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= Limp Bizkit =
Limp Bizkit is an American rap rock / nu metal band from Jacksonville , Florida , formed in 1994 . Their lineup consists of Fred Durst ( lead vocals ) , Sam Rivers ( bass guitar , backing vocals ) , John Otto ( drums , percussions ) , and Wes Borland ( guitars , backing vocals ) . Their work is marked by Durst 's abrasive , angry lyrics and Borland 's sonic experimentation and elaborate visual appearance , which includes face and body paint , masks and uniforms , as well as the band 's elaborate live shows . The band has been nominated for three Grammy Awards , have sold 40 million records worldwide and won several other awards .
Formed in 1994 , Limp Bizkit became popular playing in the Jacksonville , Florida underground music scene in the late 1990s , and signed with Flip Records , a subsidiary of Interscope , which released their debut album , Three Dollar Bill , Y 'all $ ( 1997 ) . The band achieved mainstream success with their second and third studio albums , Significant Other ( 1999 ) and Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water ( 2000 ) , although this success was marred by a series of controversies surrounding their performances at Woodstock ' 99 and the 2001 Big Day Out festival .
Borland left the group in 2001 , but Durst , Rivers , Otto and Lethal continued to record and tour with guitarist Mike Smith . Following the release of their album , Results May Vary ( 2003 ) , Borland rejoined the band and recorded The Unquestionable Truth ( Part 1 ) ( 2005 ) with Durst , Rivers , Lethal and drummer Sammy Siegler before entering a hiatus . In 2009 , the band reunited with Borland playing guitar and began touring , culminating with the recording of the album Gold Cobra ( 2011 ) , after which they left Interscope and later signed with Cash Money Records , but DJ Lethal was asked to leave the band soon after . They are currently recording their seventh studio album , Stampede of the Disco Elephants .
= = History = =
= = = Formation and early years ( 1994 – 96 ) = = =
Fred Durst grew up in Jacksonville , Florida , where he took an interest in breakdancing , hip hop , punk rock and heavy metal . He began to rap , skate , beatbox and deejay . While mowing lawns and working as a tattoo artist , he developed an idea for a band that combined elements of rock and hip hop . Durst played with three other bands , Split 26 , Malachi Sage , which were unsuccessful , and 10 Foot Shindig , which Durst left to form a new band . Durst told Sam Rivers , the bassist for Malachi Sage , " You need to quit this band and start a band with me that 's like this : rappin ' and rockin ' . " Rivers suggested that his cousin , John Otto , who was studying jazz drumming at the Douglas Anderson School of the Arts and playing in local avant garde bands , become their drummer . Durst , Rivers and Otto jammed and wrote three songs together , and Wes Borland later joined as a guitarist .
Durst named the band Limp Bizkit , because he wanted a name that would repel listeners . According to Durst , " The name is there to turn people 's heads away . A lot of people pick up the disc and go , ' Limp Bizkit . Oh , they must suck . ' Those are the people that we don 't even want listening to our music . " Other names that were considered by Durst included Gimp Disco , Split Dickslit , Bitch Piglet , and Blood Fart . Every record label that showed an interest in the band pressured its members to change its name . Limp Bizkit developed a cult following in the underground music scene , particularly at the Milk Bar , an underground punk club in Jacksonville . The band 's local popularity was such that Sugar Ray , who had a major label contract , opened for a then @-@ unsigned Limp Bizkit at Velocity with hip hop group Funkdubious . Milkbar owner , Danny Wimmer , stated that Limp Bizkit " had the biggest draw for a local band . They went from playing [ for ] ten people to eight hundred within months . Fred [ ... ] was always marketing the band . He would go to record stores and get people involved , he was in touch with high schools . " However , the band knew that to achieve national success , they would have to distinguish themselves in their live performances . Attracting crowds by word of mouth , the band gave energetic live performances , covering George Michael 's " Faith " and Paula Abdul 's " Straight Up " , and featuring Borland in bizarre costumes . Borland 's theatrical rock style was the primary attraction for many concert attendees .
Durst unsuccessfully tried to attract attention from A & R representatives at various labels by pretending to be the band 's manager . Later , when Korn performed in town as the opening act for Sick of It All , Durst invited Korn to drink beer and tattoo them . Although Durst 's tattoos were unimpressive , he was able to persuade Reginald " Fieldy " Arvizu to listen to a demo , consisting of the songs " Pollution " , " Counterfeit " and " Stuck " . Korn added a then @-@ unsigned Limp Bizkit to two tours , which exposed the band to a new audience . The band attempted to expand their sound by auditioning an additional guitarist , but Borland soon determined that another guitarist was not the answer , and DJ Lethal , formerly of the hip hop group House of Pain , joined the band as a turntablist after a successful practice performance . Joining the band gave Lethal an opportunity to experiment with his turntable technique in ways that hip hop had not allowed him to do , helping shape the band 's style . However , Borland left the band due to creative differences .
= = = Three Dollar Bill , Yall ( 1997 – 98 ) = = =
After their performance opening for Korn at the Dragonfly in Hollywood was well received , Limp Bizkit signed with Mojo , a subsidiary of MCA Records . While heading to California to record their first album , the band wrecked their van . As a result of the near death experience , Durst made amends with Borland , who rejoined the band . After a dispute with Mojo , Limp Bizkit signed with Flip , a subsidiary of Interscope Records . Arvizu persuaded Ross Robinson to listen to the demo . Robinson neglected to listen to it until it was appraised by his girlfriend . Impressed by the band 's motivation and sound , Robinson produced Limp Bizkit 's debut , which was recorded at Indigo Ranch . Durst 's problems with his girlfriend inspired him to write the song " Sour " . The mood and tone set by Robinson in the studio allowed the band to improvise ; a recording of the band improvising appeared as the last track on the album , " Everything " .
Despite the success of live performances of the band 's cover of the song " Faith " , Robinson was opposed to recording it , and tried to persuade the band not to play it on the album . However , the final recording , which incorporated heavier guitar playing and drumming , as well as DJ scratching , impressed him . Robinson also bonded with Borland , who he perceived as not taking the band seriously . The progressive metal band Tool provided a strong influence in shaping the album 's sound , particularly in the song " Nobody Loves Me " , which contains a breakdown in which Durst imitated the singing style of Maynard James Keenan .
Continuing the band 's policy of using names that would repulse potential listeners , the band named the album by using part of the phrase " queer as a three dollar bill " and adding the word " Y 'all " for Florida flavor , naming the album , Three Dollar Bill , Yall . The completed album featured an abrasive , angry sound which Limp Bizkit used to attract listeners to their music . After the band completed recording , they toured with Korn and Helmet . Critics reacted unfavorably to performances of Korn and Limp Bizkit ; Milwaukee Journal @-@ Sentinel music critic Jon M. Gilbertson criticized Durst 's performance , stating " The one attention @-@ grabbing moment of Limp Bizkit 's rap / thrash show was when the lead singer expressed a desire for gay men to be ' stomped ' . Which isn 't remotely rebellious . It 's just puerile . "
Interscope proposed to the band that the label pay $ 5 @,@ 000 to guarantee that a Portland , Oregon radio station play the song " Counterfeit " fifty times , preceded and concluded with an announcement that the air time was paid for by Interscope . The paid air time was criticized by the media , who saw it as " payola " . The band 's manager Jeff Kwatinetz later termed the plan as a " brilliant marketing move " . Durst stated , " It worked , but it 's not that cool of a thing . " Following the release of " Counterfeit " as a single , Three Dollar Bill , Yall was released on July 1 , 1997 , and was met with minimal response . AllMusic writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote , " They might not have many original ideas [ ... ] but they do the sound well . They have a powerful rhythm section and memorable hooks , most of which make up for the uneven songwriting . " However , Robert Christgau panned the album . Despite the minimal response to his band 's album , Durst was appointed Senior Vice President of A & R at Interscope .
Limp Bizkit joined the Warped Tour , performing alongside the bands Pennywise , Mighty Mighty Bosstones , Sick of It All , Lagwagon and Blink @-@ 182 . Preceding their first tour with DJ Lethal , Otto became familiar with Lethal 's contributions to collaborate with him better on stage . In addition to touring with Primus and Deftones , Limp Bizkit headlined the Ladies Night in Cambodia club tour , which was intended to diversify the band 's fanbase , which was largely male , by offering free tickets to female attendees . This plan successfully increased the band 's female fanbase .
In 1998 , Limp Bizkit toured with Soulfly and Cold on Soulfly 's first European tour . Touring consistently increased Limp Bizkit 's success , and the second single from Three Dollar Bill , Yall , a cover of George Michael 's " Faith " , became a successful radio hit , leading to a slot on Ozzfest , a tour organized by Ozzy and Sharon Osbourne . In July , Snot singer Lynn Strait was arrested after he emerged nude from Limp Bizkit 's prop toilet , and was charged with indecent exposure . Because Limp Bizkit 's fans would often break through the barricades , the band was almost kicked off the tour after two days . In August , John Otto spent the night in jail in Auburn Hills , Michigan , on a misdemeanor charge of carrying a concealed weapon , after allegedly firing a BB gun and being arrested for carrying a switchblade .
After completing Ozzfest , Limp Bizkit took a break from performing , and later performed on Korn 's Family Values Tour . Durst also directed a music video for the band 's single " Faith " in promotion for its appearance in the film Very Bad Things , but was unsatisfied with it , and directed a second video which paid tribute to tourmates like Primus , Deftones and Korn , who appeared in the video . Borland stated in an interview that George Michael , the writer of the song , hated the cover and " hates us for doing it " .
= = = Significant Other ( 1999 – 2000 ) = = =
Following the radio success of " Faith " , the band was determined to record the follow @-@ up to their first album in order to show that they weren 't a Korn soundalike or a cover band ; the band began writing an album which dealt with issues deriving from their newfound fame . Terry Date , who had produced albums for Pantera , White Zombie and Deftones , was chosen to produce the album . The band allowed Durst and Lethal to explore their hip hop origins by recording a song with Method Man . The song was originally titled " Shut the Fuck Up " , but was retitled " N 2 Gether Now " for marketing purposes . Durst also recorded with Eminem , but the collaboration , " Turn Me Loose " , was left off the album . The album also featured guest appearances by Stone Temple Pilots singer Scott Weiland , Korn 's Jonathan Davis and Staind singer Aaron Lewis , and interludes by Les Claypool and Matt Pinfield .
Significant Other saw Limp Bizkit reaching a new level of commercial success ; the band was featured on the covers of popular music magazines , including Spin , and now found themselves repeatedly mobbed for autographs ; the band was allowed to interact directly with their fans on a website established by Dike 99 . Durst also moved from Jacksonville to Los Angeles . Significant Other was seen as an improvement over their debut , and was generally well received by critics with mixed to positive reviews . However , the band also continued to be criticized by the media ; an article profiling the band in Spin and discussing Significant Other claimed that " Limp Bizkit had yet to write a good song " , and musicians Marilyn Manson and Trent Reznor criticized the band .
The band promoted the album by playing unannounced concerts in Detroit and Chicago , as radio stations received a strong amount of requests for the album 's first single , " Nookie " . Significant Other climbed to No. 1 on the Billboard 200 , selling 643 @,@ 874 copies in its first week of release . In its second week of release , the album sold an additional 335 @,@ 000 copies . On the opening night of the band 's Limptropolis tour with Kid Rock , Sam Rivers smashed his bass in frustration over the venue 's poor sound , cutting his hand . After his hand was stitched up at a hospital , Rivers returned to finish the set . On July 12 , Durst allegedly kicked a security guard in the head during a performance in St. Paul , Minnesota , and was later arrested on assault charges . Further criticisms of the band appeared in Rolling Stone and The New York Times . New York Times writer Ann Powers wrote , " DJ Lethal used his turntables as a metal guitar , riffing expansively and going for effects instead of rhythm . John Otto on drums and Sam Rivers on bass never even tried to get funky , instead steering hip @-@ hop 's break @-@ beat @-@ based structure into a backbone for power chords . This makes for a hybrid that would be more interesting if the band did not constantly mire itself in boring tempos , and if Mr. Durst had any talent as a singer " .
In the summer of 1999 , Limp Bizkit played at the highly anticipated Woodstock ' 99 show in front of approximately 200 @,@ 000 people . Violent action sprang up during and after their performance , including fans tearing plywood from the walls during a performance of the song " Break Stuff " . Several sexual assaults were reported in the aftermath of the concert . Durst stated during the concert , " People are getting hurt . Don 't let anybody get hurt . But I don 't think you should mellow out . That 's what Alanis Morissette had you motherfuckers do . If someone falls , pick ' em up . We already let the negative energy out . Now we wanna let out the positive energy " . Durst later stated in an interview , " I didn 't see anybody getting hurt . You don 't see that . When you 're looking out on a sea of people and the stage is twenty feet in the air and you 're performing , and you 're feeling your music , how do they expect us to see something bad going on ? " Les Claypool told The San Francisco Examiner , " Woodstock was just Durst being Durst . His attitude is ' no press is bad press ' , so he brings it on himself . He wallows in it . Still , he 's a great guy . "
Durst saw the band as being scapegoated for the event 's controversy , and reflected on the criticisms surrounding the band in his music video for the single " Re @-@ Arranged " , which depicted the band members receiving death sentences for their participation in the concerts . The video ended with angry witnesses watching as the band drowned in milk while performing the song . Durst later stated that the promoters of Woodstock ' 99 were at fault for booking his band , due to their reputation for raucous performances . Despite this controversy , Significant Other remained at No. 1 on the Billboard charts , and the band headlined the year 's Family Values Tour . Durst directed a music video for " N 2 Gether Now " which featured Method Man and Pauly Shore , and was inspired by Inspector Clouseau 's fights with his butler , Cato Fong , in the Pink Panther film series .
= = = Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water ( 2000 – 01 ) = = =
In 2000 , Durst announced that the band 's third studio album would be titled Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water . The press thought he was joking about this title . The album title is intended to sound like a fictional band ; the phrase " Chocolate Starfish " refers to the human anus , and Durst himself , who has frequently been called an " asshole " . Borland contributed the other half of the album 's title when the band was standing around at a truck stop , looking at bottles of flavored water , and Borland joked that the truck stop didn 't have hot dog or meat @-@ flavored water .
In June 2000 , Limp Bizkit performed at the WXRK Dysfunctional Family Picnic , but showed up an hour late for their set . An Interscope spokesman stated that there was confusion over the band 's set time . During the band 's performance , Durst criticized Creed singer Scott Stapp , calling him " an egomaniac " . Creed 's representatives later presented Durst with an autographed anger management manual during an appearance on Total Request Live . In the summer , Limp Bizkit 's tour was sponsored by the controversial file sharing service Napster , doing free shows with a metal cage as the only thing separating them from the audience . Durst was an outspoken advocate of file sharing . They also did a " Guerrilla Tour " which involved the band setting up illegally and impromptu public gigs on rooftops and alleyways , some being shut down by the police .
During the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards , Durst performed " Livin ' It Up " , a song from the upcoming album , as a duet with Christina Aguilera . In response to the performance , Filter frontman Richard Patrick was quoted as saying " Fred getting onstage with Christina Aguilera embarrassed us all . " In response to the negative reactions to the performance , Durst remarked , " I already told you guys before , I did it all for the nookie , man . " In response to Durst 's remark , Aguilera commented , " He got no nookie . "
Released on October 17 , Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water set a record for highest first @-@ week sales for a rock album with over one million copies sold in the US in its first week of release . 400 @,@ 000 of those sales happened during the first day , making it the fastest @-@ selling rock album ever , breaking the record held for 7 years by Pearl Jam 's Vs . Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water was certified Gold , Platinum and six times Multi @-@ Platinum . The album received mixed reviews , with Allmusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine writing , " Durst 's self @-@ pitying and the monotonous music give away that the band bashed Chocolate Starfish out very quickly – it 's the sound of a band determined to deliver a sequel in a finite amount of time . " Entertainment Weekly writer David Browne named it as the worst album title of 2000 .
During a 2001 tour of Australia at the Big Day Out festival in Sydney , fans rushed the stage in the mosh pit , and teenager Jessica Michalik died of asphyxiation . In court , Durst , represented by long @-@ time attorney , Ed McPherson , testified he had warned the concert 's organizers Aaron Jackson , Will Pearce and Amar Tailor , and also the promoter Vivian Lees , of the potential dangers of such minimal security . After viewing videotapes and hearing witness testimony , however , the coroner said it was evident that the density of the crowd was dangerous at the time Limp Bizkit took the stage , stating that Fred Durst should have acted more responsibly when the problem became apparent . Durst stated that he was " emotionally scarred " because of the teenager 's death .
Later in 2001 , numerous hip @-@ hop artists including P. Diddy , Timbaland , Bubba Sparxxx and Everlast remixed famous songs from the band into hip @-@ hop versions adding their own styles and modifications . The album was called New Old Songs .
= = = Departure of Borland , Mike Smith and Results May Vary ( 2001 – 03 ) = = =
In October 2001 , Durst released a statement on their website stating that " Limp Bizkit and Wes Borland have amicably decided to part ways . Both Limp Bizkit and Borland will continue to pursue their respective musical careers . Both wish each other the best of luck in all future endeavors . " Durst also stated that the band would " comb the world for the illest guitar player known to man " to replace Borland .
After holding a nationwide audition for a new guitarist , called " Put Your Guitar Where Your Mouth Is " , the band recorded with Snot guitarist Mike Smith , but later scrapped their recording sessions with Smith . Durst told a fan site that he had a falling out with Smith , saying " We are the type of people that stay true to our family and our instincts and at any moment will act on intuition as a whole . Mike wasn 't the guy . We had fun playing with him but always knew , in the back of our minds , that he wasn 't where we needed him to be mentally . "
After recording another album without Smith , the band scrapped the new sessions and assembled a new album combining songs from different sessions . During the album 's production , the working title changed from Bipolar to Panty Sniffer , and was completed under the title Results May Vary . Under Durst 's sole leadership , the album encompassed a variety of styles , and featured a cover of The Who 's " Behind Blue Eyes " , which differed from the original 's arrangement in its inclusion of a Speak & Spell during the song 's bridge .
In the Summer of 2003 , Limp Bizkit participated on the Summer Sanitarium Tour , headlined by Metallica . At the tour 's stop in Chicago , attendees of the concert threw items and heckled Durst from the moment he walked on stage . With the crowd chanting " Fuck Fred Durst " and continuing their assault on him , Durst threw the mic down after six songs and walked off stage , but not before heckling the crowd back . He repeatedly said , " Limp Bizkit are the best band in the world ! " until a roadie took his microphone away . An article in the Sun @-@ Times stated that the hostility was started by radio personality Mancow .
Results May Vary was released on September 23 , 2003 , and received largely unfavorable reviews . Allmusic reviewer Stephen Thomas Erlewine panned the album , writing , " the music has no melody , hooks , or energy , [ and ] all attention is focused on the clown jumping up and down and screaming in front , and long before the record is over , you 're left wondering , how the hell did he ever get to put this mess out ? " The Guardian reviewer Caroline Sullivan wrote , " At least Limp Bizkit can 't be accused of festering in the rap @-@ rock ghetto [ ... ] But Durst 's problems are ever @-@ present – and does anybody still care ? " Despite criticisms of the album , it was a commercial success , peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard 200 .
= = = Borland 's return , The Unquestionable Truth ( Part 1 ) and hiatus ( 2004 – 08 ) = = =
In August 2004 , Borland rejoined Limp Bizkit , which began recording another album , The Unquestionable Truth ( Part 1 ) .
In May , The Unquestionable Truth ( Part 1 ) was released . Sammy Siegler took over drumming duties for the band for much of the album , which featured a more experimental sound , described by Allmusic writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine as " neo @-@ prog alt @-@ metal " . At Durst 's insistence , the album was released as an underground album , without any advertising or promotion . Borland disagreed with the decision , suggesting that it was " self @-@ sabotage " : " Maybe he was already unhappy with the music , and he didn 't really want to put it out there . "
The album received mixed reviews . Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised the music , calling it " a step in the right direction – it 's more ambitious , dramatic , and aggressive , built on pummeling verses and stop @-@ start choruses . " However , he felt that the band was being " held back " by Durst , who he called " the most singularly unpleasant , absurd frontman in rock . " IGN writer Spence D. similarly gave it a mixed review , as he felt that the album lacked direction , but that showed potential for the band 's musical growth .
The Unquestionable Truth ( Part 1 ) sold over 37 @,@ 000 copies worldwide , peaking at No. 24 on the Billboard 200 . Following the release of the band 's Greatest Hitz album , the band went on hiatus . Borland stated that it was unlikely that a sequel to The Unquestionable Truth would be produced and that " As of right now , none of my future plans include Limp Bizkit . "
= = = Reunion , Gold Cobra and departure from Interscope ( 2009 – 11 ) = = =
In 2009 , Limp Bizkit reunited with Borland playing guitar and launched the Unicorns N ' Rainbows Tour . Durst announced that they had begun to record a new album , which Borland titled Gold Cobra . Borland said that the title does not have any meaning , and that it was chosen because it fit the style of music the band was writing for the album . The band recorded a spoken intro written by Durst and performed by Kiss member Gene Simmons for the album , but it was left off the completed album . The band also recorded additional " non @-@ album " tracks , including " Combat Jazz " , which featured rapper Raekwon and " Middle Finger " , featuring Paul Wall . " Shotgun " was released as a single on May 17 , 2011 . The song is noted for featuring a guitar solo by Borland , something that the band is not known for . " Shotgun " received favorable reviews , with Artistdirect writing , " [ ' Shotgun ' ] feels like Bizkit approached the signature style on Three Dollar Bill Y 'All and Significant Other with another decade @-@ plus of instrumental experience and virtuosity , carving out a banger that could get asses moving in the club or fists flying in the mosh pit . "
Gold Cobra was released on June 28 and received mixed to positive reviews . AllMusic 's Stephen Thomas Erlewine called it " a return to the full @-@ throttled attack of Three Dollar Bill Y 'All . IGN writer Chad Grischow wrote , " Though far from their best work , Limp Bizkit 's latest at least proves that their 2005 Greatest Hitz album may have been premature . " Metal Hammer writer Terry Bezer appraised the album , writing " Aside from the odd duff moment , Gold Cobra throws out the hot shit that 'll make you bounce in the mosh pit over and over again . " The band launched the Gold Cobra Tour in support of the album . A music video for the title track was released . Gold Cobra has sold nearly 80 @,@ 000 copies in the United States alone and peaked at No. 16 on the Billboard 200 ; however , the band left Interscope after the album 's release .
= = = Cash Money Records , Stampede of the Disco Elephants and DJ Lethal 's departure ( 2012 – present ) = = =
In February 2012 , the band returned to Australia for the first time in 11 years , to perform at the Soundwave festival . Durst dedicated the shows to Jessica Michalik , who died during the Limp Bizkit performance at Big Day Out 2001 . On February 24 , Limp Bizkit signed with Cash Money Records , and revealed plans to release a new single , " Ready to Go " , a full @-@ length album , Stampede of the Disco Elephants , and an EP , The Unquestionable Truth ( Part 2 ) . Due to mounting tensions and following a dispute between Durst and bandmates Lethal and Otto about the latter two 's alleged chronic drug and alcohol use , DJ Lethal resigned from the band with strong animosity .
Fred Durst was featured in the song " Champions " by Kevin Rudolf , used as theme for WWE 's Night of Champions . The song debuted on WWE Raw televised event on 3 September 2012 . This is the first time Limp Bizkit has worked with WWE since 2001 . On October 11 , 2012 , DJ Lethal posted an apology to the band on Twitter , and despite being accepted back into the band , he was fired shortly after .
It was announced on October 26 , 2012 on Fred Durst 's official Twitter account that a video for the first Cash Money single with Lil Wayne , " Ready to Go " was currently being filmed . Limp Bizkit also " leaked " a new song on the web called " Lightz ( City of Angels ) " via YouTube . The band is currently recording their seventh studio album , Stampede of the Disco Elephants with producer Ross Robinson , who also produced the band 's debut album , Three Dollar Bill , Yall , and their 2005 album The Unquestionable Truth ( Part 1 ) . The album was scheduled for a July 2014 release .
On March 24 , 2013 , the first single from the album , " Ready to Go " ( Featuring Lil Wayne ) was released on limpbizkit.com and the accompanying music video was released on 22 July .
In April 2013 , the band announced 34 tour dates , 25 being in the U.S. Their touring schedule included Welcome to Rockville , the Carolina Rebellion , Rock Am Ring in Germany , and Rome .
On November 1 , 2013 , a new track from the album , a cover of the Ministry song " Thieves " was released by the band via their official Facebook and Twitter accounts . On the 11th of December , the band released a new single , the previously leaked song , " Lightz " along with an accompanying music video .
The next single off the album , " Endless Slaughter " was originally set to be released only on cassette and during concerts , beginning from June 2014 in Europe and culminating at Knotfest in Makuhari Messe , Tokyo , where Limp Bizkit will perform along with festival founders Slipknot , and Korn , Lamb of God , Five Finger Death Punch , Trivium and In Flames , however the single currently can be streamed and downloaded at the band 's official website .
In October 2014 , Fred Durst revealed that the band had left Cash Money , and became independent again . The split was carried out amicably , and Fred says that " We really love the jam we did with Lil Wayne , though . We love that song . " ( the song " Ready to Go " ) .
The band started its 2015 activities with news : Stampede of the Disco Elephants is in the final stages of production , however as of 2016 no news has come of release of the album . A few days later , the band announced their major 2015 tour called " Money Sucks " , a Russian 20 @-@ date tour to take place during October and November , celebrating the 20th anniversary of Limp Bizkit . The tour name is a nod to the difficult economic situation that Russia was facing at the time .
Limp Bizkit was leading ShipRocked 2015 cruise from February 2 to 6 . Other bands present were Chevelle , Black Label Society , P.O.D. , Sevendust among others . But some days before the event , Borland took to Instagram to express his discontent , posting a photo of his luggage with a caption reading : " Can 't wait to see me some roided out tribal tattooed spray tanned Jell @-@ O shot filled bohunks do their best drunk MMA impressions in the top deck mosh pit . " Speaking to NME , Borland moved to clarify the comments , saying " When I first read the description of the cruise I realised it is what it is and I thought I 'd have some fun with it " he says . " I 'll retract everything if I don 't see a big muscly frat boy moshing in the pit . I think that is going to happen though so I feel safe . I 'm turning 40 next week and I think it 's funny that I 'm spending the last week of my 40s on ShipRocked . It 's funny to me . It 's a joke with truth in it . I just don 't want our fans to get all butthurt and thinking I 'm criticising them , because I 'm not . "
Before the band travel to Europe to attend some shows and the " Money Sucks " Tour through Russia , Sam Rivers was diagnosed with a degenerative disease of the discs of the spine and that was complicated due to a pinched nerve , causing a lot of pain in such area , which has prevented him from being with the band . Through the Armpit.net forums Sam offers this statement , adding that he will have surgery , following for rehabilitation . Bass duties are covered by Samuel Gerhard Mpungu .
= = Style and legacy = =
= = = Music and lyrics = = =
Durst wanted Limp Bizkit to be a " megaband " which could cross over into as many different styles of music as possible . Limp Bizkit 's music has predominately been described as nu metal , rap metal and rap rock . Limp Bizkit have also been described as alternative metal , alternative rock and post @-@ grunge . Limp Bizkit 's music is noted for its " kinetic , frenzied energy " . Otto is adept in drumming in a variety of styles ranging from Brazilian and Afro @-@ Cuban music to bebop and funk . DJ Lethal functions as a sound designer for the band , shaping their sound . According to Lethal , " I try and bring new sounds , not just the regular chirping scratching sounds . [ ... ] It 's all different stuff that you haven 't heard before . I 'm trying to be like another guitar player . "
Borland 's guitar playing is experimental and nontraditional , and he is noted for his creative use of six and seven @-@ string guitars . Three Dollar Bill , Yall features him playing without a guitar pick , performing with two hands , one playing melodic notes , and the other playing chord progressions . His guitar playing has made use of octave shapes , and choppy , eighth @-@ note rhythms , sometimes accompanied by muting his strings with his left hand , creating a percussive sound . Borland has also made use of unevenly accented syncopated sixteenth notes to create a disorienting effect , and hypnotic , droning licks . The song " Stuck " uses a sustain pedal in the first bar , and muted riffs in the second bar .
AllMusic writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that their album , Significant Other , contains " flourishes of neo @-@ psychedelia on pummeling metal numbers " and " swirls of strings , even crooning , at the most unexpected background " . The band did not employ solos until Gold Cobra ( except for the song " Underneath The Gun " out of Results May Vary ) , however , during the recording of Significant Other , drummer John Otto performed an extended solo in the middle of the song " Nobody Like You " . Durst 's lyrics are often profane , scatological or angry . Much of Durst 's lyrical inspiration came from growing up and his personal life . The song " Sour " , from the album Three Dollar Bill , Yall , was inspired by Durst 's problems with his girlfriend . His breakup with her inspired the Significant Other songs " Nookie " and " Re @-@ Arranged " . When describing Limp Bizkit 's lyrics , The Michigan Daily said " In a less @-@ serious vein , Limp Bizkit used the nu @-@ metal sound as a way to spin testosterone fueled fantasies into snarky white @-@ boy rap . Oddly , audiences took frontman Fred Durst more seriously than he wanted , failing to see the intentional silliness in many of his songs . " Furthermore , Limp Bizkit 's lyrics were described as " misogynistic " . The Unquestionable Truth ( Part 1 ) focuses on more serious and darker lyrical subject matter , including Catholic sex abuse cases , terrorism and fame .
= = = Awards and recognition = = =
Limp Bizkit has been nominated for and won several awards . Limp Bizkit has been nominated for three Grammy Awards including Best Hard Rock Performance ( " Nookie " ) , Best Rock Album ( Significant Other ) , and Best Hard Rock Performance ( " Take A Look Around " ) . Limp Bizkit has been nominated for 3 American Music Awards for Favorite Alternative Artist winning one of them in 2002 .
In 1999 , the band won the Maximum Vision Award at the Billboard Music Video Awards for their music video " Nookie " . At the 2000 and 2001 Blockbuster Awards , the band won the Favorite Group ( Rock ) award . That year also saw the band winning a MuchMusic Award for Best International Video , honoring their video for the song " Break Stuff " . At the 2001 ECHO Awards , the band won the Best International Metal Band award . At the 2009 Kerrang ! Awards , the band won the Hall of Fame award . Further expanding upon the group 's achievements and popularity , they were also the first group inducted into MTV 's Total Request Live " Hall of Fame " on May 26 , 2001 .
Richard Cheese performed a lounge rendition of the songs " Nookie " and " Break Stuff " on his debut album , Lounge Against the Machine . " Weird Al " Yankovic 's " Angry White Boy Polka " medley included Limp Bizkit 's song " My Way " . The Vitamin String Quartet recorded a tribute album called The String Quartet Tribute to Limp Bizkit : Break Stuff , which contains reinterpretations of the band 's songs performed by a violinist backed by cellos , synthesizers , and keyboard percussion . Girl Talk sampled " Nookie " and " Break Stuff " in the song " Friends @-@ 4 @-@ Ever " , which appears on his album Secret Diary . The Blackout covered " My Generation " for the compilation Higher Voltage ! : Another Brief History of Rock .
= = = Live performances = = =
Borland is known for performing in costumes and body paint during concerts , appearing in bunny and kung fu suits , and painted as a skeleton and what he describes as a " burnt match " . Describing the character , he stated , " I go onstage wearing almost nothing . I have underwear and my boots on , and I paint my whole head black — from the neck up — and I have the black contacts . All you can see is these glowing teeth . " Borland 's black contacts were customized for him by a company noted for making contacts for the science fiction TV series Babylon 5 .
In addition to Borland 's visual appearance , the band has also used elaborate stage setups in their performances . Their Ladies Night in Cambodia club tour visually paid tribute to the film Apocalypse Now , with an elaborate stage setup which featured an empty Jeep , camouflage mesh and palm trees . During the band 's tour with Primus , Limp Bizkit took inspiration from Primus ' trademark self @-@ deprecatory slogan " Primus sucks " : Durst , Borland , Rivers , Otto and Lethal took the stage with middle fingers raised . According to Borland , " they finger us back — and you know what that means to us — that they love us . It 's kind of like saying something is bad when you really mean good . Les Claypool came out the first night of the tour and got a big kick out of it . We figured it was the right idea . It makes hecklers go ' huh . ' "
During the band 's sets at Ozzfest , audience members at the tour heckled Limp Bizkit , leading the band to use a 30 @-@ foot toilet as a stage prop , which they would emerge from during each performance ; the band punctuated their sets by " flushing " cardboard cutouts of pop stars like Hanson and the Spice Girls . During their appearance at the first Family Values Tour , Limp Bizkit performed on a set which the Los Angeles Times described as " a mix of The War Of The Worlds and Mars Attacks " . The band emerged from a spaceship during the tour , and Borland continued to experiment with visual appearances . During the band 's Halloween performance on the tour , each of the band 's members dressed as Elvis Presley at various stages in his career .
= = Band members = =
Timeline
= = Discography = =
Three Dollar Bill , Y 'all $ ( 1997 )
Significant Other ( 1999 )
Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water ( 2000 )
Results May Vary ( 2003 )
The Unquestionable Truth ( Part 1 ) ( 2005 )
Gold Cobra ( 2011 )
Stampede of the Disco Elephants ( TBA )
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= Battle of Höchstädt ( 1800 ) =
The Battle of Höchstädt was fought on 19 June 1800 on the north bank of the Danube near Höchstädt , and resulted in a French victory under General Jean Victor Marie Moreau against the Austrians under Baron Pál Kray . The Austrians were subsequently forced back into the fortress town of Ulm . Instead of attacking the heavily fortified , walled city , which would result in massive losses of personnel and time , Moreau dislodged Kray 's supporting forces defending the Danube passage further east . As a line of retreat eastward disappeared , Kray quickly abandoned Ulm , and withdrew into Bavaria . This opened the Danube pathway toward Vienna .
The Danube passage connecting Ulm , Donauwörth , Ingolstadt and Regensburg had strategic importance in the ongoing competition for European hegemony between France and the Holy Roman Empire ; the army that commanded the Danube , especially its passage through Württemberg and Bavaria , could command access to the important cities of Munich and the seat of Habsburg authority : Vienna . The end result of the battle was the opposite of what had occurred on those same fields almost 100 years earlier , when the armies of the Grand Alliance had faced the armies of France during the War of the Spanish Succession . At the Second Battle of Höchstädt in 1704 , called the Battle of Blenheim by the English , the overwhelming Allied victory ensured the safety of Vienna from the Franco @-@ Bavarian army , thus preventing the collapse of the Grand Alliance . France 's loss during that engagement opened the pathway into France for the allied English and Austrian forces .
= = Background = =
Although the First Coalition forces achieved several initial victories at Verdun , Kaiserslautern , Neerwinden , Mainz , Amberg and Würzburg , the efforts of Napoleon Bonaparte in northern Italy pushed Austrian forces back and resulted in the negotiation of the Peace of Leoben ( 17 April 1797 ) and the subsequent Treaty of Campo Formio ( October 1797 ) . This treaty proved difficult to administer . Austria was slow to give up some of the Venetian territories . A Congress convened at Rastatt for the purposes of deciding which southwestern German states would be mediatised to compensate the dynastic houses for territorial losses , but was unable to make any progress . Supported by French republican forces , Swiss insurgents staged several uprisings , ultimately causing the overthrow of the Swiss Confederation after 18 months of civil war . By early 1799 , the French Directory had become impatient with stalling tactics employed by Austria . An uprising in Naples raised further alarms , and recent gains in Switzerland suggested the timing was fortuitous for the French to venture on another campaign in northern Italy and southwestern Germany .
At the beginning of 1800 , the armies of France and Austria faced each other across the Rhine . Feldzeugmeister Pál Kray led approximately 120 @,@ 000 troops . In addition to his Austrian regulars , his force included 12 @,@ 000 men from the Electorate of Bavaria , 6 @,@ 000 troops from the Duchy of Württemberg , 5 @,@ 000 soldiers of low quality from the Archbishopric of Mainz , and 7 @,@ 000 militiamen from the County of Tyrol . Of these , 25 @,@ 000 men were deployed east of Lake Constance ( Bodensee ) to protect the Vorarlberg . Kray posted his main body of 95 @,@ 000 soldiers in the L @-@ shaped angle where the Rhine changes direction from a westward flow along the northern border of Switzerland to a northward flow along the eastern border of France . Unwisely , Kray set up his main magazine at Stockach , near the northwestern end of Lake Constance , only a day 's march from French @-@ held Switzerland .
General of Division Jean Victor Marie Moreau commanded a modestly @-@ equipped army of 137 @,@ 000 French troops . Of these , 108 @,@ 000 troops were available for field operations while the other 29 @,@ 000 watched the Swiss border and held the Rhine fortresses . Napoleon Bonaparte offered a plan of operations based on outflanking the Austrians by a push from Switzerland , but Moreau declined to follow it . Rather , Moreau planned to cross the Rhine near Basel where the river swung to the north . A French column would distract Kray from Moreau 's true intentions by crossing the Rhine from the west . Bonaparte wanted Claude Lecourbe 's corps to be detached to Italy after the initial battles , but Moreau had other plans . Through a series of complicated maneuvers in which he flanked , double flanked , and reflanked Kray 's army , Moreau 's forces lay on the eastern slope of the Black Forest , while portions of Kray 's army was still guarding the passes on the other side . Battles at Engen and Stockach were fought on 3 May 1800 between the Moreau 's and Kray 's armies . The fighting near Engen resulted in a stalemate with heavy losses on both sides . However , while the two main armies were engaged at Engen , Claude Lecourbe captured Stockach from its Austrian defenders under the Joseph , Prince of Lorraine @-@ Vaudemont . The loss of this main supply base at Stockach compelled Kray to retreat north to Messkirch , where his army enjoyed a more favorable defensive position . It also meant , however , that any retreat by Kray into Austria via Switzerland and the Vorarlberg was cut off .
On 4 and 5 May , the French launched repeated and fruitless assaults on the Messkirch . At nearby Krumbach , where the Austrians also had the superiority of position and force , the 1st Demi @-@ Brigade took the village and the heights around it , which gave them a commanding aspect over Messkirch . Subsequently , Kray withdrew his forces to Sigmaringen , followed closely by the French . Fighting at nearby Biberach an der Ris ensued on 9 May ; action principally consisted of the 25 @,@ 000 man @-@ strong French " Center " , commanded by Laurent de Gouvion Saint @-@ Cyr against a Habsburg force of similar size . Again , on 10 May , the Austrians withdrew with heavy losses , this time to Ulm .
= = Order of battle = =
= = = French = = =
Sources are unclear which forces were present . Certainly , it was approximately 40 @,@ 000 troops , and possibly 60 @,@ 000 , well above the 10 @,@ 000 – 30 @,@ 000 total Austrian and Württemberg numbers . Contemporary accounts place the 94th Demi @-@ brigade at the center of action in Gremheim , a village between Höchstädt and Donauwörth , about .5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) from Blindheim . This suggests the presence of General Claude Jacques Lecourbe ' s Corps , including the forces of generals Laval , Molitor , Jardon , and VanDamme . This is also confirmed in an extract of Moreau 's dispatch to the French Minister of War , published in the London Chronicle , 10 June 1800 . " The 6th chasseurs , 13th cavalry , 4th hussars and 11th chasseurs distinguished themselves in this affair . The rest of the division , and that of LeClere , passed rapidly the Danube ... General Grenier was equally well prepared . " In his Art of War , Baron Antoine @-@ Henri Jomini also refers to General Dedon @-@ Duclos as having a key role in the French success at Höchstädt .
= = = Austrian = = =
The Allied force included approximately 20 @,@ 000 Habsburg regulars and Württemberg 's contingent of troops raised for the war :
FZM Count Anton Sztáray , Commanding
FML von Ferdinand August Freiherr von Hügel 's Württemberg Contingent , including
General Beulwitz , Infantry Regiment Beulwitz , Seckendorf and Seeger ( 1 battalion each )
Füss @-@ Jägers ( three companies ) ;
Garde du Corps ( 1 squadron )
3 squadrons of Light Horse
Contingent regiments commanded by von Zobel , von Mylius , and von Oberniz ( 1 battalion each )
20 guns
Austrian Regulars
Royal Regiment Albert , Number 3 ( 6 squadrons )
Hohenzollern Number 8 ( 6 squadrons )
Hussar Regiment Vécsey Number 4 ( 8 squadron )
Blankenstein Number 6 ( 8 squadron )
Total Austrian / Württemberg force : 20 @,@ 000 men .
= = Dispositions = =
Kray assumed that Moreau would follow him to fortress at Ulm , on the Danube , where he arrayed most of the Austrian regulars and Württemberg contingent and supplies . This position gave him ready access to both shores of the river and effectively , he assumed , blocked Moreau 's path into Bavaria . At several points east on the Danube , he posted modest forces to protect the river crossings there , and to dismantle , if necessary , the stone bridges across the river . Several bridges crossed the river between Ulm and Donauwörth , which lay downstream to the east , and each presented a strategic point at which to rupture Kray 's potential line of march into Bavaria : Leipheim , Günzburg , Gundelfingen , Lauingen , Dillingen , Höchstädt , Gremheim , and Elchingen .
According to Moreau 's narrative , he intended to force Kray to either come to battle outside Ulm , or to abandon the city . Ulm obstructed unfettered French access into Bavaria , and blocked the main force of the Army of the Rhine . To keep his forces secure , accepted military wisdom required that Moreau secure at least half of the crossings of the river , and that his troops follow a line of march perpendicular to the river . This would prevent them from having to fight a battle ( or a skirmish ) with their backs to the river . The more bridges his force could take , the more secure the approach on Ulm .
= = General engagement = =
Moreau appeared to march toward Ulm , which lay some twenty miles east of Sigmaringen and Biberach an der Ris , where his army and Kray 's had engaged a few days earlier . Instead of striking directly at the well @-@ fortified and supplied city , however , his force suddenly veered to the east and struck at the smaller forces posted between Ulm and Donauwörth . Lecourbe first secured posts in Landsberg and Augsburg , and left sufficient rearguard troops to protect himself from Prince Reuss @-@ Plauen , who remained in the Tyrol guarding mountain access to Vienna . He then approached Dettingen , Blindheim ( Blenheim ) and Höchstädt . The Corps of General Grenier has been posted with their right flank to the Danube and Gunzburg , and their left flank at Kinsdorf . General Richepanse protected both shores of the Iller , covering the road from Ulm south to Memmingen , and secured communication with Switzerland ; there , he withstood considerable skirmishing with the Austrians . Three divisions of reserve remained at the hamlets of Kamlack and Mindel , to support the attack made by General Lecourbe on Ulm , in a case it should succeed , or Grenier 's attack upon Gunzburg , in case Lecourbe should not succeed .
Lecourbe made several feints on the bridge at Dillingheim , but his reconnaissance suggested instead that he focus on the bridges at Gremsheim , Blindheim and Höchstädt , which he did the next day . A small group of 80 or so men from the 94th Demi @-@ Brigade managed a spectacular crossing of the river . After stripping their clothing and weapons , and loading them into a small raft , the naked men swam the river , pulling their weapons on rafts behind them . Once reaching the other side , they took possession of several guns and some ammunition , wood , and materials . Here they held their position until some artillery men managed to scramble across the wreck of the bridge at Gremsheim and support them . The pioneers and bridge builders reconstructed the bridges under Austrian fire , allowing the remainder of the 94th crossed the river . This accomplishment seemed to mark the turning point of the action , at least it did to Moreau , who mentioned it at length in his dispatch . A full Austrian Corps maintained a stand at Höchstädt , but were dislodged by repeated attacks of carabiners , cuirassiers and hussars , who took about 2 @,@ 000 of the Austrians and Würtembergers as prisoners , along with some cannons and standards .
= = Aftermath = =
Once the French had secured the downstream shores of the Danube , Kray had no choice but to evacuate his corps from Ulm , leaving only a small garrison behind . The French invested the fortress at Ulm immediately , and on the 20th , the 6th Chasseurs captured a convoy of 300 wagons loaded with grain . A few days later , a general armistice halted all fighting . Emperor Francis II dismissed Pál Kray and appointed his brother , the 18 @-@ year @-@ old Archduke John , to command the Austrian army . To bolster the inexperienced archduke , the emperor named Franz von Lauer as deputy commander and Oberst ( Colonel ) Franz von Weyrother as Chief of Staff .
The campaign culminating in Kray 's evacuation of Ulm was one of Moreau 's most resounding triumphs . Napoleon Bonaparte had given Moreau specific instructions about the conduct of the campaign , all of which Moreau had ignored . Regardless , their combined efforts damaged Habsburg military operations . In Spring 1800 , while Moreau wrecked Austrian defenses in Germany , Massena and Desaix ran into stiff Austrian offensives in Northern Italy . Napoleon brought in the reserve corps and defeated the Austrians at Marengo . The battle near Höchstädt , five days after the Austrian disaster at Marengo , allowed the French to take Munich . The combined efforts forced the Habsburgs to accept an armistice ended hostilities for the rest of the summer , but the French extracted massive levies on the Bavarians . Despite these significant losses — both of them decisive — the Austrians were reluctant to accept disadvantageous peace terms . In mid @-@ November , the French ended the truce and Moreau inflicted another significant and decisive defeat at Hohenlinden on 3 December 1800 . The subsequent Peace of Lunéville stripped Austria of much of her Italian territories , obliged the Habsburgs to recognize the French satellites in the Low Countries , Switzerland , and northern Italy , and laid the groundwork for the mediatization of the small independent ecclesiastical and secular imperial polities by the duchies of Baden and Württemberg , and the Electorate of Bavaria .
= = = Books and encyclopedia = = =
Arnold , James R. Marengo & Hohenlinden . Barnsley , South Yorkshire , UK : Pen & Sword , 2005 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0967098500
Barnes , Gregory Fremont . Napoleon Bonaparte . Osprey Publishing , 2012 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0340569115
Blanning , Timothy . The French Revolutionary Wars , New York , Oxford University Press , 1996 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0340569115
Eggenberger , David . " Höchstädt II " , An Encyclopedia of Battles , Dover Publications , 2014 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0486249131
Herold , J. Christopher . The Age of Napoleon . Houghton Mifflin Company , 1963 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0618154616
History of the Wars of the French Revolution : Including Sketches of the Civil History of Great Britain and France , from the Revolutionary Movements , 1788 , to the Restoration of a General Peace , 1815 , Kuhl , France , 1820 .
Jomini , Antoine @-@ Henri ( Baron ) . The Art of War , Wilder Publications , 2008 , p . 173 . Originally published in English in 1862 . ISBN 9781934255582
Rothenberg , Gunther Erich . The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon . Indiana University Press , 1980 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0253202604
Sloane , W.M. Life of Napoleon . France , 1896 ( reprint , 1910 ) , p . 109 .
Smith , Digby . The Napoleonic Wars Data Book . London : Greenhill , 1998 . ISBN 978 @-@ 1853672767
van Ess @-@ Lodewyk , Willem . Extract of a letter from Gen. Moreau to the Minister of War , Neresheim , June 20 . The London Chronicle . W. Day , 1810 .
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= York Park =
York Park is a sports ground in the Inveresk and York Park Precinct , Launceston , Australia . Holding 21 @,@ 000 people — the largest capacity stadium in Tasmania — York Park has been known as Aurora Stadium under a six @-@ year naming rights agreement signed with Aurora Energy in 2004 . Primarily used for Australian rules football , its record attendance of 20 @,@ 971 was set in June 2006 , when Hawthorn Football Club played Richmond Football Club in an Australian Football League ( AFL ) match .
The area was swampland before becoming Launceston 's showgrounds in 1873 . In the following decades the grounds were increasingly used for sports , including cricket , bowls and tennis . In 1919 , plans were prepared for the transformation of the area into a multi @-@ sports venue . From 1923 , the venue was principally used for Australian rules football by the Northern Tasmanian Football Association , and for occasional inter @-@ state games . Visiting mainland football clubs regularly played mid @-@ season or end @-@ of @-@ season matches at the ground . Other sports such as cricket , tennis , bowling , cycling and foot @-@ racing have been played at the venue .
Hawthorn has played between two and five AFL matches each season since 2001 , and the St Kilda Football Club played two games a year between 2003 and 2006 . In 2007 , the Tasmanian Government signed a $ 16 @.@ 4 million , five @-@ year sponsorship deal with Hawthorn , under which the club will play four regular season games and one National Australia Bank Cup pre @-@ season match at the venue each year .
Throughout its history , York Park has hosted major pop concerts and other entertainments . Since 2001 it has been a venue for international sports events , and in 2005 was redeveloped at a cost of $ 23 @.@ 6 million . On 21 February 2009 York Park became home to the Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame .
= = History = =
The area now known as York Park was originally " swampy , sour , and choked with weeds " . After European settlement , it was used for landfill before becoming the Launceston showgrounds in 1874 . By 1881 , 47 acres ( 0 @.@ 19 km2 ) of land ( now York and Invermay Parks ) had been taken over by the Launceston City Council " for the purpose of recreation , health and enjoyment " . The area was ready to be used for two cricket games by the end of 1886 . Cricketers were full of praise for the ground , but because winter rain caused it to become waterlogged , footballers ( Australian rules ) were often unable to use the facility .
At a council meeting in July 1901 , one member , Alderman Storrer , proposed that Inveresk Park be renamed York Park in honour of the Duke of York ( later King George V ) , who visited Tasmania during the Federation celebrations of 1901 . The proposal was passed 4 – 2 , although another member , Alderman Salder , noted that " Launceston was well known as a loyal community and did not need to change the park 's name " to prove their fidelity to the monarchy . A bowling green and tennis courts were completed by 1910 , along with the main oval which was used for state school sports . In 1919 , the council held a competition for the design of the York Park sports ground , the winner to receive £ 20 . The final design had to include two full sized tennis courts , a bowling green , a cycling track , cricket and football grounds with dressing rooms and facilities for spectators . Although not fully complete , York Park was officially opened by the St Andrews Caledonian Society on 1 January 1921 . A cycling track surrounding the perimeter fence was in use by September of the same year . On 4 May 1923 The Examiner reported on that " Work on the grandstand was completed for the opening of the 1923 football season , when the game was transferred from the NTCA Ground to York Park . Work on the grandstand and the seating round the oval has been proceeded with at top speed , and spectators at the game tomorrow should have little to complain of . " The first game between teams representing the northern and southern halves of Tasmania took place at the oval in August 1923 in front of a crowd of 9 @,@ 441 . A reporter from The Examiner commented : " The oval is in good order and well grassed and the new motor mower copes with the latter very effectively under favourable conditions . The whole five acres can be cut in six hours , as compared with twenty hours by the horse mower . " When the ground was harrowed , glass and other debris would surface ; a contemporary observer , John Orchard , later remembered : " they 'd line up a whole group of people , perhaps thirty or forty players , and we 'd go along with a container alongside each other and we 'd pick up everything that was likely to hurt a player . "
Heavy floods in 1929 caused substantial damage to the ground , destroying the cycling track , which was subsequently rebuilt . In the 1930s the Launceston Football Club , who played regularly at the ground , won six consecutive premierships before World War II intervened . As a consequence of the war NTFA matches were canceled after the 1941 season , not to resume until May 1945 . Three years later , 12 ornamental trees were planted at the ground , in memory of NTFA players who had lost their lives in the war .
