shelbourne announced that it had reached agreement on a repayment plan with the project 's creditors , including Related Midwest , which had bought up much of the project 's debt . Assuming the project finds funding to satisfy that agreement , Atlas said that the building would be built and that Atlas would control the project , but that Kelleher would still be the developer , with the intention of building the same building planned prior to suspension of construction . However , on October 31 , 2014 , the developer failed to make a required payment to Related Midwest and Related filed suit to compel Shelbourne to turn over the deed to the property . On 4 November 2014 , Garrett Kelleher signed over the property location at 400 N. Lake Shore Drive to Related Midwest . President Curt Bailey said that Related Midwest would not build the Spire . = = Location = = The skyscraper was being constructed at 400 N. Lake Shore Drive , on Chicago 's waterfront west of Navy Pier and northeast of the Loop , in the Streeterville neighborhood of the Near North Side community area . The site is at the junction of Lake Michigan and the Chicago River , and is bordered by the Ogden Slip of the Chicago River to the north , North Lake Shore Drive to the east , the Chicago River to the south , and existing residential property to the west . The site was originally zoned for two 35- to 50 @-@ story buildings . Originally , it was to be sold by a joint venture of LR Development Company of Chicago and JER Partners of Virginia for $ 64 million to Christopher Carley of the Fordham Company . After numerous short @-@ term extensions , and later Carley 's failure to obtain financing , Kelleher of Shelbourne Development purchased the land instead and pledged to finance the rest of the project . = = = DuSable Park = = = When the project was first announced , the Fordham Company pledged almost $ 500 @,@ 000 to assist in the development of the city 's proposed DuSable Park , which would adjoin the property of the Chicago Spire . DuSable Park would cover 3 @.@ 24 acres ( 1 @.@ 31 ha ) and a $ 11 @.@ 4 million budget was planned for its renovation . On March 26 , 2007 , Shelbourne pledged to pay $ 6 million toward the development of the park , making up the deficit left over from the city 's own initial pledge of $ 6 million and far exceeding the Fordham Co 's initial offer . In May 2007 Shelbourne 's pledge jumped to $ 9 @.@ 6 million . Soil tests performed in December 2000 on the soil of the proposed park showed contamination of radioactive thorium . Thorium was used by the Lindsay Light Company , which operated a location nearby . After the closing of the location in the 1930s , contaminated soil was dumped on the location of the proposed park . In March 2003 , the Chicago Park District stated that the thorium clean @-@ up on that land was incomplete . Hazards of contamination can be avoided by laying a minimum of 6 inches ( 15 cm ) of concrete over any affected soil , an approach that would be more feasible for the site of the Chicago Spire than for the adjacent park . In 2012 the Chicago Park District received funding from the EPA for remediation of the site , bagging the radioactive soil and shipping it to a Superfund site . By Summer 2013 the Park District website reported the remediation had been completed by September 2012 = = Architecture = = As with many of his designs , Calatrava was inspired by themes and designs in nature for the tall , twisting skyscraper . He likened the structure to an imaginary smoke spiral coming from a campfire near the Chicago River lit by Native Americans indigenous to the area , and also related the building 's newly designed pinnacle to the " graceful " and " rotating forms " of a snail shell . Standing at 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 610 m ) , the Chicago Spire would have further transformed the always @-@ growing Chicago skyline . Plans for the tower included 1 @,@ 193 condominiums with each of the building 's 150 stories rotated 2 @.@ 4 degrees from the one below it for a total 360 degree rotation . In February 2008 , prices for the condominiums were announced as ranging from $ 750 @,@ 000 to $ 40 million USD . For supplemental structural support , each floor was to be surrounded by cantilevered corners and four concave sides . Similar to the Willis Tower ( formerly Sears Tower ) and John Hancock Center observation decks , the Chicago Spire design included a community room on the top floor offering residents a view of four U.S. states . The design for the soaring four story lobby of the skyscraper included translucent glass walls framed by arching , steel @-@ reinforced concrete vaults . The building has been described as a giant " drill bit " by the public and others in the media have likened it to a " tall twisting tree " and a " blade of grass " . The curved design offered two major benefits to the structure of the building . First , curved designs , such as that found