In 1960 , York Park was the venue of a football match in which Tasmania defeated Victoria for the first time . The match was attended by a record crowd of approximately 15 @,@ 000 . Four years later , the southern stand ( demolished in 2004 ) was completed . In the 1970s another stand was added , capable of holding 650 spectators and incorporating sales kiosks and committee rooms .
Up to 1999 York Park had remained a sports ground used predominately for local events , generally attracting modest crowds ; according to ground manager Robert Groenewegen , supporters were able to " park [ their ] car [ s ] next to the boundary fence " . However , before the 1998 federal election the local member of parliament ( MP ) representing the Division of Bass , Warwick Smith — a minister from the ruling Liberal Party — promised public funding for the redevelopment of York Park . Although Smith lost his seat , the Liberals retained power and kept the promise . The $ 6 @.@ 4 million redevelopment completed in 2000 was the first major phase in the process of raising the ground to Australian Football League ( AFL ) standard . Work included the construction of the Gunns Stand , a two @-@ level grandstand originally holding 2 @,@ 500 ( now extended to 5 @,@ 700 ) which incorporates corporate facilities . Other improvements added were five 45 m ( 148 ft ) television standard light towers , a watering and drainage system able to disperse up to 100 millimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) of rain an hour , and 85 in @-@ ground sprinklers capable of rising 15 centimeters ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) .
In 2003 , the Government of Tasmania allocated $ 2 million to erect a roof above 6 @,@ 000 terrace seats , in readiness for the 2003 Rugby Union World Cup ; this meant that almost all of the seating area was protected from the weather . In 2004 , the ground became known as Aurora Stadium as the result of six @-@ year naming rights sponsorship deal with Aurora Energy . During 2006 , the state government supplied $ 150 @,@ 000 for new gates and ticket boxes at the stadium entry . The gates were later named after recently deceased Tasmanian Premier Jim Bacon . These gates , and the heritage @-@ listed Northern Stand , have been placed on the Tasmanian Heritage Register as culturally significant to the state . The two @-@ storey Cameron @-@ Tyson stand was in 2005 , replaced by an extension of the Gunns Stand .
In March 2008 , an arson attack destroyed part of the Northern Stand , causing between $ 300 @,@ 000 and $ 500 @,@ 000 damage . In December 2008 the Launceston City Council proposed a $ 7 million development for a replacement Northern Stand . The project includes the relocation of the old Northern Stand 's heritage roof into part of the redevelopment of facilities at Invermay Park . The old structure at York Park will be replaced with a 2 @,@ 125 @-@ seat grandstand which will include three AFL compliant changerooms , an AFL umpire changeroom , a corporate facility for 936 people in corporate boxes , suites and function rooms , coaches boxes , along with statistician , timekeepers and print media rooms . Post @-@ match press conference , drug testing , and radio rooms will also be included . The stand has increased the ground 's capacity to 21 @,@ 000 and the seating capacity to 13 @,@ 825 . The Australian Government was expected to contribute $ 4 million , the Tasmanian Government $ 2 million and Launceston City Council $ 500 @,@ 000 . The Hawthorn Football Club are currently asking for a " sizeable " contribution from the AFL towards the development , and Inveresk Precinct Authority chairman Robin McKendrick has indicated that a contribution of $ 1 million was possible .
= = Events = =
= = = Australian rules football = = =
Australian rules football is the main sport played at the stadium which has hosted Australian Football League ( AFL ) games since 2001 , when the state government started paying interstate clubs to relocate their home games . Melbourne @-@ based Hawthorn played one game in 2001 and two in 2002 , and in 2003 were joined by another Melbourne team , St Kilda . In 2004 , it was estimated that the cost to the government per game was between $ 300 @,@ 000 and $ 500 @,@ 000 , but Tasmanian Premier Jim Bacon stated that the government was making a profit on its investment , estimating that each game injected between $ 1 million and $ 1 @.@ 5 million into the Tasmanian economy .
The number of AFL matches peaked in 2006 , when Hawthorn played three home games and one pre @-@ season game , while St Kilda played two home games . The games drew an average crowd of 17 @,@ 108 , with a record attendance of 20 @,@ 971 for the match between Hawthorn and Richmond .
Controversy occurred at York Park when , in a game between St Kilda and Fremantle , the final siren was too quiet to be heard by any of the umpires ; play was restarted in error , and in the subsequent confusion St Kilda levelled the scores . After a protest , the AFL Commission convened and overturned the result , awarding Fremantle the victory . The stadium 's sirens have since been replaced , and the old ones will be put on display at the Queen Victoria Museum and Art Gallery .
In 2007 York Park benefitted from a five @-@ year , $ 16 @.@ 4 million sponsorship of Hawthorn by the state government . Under the sponsorship agreement the stadium is the venue for five of Hawthorn 's matches each year — one pre @-@ season and four premiership games . Hawthorn president Jeff Kennett has expressed interest in his club playing higher profile teams , such as Collingwood , at the stadium .
As well as being an AFL venue , York Park is the long @-@ term base of North Launceston , and thus hosts regular Tasmanian State League matches . The ground also hosted occasional Tasmanian Devils Football Club home games in the Victorian Football League , from 2001 until the club 's demise in 2008 .
= = = Other uses = = =
York Park hosted its first international sporting fixture in the group phase of the 2003 Rugby Union World Cup , when Romania and Namibia played in front of 15 @,@ 457 spectators . As a soccer venue the stadium has hosted one National Soccer League match and three A @-@ League pre @-@ season games . Melbourne Knights and Perth Glory played a national league match at the stadium during the 2001 – 02 NSL season . In July 2006 , after the A @-@ League replaced the NSL , the stadium hosted Tasmania 's first A @-@ League match when Melbourne Victory and Adelaide United played in the pre @-@ season competition . In 2007 , 8 @,@ 061 attended the corresponding match , which has since become a regular fixture . In addition to pre @-@ season matches , Aurora Stadium has also hosted regular season A @-@ League matches : on 1 February 2012 , Melbourne Victory played Gold Coast United FC in a regular season A @-@ League game in front of a crowd of 5 @,@ 268 people and on 12 January 2013 , Melbourne Victory played against Central Coast Mariners in front of a crowd of 6 @,@ 238 people . Inveresk Precinct Authority chairman Robin McKendrick has stated that ground authorities are attempting to win hosting rights for Australian national soccer team matches .
Among non @-@ sporting events , before its redevelopment the stadium hosted an Ike & Tina Turner concert and a Billy Graham religious revival meeting . The Crusty Demons performed at the stadium during 2006 and March 2008 . Elton John performed at York Park during his Rocket Man Solo Tour at the end of 2007 ; this remains his only appearance in Tasmania as of August 2009 .
= = Structures and facilities = =
York Park is an oval @-@ shaped grassed arena surrounded by several different stands , the largest being the two @-@ tier Gunns Stand on the ground 's western side . The stand originally had a capacity of 2 @,@ 500 , which was increased by an extension in 2005 to 5 @,@ 700 . The stand has two corporate box areas , the Gunns Function Centre and the Corporate Function Centre . Immediately north of the Stand is the Aurora Function Centre , which also houses coaches ' boxes , and is next to the heritage listed Northern Stand connecting the Northern , Southern and Eastern Terraces . The stands have a collective capacity of 6 @,@ 000 , bringing the ground 's total seating to 11 @,@ 700 . The Railway Workers Hill is a small , uncovered stand located at the eastern side of the ground between the Northern and Eastern Terraces . The ground has a parking capacity of approximately 2 @,@ 500 , from the use of large grassy areas at the adjacent Inveresk site , with an option of street parking .
York Park has often been criticised for its large playing surface , which is blamed for producing unattractive low @-@ scoring football . Prior to the start of 2009 , only 11 of 28 matches saw a score beyond 100 points . For a pre @-@ season match in 2009 , 13 metres of width was removed from the outer wing " in a bid to produce more attractive games . " Before the match , Groenewegen said , " Because that outer wing was so wide , once they [ a team ] chipped wide out there it was very easy for teams to flood back because you were so far away from the goals . " The ground is also known for its strong wind , which hinders the accuracy of long @-@ distance kicks that are propelled high into the air .
A grant of $ 50 @,@ 000 from the Tasmanian Community Fund in 2005 helped the Launceston City Council and AFL Tasmania construct a permanent Tasmanian Football Hall of Fame at York Park . The ground was chosen as the site because it is regarded as the home of Australian rules football in Tasmania . AFL Tasmania initiated the Hall of Fame nomination process , and since 2005 various clubs , players and grounds have been inducted . The Hall of Fame opened to the public on 21 February 2009 . As of May 2009 , $ 23 @.@ 6 million had been spent re @-@ developing the stadium .
= = Crowds = =
The ground 's record attendance is 20 @,@ 971 , at an AFL match between Hawthorn and Richmond on 18 June 2006 . This match occurred before the Northern Stand was damaged and the stadium 's capacity reduced . An AFL match between Hawthorn and St Kilda on 8 August 2009 saw a capacity crowd of 20 @,@ 011 , the largest crowd since the fire . The stadium 's lowest AFL attendance is 10 @,@ 513 for a match between Hawthorn and GWS on the 18 of May 2013 .
The highest recorded attendance for an interstate match at York Park is 15 @,@ 000 for the 1960 clash between Tasmania and Victoria .
The highest recorded attendance for a Tasmanian Football League match at York Park is 6 @,@ 755 for the 1989 Second Semi Final played between North Launceston and North Hobart on 2 September 1989 .
The highest recorded attendance for a soccer match is 8 @,@ 061 , when Melbourne Victory played Adelaide United on 16 July during a 2007 A @-@ League Pre @-@ Season Challenge Cup match . The Billy Graham religious revival meeting on 17 March 1959 attracted 17 @,@ 000 attendees , a record for a non @-@ sporting event at the ground .
= = Attendance records = =
Top 10 sports attendance records
Last updated on 1 January 2012
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= Birkebeineren Ski Stadium =
Birkebeineren Ski Stadium ( Norwegian : Birkebeineren skistadion ) is a cross @-@ country skiing and biathlon venue located in Lillehammer , Norway . Situated 3 kilometers ( 2 mi ) from the town center and at 485 meters ( 1 @,@ 591 ft ) above mean sea level , it has two stadium areas , one for cross @-@ country and one for biathlon . The former has a capacity for 31 @,@ 000 spectators , and the latter for 13 @,@ 500 . The venue was built for the 1994 Winter Olympics , costing 83 @.@ 6 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) . It was subsequently used by the 1994 Winter Paralympics for Paralympic Nordic skiing and Paralympic biathlon . After the games , ownership was transferred to the municipal Lillehammer Olympiapark . The venue has since been used for one Biathlon World Cup , three FIS Cross @-@ Country World Cup and nine FIS Nordic Combined World Cup tournaments , the latter with the ski jumping competition taking place at the nearby Lysgårdsbakkene Ski Jumping Arena . Birkebeineren is scheduled to host the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics .
= = Construction = =
The location of the venue was decided in January 1990 , following Lillehammer 's successful bid to host the 1994 Winter Olympics . Construction was managed by the Lillehammer Olympic Organizing Committee ( LOOC ) . Architects were 2Ø Arkitekter and the main consultant was Tonning & Lieng . Construction started in early 1991 , before planning was completed , and lasted until 1993 . The construction work was subcontracted to several companies . Landscaping was completed in 1994 . The facilities used concrete and wood as the main materials . The stadium included 3 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ meter ( 32 @,@ 000 sq ft ) of temporary buildings , a 1 @,@ 620 @-@ square @-@ meter ( 17 @,@ 400 sq ft ) building converted to a riding center after the Olympics , and a 3 @,@ 200 @-@ square @-@ meter ( 34 @,@ 000 sq ft ) tent . The land around the venue is a swamp , and most of the surface soil had to be removed and replaced with harder earth . The soil was used as fertilizer or fill in other parts of the arena . A creek had to be bypassed with a 220 meters ( 720 ft ) long pipe . The arena is also so flat that a drainage system had to be installed . After the Olympics , four temporary overpasses were removed . Construction of the tracks was done to minimize the impact on the forest .
The venue cost NOK 83 @.@ 6 million , and was inaugurated on 28 November 1992 with an international biathlon competition . In December 1992 , the LOOC stated that they wanted to upgrade the stadium spectator capacity , but that the transport systems would not allow more people . In 1993 , the stadium had World Cup tournaments in biathlon and cross @-@ country skiing as a trial before the Olympics . During several events , the computer system controlling the scoreboard and television scores collapsed . President Johan Baumann of the Norwegian Ski Federation criticized the venue and demanded that a new stadium be built . He stated that the stadium had been built to optimize television pictures , and that it had insufficient facilities for the spectators . In particular , he criticized the fact that the spectators were too far away from the skiers and the lack of a television screen and more scoreboards . In May , the LOOC announced that the stadium would be expanded for another 6 @,@ 000 people before the Olympics . On 7 September , the ownership of the venue was transferred from the LOOC to Lillehammer Municipality via the subsidiary Lillehammer Olympiavekst , which later changed its name to Lillehammer Olympiapark . In October , the forest along the tracks were partially cleared to allow spectators without tickets to watch the events .
= = Facilities = =
The arena covers an area of 200 hectares ( 490 acres ) , and is 3 kilometers ( 2 mi ) from the town center . For the Olympics , 27 kilometers ( 17 mi ) of cross @-@ country tracks and 9 kilometers ( 5 @.@ 6 mi ) of biathlon tracks were built . There are two stadiums , one for cross @-@ country skiing and one for biathlon . The former has a spectator capacity for 31 @,@ 000 , while the latter has a capacity for 13 @,@ 500 . In addition , up to 75 @,@ 000 people watched the events the trackside during the Olympics . Permanent buildings include a 214 @-@ square @-@ meter ( 2 @,@ 300 sq ft ) finishing house for biathlon , a 155 @-@ square @-@ meter ( 1 @,@ 670 sq ft ) finishing house for cross @-@ country , a 355 @-@ square @-@ meter ( 3 @,@ 820 sq ft ) plant room . The cross @-@ country stadium is 200 square meters ( 2 @,@ 200 sq ft ) long , while the biathlon stadium is 150 square meters ( 1 @,@ 600 sq ft ) long . The biathlon stadium has 30 shooting stations . The facility has a 1 @,@ 250 kVA transformer , with an additional transformer used during the Olympics . Critical systems , such as computers and time @-@ keeping equipment , have an uninterruptible power supply .
As a recreational venue , Birkebeineren connects to 450 kilometers ( 280 mi ) of skiing tracks , including a 5 kilometers ( 3 mi ) lighted track which is lit until 22 : 00 every day during winter , and is open to the public . During the summer , the tracks are available for jogging , running , roller skiing and similar activities . There is a café between the two stadiums , which also have dressing rooms and showers . The biathlon venue can be rented to hold private biathlon competition , with or without skis .
The dominant means of transport during the Olympics was by railway . Spectators heading to Birkebeineren were transported by train to Hovemoen Station on the Dovre Line , and would then be transported by shuttle bus to the stadium . In addition , spectators from certain areas were transported by bus directly to the stadium .
= = Events = =
During the 1994 Winter Olympics , the venue hosted ten cross @-@ country skiing events , six biathlon events and two Nordic combined events . Over 203 @,@ 000 people applied for the 31 @,@ 000 seats for the relay . During the 1994 Winter Paralympics , the venue hosted the Paralympic Nordic skiing events and Paralympic biathlon .
The FIS Cross @-@ Country World Cup has been hosted three times , in 1993 , 2000 and 2002 , all in February or March . The FIS Nordic Combined World Cup has been hosted seven times at the stadium , in 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 , 2009 and 2010 . All tournaments have been held in December , and have seen the ski jumping competition hosted at Lysgårdsbakken , the Olympic ski jumping hill in Lillehammer . Birkebeineren hosted Biathlon World Cup events from 1993 to 1997 . The stadium has also since 1992 been used as the goal area for Birkebeinerrennet , an annual ski marathon with thousands of participants . It has also hosted the Norwegian Nordic Ski Championships in 1993 . Lillehammer is scheduled to host the 2016 Winter Youth Olympics . Birkebeineren will host cross @-@ country , Nordic combined and biathlon events .
= = Results = =
The following is a list of all Winter Olympics and World Cup events to be held at the stadium . It includes date , sport ( cross @-@ country skiing , Nordic combined or biathlon ) , tournament , distance , and top three athletes ( gold , silver and bronze ) .
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= Oil shale in Estonia =
Oil shale ( Estonian : põlevkivi ) is a strategic energy resource that constitutes about 4 % of Estonia 's gross domestic product . The oil shale industry in Estonia is one of the most developed in the world . In 2012 , the country 's oil shale industry employed 6 @,@ 500 people – about 1 % of the national workforce . Of all the oil shale fired power stations in the world , the two largest are in this country . In 2012 , 70 % of mined oil shale was used for electricity generation , accounting for about 85 % of Estonia 's total electricity production . A smaller proportion of the mined oil shale is used to produce shale oil , a type of synthetic oil extracted from shale by pyrolysis , which is sufficient to keep Estonia as the second largest shale oil producer in the world after China . In addition , oil shale and its products are used in Estonia for district heating and as a feedstock material for the cement industry .
There are two kinds of oil shale in Estonia , both of which are sedimentary rocks laid down during the Ordovician geologic period . Graptolitic argillite is the larger resource , but , because its organic matter content is relatively low , it is not used industrially . The other one is kukersite , which has been mined for almost a hundred years and is expected to last for another 25 – 30 years . By the end of 2012 , the total kukersite resource was 4 @.@ 8 billion tonnes , of which up to 650 million tonnes was recoverable . Kukersite deposits in Estonia account for 1 @.@ 1 % of global oil shale deposits .
In the 18th and 19th centuries , Estonian oil shale was described by several scientists and used as a low @-@ grade fuel . Its use in industry commenced in 1916 . Production of shale oil began in 1921 and oil shale was first used to generate electrical power in 1924 . Shortly thereafter , systematic research into oil shale and its products began , and in 1938 a department of mining was established at Tallinn Technical University . After World War II , Estonian oil shale gas was used in Saint Petersburg ( then called Leningrad ) and in northern cities in Estonia as a substitute for natural gas . Increased need for electricity in the north @-@ west of the Soviet Union led to the construction of large oil shale @-@ fired power stations . Oil shale extraction peaked in 1980 . Subsequently , the launch of nuclear reactors in Russia , particularly the Leningrad Nuclear Power Station , reduced demand for electricity produced from oil shale , and , along with a post @-@ Soviet restructuring of the industry in the 1990s , led to a decrease in oil shale mining . After decreasing for two decades , oil shale mining started to increase again at the beginning of the 21st century .
The industry continues to have a serious impact on the environment . In 2012 , it produced about 70 % of Estonia 's ordinary waste , 82 % of its hazardous waste , and more than 70 % of its greenhouse gas emissions . Its activities lower groundwater levels , alter water circulation , and spoil water quality . Water pumped from the mines and used by oil shale @-@ fired power stations exceeds 90 % of all water used in Estonia . Leachates from waste heaps pollute surface and groundwater . Former and current oil shale mines cover about one percent of Estonia 's territory .
= = Resource = =
= = = Graptolitic argillite = = =
Estonian graptolitic argillite ( also known as dictyonema argillite , dictyonema oil shale , dictyonema shale or alum shale ) is a marine @-@ type of black shale , belonging to the marinite @-@ type of oil shales . Although the name dictyonema argillite is widely used instead of graptolitic argillite , it is now considered a misnomer as the graptolite fossils in the rock , earlier considered dictyonemids , were reclassified during the 1980s as members of the genus Rhabdinopora .
Graptolitic argillite was formed some 480 million years ago during the Early Ordovician under a marine environment . In mainland Estonia , it occurs at the foot of the North Estonian Klint , ranging from the Pakri Peninsula to Narva in an area covering about 11 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 4 @,@ 200 sq mi ) . When findings in the western Estonian islands are included , its extent increases to about 12 @,@ 200 square kilometres ( 4 @,@ 700 sq mi ) . The thickness of the layer varies from less than 0 @.@ 5 metres ( 1 ft 8 in ) to a maximum of 8 metres ( 26 ft ) in western Estonia , and its depth below the surface varies from 10 to 90 metres ( 33 to 295 ft ) .
Resources of graptolitic argillite in Estonia have been estimated at 60 – 70 billion tonnes . Although resources of graptolitic argillite exceed that of kukersite , attempts to use it as an energy source have been unsuccessful due to its low calorific value and high sulfur content . Its organic content ranges from 10 to 20 % and its sulfur content from 2 to 4 % . Correspondingly , its calorific value is only 5 – 8 megajoules per kilogram ( MJ / kg ; 1 @,@ 200 – 1 @,@ 900 kcal / kg ) and its Fischer Assay oil yield is 3 – 5 % . However , the graptolitic argillite resource in Estonia contains a potential 2 @.@ 1 billion tonnes of oil . In addition , it contains 5 @.@ 67 million tonnes of uranium – making it one of the main potential sources of uranium in Europe – 16 @.@ 53 million tonnes of zinc , and 12 @.@ 76 million tonnes of molybdenum . There is as yet no economical and environmentally friendly technology to extract either the metals or the oil .
= = = Kukersite = = =
Kukersite is a light @-@ brown marine @-@ type Late Ordovician oil shale formed some 460 million years ago . It was named as kuckers by the Baltic German geologist Carl Friedrich Schmidt in the mid @-@ 19th century , and as kukersite by the Russian paleobotanist Mikhail Zalessky in 1916 . The name reflects the German name for Kukruse Manor where oil shale samples were obtained .
Kukersite deposits in Estonia are the world 's second highest @-@ grade oil shale deposits after the Australian torbanite . Its organic content varies from 15 % to 55 % , averaging over 40 % . Correspondingly , its mean calorific value is 15 MJ / kg ( 3 @,@ 600 kcal / kg ) . The conversion ratio of its organic content into usable energy ( shale oil and oil shale gas ) is between 65 and 67 % , and its Fischer Assay oil yield is 30 to 47 % .
The principal organic component of kukersite is telalginite , which originated from the fossil green alga Gloeocapsomorpha prisca , deposited in a shallow marine basin . Kukersite lies at depths of 7 to 170 metres ( 23 to 558 ft ) . The most significant kukersite deposits in Estonia – the Estonian and the Tapa – cover about 3 @,@ 000 to 5 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 1 @,@ 200 to 1 @,@ 900 sq mi ) , and together with the Leningrad deposit ( an extension of the Estonian ) form the Baltic Oil Shale Basin . The Estonian deposit , which covers about 2 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 770 sq mi ) , is used industrially . It consists of 23 exploration and mining fields . The Tapa deposit is not accounted as a reserve due to its lower calorific value , which makes its extraction economically inexpedient . In northern Estonia there are 50 layers of kukersite ; the six lowest of these form a 2 @.@ 5 @-@ to @-@ 3 @-@ metre ( 8 ft 2 in to 9 ft 10 in ) thick mineable bed . In this area kukersite lies near the surface . To the south and west it lies deeper and its thickness and quality decrease .
According to the International Energy Agency , Estonia 's kukersite represents about 1 @.@ 1 % of global and 17 % of European oil shale resources . The total kukersite resources in Estonia are estimated to be about 4 @.@ 8 billion tonnes , including 1 @.@ 3 billion tonnes of economically proven and probable reserves . Economically proven and probable reserves consist of mineable deposits with energy ratings of at least 35 gigajoules per square metre and calorific values of at least 8 MJ / kg , located in areas without environmental restrictions . Up to 650 million tonnes of economically proven and probable reserves are designated as recoverable .
= = History = =
= = = Early history = = =
It is often reported that 18th @-@ century naturalist and explorer Johann Anton Güldenstädt had mentioned a discovery of a " burning rock " near Jõhvi in 1725 , but his published travel notes mention neither oil shale nor Estonia . It is also often reported that the earliest documented record of oil shale in Estonia , authored by the Baltic German publicist and linguist August Wilhelm Hupel , dates to 1777 . However , this is based on a misinterpretation of the German word Steinöhl ( meaning : stone oil ) , which was used by Hupel but which most likely did not mean oil shale in the context of his publication .
In the second half of the 18th century , the St. Petersburg Free Economic Society started to search for information about combustible minerals which as fuels would replace the decreasing stock of trees in the European part of Russia . As a result of these inquiries , the Society received information about a combustible mineral found at the Kohala Manor near Rakvere . According to the landlord of the Kohala estate , Baron Fabian Reinhold Ungern @-@ Sternberg , the ' burning rock ' was discovered at a depth of about ten meters when a spring was opened on the slope of a sandy hump , as it was during the digging of a well some years earlier on the same slope . This discovery was briefly mentioned in a paper prepared by the German chemist Johann Gottlieb Georgi and presented by the Actual State Councillor Anton @-@ Johann Engelhardt at the meeting of the Society in 1789 . The first scientific research into the rock 's oil yield , using samples from the Vanamõisa village of the Kohala Manor , was published by Georgi at the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1791 . In 1838 and 1839 , the Baltic German geologist Gregor von Helmersen published a detailed description of the deposits of kukersite in Vanamõisa and graptolitic argillite in Keila @-@ Joa . In 1838 he made a thorough experiment to distil oil from the Vanamõisa oil shale deposit .
During the 1850s , large @-@ scale works were undertaken in Estonia to transform excessively wet land into land suitable for agriculture ; this included the digging of drainage ditches . In the process , previously unknown layers of oil shale were discovered in several locations . In the years 1850 – 1857 , the territory of Estonia was explored by the Baltic German geologist Carl Friedrich Schmidt who studied these findings of oil shale . Russian chemist Aleksandr Shamarin , who at the end of the 1860s had studied the composition and properties of oil shale originating from the Kukruse area , concluded it made sense to use oil shale for the production of gas and as a solid fuel . However , he considered shale oil production unprofitable . During the remainder of the 19th century oil shale was used locally as a low @-@ grade fuel only . For example , in the 1870s , Robert von Toll , landlord of the Kukruse Manor , started to use oil shale as a fuel for the manor 's distillery . There were failed attempts to use graptolitic argillite as fertilizer in the 19th century . In the beginning of the 20th century , geologist and engineer Carl August von Mickwitz studied self @-@ ignition of graptolitic argillite near Paldiski . At the University of Tartu oil shale geology and chemistry analyses were conducted during the 19th century by Georg Paul Alexander Petzholdt , Alexander Gustav von Schrenk , and Carl Ernst Heinrich Schmidt , among others .
= = = Beginning of oil shale industry = = =
Analysis of Estonian oil shale resources and mining possibilities intensified during the early 20th century while Estonia was part of the Russian Empire . Industrial development was under way in Saint Petersburg ( known as Petrograd in 1914 – 24 ) , but regional fuel resources were in short supply . A large shale oil extraction plant for processing Estonian oil shale was proposed in 1910 . The outbreak of World War I , coupled with a fuel supply crisis , accelerated the pace of the research .
In June 1916 , the Russian geologist Nikolay Pogrebov oversaw mining of the first tonnes of oil shale at Pavandu and delivered it to Saint Petersburg ( then Petrograd ) Polytechnic Institute for large @-@ scale experiments . These events marking the beginning of the Estonian oil shale industry took place more than half a century after an oil shale industry had emerged in Scotland , the leading oil shale industry in 1916 , and a decade before the industry emerged in China , which , besides Estonia , is today the other leading oil shale @-@ exploiting country . In 1916 a total of 640 – 690 tonnes of oil shale were sent to Saint Petersburg for testing . The tests proved that the oil shale was suitable for combustion as a solid fuel and for extraction of oil shale gas and shale oil . Based on these promising results , a plan for oil shale mining in Estonia was presented to the Emperor Nicholas II on 3 January 1917 . On 13 February 1917 , the Council of Ministers of Russia allocated 1 @.@ 2 million rubles to purchase land and start mining activities . After the February Revolution , the Russian Provisional Government appointed a special commissioner for oil shale purchasing and stockpiling who began preliminary work for the digging of an oil shale mine at Pavandu , with full @-@ scale construction carried out by about 500 workers , including war prisoners , in the summer of 1917 . After the October Revolution , financing ceased and construction stopped . Two private Saint Petersburg firms , established specially for oil shale mining , Böckel & Co. and Mutschnik & Co . , which in the fall of 1916 had begun surface mining at Kukruse and Järve , respectively , also terminated their mining activities in 1917 .
In February 1918 , the area surrounding the oil shale basin in northeast Estonia was occupied by German troops . During this occupation , mining activities were carried out at Pavandu by the German company Internationales Baukonsortium ( English : International Construction Consortium ) , including sending oil shale to Germany for research and experimentation . This work used a retort constructed by Julius Pintsch AG , known as a Pintsch generator . In late 1918 , German forces left Estonia , by which time no more than a single trainload of oil shale had been mined and sent to Germany .
= = = Developments in interwar Estonia = = =
After Estonia gained independence , the state owned oil shale enterprise , Riigi Põlevkivitööstus ( English : Estonian State Oil Shale Industry ) , was established as a department of the Ministry for Trade and Industry on 24 November 1918 . The enterprise , later named Esimene Eesti Põlevkivitööstus ( English : First Estonian Oil Shale Industry ) , was the predecessor of Viru Keemia Grupp , one of the current shale oil producers in Estonia . It took over the existing Pavandu open @-@ pit mine , and opened new mines at Vanamõisa ( 1919 ) , Kukruse ( 1920 ) , and Käva ( 1924 ) . Also , several private investors , including investors from abroad , initiated oil shale industries in Estonia by opening mines at Kiviõli ( 1922 ) , Küttejõu ( 1925 ) , Ubja ( 1926 ) , Viivikonna ( 1936 ) , and Kohtla ( 1937 ) . Pavandu mine was closed in 1927 and Vanamõisa mine was closed in 1931 . While in 1918 only 16 tonnes and in 1919 only 9 @,@ 631 tonnes of oil shale were mined , in 1937 the annual output exceeded one million tonnes . In 1940 , the annual output reached 1 @,@ 891 @,@ 674 tonnes .
Initially , oil shale was used primarily in the cement industry , but also for firing locomotive furnaces and as a household fuel . The first major industrial consumers of oil shale were cement factories in Kunda and Aseri . By 1925 , all locomotives in Estonia were powered by oil shale .
Shale oil production started in Estonia in 1921 when Riigi Põlevkivitööstus built 14 experimental oil shale processing retorts in Kohtla @-@ Järve . These vertical retorts used the method developed by Julius Pintsch AG that would later evolve into the current Kiviter processing technology . Along with the shale oil extraction plant , an oil shale research laboratory was founded in 1921 . Following the experimental retorts , the first commercial shale oil plant was put into operation on 24 December 1924 . The German @-@ owned company Eesti Kiviõli ( German : Estländische Steinöl , English : Estonian Stone Oil , predecessor of Kiviõli Keemiatööstus ) , affiliated with G. Scheel & Co. and Mendelssohn & Co . , was established in 1922 . By the end of 1930s , it had become the largest shale oil producer in Estonia . Around the company 's mine and oil plant , the Kiviõli settlement ( now town ) was formed in the same way as the Küttejõu settlement ( now district of Kiviõli ) formed around the mine owned by Eesti Küttejõud . In 1924 , the British investor @-@ owned Estonian Oil Development Syndicate Ltd . ( later Vanamõisa Oilfields Ltd . ) purchased an open @-@ pit mine in Vanamõisa and opened a shale oil extraction plant that was abandoned in 1931 due to technical problems . The Swedish – Norwegian consortium Eestimaa Õlikonsortsium ( Swedish : Estländska Oljeskifferkonsortiet , English : Estonian Oil Consortium ) , controlled by Marcus Wallenberg , was founded in Sillamäe in 1926 . New Consolidated Gold Fields Ltd. of the United Kingdom built a shale oil extraction plant at Kohtla @-@ Nõmme in 1931 . This facility continued to operate until 1961 .
In 1934 , Eesti Kiviõli and New Consolidated Gold Fields established the service station chain Trustivapaa Bensiini ( now : Teboil ) in Finland , which in 1940 sold more shale @-@ oil @-@ derived gasoline in Finland than did the entire conventional gasoline market in Estonia . Since 1935 , Estonian shale oil has been supplied to the German Kriegsmarine as a ship fuel . In 1938 , 45 % of Estonian shale oil was exported , accounting for 8 % of Estonia 's total exports . Although the price of oil shale @-@ based gasoline was at least triple that of global gasoline prices , high production and bilateral agreements with Germany facilitated its export . In 1939 , Estonia produced 181 @,@ 000 tonnes of shale oil , including 22 @,@ 500 tonnes of oil that were suitable gasoline equivalents . The mining and oil industry employed 6 @,@ 150 persons .
The oil shale @-@ fired electrical power industry started in 1924 when the Tallinn Power Station switched to oil shale . In 1933 , it reached a capacity of 22 megawatts ( MW ) . Other oil shale @-@ fired power stations were built in Püssi ( 3 @.@ 7 MW ) , Kohtla ( 3 @.@ 7 MW ) , Kunda ( 2 @.@ 3 MW ) , and Kiviõli ( 0 @.@ 8 MW ) . At the beginning of World War II , the total capacity of oil shale @-@ fired power stations was 32 @.@ 5 MW . Only the Tallinn and Püssi power stations were connected to the grid .
On 9 May 1922 the first international discussion of Estonian kukersite took place at the 64th meeting of the Institution of Petroleum Technologists . Systematic research into oil shale and its products began at Tartu University 's Oil Shale Research Laboratory in 1925 , initiated by professor Paul Kogerman . In 1937 , the Geological Committee under the Ministry of Economic Affairs , and the Institute of Natural Resources , an independent academic institution , were established . A department of mining was established at Tallinn Technical University in 1938 . Estonian oil shale industries conducted tests of oil shale samples from Australia , Bulgaria , Germany and South Africa .
= = = Developments in German @-@ occupied Estonia = = =
Soon after the Soviet occupation in 1940 , the entire oil shale industry was nationalised and subordinated to the Mining Office and later to the General Directorate of Mining and Fuel Industry of the Peoples ' Commissariat for Light Industry . Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 and the industry 's infrastructure was largely destroyed by retreating Soviet forces . During the subsequent German occupation , the industry was merged into a company named Baltische Öl GmbH . Baltische Öl became the largest industry in the Estonian territory . This entity was subordinated to Kontinentale Öl , a company that had exclusive rights to oil production in German @-@ occupied territories .
The primary purpose of the industry was production of oil for the German Army . In 1943 , after the German troops retreated from the Caspian oil region , Estonian oil shale became increasingly important . On 16 March 1943 , Hermann Göring issued a secret order stating that " development and utilisation of Estonian oil shale industry is the most important military @-@ economic task in the territories of the former Baltic states " . On 21 June 1943 , Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler issued an order to send as many male Jews as possible to the oil shale mining .
Baltische Öl consisted of five units ( Kiviõli , Küttejõu , Kohtla @-@ Järve , Sillamäe , and Kohtla ) , all of which were partially restored , previously existing industries . In addition , Baltische Öl started construction of a new mining and shale oil extraction complex in Ahtme , but it never became operational . Prisoners of war and forced labour made up about two @-@ thirds of the work force in these units .
While Soviet troops were advancing into Estonia during 1944 , about 200 Estonian oil shale specialists were evacuated to Schömberg , Germany , to work at an oil shale industry there , codenamed Operation Desert ( Unternehmen Wüste ) . Shale oil extraction plants in Estonia were destroyed and mines were ignited or inundated by the retreating Germans . Existing oil shale @-@ fired power stations were also destroyed .
= = = Developments in Soviet Estonia = = =
In 1945 – 1946 the mining industry was merged into Eesti Põlevkivi ( Russian : Эстонсланец , English : Estonian Oil Shale , now Eesti Energia Kaevandused ) under the General Directorate of Oil Shale Industry of the USSR ( Glavslanets ) . Shale oil extraction , except the Kiviõli and Kohtla @-@ Nõmme plants , was merged into the Kohtla @-@ Järve shale oil combinate ( Russian : Сланцехим , now Viru Keemia Grupp ) under the General Directorate of Synthetic Liquid Fuel and Gas of the USSR ( Glavgaztopprom ) . Both organisations were directed from Moscow .
New mines were opened in Ahtme ( 1948 ) , Jõhvi ( No. 2 , 1949 ) , Sompa ( 1949 ) , Tammiku ( 1951 ) , and in the area between Käva and Sompa ( No. 4 , 1953 ) . The Küttejõu open @-@ pit mine was closed in 1947 and the Küttejõu underground mine was merged with the Kiviõli mine in 1951 . The Ubja mine was closed in 1959 . After construction of large oil shale @-@ fired power stations , demand for oil shale increased and consequently new larger mines were constructed : the underground mines Viru ( 1965 ) and Estonia ( 1972 ) along with the open @-@ pit mines Sirgala ( 1963 ) , Narva ( 1970 ) and Oktoobri ( 1974 ; later named Aidu ) . Correspondingly , several exhausted smaller mines like Kukruse ( 1967 ) , Käva ( 1972 ) , No. 2 ( 1973 ) , No. 4 ( 1975 ) , and Kiviõli ( 1987 ) were closed . The Estonia Mine became the largest oil shale mine in the world . Because of the success of oil shale @-@ based power generation , Estonian oil shale mining peaked in 1980 at 31 @.@ 35 million tonnes , and in the same year power generation peaked at 18 @.@ 9 TWh . The industry declined during the subsequent two decades . Demand for electric power generated from oil shale decreased following construction of nuclear power stations in the Russian SFSR , particularly the Leningrad Nuclear Power Station . At the end of 1988 , a fire broke out in the Estonia Mine . The largest underground fire in Estonia , it continued for 81 days and caused serious pollution of ground and surface waters .
The shale oil industry at Kohtla @-@ Järve and Kiviõli was redeveloped . In 1945 , the first tunnel kiln was restored , and by the end of the 1940s four tunnel kilns located in Kiviõli and Kohtla @-@ Nõmme had been restored . German prisoners of war contributed most of the labour . Between 1946 and 1963 , 13 Kiviter @-@ type retorts were built in Kohtla @-@ Järve and eight in Kiviõli . In 1947 , a pilot Galoter retort was built at the Ilmarine engineering plant in Tallinn . This unit , in operation until 1956 , was capable of processing 2 @.@ 5 tonnes of oil shale per day and was used for modelling the next generation of commercial @-@ scale retorts . The first Galoter @-@ type commercial @-@ scale pilot retorts were built at Kiviõli in 1953 and 1963 with capacities of 200 and 500 tonnes of oil shale per day , respectively . The first of these retorts closed in 1963 and the second in 1981 . The Narva Oil Plant , annexed to the Eesti Power Station and operating two Galoter @-@ type 3 @,@ 000 @-@ tonnes @-@ per day retorts , was commissioned in 1980 . Started as a pilot plant , the process of converting it to a commercial @-@ scale plant took about 20 years .
In 1948 an oil shale gas plant in Kohtla @-@ Järve became operational , and for several decades the oil shale gas was used as a substitute for natural gas in Saint Petersburg ( then known as Leningrad ) and in northern Estonian cities . It was the first time in history that synthetic gas from oil shale was used in households . To enable delivery of the gas , a 200 @-@ kilometre ( 120 mi ) pipeline from Kohtla @-@ Järve to Saint Peterburg was built , followed by a 150 @-@ kilometre ( 93 mi ) pipeline from Kohtla @-@ Järve to Tallinn . During the 1950s , unsuccessful tests of oil shale underground gasification were conducted at Kiviõli . In 1962 and 1963 , the conversion of oil shale gas into ammonium was tested ; however , for industrial production , oil shale gas was replaced with natural gas . Although this gas had become uneconomical by 1958 , production continued and was even expanded . After peaking in 1976 at 597 @.@ 4 million cubic metres ( 21 @.@ 10 × 10 ^ 9 cu ft ) , ceased in 1987 . In total , 276 generators were operated for the gas production .
In 1949 , the 48 MW Kohtla @-@ Järve Power Station – the first power station in the world to use pulverised oil shale at an industrial scale – was commissioned , followed by the 72 @.@ 5 MW Ahtme Power Station in 1951 . To ensure sufficient electricity supply in Estonia , Latvia and north @-@ west Russia , the Balti Power Station ( 1 @,@ 430 MW ) and the Eesti Power Station ( 1 @,@ 610 MW ) were built , the former between 1959 and 1971 and the latter between 1969 and 1973 . The stations , collectively known as the Narva Power Stations , are the world 's two largest oil shale @-@ fired power stations . In 1988 Moscow @-@ based authorities planned a third oil shale @-@ fired power station in Narva with a capacity of 2 @,@ 500 MW , together with a new mine at Kuremäe . The plan , disclosed at the time of the Phosphorite War and the Singing Revolution , met with strong local opposition and was never implemented .
Between 1946 and 1952 , uranium compounds were extracted from locally mined graptolitic argillite at the Sillamäe Processing Plant ( now : Silmet ) . More than 60 tonnes of uranium compounds ( corresponding to 22 @.@ 5 tonnes of elemental uranium ) were produced . Some sources note that uranium produced in Sillamäe was used for construction of the first Soviet atomic bomb ; however , this information is not confirmed by the archive materials .
An oil shale research institute ( now a department within Tallinn University of Technology ) was founded at Kohtla @-@ Järve in 1958 . Preliminary research into oil shale @-@ based chemical production began the same year , exploring the potential for the use of oil shale in bitumen , synthetic construction materials , detergents , synthetic leathers , synthetic fibres , plastics , paints , soaps , glues , and pesticides . Between 1959 and 1985 , 5 @.@ 275 billion cubic metres ( 186 @.@ 3 × 10 ^ 9 cu ft ) of mineral wool were produced from oil shale coke , a solid residue of oil shale . In 1968 , a branch of the Skochinsky Institute of Mining was established in Kohtla @-@ Järve , and in 1984 the scientific @-@ technical journal Oil Shale was founded in Estonia .
= = = Developments in independent Estonia = = =
In the 1990s , after Estonia regained independence , the country underwent a restructuring of the economy , causing the collapse of a large part of the heavy industry sector . This collapse led to a decrease in the consumption of electricity and thus a decrease in the need for the oil shale that was mined to produce it . Electricity and shale oil export to former Soviet markets largely ceased . Due to a decrease in demand , the Tammiku and Sompa mines closed in 1999 and those at Kohtla and Ahtme closed in 2001 .
In 1995 , state @-@ owned shale oil producers in Kohtla @-@ Järve and Kiviõli were merged into the single company named RAS Kiviter . In 1997 , Kiviter was privatized and a year later it declared insolvency . Its factories in Kohtla @-@ Järve and Kiviõli were sold separately and new oil producers – Viru Keemia Grupp and Kiviõli Keemiatööstus – emerged .
In 1995 , the Government of Estonia started negotiations with American company NRG Energy to create a joint venture on the basis of the Narva Power Stations , the largest consumer of oil shale in Estonia . As a part of the deal , 51 % of the government @-@ owned shares in the oil shale mining company Eesti Põlevkivi was transferred to the Narva Power Stations . The proposed deal with NRG Energy met a strong public and political opposition and was cancelled after NRG Energy failed the deadline to secure financing for the project . Consequently , the Government transferred its remained shares in Eesti Põlevkivi to a state @-@ owned company Eesti Energia , a parent company of the Narva Power Stations , and Eesti Põlevkivi became a fully owned subsidiary of Eesti Energia .
Oil shale production started to increase again in the beginning of the 21st century . In 2000 , the open @-@ pit mines at Viivikonna , Sirgala and Narva were merged into the single Narva open @-@ pit mine . Since 2003 , several new mines were opened : the Põhja @-@ Kiviõli open @-@ pit mine in 2003 , the Ubja open @-@ pit mine in 2005 , and the Ojamaa underground mine in 2010 . By 2006 , after 90 years of major mining in Estonia , the total amount of mined oil shale reached one billion tonnes . The exhausted Aidu open @-@ pit mine was closed in 2012 , followed a year later by the Viru underground mine .
In 2004 , two power units with circulating fluidised bed combustion boilers were put into operation at the Narva Power Stations . Construction of the Auvere Power Station , located next to the existing Eesti Power Station , began in 2012 . In the end of 2012 , the Ahtme Power Station was closed .
In 2008 , Eesti Energia established a joint venture , Enefit Outotec Technology , with the Finnish technology company Outotec . The venture sought to develop and commercialise a modified Galoter process – the Enefit process – that would enhance the existing technology by using circulating fluidised beds . In 2013 , Enefit Outotec Technology opened an Enefit testing plant in Frankfurt .
Kiviõli Keemiatööstus began to test two Galoter @-@ type retorts in 2006 . Eesti Energia opened a new generation Galoter @-@ type plant using Enefit 280 technology in 2012 . VKG Oil opened three new Galoter @-@ type oil plants called Petroter correspondingly in December 2009 , in October 2014 , and in November 2015 . In January 2016 , the company announced that due to low oil price , it will close the old oil plants using Kiviter technology and lay off 500 workers .
= = Economic impact = =
The National Development Plan for the Utilisation of Oil Shale 2008 – 2015 describes oil shale as a strategic energy resource . Other mineral resources in Estonia that are mined currently are peat , dolostone , clays , limestone , sand and gravel . Potentially mineable resources include granite , iron ore and phosophorite .
The oil shale industry in Estonia is one of the most developed in the world . Estonia is the only country in the world that uses oil shale as its primary energy source . In 2012 , oil shale supplied 70 % of Estonia 's total primary energy and accounted for 4 % of Estonia 's gross domestic product . About 6 @,@ 500 people ( 1 @.@ 1 % of the workforce in Estonia ) were directly employed in the oil shale industry . In 2012 , the state revenue from oil shale production was about € 90 million , including € 34 million of excise duty and labour taxes , and € 56 million of environmental charges . There are no royalties . The operating profit of shale oil producers was about € 91 million .
In 2011 , about one @-@ third of Estonian public research , development and demonstration expenditures ( € 3 @.@ 1 million ) went to the oil shale sector . A new development plan for 2016 – 2030 is at a preparatory stage .
= = = Mining = = =
Estonia has adopted a national development plan that limits the annual mining of oil shale to 20 million tonnes . At this rate , mineable reserves will last for 25 – 30 years . In 2012 , 15 @.@ 86 million tonnes of oil shale were mined . Mining losses were about four million tonnes . As of 2014 , five oil shale mines are in operation ; three are open @-@ pit mines and two are underground mines . The mines are owned by four companies . Plans for opening several new mines are in the preparatory phase . Historically , the ratio of underground mining to open @-@ pit mining has been approximately even , but as usable deposits close to the surface become scarcer , underground mining will probably increase .
The Estonia underground mine at Väike @-@ Pungerja , operated by state owned Eesti Energia Kaevandused , is the largest oil shale mine in the world . The other underground mine , operated by privately owned Viru Keemia Grupp , is located at Ojamaa . Both mines use the room and pillar mining method . Oil shale mined at Ojamaa is transported to the processing plant by a unique 13 @-@ kilometre ( 8 @.@ 1 mi ) conveyor belt . Although there are similar conveyors in operation in other countries , the one at Ojamaa is an unusually challenging installation since its path contains many curves and sharp turns .
The Narva open @-@ pit mine is operated by Eesti Energia Kaevandused , and the Põhja @-@ Kiviõli open @-@ pit mine is operated by privately owned Kiviõli Keemiatööstus . Both mines use highly selective extraction in three layers of seams . The Narva mine uses a technology that involves breaking up both the overburden and the targeted deposits by blasting and then stripping the rock with relatively large @-@ bucket ( 10 – 35 cubic metres or 350 – 1 @,@ 240 cubic feet ) excavators . The third open @-@ pit mine , operated by Kunda Nordic Tsement which belongs to German HeidelbergCement group , is located at Ubja .
In 2012 , 70 % of mined oil shale was used for electricity production , 27 % for shale oil production , and 3 % for thermal energy , cement and chemical products .
= = = Electricity and heat generation = = =
The National Development Plan for the Utilisation of Oil Shale 2008 – 2015 prioritises oil shale as a resource for ensuring Estonia 's electricity supply and energy security . However , the share of oil shale in Estonia 's electricity and heat production is set to decrease due to the European Union 's climate policy as well as the country 's recognition of the environmental impact of oil shale @-@ fired power stations and need to diversify the national energy balance . Although Estonia has the right to allocate a gradually decreasing limited number of emission allowances free of charge , this will be phased out by 2020 . According to the International Energy Agency , Estonia should adopt the energy strategy in order to reduce the share of oil shale in the primary energy supply by improving the efficiency of shale @-@ fired power stations and increasing the use of other energy sources such as renewable energy and natural gas .
In 2012 , 70 % of oil shale mined in Estonia was used for power generation , and about 85 % of Estonia 's electricity was generated from oil shale . About 29 % of produced electricity was exported to Finland , Latvia , and Lithuania .
Eesti Energia owns the largest oil shale @-@ fuelled power stations ( Narva Power Stations ) in the world . In addition , a new 300 MW station , which will use circulating fluidised bed boiler technology , is under construction in Auvere .
In 2010 , 11 @.@ 4 % of the heat supply in Estonia was generated by direct combustion of oil shale and 5 @.@ 88 % by combustion of shale oil . Shale oil was used as a fuel by 9 @.@ 36 % of all boiler houses in Estonia . Heat produced by co @-@ generation at the Balti Power Station is used for district heating of Narva , the third largest city in Estonia with 58 @,@ 700 inhabitants ( 2013 ) . The co @-@ generation plants in Kohtla @-@ Järve , Sillamäe , and Kiviõli burn oil shale to produce electrical power and supply district heating to nearby towns . In addition to raw oil shale , the Kohtla @-@ Järve Power Station uses oil shale gas , a by @-@ product of shale oil production , for the same purposes .
= = = Shale oil extraction = = =
In 2008 , Estonia was the second largest shale oil producer in the world after China . Production was 651 @,@ 000 tonnes of shale oil in 2012 . Up to 78 % of produced shale oil was exported , mainly to European countries , as bunker fuel and refinery feedstocks ; the remainder is used mainly for district heating .
There are three shale @-@ oil producers in Estonia . In 2012 , VKG Oil ( a subsidiary of Viru Keemia Grupp ) produced 370 @,@ 000 tonnes of shale oil , Eesti Energia Õlitööstus ( a subsidiary of Eesti Energia ) produced 211 @,@ 000 tonnes , and Kiviõli Keemiatööstus ( a subsidiary of Alexela Energia ) produced 70 @,@ 000 tonnes . Two processes – the Kiviter process and the Galoter process – are in use for shale oil extraction . Eesti Energia Õlitööstus uses the Galoter process while VKG Oil and Kiviõli Keemiatööstus use both – Kiviter and Galoter processes .
= = = Cement production = = =
Spent shale , a solid residue of oil shale , is used for Portland cement production at the Kunda Nordic Tsement factory . In 2002 , 10 @,@ 013 tonnes of spent shale were used for cement production . VKG Plokk , a subsidiary of Viru Keemia Grupp , produces building blocks by using oil shale ash and spent shale , and plans to construct a cement factory . The mined waste rock is used for road construction .
= = Environmental impact = =
= = = Wastes and land usage = = =
The mining and processing of about one billion tonnes of oil shale in Estonia has created about 360 @-@ 370 million tonnes of solid waste . Combustion ashes are the largest component ( 200 million tonnes ) , followed by mining waste ( 90 million tonnes ) and spent shale ( mainly semi @-@ coke , 70 – 80 million tonnes ) . According to the European Union waste list , oil shale ash and spent shale are classified as hazardous waste . In addition , approximately 73 million tonnes of graptolitic argillite as overlying deposit were mined and piled in waste heaps in the process of phosphorite – ore mining near Maardu in 1964 – 1991 .
In 2012 , the oil shale industry produced 70 % of Estonia 's ordinary waste and 82 % of its hazardous waste . Nine million tonnes of mining waste , eight million tonnes of oil shale ash , and one million tonnes of semi @-@ coke were generated . Due to the oil shale industry , Estonia ranks first among the European Union countries by generated waste per capita . About four million tonnes of oil shale are lost per year during mining ; combined with losses incurred during the enrichment process , more than 30 % of the resource is lost . Although the oil shale development plan sets the more efficient use of oil shale as a goal , mining losses have not decreased in 2007 – 2011 .
The oil shale waste heaps pose a spontaneous ignition risk due to their remaining organic content . The waste material , particularly semi @-@ coke , contains pollutants including sulphates , heavy metals , and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) , some of which are toxic and carcinogenic .
As a result of decades of mining activity , the topography of the oil shale region has changed ; this includes a greater range of altitudes within the mined area . Former and current oil shale mines occupy about 1 % of Estonia 's territory . About 500 square kilometres ( 190 sq mi ) or 15 % of Ida @-@ Viru County 's territory is out of use due to open @-@ pit mines and waste landfills ; an additional 150 square kilometres ( 58 sq mi ) has sunk or become unstable due to underground mining . As of 2006 , semi @-@ coke heaps near Kohtla @-@ Järve and Kiviõli covered 180 – 200 hectares ( 440 – 490 acres ) and ash heaps near Narva covered 210 hectares ( 520 acres ) . These heaps protruding from the flat landscape are regarded as landmarks and as monuments to the area 's industrial heritage .
There is less biodiversity within the mined area ; in particular , the reclaimed and reforested areas have less biodiversity than the areas which have undergone a natural succession .
= = = Water usage and pollution = = =
Surface water flows into mines and accumulates along with groundwater . This water must be pumped out in order for mining to proceed . The water that is pumped from the mines and the coolant water used by oil shale @-@ fired power stations combined exceeds 90 % of all water used in Estonia . For each cubic meter of oil shale mined in Estonia , 14 – 18 cubic metres ( 490 – 640 cu ft ) of water must be pumped from the mines , amounting to about 227 million cubic metres ( 184 @,@ 000 acre · ft ) that are pumped from mines annually . Groundwater comprises 64 % of the water pumped from underground mines annually and 24 % of that pumped from open @-@ pit mines . This alters both the circulation and quality of the groundwater , lowers groundwater levels , and releases mine water into surface water bodies such as rivers and lakes . Mining activities have contributed to lower water levels in 24 out of the 39 lakes in the Kurtna Lake District . The release of mine water into the environment has changed the natural movement of surface water . As a result of mining activities , groundwater moves towards the excavation cavities . A 220 @-@ kilometre ( 85 @-@ square @-@ mile ) underground water body that holds over 170 million cubic metres ( 140 @,@ 000 acre · ft ) of water has formed in eight abandoned underground mines : Ahtme , Kohtla , Kukruse , Käva , Sompa , Tammiku , No.2 and No.4.
The process of pumping water from the mines introduces oxygen via aeration , thereby oxidising the rock 's pyrite . Pyrite contains sulfur , and one consequence of its oxidation is the introduction of significant amounts of sulphates into mine water . This has had a negative impact on water quality in five lakes in the Kurtna Lake District . In some lakes , sulphate levels have increased tens of times compared to the pre @-@ mining period . Suspended mineral matter in the mine water pumped into these lakes has changed the composition of the lakes ' sediments . However , it has been found that this disturbance diminishes over time ; studies show that sulphates and iron in mining water decrease to levels that meet drinking water quality standards about five years after mine closure .
The process and waste waters used in shale oil extraction contain phenols , tar , and several other environmentally toxic products . Power stations use water as a coolant and for hydraulic transportation of oil shale ash to the ash heaps . Narva power stations use 1 @,@ 306 million cubic metres ( 1 @,@ 059 @,@ 000 acre · ft ) of water from the Narva River annually for cooling . For ash transportation , generated oil shale ash is mixed with water at a ratio of 1 : 20 and the resulted mixture , known as " ash pulp " , is pumped to the heaps . Consequently , the transportation water becomes highly alkaline . The total volume of formed alkaline water is 19 million cubic metres ( 15 @,@ 000 acre · ft ) .
Another source of water pollution is aqueous leachates from oil shale ash and spent shale . About 800 @,@ 000 to 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 650 to 970 acre · ft ) of toxic leachate from the Narva ash heaps inflows annually to the Narva River and further to the Gulf of Finland . Before the closure of old semi @-@ coke heaps in Kohtla @-@ Järve and Kiviõli , an additional 500 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 410 acre · ft ) of leachates reached via the Kohtla and Purtse rivers to the Baltic Sea annually . The toxicity of leachate is mainly caused by the alkalinity and sulphides ; leachate also includes chlorides , oil products , heavy metals , and PAHs which are carcenogenic .
= = = Air emissions = = =
Oil shale @-@ fired power stations pollute air with the fly ash and flue gases like carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) , nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) , sulfur dioxide ( SO
2 ) , and hydrogen chloride ( HCl ) . In addition to Estonia , this pollution also affects Finland and Russia . The industry emits into the atmosphere annually about 200 @,@ 000 tonnes of fly @-@ ash , including heavy metals , carbonates , alkaline oxides ( mainly calcium oxide ( CaO ) ) , and harmful organic substances ( including PAHs ) . About 30 % of the fly @-@ ash is CaO , a portion of which is neutralised by atmospheric CO2 . Alkaline fly ash has raised the pH value of lake and bog water . This has caused the invasion of eutrophic plants in the area of the oil shale industry , leading to the degradation of those waterbodies . Another source of air pollution is the dust that arises during deposition of oil shale ash and semi @-@ coke .
According to a 2001 study , the concentration of particulate matter in the fly @-@ ash is 39 @.@ 7 mg per cubic metre . The most hazardous particles are those with a diameter of less than 2 @.@ 5 micrometres ( 9 @.@ 8 × 10 − 5 in ) ; these particles are associated with an increase in cardiovascular mortality and in the number of premature deaths in Estonia .
The combustion of oil shale releases more CO2 into the atmosphere than any other primary fuel . Generating 1 MWh of electricity in modern oil shale @-@ fired boilers creates 0 @.@ 9 – 1 tonnes of CO2 . Therefore , oil shale industry is the chief source – more than 70 % – of greenhouse gas emissions in Estonia . Due to the oil shale @-@ based electricity generation , Estonia 's has the second highest greenhouse gas emissions relative to GDP among the OECD and the fifth highest emissions per capita among the IEA countries . The whole energy sector of Estonia emitted the CO2 equivalent 17 million tonnes of greenhouse gases in 2012 . In order to reduce the country 's CO2 emissions and to meet the emissions reduction targets , use of oil shale in electricity generation needs to be scaled down . CO2 emissions in Estonia could be reduced by two @-@ thirds if oil shale would be used for production of lighter oil products instead of burning it for electricity generation . It could be achieved by raising taxes on oil shale use and harmonizing tax rates of fossil fuels according to the CO2 emission content .
= = = Mitigation = = =
Various efforts have reduced the industry 's environmental impact . Fluidised bed combustion generates fewer NOx , SO
2 , and fly @-@ ash emissions , including PAHs , than the earlier technologies that burned pulverised oil shale . Reclamation and reforestation of exhausted mining areas has been carried out since the 1970s . In 2010 – 2013 , a € 38 million project was implemented for the environmentally safe closing of 86 hectares ( 210 acres ) of semi @-@ coke and ash heaps . In accordance with a European Union waste framework directive , the heaps were covered with waterproof material , new topsoil , and sod . In Kiviõli , a 90 @-@ metre ( 300 ft ) semi @-@ coke heap , the highest artificial hill in the Baltic countries , was converted into a ski centre . The former Aidu open @-@ pit mine was converted into a rowing course . A part of the former Sirgala open pit mine has been used as a military training area .
There is no recent research about monetary valuation of health damage and environmental impacts caused by the oil shale industry . An oil shale sector health impact survey will be carried out in 2015 .
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= Modern Life Is Rubbish =
Modern Life Is Rubbish is the second studio album by the English alternative rock band Blur , released in May 1993 . Although their debut album Leisure ( 1991 ) had been commercially successful , Blur faced a severe media backlash soon after its release , and fell out of public favour . After the group returned from an unsuccessful tour of the United States , poorly received live performances and the rising popularity of rival band Suede further diminished Blur 's status in the UK .
Under threat of being dropped by Food Records , for their next album Blur underwent an image makeover championed by frontman Damon Albarn . The band incorporated influences from traditional British guitar pop groups such as the Kinks and the Small Faces , and the resulting sound was melodic and lushly produced , featuring brass , woodwind and backing vocalists . Albarn 's lyrics on Modern Life Is Rubbish use " poignant humour and Ray Davies characterisation to investigate the dreams , traditions and prejudices of suburban England " , according to writer David Cavanagh .
Modern Life Is Rubbish was a moderate chart success in the UK ; the album peaked at number 15 , while the singles taken from the album charted in the Top 30 . Applauded by the music press , the album 's Anglocentric rhetoric rejuvenated the group 's fortunes after their post @-@ Leisure slump . Modern Life Is Rubbish is regarded as one of the defining releases of the Britpop scene , and its chart @-@ topping follow @-@ ups — Parklife and The Great Escape — saw Blur emerge as one of Britain 's leading pop acts .
= = Background = =
Blur 's baggy @-@ inspired debut album Leisure ( 1991 ) was a UK Top 10 @-@ charting record that , according to the NME , made the band the " acceptable pretty face of a whole clump of bands that have emerged since the whole Manchester thing started to run out of steam " . However , as the baggy scene soon began to fade , Blur were — according to The Guardian — " [ s ] wiftly exposed as bogus trend @-@ hoppers , [ and ] they duly caught the wrath of the Madchester backlash " . Further , following their fall from public favour , the group found that they were £ 60 @,@ 000 in debt , mainly due to mismanagement . Blur hired new manager Chris Morrison and , to recoup losses , were sent by their record label Food to the United States as part of the Rollercoaster tour . To coincide with the start of the tour , Blur released the " Popscene " single ; the new release showcased a significant change in musical direction , as Blur traded their shoegaze @-@ derived sound for one influenced by 60s British guitar pop . However , the single failed to break into the UK top 30 which further diminished Blur 's profile in the UK .
The 44 @-@ date tour of the United States left Blur in " complete disarray " , according to writer David Cavanagh . Dismayed by American audiences ' infatuation with grunge and the lacklustre response to their music , the group frequently drank , and members often broke into fist @-@ fights with one another . Homesick , the tour " instilled in the band a contempt for everything American " , Cavanagh later wrote ; frontman Damon Albarn , who " started to miss really simple things [ about England ] " , listened to a tape of the English pop group the Kinks throughout the tour . Upon their return to England , the group discovered that the attention of the music press had shifted to Suede . The newcomers ' success displeased Blur who , in Cavanagh 's words , " were inclined to feel that every record Suede sold was an affront to human decency " . After many poor live shows , which Blur members often performed while drunk — in particular one at a 1992 gig that featured a well @-@ received performance by Suede on the same bill — Blur were in danger of being dropped by Food .
= = Recording = =
" Suede and America fuelled my desire to prove to everyone that Blur were worth it " , Albarn told Mojo in 2000 , " There was nothing more important in my life . " Albarn felt the popularity American grunge music was enjoying in Britain at the time would soon run out of steam , and argued that Blur would embody a renaissance of classic British pop on their next album . Although the singer felt Blur had finally found their musical identity , not everybody was convinced with Albarn 's new British @-@ centric manifesto . Food Records owner David Balfe , in particular , strongly disagreed , and got into fierce arguments with Albarn over the proposed change in Blur 's image . After the still @-@ sceptical Balfe finally relented , Food warily gave Blur the go @-@ ahead to work on their second album with Albarn 's first choice of producer , Andy Partridge of XTC . Blur and Partridge began work at The Church , a studio in Crouch End owned by keyboardist Dave Stewart . However , the pairing didn 't work out . Bassist Alex James described the sessions as a " disaster " ; he added that " as it was all being put together , they were all good parts , but it just wasn 't ... sexy " . The band successfully recorded four songs , but they were wary about working in the same conditions again .
Blur resumed work on their second album due to a chance meeting with producer Stephen Street , who had previously worked with the band on their 1991 single " There 's No Other Way " . With Street now producing the album , Blur recorded a mix of material spanning both the period immediately after the release of Leisure and their 1992 tour . While the band members were pleased with the recording session results , Balfe , after hearing the songs , told the band they were committing artistic suicide . Although dejected by his response , Blur gave Food the completed album in December 1992 . However , the label told the group that the album was unfit for release and at the very least they should add a few more potential singles . Albarn complied , and on Christmas Day wrote the song " For Tomorrow " . Although " For Tomorrow " sated Food 's concerns , Blur 's American label SBK voiced discontent upon hearing the finished tapes of the album . To appease SBK the band recorded " Chemical World " , which Blur thought would increase Rubbish 's American appeal . However , Blur flatly refused SBK 's demand of re @-@ recording the album with American producer Butch Vig , who was popular at the time for his work with Nirvana .
= = Music and lyrical themes = =
Modern Life Is Rubbish 's sound is highly influenced by the traditional guitar pop of British bands such as the Kinks , the Jam , the Small Faces and the Who . The album 's songs explore a number of styles — punk rock ( " Advert " ) , neo @-@ psychedelia ( " Chemical World " ) , and vaudeville music @-@ hall ( " Sunday Sunday " ) . Opening track " For Tomorrow " is , according to NME , " quintessential Blur . Damon , perennially bored , never stops singing , and Graham [ Coxon ] supplie [ s ] his usual immaculate guitar accompaniment " . While " Oily Water " harked back to the baggy sound of Leisure , NME described " Intermission " as " a pub piano knees @-@ up that rinky @-@ dinks along then gets frazzled in guitars and speeded @-@ up drums " . Most of the songs on the album are melodic and lushly produced , often supplemented by a brass section , string arrangements and backing vocals . To offer contrast to the classicist songwriting , Allmusic noted that " Coxon 's guitar tears each song open , either with unpredictable melodic lines or layers of translucent , hypnotic effects , and his work creates great tension with Alex James ' kinetic bass " .
Deriving from " the biting humor of Ray Davies and the bitterness of Paul Weller " , Albarn 's lyrics on Modern Life Is Rubbish are a social commentary and satire on contemporary suburban English life . While Rubbish celebrates modern British life , it also takes a cynical look at middle @-@ class existence . The overt Anglo @-@ centricism of the album was also retaliation against American popular culture ; James later explained , " it was f * * * ing scary how American everything 's becoming ... so the whole thing was a f * * * ing big two fingers up to America " . NME summarised the theme of the " thinly @-@ veiled concept album " as a " London odyssey crammed full of strange commuters , peeping Thomases and lost dreams ; of opening the windows and breathing in petrol ... It 's the Village Green Preservation Society come home to find a car park in its place " .
= = Packaging = =
The album 's title derives from stenciled graffiti painted along Bayswater Road in London , created by an anarchist group . For Albarn , the phrase reflected the " rubbish " of the past that accumulated over time , stifling creativity . Albarn told journalist John Harris in 1993 that he thought the phrase was " the most significant comment on popular culture since ' Anarchy in the UK ' " . Due to Blur 's disdain for America at the time , the album 's working title was Britain Versus America .
The painting of the steam locomotive Mallard on the album cover was a stock image that Stylorouge — Blur 's design consultants — obtained from a photo library in Halifax . According to Design Week magazine , the painting " evoked the feel of a Just William schoolboy 's pre @-@ war Britain " . Inside the packaging , there is an oil @-@ on @-@ canvas of the band dressed as mop @-@ top skinheads in a tube train . The album 's lyric sheets also feature the songs ' chord progressions , hand @-@ written by guitar player Graham Coxon . While Albarn explained that it was an attempt to " [ let ] people to know that , old @-@ fashioned as it might seem , we write songs " , Total Guitar magazine attributed the inclusion of the chords to Coxon 's " keen [ ness ] to demystify guitar playing " .
= = Release and reception = =
To promote Modern Life Is Rubbish , Food released " For Tomorrow " as the album 's lead single in the UK in April 1993 . The single , which showcased Blur 's new sound and attitude , performed moderately well in the charts , reaching number 28 . A few weeks later in May 1993 , Modern Life was released . The announcement of the album 's release included a press photo that featured the phrase " British Image 1 " spraypainted behind Blur members ( who were dressed in a mixture of mod and skinhead attire ) and a Mastiff . At the time , such imagery was viewed as nationalistic and racially insensitive by the British music press ; to quiet concerns , Blur subsequently released the " British Image 2 " photo , which was " a camp restaging of a pre @-@ war aristocratic tea party " . The album peaked at number 15 on the UK Album Chart . In the next few months Food further issued two UK Top 30 @-@ charting singles — " Chemical World " and " Sunday Sunday " — to support the record ; however , Modern Life only managed to sell around 40 @,@ 000 copies at the time . Nonetheless , the mood within the Blur camp was positive , as the band felt they had accomplished something ; bassist Alex James told writer David Cavanagh in 2000 , " Modern Life Is Rubbish was a successful record because it achieved what we set out to achieve . I thought everything was shit except us " .
Modern Life Is Rubbish was released in the United States by Blur 's American record label SBK in December 1993 — seven months after the album 's UK release . This delay was because SBK 's alternative @-@ music department had closed down ; Blur manager Chris Morrison later quipped , " When I asked [ SBK ] why , they said it was because the girl had left . " Despite fears that Modern Life 's overt Englishness would be lost on the American market , SBK insisted on marketing the album to MOR stations and aimed for Top 40 airplay . The label largely ignored Morrison 's arguments that Blur 's best chance of exposure in America would be to court college radio @-@ stations . SBK 's strategy was to list the album at a developing @-@ artist price ( around three dollars less than standard ) , send the band on an intensive tour in 1994 and to target modern rock airplay with debut single " Chemical World " . The record company believed this would help expand on the base audience who bought Leisure , and eventually open Blur to Top 40 radio . Further , to lessen the anglocentric feel of the record , SBK added additional songs to the track @-@ listing — including " Popscene " . The plan fared rather poorly , as Modern Life barely had any impact in the US ; the album didn 't chart on the US Billboard 200 and sold only 19 @,@ 000 copies , a sharp decline compared to the 87 @,@ 000 units that Leisure shifted .
Modern Life Is Rubbish was well received by the British music press . NME reviewer Paul Moody was mostly enthusiastic about the record and rated it seven out of ten . While he felt the album had " enough faults to give a surveyor nightmares " , he was impressed that , unlike their peers , " Blur [ had ] thrown on their old clothes and stormed into No Man 's Land with all guns blazing " . Moody also praised the improvement in Albarn 's lyrics , which had hitherto " [ made ] Eurovision Song Contest entries seem like great works of poetry " . Q 's David Roberts , in a favourable four ( out of five ) star review , called Modern Life " an energised , infectious romp around contemporary little England , by way of an exuberant trawl through a highly @-@ coloured patchwork of its pop past " . Roberts placed Coxon as the leading contender for " the vacant crown of [ Smiths guitarist ] Johnny Marr " . American publications also spoke favourably of Modern Life . Writing for the Chicago Tribune , rock critic Greg Kot felt the album was a vast improvement over Leisure , which he found " highly derivative " of the Madchester genre . " Nothing on [ Leisure ] prepares the listener for the adventurousness of ' Modern Life is Rubbish , ' " he wrote , going on to describe the album as " a swirling , intoxicating song cycle that enriches superior popcraft with wiggy studio experiments . " St. Louis Post @-@ Dispatch writer Paul Hampel commended Blur for having " taken a bold step [ with Modern Life ] – backward " , and pointed to their attempt at " a communion with past masters of smart , satirical Brit pop " . He concluded his positive review of the album by calling it a " series of pleasant surprises [ that ] offers numerous signs that great things are to come from Blur " .
= = Aftermath and legacy = =
In August 1993 , Blur set off on the Sugary Tea tour of the UK to promote Modern Life Is Rubbish . Named after a lyric in " Chemical World " , the tour was a success , as Blur reclaimed some of their popularity . A key performance was at that year 's Reading Festival which , according to David Cavanagh , was " brilliant " . On the tour , Blur performed a number of songs that would end up on the group 's follow @-@ up album , Parklife ( 1994 ) .
Parklife saw Blur expanding upon the themes and sounds they had first explored on Modern Life Is Rubbish ; the NME described it as " ' Modern Life Is Rubbish 's ' older brother – bigger , bolder , narkier and funnier " . Parklife debuted at number one on the UK charts , and helped Blur emerge as one of Britain 's most popular acts . As Jim Shelley wrote in The Guardian , " a year after Blur were dismissed as too mannered , too retrograde and too English , Parklife was embraced for exactly the same reasons " . Modern Life Is Rubbish and Parklife , along with The Great Escape ( 1995 ) , formed what would be later referred to as the " Life " trilogy of Blur albums revolving around British themes .
Modern Life Is Rubbish remains highly regarded by critics , and is seen as one of the early , defining releases of Britpop , a genre that would dominate British pop music in the mid @-@ 1990s . Writing for The Guardian , John Harris called the album " one of the 1990s ' most influential records " . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic felt that " Modern Life Is Rubbish established Blur as the heir to the archly British pop of the Kinks , the Small Faces , and the Jam " and that it " ushered in a new era of British pop " . Mark Redfern wrote in Under the Radar magazine that following Modern Life Is Rubbish , " [ a ] whole wave of Britpop bands followed in [ Blur 's ] footsteps , and for a while , it was cool to be British again " .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written by Damon Albarn , Graham Coxon , Alex James and Dave Rowntree .
" For Tomorrow " – 4 : 18
" Advert " – 3 : 43
" Colin Zeal " – 3 : 14
" Pressure on Julian " – 3 : 30
" Star Shaped " – 3 : 25
" Blue Jeans " – 3 : 53
" Chemical World " – 4 : 02
" Intermission " – 2 : 27
" Sunday Sunday " – 2 : 36
" Oily Water " – 4 : 59
" Miss America " – 5 : 34
" Villa Rosie " – 3 : 54
" Coping " – 3 : 23
" Turn It Up " – 3 : 21
" Resigned " – 5 : 13
" Commercial Break " – 0 : 56
= = = American release = = =
The American release of Modern Life Is Rubbish features an altered track listing . Blur 's American label SBK Records preferred the group 's original demo of " Chemical World " , and included it on the album instead of the Stephen Street @-@ produced version . According to Select magazine , this " defeated the object of recording a heavy rock song in the first place " . SBK inserted " Popscene " in between " Turn It Up " and " Resigned " ; Blur had refused to include " Popscene " on the British version of Modern Life , disappointed by the public reaction to the song when it was released as a single . " We thought , If you didn ’ t fucking want it in the first place , " Graham Coxon explained to Select , " you ’ re not going to get it now " . The American version also features several tracks with a few seconds of silence ( tracks 18 to 67 on the CD ) , followed by two " For Tomorrow " B @-@ sides ( " When the Cows Come Home " and " Peach " ) as hidden tracks 68 and 69 .
= = Personnel = =
Damon Albarn – vocals , piano , keyboards
Graham Coxon – guitar , backing vocals
Alex James – bass guitar
Dave Rowntree – drums
Stephen Street – producer ( except " Sunday Sunday " and " Villa Rosie " )
Steve Lovell – producer ( " Sunday Sunday " and " Villa Rosie " )
Simon Weinstock – mixer ( " Sunday Sunday " and " Villa Rosie " )
John Smith – engineer ; co @-@ producer ( " Intermission " , " Commercial Break " , " Miss America " , " Resigned " )
Blur – producer ( " Oily Water " ) , co @-@ producer ( " Intermission " , " Commercial Break " , " Miss America " , " Resigned " )
Kick Horns – brass ( " Sunday Sunday " )
Kate St John – oboe ( " Star Shaped " )
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= Hemorrhoid =
Hemorrhoids , also spelled haemorrhoids , are vascular structures in the anal canal . In their normal state , they are cushions that help with stool control . They become a disease when swollen or inflamed ; the unqualified term " hemorrhoid " is often used to mean the disease . The signs and symptoms of hemorrhoids depend on the type present . Internal hemorrhoids usually present with painless , bright red rectal bleeding when defecating . External hemorrhoids often result in pain and swelling in the area of the anus . If bleeding occurs it is usually darker . Symptoms frequently get better after a few days . A skin tag may remain after the healing of an external hemorrhoid .
While the exact cause of hemorrhoids remains unknown , a number of factors which increase pressure in the abdomen are believed to be involved . This may include constipation , diarrhea , and sitting on the toilet for a long time . Hemorrhoids are also more common during pregnancy . Diagnosis is made by looking at the area . Many people incorrectly refer to any symptom occurring around the anal area as " hemorrhoids " and serious causes of the symptoms should be ruled out . Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy is reasonable to confirm the diagnosis and rule out more serious causes .
No specific treatment is often needed . Initial measures consists of increasing fiber intake , drinking fluids to maintain hydration , NSAIDs to help with pain , and rest . Medicated creams applied to the area are poorly supported by evidence . A number of minor procedures may be performed if symptoms are severe or do not improve with conservative management . Surgery is reserved for those who fail to improve following these measures .
Half to two thirds of people have problems with hemorrhoids at some point in their lives . Males and females are affected about equally commonly . Hemorrhoids affect people most often between 45 and 65 years of age . It is more common among the wealthy . Outcomes are usually good . The first known mention of the disease is from a 1700 BC Egyptian papyrus .
= = Signs and symptoms = =
In about 40 % of people with pathological hemorrhoids there are no significant symptoms . Internal and external hemorrhoids may present differently ; however , many people may have a combination of the two . Bleeding enough to cause anemia is rare , and life @-@ threatening bleeding is even more uncommon . Many people feel embarrassed when facing the problem and often seek medical care only when the case is advanced .
= = = External = = =
If not thrombosed , external hemorrhoids may cause few problems . However , when thrombosed , hemorrhoids may be very painful . Nevertheless , this pain typically resolves in two to three days . The swelling may , however , take a few weeks to disappear . A skin tag may remain after healing . If hemorrhoids are large and cause issues with hygiene , they may produce irritation of the surrounding skin , and thus itchiness around the anus .
= = = Internal = = =
Internal hemorrhoids usually present with painless , bright red rectal bleeding during or following a bowel movement . The blood typically covers the stool ( a condition known as hematochezia ) , is on the toilet paper , or drips into the toilet bowl . The stool itself is usually normally coloured . Other symptoms may include mucous discharge , a perianal mass if they prolapse through the anus , itchiness , and fecal incontinence . Internal hemorrhoids are usually only painful if they become thrombosed or necrotic .
= = Causes = =
The exact cause of symptomatic hemorrhoids is unknown . A number of factors are believed to play a role , including irregular bowel habits ( constipation or diarrhea ) , lack of exercise , nutritional factors ( low @-@ fiber diets ) , increased intra @-@ abdominal pressure ( prolonged straining , ascites , an intra @-@ abdominal mass , or pregnancy ) , genetics , an absence of valves within the hemorrhoidal veins , and aging . Other factors believed to increase risk include obesity , prolonged sitting , a chronic cough , and pelvic floor dysfunction . Evidence for these associations , however , is poor .
During pregnancy , pressure from the fetus on the abdomen and hormonal changes cause the hemorrhoidal vessels to enlarge . The birth of the baby also leads to increased intra @-@ abdominal pressures . Pregnant women rarely need surgical treatment , as symptoms usually resolve after delivery .
= = Pathophysiology = =
Hemorrhoid cushions are a part of normal human anatomy and become a pathological disease only when they experience abnormal changes . There are three main cushions present in the normal anal canal . These are located classically at left lateral , right anterior , and right posterior positions . They are composed of neither arteries nor veins , but blood vessels called sinusoids , connective tissue , and smooth muscle . Sinusoids do not have muscle tissue in their walls , as veins do . This set of blood vessels is known as the hemorrhoidal plexus .
Hemorrhoid cushions are important for continence . They contribute to 15 – 20 % of anal closure pressure at rest and protect the internal and external anal sphincter muscles during the passage of stool . When a person bears down , the intra @-@ abdominal pressure grows , and hemorrhoid cushions increase in size helping to maintain anal closure . Hemorrhoid symptoms are believed to result when these vascular structures slide downwards or when venous pressure is excessively increased . Increased internal and external anal sphincter pressure may also be involved in hemorrhoid symptoms . Two types of hemorrhoids occur : internals from the superior hemorrhoidal plexus and externals from the inferior hemorrhoidal plexus . The dentate line divides the two regions .
= = Diagnosis = =
Hemorrhoids are typically diagnosed by physical examination . A visual examination of the anus and surrounding area may diagnose external or prolapsed hemorrhoids . A rectal exam may be performed to detect possible rectal tumors , polyps , an enlarged prostate , or abscesses . This examination may not be possible without appropriate sedation because of pain , although most internal hemorrhoids are not associated with pain . Visual confirmation of internal hemorrhoids may require anoscopy , insertion of a hollow tube device with a light attached at one end . The two types of hemorrhoids are external and internal . These are differentiated by their position with respect to the dentate line . Some persons may concurrently have symptomatic versions of both . If pain is present , the condition is more likely to be an anal fissure or an external hemorrhoid rather than an internal hemorrhoid .
= = = Internal = = =
Internal hemorrhoids originate above the dentate line . They are covered by columnar epithelium , which lacks pain receptors . They were classified in 1985 into four grades based on the degree of prolapse :
Grade I : No prolapse , just prominent blood vessels
Grade II : Prolapse upon bearing down , but spontaneous reduction
Grade III : Prolapse upon bearing down requiring manual reduction
Grade IV : Prolapse with inability to be manually reduced .
= = = External = = =
External hemorrhoids occur below the dentate or pectinate line . They are covered proximally by anoderm and distally by skin , both of which are sensitive to pain and temperature .
= = = Differential = = =
Many anorectal problems , including fissures , fistulae , abscesses , colorectal cancer , rectal varices , and itching have similar symptoms and may be incorrectly referred to as hemorrhoids . Rectal bleeding may also occur owing to colorectal cancer , colitis including inflammatory bowel disease , diverticular disease , and angiodysplasia . If anemia is present , other potential causes should be considered .
Other conditions that produce an anal mass include skin tags , anal warts , rectal prolapse , polyps , and enlarged anal papillae . Anorectal varices due to increased portal hypertension ( blood pressure in the portal venous system ) may present similar to hemorrhoids but are a different condition . Portal hypertension does not increase the risk of hemorrhoids .
= = Prevention = =
A number of preventative measures are recommended , including avoiding straining while attempting to defecate , avoiding constipation and diarrhea either by eating a high @-@ fiber diet and drinking plenty of fluid or by taking fiber supplements , and getting sufficient exercise . Spending less time attempting to defecate , avoiding reading while on the toilet , and losing weight for overweight persons and avoiding heavy lifting are also recommended .
= = Management = =
= = = Conservative = = =
Conservative treatment typically consists of foods rich in dietary fiber , intake of oral fluids to maintain hydration , nonsteroidal anti @-@ inflammatory drugs , sitz baths , and rest . Increased fiber intake has been shown to improve outcomes and may be achieved by dietary alterations or the consumption of fiber supplements . Evidence for benefits from sitz baths during any point in treatment , however , is lacking . If they are used , they should be limited to 15 minutes at a time .
While many topical agents and suppositories are available for the treatment of hemorrhoids , little evidence supports their use . Steroid @-@ containing agents should not be used for more than 14 days , as they may cause thinning of the skin . Most agents include a combination of active ingredients . These may include a barrier cream such as petroleum jelly or zinc oxide , an analgesic agent such as lidocaine , and a vasoconstrictor such as epinephrine . Some contain Balsam of Peru to which certain people may be allergic .
Flavonoids are of questionable benefit , with potential side effects . Symptoms usually resolve following pregnancy ; thus active treatment is often delayed until after delivery .
= = = Procedures = = =
A number of office @-@ based procedures may be performed . While generally safe , rare serious side effects such as perianal sepsis may occur .
Rubber band ligation is typically recommended as the first @-@ line treatment in those with grade 1 to 3 disease . It is a procedure in which elastic bands are applied onto an internal hemorrhoid at least 1 cm above the dentate line to cut off its blood supply . Within 5 – 7 days , the withered hemorrhoid falls off . If the band is placed too close to the dentate line , intense pain results immediately afterwards . Cure rate has been found to be about 87 % with a complication rate of up to 3 % .
Sclerotherapy involves the injection of a sclerosing agent , such as phenol , into the hemorrhoid . This causes the vein walls to collapse and the hemorrhoids to shrivel up . The success rate four years after treatment is about 70 % .
A number of cauterization methods have been shown to be effective for hemorrhoids , but are usually only used when other methods fail . This procedure can be done using electrocautery , infrared radiation , laser surgery , or cryosurgery . Infrared cauterization may be an option for grade 1 or 2 disease . In those with grade 3 or 4 disease , reoccurrence rates are high .
= = = Surgery = = =
A number of surgical techniques may be used if conservative management and simple procedures fail . All surgical treatments are associated with some degree of complications including bleeding , infection , anal strictures and urinary retention , due to the close proximity of the rectum to the nerves that supply the bladder . Also , a small risk of fecal incontinence occurs , particularly of liquid , with rates reported between 0 % and 28 % . Mucosal ectropion is another condition which may occur after hemorrhoidectomy ( often together with anal stenosis ) . This is where the anal mucosa becomes everted from the anus , similar to a very mild form of rectal prolapse .
Excisional hemorrhoidectomy is a surgical excision of the hemorrhoid used primarily only in severe cases . It is associated with significant postoperative pain and usually requires 2 – 4 weeks for recovery . However , the long @-@ term benefit is greater in those with grade 3 hemorrhoids as compared to rubber band ligation . It is the recommended treatment in those with a thrombosed external hemorrhoid if carried out within 24 – 72 hours . Glyceryl trinitrate ointment after the procedure helps both with pain and healing .
Doppler @-@ guided , transanal hemorrhoidal dearterialization is a minimally invasive treatment using an ultrasound doppler to accurately locate the arterial blood inflow . These arteries are then " tied off " and the prolapsed tissue is sutured back to its normal position . It has a slightly higher recurrence rate , but fewer complications compared to a hemorrhoidectomy .
Stapled hemorrhoidectomy , also known as stapled hemorrhoidopexy , involves the removal of much of the abnormally enlarged hemorrhoidal tissue , followed by a repositioning of the remaining hemorrhoidal tissue back to its normal anatomical position . It is generally less painful and is associated with faster healing compared to complete removal of hemorrhoids . However , the chance of symptomatic hemorrhoids returning is greater than for conventional hemorroidectomy , so it is typically only recommended for grade 2 or 3 disease .
= = Epidemiology = =
It is difficult to determine how common hemorrhoids are as many people with the condition do not see a healthcare provider . However , symptomatic hemorrhoids are thought to affect at least 50 % of the US population at some time during their lives , and around 5 % of the population is affected at any given time . Both sexes experience about the same incidence of the condition , with rates peaking between 45 and 65 years . They are more common in Caucasians and those of higher socioeconomic status .
Long @-@ term outcomes are generally good , though some people may have recurrent symptomatic episodes . Only a small proportion of persons end up needing surgery .
= = History = =
The first known mention of this disease is from a 1700 BC Egyptian papyrus , which advises : “ ... Thou shouldest give a recipe , an ointment of great protection ; acacia leaves , ground , titurated and cooked together . Smear a strip of fine linen there @-@ with and place in the anus , that he recovers immediately . " In 460 BC , the Hippocratic corpus discusses a treatment similar to modern rubber band ligation : “ And hemorrhoids in like manner you may treat by transfixing them with a needle and tying them with very thick and woolen thread , for application , and do not forment until they drop off , and always leave one behind ; and when the patient recovers , let him be put on a course of Hellebore . ” Hemorrhoids may have been described in the Bible , with earlier English translations using the now @-@ obsolete spelling " emerods " .
Celsus ( 25 BC – AD 14 ) described ligation and excision procedures , and discussed the possible complications . Galen advocated severing the connection of the arteries to veins , claiming it reduced both pain and the spread of gangrene . The Susruta Samhita ( fourth – fifth century AD ) is similar to the words of Hippocrates , but emphasizes wound cleanliness . In the 13th century , European surgeons such as Lanfranc of Milan , Guy de Chauliac , Henri de Mondeville , and John of Ardene made great progress and development of the surgical techniques .
In medieval times , hemorrhoids were also known as Saint Fiacre 's curse after a sixth @-@ century saint who developed them following tilling the soil . The first use of the word " hemorrhoid " in English occurs in 1398 , derived from the Old French " emorroides " , from Latin hæmorrhoida , in turn from the Greek αἱμορροΐς ( haimorrhois ) , " liable to discharge blood " , from αἷμα ( haima ) , " blood " and ῥόος ( rhoos ) , " stream , flow , current " , itself from ῥέω ( rheo ) , " to flow , to stream " .
= = Notable cases = =
Hall @-@ of @-@ Fame baseball player George Brett was removed from a game in the 1980 World Series due to hemorrhoid pain . After undergoing minor surgery , Brett returned to play in the next game , quipping " ... my problems are all behind me . " Brett underwent further hemorrhoid surgery the following spring . Conservative political commentator Glenn Beck underwent surgery for hemorrhoids , subsequently describing his unpleasant experience in a widely viewed 2008 YouTube video . Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter had surgery for hemorrhoids in 1984 . Cricketers Matthew Hayden and Viv Richards also had the condition .
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= Frank Tarr =
Francis Nathaniel Tarr ( 14 August 1887 – 18 July 1915 ) was an English international rugby union player . He played centre for the Leicester Tigers and , between 1909 and 1913 , won four caps for England , scoring two tries . He also earned three Blues while reading law at Oxford .
He later became a solicitor in Leicester before volunteering for overseas service during the First World War . He was killed in July 1915 near Ypres on the Western Front , after being hit by a shell splinter while serving as a lieutenant in the 1 / 4th Battalion , Leicestershire Regiment . Tarr was one of 27 former England internationals killed in the war .
= = Early life = =
Born on 14 August 1887 at Ironville , near Belper , Derbyshire , Frank Tarr was the only son of Frederick and Emma Tarr . His father was a coal merchant . He was educated at Stoneygate School , Leicester , where he began playing rugby , before moving up to Uppingham School in 1902 , where he was Captain of Games and played three @-@ quarter in the rugby team for two years , encountering a future Oxford and England team @-@ mate Ronald Poulton @-@ Palmer playing for Rugby School . From 1906 to 1910 he read law at University College , Oxford .
= = Rugby career = =
In his first season at Oxford , Tarr played for the ' A ' team , which also included another future England player Anthony Henniker @-@ Gotley . He was later selected for the senior team and gained three Blues from 1907 to 1909 . He won his first Blue in the 1907 Varsity Match on 10 December , alongside Henry Vassall . Cambridge , with some notable international players on the team , were the clear favourites on the day . After they won the toss and elected to kick off with the wind behind them , the majority of the first 40 minutes was played in Oxford 's half , much of it in their 25 . Yet Cambridge failed to break through Oxford 's defence , chiefly that of the centres Vassall and Tarr . Just before half time , with a scrum deep in Oxford 's half , Rupert Williamson fed George Cunningham . The ball came to Tarr , who drew his opposite man , K. G. Macleod , and timed his pass to Vassall so that he , in turn , drew the Cambridge left wing near the half @-@ way line and put H. Martin to run in a try from there . Oxford went on to win 16 – 0 .
With Oxford having won the Varsity Match in 1906 and again in 1907 , Harold Hodges , the Oxford captain , was inclined to keep the winning three @-@ quarter line for 1908 , including the centre combination of Vassall and Tarr . One of that year 's freshers was Tennant Sloan , a capped Scottish centre , who chose to try out for full @-@ back , realising that he was unlikely to be picked ahead of either of the incumbent centres . Vassall and Tarr had excellent ball handling skills , were quick around the field and fine decision makers ; Tarr was also a formidable tackler . Ronnie Poulton played several games for Oxford ahead of the Varsity Match but it was clear that Hodges preferred the Vassall @-@ Tarr pairing and Poulton only played when Vassall was injured , as he did in the 20 – 0 defeat of Richmond RFC . On 12 December , the 1908 Varsity Match resulted in a hard fought 5 – 5 draw , the Cambridge pack having improved considerably since the previous year . As it turned out , Vassall 's persistent ankle injury rendered him useless just five minutes into the game . The Times noted Tarr 's performance saying : " FN Tarr , at left centre three @-@ quarter , gave a magnificent display of defensive play . "
Tarr earned his first England cap on 9 January 1909 against the touring Australians at Rectory Field , Blackheath . His opportunity came up with both Vassall and John Birkett injured . Also earning their first caps that day were Edgar Mobbs on the right wing and Alex Ashcroft , of Cambridge University , at fly @-@ half . England took an early lead , when Tarr put Mobbs in for a try in the opening stages . That try has been described by his contemporary , rugby journalist and author E. H. D. Sewell , as being " one of the very best ever scored , being perfect in execution from the moment Tarr first received the ball to the moment Mobbs touched it down for a try . " However , Australia took control of the game to win 9 – 3 .
Tarr was selected to play Wales the following week in Cardiff . Although England played better than expected , Wales were favourites to win and beat the visitors 8 – 0 . Two weeks later , on 30 January , England played France with a half @-@ back combination of Frank Hutchinson , earning his first cap , and Williamson ; Poulton making his debut at centre alongside Tarr ; and Mobbs and Tom Simpson on the wings . France was not yet part of what was to become the Five Nations tournament ( now the Six Nations ) and was a relatively easy side to play . England won the game comfortably 22 – 0 , with Tarr scoring two tries , one through good interplay with Mobbs and the other , a fine individual run . Despite the tries , Tarr was dropped from the England squad .
For the 1909 Varsity Match , Cunningham announced his choice of Poulton at a meeting on 2 December which Vassall was unable to attend . Cunningham sent him a letter by hand informing him of the decision . When the note returned undelivered , Cunningham hesitated , at which point Tarr offered to give up his own place for Poulton but Cunningham stuck to his initial selection . The game was played on 11 December , with Oxford at the start having the worse of it until one moment turned the game around : after the Oxford forwards got the ball back , Gotley , at scrum @-@ half , sent the ball to Cunningham , who passed on to Tarr and he to his fellow centre Colin Gilray . He fed the ball to Poulton on the left wing still inside the Oxford half . Poulton then broke through the defence to score under the posts . With Oxford eight points ahead at the end of the first quarter , Tarr was forced off the field after breaking his collarbone making a tackle , and missed much of what was described by referee F.C. Potter @-@ Irwin as " the fastest and most spectacular Varsity Match he had ever witnessed " . Oxford beat Cambridge 23 – 3 , Poulton scoring five tries .
After graduating a Bachelor of Arts , Tarr was articled to the solicitors firm of Owston , Dickinson , Simpson , and Bigg in Leicester , and also joined the Leicester Tigers , then as now considered one of the strongest clubs in the country . He scored 72 points in 94 appearances . In 1913 , having been dropped by England four years earlier , he was surprised to be called up again to play Scotland on 15 March at Twickenham . Tarr was not at his best and it was to be his last international appearance . England , meanwhile , only managed a 3 – 0 victory , but it was enough to regain the Calcutta Cup and earn its first Grand Slam .
Although Tarr spent the majority of his rugby career with Oxford and Leicester , he is recorded as representing club teams Headingly and Richmond F.C. and also Midland Counties .
= = = International appearances = = =
= = Military record and death = =
While at Oxford , Tarr had served in the Officers ' Training Corps , reaching the rank of cadet sergeant . In 1911 , he joined the Territorial Force , serving with the 1 / 4th Battalion , Leicestershire Regiment , as a second lieutenant . In 1913 , he was promoted to lieutenant and when war was declared the following year , Tarr enlisted almost immediately , becoming the regiment machine @-@ gun officer . His battalion was deployed to the Western Front with the 46th ( North Midland ) Division and landed at le Havre , France , on 3 March 1915 . Following the Second Battle of Ypres , the battalion 's dugouts were located between Lake Zillebeke and the Ypres – Comines railway line south @-@ east of Ypres , Belgium . On the afternoon of 18 July 1915 , Tarr , who was the acting adjutant of his battalion and whose name had been put forward for promotion to captain , had gone to the dugouts of the 5th Battalion , Lincolnshire Regiment , towards Zillebeke , to liaise with the adjutant . While the Germans were shelling the position , Tarr put his head out to tell some men to remain under cover when a splinter from a shell struck him in the face , killing him . If it had struck any other part of his body , he would have survived .
Tarr was buried in the Railway Dugouts Burial Ground that night , not far from where he was killed . Captain John Milne , in Footprints of the 1 / 4th Leicestershire Regiment , described Tarr as
" ... the most attractive personality in the battalion , young , good @-@ looking , full of charm , with an eye that always had a twinkle in it , a born leader , yet the kindest person possible , a Rugger international , the idol of the machine @-@ gun section , which he commanded before he became adjutant . Everybody was heartbroken , for everybody would miss him they would not look upon his like again .... "
Tarr was one of 27 England rugby players killed in the First World War . There are memorials to him on the family headstone in Welford Road Cemetery , at Uppingham School , University College , Oxford , the Oxford University rugby club and the Richmond Athletic Ground .
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= Miscellaneous solo piano compositions ( Rachmaninoff ) =
The composer Sergei Rachmaninoff produced a number of solo piano pieces that were either lost , unpublished , or not assigned an opus number . While often disregarded in the concert repertoire , they are nevertheless part of his oeuvre . He composed sixteen such pieces , and all others are lost . Ten of these pieces were composed before he completed his Piano Concerto No. 1 , his first opus , and the rest interspersed throughout his later life . In these casual works , he draws upon the influence of other composers , including Frédéric Chopin and Pyotr Tchaikovsky . The more substantial works , the Three Nocturnes and Four Pieces , are sets of well @-@ thought out pieces that are his first attempts at cohesive structure among multiple pieces . Oriental Sketch and Prelude in D minor , two pieces he composed very late in his life , are short works that exemplify his style as a mature composer . Whether completed as a child or adult , these pieces cover a wide spectrum of forms while maintaining his characteristic Russian style .
= = Works = =
In the autumn of 1885 , the twelve @-@ year @-@ old Rachmaninoff entered the home of Nikolai Zverev to receive private piano instruction and at the end of May 1886 , Zverev took his students to Crimea , where Rachmaninoff continued his studies , hoping to gain entrance to Anton Arensky 's harmony class at the Moscow Conservatory . It was during this time that Rachmaninoff created his first composition , a two @-@ page Étude in F @-@ sharp major ( the manuscript is now lost ) . After admission to the class , he produced more exercises , the earliest of which is a Lento in D minor ; it is the only surviving piece of ten he is said to have composed .
Now beginning to compose independently , Rachmaninoff 's next project was a group he titled Three Nocturnes , and is regarded as his first serious attempt at writing for the piano . The first nocturne , in F @-@ sharp minor , was written 14 @-@ 21 November 1887 , and has three parts : a beginning and an end in andante cantabile and a central section in allegro . The slower andantes are gentle sections , influenced by Pyotr Tchaikovsky , while the allegro is unnatural and stiff and unusually fast for a nocturne . The second piece , in F major , followed on 22 @-@ 25 November , also contains a slower portion coupled with a quick section . No. 3 , in C minor , took more than a month to compose , dated from 3 December 1886 to 12 January 1887 . With a chordal texture spread over the entire keyboard , it is reminiscent of the music of Robert Schumann . The nocturnes were published posthumously in Moscow in 1949 , but were not assigned an opus number .
The Four Pieces of 1887 are perhaps Rachmaninoff 's first comprehensive works . Each has a clear aim and method to attain it , and all unfold with a fluency significantly more advanced than that shown in the previous nocturnes . The opening Romance , in F @-@ sharp minor , harks back to Frédéric Chopin 's tenderness . The E @-@ flat minor Prelude is an unremarkable but well @-@ thought out piece . The third , a Mélodie in E major , is modestly expressive , but the Gavotte in D major is , although repetitive , the most energetic and vigorous piece . These were published posthumously in Moscow in 1948 , without an opus number .