in Calatrava 's Turning Torso in Malmö , Sweden , tend to add to the strength of a structure . A similar principle has been used in the past with curved stadium roofs . In addition to structural support , the curved face of the exterior would minimize wind forces . In rectangular buildings , a fluid wind flow puts pressure on the windward face of the building ; while air moves around it , a suction is applied to the leeward face . This often causes a sway in tall buildings usually counteracted , at least partially , by stiffening the structure or by using a dynamic wind damper . Since the curved design of the Chicago Spire would not completely negate wind forces , a tapering concrete core and twelve shear walls radiating from it were planned to counteract the remaining wind load . Additionally , the Chicago Spire was designed with world @-@ class sustainable engineering practices to meet Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design Gold recognition . Sustainable features included recycled rainwater , river water used for cooling , ornithologically @-@ sensitive glass to protect migratory birds , intelligent building and management systems , waste storage and recycling management , and monitored outdoor air delivery . = = Construction = = Following the city approval , it was announced that construction of the Chicago Spire was to begin in summer 2007 , with caisson work scheduled to begin as early as June 2007 . DuSable Park was designated as a staging area for the construction of the tower . The sales center for the Chicago Spire opened on January 14 , 2008 . On September 19 , 2008 , a spokeswoman for the developer announced that construction was continuing on the building , but that the pace of construction would be slowed until the financial markets recovered from the subprime mortgage crisis . Kelleher promised that he still had financial backing , although analysts questioned the ability of the project to survive the current economic decline . A contractor to build the building 's superstructure had not yet been named . The October 1 , 2008 edition of The Wall Street Journal said that the building foundation was complete and the above ground construction would not continue until the markets recover . = = = Underground phase = = = Crane parts and construction equipment arrived at the site on June 25 , 2007 . The following day Shelbourne Development officially announced the first construction contract . In preparation for construction , 34 concrete and steel caissons were drilled 120 feet ( 37 m ) into bedrock underground ; this was completed June 25 , 2008 . A cofferdam with a 104 feet ( 32 m ) diameter and 78 feet ( 24 m ) depth was installed to create a work environment and would have later acted as a foundation for the building 's core . Utility upgrades were planned for the surrounding neighborhood . = = = Images = = =
= Fizeau – Foucault apparatus = Fizeau – Foucault apparatus is a term sometimes used to refer to two types of instrument historically used to measure the speed of light . The conflation of the two instrument types arises in part because Hippolyte Fizeau and Léon Foucault had originally been friends and collaborators . They worked together on such projects as using the Daguerreotype process to take images of the Sun between 1843 and 1845 and characterizing absorption bands in the infrared spectrum of sunlight in 1847 . In 1834 , Charles Wheatstone developed a method of using a rapidly rotating mirror to study transient phenomena , and applied this method to measure the velocity of electricity in a wire and the duration of an electric spark . He communicated to François Arago the idea that his method could be adapted to a study of the speed of light . Arago expanded upon Wheatstone 's concept in an 1838 publication , emphasizing the possibility that a test of the relative speed of light in air versus water could be used to distinguish between the particle and wave theories of light . In 1845 , Arago suggested to Fizeau and Foucault that they attempt to measure the speed of light . Sometime in 1849 , however , it appears that the two had a falling out , and they parted ways pursuing separate means of performing this experiment . In 1848 − 49 , Fizeau used , not a rotating mirror , but a toothed wheel apparatus to perform an absolute measurement of the speed of light in air . In 1850 , Fizeau and Foucault both used rotating mirror devices to perform relative measures of the speed of light in air versus water . Foucault used a scaled @-@ up version of the rotating mirror apparatus to perform an absolute measurement of the speed of light in 1862 . Subsequent experiments performed by Marie Alfred Cornu in 1872 – 76 and by Albert A. Michelson in 1877 – 1931 used improved versions of the toothed wheel and rotating mirror experiments to make steadily more accurate estimates of the speed of light . = = Fizeau 's determination of the speed of light = = In 1848 – 49 , Hippolyte