In 1890 , after vacationing at Ivanovka , his family 's summer residence , Rachmaninoff wrote a letter to Natalia Skalon , a family friend in Moscow , reporting that he had to write a fugue for Arensky 's class , " an unpleasant circumstance however you look at it . " It turned out to resemble a canon more than a fugue , however , and was published in 1949 as Canon in E minor . Although written as an assignment , the piece conveys the impression not of an academic contrapuntal exercise but rather of a vivid outburst . The texture and harmony show enough advancement over his earlier Four Pieces to indicate that he had been sensible not to publish them as his opus 1 .
In 1891 , Rachmaninoff composed his Piano Concerto No. 1 ( which became his first official opus ) and afterwards in July , a small piece , Prelude in F major , which he revised later to include the cello . It was at this time , in 1892 , that the Morceaux de fantaisie were composed . In 1891 Rachmaninoff also composed his Suite in D minor for orchestra , considered lost until the manuscript was found in 2002 , leading to the discovery that a previously @-@ unattributed composition for piano is a reduction for solo piano of this Suite . The suite is in four movements : Lento : Allegro moderato in D minor , Lento in B minor , Menuetto in F @-@ sharp major , and Allegro in D major .
He spent much of the next few years writing some of his orchestral pieces , including The Rock ( 1893 ) and Caprice Bohémien ( 1895 ) . His return to pianistic work in early 1896 was marked by his contribution to Four Improvisations , a collaboration with Anton Arensky , Alexander Glazunov , and Sergei Taneyev . After the Six Moments Musicaux were completed in 1896 , Rachmaninoff composed a single Morceau de Fantaisie in G minor on 11 January 1899 . He subtitled it " Delmo " , however what this means is unknown . It is two pages long and features an emphatic , if not brief , climax . He also produced a Fughetta in F major in February of that year , which is also short and has clean counterpoint . He composed most of his published works in this period , starting with the Chopin Variations .
After the nine Études @-@ Tableaux , Op. 39 , Rachmaninoff composed several minor works in 1917 . The Oriental Sketch is a fast @-@ paced piece littered with sixteenth note figures . The piece was not intended to be associated with the Orient ; the title was given by the publisher . The Prelude in D minor , a dark piece with thick and fast moving chords that repeatedly descend into low register , is a manifestation of his unhappiness with the October Revolution . The manuscript survived and was first published in 1973 . His penultimate piano composition ( only his Corelli Variations came later ) was a one @-@ page piece entitled Fragments , a brief nostalgic piece from his final days in Moscow . It was first published in the magazine , The Etude , in 1919 .
In 2003 , while researching Rachmaninoff material at the Library of Congress , the Australian pianist Scott Davie discovered a two @-@ page sketch of a previously unknown Rachmaninoff piano piece in D minor . While he was able to make a pencil copy , it wasn 't until later he realized that the sketch was complete . Davie was given permission to make use of the piece by the composer 's great @-@ granddaughter , Natalie Wanamaker Javier , while attending the 2006 International Rachmaninoff Conference in Amsterdam . The piece was recorded and released by ABC Classics on his Pictures from an Exhibition CD . Since then the piece has also been recorded by Vladimir Ashkenazy and released by Decca .
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= Han campaigns against Minyue =
The Han campaigns against Minyue were three Han Dynasty military campaigns dispatched against the Minyue state . The first campaign was in response to Minyue 's invasion of Eastern Ou in 138 BC . In 135 BC , a second campaign was sent to intervene in a war between Minyue and Nanyue . After the campaign , Minyue was split into Minyue , ruled by a Han proxy king , and Dongyue . Dongyue was defeated in a third military campaign in 111 BC and the former Minyue territory was annexed by the Han Dynasty .
= = Background = =
The Qin Dynasty 's military incursions in the south of what is now China began a period of expansion that continued under the next dynasty , the Han . After the fall of the Qin , Minyue was established in 202 BC , and Eastern Ou in 192 BC , with the support of the Han . They were rewarded with greater autonomy in return for their contributions to the revolt against the Qin . The local rulers of the Minyue region had also sided with Liu Bang 's Han instead of Xiang Yu 's Chu during the Chu – Han Contention , a civil war that ensued during the collapse of the Qin .
Minyue was created by carving out the former Qin province of Minzhong , with Dongye as the capital , into a new kingdom ruled by Zou Wuzhu . A decade later , Zou Yao was granted control over Donghai , popularly referred to as Eastern Ou after the name of the kingdom 's capital . The title was bestowed with a declaration by the Han emperor that " Zou Yan , the chief of Min , achieved great merit and his people supported the Han cause " . The Han historian Sima Qian claims both rulers were descendants of Goujian , the 5th century BC ruler of Yue . The family had lost their status as rulers during the Qin 's wars of unification , when they were demoted to local chieftains .
= = Han – Minyue wars = =
= = = Initial military intervention = = =
In 138 BC , Minyue invaded the Eastern Ou , prompting Eastern Ou to request the intervention of Han forces . The Han court was divided over offering military support . The campaign was opposed by the Han commander @-@ in @-@ chief Tian Fen , who argued that warfare between the Yue tribes occurred frequently and the affairs of Yue were not the responsibility of the Han government . The concept of Chinese centrality among nations persuaded the court to dispatch an army . In accordance with Chinese political philosophy , the ruler or Son of Heaven held a mandate that obligated the emperor to help smaller countries in need . Otherwise , as the Han official Zhuang Zhu phrased it , " how could we treat the myriad kingdoms as our children ? "
A Han naval force led by Zhuang Zhu departed from Shaoxing in northern Zhejiang towards Minyue . The Minyue surrendered before the arrival of the Han troops , and withdrew from Eastern Ou . There were plans to move the residents of Eastern Ou to the area between the Huai River and Yangtze River , following a request by the king of Eastern Ou .
= = = Second intervention = = =
In 135 BC , war broke out when Minyue invaded Nanyue . Zhao Mo , the king of Nanyue , asked for and received the military assistance of the Han . In 180 BC , Zhao had offered to submit as a vassal and the Han agreed , a decision that was partly based on Zhao 's ancestral roots in northern China . An army led by the generals Wang Hui and Han Anguo was ordered to invade Minyue . The campaign was cut short by palace infighting in the Minyue court . Panicked at news of an invasion , the younger brother of the Minyue king Zou Ying , Zou Yushan , conspired with the royal court to depose Ying . Yushan killed his brother with a spear , decapitated the corpse , and sent the head to Wang . The Han forces withdrew soon after .
Zhao Mo was grateful for the speed of the intervention against Minyue . The Han official Zhuang Zhu was dispatched to meet with the Nanyue emperor , who expressed his gratitude . Zhao sent his son , the prince Zhao Yingqi , to the Han capital at Chang 'an , where he was to work for the Emperor . In the aftermath of the campaign , Minyue had split into a dual monarchy , Minyue and Dongyue . Minyue was controlled by the Han through a proxy ruler , while Dongyue was independently ruled by Zou Yushan , the brother who deposed the former king during the invasion .
Zou Cou was selected to fill the role of Han proxy ruler because he was the only member of the Minyue royal family who refused to take part in the war against Nanyue . However , his efforts to exert control over the people of Minyue were not successful . The subjects of the kingdom pledged their loyalty to Zou Yushan instead . Yushan declared himself king of Minyue without the consent of the Emperor Wu , the Han ruler . The emperor was informed of Yushan 's actions , and recognized him as king of Dongyue instead of ordering a second invasion . Emperor Wu considered it a reward to Yushan for killing Zou Ying and ending the war . The assassination had prevented the Han from wasting any more resources on the conflict . Dongyue had an uneasy relationship with the Han . In 112 BC , Han officials were killed in a military engagement with Dongyue .
= = = Third campaign and conquest = = =
As Han troops returned from the Han – Nanyue War in 111 BC , the Han government debated annexing Dongyue . Dongyue , under King Zou Yushan , had agreed to assist the Han campaign against Nanyue , but the Dongyue army never reached Nanyue . Yushan blamed the delay on the weather . The proposal to annex Dongyue was suggested by General Yang Pu , but was dismissed by Emperor Wu . The naval force arrived home without having attacked Dongyue . Zou caught wind of Yang 's request , and responded by revolting against the Han . Han forces were led by General Han Yue , General Yang Pu , commander Wang Wenshu , and two marquises of Yue ancestry . The army crushed the rebellion and captured Dongyue in the last months of 111 BC , placing the former Minyue territory under Han rule .
Historical records report that Minyue and Dongyue were emptied of people , and that its residents were deported to the territories between the Huai River and the Yangtze River . The alleged population transfer was a resumption of a policy that had been planned since 138 BC . The Han government considered the mountainous region difficult to control and was wary of trusting its residents . Modern historians doubt the event happened . The deportation of an entire kingdom is implausible , and nothing has been found to verify a migration of Han settlers to the Minyue region around the year 1 , something that would have occurred had the area been abandoned while under Han control . There was only one town of Han settlers , Dongye , in Minyue . Dongye was built where the Min River meets the sea , around the time of Emperor Wu 's reign . It is more likely that the assimilation of Minyue into the culture of the Han empire happened later in the dynasty .
= = Historical significance = =
From one settlement in year 1 , the Han Dynasty 's involvement in the Minyue region grew into several counties . There were many Chinese counties in the area by the 4th century . The Minyue had been culturally assimilated by the time the Han Dynasty collapsed , and China was undergoing a transition to the Three Kingdoms period of Cao Wei , Shu Han , and Eastern Wu . Political upheaval in the north , such as Wang Mang 's usurpation , had caused Han migrants to resettle in the south . The Han Dynasty 's military expansion widened its commercial ties . The empire 's conquest of Minyue and Nanyue meant it now neighbored kingdoms in Southeast Asia . Trade with the Han and subsequent dynasties had an impact on Southeast Asia , where goods have been found made in styles resembling that of the Chinese . Maritime trade linked China with Rome , India , and the Middle East .
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= Non @-@ constituency Member of Parliament =
A Non @-@ constituency Member of Parliament ( NCMP ) is a member of a Singaporean opposition political party who , according to the Constitution and Parliamentary Elections Act , is declared to have been elected a Member of the Parliament of Singapore despite having lost in a general election by virtue of having been one of the best performing losers . NCMPs enjoy most of the privileges of ordinary Members of Parliament . They are , however , not allowed to vote on several types of bills such as bills to amend the Constitution and motions of no confidence in the Government . An election candidate who has been offered an NCMP seat may decline to take it up .
The NCMP scheme was introduced in 1984 , and was a significant modification of the traditional Westminster system of government . Since the ruling People 's Action Party had won all parliamentary seats in the four general elections since independence , Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew argued that the NCMP scheme would ensure that opposition voices would be heard in Parliament . According to him , this would be beneficial to Singapore as it would give the younger generation of Singaporeans a chance to see what an opposition can or cannot do . When the first constitutional amendment was made to initiate the NCMP scheme , between three and six NCMPs were allowed in Parliament . The Constitution was amended again in 2010 to allow for a maximum of nine NCMPs in Parliament .
Since its inception , the scheme has been widely criticised . It has been considered undemocratic as it allows candidates who do not have the mandate of the people to air their views in Parliament . Furthermore , members of the opposition have criticized the scheme for creating an unequal playing field in a general election by enabling the ruling People 's Action Party ( PAP ) to argue that the electorate need not vote for opposition candidates as there will already be some opposition representation in Parliament . Despite this critique , several opposition politicians have accepted NCMP seats , including Lee Siew @-@ Choh , J. B. Jeyaretnam , Steve Chia and Sylvia Lim . NCMPs have raised notable points in Parliament with regards to various public policy issues such as criminal procedure , education , health and social welfare .
The 2011 general election brought three NCMPs into Parliament : Lina Loh ( the wife of Chiam See Tong , the former MP for Potong Pasir Single Member Constituency ) of the Singapore People 's Party , and Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong of the Workers ' Party of Singapore . The general election of 2015 brought in three different NCMPs into Parliament : Dennis Tan , Leon Perera and Daniel Goh . A NCMP seat was offered to former MP for Punggol East , Lee Li Lian but she declined and the seat was eventually accepted by Associate Professor Daniel Goh .
= = Position of Non @-@ constituency Members of Parliament = =
A Non @-@ constituency Member of Parliament ( " NCMP " ) is a candidate of an opposition political party who , despite having lost in a general election , is declared elected as a Member of the Parliament of Singapore ( " MP " ) by virtue of provisions in the Constitution and the Parliamentary Elections Act enabling the unsuccessful candidates who have performed the best to be accorded the status . The MP is so called because he or she does not represent any constituency ( or electoral division ) in Parliament .
The NCMP scheme was introduced on 22 August 1984 by the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore ( Amendment ) Act 1984 and the Parliamentary Elections ( Amendment ) Act 1984 . Under Article 39 ( 1 ) ( b ) of the Constitution which was introduced by the constitutional amendment Act , the maximum number of NCMPs was set at six . However , the actual number that could be declared elected at any general election was fixed at three , less the total number of Opposition MPs elected to Parliament . The President , acting on the advice of the Cabinet , could order that between four and six NCMPs be declared elected for the purpose of a particular general election . Such an order ceased to have effect at the next dissolution of Parliament . On 1 July 2010 , the need for a presidential order to increase the number of NCMPs was removed . Instead , the maximum number of NCMPs in Parliament was increased from six to nine , and the actual number that would be declared elected following a general election would be nine less the number of opposition MPs elected to Parliament .
= = = Becoming an NCMP = = =
NCMPs have been called the " best losers " of each general election . As NCMPs are declared elected from candidates who fail to win at general elections , they are subject to the same qualifying criteria as elected MPs :
They must be Singapore citizens aged 21 or above .
Their names must appear in a current register of electors .
They must have been residents of Singapore for at least ten years .
They must be able to speak , read and write in at least one of the four official languages ( English , Malay , Mandarin and Tamil ) .
They must not be disqualified under Article 45 of the Constitution .
The Constitution and the Parliamentary Elections Act provide for a minimum of nine opposition representatives in Parliament . After the polling results for a general election have been released , the opposition candidates receiving the highest percentage of votes in their electoral divisions but not elected into Parliament will be offered NCMP seats . However , this is subject to several conditions . There must be less than nine opposition members voted into Parliament , and the candidate must have garnered at least 15 % of the total number of votes polled at the election in the electoral division he or she contested in . In addition , there can be no more than two NCMPs from one Group Representation Constituency ( " GRC " ) and no more than one NCMP from an electoral division that is not a GRC .
If the number of opposition candidates elected is less than nine , losing opposition candidates who have the highest percentage of votes during the election will be declared elected as NCMPs to make up the minimum number of opposition MPs . Hence , the number of NCMP seats offered is nine minus the number of elected opposition MPs .
In the event that a group of candidates contesting in a GRC is offered an NCMP seat , the group must decide within seven days the person or persons to be declared elected as NCMPs and notify the returning officer . Once an NCMP has been declared elected , he or she must take an oath of allegiance to Singapore and to " preserve , protect and defend the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore " . If this is not done at the first or second sitting of Parliament during its first session after the general election , Parliament may by resolution declare that the NCMP 's seat has become vacant and that it will be filled by the next succeeding eligible candidate at the general elections , the candidates having priority based on the percentage of votes polled by them .
Opposition members who qualify to become NCMPs are allowed to reject their seats in Parliament . During the 2011 general election , several opposition leaders stated that they would not want to accept NCMP seats . Among them was Low Thia Kiang , the Secretary @-@ General of the Workers ' Party of Singapore ( " WP " ) .
= = = Parliamentary role = = =
NCMPs enjoy the same rights as MPs . They are allowed to engage in debate in Parliament and give their points of view . They are also allowed to vote on all issues with the exception of the following :
Amendments to the Constitution .
Any motion pertaining to a bill to amend a supply bill , supplementary supply bill or final supply bill . ( These are bills authorizing the Government to expend public money . )
Any motion pertaining to a Bill to amend a money bill .
A motion of no confidence in the Government .
Removal of the President from office .
= = Reasons for the NCMP scheme = =
During the Second Reading of the NCMP bill , the Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew presented to Parliament three main justifications for the NCMP scheme . First , he said that having a minimum number of opposition members in Parliament through the NCMP scheme would provide younger People 's Action Party ( " PAP " ) MPs with sparring partners to " sharpen their debating skills " . Secondly , the presence of opposition members in Parliament would educate the younger generation of voters about the role of a constitutional opposition and the limits of what it can do . He said this was especially important because the younger generation who had not lived and witnessed the conflicts within Parliament in the 1950s and 1960s " harbour [ ed ] myths about the role of an Opposition " and " had no idea how destructive an Opposition could be " . Thirdly , the presence of non @-@ PAP MPs in Parliament would act as a check and balance against any governmental impropriety . According to Lee , " some non @-@ PAP MPs will ensure that every suspicion , every rumour of misconduct , will be reported to the non @-@ PAP MPs " . The readiness of non @-@ PAP members to bring forth any allegation of misfeasance , or corruption , or nepotism would " dispel suspicions of cover @-@ ups of alleged wrongdoings " .
More importantly , the NCMP scheme was introduced to " ensure the representation in Parliament of a minimum number of Members from a political party or parties not forming the Government " . The PAP possessed " unbroken hegemony " in Parliament from 1968 until 1981 when J. B. Jeyaretnam won a seat in the Anson by @-@ election . As a result of his sole opposition presence in the Parliament , he could not initiate a meaningful debate in Parliament , being unable to find another MP to second his motions . The fact that there was absolutely no opposition representation in Parliament in the four general elections before 1984 ( as indicated in the table below ) added to the impetus for the inception of the scheme .
= = Criticisms = =
The NCMP scheme has been the subject of criticism , both within the PAP and among opposition MPs and Nominated Members of Parliament ( NMPs ) . During parliamentary debates in April 2010 on increasing the number of NCMPs from six to nine , several MPs expressed dissatisfaction with the lack of legitimacy and anti @-@ democratic nature of the NCMP concept . For instance , PAP MP Alvin Yeo expressed doubts as to whether the NCMP scheme had served to raise the level of debate in Parliament , while NMP Calvin Cheng said :
[ P ] eople who are proposed to be NCMPs are politicians who stood for an election and lost . Sir , they lost . They lost . I do not know how much more emphatic I can be about this . These are politicians who have stood on certain political platforms , for certain political issues and the majority of the electorate have considered these issues , these politicians and have rejected them at the polls . To then allow them into Parliament flies in the face of the logic of a democratic election at best and , at worst , is a slap in the face to the people who have voted against them .
The opposition has , from the introduction of the NCMP scheme , decried it as a " sham " and a " toothless " office . Opposition member J. B. Jeyaratnam questioned whether it was " a trick or a ploy " by the ruling party to maintain its dominance in Parliament . It has been argued that the system has placed the opposition at a disadvantage at general elections for a number of reasons . For one , there are restrictions on NCMPs as to what they can or cannot vote on in Parliament . Thus , it has been suggested that the presence of NCMPs in Parliament " does not seem to extend beyond the decorative and the provision of debating foils for the younger PAP generation unexposed to the gladiatorial quality of parliamentary debate " . Moreover , the effectiveness of the NCMP scheme is limited by the perception that the NCMP is obliged to be adversarial by virtue of being party to the opposition . This is so even if privately the Member can apprehend the benefits of a Government proposal . Finally , the NCMP scheme has been criticized as a ploy to discourage voters from voting in opposition MPs because of the guarantee of at least a number of NCMP seats . This inhibits the natural growth of an elected opposition voice in Parliament as the electorate 's motivation to vote in an opposition Member into Parliament is conceivably diluted by the assurance that a default mechanism exists for the " best losers " .
Opposition MP Low Thia Khiang has cited an NCMP 's lack of " muscle and real grassroot [ s ] grounding " as a reason for his refusal to take up an NCMP seat . NCMPs do not represent any constituency and are thus denied of opportunities to expand their influence .
During the 2010 debates , Sylvia Lim , then the sole NCMP in Parliament , commented that having NCMPs " make [ s ] a bad situation better , but increasing NCMPs is not the solution towards a more robust political system " . She identified an NCMP 's lack of any official capacity to represent the people or write letters on their behalf as a drawback of the scheme . Moreover , an NCMP has no physical base to organize activities or dialogues with the people . In her view , it would be better for politics in Singapore if the NCMP scheme was regarded merely as a " stop @-@ gap measure " to deal with the lack of alternative voices in Parliament as a result of the ruling party 's alleged abuse of the GRC system and gerrymandering .
In 2011 during a live television forum , Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong refuted claims that NCMPs were not a " real opposition " by stating that the PAP had introduced and expanded the scheme " because it acknowledged both the desire among Singaporeans for alternative voices and the need for an opposition to represent the diverse views in society " . He noted that NCMPs were free to debate issues in Parliament , and that the scheme provided opposition politicians with an opportunity to " establish themselves and strengthen their positions in subsequent general elections " .
= = List of NCMPs taking up seats in Parliament = =
In the 1984 general election , the first held after the NCMP scheme was introduced , as the opposition MPs J. B. Jeyaretnam of the WP and Chiam See Tong of the Singapore Democratic Party were elected to Parliament , the single NCMP seat available was allocated to the WP 's M. D. P. Nair . However , the WP decided that its defeated candidates should not take up NCMP seats . Jeyaretnam , the WP 's Secretary @-@ General , said that the " real object " behind the scheme was to persuade the electorate to return the PAP to all the seats in Parliament , which was " the antithesis of what Parliament is " . The NCMP seat was then allocated to Tan Chee Kien of the Singapore United Front , but his party also decided to reject the seat . This was regarded as a " resignation " , and the NCMP seat was thus not filled .
The first NCMP to take up a seat in Parliament , Dr. Lee Siew @-@ Choh of the WP , did so following the 1988 general election at which Chiam See Tong was the only opposition MP elected . The WP 's Lee and Francis Seow were declared elected as NCMPs on 16 December 1988 . However , on 9 January 1989 the Speaker of Parliament Tan Soo Khoon announced that Seow had lost his seat with effect from 17 December 1988 under Article 45 of the Constitution after he was convicted and fined for tax evasion . In the general election that followed in 1991 , no NCMP seats were offered because four opposition members were successful in their respective electoral divisions , and thus the number of opposition MPs exceeded the three allotted NCMP seats .
In the 1997 general election , one NCMP seat was offered to , and accepted by , J. B. Jeyaratnam . He was declared elected with effect from 14 January 1997 . Subsequently , with effect from 23 July 2001 , Jeyaretnam fell into bankruptcy due to an unpaid debt and thus lost his seat in Parliament . The general election that year saw one NCMP seat occupied by Steve Chia of the Singapore Democratic Alliance .
In the 2006 general election , Sylvia Lim , Chairman of the Workers ' Party , garnered 43 @.@ 9 % of the votes in Aljunied GRC , making her the " best loser " of the election . She was subsequently declared elected as the next NCMP in Parliament on 12 May 2006 .
Following the increase in the number of NCMP seats in Parliament to nine in 2010 , since the Workers ' Party garnered six seats at the 2011 general election , three NCMP seats were offered . They were taken up by Lina Loh from the Singapore People 's Party who contested in Potong Pasir Single Member Constituency ( SMC ) , and Yee Jenn Jong and Gerald Giam of the Workers ' Party who contested in Joo Chiat SMC and East Coast GRC respectively .
= = Notable issues raised by NCMPs = =
NCMPs have raised and debated in Parliament a wide range of issues . What follows are some of the more notable issues mentioned .
= = = Steve Chia = = =
In November 2002 , NCMP Steve Chia supported a motion by the Minister for Education stating that " this House ... ( 1 ) supports the new JC [ junior college ] curriculum which will better develop thinking , communication and other process skills and engage students in greater breadth of learning ; and ( 2 ) endorses greater diversity and opening of new pathways in JC / Upper Secondary education to cater to the different strengths and interests of students . " He suggested that there should be a focus on " creative spontaneity " , expressing the view that the education system in 2002 was one that focused on churning out a production line of workers , managers and instruction takers . Given that Singapore had reached the standards of a First World economy , Singapore should focus on instilling an inquisitive spirit within students , to encourage students to ask questions . He placed most emphasis on the importance of ensuring that the focus of education should be character building , stating : " It will be failure of our education system if we are to train our best and brightest with our best resources only to be told that they are going to be the quitters of our society ; or that they lack the compassion for the weak and the down ; or that they behave in a snobbish class of their own ; or behave condescendingly to their peers and followers ; or that the elites only care about their own self @-@ interests . "
In 2003 , Chia mooted the idea that Singaporeans should be able to borrow from their own Central Provident Fund ( CPF ) savings to tide over periods of financial difficulty . His rationale was that if individuals could borrow from their own CPF accounts to buy depreciating property and money @-@ losing stocks , there was no reason why they should not be allowed to do so to pay for bills . Dr. Ong Seh Hong , MP for Aljunied GRC , opposed the view , stating that it was important and for the good of Singapore that Singaporeans were independent individuals who could assume the risks and successes of their investments and be self @-@ sufficient .
With the advent of the Integrated Resorts , which are casino @-@ based vacation resorts , in 2005 Chia expressed concern in Parliament over whether the Government had systems and institutions in place to lessen their negative impact such as problem gambling and the spectre of people gambling away family assets .
= = = Sylvia Lim = = =
Sylvia Lim was an NCMP from 2006 till Parliament was dissolved in 2011 for the general election held that year , at which she was elected as one of the MPs for Aljunied GRC . While she was an NCMP , Parliament debated the Human Organ Transplant ( Amendment ) Bill 2009 which would permit an organ donor to receive a reasonable amount of payment as a reimbursement for medical checks , insurance and other medical expenses , and loss of income . Lim spoke of her worry that the bill might lead to a backdoor organ trading and profiteering .
In 2010 , Lim mooted the idea that the proportion of each Primary 1 cohort that would be seeking a university education should be increased beyond the 30 % by 2015 that the Government was planning . She noted that in Organisation for Economic Co @-@ operation and Development countries in 2006 about 37 % of each age cohort received a degree @-@ level education , and that a sizeable number of Singaporean students who failed to gain entry into local universities had done well in reputable universities overseas . She also suggested giving concessionary fares to disabled individuals who make up 2 % of the adult population under 60 years .
Lim expressed concerns about a proposed constitutional amendment introduced in April 2010 that would allow magistrates to hear what are called " first mentions " through video conferencing . A first mention is a hearing that must be held within 48 hours of a person 's arrest . She felt it failed to adequately assure accused people that they were allowed to complain to magistrates about injuries they had sustained or acts of misfeasance against them by the authorities . In response , Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Home Affairs Wong Kan Seng assured MPs that processes would be in place to ensure that accused people are treated fairly . For example , during a video conference , an accused person will be alone in a room with no police officer , and will be able to see what is happening in the entire courtroom . Secondly , the screen that will be used by the judge is large enough to enable him or her to clearly see whether the accused is under duress . Finally , accused people who have been mistreated can either complain to the police or to the judge when they are later present in court .
The following month , during parliamentary debates on major revisions to the Criminal Procedure Code , Lim suggested there was a need to improve pre @-@ trial disclosure procedures and to ensure that victims of crimes received redress . Further , she expressed concerns over the leniency of community @-@ based sentencing . The bill eventually incorporated several of her suggestions .
In 2011 , Lim noted that the Compulsory Education Act ensures that all children have the opportunity to receive an education . However , she expressed concern that processes for entry to schools for children with special needs were cumbersome . Furthermore , education for children with special needs was not subject to the same subsidies that students in mainstream schools had . She thus brought to the House 's attention the fact that special needs children might have been unintentionally marginalized . These concerns were supported by Penny Low , MP for Pasir Ris – Punggol GRC .
= = = Articles = = =
Tan , Eugene ; Chan , Gary ( 13 April 2009 ) , " The Legislature " , The Singapore Legal System , SingaporeLaw.sg , Singapore Academy of Law , archived from the original on 1 December 2010 , retrieved 1 December 2010 .
Tan , Kevin Yew Lee ( 1992 ) , " Constitutional Implications of the 1991 Singapore General Election " , Singapore Law Review 13 : 26 – 59 .
Thio , Li @-@ ann ( 2002 ) , " The Right to Political Participation in Singapore : Tailor @-@ making a Westminster @-@ modelled Constitution to Fit the Imperatives of Asian Democracy " , Singapore Journal of International and Comparative Law 6 : 181 – 243 .
Winslow , Valentine S. ( 1984 ) , " Creating a Utopian Parliament : The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore ( Amendment ) Act 1984 ; the Parliamentary Elections ( Amendment ) Act 1984 " , Malaya Law Review 28 : 268 – 274 .
= = = Books = = =
Chan , Helena H [ ui- ] M [ eng ] ( 1995 ) , " The Legislature " , The Legal System of Singapore , Singapore : Butterworths Asia , pp. 30 – 40 , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 409 @-@ 99789 @-@ 7 .
The Parliament of the Republic of Singapore , Singapore : Parliament of the Republic of Singapore , 1997 , ISBN 978 @-@ 9971 @-@ 88 @-@ 567 @-@ 0 .
Tan , Kevin Y [ ew ] L [ ee ] ( 2011 ) , " Making Law : Parliament " , An Introduction to Singapore 's Constitution ( rev. ed . ) , Singapore : Talisman Publishing , pp. 33 – 60 , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 08 @-@ 6456 @-@ 9 .
Tan , Kevin Y [ ew ] L [ ee ] ; Thio , Li @-@ ann ( 2010 ) , " The Legislature " , Constitutional Law in Malaysia and Singapore ( 3rd ed . ) , Singapore : LexisNexis , pp. 299 – 360 , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 236 @-@ 795 @-@ 2 .
Thio , Li @-@ ann ( 1995 ) , " Government and the State " , ASEAN Legal Systems , Singapore : Butterworths Asia for the ASEAN Law Association , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 409 @-@ 99802 @-@ 3 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 4 December 2009 .
Thio , Li @-@ ann ( 2012 ) , " The Legislature and the Electoral System " , A Treatise on Singapore Constitutional Law , Singapore : Academy Publishing , pp. 285 – 359 at 304 – 308 , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 07 @-@ 1515 @-@ 1 .
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= Eliel Saarinen 's Tribune Tower design =
Eliel Saarinen 's Tribune Tower design or the Saarinen tower are terms used to describe the unnamed and unbuilt design for a modernist skyscraper , created by Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen and submitted in 1922 for the Chicago Tribune 's architectural competition for a new headquarters . The winning entry , the neo @-@ Gothic Tribune Tower , was built in 1925 . Saarinen 's entry came in second place yet became influential in the design of a number of future buildings .
= = Background = =
In 1921 – 22 , the prominent Tribune Tower competition was held to design a new headquarters for the Chicago Tribune , a major US metropolitan newspaper . It attracted 260 entries . First place was awarded to a design by New York architects John Mead Howells and Raymond Hood , a neo @-@ Gothic building completed in 1925 . Saarinen was awarded $ 20 @,@ 000 for second place ; his design was never constructed . Many observers felt that Saarinen 's simplified yet soaring setback tower was the most appropriate entry , and his novel modernist design influenced many subsequent architectural projects .
Saarinen was a veteran architect but had never before designed a skyscraper . To arrive at his noteworthy design , he took as a starting place the upward sweep of Gothic architecture , but then advanced this sense of verticality as his primary design principle . He said that through " logical construction " each portion of the design was made to reflect the larger goal of verticality . He was 49 years old when he submitted the design ; the next year he moved from Finland to the Chicago area . In the U.S. , he contributed to an overall design for the Chicago lakefront , and he lectured at the University of Michigan , but none of his skyscraper designs were ever built . Instead , others found success by incorporating his vision . Tribune Tower competition co @-@ winner Raymond Hood adopted Saarinen 's skyscraper style for several of his subsequent projects , and Saarinen 's design was emulated by other contemporary architects such as Timothy L. Pflueger , George W. Kelham , Hubbell and Benes , Holabird & Roche , Alfred C. Finn , and James Edwin Ruthven Carpenter , Jr . , as well as later architect César Pelli .
= = Reception = =
Respected Chicago architect Louis Sullivan offered high praise to Saarinen 's design , and said that his building indicated the future direction for the old Chicago School . Sullivan named Saarinen his stylistic successor . Chicago architects Thomas Tallmadge and Irving Kane Pond were also very vocal in their praise for Saarinen . Pond said Saarinen 's design was by far the best contest entry , that it was devoid of the superficial adornments featured on the winning entry , and free of the " stranglehold of conventional forms . " Tallmadge projected that Saarinen 's design would be transformative for American skyscrapers . He said that under Saarinen 's hand , the spirit of the skyscraper , " rid of its inhibitions and suppressed desires ... leaps in joyous freedom to the sky . "
Skyscraper Museum director Carol Willis , and art consultant Franck Mercurio , curator at the Field Museum in Chicago , offer moderating modern views about the influence of Saarinen 's design . Willis notes that setback architecture was being implemented in New York City highrises because of 1916 zoning ordinances related to building height and sunlight , and that Saarinen 's design was understood to be an embodiment of this trend . Mercurio points to the Tribune Tower competition entry from American architect Bertram Goodhue as having the same modernist features as Saarinen 's , with dramatic setbacks but a more pronounced simplification of the exterior . Mercurio argues that Goodhue 's design is a better example of modernism because it has less ornamentation . Goodhue 's entry gained him honorable mention but no cash award .
= = Buildings influenced = =
The following buildings have been observed to be influenced by Saarinen 's 1922 design .
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= Evolution ( advertisement ) =
Evolution is an advertising campaign launched by Unilever in 2006 as part of its Dove Campaign for Real Beauty , to promote the newly created Dove Self @-@ Esteem Fund . The centre of the Unilever campaign is a 75 @-@ second spot produced by Ogilvy & Mather in Toronto , Canada . The piece was first displayed online on 6 October 2006 , and was later broadcast as a television and cinema spot in the Netherlands and the Middle East . The ad was created from the budget left over from the earlier Daughters campaign , and was intended to be the first in a series of such online @-@ focused spots by the company . Later pieces include Onslaught and Amy . Evolution was directed by Canadian director Yael Staav and Tim Piper , with sound design handled by the Vapor Music Group , and post @-@ production by SoHo .
The advert was a critical , popular , and financial success . It won a number of awards in the advertising industry , including two Cannes Lions Grand Prix awards and an Epica D 'Or . It has been discussed in many mainstream television programmes and print publications , and the exposure generated by the spot has been estimated to be worth over $ 150M . Evolution has also spawned numerous unofficial alternate versions , including a title sequence to a BBC sketch show and the short parody Slob Evolution , which has gone on to itself be nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award .
= = Sequence = =
The film opens with a " pretty , but ordinary girl " ( Canadian cartoonist and television producer Stephanie Betts , whom joint director Tim Piper later married ) entering and sitting down in a studio . Two harsh lights are switched on and the first bars of The Flashbulb 's " Passage D " , a breakcore @-@ piece with piano accompaniment , are heard . The short credits sequence provides the title of the film and credit to Dove . The camera then switches to a time lapse sequence , showing makeup and hair artist Diana Carreiro making Betts up and adjusting her hair , transforming her into a " strikingly beautiful billboard model . " When the final physical adjustments of Betts 's appearance have been made , the team members all move off @-@ camera and a series of camera flashes begins as the photographer takes shots of Betts in various poses .
One shot is selected from the batch and moved into a generic image editing software interface , where a series of " Photoshopping " adjustments are made to alter Betts 's appearance even further , including , but not limited to : lengthening her neck , adjusting the curve of her shoulders , altering her hair and skin , and enlarging her eyes and mouth . The final image of Betts , now rendered almost unrecognizable , is then transferred to a billboard advertisement for the fictional " Easel " ( or " Fasel " ) brand of foundation makeup , and the video fades to the statement , " No wonder our perception of beauty is distorted . " The film ends with an invitation to take part in the " Dove Real Beauty Workshops , " the logo for the Dove Self @-@ Esteem Fund , and , in some versions , the website address of Unilever @-@ Dove 's Campaign For Real Beauty , for which the film was originally produced .
= = Background = =
The Dove Campaign For Real Beauty was launched by Unilever in 2003 , to coincide with the expansion of the Dove brand from soaps and other cleansing solutions to health and beauty products in general , including deodorants , shower gels , hair @-@ care and skin @-@ care products . The first stage of the campaign centred around a series of billboard advertisements , initially put up in the United Kingdom , and later worldwide . The spots showcased photographs of regular women ( in place of professional models ) , taken by portrait photographer Annie Leibovitz . The ads invited passers @-@ by to vote on whether a particular model was , for example , " Fat or Fab " or " Wrinkled or Wonderful " , and the results of the votes dynamically updated and displayed on the billboard itself . Accompanying the billboard advertisements was the publication of the " Dove Report " , a corporate study which Unilever intended to " [ create ] a new definition of beauty [ which ] will free women from self @-@ doubt and encourage them to embrace their real beauty . "
The series received significant media coverage from talk shows , women 's magazines , and mainstream news broadcasts and publications , generating media exposure which Unilever has estimated to be worth more than 30 times the paid @-@ for media space . Following this success , the campaign expanded into other media , including a series of television spots ( Flip Your Wigs and the Pro @-@ Age series , among others ) and print advertisements ( " Tested on Real Curves " ) . This culminated in the 2006 Little Girls global campaign , which featured regional versions of the same advertisement in both print and screen , for which Unilever purchased a 30 @-@ second spot in the commercial break during Super Bowl XL at an estimated cost of US $ 2.5M.
In 2006 , Ogilvy & Mather were seeking to extend the campaign further , by creating one or more viral videos to host on the Campaign for Real Beauty website . The first of these , Daughters , was an interview @-@ style piece intended to show how mothers and daughters related to issues surrounding the modern perception of beauty and the beauty industry . It was during the production of Daughters that a series of short films titled " Beauty Crackdown " , one of which was Evolution , was promoted to Unilever as an " activation idea " . The concept was one that art director Tim Piper pushed ; he proposed to have Evolution produced using the money left over from the budget for Daughters . This ended up amounting to a total of C $ 135 @,@ 000 . It was originally intended to get people to the Campaign for Real Beauty website to see Daughters , and to participate in the workshops featured on the site .
= = Production = =
The team brought together for the ad included director Yael Staav , the first female director to win a Cannes Lion ( for Hugging , a campaign for the ALS Society of Canada ) , fashion photographers Tiko Poulakakis and Gabor Jurina , makeup artist Diana Carreiro , art director Tim Piper , and Piper 's then @-@ girlfriend Stephanie Betts as the model . Betts , a cartoonist and producer of Canadian animated television programming such as Producing Parker , was chosen as the model for Evolution in part because Piper was first inspired to write the piece after seeing the amount of time his girlfriend spent applying make @-@ up , and he felt that she would be an ideal " representation of the norm " , highlighting the extreme changes that models undergo in the fashion industry . She was originally dubious about taking on the role but later stated that she was proud that she joined the campaign .
The actual production itself took place over the course of a single day , and over two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half hours of footage was taken for the make @-@ up portion of the film . This was eventually condensed to 23 seconds in the final version . The stage was dressed in a manner identical to that of modern fashion shoots , with the lighting and camera being positioned to remove any shadows from Betts 's face to aid in the post @-@ production retouching . Sound design took three weeks , and was divided into two sections . Fifteen hours were spent creating several mixes of " Passage D " with each mix tested and discarded before the version used in the final film was settled upon . A further nine hours were spent adding in the various background noises to the piece , including sped @-@ up human voices , a starter pistol and galloping racehorses .
Post @-@ production at SoHo was originally planned to take approximately three days , but it was extended to two weeks . Gabor Jurina , the photographer responsible for the digital retouching of the actual photographs taken of Betts during the shoot , supplied the post @-@ production team with 118 digital stills of the intermediate stages of the transformation from the " real " photograph of the made @-@ up Betts to the final image shown on the billboard . These were re @-@ cut and assembled to create the functions shown in the " Photoshopping " sequence , such as stretching Betts 's neck and adjusting the size of certain of her facial features . Other post @-@ production work included stabilising Betts 's head in the center of the shot during the make @-@ up sequence , covering certain continuity errors , creating and compositing the billboard advertisement , and constructing a false image @-@ editing interface .
= = Release and reception = =
Evolution was incorporated into the Canadian Campaign for Real Beauty website on 6 October 2006 in order to coincide with the start of the Los Angeles Fashion Week , and was uploaded by art director Tim Piper to video sharing website YouTube shortly after . While it has remained a largely internet @-@ based campaign , Evolution has appeared as a television commercial in the Netherlands and the Middle East , and in the U.S. inside commercial breaks in The Hills .
Once uploaded , the advert was viewed over 40 @,@ 000 times in its first day , 1 @.@ 7 million times within a month of its upload , and 12 million times within its first year . Even without having appeared offline , the advert was discussed by a number of mainstream television programmes , including Good Morning America , The Ellen DeGeneres Show , and The View , and news networks such as CNN , NBC , and ABC News ; the overwhelming majority came out in support of the campaign 's message . Spaces at the mother and daughter workshops sold out almost immediately , and the total exposure generated through the $ 50 @,@ 000 piece was estimated by Ogilvy & Mather in October 2006 as being worth around $ 150M . Comparisons have often been drawn up between the campaign and Dove 's earlier purchase of a 30 @-@ second spot for Little Girls during the Super Bowl XL . The Super Bowl spot cost an estimated $ 2.5M , reached an audience of 500 million , and generated only one third of the boost in traffic to the Campaign for Real Beauty website of Evolution . The spot was also credited for its part in producing double @-@ figure growth in sales of Dove product , and Unilever reported that its overall sales in the period following the release of Evolution rose by 5 @.@ 8 % , up from 3 @.@ 9 % the previous year .
Evolution was particularly popular with critics within the advertising industry , and has garnered a number of awards since its debut in October 2006 . It was the favourite in the run up to the Cannes Lions to win the festival 's Grand Prix in the Cyber category , generally considered one of the most prestigious awards in the industry . Ultimately , the prize went to three entries : Nike + , advertising the Nike brand , Heidies 15 MB of Fame , promoting fashion company Diesel S.p.A. ' s website and products , and Evolution . Evolution also went on to win the Grand Prix in the Film category , beating Pretty from Nike , Inc . , Paint for Sony 's BRAVIA line of high @-@ definition television sets , and The Power of Wind for the Wind Energy Initiative . The victory attracted a certain amount of controversy , as the jury switched Evolution from the " Fundraising & Appeals " category , whose entries are ineligible to win the Grand Prix , to the " Corporate Image " category at the last minute . Chairman of the jury Bob Scarpelli said of the decision , " We moved it into another category because we felt that strongly about it . We were not trying to break rules or set precedents , we just went with our hearts and minds , and asked the festival if we could move it . " As a result of the win , Evolution became the first entry in the festival 's history to take home Grand Prix awards from two categories and the first web @-@ based advertisement to win in the Film category ( followed in 2009 by Philips ' Carousel )
The piece went on to win a number of other awards , including a silver Clio Award ( in the Toiletries / Pharmaceuticals category ) , the Film Grand Prix and two Gold prizes at the London International Awards , an Epica D 'Or and Gold Prize in the Interactive category of the Epica Awards , among others .
= = Legacy = =
= = = Slob Evolution = = =
The popularity of Evolution and its presence on many video @-@ sharing websites led inevitably to a large number of alternate versions and parodies being uploaded by the public . In under six months , parodies on YouTube alone received over 5 million hits between them , Of these , by far the most successful was a professionally made piece entitled Slob Evolution .
Slob Evolution is an Emmy Award @-@ nominated short film created as a parody of the original Evolution spot in late 2006 . The piece was directed by Simon Willows , known for his work on the Volvic mineral water television and cinema commercials , and was produced by Claire Jones with the production company Blink Productions . Post @-@ production work was done by Framestore CFC .
In Slob Evolution , the role of the model is taken by a teenage boy who , instead of having make @-@ up applied in the time @-@ lapse sequence , is given fast food , alcoholic beverages , and cigarettes , transforming over the course of thirty seconds into an overweight middle @-@ aged slob . Further adjustments are made in a similar image @-@ editing interface to that used in Evolution , . The subject 's neck is shortened , his features made more asymmetric , and a tattoo is added . The image is transferred to a billboard advertisement for the fictional " Lardo " brand of " man cream " , and the piece ends with a fade to the statement , " Thank God our perception of reality is distorted . No one wants to look at ugly people . "
The parody was uploaded to video @-@ sharing website YouTube on December 4 , 2006 and was promoted only through a seeding of 30 e @-@ mails . Within its first month , Slob Evolution received over 278 @,@ 000 hits . It went on to be nominated for a number of prestigious awards , including the " Comedy : Short Form " and " Viral " categories of the 2007 Webby Awards , and in the " Outstanding Broadband Comedy " category of the 2007 Daytime Emmy Awards . The popular and critical attention that Blink Productions received for Slob Evolution led to Tiger Aspect , the production company behind the 2007 BBC comedy sketch show Ruddy Hell ! It 's Harry and Paul , contacting the production company to produce an introduction to the show in a similar vein .
The title sequence to Ruddy Hell ! It 's Harry and Paul begins with a shot of Morwenna Banks and Laura Solon . The familiar time @-@ lapse sequence shows the pair being given several pints of lager , cigarettes , and fast food . Their hair is cut and their make @-@ up removed as they slowly morph into Harry Enfield and Paul Whitehouse , the joint hosts of Ruddy Hell ! It 's Harry And Paul . After bras are removed from the pair 's shirts , the camera zooms out to show a billboard advertisement similar to that in Slob Evolution , with the show 's title displayed underneath .
= = = Other works = = =
Shortly after releasing Evolution online , post @-@ production company SoHo uploaded a five @-@ minute making @-@ of documentary , which includes interviews with creative directors Janet Kestin and Tim Piper , photographer Gabor Jurina , post @-@ production director Paul Gowan , digital artists Kevin Gibson and Terry Rose , and sound designer Andrew Harris , who discuss the various stages of the post @-@ production process behind the creation of the spot . The making @-@ of also includes a shot of Evolution 's storyboard and a short segment of behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage from the shoot itself , showing Stephanie Betts before and after the make @-@ up process .
After the debut of Evolution , Dove quickly ordered several follow @-@ up online advertisements , the first two of which ( Onslaught and Amy ) appeared online in October 2007 . These were also written and directed by Tim Piper . The pair are predicted to prove at least as popular as Evolution . Other companies have attempted to use the same formula , with mixed results . Among the more @-@ commented on campaigns is Beauty is ... , launched by Nivea in 2007 and comprising television , print , and online segments which push the same message as the Dove campaign .
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= 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan =
The 2011 NATO attack in Pakistan ( also known as the Salala incident , Salala attack or 26 / 11 attacks ) , was a border skirmish that occurred when US @-@ led NATO forces engaged Pakistani security forces at two Pakistani military checkposts along the Afghanistan – Pakistan border on Saturday , 26 November 2011 . Two NATO Apache helicopters an AC @-@ 130 gunship and two F @-@ 15E Eagle fighter jets entered by varying estimates as little as 200 meters ( 660 ft ) to up to 2 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 6 miles ) , into the Pakistani border area of Salala in the Baizai subdivision of Mohmand Agency , FATA at 2 a.m. local time , from across the border in Afghanistan and opened fire at two border patrol check @-@ posts , killing 28 Pakistani soldiers and wounding the 12 others . The two Pakistan Army check @-@ posts were codenamed " Boulder " and " Volcano " respectively . This attack resulted in a deterioration of relations between Pakistan and the United States . The Pakistani public reacted with protests all over the country and the government took measures adversely affecting the US exit strategy from Afghanistan including the evacuation of Shamsi Airfield and closure of the NATO supply line .
On 3 July 2012 , US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton officially , however briefly , apologized for the losses suffered by the Pakistani military . Subsequently , Pakistan restored the NATO supply routes .
= = Background and timeline = =
= = = The incident = = =
On 26 November 2011 , US @-@ led NATO forces opened fire on two Pakistani border check @-@ posts stationed near the Pakistan @-@ Afghanistan border . The attack occurred at approximately 02 : 00 local time ( 01 : 30 in Afghanistan and 21 : 00 GMT ) . According to the Director General of Military Operations ( DGMO ) , Major General Ashfaq Nadeem , the attack was a coordinated NATO strike and used two AH @-@ 64D Apache Longbow helicopters , an AC @-@ 130H Spectre gunship and two F @-@ 15E Eagle fighter jets . A MC @-@ 12W Liberty turbo @-@ propeller aircraft was used in an Intelligence , Surveillance , and Reconnaissance role . The check @-@ posts were located 200 metres ( 660 ft ) to 2 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 6 mi ) inside Pakistan from the border with Afghanistan in the Salala area of the Baizai subdivision of the Mohmand tribal region in FATA , Pakistan . The two check @-@ posts were separated themselves by a distance of one kilometre on the Salala mountain top .
The attacks caused the deaths of up to twenty @-@ four Pakistani soldiers , which included two officers – Major Mujahid Mirani and Captain Usman Ali . Thirteen other soldiers were injured as a result of the attack . Both sides reported they were attacked first . The poorly defined border , as well as a history of Taliban fighters moving around the Afghan border regions , were cited as possible contributing factors to the incident .
= = = = US @-@ Afghan claims = = = =
According to Afghan and US officials , the incident started after US @-@ Afghan coalition forces , which were conducting an operation against the Afghan Taliban in Afghanistan 's eastern Kunar Province , were fired upon from border positions within Pakistan . " There was firing coming from the position against Afghan army soldiers who requested support " , said one Afghan official in Kabul . The Afghan official further stated they were being fired upon directly from a Pakistani military outpost itself . A Western official backed up that view by stating , " They were fired on from a Pakistani army base . " And , " It was a defensive action . " According to Afghan and US accounts helicopters were then called in for support against the incoming fire .
A Pakistani defence official reportedly admitted that soldiers in the Pakistani border post sitting there for the express purpose of stopping infiltration fired a few flares , a couple of mortar rounds and one or two bursts of machine @-@ gun fire in that direction .
Another US official in Kabul pointed to an incident in September 2010 , when a NATO helicopter fired on a Pakistan outpost , killing two soldiers . " It was a situation where insurgent forces butted right up against a Pakistani border post and used that as a firing position . When we fired back , we hit Pakistani security forces . Military officials in Kabul claimed insurgents in Pakistan have also used empty Pakistan border bases to stage attacks , which they say may have been the working assumption of the coalition forces who called in the airstrike when they drew fire .
One US official said NATO forces had informed the Pakistani army 's 11th Corps command near the western border that operations against Taliban insurgents would take place on that day . Pakistani General Abbas admitted in a press conference that coalition forces had " informed our military earlier , much earlier , that they will be conducting an operation there . "
According to the US military , information about the proposed strike was passed on at one of the centres on the border where both sides station officers and exchange information in an effort to avoid firing on each other , after which Pakistani officers cleared the strike , saying that there were no Pakistani forces in the area .
= = = = Pakistani claims = = = =
The incident sparked outrage and controversy in Pakistan , which termed the attack an " unprovoked and indiscriminate firing , " an " irresponsible act , " and a " stark violation " of its sovereignty . Leaders of the Pakistani military establishment viewed NATO 's attacks on the army checkposts as intentional , pre @-@ planned and premeditated . Slamming NATO 's version of events as " lame excuses " , Pakistan rejected claims of any firing having emanated from its side as a prelude to the encounter , saying that the soldiers who were manning the post were asleep and resting when NATO launched the assault at night . The director general of the ISPR , Major General Athar Abbas challenged NATO to " present proof if they claim that firing was started from Pakistani side . No fire was opened from our side . " He asserted that " At this point , NATO and Afghanistan are trying to wriggle out of the situation by offering excuses . Where are their casualties ? " Meanwhile , the claim that the airstrike was cleared by Pakistani authorities was categorically denied by Pakistan which claimed that the attack continued for two hours , even after Pakistani officials alerted coalition forces to stop .
Preliminary reports from the Pakistan Army told of about 40 soldiers being present at the two check posts , most of whom were sleeping or resting when the raid took place . The helicopters first attacked the border post , named " Volcano " , atop the mountain peak . This initial attack cut all the communications to and from the post , and a Pakistan Air Force air support could not be called in time to counter the attack . Instead , Pakistani troops stationed at the nearby post named " Boulder " engaged the NATO helicopters with anti @-@ aircraft guns . The helicopters soon withdrew .
Pakistani authorities tried to contact their NATO counterparts in an effort to inform them of the situation but the Pakistani request reportedly failed to reach the attacking force . The helicopters returned a second time engaging Boulder border post again . A short while later communication with the NATO commanders was established and the attack was called off . All casualties were from the initial attack on the Volcano border post . Later , Major General Abbas expressed that it was beyond comprehension why the NATO forces returned to attack the second time .
According to local officials , there was no militant activity along the Afghan border region when NATO conducted the attack . Abbas , spokesperson ISPR , said that the coordinates of the two border posts had been given to ISAF . He added that the attack lasted for almost two hours and claimed that the personnel on the posts alerted the GHQ which in turn immediately informed the ISAF regional base in Afghanistan to stop the attack at roughly 12 : 30 AM but they did not . GHQ in return gave permission to the personnel on the outposts to retaliate . NATO communicated at roughly 1 : 15 AM that they had realised that they were attacking Pakistan Army and that their forces had been ordered to stop . Yet NATO 's aerial bombardment continued with another salvo aiming at the Pakistani rescue force that rushed to the aid of the two posts . Pakistan termed the event an " unprovoked and indiscriminate firing " , an " irresponsible act " , and a " stark violation " of its sovereignty . The attack was the deadliest NATO strike on Pakistani soil since the start of the war in Afghanistan . In a media conference with the Director General of Military Operations ( DGMO ) Major General Ashfaq , Chief of General Staff Lieutenant General Waheed Arshad , claimed that this was not an " unintended " incident . On accounts of series of events he commented that NATO was informed at the time of attack but their helicopters remained on course of aggression . Pakistani military also said that the NATO forces returned a second time to attack the post again . When he was asked whether Pakistan was satisfied with the investigating team headed under US Air force Brigadier General Stephon , he responded sharply by commenting that all incidents in past in relation to violation of Pakistan 's sovereignty did not come to an agreeable conclusion . Pakistan was invited to jointly investigate the incident , but Pakistan refused to participate .
On 9 December , Major General Ashfaq claimed that NATO had been monitoring radio transmissions that night and knew they had hit Volcano post . The Pakistani military called the strike " unprovoked and indiscriminate . " Government of Pakistan launched a strong protest with U.S and also immediately discontinued the supply to NATO troops located in Afghanistan . Notably , the strike on Saturday came one day after Gen. John Allen , the commander of the US @-@ led coalition in Afghanistan , visited Pakistani army chief Gen. Ashfaq Parvez Kayani . In that meeting , both the commanders discussed border co @-@ ordination and other measures " aimed at enhancing border control on both sides . " NATO attack shows that either Gen. John Allen lacks control over his troops based in Afghanistan or did negotiations while putting on the mask .
= = Repercussions of the incident = =
= = = Closure of NATO supply lines = = =
Pakistan immediately closed all NATO supplies to Afghanistan in the aftermath of the attack , leaving the blockaded supply trucks vulnerable to attacks . NATO trucks had been using the supply routes , in Khyber Agency ( through the Khyber Pass at Torkham ) and Balochistan ( near Chaman ) , to supply US and international forces fighting in Afghanistan .
US policy makers tried to find alternative routes through Russia , Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , and Tajikistan ( termed as the " Northern Distribution Network " ) but these are longer and less effective than routes through Pakistan . Huge costs are associated with the Central Asian supply lines , and NATO 's supply line through Russia is already under a looming danger of closure due to friction over missile defence plans . Being a landlocked country , Afghanistan is highly dependent on Pakistan for its imports . According to figures released by The Pentagon in January 2012 , the United States was paying six times more to send supplies to troops in Afghanistan via alternative supply routes following the closure of Pakistani routes . The figures placed the new US costs at $ 104 million per month , roughly $ 87 million costlier per month than when the cargo was transported via Pakistan . The high costs were associated with the routes being lengthier .
= = = = Continued strife = = = =
In late March 2012 , a US military official stated that the United States would have to use routes through the Northern Distribution Network ( NDN ) for supplies to Afghanistan if Pakistan refused to reopen its supply lines . However , he conceded the expensiveness of these routes and noted that negotiations with Pakistan regarding the possibility of opening of the supply routes were ongoing . After reviewing United States @-@ Pakistan relations and outlining what was needed to repair bilateral relations , the Pakistani parliament turned the decision of reopening the NATO supply lines over to the government in April 2012 . Due to an upcoming general election in Pakistan , with widespread anti @-@ American sentiments in the country , the Pakistani government was reluctant to reopen the lines , and postponed its decision until the United States responded positively to Pakistani demands outlined in the parliamentary recommendations , such as a US apology for the November 2011 incident , the bringing of those involved in the strike to justice , and a stop to US drone airstrikes . Talks between Pakistan and the United States failed in April 2012 after Pakistan could not get an unconditional apology from the United States for the November 2011 incident . The White House refused to apologise after Taliban attacks in Kabul and other cities in Afghanistan on 15 April 2012 , which according to US military and intelligence officials came from the Haqqani network , an Afghan group working from a base in North Waziristan along the Afghanistan border in Pakistan 's tribal belt . Pakistani officials said they cannot open the NATO supply routes in Afghanistan without a US apology .
Later in May , Pakistan demanded the United States to pay stiff fees as a condition to open up NATO supply routes into Afghanistan . The United States , however , could not pay the required $ 5 @,@ 000 per truck due to budgetary restraints according to US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta . " Considering the financial challenges that we 're facing , that 's not likely , " Panetta said of the Pakistani demand of $ 5 @,@ 000 for each truck carrying supplies across its territory for NATO troops waging the Afghanistan war . Unnamed US officials said that US officials said they had hoped a meeting between Pakistani Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari and US President Barack Obama as well as sharing the spotlight with President Obama and other global leaders during the 2012 NATO Chicago Summit might provide an incentive for a deal on resuming supply shipments . " The invitation was an inducement to get them back into the international fold , " said a senior US official , speaking anonymously because of the sensitive issues . " But the Pakistanis couldn 't get their own act together " in time for the summit . " The main issue , it seems , is money . "
The United States and Pakistan had nearly completed a deal to reopen crucial NATO supply routes into Afghanistan in June 2012 , when Defense Secretary Leon E. Panetta said the US was " reaching the limits of our patience " over Islamabad 's failure to root out Afghan insurgents in its tribal areas . In the wake of Panettas comments deputy assistant secretary of Defense Peter Lavoy was not allowed to meet with the Pakistani Army Chief , General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani , and the Pentagon announced that it was bringing home a negotiating team that had worked in the Pakistani capital for nearly two months to end the bitter impasse over the supply routes . A senior US official disputed the notion that Panetta 's criticism of Pakistan had set back the talks . " The sticking point for a long time has been the apology issue , " the official said .
= = = = Supply lines reopening = = = =
Pakistan decided to reopen the supply lines after US Secretary of State apologised on 3 July 2012 for the Salala incident via a telephone call to Pakistani Foreign Minister Hina Rabbani Khar . " Foreign Minister Khar and I acknowledged the mistakes that resulted in the loss of Pakistani military lives , " Clinton said in a statement . " We are sorry for the losses suffered by the Pakistani military . We are committed to working closely with Pakistan and Afghanistan to prevent this from ever happening again . " US Secretary of Defence Leon Panetta said in a separate statement that the US " remains committed to improving our partnership with Pakistan and to working closely together as our two nations confront common security challenges in the region " , US General John R. Allen said in a statement that the agreement is " a demonstration of Pakistan 's desire to help secure a brighter future for both Afghanistan and the region at large . " and NATO Secretary @-@ General Anders Fogh Rasmussen welcomed the announcement to reopen the supply lines , stating saying it highlighted the important role Pakistan has in supporting a stable future for Afghanistan .
Pakistani reactions to the US apology were different . " We appreciate Secretary Clinton 's statement , and hope that bilateral ties can move to a better place from here . I am confident that both countries can agree on many critical issues , especially on bringing peace to the region , " Pakistan 's ambassador to the US Sherry Rehman said in a statement . In general the decision to reopen the supply routes was met in Pakistan with a general sense of befuddlement and muted criticism that the Pakistani government had given up a much @-@ trumpeted increase in transit fees for NATO trucks . Opposition politicians criticised the move and demanded more of an explanation from the Pakistani government and military . " Now government should let the people know about the terms and conditions for reopening the NATO supply lines . What were the demands ? " said former foreign minister Shah Mehmood Qureshi . And Enver Baig , an opposition politician belonging to the Pakistan Muslim League @-@ Nawaz complained about Americans : " They did not apologize . They said ‘ sorry . ’ " Some Pakistani vowed civil disobedience to stop the convoys . " The decision to reopen NATO supplies is a big crime against the country , and we will not sit silently over this , " retired Lt. Gen. Hamid Gul , a leader of the Defense Council of Pakistan ( a coalition of Islamic parties that includes pro @-@ Taliban clerics and other foes of the NATO routes ) and a former chief of the Inter @-@ Services Intelligence agency , told the Pakistani cable channel Express News . " We will come to roads and streets and protest against the decision and will also try to stop the supplies . " Pakistani Taliban announced that they will attack any NATO supply trucks travelling along the routes . Transporters who resume supplies will be " considered a friend of the U.S. " and will face the consequences , a spokesman for the militant group said . Al Jazeera 's Kamal Hyder said that both NATO and Pakistani forces had taken into account losses in the past . " The losses , despite the fact that they have become a problem are nowhere near the levels that would cause alarm bells to ring " the correspondent said . According to his analysis it would cause a problem if " the Pakistani Taliban attack bridges or decide to take these people head on in the tribal areas " connecting Pakistan to the southern Afghan province of Kandahar .
American officials said according to the New York Times that Hillary Clinton 's increasingly cordial relationship with the young Pakistani foreign minister Hina Rabbani Khar paid dividends in resolving the dispute between both countries over the Salala incident . A final agreement on the wording of Clinton 's statement of her conversation with Khar came after a week of marathon talks that included two trips to Islamabad by General John R. Allen , the US commander in Afghanistan , and a quickly arranged weekend trip by Thomas R. Nides , the deputy secretary of state for management and resources . In recent weeks Nides and Pakistani Finance Minister Abdul Hafeez Shaikh had spearheaded the negotiations to reopen the supply lines . After weeks of behind @-@ the @-@ scenes phone calls , e @-@ mails and meetings between Nides and Abdul Hafeez Shaikh reached an agreement on the terms for the reopening of the NATO supply lines . Besides the US apology both sides agreed to the following : After initially demanding as much as $ 5 @,@ 000 for each truck Pakistan dropped its insistence on a higher transit fee for each truck carrying NATO ’ s nonlethal supplies from Pakistan into Afghanistan and agreed to keep the fee at the current rate of $ 250 . The Obama Administration will ask Congress to reimburse Pakistan about $ 1 @.@ 2 billion for costs incurred by 150 @,@ 000 Pakistani troops carrying out counterinsurgency operations along the border with Afghanistan . " With the GLOCs open , we will look to pay past coalition support fund claims , " Pentagon spokesman Captain John Kirby said , using a Pentagon acronym for the supply routes . The United States military reimburses by " coalition support funds " Pakistan for logistical , military and other support provided to American military operations against militants , but these payments have been suspended since Pakistan shut off the routes . More precisely the US halted paying the bills from Pakistan as tension rose between the two countries . The Pentagon will now consult with Congress about paying the bills prior to paying Pakistan in full .
During their telephone call Pakistani Foreign Minister Hina Rabbani Khar made it clear to Secretary of State Clinton that no lethal equipment would transit into Afghanistan through the Ground Lines of Communication i.e. the ground supply lines except those meant for equipping the Afghan National Security Forces . Pakistan 's Defense Committee of the Cabinet , which approved the deal , said the agreement was in the country 's best interest and a boon to the Afghanistan peace process . Allowing NATO convoys to enter and exit Pakistani territory would speed the withdrawal of Western forces , the Pakistani government said in a statement , and " enable a smooth transition in Afghanistan . " According to the New York Times the agreement reflected a growing realisation by Pakistani officials that they had overplayed their hand , misjudged NATO 's resolve and ability to adapt to the closing by using an alternative route through Central Asia , and a recognition on both sides that the impasse risked transforming an often rocky relationship into a permanently toxic one at a critically inopportune time . Despite the resolving of the Salala incident there are frictions in both countries relations such as Pakistan 's opposition to US drone strikes on Pakistan soil , and Washington 's allegations that Islamabad condones , or even assists , anti @-@ American militants .
The deal ended a diplomatic deadlock that brought US relations with the nuclear @-@ armed South Asian nation to a near standstill and hindered counter @-@ terrorism operations against Pakistan @-@ based militants . Because of the supply lines closure the United States has spent at least an additional $ 100 million a month because it was instead forced to move supplies by air , rail or truck through Russia and other countries north of Afghanistan at much longer and more expensive routes . The closure of the supply lines complicated the American troop withdrawal from Afghanistan , cost the United States more than $ 1 billion in extra shipping fees as a result of having to use the alternative routes through Central Asia and also held up delivery of thousands of armoured vehicles and other equipment meant for the fledgling Afghan army and police , slowing US efforts to build Afghan forces that can stand up to the Taliban insurgency as foreign troops withdraw . The reopening of the supply lines means that the US will save hundreds of millions of dollars in the run @-@ up to the withdrawal of NATO forces from the Afghanistan and also that it would help the US and NATO to complete its withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan " at a much lower cost " according to Clinton . Despite the reopening of critical supply routes from Pakistan , the US military confronts a giant logistical challenge to wind down the war in Afghanistan because it must withdraw till the end of 2014 nearly 90 @,@ 000 troops and enormous depots of military equipment accumulated over a decade of war which includes 100 @,@ 000 shipping containers stuffed with materiel and 50 @,@ 000 wheeled vehicles .
The above @-@ mentioned agreement between Pakistan and the United States was never an issue of money alone . " It was a matter of honor for the army , " said Laiq ur @-@ Rehman , a Pakistani defence correspondent for ARY News , a cable channel . " The only word they were looking for was ' sorry . ' It was a matter of pride , a matter of honor , a matter of ego . " " If it had been about the money , it would have been done months ago , " said an US enior administration official knowledgeable about the negotiations . " Just like for us , it was not just about the supply routes . " According to the BBC the reason for the long US refusal to apologise for the Salala incident was deep anger among Americans about the death of US soldiers in Afghanistan from attacks by militant groups with alleged connections to Pakistan 's ISI intelligence agency . Another reason for the United States refusal to apologise was the determination by American military investigators that Pakistan was equally culpable in the Salala incident because Pakistani soldiers , stationed on a ridge overlooking the border , had fired first on US troops on the Afghan side of the border . Pakistan has disputed that conclusion , saying its forces did not fire first .
After the first NATO supply trucks crossed the Afghan border on 5 June 2012 , Pakistanis questioned the NATO supply line deal . " The US has not apologized formally , " said Nawaz Sharif , the leader of the main opposition party Pakistan Muslim League @-@ Nawaz . Imran Khan , another major opposition figure , went further , saying that " the decision isn 't only against national interest but can also stir unrest within the ranks of the armed forces . " He also criticised the incumbent government as being a pawn of the United States . Political and religious parties in Pakaistan undertook " long march " to Islamabad to protest reopening of supply routes to Afghanistan . Pakistan declared it will scan all NATO containers passing through the country to ensure they do not contain weapons and unapproved items will be seized . 560 @,@ 000 rupees ( $ 6 @,@ 000 ) compensation per vehicle would be paid to the truck owners by NATO subcontractors for being out of work for seven months because of the blockade according to Rana Mohammad Aslam , vice @-@ president of the All Pakistan Goods Carrier Association .
= = = Shamsi airfield vacated = = =
On 26 November , the same day the incident occurred , Pakistan ordered the US to shut down and vacate the Shamsi Airfield in the southwestern Balochistan province within a deadline of 15 days . US forces and the Central Intelligence Agency had reportedly leased this airbase in 2001 for joint surveillance and launching drone attacks against militants in Afghanistan and northwestern Pakistan . The Shamsi airbase was the only military base in Pakistan being used by the United States , and orders of its evacuation by US personnel symbolised an increasing rift and deterioration in relations between Pakistan and the United States .
In early December , the US military personnel occupying the base , along with all military equipment , were shifted to the Bagram Air Base in Afghanistan via US military aircraft . On 10 December , Pakistani troops from the Frontier Corps took full control of the airfield as scheduled , and by 11 December all remaining American staff were evacuated . Upon establishing control of the airfield , the United States flag was removed from the base and replaced with the flag of Pakistan .
The impact of the closure has been questioned , as the United States still has the ability to conduct drone attacks from nearby bases in Afghanistan , and according to the Pakistani military , the base was used mainly for refuelling and maintenance of drones , as well as for emergency landings and logistical support , and not for conducting actual drone operations which had in fact ceased in April 2011 . Following the incident , Pakistan stated its intention to shoot down any future US drones intruding on its airspace , and the US suspended drone operations to avoid antagonising Pakistan . One report said that American drone attacks in Pakistan dropped by as much as 50 % due to the Salala attack , as well as legal cases .
= = = United States exit strategy = = =
Among the immediate repercussions of the incident is that the United States ' attempts to end the war in Afghanistan peacefully may now be in jeopardy . Some Pakistani officials warned that the attack could have " huge implications " for the Afghan endgame . Pakistan , which is designated as a major non @-@ NATO ally by the United States and is seen as a key facilitator in bringing the United States to the negotiations table with the Afghan Taliban and the Haqqani Network , had already halted those efforts according to an unnamed Pakistani official close to the military establishment .
While addressing a Senate committee , the Minister of Foreign Affairs Hina Rabbani Khar warned that a repeat incident could end Pakistan 's support to the United States in its war against militancy . " Enough is enough . The government will not tolerate any incident of spilling even a single drop of any civilian or soldier 's blood . Pakistan 's role in the War on Terror must not be overlooked . " She added that " the sacrifices rendered by Pakistan in the war on terror are more than any other country . But that does not mean we will compromise on our sovereignty . "
= = = Pakistan 's refusal to attend Bonn Conference = = =
In the wake of the NATO attacks , the Pakistani government refused to attend the Bonn conference scheduled on 5 December 2011 . The event in Bonn , Germany is an important international conference on Afghanistan . International pressure over Pakistan amounted as it refused to attend the Bonn conference . Secretary Hillary Clinton contacted the Pakistani Prime Minister but her plea was rejected because Pakistani public opinion prohibited attendance . The conference was generally regarded as a disappointment , partially because of Pakistan 's absence .
= = = Revision of western @-@ border rules of engagement = = =
Pakistan also strengthened its air defences and surveillance along the Afghanistan border as a precaution against any future incursions . DGMO Major General Ashaq Nadeem was quoted saying " We can expect more attacks from our supposed allies " . Pakistan 's army chief General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani issued directions to commanders posted at the border to fire without permission if any further aggression is received . According to a Pakistani security official , Pakistan had upgraded to a " fully equipped air defence system " on the Afghan border which has the capability of detecting , tracing and shooting down any aircraft . These weapons notably include indigenous shoulder @-@ to @-@ air Anza Mk @-@ III missiles and anti @-@ aircraft guns . The Pakistan Air Force cancelled leave for all its air reconnaissance @-@ related personnel and deployed aircraft to start a round @-@ the @-@ clock combat air patrol over the Afghan border to prevent all intrusions including drone attacks .
= = Reaction = =
The already fractured relationship between Pakistan and the United States fell to a new low following the incident , with the Pakistani government and military establishment reassessing their diplomatic , political , military and intelligence relationship with the United States .
= = = Reaction in Pakistan = = =
= = = Government and military = = =
The Foreign Ministry of Pakistan promptly lodged a protest with US ambassador to Pakistan Cameron Munter following the attack . In an official phone call to the United States , Foreign Minister Hina Rabbani Khar said that the attacks demonstrated " complete disregard for international law and human life " and were " in stark violation of Pakistani sovereignty . " Sentiments within the Pakistani military leadership suggested the attack as being a pre @-@ planned plot that was executed deliberately and intentionally .
Retired Brigadier Mahmood Shah , former chief of security in the tribal areas , said that so far the US has blamed Pakistan for all that is happening in Afghanistan and Pakistan 's point of view has not been shown in the international media , so the matter should be taken up by the United Nations Security Council . He advised Pakistani authorities to shoot down NATO aircraft should a similar event take place in the future , and to keep the supply lines closed , on the argument that the US cannot afford a war with Pakistan . The Inter Services Public Relations ( ISPR ) , a media wing of the Pakistani military , released a statement calling the attack unprovoked and said that chief of army staff , General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani had called the incident unacceptable and " directed that all necessary steps be under taken for an effective response to this irresponsible act " . One senior Pakistani military official said " the latest attack by NATO forces on our post will have serious repercussions as they , without any reasons , attacked on our post and killed soldiers asleep . "
The Pakistani Senate passed a unanimous resolution which denounced the attack and called it contrary to United Nations resolutions and international laws . Pakistan 's Interior Minister Rehman Malik commented on the issue clarifying that the supply lines have not been suspended , rather been permanently shut down and the trucks would not be allowed to cross the Pakistan @-@ Afghanistan border . The Minister of Information and Broadcasting Firdous Ashiq Awan urged the international community to condemn the incident to prevent such incidents in the future . The Governor of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa , Masood Kausar , termed the air strike as " deliberate " and asserted that claims over the incident being accidental were untrue . He also blamed the instability in neighbouring Afghanistan as a cause of instability in Pakistan .
The televised funeral ceremony of the soldiers who died was held in Peshawar and was attended by several high @-@ level military and political figures , including the Chief of Army Staff . Afterwards , their bodies were dispatched to their native towns for burial . The soldiers hailed from various regions , including three from Azad Kashmir alone , while the Major was from Larkana and the Captain from Sahiwal . Family members of Major Mujahid Mirani and Captain Usman Ali said the soldiers " sacrificed their lives " for the country and that they were proud of those sacrifices . The Army Chief later also paid a visit to the injured soldiers , who had been transported to the Combined Military Hospital ( CMH ) in Peshawar .
On 28 November 2011 , referring to Pak @-@ US military , intelligence , political and diplomatic co @-@ operation , the Pakistani Prime Minister announced that there would be no more business with the US and the relations between the two countries would never be the same again . Later the Director General of ISPR , Abbas , announced that NATO 's apology was not accepted and the attack would have serious consequences . He said that NATO 's regret over the attack was not enough and such incidents had happened in the past , killing 72 soldiers and injuring more than 250 troops in three years . While addressing a gathering of journalists at a military headquarters , Pakistan Army Major @-@ General Ashfaq Nadeem described the Salala incident as a " deliberate act of aggression " and said it was " next to impossible " that NATO did not know they were attacking Pakistani forces .
The next day , Pakistan 's ambassador to the UN , Hussain Haroon wrote to a letter to the UN Secretary General Ban Ki @-@ moon to inform him of the situation and requested that the statement be forwarded to the 193 @-@ nation general assembly and the 15 @-@ nation security council ( UNSC ) as a UNSC document .
Commenting on drone attacks , a senior Pakistani official said that predator drones " will never be allowed back , at Shamsi or anywhere else " although he hinted that American military trainers may be allowed back into the country to train Pakistani security forces . Pakistan had previously dumped American security personnel out of the country , following a covert operation by US special forces that killed Osama bin Laden in the town of Abbottabad in May 2011 and strained Pakistan 's relations with the United States . As of January 2012 , foreign affairs minister Hina Rabbani Khar said Pakistan 's ties with the United States were " still on hold " over the NATO air @-@ attack and that until the re @-@ evaluation was not complete , Washington could not ask Islamabad to pursue militant groups or assist in the Afghan peace process .
In May 2012 , Bilawal Bhutto Zardari , son of President Zardari and chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party , toughened his stance when he called on President Obama to " show some courage " and " apologise to Pakistan " over the raid . Ridiculing US demands for Islamabad to " do more " in the Afghanistan war , Bilawal remarked " it is time for the US to do more " . He called US drone operations a " constant irritant " to Pakistani public opinion and questioned whether the United States " actually considered Pakistan a military ally " , citing other controversial events such as the Abbottabad operation and the Raymond Davis incident . He also remarked that while he understood Obama was facing a re @-@ election , " the future of the NATO mission in Afghanistan should be more important than poll numbers " .
= = = Opposition political parties = = =
A PML ( N ) politician remarked that the government 's incompetence had allowed the attack to be carried out . Imran Khan , a popular opposition politician and former cricketer who has been a long @-@ time staunch critic of the government 's foreign policy and its decision to join the American @-@ led War on Terror , called the attack unpardonable during a political rally in Multan , and said the Pakistani government had wasted $ 70 billion belonging to the Pakistani people , as well as the lives of 40 @,@ 000 people , on fighting a counter @-@ productive American war : " I know that the government will not do anything except issue some silly comments against brutality even after this attack . I do not issue comments , I believe in taking action . " An Awami National Party politician and senator called the incident a terrorist attack . Awami Muslim League party leader Sheikh Rashid Ahmed supported a blockade of NATO supplies " to teach an unforgettable lesson to USA and NATO forces for violating Pakistani soil . " MQM chief Altaf Hussain condemned the attack and directed his party to observe a " Stability and Solidarity Day " . Former president Pervez Musharraf heavily criticised the attack while giving a telephonic conference to the Karachi Press Club and advised the government to take strict measures at a diplomatic level . Many other leaders also called on the government to pull out of the war in Afghanistan and disassociate itself from the US alliance . The JUI called the attack a " shameful incident " and " a slap across the face of Pakistani foreign policy " adopted by rulers who " always bow before their foreign masters . " Protesters affiliated with the right @-@ wing Jamaat @-@ ud @-@ Dawa held a rally outside the Lahore Press Club where they urged the Pakistan Army to give a " befitting response " to NATO ; the leader of the party said " We have to eliminate all stations and bases given to the CIA if we want to end terrorism in Pakistan " .
= = = Public and media = = =
The NATO attack received considerable criticism and caused widespread outrage among the country 's civil society and media , with some perceiving it as an intentional act of war that may have been pre @-@ planned . Numerous protests were organised in several cities for a number of consecutive days after the attack occurred . Members of the public demanded an end to the US alliance and pressurised the government to consider pulling out from the War on Terror , permanently halt all NATO supplies , expel American citizens in Pakistan and plan a tit @-@ for @-@ tat military retaliation . Some locals in the tribal agencies demanded those who carried out the attack to be handed over to Pakistan . Hundreds of people organised a gathering outside the American consulate in Karachi to lodge a protest . Various lawyers ' associations throughout the country boycotted their usual court proceedings and observed a strike to mark the day . Many university students also boycotted their classes to protest . Students in Peshawar blocked a main road where they chanted " Quit the war on terror " and other anti @-@ American slogans . Schoolteachers and students in Azad Kashmir expressed their outrage during a protest in the capital Muzaffarabad . Protests were also organised in the northern towns of Skardu in Gilgit @-@ Baltistan and Chitral . Some faculty members of the University of the Punjab , the country 's oldest university , passed a " resolution " in which they backed the Pakistan Army , stating that " Pakistan does not want war , but war is being imposed on it " and said the War on Terror was a " drama " staged by the " US elite " and a certain group of rich international bankers referred to as the " high cabal " by Winston Churchill who wanted to establish a " world government " . The Federation of Pakistan Chamber of Commerce & Industry condemned the attack as well . Local television cable operators pulled out western channels such as BBC World News to deter what they called " anti @-@ Pakistan bias " in the media . Leaders of Pakistani Christian communities also condemned the attack and pledged their support for the armed forces along with calling for a UN inquiry ; speaking on the occasion , the president of the Pakistan Catholic Bishops ' Conference said : " Our soldiers lost their lives in the line of duty . They died fighting terrorism " . Religious leaders and scholars of the Hindu , Sikh , Muslim , Christian and Baha 'i communities also condemned the incident during an inter @-@ faith meeting .
= = = Reaction by the US and NATO = = =
The White House released a statement in which it said that senior American officials had expressed their condolences to Pakistan and that the officials expressed " our desire to work together to determine what took place , and our commitment to the U.S.-Pakistan partnership which advances our shared interests , including fighting terrorism in the region " . US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton , and Defense Secretary Leon Panetta spoke to their Pakistani counterparts to give their " deepest condolences " in a joint statement and also supported a NATO investigation . The commander of the International Security Assistance Force is " personally paying the highest attention " to the matter . The Obama administration pledged co @-@ operation with Pakistan and ordered a full investigation and inquiry to be conducted into the attack . A few days later after the incident , President Barack Obama personally phoned President Asif Ali Zardari to express his sorrow over the deaths of the soldiers and , according to a press release , " made it clear that this regrettable incident was not a deliberate attack on Pakistan and reiterated the United States ' strong commitment to a full investigation . " while stopping short of offering a formal apology .
A NATO spokesman said that NATO " regrets the loss of life of any Pakistani servicemen " .
On 27 November 2011 , NATO issued an apology for what it called a " tragic unintended incident " . In addition , NATO chief Anders Fogh Rasmussen is reported to have written to Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani commenting that " the deaths of Pakistani personnel are as unacceptable and deplorable as the deaths of Afghan and international personnel " . " We have a joint interest in the fight against cross @-@ border terrorism and in ensuring that Afghanistan does not once again become a safe haven for terrorists , " Rasmussen was quoted as saying .
The US Chief of Army Staff , General Martin Dempsey , said Pakistan 's anger was justified as it had a reason to be furious given the loss of life . However , Dempsey did not apologise , saying he did not know enough about the incident and an inquiry was still being conducted . A senior advisor to Afghan President Hamid Karzai warned that Pakistan and Afghanistan may be on a course toward military conflict . Hamid Karzai contacted the Pakistani Prime Minister to discuss the NATO strike and gave his condolences over the deaths of soldiers .
The commander of the International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) , General John R. Allen , presented condolences to the family members and loved ones of the dead soldiers and ordered a " thorough investigation " into the matter . NATO chief Anders Fogh Rasmussen wrote to Pakistan 's Prime Minister to say " the deaths of Pakistani personnel are ... unacceptable and deplorable . "
At the same time , US senators such as John McCain and Lindsey Graham said the United States needed to " fully review " its ties with Pakistan and consider enforcing cuts or new restrictions to military and economic aid , in response to attacks on American soldiers in Afghanistan which the United States accuses of having links to Pakistani intelligence agencies .
Dennis J. Kucinich , a US Congressman from Ohio , said while speaking at an event organised by the Association of Physicians of Pakistani Descent of North America ( APPNA ) that the United States must apologise to Pakistan and pay reparations to the families of the soldiers , adding : " I ’ m aware of complexities around US @-@ Pakistan relations , but you are our brothers and sisters , and we need to help facilitate those who want to take care of people here . "
The US embassy in Islamabad released a video statement on YouTube featuring Ambassador Cameron Munter standing in front of the American and Pakistani flags , in which he expressed his regrets for the attack . Giving his condolences , Munter said the United States took the attack " very seriously " and pledged " a full , in @-@ depth investigation . " He also pointed out that Pakistan and the United States had been friends for over 60 years and that having " weathered previous crises together " , he was certain they would both " weather this one too " to emerge as stronger partners .
= = = International reaction = = =
= = = = By country = = = =
China : The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs held a 40 @-@ minute telephone conversation with the Pakistani foreign affairs minister and released a statement afterwards in which it expressed China had " strong concerns " and was " deeply shocked " over the attack and maintained that " Pakistan 's independence , sovereignty and territorial integrity should be respected . "
During the first week of January 2012 , Chief of Army Staff General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani left for an official five @-@ day visit to China , a close ally of Pakistan , at the invitation of the Chinese leadership . According to military sources , the army chief was expected to meet the Chinese president and prime minister alongside top security officials , and a focal agenda of the meeting included discussions on the NATO incident , a briefing by Kayani on rewriting terms of engagement with the US , as well as security co @-@ operation between China and Pakistan . Commenting on the occasion , a security official said : " We want to take our relationship with China to the next level " .
Denmark : The foreign minister of Denmark , Villy Sovndal , sent an official letter to convey condolences on the dead soldiers . Sovndal said " Pakistan has already suffered enormous casualties with tens of thousands civilians and service personnel being killed by militants during the last 10 years . No country is so hard hit as Pakistan . It calls for our deepest sympathy and solidarity . "
France : A spokesman for the French Foreign Ministry said France extended its condolences for the " tragic and regrettable events that led to the death of at least 26 Pakistani soldiers " and called for co @-@ operation with the Pakistani government in addition to lending support for an inquiry into the facts behind the incident .
Germany : Guido Westerwelle , Foreign Minister of Germany , deplored the attack during a telephone call to Pakistan and said he supported an investigation into it .
Iran : Major General Mohammad Ali Jafari , commander of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps , condemned the NATO air raid in a message to Pakistan 's Chief of Army Staff : " There is no doubt that the horrible crime was in violation of international laws and regulations which once again unmasked the true face of the so @-@ called advocates of peace and human rights " . In addition , some 224 Iranian parliamentarians issued a joint statement in which they condemned the attack and encouraged Islamabad to show a " decisive move " to " prevent the United States ' future crimes and violation of Pakistan 's territorial integrity " .
Italy : Italian foreign minister Giulio Terzi contacted Pakistani foreign minister Hina Rabbani Khar , during which he condoled the loss of lives , terming the incident a matter of " huge concern . " Terzi commented that Pakistan was a major stakeholder in resolving stability in Afghanistan and that its presence would be greatly missed in the upcoming Bonn conference .
Russia : The Russian foreign minister stated it is unacceptable to violate the sovereignty of a state , even when planning and carrying out counter @-@ insurgent operations . In January 2012 , reports emerged that Pakistani foreign minister Hina Rabbani Khar was set to leave for Moscow in the first half of February to formally invite Russian president Dmitry Medvedev to pay a state visit to Pakistan . If Medvedev accepts the invitation , he would be the first Russian head of state to visit the country . The move is believed to be part of changes in Pakistan 's foreign policy which include efforts to open up relations with other regional powers following strains in relations with the United States .
Sri Lanka : Thousands of Sri Lankan protesters attended a gathering in a public square in Colombo organised by the Pakistan Sri Lanka Friendship Association and the National Freedom Front ( a political party and ally of the ruling coalition government ) , condemning the NATO 's actions and asking the US to " stop terrorizing Pakistan " . The attendees included several high profile Sri Lankan government officials , as well as journalists , government employees , lawyers and members of the civil society . Members of the Sri Lankan Muslim community and the Pakistani community in Sri Lanka were present . During the same gathering , protesters also criticised the United States for pushing an inquiry into the conduct of the Sri Lankan armed forces in the recently ended civil war against Tamil insurgents .
Turkey : The Turkish Minister for Foreign Affairs Ahmet Davutoğlu telephoned Pakistan and called the attack " unprovoked and totally unacceptable " . Davutoğlu assured that as a member of NATO , Turkey will ask for an impartial inquiry into the attacks . He further added that the loss of the Pakistani soldiers was " as painful as losing Turkish soldiers " .
United Arab Emirates : Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan , the Foreign Affairs Minister of the United Arab Emirates , arrived in Islamabad on an unannounced visit and requested President Asif Ali Zardari to reconsider and withdraw Pakistan 's deadline set for the US to vacate the Shamsi Airbase . President Zardari is said to have rejected the request during the meeting , saying the decision was taken by the Defence Committee of the Cabinet and was in national interests . The Shamsi Airbase is believed to be under the control of the UAE , which leased it in the 1990s for facilitating visits of wealthy Arabs who used to visit Pakistan for falconry and hunting trips . The UAE is reportedly the party which allowed the US to use the air base for military purposes .
= = = = Organisations = = = =
United Nations : The office of the Security Council 's President , Ambassador Jose Filipe Moraes Cabral of Portugal , submitted Mr. Haroon 's letter for their information as well as the DCC statement , to be issued as a document of the UNSC . UN is still awaited for further comments .
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) : The Secretary General of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu condemned the NATO attacks and gave his condolences to the relatives of the dead soldiers . Ihsanoglu said the attacks were a " serious violation of Pakistan 's sovereignty and are totally unacceptable " and expressed solidarity with Pakistan .
European Union : Catherine Ashton offered her condolences for the deaths and said : " We underline the EU 's commitment to continue its engagement with Pakistan in pursuit of the shared goals of promoting peace , security and prosperity . Pakistan is a vital partner in the region and has an essential role to play in the resolution of the Afghan conflict . "
Syed Ali Shah Geelani , leader of the separatist Tehreek @-@ e @-@ Hurriyat party in Indian @-@ administered Kashmir said during a telephone address that Pakistan was facing problems due to its alliance with the United States .
The Tehrik @-@ i @-@ Taliban ( TTP ) said NATO 's attack on Pakistani check posts proved that the US " can never be a friend of Pakistan " and said Pakistan ought to take revenge for the incident and cut off its ties with the USA . A TTP spokesperson maintained that no peace talks were being held with the government of Pakistan .
= = = = Third parties = = = =
John Rees , a British socialist and anti @-@ war political activist , called the NATO attack an " extremely dangerous incursion " and argued that the US and its allies were creating instability in the nuclear @-@ armed country . Ahmed Qureshi , an Islamabad @-@ based analyst , said during the same interview with state @-@ run Russia Today that the prevailing public outrage may force the government and the army to take some decisive measures against the United States .
Australian analyst Brian Cloughley said the attack would have severe consequences : " This is quite outrageous and I have no doubt it signifies the end of the last lingering shreds of trust that the Pakistani army had for the U.S. " . According to Coughley , the USAF had full knowledge of the locations of Pakistani border posts , and thus there was no excuse for this incident .
An article from the Asia Times by M K Bhadrakumar explains that US should learn from its experience with Iran . It has no answer to a resolute nation in its will to put up against an enemy and Pakistan is going to give a " Persian response " this time if the intention was to intimidate its army . According to Bhadrakumar , Pakistan 's calculated response following the attack stops short of directly terminating its participation in the war although in essence , this event may push Pakistan 's army " within inches of doing that " in the long @-@ term scenario .
A report published in the newspaper Pakistan Observer claimed that some military and defence observers at Islamabad believed NATO was playing a double game and was in league with the Tehrik @-@ i @-@ Taliban ; according to the report , there was a theory being circulated which suggested that the attack carried out by NATO came just when some Tehrik @-@ i @-@ Taliban ( TTP ) militants from Afghanistan who had entered the region had been completely encircled by Pakistani forces and were about to be eliminated " within the next few hours " . These check posts were there to check them and prevent from crossing the border in to Pakistan . Pakistani monitors and experts on Afghanistan believed that at least two Afghan military officials deployed on the border , Brigadier General Aminullah Amarkhel and Colonel Numan Hatifi ( of the 201st Silab Corps ) , have anti @-@ Pakistan sentiments and links to anti @-@ Pakistani elements .
An article published in People 's Daily , China 's top state newspaper , accused the United States and NATO of flouting international law and fanning terrorism . Simultaneously , many Chinese scholars , analysts and members of leading think tanks also expressed strong criticism of NATO 's attack . A former spokesperson for the US state department said China , which is a close ally of Pakistan , " sees this as a target of opportunity , both to tweak the US and to subtly suggest to Pakistan that if it really sours of its relationship with the US , it has an alternative " .
Writing for the Pakistani newspaper Express Tribune , Indian blogger Sanjay Kumar said the attack had elicited various reactions in India , with some vocal sections who saw Islamabad in " the prism of prejudice and paranoia " expressing glee and delight at the discomfort and supposed humiliation of their arch @-@ rival western neighbour . Kumar opinionated that " such sick thought has many takers in this healthy democracy which prides itself as the voice of the third world countries " . An opinion piece by Abdul Ruff Colachal published on the Indian Muslim Observer titled " NATO terrorism in Pakistan " said that Pakistan 's leadership was " interested mainly in promoting US imperialist goals and western capitalist interests " rather than protecting the interests of its people .
= = Gallantry awards = =
Recipients of the Sitara @-@ e @-@ Jurat :
Major Mujahid Ali Mirani Shaheed .
Recipients of the Tamgha @-@ e @-@ Basalat :
Captain Usman Ali Shaheed .
= = = Media reports = = =
The Salalah check post after NATO / ISAF attacks
Funeral prayer of martyred soldiers ’ offered
Nato attack : Funeral prayers of soldiers offered
Funeral prayers of soldiers at Peshawar on YouTube
Russia News – World war III will start if USA attacks Pakistan on YouTube
= = = Analysis and further reading = = =
Using the PAF ? – Dealing militarily and non @-@ militarily with USA without direct offensive confrontation .
Nato fuel tankers for US troops attacked in Pakistan
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= Tremplin du Praz =
Tremplin du Praz is a ski jumping hill at Le Praz in Courchevel , France . The complex consists of four hills : a large hill with construction point of K @-@ 120 and hill size of HS132 , a normal hill at K @-@ 90 and HS96 , and two training hills at K @-@ 60 and K @-@ 25 . The complex also has a cross @-@ country skiing stadium used for Nordic combined . Jörg Ritzerfeld holds the large hill winter record of 134 @.@ 0 metres and Nicolas Mayer the normal hill record of 100 @.@ 5 metres .
La Praz received its first ski jumping hill in 1944 . Ahead of the 1992 Winter Olympics , the large and normal hills were built along with a cross @-@ country stadium to host ski jumping and Nordic combined events . Since 1997 , the hill has hosted an annual summer FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix event . It has also been used for one FIS Ski Jumping World Cup and two FIS Nordic Combined World Cup rounds , in addition to four events of the FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup . The medium hill opened in 2004 and the small hill in 2008 .
= = Construction = =
The first ski jump in Courchevel was built on the location of the large hill in 1944 . It was followed by a second in 1955 , located in Courchevel 1850 . The hills were used to incorporate ski jumping into the Alpine skiing training programs . In 1970 , a larger 50 @-@ metre hill was built in Courchevel 1850 . It was supplemented with a small 25 @-@ metre hill in the early 1990s .
In the Albertville bid for the 1992 Winter Olympics , La Praz was designated the host of the ski jumping and Nordic combined events . The site was chosen because it was sheltered from the wind , had good exposure to the sun and predictable snowfall . Planning for the new venue started in 1988 , after Albertville had been selected to host the games . The hills were designed so both could be used simultaneously , if desired . During the 1988 Winter Olympics , the ski jumps at Canada Olympic Park were subject to strong winds and several of the competitions were postponed . To avoid such inconveniences , Tremplin du Praz was built into the mountain side to minimize wind exposure . Although the size of the hills remained the same , the 1992 Olympics were the first to measure the sizes in construction points ( K @-@ points ) .
In 2004 , the venue was upgraded for € 1 million by installing a K @-@ 60 inrun between the normal and large hill . This allowed the medium inrun to use the same outrun as the normal hill . In 2008 , a small K @-@ 25 hill , named Ninoufbakken , was installed slightly away from the main hills . The venue 's certificate was due to expire in 2011 , after which the venue would have to meet the International Ski Federation 's ( FIS ) latest regulations . A € 1 @.@ 5 million upgrade program was initiated , which saw the inruns renovated , including installation of the Ski @-@ Line track system and new Porsgrund ceramic tracks . The outruns saw new plastic mats and a new sprinkler system . The Nordic House , a sports centre , was also built . Construction started on the normal hill in May 2011 and on the large hill in August 2011 , with completion scheduled for early 2012 .
= = Facilities = =
The venue is located in Le Praz , also known as Courchevel 1300 , a village at the base of the Courchevel skiing resort . The venue is 1 @,@ 300 m ( 4 @,@ 300 ft ) above mean sea level and consists of four jumps . The large hill has a K @-@ point of K @-@ 120 and a hill size of HS132 . The normal hill has a K @-@ point of K @-@ 90 and a hill size of HS96 . The medium hill , with a K @-@ point of K @-@ 60 and hill size of HS65 , shares its outrun with the normal hill . The small hill , Ninoufbakken , has a K @-@ point of K @-@ 25 and a hill size of HS30 and is located away from the rest of the complex . The large and normal hill have an take @-@ off angle of 11 @.@ 5 ° and 10 @.@ 5 ° , and a landing angle of 37 @.@ 5 ° and 36 ° , respectively .
The venue covers an area of 0 @.@ 4 hectares ( 1 acre ) and features a judge tower , distance and speed measuring equipment , a weather station , snowmaking equipment , scoreboards and athlete preparation cubicles . The venue has 50 commentator booths , a VIP area and stands for 23 @,@ 000 spectators . Auxiliary facilities include a medical centre , a 900 m2 ( 9 @,@ 700 sq ft ) press and conference centere and 7 @,@ 000 m2 ( 75 @,@ 000 sq ft ) of parking . The Nordic House consists of rooms for organizers , accommodation for ski jumpers , stands for 200 spectators , a sports hall and a fitness centre .
Adjacent to the hills is stadium used for cross @-@ country part of Nordic combined . The stadium area is 0 @.@ 2 hectares ( 0 @.@ 49 acres ) and is made up of a timing and jury tower and preparation cubicles . There is capacity for 15 @,@ 000 spectators . For the Olympics , a 5 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) long loop was added , which ran around the village to the neighboring village of Saint @-@ Bon and back . Roads were crossed on wooden bridges and underpasses . The loop involved an extra round around the stadium area , with an altitude difference of 84 m ( 276 ft ) and a maximum climb of 43 m ( 141 ft ) . The total climb for the 15 kilometre individual Olympic race was 546 metres ( 1 @,@ 791 ft ) and for the 3 × 10 kilometre 346 m ( 1 @,@ 135 ft ) . Cross @-@ country proper was held at Les Saisies .
= = Events = =
= = = Men = = =
Tremplin du Praz hosted the ski jumping events and the ski jumping part of the Nordic combined at the 1992 Winter Olympics . The format went unchanged from the previous games , but the Albertville Olympics were the first to see the mainstream use of V @-@ style . The large hill competition was won by Austria 's Ernst Vettori , the normal hill event was won by Finland 's Toni Nieminen and the team event was won by Finland . Nieminen , Vettori and Austria 's Martin Höllwarth collected medals in all three events . In Nordic combined , France won a double with Fabrice Guy and Sylvain Guillaume in the individual event , while Japan won the team event .
The hill was scheduled to host two FIS Ski Jumping World Cup events in January 1991 , but they had to be cancelled due to lack of snow . In 1993 , the hills hosted a single large hill World Cup event . Since 1997 , Tremplin du Praz has been used annually for the FIS Ski Jumping Grand Prix , the premier international summer ski jumping tournament . Originally it consisted of a single competition in the large hill , but from 2010 , a qualification run was introduced the day before the main event . The venue has hosted the FIS Ski Jumping Continental Cup four times , in 2000 , 2002 , 2010 and 2011 . In February 2006 , the venue hosted two FIS Cup competitions in the normal hill . In January 2007 , Courchevel hosted two rounds of a FIS @-@ organized junior ski jump in the normal hill . In Nordic combined , the venue has hosted the FIS Nordic Combined World Cup twice , in 1991 and 1992 . It also held a World Cup B event in 1997 . The venue has been a popular training venue for national teams , and Germany often holds summer training in Courchevel .
The hill record in the large hill is 134 @.@ 0 metres , set by Germany 's Jörg Ritzerfeld in 2002 . However , in the summer the record is 137 @.@ 0 metres , set by Poland 's Kamil Stoch in 2011 . For the normal hill , the record of 100 @.@ 5 metres was recorded by Nicolas Mayer in 2010 .
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= Ontario Highway 412 =
King 's Highway 412 , or simply Highway 412 , is a tolled controlled @-@ access highway in the Canadian province of Ontario . The route is approximately 10 km ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) long , connecting Highway 401 with the eastern extension of Highway 407 . The route lies entirely within Whitby in the Regional Municipality of Durham , travelling within one kilometre of the border between Whitby and Ajax and Pickering ( Lake Ridge Road ) .
During planning , the route was known as the West Durham Link . Its designation as Highway 412 , the first new 400 @-@ series designation in several decades , was confirmed along with Highway 418 on February 6 , 2015 . Although initially planned to open in October 2015 , the opening was delayed until June 20 , 2016 . Highway 412 opened alongside the extension of Highway 407 ( Highway 407E ) from Brock Road in Pickering to Harmony Road in Oshawa . The Ministry of Transportation of Ontario ( MTO ) announced that the route would be free to travel until 2017 to make up for delays .
= = Route description = =
Highway 412 is a 10 @-@ kilometre ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) four @-@ lane highway extending from Highway 401 to Highway 407E , just north of Highway 7 . The entire length of the route lay between Lakeridge Road and Coronation Road , within Whitby . At the southern end , the route begins at a three @-@ level stack interchange with a realigned Highway 401 , from which it proceeds north . It crosses Dundas Street ( former Highway 2 ) , where a partial interchange provides access to the north and from the south .