Fizeau determined the speed of light between an intense light source and a mirror about 8 km distant . The light source was interrupted by a rotating cogwheel with 720 notches that could be rotated at a variable speed of up to hundreds of times a second . ( Figure 1 ) Fizeau adjusted the rotation speed of the cogwheel until light passing through one notch of the cogwheel would be completely eclipsed by the adjacent tooth . Spinning the cogwheel at 3 , 5 and 7 times this basic rotation rate also resulted in eclipsing of the reflected light by the cogwheel teeth next in line . Given the rotational speed of the wheel and the distance between the wheel and the mirror , Fizeau was able to calculate a value of 313000 km / s for the speed of light . It was difficult for Fizeau to visually estimate the intensity minimum of the light being blocked by the adjacent teeth , and his value for light 's speed was about 5 % too high . The early @-@ to @-@ mid 1800s were a period of intense debate on the particle @-@ versus @-@ wave nature of light . Although the observation of the Arago spot in 1819 may seem to have settled the matter definitively in favor of Fresnel 's wave theory of light , various concerns continued to appear to be addressed more satisfactorily by Newton 's corpuscular theory . Arago had suggested in 1838 that a differential comparison of the speed of light in air versus water would serve to prove or disprove the wave nature of light . In 1850 , racing against Foucault to establish this point , Fizeau engaged L.F.C. Breguet to build a rotary @-@ mirror apparatus in which he split a beam of light into two beams , passing one through water while the other traveled through air . Beaten by Foucault by a mere seven weeks , he confirmed that the speed of light was greater as it traveled through air , validating the wave theory of light . = = Foucault 's determination of the speed of light = = In 1850 and in 1862 , Léon Foucault made improved determinations of the speed of light substituting a rotating mirror for Fizeau 's toothed wheel . ( Figure 2 ) The apparatus involves light from slit S reflecting off a rotating mirror R , forming an image of the slit on the distant stationary mirror M , which is then reflected back to reform an image of the original slit . If mirror R is stationary , then the slit image will reform at S regardless of the mirror 's tilt . The situation is different , however , if R is in rapid rotation . As the rotating mirror R will have moved slightly in the time it takes for the light to bounce from R to M and back , the light will be deflected away from the original source by a small angle . As seen in Figure 3 , the displaced image of the source ( slit ) is at an angle 2θ from the source direction . Guided by similar motivations as his former partner , Foucault in 1850 was more interested in settling the particle @-@ versus @-@ wave debate than in determining an accurate absolute value for the speed of light . Foucault measured the differential speed of light versus water by inserting a tube filled with water between the rotating mirror and the distant mirror . His experimental results , announced shortly before Fizeau announced his results on the same topic , were viewed as " driving the last nail in the coffin " of Newton 's corpuscle theory of light when it showed that light travels more slowly through water than through air . Newton had explained refraction as a pull of the medium upon the light , implying an increased speed of light in the medium . The corpuscular theory of light went into abeyance , completely overshadowed by wave theory . This state of affairs lasted until 1905 , when Einstein presented heuristic arguments that under various circumstances , such as when considering the photoelectric effect , light exhibits behaviors indicative of a particle nature . In contrast to his 1850 measurement , Foucault 's 1862 measurement was aimed at obtaining an accurate absolute value for the speed of light , since his concern was to deduce an improved value for the astronomical unit . At the time , Foucault was working at the Paris Observatory under Urbain le Verrier . It was le Verrier 's belief , based on extensive celestial mechanics calculations , that the consensus value for the speed of light was perhaps 4 % too high . Technical limitations prevented Foucault from separating mirrors R and M by more than about 20 meters . Despite this limited path length , Foucault was able to measure the displacement of the slit image ( less than 1 mm ) with considerable accuracy . In addition , unlike the case with Fizeau 's experiment ( which required gauging the rotation rate of an adjustable @-@ speed toothed wheel ) , he could spin the mirror at a constant , chronometrically determined speed . Foucault 's measurement confirmed le Verrier 's estimate . His 1862 figure for the speed of light ( 298000 km / s ) was within 0 @.