North of Dundas Street , the route swerves westward onto the alignment of Halls Road and crosses Rossland Road ; a future interchange is planned at this location . It continues north to a planned interchange with Taunton Road before diverging east from the Halls Road alignment to travel parallel between it and Coronation Road . The route crosses Highway 7 ( Winchester Road ) , where a partial interchange provides southbound access and a northbound exit ; a commuter carpool parking lot lay on the northwest corner . Immediately north of Highway 7 , the route ends at a three @-@ level stack interchange with Highway 407E .
= = History = =
The West Durham Link , as it was then known , was first presented to Whitby Council on February 10 , 1992 . It quickly drew the ire of local residents fearful of noise levels and the environmental effects on Lynde Creek . However , the recession of the mid @-@ 1990s resulted in Highway 407 being truncated in Markham temporarily . Slightly revised plans for the links appeared on the June 2007 Technically Recommended Route Report for the extension of Highway 407 to Highway 35 / 115 , which was submitted as part of the environmental assessment ( EA ) for the extension , but had been announced earlier that year on March 7 by the Government of Canada , as part of an investment in Greater Toronto Area infrastructure .
The EA report was released on August 17 , 2009 , including detailed plans for the configuration of the interchanges along the new highway . The route will run parallel to and east of Lake Ridge Road , partially overlapping the current route of Halls Road and partially along a new alignment one lot to the east . Both Halls Road and Coronation Road will be re @-@ aligned to accommodate the new highway . It will be six lanes throughout its length , with a concrete Ontario Tall Wall as a median . Highway 412 will cut into Lynde Creek , a small waterway that flows out to Lake Ontario .
Construction was underway by late 2013 . On February 6 , 2015 , it was announced by the MTO that the West Durham Link would be designated Highway 412 . Whitby Town Council has recommended to the province the route be named after Jim Flaherty .
Although initially expected to be completed on December 18 , 2015 , delays resulted in the opening being postponed until June 2016 . The highway was opened , alongside Highway 407E between Brock Road in Pickering and Harmony Road in Oshawa , on June 20 , 2016 .
= = Exit list = =
The following are the exits listed in the 407 East Environmental Assessment Report . Official lengths are not yet available . The entire route lies within Whitby in the Regional Municipality of Durham .
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= Mayored to the Mob =
" Mayored to the Mob " is the ninth episode of The Simpsons ' tenth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 20 , 1998 . After Homer prevents Mayor Quimby and Mark Hamill from being trampled at a convention , Homer trains to become a bodyguard and is employed by Quimby . After Homer discovers Quimby has been making corrupt deals with Fat Tony and forces him to end the deal , Fat Tony threatens to kill Quimby , leaving Homer to defend the Mayor from threats . The episode was written by Ron Hauge and directed by Swinton O. Scott III , and received positive reviews from critics overall .
= = Plot = =
While watching television , the Simpson family sees a commercial for the " Bi @-@ Mon @-@ Sci @-@ Fi @-@ Con " , a science @-@ fiction convention featuring Mark Hamill and others , and decide to attend . A riot breaks out at the convention after Hamill offers the chance for someone in the crowd to act out a scene with him . Homer notices that Mark Hamill and Mayor Quimby are in danger of being trampled due to the riot and quickly rescues them . In gratitude , Quimby employs Homer as his bodyguard .
Homer begins training at " Leavelle 's Bodyguard Academy , " where he quickly graduates and begins his new job . Unbeknownst to Homer , Quimby made a deal with Fat Tony shortly after Homer was employed to provide milk to the schools of Springfield . Homer discovers the milk is from rats and confronts Quimby , accidentally knocking him out a window . Discovering Quimby hanging from a ledge , Homer makes him promise to expose Fat Tony in return for being pulled to safety .
Quimby organizes the arrests of Fat Tony and his men , but Fat Tony threatens Quimby 's life . Scared at having to defend Quimby due to the death threats , Homer attempts to reassure the Mayor by taking him to a dinner theater to see Mark Hamill portray Nathan Detroit in Guys and Dolls . Homer discovers Fat Tony is there alongside his henchman , Louie , having been released on bail , and unwittingly made the situation worse when he did what Fat Tony told him to do by planting a kiss on Mayor Quimby , oblivious to the fact that he had given the Mayor the kiss of death . Louie attempts to stab Quimby but is stopped in a scuffle with Homer after Hamill advises Homer to " use the forks . " However Fat Tony is still able to savagely beat Quimby with a baseball bat . Hamill says to Homer that Quimby will be fine , and Homer helps Hamill escape from the paparazzi .
= = Production = =
Ron Hauge , writer of the episode , wanted to do an episode where he would use Homer 's qualities such as oafishness , brute strength , thickness , and loyalty , for good . When Lisa says they have to go back for Maggie after the family escape the riot , Homer says " Forget Maggie , she 's gone . " Matt Groening claims this to be one of his favorite quotes in the show . Hamill only agreed to guest star if he was allowed to voice a character as well as himself . He stated that he loved doing the voice for bodyguard instructor Leavelle a lot more than he did providing the voice for himself .
= = Cultural references = =
The Bi @-@ Mon @-@ Sci @-@ Fi @-@ Con science @-@ fiction convention features numerous references to the genre . As well as Mark Hamill , guests at the convention include ALF from the television series ALF , Tom Baker in costume as the Fourth Doctor from the series Doctor Who , Gort from the film The Day the Earth Stood Still ( 1951 ) , Godzilla from the film series of the same name and Jonathan Harris in costume as Dr. Zachary Smith from the series Lost in Space TV show , as well as the robot from the show . Real @-@ life astronaut Neil Armstrong is also a guest .
Among the attendees is Üter , who wears a Futurama shirt ; Futurama , an animated science @-@ fiction comedy which was created by The Simpsons ' creator Matt Groening , did not premiere until the following year . Seymour Skinner is dressed as Spock from Star Trek , as are several others , and Edna Krabappel is dressed as Barbarella from the comic and film Barbarella ( 1968 ) . Other costumes include Xena from the series Xena : Warrior Princess , Terminator from The Terminator film series , Griffin from the novel The Invisible Man ( 1897 ) and later the comic book series The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , as well as a Borg and Geordi La Forge from Star Trek . When Comic Book Guy meets a girl with similar interests to him at the convention , Alexander Courage 's piece " Under the Spell " from the original Star Trek pilot " The Cage " is played . A booth for the comic book Roswell , Little Green Man is seen at the convention ; the comic was published by Groening 's Bongo Comics Group .
The episode contains multiple references to Star Wars , the film series in which Hamill starred . Throughout the episode , Hamill wears the costume of his Star Wars character Luke Skywalker , and tells Homer to " use the forks , " spoofing the line " use the Force " from the series . The convention features a tag @-@ team wrestling match which sees " the mighty robots " ( the Cylons ) from the series Battlestar Galactica fight the " gay robots " ( R2 @-@ D2 and C @-@ 3PO ) from Star Wars . Somebody at the convention wears a costume of the Star Wars character Chewbacca . Homer and Mayor Quimby attend a production of the musical Guys and Dolls ( 1955 ) , starring Hamill as Nathan Detroit , who sings the Star Wars @-@ themed " Luke , Be a Jedi Tonight " to the tune of " Luck Be a Lady " .
Leavelle 's design is based on Texan detective Jim Leavelle , as he appeared when guarding Lee Harvey Oswald in the photograph of Oswald 's death at the hands of Jack Ruby following the former 's arrest for assassinating President John F. Kennedy in 1963 . Leavelle trains the bodyguards by pretending to shoot their protectee from a grassy knoll on a cart . This is a reference to the grassy knoll at Kennedy 's assassination location Dealey Plaza and a scene from the Kennedy assassination film Executive Action ( 1973 ) .
The plot shares elements with the film The Bodyguard ( 1992 ) , particularly Homer carrying Hamill away from the crowd at the end . Leavelle sings the song " I Will Always Love You " by Dolly Parton which was popularized by Whitney Houston as the theme for The Bodyguard ; it also plays at the end . After believing he has killed Mayor Quimby , Homer decides to take inspiration from the film Weekend at Bernie 's ( 1989 ) and " use the body to stage an elaborate farce . " The title of the episode is a reference to the film Married to the Mob ( 1988 ) . During the Guys and Dolls scene the cast members sing a song with the musical 's title to the tune of " Hooray for Hollywood " , which as Mark Hamill points out isn 't one of the show 's musical numbers .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast , " Mayored to the Mob " finished 24th in ratings for the week of December 14 – 20 , 1998 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 6 , equivalent to approximately 8 @.@ 5 million viewing households . It was the second highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following Ally McBeal .
Empire named Hamill 's performance in the episode as the tenth @-@ best film gag in the show , commenting : " As a rule , celebrity cameos are rubbish , but good sport Hamill is hilarious when singing ' Luke , be a Jedi tonight ' in a production of Guys and Dolls , and makes this list for urging bodyguard Homer to ' use the forks . ' " Eric Goldman , Dan Iverson and Brian Zoromski of IGN marked Hamill 's guest appearance second on a list of " Top 25 Simpsons Guest appearances " saying that much of the episode 's humor came from Hamill being " a good sport about his past " . In addition , Hamill ranked 18th on AOL 's list of their favorite 25 Simpsons guest stars , and Total Film 's Nathan Ditum ranked his performance as the third @-@ best guest appearance in the show 's history . Simon Crerar of The Times also listed Hamill 's performance as one of the thirty @-@ three funniest cameos in the history of The Simpsons .
The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , wrote that " the best bits all involve either the convention or Mark Hamill 's repeated attempts to not be mobbed . Sadly , the main thrust of the story -- Homer 's protection of Quimby from Don Tony -- falls a bit flat . Nevertheless , when the jokes run free , they are of exceptionally high quality . " In his review of The Simpsons ' tenth season , James Plath of Dvdtown.com notes " Mayored to the Mob " to be " one of the funnier episodes . " IGN named it as the best episode of season 10 . In an interview with Australian newspaper mX , season 10 show runner Mike Scully marked " Mayored to the Mob " as fourth in his top @-@ five episodes from season 10 .
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= Underneath It All =
" Underneath It All " is a song written by Gwen Stefani and Dave Stewart for No Doubt 's fourth album Rock Steady ( 2001 ) . The song features reggae production from Mad Lion and guest vocals from deejay Lady Saw . It received mixed reviews from pop music critics .
" Underneath It All " was released as the album 's third single in mid @-@ 2002 . It became No Doubt 's highest @-@ charting American single but was less successful elsewhere . The song won a Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal at the 46th Grammy Awards . The song was featured in the film 50 First Dates ( 2004 ) .
= = Background and writing = =
The song was originally written by Stefani and Stewart during Stefani 's visit to boyfriend Gavin Rossdale in London . The two used backward string samples to write the song in only ten minutes . The song describes Stefani 's relationship with Rossdale , and the line " You 're really lovely underneath it all " comes from a journal entry that Stefani made after spending a day in the park with Rossdale . Guitarist Tom Dumont commented that Stewart 's experience helped them keep the song simple because he " would have way overthought those chord changes . " When the band was working on the album in Jamaica , producers Sly & Robbie called dancehall artist Lady Saw to have her contribute a guest toast . After listening to the track , Lady Saw wrote and recorded her part on the spot .
= = Music and structure = =
The song is a love song composed in the key of E major . It is written in common time and moves slowly at 69 beats per minute . Stefani avoids the heavy vocal vibrato that she often uses . Her vocal range spans under an octave and a half during the song , from F # 3 to B4 .
The song opens with a line sampled from Bob Clarke 's Sunday radio show on IRIE FM . The verses use a simple I @-@ vi chord progression , alternating between a first inversion E major chord and a second inversion C # minor chord , played on the off @-@ beats and switch to a IV @-@ iii progression . Each verse is followed by the chorus , which uses a I @-@ IV @-@ V @-@ IV progression . After the bridge , Lady Saw performs her toast . Stefani then sings the chorus twice , and Clarke closes the song after Stefani repeats the line " Mm mm mm underneath it all " four times .
= = Critical reception = =
" Underneath It All " received mixed reviews from music critics . Rolling Stone found its ska sound and Stefani 's questioning whether or not Rossdale is her soulmate tired . LAUNCHcast agreed the beat was one " that Sly & Robbie can do in their sleep " but added that the song " keeps its modern edge thanks to Lady Saw 's cooling rap . " Kitty Empire writing in NME also gave Lady Saw 's toast a positive review , stating that it " does an excellent job of sexing up all the sugar . " Stylus Magazine was pleased with Stefani 's performance on the song , stating that " she lets her voice ride gently on top of the melody , pushed along by the gentle steel drums in the background . " PopMatters commented that " No Doubt isn 't afraid of working with new ideas " but that the dancehall of " Underneath It All " was unsuccessful and sloppy . In its review of The Singles 1992 @-@ 2003 , OMH Media described the song as " an embarrassingly self @-@ conscious reggae pastiche , unimproved by a guest rap from Jamaican dancehall queen Lady Saw . "
= = Chart performance = =
" Underneath It All " peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 for two weeks , becoming No Doubt 's highest charting American single , since " Don 't Speak " was not allowed onto the Hot 100 because of a technicality . It was successful in mainstream music , topping the Top 40 Mainstream and reaching number two on the Top 40 Tracks . The song was also successful in the adult contemporary radio market , reaching number two on the Adult Top 40 chart with a 2004 re @-@ appearance atop the Top 40 Adult Recurrents and peaking at number twenty @-@ seven on the Adult Contemporary chart . It had some crossover success on urban contemporary and Hispanic rhythmic stations , reaching the top forty on the Latin Pop Airplay and Rhythmic Top 40 charts and number twenty @-@ three on the Latin Tropical / Salsa Airplay . At the 2004 Grammy Awards , " Underneath It All " won for Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group . The song fared poorer on the Canadian Singles Chart , where it peaked at number thirty @-@ five .
" Underneath It All " debuted at number eighteen on the UK Singles Chart but was unable to reach a higher position . It was unsuccessful across Europe , only reaching the top forty in Austria and Sweden . On the ARIA Singles Chart , the song peaked at number twenty @-@ eight and remained on the chart for seven weeks . In New Zealand it peaked at number eight for two consecutive weeks and stayed on the chart for over four months .
= = Music video = =
The song 's music video was directed by Sophie Muller and directing collaborative Logan . It opens with a sequence of Stefani , as shown on the cover of the CD single , removing several pieces of clothing and later lying on a bed . After a scene with her in front of a white heart with roses , bassist Tony Kanal and drummer Adrian Young play basketball while Stefani stands against the wall . Stefani is then shown against a sparkling sky , followed by a scene of the whole band bicycling during Lady Saw 's toast . The video closes with a scene of Stefani jumping on a bed in white undergarments and without makeup .
Muller wanted to add more sexual themes to the look of the video to contrast with the innocence of the song 's lyrics . The original idea for the video was to show Stefani with heavy makeup " really over done like a stripper " and have her remove her clothing throughout the video . Muller found that this complicated the video too much , so each sequence shows Stefani with progressively less makeup instead . Muller decided to use a color scheme with bright colors such as orange , lime green , and pink , and the contrast was increased using Symphony in post @-@ production . The bicycling scene was to originally show footage that the band shot while recording in Jamaica since Stefani wanted to include a Jamaican theme . Instead , the scene was created by filming the individual band members on a twelve @-@ foot turntable in front of a bluescreen . Tracks were used to shoot two members riding next to each other , and Logan used computer @-@ generated imagery to show the entire band bicycling in Jamaica .
The music video was successful on video channels . It debuted on MTV 's Total Request Live 7 October 2002 at number seven . It reached number five on the countdown and was on the program for twenty @-@ four days . " Underneath It All " peaked at number two on MuchMusic 's Countdown in September 2002 . The video received nominations for Best Pop Video and Best Cinematography at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards , but lost to Justin Timberlake 's " Cry Me a River " and Johnny Cash 's cover of " Hurt " respectively .
= = Track listing = =
= = = Maxi single = = =
" Underneath It All " featuring Lady Saw ( Album Version ) - 5 : 03
" Underneath It All " ( Radio 1Live Acoustic Version ) - 3 : 44
" Just a Girl " ( Radio 1Live Acoustic Version ) - 3 : 30
" Underneath It All " Video - 5 : 03
= = = 2 @-@ track single = = =
" Underneath It All " featuring Lady Saw ( Album Version ) - 5 : 03
" Underneath It All " ( Radio 1Live Acoustic Version ) - 3 : 44
= = Cover versions = =
American rock band Zebrahead covered the song and released it as a single for their cover album Panty Raid .
On November 25 , 2013 , Tessanne Chin covered the song on Season 5 of NBC 's singing competition , The Voice for the Live Top 8 round . She also deejayed Lady Saw 's verse .
= = Release history = =
= = Charts = =
= = = Weekly charts = = =
= = = Year @-@ end charts = = =
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= Saxaul sparrow =
The saxaul sparrow ( Passer ammodendri ) is a passerine bird of the sparrow family Passeridae , found in parts of Central Asia . At 14 – 16 centimetres ( 5 @.@ 5 – 6 @.@ 3 in ) and 25 – 32 grams ( 0 @.@ 88 – 1 @.@ 13 oz ) , it is among the larger sparrows . Both sexes have plumage ranging from dull grey to sandy brown , and pale brown legs . Females have less boldly coloured plumage and bills , lacking the pattern of black stripes on the male 's head . The head markings of both sexes make the saxaul sparrow distinctive , and unlikely to be confused with any other bird . Vocalisations include a comparatively soft and musical chirping call , a song , and a flight call .
Three subspecies are recognised , differing in the overall tone of their plumage and in the head striping of the female . The subspecies ammodendri occurs in the west of the saxaul sparrow 's range , while stoliczkae and nigricans occur in the east . This distribution falls into six probably disjunct areas across Central Asia , from central Turkmenistan to northern Gansu in China . A bird of deserts , the saxaul sparrow favours areas with shrubs such as the saxaul , near rivers and oases . Though it has lost parts of its range to habitat destruction caused by agriculture , it is not seriously threatened by human activities .
Little is known of the saxaul sparrow 's behaviour . Often hidden in foliage , it forages in trees and on the ground . It feeds mostly on seeds , as well as insects while breeding and as a nestling . When not breeding it forms wandering flocks , but it is less social than other sparrows while breeding , often nesting in isolated pairs . Nests are round bundles of dry plant material lined with soft materials such as feathers . They are built in holes in tree cavities , earth banks , rocky slopes , and within man @-@ made structures or the nests of birds of prey . Two clutches of five or six eggs are typically laid in a season . Both parents construct the nest and care for their eggs and young .
= = Description = =
The saxaul sparrow is one of the larger sparrows at 14 – 16 centimetres ( 5 @.@ 5 – 6 @.@ 3 in ) and 25 – 32 grams ( 0 @.@ 88 – 1 @.@ 13 oz ) . Wing length varies from 7 @.@ 1 to 8 @.@ 1 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 8 to 3 @.@ 2 in ) , with males generally being larger . The tail is short at 6 @.@ 3 – 6 @.@ 95 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 48 – 2 @.@ 74 in ) . The saxaul sparrow 's legs are pale or pinkish brown , with a tarsus length of 1 @.@ 95 inches ( 50 mm ) . Its bill is 1 @.@ 0 – 1 @.@ 3 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 39 – 0 @.@ 51 in ) long , pale grey on the juvenile , pale yellowish with a black tip on the breeding female , and black on the breeding male . Like all other sparrows , it flies swiftly and often at height .
Distinctive markings , especially on its head , make the saxaul sparrow unlikely to be confused with any other bird . It is dull @-@ coloured , with plumage ranging between dull grey and warm sandy brown , varying between and within subspecies . Birds of the subspecies ammodendri are a sandy grey , while nigricans birds are similar but darker , and stoliczkae birds are warm brown or russet . Birds of the subspecies stoliczkae and those from the southwest of the range of ammodendri also differ from usual ammodendri birds in their lack of streaking on the rump and upper tail coverts . Birds in Mongolia have a larger and deeper bill and broad bluish streaks on their chest .
The male saxaul sparrow has bold markings , with a black stripe along the top of its head and another through its eye . It has black feathering , or a " bib " , on its throat and upper belly . By comparison to other sparrows this is thin on the throat , but wide on the breast . The male has a bright russet patch on the sides of its crown and nape . Its cheeks are pale grey or buff , and its underparts are whitish , tinged buff or grey on its sides . Its back is grey or warm brown , streaked variably with black . Its shoulders are more lightly streaked with black bars . The male 's thin tail is brown , with the edges and tips of feathers paler . Its median coverts are black with a white tip , while its other wing feathers are variably dark brown , cinnamon , or black , tipped buff or whitish and edged grey . The non @-@ breeding male differs in having slightly paler plumage .
The female is similar in some ways to the male , but paler and duller . It is sandy grey or brown , with a back patterned like that of the male , and white or whitish underparts . The head of the females of the subspecies ammodendri and nigricans is dingy grey with darker smudges on the forehead , behind its eyes , and on its throat . The female of the subspecies stoliczkae is buff @-@ brown with a white throat , a conspicuous pale supercilium , darker forehead , and lighter cheeks . The juvenile is similar to the female , differing in its lack of dark tinges on its throat and crown . In adults , moulting begins in July and ends in late August or early September . The post @-@ juvenile moult is complete , and occurs variously from June to August .
The saxaul sparrow 's vocalisations are little reported . Its common call is a chirp , transcribed as cheerp cheerp , softer and more melodious than that of the house sparrow . It gives a flight call transcribed as twerp , and a song described by Russian naturalist V. N. Shnitnikov as " not loud , but pleasantly melodious with fairly diversified intonations " .
= = Taxonomy = =
The saxaul sparrow was first described by English zoologist John Gould in a March 1872 instalment of The Birds of Asia , from a specimen collected near Kyzylorda , now in southern Kazakhstan , by Russian naturalist Nikolai Severtzov . Severtzov had been planning to describe the species as Passer ammodendri for several years and had been distributing specimens among other naturalists . When natural history dealer Charles Dode escaped from the Paris Commune in 1871 with some of his collection , Gould obtained specimens from a set of rare birds Dode exhibited to the Zoological Society of London . Severtzov did not describe the species until 1873 , and some later writers preferred to attribute him , but Gould 's description takes priority over Severtzov 's . The saxaul sparrow 's species name refers to its desert habitat , coming from the name of the Ammodendron or sand acacia tree , which is in turn derived from the Ancient Greek άμμος ( ammos , " sand " ) and δένδρον ( dendron , " tree " ) . The English name saxaul sparrow refers to the saxaul plant , with which it is closely associated . The saxaul sparrow usually is classified in the genus Passer with the house sparrow and around twenty other species , although a genus Ammopasser was created for the saxaul sparrow by Nikolai Zarudny in 1890 .
The saxaul sparrow 's relations within the genus Passer are unclear , although with its black throat feathering it has usually been considered part of the " Palaearctic black @-@ bibbed sparrow " group related to the house sparrow . J. Denis Summers @-@ Smith considered that the Palaearctic Passer sparrows evolved about 25 @,@ 000 to 15 @,@ 000 years ago , during the last glacial period . During this time , sparrows would have been isolated in ice @-@ free refugia , such as a certain steppe region in Central Asia , where Summers @-@ Smith suggested the saxaul sparrow evolved . Genetic and fossil evidence suggest a much earlier origin for the Passer species , perhaps in the Miocene and Pliocene , as suggested by Luis Allende and colleagues in their 2001 phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA . This analysis also suggested that the saxaul sparrow may be an early offshoot or basal species in its genus , a relative of certain African sparrows such as the northern grey @-@ headed sparrow . If the saxaul sparrow is related to these species , either the saxaul sparrow formerly occurred in the deserts of Africa and Arabia , or each of the groups of Passer sparrows are of African origin .
Across its Central Asian distribution , the saxaul sparrow occurs in six probably disjunct areas , and is divided into at least three subspecies . The nominate subspecies Passer ammodendri ammodendri inhabits three of these areas , one in the Syr Darya basin of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan , and another to the south of Lake Balkhash and the north of Almaty , where it is only common in the valley of the Ili River . In a third area , sometimes recognised as a subspecies korejewi , ammodendri birds breed sporadically in parts of central Turkmenistan , Iran , and possibly Afghanistan , migrating to the south during the winter . The subspecies stoliczkae was named after Ferdinand Stoliczka in 1874 by Allan Octavian Hume , from specimens Stoliczka collected in Yarkand . This subspecies is separated from the other two subspecies by the Tian Shan mountains . It is found across a broad swath of China from Kashgar east to the far west of Inner Mongolia , through the areas around the Taklamakan Desert ( but probably not in the inhospitable desert itself ) , and through the east of Xinjiang , northern Gansu , and the fringes of southern Mongolia . In the extreme west of the Gobi Desert a disjunct population separated from the other stoliczkae birds by the Gurvan Saikhan Uul mountains occurs , which is sometimes separated as a subspecies timidus . The subspecies nigricans , described by ornithologist L. S. Stepanyan in 1961 , is found in northern Xinjiang 's Manasi River valley .
= = Habitat = =
The saxaul sparrow is found in remote parts of Central Asia , where its distribution is believed to fall into six disjunct areas , although this is uncertain due to the scarcity of records . It is found in deserts , especially around rivers and oases . It is usually found around shrubs such as saxaul ( Haloxylon ) , poplar ( Populus ) , or tamarisk ( Tamarix ) . Sometimes it occurs around settlements and grain fields , especially during the winter . It is not believed to be threatened , since it is reported as locally common across a wide range , and hence it is assessed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List . However , it seems to have lost large parts of its range to the intensification of agriculture and desertification caused by overgrazing .
= = Behaviour = =
Little is known of the saxaul sparrow 's behaviour , because of its remote range . It is shy in many areas , and spends much time hidden in foliage , but breeding birds in Mongolia were reported to be " quite confiding " . When not breeding , it is social , and can form flocks of up to fifty birds , sometimes associating with Eurasian tree , Spanish , and house sparrows . In some regions , it makes small local migrations . Towards the spring , saxaul sparrows form pairs within their flock , before dispersing in April . Seeds , especially those of the saxaul , are most of its diet , though it also eats insects , especially while breeding , most commonly weevils , grasshoppers , and caterpillars . It forages in trees and on the ground . In a study of insects fed to nestlings in the Ili River valley , it was found that beetles are predominant , with weevils and Coccinellidae comprising 60 and 30 percent of the diet of nestlings , respectively . Because of its desert habitat and scarcity , it is not a pest of agriculture . Where water is not available , the saxaul sparrow may fly several times each day over long distances to drink .
The saxaul sparrow is less social than other sparrows while breeding , due to its dry habitat and its choices of nesting locations , holes in trees and earth banks . Isolated pairs are usual , though it sometimes breeds in small groups , with members of its own species as well as house and Eurasian tree sparrows . The breeding season is short , lasting from May to July , with most young raised in April and June . Unusually for a sparrow , it has not been recorded nesting openly in branches , though this may simply represent the lack of published records . Nests are often built in tree cavities , where they are sometimes placed close together . Other common nesting localities are earth banks and rocky slopes , and nests have been recorded on the nests of birds of prey , unused buildings , walls , and electricity pylons . Nests in man @-@ made structures are increasingly common , as large trees in the saxaul sparrow 's habitat are removed . Nests may be quite close to the ground , especially when they are built in trees .
The saxaul sparrow 's nests are untidy dome @-@ shaped constructions , with an entrance in the side or top . They are built of grasses , roots , and other plant materials , and are lined with feathers , fur , and soft plant material . The nest is mainly built by the female , though the male may actively take part in building . Typical clutches have five or six eggs , and two clutches a year are normal . Eggs are broad and ovular , slightly pointed at an end . They are glossy , coloured white and shaded with rusty grey or yellowish brown . In some clutches , one egg is noticeably paler than the others . Four eggs collected by Zarudny from Transcaspia had an average size of 1 @.@ 9 cm × 1 @.@ 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 75 in × 0 @.@ 55 in ) . Females play the main part in incubating eggs , and males can often be seen guarding the nests during incubation . Males and females share in feeding their young , which they do every 4 to 12 minutes . Young that have left their nest remain nearby until well after their moult , before departing for winter flocks , followed later by the adults .
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= Aruba at the 2004 Summer Olympics =
Aruba sent a delegation to compete at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , Greece from 13 to 29 August 2004 . The delegation 's participation in the Athens Olympics marked Aruba 's fifth appearance at the Summer Olympics since the Dutch colony 's debut at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea . Four athletes ( three men and one woman ) competed across three sports ( Pierre de Windt in track and field , Davy Bisslik and Roshendra Vrolijk in swimming , and Isnardo Faro weightlifting ) . None of the track or swimming athletes advanced past the first round in their events , and as of Athens , no Arubans had medaled in any events . Roshendra Vrolijk bore Aruba 's flag at the ceremonies .
= = Background = =
Aruba is a small island colony of 100 @,@ 000 people that is part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands , and has been under Dutch control since the 1630s . The island lies in the southern Caribbean Sea just to north of Venezuela , and is near to the Dutch colonies of Curaçao and Bonaire . The colony originally was part of an autonomous union with those two islands in what was known as the Netherlands Antilles , but Aruba seceded from that union in 1986 . The Netherlands continues to regulate all its foreign affairs . While the first Dutch Antilean delegation to the Olympics was sent during the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki , Finland , the first uniquely Aruban delegation participated two years after the island 's secession from the Netherlands Antilles at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul , South Korea . Between then and the 2004 Athens Olympics , Aruba had sent a delegation to all five Summer Olympic games . The most substantial Aruban delegation was in 1988 , when it included eight athletes . This delegation included more women and encompassed more sports than any Aruban delegation since then ( including the Athens Olympics ) .
At the Athens Olympics , four athletes ( three men and one woman ) participated across three sports in four distinct events . Swimmer Roshendra Vrolijk was Aruba 's flag bearer at the ceremonies .
= = Athletics = =
Aruban athletes have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following athletics events ( up to a maximum of 3 athletes in each event at the ' A ' Standard , and 1 at the ' B ' Standard ) .
Pierre " Peppie " de Windt participated on Aruba 's behalf as its only athlete in a track and field event . Born in the Solito neighborhood of Aruba 's capital city , Oranjestad , de Windt was 21 at the time he ran at the Olympics in Athens . The Aruban athlete had not previously participated in any Olympic games . The event 's first round took place during the 21st of August. de Windt took part in the fourth heat against eight other athletes , although Greece 's Hristoforos Hoidis did not start . In his heat , de Windt placed sixth with a time of 11 @.@ 02 seconds . Paraguay 's Diego Ferreira ranked fifth ahead of de Windt , setting a national record in the process ( 10 @.@ 50 seconds ) , while Laotian athlete Chamleunesouk Ao Oudomphonh ranked directly behind de Windt ( 11 @.@ 30 seconds ) . The leaders of de Windt 's heat included first place finalist Shawn Crawford of the United States ( 10 @.@ 02 seconds ) and Barbados ' Obadele Thompson , who placed second and set his season best ( 10 @.@ 08 seconds ) . The Aruban sprinter did not advance to later rounds .
Key
Note – Ranks given for track events are within the athlete 's heat only
Q
= Qualified for the next round
q =
Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or , in field events , by position without achieving the qualifying target
NR
= National record
N / A =
Round not applicable for the event
Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
= = Swimming = =
Davy Bisslik represented Aruba as a swimmer in the men 's 100 meters butterfly , and was the only male Aruban athlete participating in swimming that year . Born in Aruba , Bisslik participated in the athletic programs at The College of New Jersey , and attended the 2000 Sydney Olympics on Aruba 's behalf in the men 's 50 meters freestyle , where he ranked 62nd during the qualification round . Bisslik returned to the Olympics at age 22 , although he entered in a different event entirely . During the qualification round on August 19 , Bisslik competed against seven other athletes . He finished the event in 57 @.@ 85 seconds , ranking last in his heat behind Guam 's Daniel O 'Keeffe ( 57 @.@ 39 seconds ) , who placed seventh , and Indonesia 's Andy Wibowo ( 56 @.@ 86 seconds ) who placed sixth . His heat was led by Czech swimmer Michal Rubáček ( 54 @.@ 87 seconds ) and Uzbekistan 's Oleg Lyashko ( 55 @.@ 90 seconds ) . Of the 59 participants in the qualification round , Bisslik ranked 56th . He did not advance to later heats .
Roshendra Vrolijk represented Aruba at the Athens Olympics as a swimmer participating in the women 's 50 meters freestyle . Born in Aruba , Vrolijk was 15 years old when she participated in the 50 meters freestyle at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney , where she ranked 62nd in the qualification round . She returned to the Olympics as a 19 @-@ year @-@ old . During the qualification round of the event , which took place on August 20 , Vrolijk participated in the fourth heat against seven other athletes . She completed the event in 28 @.@ 43 seconds , placing third in the event between Moldova 's Maria Tregubova ( 28 @.@ 40 seconds ) and Zambia 's Jakie Wellman ( 28 @.@ 56 seconds ) . Of the 73 finishing athletes , Vrolijk ranked 49th . She did not advance to later rounds .
= = Weightlifting = =
Isnardo " Junior " Faro participated in the 2004 Athens Olympics as Aruba 's only weightlifter . Born in Aruba in July 1978 , Faro was 18 at the time he represented Aruba at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics , where he finished in 21st place of the men 's middleweight class . Although Faro did not attend the 2000 Sydney Olympics , he returned to the Olympics in 2004 as a 26 @-@ year @-@ old in the men 's middle @-@ heavyweight class . During the event , which took place on August 23 , Faro participated alongside 24 other athletes . During the snatch phrase of the event , Faro was given three opportunities to score . During the first attempt , Faro successfully lifted 132 @.@ 5 kilograms ; on the next , 137 kilograms ; and on the final , 140 kilograms . During the next phase , clean and jerk , Faro was given another three opportunities . On his first try , Faro attempted and failed to lift 167 @.@ 5 kilograms . He succeeded in lifting this quantity on his next try . During his final attempt , Faro attempted and failed to lift 175 kilograms . Thus , as his scores were 140 and 167 @.@ 5 , the Aruban athlete 's final score was 307 @.@ 5 . 19 people of the 25 initial participants finished the event , and Isnardo Faro ranked 19th . He ranked behind 18th place finalist Furkat Saidov of Uzbekistan ( 320 points ) and 17th place finalist Dario Lecman of Argentina ( 340 points ) . The gold medalist was Bulgaria 's Milen Dobrev ( 407 @.@ 5 points ) .
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= 373rd ( Croatian ) Infantry Division ( Wehrmacht ) =
The 373rd ( Croatian ) Infantry Division ( German : 373 . ( Kroatische ) Infanterie @-@ Division , Croatian : 373 . ( hrvatska ) pješačka divizija ) was a division of the German Army during World War II . It was formed in June 1943 using a brigade from the Home Guard of the Independent State of Croatia ( Croatian : Nezavisna Država Hrvatska , NDH ) with the addition of a German cadre . The division was commanded by Germans down to battalion and even company level in nearly all cases , and was commonly referred to as a " legionnaire division " . Originally formed with the intention of service on the Eastern Front , it was used instead for anti @-@ Partisan operations in the territory of the NDH until the end of the war . It fought mainly in the western areas of the NDH , and was involved in the attempt to kill or capture the leader of the Partisans , Josip Broz Tito , in May 1944 . Severely depleted by desertion , the division withdrew towards the Reich border in the early months of 1945 , eventually surrendering to the Partisans on 10 May 1945 near Brežice in modern @-@ day Slovenia .
= = History = =
= = = Formation = = =
After the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941 , Ante Pavelić , the leader of the newly created Axis puppet state the Independent State of Croatia ( NDH ) , offered Adolf Hitler volunteers to serve on the Eastern Front . This offer soon resulted in the formation and deployment of army , air force and naval detachments which , after being trained and equipped by Germany , were committed to fighting the Red Army . The largest element was the 369th Croatian Reinforced Infantry Regiment , which was part of the 100th Jäger Division , but was decimated at Stalingrad in January 1943 . The Croatian forces performed creditably on the Eastern Front , and the Germans continued to support the development of NDH forces with the aim of raising several divisions to serve there . Due to the lack of trained leaders and staff , these divisions were raised using a German cadre .
The 373rd ( Croatian ) Infantry Division was assembled and trained in Stockerau and Döllersheim , Austria , commencing from the end of January 1943 as the second Croatian division raised for service in the Wehrmacht , following its sister formation , the 369th ( Croatian ) Infantry Division . It was built around a cadre of 3 @,@ 500 German troops , and 8 @,@ 500 soldiers of the 7th Mountain Brigade of the Croatian Home Guard , the regular army of the NDH . It was established with two infantry regiments of three battalions each . Each regiment was allocated the manpower from two of the four battalions of the 7th Mountain Brigade . It was formed under the command of Generalmajor ( Brigadier ) Emil Zellner , with the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross recipient Oberst ( Colonel ) Alois Windisch commanding the 383rd ( Croatian ) Grenadier Regiment and Oberst Boicetta commanding the 384th ( Croatian ) Grenadier Regiment . All battalions were commanded by Germans except for the reconnaissance battalion , which was commanded by a Croat officer , Major Bakarec . The Croatian divisions that served in the Wehrmacht were commonly known as " legionnaire divisions " .
Although originally intended for use on the Eastern Front , the division did not deploy there and returned to the NDH in May 1943 due to the need to combat the communist @-@ led Partisans in the territory of the NDH . The division left its training area in Austria over the period 1 – 12 May 1943 , travelling by train via the route Vienna – Graz – Marburg – Zagreb . It was known as the " Tiger Division " ( Croatian : Tigar Divizija ) , and was subordinated to the Croatia Command ( German : Befehlshaber Kroatien ) of General der Infanterie ( Lieutenant General ) Rudolf Lüters .
= = = 1943 = = =
= = = = Initial tasks = = = =
The first task of the division was to secure the area north and northwest of Mostar , which contained important bauxite reserves needed for the German war effort . The divisional headquarters was established in Bugojno with the regimental headquarters of the 383rd at Lise , and the 384th at Travnik . At the end of May , one battalion ( III / 383 ) and supporting artillery were deployed to Mostar to replace Italian forces . For the first few weeks the division had only minor contacts with Partisan forces , but by mid @-@ June the division began sending out strong Jagdkommandos , lightly armed and mobile " hunter teams " of company or battalion strength , to break up and harass Partisans operating in the divisional area of responsibility . In early July , a search and destroy operation was conducted west of the Kupres – Bugojno – Jajce road , during which local Chetniks units began cooperating with the division . On 5 July , Bakarec summoned the inhabitants of a village and shot six captured Partisans in front of them . The division lost 23 killed during this operation . Following the conclusion of this sweep , the division moved north , and its headquarters redeployed to Prijedor .
Throughout July and August 1943 the division patrolled constantly and fought minor engagements in its area of responsibility . On 5 August 1943 , Generalleutnant ( Major General ) Eduard Aldrian became divisional commander replacing Zellner , who was transferred to the Army Headquarters officers ' reserve pool ( German : Oberkommando des Heeres Führerreserve ) . On 16 August , Oberstleutnant ( Lieutenant Colonel ) Mück replaced Windisch as commander of the 383rd Regiment , and the division was placed under the command of the 2nd Panzer Army , which had been redeployed to the Balkans from the Eastern Front . Over the period 18 – 22 August , 102 Croat and Bosnian Muslim soldiers deserted , ten of whom were later arrested . There were a range of factors encouraging desertion , including Partisan propaganda and infiltration , the influence of the Croatian Peasant Party , and reverses suffered by the Germans in North Africa and at Stalingrad and elsewhere on the Eastern Front .
= = = = Combat intensifies = = = =
In late August and early September 1943 , the division redeployed again , this time to Bihać , relieving the 114th Jäger Division which redeployed to the Adriatic coast . The move was difficult , with several significant ambushes resulting in numerous casualties and the loss of several vehicles and guns .
In September , it was placed under the command of the newly formed XV Mountain Corps led by Lüters . That month , the division concluded a collaboration agreement with the 260 @-@ strong Chetnik detachment of Mane Rokvić , who was in control of an area which included parts of both western Bosnia and Lika . The division utilised the Chetniks to protect railway lines and key industries in their area , as well as for scouting against the Partisans and attacks on the rear of Partisan formations . Desertions worsened particularly after the capitulation of Italy in early September 1943 . For example , during October 1943 , 334 men deserted from the division . It handled thousands of Italian prisoners in the aftermath of the surrender , feeding them and marching them under guard towards the Reich .
On 20 October 1943 , the Germans formally confirmed that the division would not be utilised outside the NDH . In the second half of October 1943 , Partisan forces surrounded the Croatian Home Guard garrison of Prijedor . The 383rd Regiment relieved the garrison and conducted clearing operations around the town until heavy snowfalls in the first week in November . On 4 December , Oberstleutnant Hühnewaldt replaced Mück as the commander of the regiment .
= = = = Operations Panther and Ristow = = = =
Between 10 and 24 December 1943 , the division , along with the 371st Infantry Division and the 1st Cossack Division , participated in Operation Panther . The aim of the operation was to encircle Partisan forces located within the Kostajnica forest and the area north of Bosanski Novi . The operation achieved little , and was immediately followed by Operation Ristow . The objective of this operation was to clear the area south of the Sana river between Bosanski Novi and Prijedor . The objective of the operation was the destruction of elements of the Partisan 7th Banija Division , which intelligence indicated were planning to establish winter quarters in the vicinity of Maslovare village , with the river Japra protecting their rear . The division committed the 383rd Infantry Regiment , reinforced by three tanks of the 202nd Panzer Battalion , and supported by the guns of I. Battalion , 373rd Artillery Regiment . The plan involved a three @-@ day operation commencing on 24 December . Following up reconnaissance by the Croatian 3rd Mountain Brigade , the objective of the first day was to thrust 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) eastward from Bosanski Novi to secure heights east of the Japra , and this was achieved against light resistance .
The following day saw heavy fighting before the German force secured their objectives , suffering ten wounded in the process . After mopping up on 26 December , orders were issued for I. Battalion to continue the advance south of the Sana towards the village of Trgovište , while II . Battalion was ordered to cross the Sana on rafts and continue the advance on the northern side of the river . On the morning of 27 December , I. Battalion successfully advanced to a point about 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) west of Prijedor , and occupied Trgovište . Advancing further east , I. Battalion lost formation and suffered heavy attacks from Partisan forces who also infiltrated between the companies and attacked their flanks and rear . The entire force , less two companies and the tanks which remained north of the river , consolidated on heights south of the Sana , and throughout the night fought off several large Partisan assaults which were supported by heavy mortar fire . On 28 December , the German force fought its way to the south bank of the Sana , and evacuated its casualties across the river on rafts . The main body then fought its way east to Prijedor with covering fire provided by the two companies and tanks remaining on the northern bank , with the majority arriving on 29 December . Operation Ristow was very costly for the division , with I. Battalion alone suffering 100 casualties , mainly from mortar fire on the night of 27 / 28 December . Information from the local population indicated that the Partisans lost at least 76 dead during the operation .
= = = 1944 = = =
= = = = Battle of Banja Luka = = = =
In late December 1943 , Hühnewaldt was tasked with the defence of Banja Luka , the second largest city in Bosnia , which had been under Partisan pressure for several days . The headquarters of XV Mountain Corps was in Banja Luka , along with the divisional replacement battalion , divisional support troops , some police and a few tanks . Elements of the 4th Jäger Brigade of the Croatian Home Guard were also in the city . On 31 December , Hühnewaldt deployed I / 383 to Banja Luka to further bolster the defences . At 23 : 00 that day , a heavy artillery and mortar bombardment started , followed by a Partisan attack that quickly overran the Home Guard outposts and engaged the divisional units in heavy fighting . At first light on New Year 's Day , I / 383 counterattacked , recapturing the crucial power station . That evening the Partisans renewed their assault , overrunning the hospital and massacring the German sick and wounded , and capturing the railway station . By this point the defenders were concentrated in two blocks of the town centre and the Partisans were only 100 metres ( 330 ft ) away . A desperate but unsuccessful counterattack was mounted , and the city appeared lost when the force was relieved by the 901st Panzergrenadier Lehr Regiment . The Partisans quickly withdrew and the Ustaše Militia and Sicherheitsdienst ( Security Police ) subsequently executed all armed personnel captured in the city . Those killed during the battle included 67 Germans , 150 Croatian Home Guard and between 300 and 350 Partisans .
Following the battle , the division cleared and secured the area around Banja Luka , and in February 1944 Hühnewaldt was replaced as commander of the 383rd Regiment by Major Ristow of I / 383 . At the end of March , most of the 383rd Regiment was deployed to Knin with responsibility for the road between Knin and Bihać , with the regimental commander designated as the commander of the garrison . In the latter task , it was assisted by the 7th SS Volunteer Mountain Division Prinz Eugen . From 7 to 16 May 1944 , the division participated in Operation Morgenstern ( Morning Star ) in the Krbavsko Polje region west and southwest of Bihać , along with elements of its sister formation , the 392nd ( Croatian ) Infantry Division , the 92nd Motorised Regiment , the 1st Jäger Regiment of the Panzergrenadier Division Brandenburg , and Ustase units . The operation was a significant success , killing 438 Partisans and capturing 56 , along with large quantities of arms , ammunition , vehicles and supplies .
= = = = Operation Rösselsprung = = = =
The division formed a significant part of the ground force used by XV Mountain Corps in Operation Rösselsprung , which was launched on 25 May 1944 , with the objectives of killing or capturing the Partisan leader Josip Broz Tito , and destroying his headquarters at Drvar . The division was responsible for two of the nine coordinated thrusts converging on the Partisan stronghold in the Drvar @-@ Bosanski Petrovac area . The first thrust consisted of the 384th ( Croatian ) Infantry Regiment , referred to as Kampfgruppe Willam after its commander . The 384th Regiment group was to advance east at 5 am on 25 May from the village of Srb towards Drvar . Kampfgruppe Willam had the primary responsibility for relieving then taking command of 500th SS Parachute Battalion who would land by parachute and glider in Drvar on 25 May , and the regiment was then to attack in the direction of Bosanski Petrovac . The second thrust consisted of a battalion group from the division , which was to set out at 5 am on 25 May from Lapac and drive east through Kulen Vakuf to capture the crossroads at Vrtoče . If necessary , they were then to advance north @-@ west towards Bihać to open the road .
Throughout 25 May , the ground forces of XV Mountain Corps were not able to advance as quickly as expected . There was unexpected resistance from strong Partisan forces along their axes of advance , and there was very poor communication between the various elements which resulted in lack of coordination of their movements . They were also subjected to several Allied air attacks . In the meantime , Tito and his key staff escaped to the south and were flown to Italy . Kampfgruppe Willam was unable to overcome the resistance of the 2nd Lika Brigade , and to force its way through to Drvar until the paratroopers had been relieved around midday on 26 May by a stronger column attacking from the direction of Bihać . On 29 May the battalion group from the division attacked strong Partisan positions east , north and northwest of Prekaja , but the attack was held up by a lack of ammunition . The attack was renewed on 31 May after new orders had been issued , with the division occupying the Prekaja area and capturing two Partisan tanks . Operation Rösselsprung was a failure as Tito and his principal headquarters staff escaped .
= = = Final months = = =
After Rösselsprung , the division was deployed along the Una valley , with the exception of two battalions of the 383rd Regiment in the Prijedor – Ljubija area , and two battalions of the 384th Regiment in Drvar and Petrovac . In Drvar and Petrovac , the 384th Regiment was reinforced by the 1st Jäger Home Guard Regiment , and in the Prijedor – Ljubija area , the 383rd Regiment was reinforced by the 4th Jäger Home Guard Brigade . The 2nd Jäger Home Guard Brigade and 9th Ustaša Brigade were deployed in garrisons and fortifications protecting the communication routes through the Una valley . All garrisons were reinforced with local Chetnik and Ustaša Militia detachments , and all of these forces were under divisional command .
On 1 and 2 August , the Petrovac garrison , consisting of the 2nd Battalion of the 384th Regiment under Major Schreiber , repelled attacks by the Partisan 6th and 13th Krajina Brigades . The supporting Home Guard forces surrendered after the first shots were fired , but the Chetnik detachment provided a stiff defense , which allowed the garrison to hold Petrovac .
During the summer 1944 , the communications in the division 's area of responsibility were under constant Partisan attacks . The attacks intensified in early September , during the Operation Ratweek . It coincided with the German transportation of troops and military material to Serbia on the eve of Belgrade Operation . In one of these attaks , on 1 September , Kozara Partisan Detachment attacked and damaged the train carrying 2nd Company of the 202nd Tank Battalion between Bosanski Novi and Dobrljin .
On 6 September Partisan 4th Division attacked the Prijedor garrison , The main force of the garrison was the 7th Jäger Home Guard Regiment of the 4th Brigade , and it was reinforced with some Ustaša and Chetnik units . The Home Guard units were affected with intense demoralization , and offered little resistance . In the morning on 7 September Prijedor was liberated , and a 1 @,@ 000 strong mixed formation from the garrison headed towards Ljubija . Ljubija was defended by 1st Battalion of the 383rd Regiment of the 373rd Division , 4th and 6th Battalion of the 8th Ustaša Brigade , and Ustaša Militia , with total strength of around 2 @,@ 000 men . They were reinforced with the mixed Home Guard , Ustaša and Chetnik group from Prijedor . With the fall of Prijedor , Ljubija remained isolated , and when the Partisan attack had spread to Ljubija , the German Battalion Commander , Captain Ahrendt , decided to evacuate Ljubija , and to try to reach Bosanski Novi with his 3 @,@ 000 strong mixed group , moving aside of the roads . Under constant Partisan heavy fire , the movement became disorganized and chaotic . Captain Ahrendt suffered a nervous breakdown , and the command assumend Captain Rettich . Only a smaller part of the group reached Bosanski Novi . The German Battalion suffered losses of up to 100 men . The auxiliary troops did much worse : the Partisans in these two days in Prijedor and Ljubija killed 3 @,@ 337 and captured 552 , mostly Home Guard , Ustaša and Chetnik soldiers .
The Una valley was exposed to the pressure of both the 4th from the west , and the 5th Partisan Corps from the east . In September 1944 , the 4th Partisan Corps attacked Cazin and Sunja . Cazin was defended with the 5th Ustaša Battalion , backing on the strong formations of the 373rd Division in the nearby Ostrožac , Krupa and Bihać . In spite of the proximity of the strong forces , the Partisans on 13 September succeeded to destroy the Ustaša battalion , killing 273 and capturing 276 . The Cazin garrison was raided by 1st Kordun and 2nd UOG Brigade , while the 2nd Kordun Brigade blocked the relieve attempts . After the Partisan retreat , the new garrison was established in Cazin , this time reinforced with the elements of the 373rd Division .
On 7 November , the 4th Corps renewed the attack on Cazin with mostly the same units . The only difference was that this time the 1st UOG Brigade instead of 2nd Kordun Brigade was charged with the task of closing the road Bihać @-@ Izačić @-@ Cazin . The fighting lasted for two days , and was concluded with the utmost success for the Partisans , and almost total destruction of the garrison . Germans and Ustaše suffered losses of 481 killed ( 4 officers and 477 NCOs ) , 267 captured ( 1 officer and 266 NCOs and soldiers ) . The reinforced company of the 373rd Division in Cazin was completely destroyed , except two men who had hidden themselves at the friendly inclined civilians .
In the autumn of 1944 , the division absorbed the 2nd Jäger Brigade of the Croatian Home Guard as its third regiment , renamed the 385th ( Croatian ) Infantry Regiment . On 20 October , Oberst der Reserves Karl Hermann replaced Aldrian , and was in turn replaced by Oberst Hans Gravenstein on 14 November . On 6 December 1944 , the division participated in the defence of Knin against the Partisans , where it suffered serious losses . In January 1945 , Gravenstein was promoted to Generalmajor , and withdrew the survivors of the division to the northwest towards Bihać . During this withdrawal , the division assisted the 6 @,@ 000 – 7 @,@ 000 Chetniks of Momčilo Đujić that had fought alongside them at Knin and accompanied them towards Bihać . During an attack of the 35th Lika Division later that month , a large number of Croats from the division deserted to join the Partisans . This trend continued , with a further two companies of Croat soldiers deserting .
The division saw action against the Partisans until the end of the war . By April 1945 , a large part of its Croatian manpower had been lost or released , with the Croatian component reduced to between 2 @,@ 000 and 3 @,@ 000 soldiers . During the last few months of the war , it fought in northern Dalmatia and parts of Lika and Kordun and later in Banija . When the Partisans launched their spring offensive on 20 March 1945 , it fought the Partisan 2nd Army as it advanced on Zagreb . The division withdrew from Gospić via Donji Lapac , Bosanska Krupa , Bosanski Novi and Kostajnica where most of its remaining Croatian soldiers were separated out from the German elements and probably dispersed . The remainder continued its withdrawal via Sunja , Sisak and Zagreb to Brežice in modern @-@ day Slovenia , where it surrendered to the Partisans at the village of Raka on 10 May 1945 , and the remaining Croat soldiers left the division . The division 's disarmed German troops were allowed to travel towards Germany for several days before becoming prisoners of war of the Partisans . Gravenstein was tried by the Yugoslav authorities in 1947 and hanged .
= = Organisational history = =
The initial composition of the division was :
383rd ( Croatian ) Grenadier Regiment ( I , II , III battalions )
384th ( Croatian ) Grenadier Regiment ( I , II , III battalions )
373rd Artillery Regiment ( I , II , III battalions )
373rd Fusilier Battalion
373rd Reconnaissance Battalion
373rd Pioneer Battalion
373rd Signals Battalion
373rd Division Support Units
In autumn 1944 the division absorbed the 2nd Jäger Brigade of the Croatian Home Guard , which created a third infantry regiment , the 385th ( Croatian ) Grenadier Regiment .
= = Commanding officers = =
The following officers commanded the division :
Generalmajor then from 1 April 1943 Generalleutnant Emil Zellner , 25 January 1943 – 5 August 1943
Generalleutnant Eduard Aldrian , 5 August 1943 – 20 October 1944
Oberst der Reserves Karl Hermann , 20 October 1944 – 14 November 1944
Oberst then from 1 January 1945 Generalmajor Hans Gravenstein , 14 November 1944 – May 1945
= = = Books = = =
= = = Journals = = =
= = = Web = = =
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= Dick Turpin =
Richard " Dick " Turpin ( bapt . 1705 – 7 April 1739 ) was an English highwayman whose exploits were romanticised following his execution in York for horse theft . Turpin may have followed his father 's trade as a butcher early in life , but , by the early 1730s , he had joined a gang of deer thieves and , later , became a poacher , burglar , horse thief and killer . He is also known for a fictional 200 @-@ mile ( 320 km ) overnight ride from London to York on his horse Black Bess , a story that was made famous by the Victorian novelist William Harrison Ainsworth almost 100 years after Turpin 's death .
Turpin 's involvement in the crime for which he is most closely associated — highway robbery — followed the arrest of the other members of his gang in 1735 . He then disappeared from public view towards the end of that year , only to resurface in 1737 with two new accomplices , one of whom he may have accidentally shot and killed . Turpin fled from the scene and shortly afterwards killed a man who attempted his capture . Later that year , he moved to Yorkshire and assumed the alias of John Palmer . While he was staying at an inn , local magistrates became suspicious of " Palmer " and made enquiries as to how he funded his lifestyle . Suspected of being a horse thief , " Palmer " was imprisoned in York Castle , to be tried at the next assizes . Turpin 's true identity was revealed by a letter he wrote to his brother @-@ in @-@ law from his prison cell , which fell into the hands of the authorities . On 22 March 1739 , Turpin was found guilty on two charges of horse theft and sentenced to death ; he was executed on 7 April 1739 .
Turpin became the subject of legend after his execution , romanticised as dashing and heroic in English ballads and popular theatre of the 18th and 19th centuries and in film and television of the 20th century .
= = Early life = =
Richard " Dick " Turpin was born at the Blue Bell Inn ( later the Rose and Crown ) in Hempstead , Essex , the fifth of six children to John Turpin and Mary Elizabeth Parmenter . He was baptised on 21 September 1705 , in the same parish where his parents had been married more than ten years earlier .
Turpin 's father was a butcher and inn @-@ keeper . Several stories suggest that Dick Turpin may have followed his father into these trades ; one hints that as a teenager he was apprenticed to a butcher in the village of Whitechapel , while another proposes that he ran his own butcher 's shop in Thaxted . Testimony from his trial in 1739 suggests that he had a rudimentary education and , although no records survive of the date of the union , that in about 1725 he married Elizabeth Millington . Following his apprenticeship they moved north to Buckhurst Hill , Essex ( on the modern boundary of north east London ) , where Turpin opened a butcher 's shop .
= = Essex gang = =
Turpin most likely became involved with the Essex gang of deer thieves in the early 1730s . Deer poaching had long been endemic in the Royal Forest of Waltham , and in 1723 the Black Act ( so called because it outlawed the blackening or disguising of faces while in the forests ) was enacted to deal with such problems . Deer stealing was a domestic offence that was judged not in civil courts , but before Justices of the peace ; it was not until 1737 that the more severe penalty of seven years ' transportation was introduced . However , in 1731 seven verderers became so concerned by the increase in activity that they signed an affidavit which demonstrated their worries . The statement was lodged with Thomas Pelham @-@ Holles , 1st Duke of Newcastle , who responded by offering a £ 10 reward to anyone who helped identify the thieves , plus a pardon for those thieves who gave up their colleagues . Following a series of nasty incidents , including the threatened murder of a keeper and his family , in 1733 the government increased the reward to £ 50 ( about £ 7 @,@ 100 as of 2016 ) .
The Essex gang ( sometimes called the Gregory Gang ) , which included Samuel Gregory , his brothers Jeremiah and Jasper , Joseph Rose , Mary Brazier ( the gang 's fence ) , John Jones , Thomas Rowden and a young John Wheeler , needed contacts to help them to dispose of the deer . Turpin , a young butcher who traded in the area , almost certainly became involved with their activities . By 1733 the changing fortunes of the gang may have prompted him to leave the butchery trade , and he became the landlord of a public house , most likely the Rose and Crown at Clay Hill . Although there is no evidence to suggest that Turpin was directly involved in the thefts , by summer 1734 he was a close associate of the gang , which may indicate that he had been known to them for some time .
By October 1734 several in the gang had either been captured or had fled , and the remaining members moved away from poaching , raiding the home of a chandler and grocer named Peter Split , at Woodford . Although the identities of the perpetrators are unknown , Turpin may have been involved . Two nights later they struck again , at the Woodford home of a gentleman named Richard Woolridge , a Furnisher of Small Arms in the Office of Ordnance at the Tower of London . In December Jasper and Samuel Gregory , John Jones , and John Wheeler , attacked the home of John Gladwin ( a higler ) and John Shockley , in Chingford . On 19 December Turpin and five other men raided the home of Ambrose Skinner , a 73 @-@ year @-@ old farmer from Barking , leaving with an estimated £ 300 .
Two days later , the gang — minus Turpin — attacked the home of a Keeper , William Mason , at Epping Forest . During the robbery Mason 's servant managed to escape , and returned about an hour later with several neighbours , by which time the house was ransacked and the thieves long gone . On 11 January 1735 the gang raided the Charlton home of a Mr. Saunders . For the robbery of a gentleman named Sheldon , one week later at Croydon , Turpin arrived masked and armed with pistols , with four other members of the gang . In the same month two men , possibly from the same gang , raided the home of a Reverend Dyde . The clergyman was absent but the two cut his manservant around the face " in a barbarous manner " . Another brutal attack occurred on 1 February 1735 at Loughton :
On Saturday night last , about seven o 'clock , five rogues entered the house of the Widow Shelley at Loughton in Essex , having pistols & c. and threatened to murder the old lady , if she would not tell them where her money lay , which she obstinately refusing for some time , they threatened to lay her across the fire , if she did not instantly tell them , which she would not do . But her son being in the room , and threatened to be murdered , cried out , he would tell them , if they would not murder his mother , and did , whereupon they went upstairs , and took near £ 100 , a silver tankard , and other plate , and all manner of household goods . They afterwards went into the cellar and drank several bottles of ale and wine , and broiled some meat , ate the relicts of a fillet of veal & c . While they were doing this , two of their gang went to Mr Turkles , a farmer 's , who rents one end of the widow 's house , and robbed him of above £ 20 and then they all went off , taking two of the farmer 's horses , to carry off their luggage , the horses were found on Sunday the following morning in Old Street , and stayed about three hours in the house .
The gang lived in or around London . For a time Turpin stayed at Whitechapel , before moving to Millbank . On 4 February 1735 he met John Fielder , Samuel Gregory , Joseph Rose , and John Wheeler , at an inn along The Broadway in London . They planned to rob the house of Joseph Lawrence , a farmer at Earlsbury Farm in Edgware . Late that afternoon , after stopping twice along the way for food and drink , they captured a shepherd boy and burst into the house , armed with pistols . They bound the two maidservants , and brutally attacked the 70 @-@ year @-@ old farmer . They pulled his breeches around his ankles , and dragged him around the house , but Lawrence refused to reveal the whereabouts of his money . Turpin beat Lawrence 's bare buttocks with his pistols , badly bruising him , and other members of the gang beat him around the head with their pistols . They emptied a kettle of water over his head , forced him to sit bare @-@ buttocked on the fire , and pulled him around the house by his nose , and hair . Gregory took one of the maidservants upstairs and raped her . For their trouble , the gang escaped with a haul of less than £ 30 .
Three days later Turpin , accompanied by the same men along with William Saunders and Humphrey Walker , brutally raided a farm in Marylebone . The attack netted the gang just under £ 90 . The next day the Duke of Newcastle offered a reward of £ 50 in exchange for information leading to the conviction of the " several persons " involved in the two Woodford robberies , and the robberies of the widow Shelley and Reverend Dyde . On 11 February Fielder , Saunders , and Wheeler , were apprehended . Two accounts of their capture exist . One claims that on their way to rob the Lawrence household the gang had stopped at an alehouse in Edgware , and that on 11 February , while out walking , the owner noticed a group of horses outside an alehouse in Bloomsbury . He recognised these horses as those used by the same group of men who had stopped at his alehouse before the Lawrence attack , and called for the parish constable . Another account claims that two of the gang were spotted by a servant of Joseph Lawrence . Regardless , the three , who were drinking with a woman ( possibly Mary Brazier ) were promptly arrested and committed to prison . Wheeler , who may have been as young as 15 , quickly betrayed his colleagues , and descriptions of those yet to be captured were circulated in the press . In the London Gazette Turpin was described as " Richard Turpin , a butcher by trade , is a tall fresh coloured man , very much marked with the small pox , about 26 years of age , about five feet nine inches high , lived some time ago in Whitechapel and did lately lodge somewhere about Millbank , Westminster , wears a blue grey coat and a natural wig " .
= = Breakup of the Essex gang = =
Once Wheeler 's confession became apparent , the other members of the gang fled their usual haunts . Turpin informed Gregory and the others of Wheeler 's capture , and left Westminster . On 15 February 1735 , while Wheeler was busy confessing to the authorities , " three or four men " ( most likely Samuel Gregory , Herbert Haines , Turpin , and possibly Thomas Rowden ) robbed the house of a Mrs St. John at Chingford . On the following day Turpin ( and Rowden , if present ) parted company with Gregory and Haines , and headed for Hempstead to see his family . Gregory and Haines may have gone looking for Turpin , because on 17 February they stopped at an alehouse in Debden and ordered a shoulder of mutton , intending to stay for the night . However , a man named Palmer recognised them , and called for the parish constable . A fracas ensued , during which the two thieves escaped . They rejoined Turpin , and along with Jones and Rowden may have travelled to Gravesend before returning to Woodford . Another robbery was reported at Woodford toward the end of February — possibly by Gregory and his cohorts — but with most avenues of escape cut off , and with the authorities hunting them down , the remaining members of the Essex gang kept their heads down and remained under cover , probably in Epping Forest .
Six days after the arrest of Fielder , Saunders , and Wheeler , just as Turpin and his associates were returning from Gravesend , Rose , Brazier , and Walker were captured at a chandler 's shop in Westminster , while drinking punch . Fielder , Rose , Saunders and Walker were tried at the Middlesex General Session between 26 February and 1 March 1735 . Turpin and Gregory were also named on the indictments for burglary . Walker died while still in Newgate Prison , but the remaining three were hanged at Tyburn gallows on 10 March , before their bodies were hung to rot in gibbets on Edgware Road . Walker 's body was hung in chains . Two days before the hanging , a report of " four suspicious men " being driven away from an alehouse at East Sheen appeared in a newspaper , and was likely describing Gregory and his companions , but the remaining members of the Essex gang were not reported again until 30 March , when three of them ( unsuccessfully ) tried to steal a horse from a servant of the Earl of Suffolk . Turpin was present with four of the gang at another robbery , reported on 8 March . Jasper Gregory meanwhile was captured , and then executed late in March . His brothers were arrested on 9 April in Rake , West Sussex , after a struggle during which Samuel lost the tip of his nose to a sword , and Jeremy was shot in the leg . He died in Winchester gaol ; Samuel was tried in May , and executed on 4 June . His body was later moved , to hang in chains alongside those of his colleagues at Edgware . Mary Brazier was transported to the Thirteen Colonies . Herbert Haines was captured on 13 April , and executed in August . John Wheeler , who had been instrumental in proving the cases against his former colleagues , and who was freed , died at Hackney in January 1738 . The reason for his death is not recorded , but is assumed to be natural causes .
= = Highwayman = =
With the Essex gang now smashed by the authorities , Turpin turned instead to the crime he became most noted for — highway robbery . Although he may have been involved in earlier highway robberies on 10 and 12 April , he was first identified as a suspect in one event on 10 July , as " Turpin the butcher " , along with Thomas Rowden , " the pewterer " . Several days later the two struck at Epping Forest , depriving a man from Southwark of his belongings . With a further bounty of £ 100 on their heads they continued their activities through the latter half of 1735 . In August they robbed five people accompanying a coach on Barnes Common , and shortly after that they attacked another coach party , between Putney and Kingston Hill . On 20 August the pair relieved a Mr Godfrey of six guineas and a pocket book , on Hounslow Heath . Fearing capture , they moved on to Blackheath in Hertfordshire , and then back to London . On 5 December the two were seen near Winchester , but in late December , following the capture of John Jones , they separated . Rowden had previously been convicted of counterfeiting , and in July 1736 he was convicted of passing counterfeit coin , under the alias Daniel Crispe . Crispe 's true name was eventually discovered and he was transported in June 1738 . Jones also suffered transportation , to the Thirteen Colonies .
Little is known of Turpin 's movements during 1736 . He may have travelled to Holland , as various sightings were reported there , but he may also have assumed an alias and disappeared from public view . In February 1737 though , he spent the night at Puckeridge , with his wife , her maid and a man called Robert Nott . Turpin arranged the meeting by letter , which was intercepted by the authorities . While Turpin eluded his enemies , making his escape to Cambridge , the others were arrested on charges of " violent suspicion of being dangerous rogues and robbing upon the highway " . They were imprisoned at Hertford gaol , although the women were later acquitted ( Nott was released at the next Assize ) . Although one report late in March suggests , unusually , that Turpin alone robbed a company of higlers , in the same month he was reported to be working alongside two other highwaymen , Matthew King ( then , and since , incorrectly identified as Tom King ) , and Stephen Potter . The trio were responsible for a string of robberies between March and April 1737 , which ended suddenly in an incident at Whitechapel , after King ( or Turpin , depending upon which report is read ) had stolen a horse near Waltham Forest . Its owner , Joseph Major , reported the theft to Richard Bayes , landlord of the Green Man public house at Leytonstone . Bayes ( who later wrote a biography of Turpin ) , tracked the horse to the Red Lion at Whitechapel . Major identified the animal , but as it was late evening and the horses had not yet been collected by their " owners " , they elected to hold a vigil . John King ( Matthew King 's brother ) arrived late that night , and was quickly apprehended by the party , which included the local constable . John King told him the whereabouts of Matthew King , who was waiting nearby . During the resulting mêlée , King was wounded by gunfire , and died on 19 May . Potter was later caught , but at his trial was released for lack of evidence against him .
= = Fatal shooting = =
Bayes ' statement regarding the death of Matthew King may have been heavily embellished . Several reports , including Turpin 's own account , offer different versions of what actually happened on that night early in May 1737 ; early reports claimed that Turpin had shot King , however by the following month the same newspapers retracted this claim , and stated that Bayes had fired the fatal shot . The shooting of King , however , preceded an event that changed Turpin 's life completely . He escaped to a hideaway in Epping Forest , where he was seen by Thomas Morris , a servant of one of the Forest 's Keepers . Turpin shot and killed Morris on 4 May with a carbine when , armed with pistols , Morris attempted to capture him . The shooting was reported in The Gentleman 's Magazine :
It having been represented to the King , that Richard Turpin did on Wednesday the 4th of May last , barbarously murder Thomas Morris , Servant to Henry Tomson , one of the Keepers of Epping @-@ Forest , and commit other notorious Felonies and Robberies near London , his Majesty is pleased to promise his most gracious Pardon to any of his Accomplices , and a Reward of 200l. to any Person or Persons that shall discover him , so as he may be apprehended and convicted . Turpin was born at Thacksted in Essex , is about Thirty , by Trade a Butcher , about 5 Feet 9 Inches high , brown Complexion , very much mark 'd with the Small Pox , his Cheek @-@ bones broad , his Face thinner towards the Bottom , his Visage short , pretty upright , and broad about the Shoulders .
Several newspapers suggested that on 6 and 7 May , he committed two highway robberies near Epping . Turpin may also have lost his mount ; on 7 May an Elizabeth King attempted to secure two horses left by Matthew King , at an inn called the Red Lion . The horses were suspected as belonging to " highwaymen " and King was arrested for questioning , but was later released without charge . Morris 's killing unleashed a flood of Turpin reports , and a reward of £ 200 was offered for his capture .
= = As John Palmer = =
Sometime around June 1737 Turpin boarded at the Ferry Inn at Brough , under the alias of John Palmer ( or Parmen ) . Travelling across the River Humber between the historic counties of the East Riding of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire , he posed as a horse trader , and often hunted alongside local gentlemen . On 2 October 1738 Turpin shot another man 's game cock in the street . While being rebuked by John Robinson , he then threatened to shoot him also . Three East Riding justices ( JP ) , George Crowle ( Member of Parliament for Hull ) , Hugh Bethell , and Marmaduke Constable , travelled to Brough and took written depositions about the incident . They threatened to bind him over , but Turpin refused to pay the required surety , and was committed to the House of Correction at Beverley . Turpin was escorted to Beverley by the parish constable , Carey Gill . Incomprehensibly , he made no attempt at escape ; Barlow ( 1973 ) surmises that at this point in his life , Turpin may have been wallowing in self @-@ pity , depressed that his life had thus far been a failure .
Robert Appleton , Clerk of the Peace for the East Riding , and the man whose account details the above incident , later reported that the three JPs made enquiries as to how " Palmer " had made his money , suspecting that his lifestyle was funded by criminal activities . Turpin claimed that he was a butcher who had fallen into debt , and that he had levanted from his home in Long Sutton , Lincolnshire . When contacted , the JP at Long Sutton ( a Mr Delamere ) confirmed that John Palmer had lived there for about nine months , but that he was suspected of stealing sheep , and had escaped the custody of the local constable . Delamere also suspected that Palmer was a horse @-@ thief and had taken several depositions supporting his view , and told the three JPs that he would prefer him to be detained . The three JPs now presumed that the case was too serious for Palmer to remain at Beverley House of Correction , and demanded sureties for his appearance at York Assizes . Turpin refused , and so on 16 October he was transferred to York Castle in handcuffs .
Horse theft became a capital offence in 1545 , punishable by death . During the 17th and 18th centuries , crimes in violation of property rights were some of the most severely punished ; most of the 200 capital statutes were property offences . Robbery combined with violence was " the sort of offence , second only to premeditated murder ( a relatively uncommon crime ) , most likely to be prosecuted and punished to [ the law 's ] utmost rigour " . Turpin had stolen several horses while operating under the pseudonym of Palmer . In July 1737 he stole a horse from Pinchbeck in Lincolnshire , and took it to visit his father at Hempstead . When Turpin returned to Brough ( stealing three horses along the way ) he left the gelding with his father . The identity of John Turpin 's son was well known , and the horse 's identity was soon discovered . On 12 September 1738 therefore , John Turpin was committed to gaol in Essex on charges of horse theft , but following his help in preventing a jailbreak , the charges were dropped on 5 March 1739 . About a month after " Palmer " had been moved to York Castle , Thomas Creasy , the owner of the three horses stolen by Turpin , managed to track them down and recover them , and it was for these thefts that he was eventually tried .
From his cell , Turpin wrote to his brother @-@ in @-@ law , Pompr Rivernall , who also lived at Hempstead . Rivernall was married to Turpin 's sister , Dorothy . The letter was kept at the local post office , but seeing the York post stamp Rivernall refused to pay the delivery charge , claiming that he " had no correspondent at York " . Rivernall may not have wanted to pay the charge for the letter , or he may have wished to distance himself from Turpin 's affairs , and so the letter was moved to the post office at Saffron Walden where James Smith , who had taught Turpin how to write while the latter was at school , recognised the handwriting . He alerted JP Thomas Stubbing , who paid the postage and opened the letter . Smith travelled to York Castle and on 23 February identified Palmer as Turpin . He received the £ 200 ( about £ 29 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) reward originally offered by the Duke of Newcastle following Turpin 's murder of Thomas Morris .
= = Trial = =
Although there was some question as to where the trial should be held — the Duke of Newcastle wanted him tried in London — Turpin was tried at York Assizes . Proceedings began three days after the winter Assizes opened , on 22 March . Turpin was charged with the theft of Creasy 's horses : a mare worth three pounds , a foal worth 20 shillings , and a gelding worth three pounds . The indictments stated that the alleged offences had occurred at Welton on 1 March 1739 , and described Turpin as " John Palmer alias Pawmer alias Richard Turpin ... late of the castle of York in the County of York labourer " . Technically the charges were invalid — the offences had occurred at Heckington , not Welton , and the date was also incorrect ; the offences were in August 1738 .
Presiding over the trial was Sir William Chapple , a senior and respected judge in his early sixties . The prosecution was directed by King 's Counsel Thomas Place and Richard Crowle ( brother of George ) , and proceedings were recorded by a York resident , Thomas Kyll . Turpin had no defence barrister ; during this period of English history , those accused had no right to legal representation , and their interests were cared for by the presiding judge . Among the seven witnesses called to testify were Thomas Creasy , and James Smith , the man who had recognised Turpin 's handwriting . Turpin offered little in the way of questioning his accusers ; when asked if he had anything to ask of Creasy , he replied " I cannot say anything , for I have not any witnesses come this day , as I have expected , and therefore beg of your Lordship to put off my trial ' till another day " , and when asked about Smith , he claimed not to know him . When questioned himself , Turpin told the court that he had bought the mare and foal from an inn @-@ keeper near Heckington . He repeated his original story of how he had come to use the pseudonym Palmer , claiming that it was his mother 's maiden name . When asked by the judge for his name before he came to Lincolnshire , he said " Turpin " . Without leaving the courtroom the jury found Turpin guilty of the first charge of stealing the mare and foal , and following further proceedings , guilty of stealing the gelding . Throughout the trial Turpin had repeatedly claimed that he had not been allowed enough time to form his defence , that proceedings should be delayed until he could call his witnesses , and that the trial should be held at Essex . Before sentencing him , the judge asked Turpin if he could offer any reason why he should not be sentenced to death ; Turpin said : " It is very hard upon me , my Lord , because I was not prepar 'd for my Defence . " The judge replied : " Why was you not ? You knew the Time of the Assizes as well as any Person here . " Despite Turpin 's pleas that he had been told the trial would be held in Essex , the judge replied : " Whoever told you so were highly to blame ; and as your country have found you guilty of a crime worthy of death , it is my office to pronounce sentence against you " , sentencing him to death .
= = Execution = =
Before his execution , Turpin frequently received visitors ( the gaoler was reputed to have earned £ 100 from selling drinks to Turpin and his guests ) , although he refused the efforts of a local clergyman who offered him " serious remonstrances and admonitions " . John Turpin may have sent his son a letter , dated 29 March , urging him to " beg of God to pardon your many transgressions , which the thief upon the cross received pardon for at the last hour " . Turpin bought a new frock coat and shoes , and on the day before his execution hired five mourners for three pounds and ten shillings ( to be shared between them ) . On 7 April 1739 , followed by his mourners , Turpin and John Stead ( a horse thief ) were taken through York by open cart to Knavesmire , which was then the city 's equivalent of London 's Tyburn gallows . Turpin " behav 'd himself with amazing assurance " , and " bow 'd to the spectators as he passed " . He climbed a ladder to the gallows and spoke to his executioner . York had no permanent hangman , and it was the custom to pardon a prisoner on condition that he acted as executioner . On this occasion , the pardoned man was a fellow highwayman , Thomas Hadfield . An account in The Gentleman 's Magazine for 7 April 1739 notes Turpin 's brashness : " Turpin behaved in an undaunted manner ; as he mounted the ladder , feeling his right leg tremble , he spoke a few words to the topsman , then threw himself off , and expir 'd in five minutes . "
The short drop method of hanging meant that those executed were killed by slow strangulation , and so Turpin was left hanging until late afternoon , before being cut down and taken to a tavern in Castlegate . The next morning , the body was buried in the graveyard of St George 's Church , Fishergate , opposite what is now the Roman Catholic St George 's Church . On the Tuesday following the burial , the corpse was reportedly stolen by body @-@ snatchers . The theft of cadavers for medical research was a common enough occurrence , and was likely tolerated by the authorities in York . The practice was however unpopular with the general public , and the body @-@ snatchers , together with Turpin 's corpse , were soon apprehended by a mob . The body was recovered and reburied , supposedly this time with quicklime . Turpin 's body is purported to lie in St George 's graveyard , although some doubt remains as to the grave 's authenticity .
= = Modern view = =
Some of the Turpin legend can be sourced directly to Richard Bayes ' The Genuine History of the Life of Richard Turpin ( 1739 ) , a mixture of fact and fiction hurriedly put together in the wake of the trial , to satisfy a gullible public . The speeches of the condemned , biographies of criminals , and trial literature , were popular genres during the late 17th and early 18th centuries ; written for a mass audience and a precursor to the modern novel , they were " produced on a scale which beggars comparison with any period before or since " . Such literature functioned as news and a " forum in which anxieties about crime , punishment , sin , salvation , the workings of providence and social and moral transgression generally could be expressed and negotiated . "
Bayes ' document contains elements of conjecture ; for instance , his claim that Turpin was married to a Miss Palmer ( and not Elizabeth Millington ) is almost certainly incorrect , and the date of Turpin 's marriage , for which no documentary evidence has been found , appears to be based solely on Bayes ' claim that in 1739 Turpin had married 11 or 12 years earlier . His account of those present during the robberies committed by the Essex Gang often contains names that never appeared in contemporary newspaper reports , suggesting , according to author Derek Barlow , that Bayes embellished his story . Bayes ' description of Turpin 's relationship with " King the Highwayman " is almost certainly fictional . Turpin may have known Matthew King as early as 1734 , and had an active association with him from February 1737 , but the story of the " Gentleman Highwayman " may have been created only to link the end of the Essex gang with the author 's own recollection of events . Barlow also views the account of the theft of Turpin 's corpse , appended to Thomas Kyll 's publication of 1739 , as " handled with such delicacy as to amount almost to reverence " , and therefore of suspect provenance .
No contemporary portrait exists of Turpin , who as a notorious but unremarkable figure was not considered sufficiently important to be immortalised . An engraving in one edition of Bayes ' 1739 publication , of a man hiding in a cave , is sometimes supposed to be him , but the closest description that exists is that given by John Wheeler , of " a fresh coloured man , very much marked with the small pox , about five feet nine inches high ... wears a blue grey coat and a light coloured wig " . An E @-@ FIT of Turpin , created from such reports , was published by the Castle Museum in York in 2009 .
Turpin is best known for his exploits as a highwayman , but before his execution the only contemporary report of him as such was in June 1737 , when a broadsheet entitled " News news : great and wonderful news from London in an uproar or a hue and cry after the Great Turpin , with his escape into Ireland " was published . Although some of his contemporaries became the subject of chapbooks , names such as James Hind , Claude Duval and William Nevison , are not nearly as well @-@ known today as the legend of Dick Turpin , whose fictionalised exploits first began to appear around the turn of the 19th century . It was , however , the story of a fabled ride from London to York that provided the impetus for 19th @-@ century author William Harrison Ainsworth to include and embellish the exploit in his 1834 novel Rookwood . Ainsworth used Turpin as a plot device , describing him in a manner that makes him more lively than the book 's other characters . Turpin is introduced with the pseudonym Palmer , and is later forced to escape on his horse , Black Bess . Although fast enough to keep ahead of those in pursuit , Black Bess eventually dies under the stress of the journey . This scene appealed more to readers than the rest of the work , and as Turpin was depicted as a likeable character who made the life of a criminal seem appealing , the story came to form part of the modern legend surrounding Turpin . The artist Edward Hull capitalised on Ainsworth 's story , publishing six prints of notable events in Turpin 's career .
Ainsworth 's tale of Turpin 's overnight journey from London to York on his mare Black Bess has its origins in an episode recorded by Daniel Defoe , in his 1727 work A tour thro ' the Whole Island of Great Britain . After committing a robbery in Kent in 1676 , William Nevison apparently rode to York to establish an alibi , and Defoe 's account of that journey became part of folk legend . A similar ride was attributed to Turpin as early as 1808 , and was being performed on stage by 1819 , but the feat as imagined by Ainsworth ( about 200 miles in less than a day ) is impossible . Nevertheless , Ainsworth 's legend of Black Bess was repeated in works such as Black Bess or the Knight of the Road , a 254 @-@ part penny dreadful published in 1867 – 68 . In these tales , Turpin was the hero , accompanied by his trusty colleagues Claude Duval , Tom King , and Jack Rann . These narratives , which transformed Turpin from a pockmarked thug and murderer into " a gentleman of the road [ and ] a protector of the weak " , followed a popular cultural tradition of romanticising English criminals . This practice is reflected in the ballads written about Turpin , the earliest of which , Dick Turpin , would appear to have been published in 1737 . Later ballads presented Turpin as an 18th @-@ century Robin Hood figure : " Turpin was caught and his trial was passed , and for a game cock he died at last . Five hundred pounds he gave so free , all to Jack Ketch as a small legacy . "
Stories about Turpin continued to be published well into the 20th century , and the legend was also transferred to the stage . In 1845 the playwright George Dibdin @-@ Pitt recreated the most notable " facts " of Turpin 's life , and in 1846 Marie Tussaud added a wax sculpture of Turpin to her collection at Madame Tussauds . In 1906 actor Fred Ginnett wrote and starred in the film Dick Turpin 's Last Ride to York . Other silent versions appeared for the silver screen , and some adaptations even moulded Turpin into a figure styled on Robin Hood . Sid James appeared as Turpin in the 1974 Carry On film , Carry On Dick , and LWT cast Richard O 'Sullivan as Turpin in their eponymous series , Dick Turpin .
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= 1933 FA Cup Final =
The 1933 FA Cup Final was a football match between Everton and Manchester City on 29 April 1933 at Wembley Stadium in London . The deciding match of English football 's primary cup competition , the Football Association Challenge Cup ( better known as the FA Cup ) , it was the 62nd final , and the 11th at Wembley . The 1933 final was the first where the players , including goalkeepers , were issued numbers for identification . Everton were allocated numbers 1 – 11 and Manchester City numbers 12 – 22 .
Each team progressed through five rounds to reach the final . Everton won 3 – 0 , with goals from Jimmy Stein , Dixie Dean and James Dunn , and won the cup for the first time since 1906 .
= = Route to the final = =
= = = Everton = = =
Both teams entered the competition in the third round , the entry point for First Division clubs . Everton were drawn to play Leicester City at Filbert Street , an all First Division tie . The match was close ; Dixie Dean scored for Everton after three minutes , but Leicester quickly levelled the score . A goal by Jimmy Stein gave Everton a 2 – 1 half @-@ time lead , but Leicester again equalised . James Dunn eventually scored to secure a 3 – 2 win for Everton . Second Division Bury provided the opposition in the fourth round . Tommy Johnson scored twice for Everton in the opening half @-@ hour . From that point , though Bury enjoyed significant spells of possession , Everton thwarted their efforts by preying on Bury mistakes . In the second half Dean added a third goal from a rebounded Cliff Britton free @-@ kick , and Bury scored a late consolation goal . Everton were drawn at to play Leeds United at home in the fifth round . Leeds ' strong league form meant Everton entered the match as slight underdogs despite home advantage . Everton goalkeeper Ted Sagar made two important saves in the first half to deny Arthur Hydes and Billy Furness . Everton the gained the upper hand and scored twice , Dean with the first , and Stein with the second , direct from a corner .
Against Third Division Luton Town in the quarter @-@ final , Everton won comfortably . The match remained scoreless for half an hour , but after Stein opened the scoring for Everton the match became one @-@ sided , and ended 6 – 0 . Stein and Johnson both scored twice , along with a goal each for Dunn and Dean , the latter maintaining his record of scoring in every round . By this time Everton were viewed as favourites to win the competition . In the semi @-@ final they played West Ham at Molineux , Wolverhampton . Everton took the lead in the sixth minute . A corner kick by Stein was headed on by Johnson , and then headed into the net by Dunn . Everton had the better of the play in the first half , but Vic Watson scored for West Ham just before half @-@ time . In the second half West Ham 's Woods missed an open goal from six yards ( 5.5m ) . Everton then capitalised on their reprieve . With seven minutes remaining , a mistake by Jim Barrett allowed Edward Critchley to go clear on goal and score the winner .
= = = Manchester City = = =
Manchester City started the competition at Third Division Gateshead . Despite the disparity in league positions , a heavy pitch made for an even game , which finished 1 – 1 . The replay at Maine Road was one @-@ sided . A 9 – 0 Manchester City win featured six different scorers , including a hat @-@ trick from Fred Tilson . In the fourth round Manchester City faced another Third Division side , Walsall , who had provided the surprise result of the third round by defeating league leaders Arsenal . Brook scored both goals in a 2 – 0 win , in which Walsall 's Reed was sent off for a foul on Brook . The fifth round brought a short trip to Bolton Wanderers , where the attendance of 69 @,@ 920 was the highest of the round . Bolton took the lead , but Brook scored twice in quick succession to give Manchester City the advantage at the interval . Bolton equalised when a gust of wind caught Raymond Westwood 's corner . Brook completed a hat trick with a penalty to regain the lead , and in the closing minutes Tilson completed a 4 – 2 victory . The Manchester Guardian suggested Brook 's " magnificent display " made him a contender for an England call @-@ up .
Manchester City 's quarter @-@ final was against Burnley of the Second Division . City took the lead early in the match following a solo goal by Tilson . In the second @-@ half Burnley discarded their passing game in favour of a direct approach , and pressured the Manchester City goal . The City defence stood firm , and the match finished 1 – 0 . City 's opponents for the semi @-@ final , held at Leeds Road , Huddersfield , were Derby County . Derby had two chances to score in the first half , but both were missed . A Manchester City counter @-@ attack produced the opening goal , when Brook crossed and Toseland headed in . By midway through the second half Manchester City led by three goals . The second was scored by Tilson , a follow @-@ up after an initial saved shot . McMullan scored the third after dribbling through the Derby defence . Derby mounted a late comeback . A goal by Howard Fabian reduced the deficit to two , and Sammy Crooks added a late second for Derby , but it was too late to affect the result of the match , which ended 3 – 2 .
= = Build @-@ up = =
Everton had contested the final on four previous occasions . They beat Newcastle United 1 – 0 to win the Cup in 1906 , but were defeated in the 1893 , 1897 and 1907 finals . The 1933 final was Manchester City 's third . Both their previous finals were against Bolton Wanderers . Manchester City won by a goal to nil in 1904 , and lost by the same scoreline in 1926 . Both teams had performed well in the previous season . Manchester City reached the semi @-@ finals of the 1932 FA Cup ; Everton were reigning league champions . The clubs had never previously met in cup competition . The league matches between the two earlier in the season each finished as a win for the home team . At the time of the final , Everton 's league position was tenth , and Manchester City 's sixteenth . Newspapers did not declare a clear favourite for the win . Everton were viewed as having the more skilful players , particularly their forwards , whereas Manchester City were seen as having greater strength and determination .
Everton spent the week before the match in the spa town of Buxton , and travelled to Dorking on the eve of the match . Manchester City spent the week in Bushey . Everton 's James Dunn received treatment on a thigh injury in the ten days preceding the game , but was anticipated to be fit enough to play . Manchester City 's main injury worry was Fred Tilson , who was troubled by a leg injury . Dunn was passed fit well before the game , allowing Everton to field the same line @-@ up that played in four of their five previous cup ties .
Ten miles ( 16 km ) of barbed wire was used to secure Wembley Stadium against unauthorised entry . The pre @-@ match entertainment was music by the Band of the Irish Guards , and communal singing backed by the band of the Royal Horse Guards . Inclement weather prevented the attendance of King George V. Instead the guest of honour was the Duke of York . Other guests present included Baron Wigram , Admiral Sir Lionel Halsey , Austrian envoy Baron von Franckenstein and the West Indies cricket team .
The Manchester City line @-@ up contained two survivors from the 1926 team , Sam Cowan and Jimmy McMullan . The only Everton player with cup final experience was Tommy Johnson , who also played for Manchester City in the 1926 final . He represented the Manchester club between 1919 and 1930 , and at the time of the 1933 final was Manchester City 's all @-@ time highest goalscorer .
Both teams usually wore blue , causing a colour clash . The competition rules required both teams to wear alternative colours . For the first time in a cup final , the players wore numbered shirts . Everton were numbered 1 – 11 , and Manchester City 12 – 22 . Everton goalkeeper Sagar wore 1 , with the forwards bearing the higher numbers . Manchester City were the reverse . Forward Brook wore 12 , through to goalkeeper Langford who wore 22 .
= = Match = =
Each team played the formation typical of the era : two full @-@ backs , three half @-@ backs and five forwards . With Tilson absent from the Manchester City line @-@ up , Alec Herd moved across to Tilson 's usual centre @-@ forward position , and Bobby Marshall was selected at inside @-@ right .
Manchester City had the first attack of the match , but it came to nothing . Soon Everton began to dominate the match , with Dean frequently involved in the attacking play . Several Everton attacks came on their left flank . Stein caused Manchester City right @-@ back Sid Cann problems , and Cann was forced to concede a corner kick on several occasions . Just after the half @-@ hour Everton had their first shot on target , when Stein 's effort was saved by Langford . Another chance quickly arrived . Stein 's cross passed in front of goal , but Dean was unable to connect with the ball . Two minutes later Manchester City goalkeeper Langford attempted to catch a cross from Britton , but dropped the ball under pressure from Dean . The ball fell into the path of Stein , who put the ball into the empty net to give Everton the lead . At half @-@ time Everton led 1 – 0 .
Everton continued to control the game in the second half . Manchester City took shots from long range , but none required Sagar to make a save . Seven minutes into the second half , Langford again failed to catch a Britton cross , and Dean charged to the net . Dean , ball and goalkeeper all landed in the goal , making the score 2 – 0 . Manchester City then made a few fruitless attacks . As was the case throughout the game , the Everton defence outplayed the Manchester City forwards . The Manchester Guardian singled out Warney Cresswell for particular praise , describing his performance as " an almost perfect display " . Ten minutes from time a Dunn header from a corner made the score 3 – 0 to Everton . Just before the end Everton 's Johnson had a chance to make it 4 – 0 , but the referee blew his whistle for full @-@ time before Johnson could take his shot .
= = Match details = =
= = Post @-@ match = =
Everton captain Dixie Dean led his team to the Royal Box and received the cup from the Duke of York . Everton returned to Liverpool on the Monday evening , and paraded the city in the same horse @-@ drawn carriage used in the celebrations of their previous cup win in 1906 . The players attended a reception at the town hall , where large crowds greeted them . After the reception the cup was taken to Goodison Park for public viewing .
Newsreels of the final featured post @-@ match toasts by the two captains . First Dixie Dean , raising his glass , said " Here 's to Lancashire , and may the cup stay in Lancashire . If Everton don 't win it , may another Lancashire club win it . " Cowan replied " I hope the next Lancashire club that wins it is Manchester City , my club " . The following year 's final made the captains ' remarks look perceptive . Cowan and his Manchester City team returned , and beat Portsmouth 2 – 1 to win the 1934 cup . Both Manchester City and Everton also went on to win the league championship later in the decade ; Manchester City in 1937 , and Everton in 1939 .
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= Arbiter ( Halo ) =
In the Halo science fiction universe , the Arbiter is a ceremonial , religious , and political rank bestowed upon alien Covenant Elites . In the 2004 video game Halo 2 , the rank is given to a disgraced commander as a way to atone for his failures . Although the Arbiter is intended to die serving the Covenant leadership , the High Prophets , he survives his missions and the Prophets ' subsequent betrayal of his kind . When he learns that the Prophets ' plans would doom all sentient life in the galaxy to extinction , the Arbiter allies with the Covenant 's enemies — humanity — and stops the ringworld Halo from being activated . The Arbiter is a playable character in Halo 2 and its 2007 sequel Halo 3 ; a different Arbiter appears in the 2009 real @-@ time strategy game Halo Wars , which takes place 20 years before the events of the main trilogy .
The appearance of the Arbiter in Halo 2 and the change in perspective from the main human protagonist Master Chief to a former enemy was a plot twist Halo developer Bungie kept highly secret . The character 's name was changed from " Dervish " after concerns that the name reinforced a perceived United States @-@ versus @-@ Islam allegory in the game 's plot . Award @-@ winning actor Keith David lends his voice to the character in Halo 2 , 3 and 5 , while David Sobolov voices the Arbiter of Halo Wars .
The Arbiter has appeared in three series of action figures and other collectibles and marketing in addition to appearances in the games . Bungie intended the sudden point of view switch to a member of the Covenant as a plot twist that no one would have seen coming , but the character in particular and the humanization of the Covenant in general was not evenly received by critics and fans . Computer and Video Games derided the Arbiter 's missions as " crap bits " in Halo 2 . Conversely , IGN lamented the loss of the Arbiter 's story in Halo 3 and missed the added dimension the character provided to the story .
= = Character design = =
The Arbiter in the video games Halo 2 ( 2004 ) and Halo 3 ( 2007 ) is voiced by Keith David , a New York actor . David noted that he enjoys voicing complicated characters who have a past . To make an impact with voice acting , he says , is difficult — " it 's either good acting or it 's bad acting " . David is not a frequent video game player , but stated that he has become more known for his work as the Arbiter than for his film and other voice roles .
The Arbiter changed very little during development , as the overall appearance of the alien Covenant Elites had been designed and developed for the previous game , 2001 's Halo : Combat Evolved . The only substantial difference between the Arbiter and other Elites is ceremonial armor seen in early concept sketches and which appeared in the final design . During Halo 2 's early developmental stages the character 's name was " Dervish " , a name from the Sufi sect of Islam . Out of context , Microsoft Game Studios ' " geocultural review " consultants found nothing wrong with the name . However , as Tom Edwards , a consultant who worked with Microsoft during the review noted , " within the game 's context this Islamic @-@ related name of ' Dervish ' set up a potentially problematic allegory related to Halo 2 's plot — the [ United States ] -like forces ( Master Chief / Sarge ) versus Islam ( the religious Covenant , which already had a ' Prophet of Truth ' which is one title for Muhammad ) . Since this incident was not long after the September 11 attacks , sensitivity to the name remained high , and the character 's name was changed to the " Arbiter " .
In an interview with MTV , Halo developer Bungie 's former content manager Frank O 'Connor said that the inclusion of the Arbiter as a playable character in Halo 2 was supposed to be a " secret on the scale of a Shyamalan plot twist " and explains that Bungie was able to keep the public uninformed about this until the game 's release , to the point that O 'Connor never even considered including it on the weekly development updates posted at Bungie 's webpage . O 'Connor also stated that Bungie " had some other things that were secrets within secrets " and claimed that there was material related to the Arbiter that was kept secret during the development of Halo 3 because " There is an aspect of the Arbiter 's character that is still secret to this day and will remain so for a good reason . " Story director Joseph Staten said that the purpose of introducing the Arbiter was " to offer another , compelling point of view on a war where telling friend from foe wasn 't always clear @-@ cut . We knew we had a trilogy on our hands , so we were looking past the shock of playing as the enemy [ to the events of Halo 3 ] " .
= = Major appearances = =
= = = Halo 2 = = =
Presented in Halo 2 , the rank of " Arbiter " is bestowed upon a Covenant Elite by the Covenant leadership — the High Prophets — during a time of " extraordinary crisis " . The Arbiter acts as the " Blade of the Prophets " , undertaking highly dangerous missions to preserve the Covenant . It is expected that these soldiers will die in the course of their duties . Although it was originally a rank of great honor , it later became a rank assigned to disgraced or shamed Elites that nevertheless possessed great martial skill , both as a means to have them serve the Covenant , and as a convenient means of disposal after their assigned suicidal missions .
The Arbiter in the Halo trilogy , Thel ' Vadamee , was previously a Supreme Commander in the Covenant fleet , having commanded the ships that follow the human vessel Pillar of Autumn to the ringworld Halo during the events of Halo : Combat Evolved . A Prophet orders the Autumn not to be destroyed outright , lest the ring be damaged ; this hesitance allows the humans to land on the ring , coordinate a resistance , and ultimately destroy the ring to stop the spread of the parasitic Flood . In the aftermath of the incident ( depicted in Halo : First Strike ) , the commander also loses a Covenant ship to UNSC forces , resulting in the annihilation of a Covenant invasion force heading for Earth . As Halo 2 begins , the Covenant High Council brands the Commander a heretic for letting the ringworld — which the Covenant consider a sacred relic — be destroyed . He is stripped of his rank and branded . Though his public execution is soon to follow , he is spared by the High Prophets ; the Hierarchs give the disgraced Commander a chance to lead troops once again by becoming the Arbiter .
The Arbiter 's first mission is to silence a renegade Elite who has been preaching that the Prophets have lied to the Covenant . The Arbiter is then sent to retrieve the " Sacred Icon " from the library on the newly discovered Delta Halo , in order to activate the ring and bring about the Great Journey , the Covenant 's concept of salvation . Though he retrieves the Icon , the Arbiter is betrayed by the Chieftain of the Brutes , Tartarus ; Tartarus reveals that the Prophets have given him and his race carte blanche to massacre the Elites and replace them in the Covenant caste system . Though the Arbiter is believed dead , he is rescued — along with his nemesis , the human soldier Master Chief — by the parasitic Flood intelligence Gravemind . Gravemind reveals that the Great Journey actually spells doom for all sentient life , and sends him to stop Tartarus from activating the ring . In the process of stopping the Brute , the Arbiter and his Elites forge an alliance with the humans Miranda Keyes and Avery Johnson , and the Arbiter slays Tartarus with help from Johnson , halting the firing of the ring . The unexpected shutdown of Halo triggers a standby sequence , which the Arbiter learns has made all the Halo installations ready to fire remotely from a place known as the Ark .
= = = Halo 3 = = =
While the Arbiter remains a playable character in Halo 3 during cooperative gameplay ( the second player in a game lobby controls him ) , the game 's story never switches to the point of view of the Arbiter , as in Halo 2 . For much of Halo 3 , the Arbiter assists human forces in their fight against hostile Covenant forces alongside John @-@ 117 . After the Flood arrive on Earth , the Arbiter persuades Rtas ' Vadum not to glass the entire planet to quell the infestation . Along with a group of humans and Elites , the Arbiter follows the Prophet of Truth 's forces through a slipspace portal to the Ark , where he kills the Prophet . The Master Chief decides to activate the Halo under construction at the Ark to destroy the local Flood while sparing the galaxy at large ; the Arbiter helps to retrieve the artificial intelligence Cortana so that the installation can be fired . During the escape , the ship he and the Master Chief are on split in two ; while the Master Chief is presumed lost , the Arbiter crashes safely to Earth . After attending a ceremony honoring the dead , the Arbiter and the rest of the Elites leave for their homeworld .
= = = Halo Wars = = =
Taking place 20 years before the events of Halo : Combat Evolved , Ensemble Studio 's Halo Wars features a different Arbiter from the character seen in the trilogy . Lead designer David Pottinger described Ensemble 's Arbiter as a " mean guy . He 's Darth Vader times ten . " The characterization stemmed from a desire to make the Covenant more basically " evil " in order to provide a good guy @-@ bad guy conflict . Parts of the Arbiter 's backstory before the game 's events are explained in a tie @-@ in graphic novel , Halo Wars : Genesis . The Elite , Ripa ' Moramee , was given the rank after he fought and lost a campaign against his own clan .