@ 6 % of the modern value . = = Cornu 's refinement of the Fizeau experiment = = At the behest of the Paris Observatory under le Verrier , Marie Alfred Cornu repeated Fizeau 's 1848 toothed wheel measurement in a series of experiments in 1872 – 76 . The goal was to obtain a value for the speed of light accurate to one part in a thousand . Cornu 's equipment allowed him to monitor high orders of extinction , up to the 21st order . Instead of estimating the intensity minimum of the light being blocked by the adjacent teeth , a relatively inaccurate procedure , Cornu made pairs of observations on either side of the intensity minima , averaging the values obtained with the wheel spun clockwise and counterclockwise . An electric circuit recorded the wheel rotations on a chronograph chart which enabled precise rate comparisons against the observatory clock , and a telegraph key arrangement allowed Cornu to mark on this same chart the precise moments when he judged that an extinction had been entered or exited . His final experiment was run over a path nearly three times as long as that used by Fizeau , and yielded a figure of 300400 km / s that is within 0 @.@ 2 % of the modern value . = = Michelson 's refinement of the Foucault experiment = = It was seen in Figure 2 that Foucault placed the rotating mirror R as close as possible to lens L so as to maximize the distance between R and the slit S. As R rotates , an enlarged image of slit S sweeps across the face of the distant mirror M. The greater the distance RM , the more quickly that the image sweeps across mirror M and the less light is reflected back . Foucault could not increase the RM distance in his folded optical arrangement beyond about 20 meters without the image of the slit becoming too dim to accurately measure . Between 1877 and 1931 , Albert A. Michelson made multiple measurements of the speed of light . His 1877 – 79 measurements were performed under the auspices of Simon Newcomb , who was also working on measuring the speed of light . Michelson 's setup incorporated several refinements on Foucault 's original arrangement . As seen in Figure 5 , Michelson placed the rotating mirror R near the principal focus of lens L ( i.e. the focal point given incident parallel rays of light ) . If the rotating mirror R were exactly at the principal focus , the moving image of the slit would remain upon the distant plane mirror M ( equal in diameter to lens L ) as long as the axis of the pencil of light remained on the lens , this being true regardless of the RM distance . Michelson was thus able to increase the RM distance to nearly 2000 feet . To achieve a reasonable value for the RS distance , Michelson used an extremely long focal length lens ( 150 feet ) and compromised on the design by placing R about 15 feet closer to L than the principal focus . This allowed an RS distance of between 28 @.@ 5 to 33 @.@ 3 feet . He used carefully calibrated tuning forks to monitor the rotation rate of the air @-@ turbine @-@ powered mirror R , and he would typically measure displacements of the slit image on the order of 115 mm . His 1879 figure for the speed of light , 299944 ± 51 km / s , was within about 0 @.@ 05 % of the modern value . His 1926 repeat of the experiment incorporated still further refinements such as the use of polygonal prism @-@ shaped rotating mirrors ( enabling a brighter image ) having from eight through sixteen facets and a 22 mile baseline surveyed to fractional parts @-@ per @-@ million accuracy . His figure of 299 @,@ 796 ± 4 km / s was only about 4 km / s higher than the current accepted value . Michelson 's final 1931 attempt to measure the speed of light in vacuum was interrupted by his death . Although his experiment was completed posthumously by F. G. Pease and F. Pearson , various factors militated against a measurement of highest accuracy , including an earthquake which disturbed the baseline measurement . = = = Relative speed of light measurements = = = " Sur un système d 'expériences à l 'aide duquel la théorie de l 'émission et celle des ondes seront soumises à des épreuves décisives . " by F. Arago ( 1838 ) Sur les vitesses relatives de la lumière dans l 'air et dans l 'eau / par Léon Foucault ( 1853 ) " Sur l 'Experience relative a la vitesse comparative de la lumiere dans l 'air et dans l 'eau . " by H. Fizeau and L. Breguet ( 1850 ) = = = Absolute speed of light measurements = = = Sur une experience relative a la vitesse de propagation de la lumière by H. Fizeau ( 1849 ) Mesure de la vitesse de la lumière ; Étude optique des surfaces / mémoires de Léon Foucault ( 1913 ) Détermination de la vitesse de la lumière : d 'après des expériences exécutées en 1874 entre l 'Observatoire et Montlhéry , by M. A. Cornu ( 1876 ) = = = Classroom demonstrations = = = Speed of Light ( The Foucault Method ) A modern Fizeau experiment for education and outreach purposes Measuring the Speed of Light ( video , Foucault method ) BYU Physics & Astronomy

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