= = = Halo 5 : Guardians = = =
Arbiter Thel ' Vadam , voiced by Keith David , narrates and appears in a trailer for Halo : The Master Chief Collection , first shown at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014 . The trailer acts as a prelude to Halo 5 : Guardians , in which Thel ' Vadam and his forces ( Swords of Sangheilios ) are locked in a bloody civil war with Covenant loyalists that reside on the home planet Sangheilios . During the game , the Arbiter meets with Spartan Jameson Locke who asks the Arbiter about his views on the Master Chief . The Arbiter tells him that even when the Master Chief was his enemy , he maintained a measure of respect for him and over time came to call the Master Chief has ally and even his friend . Before the Spartans leave , the Arbiter sends his greetings with them for the Master Chief in such a way that shocks the team as no Elite has ever greeted a human in such a way before .
= = = Other appearances = = =
An Arbiter appears as a playable character in Killer Instinct : Season Three , voiced by Ray Chase . He uses several weapons from the Halo series in combat , and fights in the Arena of Judgment , a stage set in the midst of a battle on Sangheilios . According to franchise development director Frank O 'Connor , this character is an " amalgam " of historical characters .
= = Cultural impact = =
= = = Merchandise = = =
Following the release of Halo 2 , Joyride Studios released an Arbiter action figure . This particular model was reviewed by Armchair Empire 's Aaron Simmer as a " great translation of the source material into plastic " . Simmer described the figure 's dimensions were in proportion with other figures released by the studio , and praised the level of detail in the armor and weapons , but found fault with the neck articulation and design . Other aspects mentioned were its compatibility with the Master Chief 's action figure and its durability . Several models of the Arbiter are featured in the Halo ActionClix collectible game , produced as promotional material prior to the release of Halo 3 . McFarlane Toys was given the task of developing a Halo 3 line of action figures , and a sculpt of the Arbiter was released in the second series of figures after the game 's release in July 2008 . A large @-@ scale , non @-@ articulated Arbiter figure was produced by McFarlane as part of the " Legendary Collection " .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The reception of the Arbiter as a playable character in Halo 2 was mixed ; O 'Connor described the Arbiter as the most controversial character Bungie had ever created . The character was described as a " brilliant stroke of a game design " because it provided an unexpected story line but also offered the player new options by allowing stealth gameplay . Several publications enjoyed the added dimension to the Covenant by having the Arbiter as a playable character .
Alternatively , publications like GameSpot thought that while the Arbiter and Covenant side added " newfound complexity to the story " , it distracted the player from Earth 's fate ; a panel of Halo 2 reviewers argued that though the decision to humanize the Covenant by the introduction of the Arbiter was welcome , the execution in @-@ game was lacking . The missions where the player controls the Arbiter were described as " anything but easy " and occasionally " boring " , due to the lack of human weapons to balance the gameplay . A review performed by Computer and Video Games described the time that the player controls the character as " [ those ] crap bits when you play as an alien Arbiter " and listed this as one of Halo 2 's flaws . Reviewer Jarno Kokko said that while he did not personally dislike playing as the character , the idea of " people disliking the concept of playing on the other side in a game that is supposed to be the ' Master Chief blows up some alien scum ' show " was a plausible complaint . Among some fans , the character was reviled .
The reception of the Arbiter 's elimination as a main playable character in Halo 3 was similarly mixed . Hilary Goldstein of IGN decided the change took away the " intriguing side @-@ story of the Arbiter and his Elites " , in the process reducing the character 's role to that of " a dude with a weird mandible and a cool sword " . Likewise , Steve West of Cinemablend.com stated that the one important event in the game for the Arbiter would be lost on anyone for whom Halo 3 was their first game in the series . IGN 's reviewer took issue with the poor artificial intelligence ( AI ) of allies in the game , and singled out the Arbiter in particular ; " The Arbiter makes me question why the Elites were ever feared in the original Halo , " Hilary Goldstein said . Describing the AI of the character , Goldstein felt players could " enjoy watching your supposed equal getting shot in the face repeatedly and generally making himself utterly useless . What is the point of sticking you with an AI compatriot if all he 's good at is respawning ? " The New York Times ' Charles Herold found that in comparison to Halo 2 , where the character played a central role , the Arbiter in Halo 3 was " extraneous " . On the opposite end of the spectrum were reviewers like G4tv , who argued that the Arbiter was more likeable , not to mention more useful , as an AI sidekick instead of the main player . In a list of the top alien characters in video games , MSNBC placed the Arbiter at the number two ranking .
Halo Wars 's cinematics and voice acting were widely lauded , although one reviewer wrote that the characters were stereotypical and unlikeable . Dakota Grabowski of PlanetXbox360 considered the Arbiter the most confusing character in the game 's story . Conversely , GamePro listed the Arbiter as one of the five best things about the game , saying that while it was a different character than the Arbiter seen in Halo 2 and Halo 3 , he was " like an alien Jack Bauer amped up on drugs " .
Despite the resistance to the character , Bungie staff defended the character 's introduction . " I 'd much rather experiment and do something surprising , and not have everybody appreciate it , than just turn the crank and do another alien war movie with a space marine , " said Halo 2 design lead Jaime Griesemer . Community lead Brian Jarrard attributed some of the fan backlash to a discord between the game 's marketing and the actual gameplay . " I think , even more so than playing as the Arbiter , the thing that people were disappointed with and angry about is that they were promised this experience , through the marketing , of being really backs against the wall , Earth 's under siege , we 're going to do all we can to save our home planet ... In reality , the game only had two missions that actually did that . " Referring to Halo 2 's cliffhanger ending , Griesemer said , " I think if we 'd been able to finish that last couple of missions and get you properly back on Earth , a lot of the reaction would have been placated . "
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= Invasion ( Grey 's Anatomy ) =
" Invasion " is the fifth episode of the sixth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 107th episode overall . It was written by Mark Wilding and directed by Tony Phelan . The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on October 15 , 2009 . In the episode , the physicians of Seattle Grace Hospital must learn to co @-@ operate with new Mercy West residents , who do not act in a kind manner to them . Other storylines include Dr. Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) ' s father returning to the hospital to condemn her homosexuality , and Dr. Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) putting her career into jeopardy after administering the wrong treatment to a patient .
The episode was Heigl 's last appearance before her five @-@ episode hiatus to film a movie . It is set in a fictional hospital in Seattle , Washington . Héctor Elizondo returned as a guest star , while Jesse Williams , Sarah Drew , Robert Baker , and Nora Zehetner made their first appearances . " Invasion " received generally positive reviews , with critics praising Drew 's , Jessica Capshaw 's , Ellen Pompeo 's , and Sandra Oh 's performances . Upon its initial airing , the episode was viewed by 13 @.@ 79 million Americans , garnered a 5 @.@ 0 / 13 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic and ranked third for the night in terms of viewership .
= = Plot = =
The hospital receives several surgical residents from Mercy West as they enter Seattle Grace , a repercussion of the recent merger . Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) is recovering from her liver transplantation surgery , after donating a portion of it to her father . In the residents ' lounge , Dr. Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) tries to explain to Mercy West resident Dr. Reed Adamson ( Nora Zehetner ) that she should not use a certain locker , due to it formerly belonging to the deceased Dr. George O 'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) . Adamson ignores her wishes , and uses the locker , leading Stevens to threatening to fight her . Shortly thereafter , Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) and Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) are working in the emergency room , when Dr. Owen Hunt ( Kevin McKidd ) embarrasses Yang by taking Mercy West resident Dr. Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) ' side in a disagreement . Despite her mindset that all Mercy West residents would act in the manner of Adamson , Stevens develops a friendship with Dr. Charles Percy ( Robert Baker ) . After months of the two not speaking , Dr. Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) ' s father , Carlos ( Héctor Elizondo ) , shows up to the hospital with a priest , trying to condemn Torres for her concurrence in homosexuality .
Under the supervision of Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , Lexie works with Mercy West resident Dr. April Kepner ( Sarah Drew ) on a burglar , and the two get in several disagreements , leading Lexie to steal her diary . Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) and Adamson continuously argue over the course of treatment for a patient , leading the patient 's daughter to yell at them in disbelief . Angry about the revelation that Percy ( who later aplogized saying that they can be friends outside the hospital , but not inside ) was using her , Stevens accidentally administers the wrong dialysis to a patient , making her an unviable candidate for the kidney transplant she was scheduled to receive . After arguing over surgical cases for the entirety of the day , Yang comes to the realization that she needs a cardiothoracic surgeon to work at the hospital . After being mistreated by Kepner , Lexie begins to mock her about what is written in her diary , thus ruining her emotionally , but subsequently apologizes . Dr. Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) , Torres ' girlfriend , talks to Carlos , and convinces him to accept his daughter 's sexuality . Having found out about Stevens ' mistake , Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) reprimands her reports her to the chief of surgery Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) . Webber asks Stevens to come into her office , and he fires her from the staff , noting that Hunt , Shepherd , and Karev had concerns with her coming back to work so early . Stevens departs , writing Karev a Dear John letter , causing him to cry in front of Meredith and Yang .
= = Production = =
The episode was written by Mark Wilding and directed by Tony Phelan . Jenny Barak edited the episode 's music and Donald Lee Harris served as production designer . Eric Dane ( Dr. Mark Sloan ) was absent from the episode . Featured music included The Myrmidon 's " Clap " , Traildriver 's " I Want You Now " , and Greg Laswell 's remake of " Your Ghost " . " Invasion " was the last episode Heigl appeared in , before her five @-@ episode hiatus to film the romantic comedy Life As We Know It .
Wilding called the guest stars " a blast to work with " . He deemed the theme of the episode " invasion " , adding that all the character 's lives were being invaded . In the episode , Stevens makes a mistake , following a disagreement with Percy . Wilding commented that Stevens was originally seeking friendship with Percy , because he reminded her of O 'Malley . At the conclusion of the episode , Torres ultimately reunites with her father Carlos . Wilding offered his insight on this and the overall episode :
" Shonda came up with the idea of Mr. Torres showing up with the family priest . I immediately said YES because anytime I can see Hector Elizondo on my TV screen , I 'm all for it . In the scene where he 's quoting the Bible at Callie , he really is afraid he 's going to lose her . He 's desperate , yanking out those index cards like her very life depends on it . It was Hector 's idea to use the cards . He didn 't think his character would know that stuff of the top of his head , which is how I originally wrote it . And he was right . And it worked beautifully . And that final scene when he and Callie are outside the hospital and he 's asking her if she 'll still get married , still have kids … I really , really liked that scene . And I really , really liked their whole story . All told , I thought the episode came out pretty well . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Broadcasting = = =
" Invasion " was first broadcast on October 15 , 2009 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company . The episode was viewed by a total of 13 @.@ 79 million Americans , down 0 @.@ 34 % from the previous episode " Tainted Obligation " , which garnered 14 @.@ 13 million viewers . In terms of viewership , " Invasion " ranked third for the night , just behind CBS 's juggernauts CSI and The Mentalist . The episode did not win in viewership , but its 5 @.@ 0 / 13 Nielsen rating ranked first in its 9 : 00 Eastern time @-@ slot and the entire night , for both the rating and share percentages of the key 18 – 49 demographic , beating out CSI , The Mentalist , Private Practice , and The Office . Although its rating won for the night , it was a decrease from the previous episode , which garnered a 5 @.@ 4 / 14 rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The episode received positive reviews among television critics . The Los Angeles Times ' Carina MacKenzie 's review of the episode was largely positive , though she called it " immature " of the episode 's writers to have the characters in constant battle with one another , and deemed the Mercy West resident 's orange scrubs unnecessary . MacKenzie highly praised the characterization of Kepner , in addition to Capshaw 's performance , commenting : " Jessica Capshaw has an incredible ability to take even the most melodramatic of Grey 's [ Anatomy ] speeches and deliver them with a subtlety and an honesty that makes them come off as sincere instead of overwrought . " MacKenzie concluded that Karev , Yang , and Meredith had appropriate reactions to Stevens ' departure .
Michael Pascua of The Huffington Post praised the scene in which Yang broke down to Meredith , noting the exceptional chemistry between them . Pascua was positive of the storyline between Torres , Carlos , and Robbins , writing that it was nice to see an emphasis on the gay storyline . Adam Bryant of TV Guide wrote that Baker 's character " seems like the only decent guy in the bunch " , though PopSugar asserted that Williams ' character " proves to be most likable of the new doctors " .
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= Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock =
Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock ( initially referred to as Guitar Hero 6 or Guitar Hero VI ) is a music video game developed by Neversoft and published by Activision . It was the sixth main entry in the Guitar Hero series , and was released in September 2010 for PlayStation 3 , Wii ( ported by Vicarious Visions ) , and Xbox 360 . Similar to previous entries in the franchise , it is geared towards playing in a four @-@ person band experience , including lead and bass guitar , drums , and vocals . The game is available as a standalone title , allowing players to use existing compatible instrument controllers , and as a bundle that provides these controllers .
Warriors of Rock shares core gameplay elements with its predecessors , but introduced a new story mode in which the player must recruit eight characters — each with a unique ability that modifies the mechanics of the game — to help defeat an antagonist known as " The Beast " . The storyline also incorporated Rush 's seven @-@ part " 2112 " , as well as " Sudden Death " , a new song performed by Megadeth to serve as its culmination . Warriors of Rock carried over core gameplay and multiplayer functionality introduced by Guitar Hero 5 , including per @-@ song bonus challenges , and the ability to use power @-@ ups from the story mode in standard gameplay .
Warriors of Rock received mixed reviews from gaming journalists : while critics felt that Warriors of Rock would appeal best to long @-@ time fans of the Guitar Hero franchise , some felt that the overall soundtrack was weaker than that of past installments due to its lack of focus and use of lesser @-@ known songs and artists . The game 's " Quest Mode " was met with a similarly mixed reaction , with some critics considering it a notable change over the career modes of previous Guitar Hero games and praising certain highlights , such as the " 2112 " segment , but criticizing the pacing of the storyline and how its songs were organized .
Sales of Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock were weaker than those of Guitar Hero 5 , with combined sales of the game and DJ Hero 2 through the end of 2010 being 63 % lower than the sales of Guitar Hero 5 , DJ Hero and Band Hero through the end of 2009 . Initial shipments of Warriors of Rock were also bundled with a copy of Soundgarden 's compilation album Telephantasm ; based on its distribution with copies of the game , Telephantasm became the first album to receive a Platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of America based on distribution alongside a video game . As a result of the underwhelming sales , also credited to the oversaturation of the music game market , the Guitar Hero franchise was ultimately shuttered until the 2015 unveiling of a reboot , Guitar Hero Live .
= = Gameplay = =
As with previous games in the series , Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock is a rhythm game , allowing up to four people play in a band on vocals , lead and bass / rhythm guitar , and drums , to use special instrument controllers to simulate the playing of rock music . In general , the goal for each player is to match scrolling note gems that correspond to that instrument 's part in the given song to score points ; the guitar and bass player must hold down the appropriate colored buttons on the controller and then use the strum bar as the notes pass over a marked zone ; the drummer must strike the matching drum pads on the controller when the notes pass , and the vocalist must match the relative pitch of the song 's lyrics as guided by phrase markers . Successfully striking notes earns points and boosts the player 's performance meter ; missing notes will cause this meter to drop . When playing by one 's self , if the performance meter should empty , the song will end and require the player to restart it ; when playing in a band , the remaining band members must play well enough for a limited time to " revive " a player that has fallen out due to an empty performance meter , or else the whole band will fail the song . Prior to the start of a song , each player can select one of five difficulty levels : Beginner , Easy , Medium , Hard , and Expert , with a sixth difficulty of Expert + available to some songs on the drums which introduces a double bass pedal . Harder difficulties have characters with high note densities and more difficult playing techniques ; each player can select their own difficulty to play .
For guitar and bass players , the players are given the opportunity to play single notes or chords , both as single notes or sustained , during which the players must continue to hold down the fret button ( s ) for the extent of the sustain . Some charts provide the ability to hold down one sustained note via its fret button while strumming additional notes . Warriors of Rock also provides simulated hammer @-@ ons and pull @-@ offs , where , after striking one note , specifically marked notes can be played by fingering the correct buttons but without strumming . There are also note portions of some songs where notes appear semi @-@ transparent relative to normal notes ; these notes , introduced in Guitar Hero World Tour , can be played simply by tapping the correct buttons on the controller without strumming or using a touch @-@ sensitive " slider bar " below the fret buttons , if the player is using a World Tour controller . Bass players can play open chords by strumming without holding any fret buttons . Warriors of Rock introduces sustained open chords for bass players , although unlike other sustainable notes , does not require you to hold down the button required to execute the note initially . Drum players , when using velocity @-@ sensitive drum kits , may be presented with both ghosted notes or notes with a shield icon over them ; these represents drum notes that should be struck softer or harder than normal , respectively , to score more points . Drum players can also attach a second bass drum pedal , necessary for certain songs in the " Expert + " difficulty .
If the player successfully matches a number of consecutive notes correctly , they boost their individual scoring multiplier up to a maximum 4x value ; missing a note will reset to the multiplier back to 1x . Throughout each song 's respective charts for the instruments are special highlighted phrases ; completing all the notes in this phrase , and for guitar / bass players , using the whammy bar on marked sustained notes , fills part of a Star Power meter . When this meter is at least half full , the player can activate Star Power by performing special actions on their controllers : either tilting the guitar controller upward briefly or pressing the Star Power activation button for guitar and bass ; striking two pads simultaneously on the drums ; and either double tapping the microphone or pressing one of the buttons on the game console 's regular controllers for vocals . When Star Power is activated , the overall band scoring multiplier is increased for a limited time until the Star Power meter is drained . After completing a song , the band is awarded a number of stars based on the overall score ; in normal modes for Warriors of Rock , up to six stars can be earned ; the final being achievable only through zero misses and zero extra strums .
A major addition in Warriors of Rock is the use of special powers that come from special " warrior " forms of pre @-@ defined characters that are unlocked through the game 's Quest mode . These powers alter certain aspects of the core gameplay ; one character allows for the Star Power multiplier to boost up to six times instead of just double , while another earns the player a star for maintaining a scoring multiplier above a certain target for a length of time . When these powers are active , the players can earn well beyond five stars on a score either due to higher scoring opportunities or stars rewarded by the power , with a maximum of 40 stars available for each song .
= = = Game modes = = =
As with previous iterations of Guitar Hero , Warriors of Rock provides a career mode called " Quest Mode " that progresses through each of the on @-@ disc songs . Quest Mode is centered on a story @-@ telling element narrated by Gene Simmons , where the player must help save the Demigod of Rock from a mechanized creature called the Beast . To do this , the player must recruit eight characters for the battle against the Beast , each of whom have a unique power that affects gameplay . To recruit a character , the player must perform a number of songs that represent that character 's musical genre within a stylistic venue ; for example , the first character , the mohawk @-@ wearing Johnny Napalm , has a number of punk songs available , and uses the now @-@ defunct CBGB Club in New York City as his venue . After the player earns a minimum number of stars for that character , that character is transformed into a " warrior " , boosting their unique power , and is recruited into the player 's band .
Mid @-@ way through the Quest , the players will encounter the legendary ax @-@ guitar that belongs to the Demigod ; this section is highlighted by playing through the full seven @-@ part " 2112 " by Rush . Rush 's members , Geddy Lee , Neil Peart , and Alex Lifeson , narrate this section based on the story outlined in the liner notes of the 2112 album . The " 2112 " section also takes place in special venues inspired by the " 2112 " song , including the cave where the ax @-@ guitar is found , and one highlighting the iconic Starman image . After recruiting all eight characters , the player must divide the characters into two bands to " fight " against the Beast as to earn a maximum number of stars from each band 's combined powers in order to power the ax @-@ guitar and allow the Demigod to finish the Beast himself . This last battle is set to a new song , " Sudden Death " by Megadeth ( which would later appear in their album Thirteen , released the following year ) and written by their front @-@ man Dave Mustaine specifically for the conclusion of the game , and contains portions that he believed were " the most difficult parts " he has written in his life . When the player has completed the battle with the Beast , they have the opportunity to return to the previous venues , now with all eight powers active simultaneously , and attempt to achieve 40 @-@ star performances for each song in the game , as well as a comparatively difficult set of songs with the Demigod himself .
Video game journalists have noted thematic similarities between the story details of Warriors of Rock and Brütal Legend , an action video game with a world based on heavy metal , developed by Tim Schafer and Double Fine Productions which Activision , at one point , would have published but later dropped the rights . Project lead Brian Bright commented that their inspiration for the game 's story was the covers of metal albums , the same material that led to the world of Brütal Legend .
In the game 's Quickplay + mode , players can play any song on @-@ disc or from their downloadable content library . Each song has 13 different achievements to be completed . Twelve are similar to the Challenges introduced in Guitar Hero 5 , such as getting a high score , maintain a long note streak , or accumulating an amount of Star Power , and each has 3 levels ( gold , platinum , and diamond ) that translate to 1 to 3 additional stars once reached . If the player has unlocked the Warrior character powers in the Quest mode , they can enable these powers to try to get up to a maximum of 20 stars ( 21 for successfully completing the song without missing a note or hitting notes that aren 't there ) on each song for the thirteenth challenge . As the player earns stars in this mode , they will advance in rank and gain additional unlockable features such as alternate outfits or guitars and additional venue selections . Party mode introduced in Guitar Hero 5 is also available , where the game will automatically play songs like a jukebox , and allow for players to drop @-@ in or drop @-@ out at any time . The competitive modes introduced in Guitar Hero 5 are also carried over into Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock , and are expanded to include band @-@ vs @-@ band variants .
The Wii version improves the " Roadie " game version introduced in Guitar Hero 5 . In this mode , up to four additional players with their own Nintendo DS wirelessly connected to the Wii ( the " Roadies " ) can assist the other players using instrument controllers . The Roadies can create setlists from the DS , or engage in gameplay through " spells " that improve the performance of the player they are assigned to . Alternatively , in Roadie Battle mode , the Roadies can attempt to distract another player while at the same time removing the distractions placed on their player by another Roadie . Warriors of Rock includes an improved version of a song creation tool , allowing players to share their songs using the online " GHTunes " services . Improvements include the ability to lay down note tracks directly while playing one of the instrument controllers and a larger number of guitar , bass , and drum samples to use . The player can use the built @-@ on GH Studio to create their own music , save for vocals , to share with others on the GH Tracks service , either by laying down tracks one note at a time , or by jamming along to a pre @-@ defined beat . Players can create their own customized rocker to use in Quickplay + or online modes through the character creator , or use either the regular form or the Warrior version of the eight on @-@ disc characters .
= = = Characters = = =
There are no caricatures of real @-@ life musicians in the game due to ongoing legal issues with the likenesses of musician celebrities in Guitar Hero 5 and Band Hero . As such , only eight fictional guitarists are featured in the game ; more specifically , four men and four women . Each one has a special power that helps the player improve their score . In Quest Mode , the characters must obtain a certain number of " power stars " in order to transform into their warrior state , whereupon their power is upgraded into a " + " state which either boosts the effect or adds bonus effects .
= = = = Johnny Napalm = = = =
Johnny Napalm 's power is called " Speed Freak . " The effects of this power keep the multiplier at a minimum of double points . Additionally , maintaining a multiplier of triple points or higher will earn the player up to 2 power stars . Once Johnny has obtained enough power stars and has transformed into his warrior form , a hobgoblin , his power is upgraded to " Speed Freak + . " With this upgrade , the multiplier increases after hitting 5 notes in a row rather than 10 . Additionally , the amount of power stars that the player can earn by maintaining a multiplier of triple points or higher is increased to 5 .
= = = = Echo Tesla = = = =
Echo Tesla 's power is called " Star Power Generator . " The effects of this power fill the star power gauge by 5 % after hitting 10 notes in a row . Once Echo has obtained the necessary amount of power stars and has transformed into her warrior form , a cyborg , her power is upgraded to " Star Power Generator + . " With this upgrade , hitting 10 notes in a row fills the star power gauge by 10 % rather than 5 % .
= = = = Judy Nails = = = =
Judy Nails ' power is called " Crowd Hyper . " With it , the rock meter starts in the green section rather than the yellow section . Also , hitting notes while the rock meter is at the maximum , or " overflowing " the rock meter , will grant the player up to 2 power stars . Once Judy has obtained enough power stars and has transformed into her warrior form , a demon , her power is upgraded to " Crowd Hyper + . " With this upgrade , the rock meter starts at the maximum , and overflowing the rock meter now grants up to 5 power stars .
= = = = Austin Tejas = = = =
Austin Tejas ' power is called " Star Power Amplifier . " With it , successfully completing a star power sequence fills the star power gauge by 50 % rather than 25 % , allowing the player to use star power instantly . Once Austin has obtained enough power stars and has transformed into his warrior form , a headless horseman , his power is upgraded to " Star Power Amplifier + . " With this upgrade , successfully completing a star power sequence fills the star power gauge to the maximum .
= = = = Pandora = = = =
Pandora 's power is called " Star Power Nova . " With it , star power triples the player 's multiplier rather than doubling it . Once Pandora has obtained enough power stars and has transformed into her warrior form , an elf , her power is upgraded to " Star Power Nova + . " With this upgrade , star power now sextuples the player 's multiplier .
= = = = Lars Ümlaüt = = = =
Lars Ümlaüt 's power is called " Multiplier Extender . " The effects of this power increase the multiplier 's maximum from quadruple points to quintuple points . Once Lars has obtained enough power stars and has transformed into his warrior form , a half human , half boar hybrid , his power is upgraded to " Multiplier Extender + . " With this upgrade , the multiplier 's maximum increases from quintuple points to sextuple points .
= = = = Casey Lynch = = = =
Casey Lynch 's power is called " Streak Guardian . " With this power , the player 's note streak is protected by a shield that keeps the player 's note streak from resetting should they miss a note ; the shield refills quickly . Additionally , maintaining high note streaks will grant the player up to 2 power stars . Once Casey has obtained enough power stars and has transformed into her warrior form , a half human , half snake hybrid , her power is upgraded to " Streak Guardian + . " With this upgrade , the player is given 2 shields rather than 1 , and maintaining high note streaks grants up to 5 power stars .
= = = = Axel Steel = = = =
Axel Steel 's power is called " Resurrector . " With this power , the player can earn up to 2 ankhs that will revive the player with the rock meter in the yellow section should they fail the song . Additionally , any ankhs left over after the song is complete are converted into 1 power star each . Once Axel has obtained enough power stars and has transformed into his warrior form , a mummy , his power is upgraded to " Resurrector + . " With this upgrade , the maximum number of ankhs the player can earn is increased to 5 .
= = = = The Demigod of Rock = = = =
Once the player has defeated " the Beast , " the player unlocks the Demigod of Rock as a playable character . The Demigod of Rock 's power is called " All Powerful . " This power uses all 8 of the warriors ' powers at once .
= = Development = =
After weak sales in 2009 of several titles in the Guitar Hero series , Activision proceeded to make several changes with their internal development teams . The company dissolved RedOctane , bringing in some of the staff directly into Activision . Activision further shuttered Neversoft 's Guitar Hero division , pending the completion of Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock , with further development in the series to be created by some former Neversoft members and Vicarious Visions . Brian Bright , former Neversoft member and current project lead , noted that part of the poor sales of Guitar Hero in 2009 was a result of a loss of focus with Guitar Hero 5 , stating that " we were trying to please everyone out there and I think in the end you end up not pleasing any one person a lot " . With Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock , Bright wanted to bring the game back to please the fans of the earlier Guitar Hero games , specifically the highly successful Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock . To that end , the team developed a soundtrack " more focused on rock ' n ' roll " than the variety of genres within Guitar Hero 5 . The songs are more guitar @-@ centric , as proven to be the most popular instrument choice based on Guitar Hero 5 . Bright noted they used player statistics from previous games to shape Warriors of Rock ; for example , according to Bright , within a month of release , 40 % of the players of Guitar Hero 5 were playing on Expert mode , and felt this was the audience they needed to cater to . Bright also stated that the aim of Warriors of Rock was to create a game with " its own identity " from both previous Guitar Hero titles and other rhythm games ; " Rather than go head @-@ to @-@ head with our own games and our competitors , we decided we wanted to make something different . "
Part of creating the new identity for Warriors of Rock was by creating the game 's Quest mode . Activision contacted Gene Simmons , who initially thought the company was asking for a KISS song to be included in the game . Instead , when Simmons learned they wanted him to be the narrator and the voice of the Demigod , he became very interested in the project feeling that the Demigod character had elements of his own stage personality in it . Activision also approached the members of Rush for inclusion of " 2112 " , and the group provided inspiration and feedback on the Rush @-@ themed venues that " 2112 " is played in within the game . The developers also approached Dave Mustaine of Megadeth to write the music for the game 's final boss battle . The Quest mode also gave Activision the opportunity to explore the characters that have been in the series since its inception but otherwise only used as player avatar . The developers were able to expand on these existing designs and gave each one a unique venue and setlist throughout the campaign .
A new guitar controller was developed for the game to help with " shredding " and an art style to match the changes made in the game 's visuals . The guitar hardware has been significantly redesigned to locate most of the base electronics and wireless controls into the main fretboard of the unit , containing the colored fret buttons , strum and whammy bar , and other controls for interacting with the game console . As such , this allows the body of the guitar to be swappable with custom designs , allowing players to personalize the control to their wishes ; one design will be exclusive to those that pre @-@ order the game through GameStop . The new guitar controller remains backwards compatible with previous games . Within North America , the new drum kit is also sold individually or in bundles with Warriors of Rock . The kit had previously been packed with Band Hero in the United Kingdom and with the Wii version of Band Hero in North America , but otherwise was not sold separately . The drum kit is MIDI @-@ enabled with a detachable " drum brain " allowing other drum kits to be used instead with the game , while the game 's kit can be used with any MIDI @-@ capable music editing system . The music video for Soundgarden 's " Black Rain " , is animated by Titmouse , Inc . , the same studio that performs the in @-@ game animations for Guitar Hero as well as Metalocalypse , and includes images of a young man playing Guitar Hero using the new guitar controller introduced in Warriors of Rock .
A demo for the game was released on Xbox Live on September 7 , 2010 , and features four songs : " Children of the Grave " by Black Sabbath , " No Way Back " by Foo Fighters , " Ghost " by Slash featuring Ian Astbury , and " Bloodlines " by Dethklok . On release , some players reported getting faulty discs , which Activision stated they will replace .
= = Soundtrack = =
There are 93 songs on disc for Warriors of Rock . According to Bright , all the songs have been selected to fit within a narrow set of music genres , " punk , alternative rock , and classic rock " , to avoid dilution of the game 's focus . Bright noted that " there 's still range and still a lot of variety in this game " to avoid alienating long @-@ time fans of the series in general . The developers also looked at various song structures and considered if they would be fun to play ; Bright said that a good song for the game " would have a memorable riff but not feel repetitive " and " would be a good amount of chord changes and , ideally , a fun guitar solo to add to the challenge " . Two songs , Alice Cooper 's " No More Mr. Nice Guy " and The Runaways ' " Cherry Bomb " , have been specifically re @-@ recorded for use in Warriors of Rock . Megadeth 's " Sudden Death " was specifically written as the final song within Warriors of Rock 's setlist ; its polyrhythms and difficult passes make it one of the toughest songs to beat . " Sudden Death " was nominated , but did not win , for " Best Metal Performance " for the 53rd Grammy Awards ; this , along with the song " Baba Yetu " from Civilization IV and " Video Games Live " , represents the first time a song composed for a video game has earned a Grammy nomination , with " Baba Yetu " continuing to win its award .
Warriors of Rock supported additional songs through downloadable content that players can purchase on their respective console storefronts . All previous downloadable content that worked with Guitar Hero 5 , including previous content from Guitar Hero World Tour , Guitar Hero : Smash Hits , and Band Hero , will work in Warriors of Rock . More than 500 tracks were available to players at launch . In addition , 39 songs from Guitar Hero : Metallica were importable into Warriors of Rock upon the game 's release . In February 2011 , Activision decided to shutter their Guitar Hero development , and initially stated that no further downloadable content will be forthcoming . Due to " continued support " from their fanbase , Activision has since decided it will continue to release downloadable content for Warriors of Rock through at least March and April 2011 with packs that were in the works prior to the closure of Guitar Hero .
Initial shipments of the game were also bundled with a copy of the Soundgarden compilation album Telephantasm ; its new song " Black Rain " was included among the playable songs included on Warriors of Rock , while the remaining eleven tracks on the album were made available as downloadable content . Because of the album 's inclusion with over one million shipped copies of Warriors of Rock , the Recording Industry Association of America certified Telephantasm as a platinum record ; it is considered the first time such a distinction has been made based on " non @-@ returnable units from a music label to a gaming company " according to Soundgarden 's promotional group .
= = Reception = =
Guitar Hero : Warriors of Rock received mixed to positive reviews from gaming critics . Most critics acknowledged that Warriors of Rock was an attempt to distance itself from its competitor , the Rock Band series , and a return to the Guitar Hero series ' roots . However , in the attempt to redefine the series , some critics thought Warriors of Rock failed to recapture the experience of playing the earlier Guitar Hero games . Arthur Gies of IGN felt the game was " aimless " , leaving him to question " why Warriors of Rock is here " . Tyler Cocke of 1UP.com commented that Warriors of Rock " seems to have forgotten that music games are supposed to be all about having a good time " . Ben Kurchera of Ars Technica considered that Warriors of Rock keeps the series " treading water " and lacks " any real upward movement " , and may have been a step back with how relaxed the game 's timing windows have become compared to early Guitar Hero games . Others note that the game can be enjoyable , but only to those that are fans of the series , and is not well @-@ suited to new or casual players . G4 's Abbie Heppe found the game " does an exceptional job of catering to the hardcore audience " but warns the casual fan that may not enjoy the setlist to simply " move along " . Matt Helgeson of Game Informer postulated if Guitar Hero may have jumped the shark with the " often stupid and frequently silly " gameplay and visuals , but was still entertained in playing through the game .
Quest mode , considered the game 's largest change , has mixed reception . The use of " 2112 " as a centerpiece in the Quest mode was praised by critics ; Johnny Minkley of Eurogamer said that the concept is " pitch @-@ perfect " for Warriors of Rock and was " a clever and enjoyable break from the typically rigid career structure " . Cocke noted that the " 2112 " section feels like " nice fanservice " and its length and complexity would not be fun for players uninterested in Rush , while Helgeson felt that the " awkward recitation " by the band members were unnecessary . Other aspects of Quest mode were found to be less enjoyable . Gene Simmons 's voice @-@ over narration was found " stilted and awkward " . While the story carried similar heavy metal themes as Brutal Legend , very few of the songs within the game are from that genre ; to Cocke , this felt " like a desperate attempt to gain credibility with too many crowds , but it ends up spreading itself too thin " . The Globe and Mail 's Chad Sapieha felt that the Quest mode " simply disguised [ the series ' ] aging career mode " , with the characters ' powers being " hardly satisfying " and only a means to " artificially inflate one 's score " . After the player has completed the " 2112 " setpiece , the rest of the Quest mode was disappointing ; Minkley compared the second half of this mode as a " disengaging slog to level up the remaining four characters " . Gies felt the " rigid and often frustrating " Quest mode led to playing the songs in an order that was " all over the place in terms of tone , difficulty , and most importantly , fun " . Some reviewers felt the improved Quickplay + mode to be the highlight of the game ; Heppe noted that the mode " probably seems too basic to be the star of the game , but it really shines " while Minkley considered that it " offer [ ed ] a far stronger reason to replay than the embryonic Quest Mode manages " . Gies ' review of the Wii version noted that the Roadie Battles mode exclusive to the Wii version was enjoyable and " helps the Wii version of the game to stand tall " to the high @-@ definition console version .
Reviewers found the soundtrack to lack the focus that Activision claims it has , and that the series may have exhausted a number of good guitar songs in its previous iterations . Gies stated that the game soundtrack " may be the most uneven collection in any of the main Guitar Hero titles " , citing problems with " a surplus of tracks that seem out of place " , " too many songs that are just boring to play " , and " a number of synth heavy songs that are nevertheless shoehorned " into the game . Official Xbox Magazine UK stated that the setlist " feels at times uninspired , incongruous and uninteresting " . Helgeson felt the setlist was " a mixed bag " , with a strong and balanced set of songs in the early tiers of Quest mode , while the latter , more difficult songs were " terrible and felt like a chore " to complete . Roger Hargreaves of The Metro commented that " with so many of the more iconic rock songs having already been used in previous Guitar Hero and Rock Band games developers are forced to use ever more obscure songs and / or acts " . Heppe also considered the lack of iconic song , noting the setlist " seems like the same bands we always see in [ Guitar Hero ] , just their 3rd tier hits " . On the other hand , USA Today 's Mike Snider claimed that the game 's soundtrack " gave [ him ] a reason to blast music on [ his ] stereo " , and besides providing well @-@ known songs and bands , introduced him to new bands .
Initial sales of Warriors of Rock were below estimates . NPD Group reported 86 @,@ 000 units sold in the United States across all platforms for the last five days of September during which it was available . This figure fell below the initial sales of the previous games , such as 1 @.@ 5 million and 500 @,@ 000 units in first @-@ week sales for Guitar Hero III : Legends of Rock and Guitar Hero World Tour , respectively . Combined sales in North America of Warriors of Rock and DJ Hero 2 were below one million in 2010 , 63 % below the total sales of Guitar Hero 5 , DJ Hero , and Band Hero in 2009 . Weak sales of Warriors of Rock , in part , led to Activision shuttering its Guitar Hero business unit in February 2011 and cancelling a planned 2011 sequel . As a result of the closure , no further downloadable content was created following the February 2011 packs .
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= Tom Pryce =
Thomas Maldwyn Pryce ( 11 June 1949 – 5 March 1977 ) was a British racing driver from Wales , famous for winning the Brands Hatch Race of Champions , a non @-@ championship Formula One race , in 1975 and for the circumstances surrounding his death . Pryce is the only Welsh driver to have won a Formula One race and is also the only Welshman to lead a Formula One World Championship Grand Prix : two laps of the 1975 British Grand Prix .
Pryce started his career in Formula One with the small Token team , making his only start for them at the 1974 Belgian Grand Prix . Shortly after an impressive performance at the Formula Three support race for the 1974 Monaco Grand Prix , Pryce joined the Shadow team and scored his first points in Germany in only his fourth race . Pryce later claimed two podium finishes , his first in Austria in 1975 and the second in Brazil a year later . Pryce was considered by his team as a great wet @-@ weather driver . During the practice session for the 1977 South African Grand Prix , run in wet conditions , Pryce was faster than everyone , including world champion drivers Niki Lauda and James Hunt . During the race , he collided at high speed with a safety marshal , Frederik Jansen van Vuuren , and both men were killed . A memorial to Pryce was unveiled in 2009 in his home town of Ruthin .
= = Personal and early life = =
Tom Pryce was born on 11 June 1949 in Ruthin , Denbighshire , to Jack and Gwyneth Pryce . Jack had served in the Royal Air Force as a tail @-@ gunner on a Lancaster bomber before joining the local police force . Gwyneth was a district nurse . Pryce 's older brother , David , died at the age of three leaving Tom an only child for much of the time he was growing up , although his parents did foster a young girl called Sandra for a while . Pryce , known to his friends as Mald , attended Nantglyn Catholic Primary School , Denbighshire . The family later moved to Towyn , Denbighire , due to Jack 's job .
Pryce took an interest in cars while driving a baker 's van at the age of 10 , before informing his parents that he wanted to be a racing driver . During an interview with Alan Henry in 1975 , he stated that he had wanted to become a pilot , but thought he was not intelligent enough . Like many future Formula One drivers , Pryce had a childhood racing hero . In his case it was Lotus 's Scottish driver Jim Clark . Pryce 's mother recalled that he was very upset when Clark died at the Hockenheimring in April 1968 . His father noted that " he was very upset when Jochen Rindt was killed , too " . After he left school at 16 , Pryce 's mother insisted that he take an apprenticeship as a tractor mechanic at Llandrillo Technical College , giving him " something to fall back on " , as she put it , if his career as a racing driver was unsuccessful .
In 1975 Pryce married Fenella , more commonly known as Nella , whom he met at a disco in Otford , Kent in 1973 . Following the death of her husband , Nella went on to run an antiques store in Fulham , London with Janet Brise , the widow of Tony Brise , who died in a plane crash in 1975 with fellow racing driver , Graham Hill and later moved to France .
= = Helmet design = =
Tom Pryce 's helmet design was , in comparison to later drivers ' , simple and restrained . His helmet was plain white all over until 1970 . At that year 's race at Castle Combe , his father asked Pryce to make his helmet stand out more so that he could easily identify him in a pack of cars . Pryce added five black vertical lines to his helmet , placed just above his visor . From that time the only change to this design was the addition of a Welsh flag to the side of his helmet in 1974 .
= = Career = =
= = = Pre @-@ Formula One = = =
= = = = 1969 – 1971 : Early years = = = =
Pryce 's first steps into motor racing came at the Mallory Park circuit in Leicestershire when he was 20 . Pryce was put through his paces by Trevor Taylor , an ex @-@ Team Lotus driver and old team mate of Pryce 's childhood hero Clark . He later became a star in the Formula 5000 series . From there , Pryce went on to compete in the Daily Express Crusader Championship , a series run by Motor Racing Stables for racing school pupils using Lotus 51 Formula Ford cars . Races alternated between the Brands Hatch and Silverstone circuits ; Pryce made his début at the former . " The races were £ 35 a time . But I sold my Mini and my parents offered all the help and encouragement I could wish for " Pryce recalled to Alan Henry .
The prize for the overall winner of the series was a Formula Ford Lola T200 worth £ 1 @,@ 500 . The series was decided at the last round , held at Silverstone , the day before the 1970 Formula One International Trophy . Pryce qualified on the third row for the race , which was held in rain . Jack Pryce remembered that his son was rubbing his hands in delight : " he always loved racing in the rain " . The early part of the race was led by a driver called Chris Smith but then heavy rain started and Pryce was able to catch up with Smith and overtake him before winning by a comfortable margin . He was given his Lola by Sir Max Aitken .
Pryce took his new car to Brands Hatch , where he was allowed to house it in one of the old stables at the bottom of the paddock . Pryce soon abandoned his farming career and moved to a guest house in West Kingsdown , near the Brands Hatch circuit . Pryce continued to make a name for himself during 1971 , entering a new twin @-@ seater Sportscar category called Formula F100 , which he won with what was described by motorsports author David Tremayne as " embarrassing ease " . He then moved up to Formula Super Vee , driving the then @-@ choice Royale RP9 , for Team Rumsey Investments , and soon made his Formula Three début for the same manufacturer at Brands Hatch .
= = = = 1972 – 73 : Lower formulae = = = =
In that race at Brands Hatch , Pryce took an unfancied Royale RP11 to first place in the Formula Three support race for the 1972 Formula One Race of Champions against many established Formula Three drivers such as Roger Williamson , Jochen Mass and James Hunt . So large was Pryce 's advantage at the end of the race , many of the other teams voiced an opinion that Pryce 's car had run the race underweight ; it turned out that the circuit 's weighbridge certificate had expired and everyone 's cars had been underweight . Pryce retired from the leading group in the following two rounds at Oulton Park and Zandvoort , and then during practice for the support race of the 1972 Monaco Grand Prix his car came to a stop at Casino Square after a wire had come loose . He had exited his car to correct the problem when Peter Lamplough lost control of his car and struck the Royale RP11 . Pryce was knocked into a shop window and broke a leg .
The Welshman was back in action two weeks after his incident in Monaco . Pryce also ran in the Formula SuperVee series , winning the series by a comfortable margin , " I won just about every race I went in for " Pryce recalled . A run with Royale 's Formula Atlantic works team was also in store for Pryce during 1972 , where he took pole position for the final three rounds of the championship and won the final round at Brands Hatch .
He continued racing in Formula Atlantic in 1973 , winning three races . Royale soon had plans to enter Formula Two , such was the Welshman 's talent . The ambition to run in the Formula Two championship was planned to be financially fuelled by a Liechtenstein driver , Manfred Schurti . These plans only resulted in one of Royale 's F2 cars being built before the project was scrapped and Bob King , the head of Royale , left the company .
Following an invitation to test one of his cars , Pryce found himself racing in the Formula Two series with Ron Dennis 's Rondel Racing outfit . His best result for the team came at the Norisring where he was leading the race until a brake failure meant he had to give up first place to team mate Tim Schenken . At the end of 1973 , Pryce won the Grovewood award for his efforts during the year . Jack Pryce recalled that his son did not want to win the award , as he thought it was " a jinx on a driver 's career " .
= = = Formula One = = =
= = = = 1974 : Token = = = =
At the age of 25 , Pryce graduated to Formula One , the highest category of circuit racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l 'Automobile ( FIA ) , motorsport 's world governing body , joining the newly formed Token Racing team . The team was created by Tony Vlassopulos and Ken Grob after the original Token team closed down in 1973 due to a lack of financial backing which had led to the end of the previous Rondel Racing outfit . Pryce was given the seat thanks to his backing from Titan Properties , and what David Tremayne described as " evident promise " . Pryce made his début for the team at the BRDC International Trophy , a non @-@ championship Formula One event held at Silverstone , but lack of an airbox and an engine cover , along with his shortage of experience in the car , made him the slowest driver of the 16 competitors during qualifying : 26 seconds slower than James Hunt 's Hesketh in pole position . The Welshman retired 15 laps into the race with a gear linkage problem . Pryce 's World Championship début came at the 1974 Belgian Grand Prix , where he qualified in 20th place , 3 seconds slower than the fastest time set by Clay Regazzoni . Once again , he failed to finish , completing 66 laps before retiring after a collision with Jody Scheckter 's Tyrrell .
Pryce was refused entry to the 1974 Monaco Formula One Grand Prix , as he was deemed " inexperienced " . Instead , he took part in the supporting Formula Three race , driving for Ippokampos Racing , in a March 743 , which he won by 20 @.@ 8 seconds .
= = = = 1974 – 77 : Shadow = = = =
1974
Following his impressive drive in Monaco , and a short spell in Formula Two , Pryce was signed by Shadow as replacement for Brian Redman , who had in turn replaced Peter Revson . Pryce made his début for the team in the 1974 Dutch Grand Prix . He qualified in 11th position , less than 0 @.@ 4 seconds slower than his team mate , Jean @-@ Pierre Jarier , who was in his second full season of Formula One competition . Pryce retired on the first lap of the race after a collision with James Hunt at the first corner broke his Shadow DN3 's rear suspension . Pryce qualified third in his second Grand Prix for the team , in France , 0 @.@ 32 seconds slower than Niki Lauda 's pole position time but nearly half a second quicker than Jarier . Once again , Pryce 's race ended at the first corner , when minor contact with Carlos Reutemann 's Brabham deflected Pryce 's Shadow into the path of James Hunt . The second collision between the two British drivers in as many races eliminated them both . Later in the season , Pryce received 100 bottles of champagne for finishing fastest in the practice session for the British Grand Prix at Brands Hatch . He went on to qualify on the fourth row of the starting grid .
Pryce scored the first point of his career in the 1974 German Grand Prix at the challenging Nürburgring circuit . After finishing 6th from 11th on the grid , he then qualified in 16th for the next Grand Prix in Austria , but spun off on lap 22 , ending his race . He qualified in 22nd place for the Italian Grand Prix , and finished 12 places higher . His season ended miserably , with an engine failure in Canada , and the Shadow severely off the pace in Watkins Glen . At the end of the season Pryce was equal 18th in the Drivers ' Championship with Graham Hill and Vittorio Brambilla .
1975
At the start of the 1975 season , Pryce 's future was subject to much speculation . Rumour linked him with a drive at Lotus , the team run by Colin Chapman , who had been keeping an eye on Pryce 's progress throughout 1973 and 1974 . At the time , Lotus was experiencing financial difficulties and reports suggested that Shadow and Lotus would swap Pryce and Swede Ronnie Peterson . The trade was viewed as a good acquisition for both teams , as Pryce was considered a driver of the same ability as Peterson , but would cost Lotus less , while Peterson could attract sponsorship to the relatively new Shadow team . The deal never materialised , although Shadow team manager Alan Rees claims that it came very close to being completed .
Pryce 's Shadow team mate , Jean @-@ Pierre Jarier , out @-@ qualified him in the early part of the 1975 season , as the French driver had the new Shadow DN5 car , while Pryce was in the older DN3 . It was not until the third round , the South African Grand Prix , that Pryce was able to use a DN5 . The team 's fourth race of the season was the non @-@ championship Race of Champions held at Brands Hatch . Pryce qualified on pole position and , following a poor start , passed Peterson and Jacky Ickx before closing an eight @-@ second gap to race leader Jody Scheckter , whose engine failed while Pryce harried him , letting Pryce through to become the first Welshman to win a Formula One race . Pryce showed other signs of promise during the season , most notably in Monaco and Silverstone where he qualified on the front row of the grid , the latter being in pole position . Pryce also achieved his first World Championship podium finish , in extremely wet conditions at the Austrian Grand Prix and finished in the points four more times . The highest of those came in Germany where he finished fourth , despite the fact that while he was running second behind Carlos Reutemann fuel had been leaking into the cockpit of his DN5 during the final laps around the very long Nürburgring , reportedly " searing his skin and almost blinding him with fumes " . The Welshman later received the Prix Rouge et Blanc Jo Siffert award , named after the Swiss Formula One driver , for this achievement .
At the end of December 1975 , Pryce and Dave Richards , future head of the Prodrive motorsports engineering company , entered a Lancia Stratos in the Tour of Epynt , a rally event contested by many established rallying names . Pryce needed little persuasion to team up for the one @-@ off event on home soil with Richards , both of whom were from Ruthin . Pryce crashed into a bridge 10 miles ( 16 km ) into the first stage , but still competed in the afternoon stages after his car was rebuilt .
1976
Once the 1976 Formula One World Championship season got under way Pryce instantly added a second podium finish to his tally , at the first round in Brazil . This came at the expense of continuing team mate Jarier , who was caught out by oil on the track from James Hunt 's McLaren . Both Shadows enjoyed reasonable competitiveness during the next two races at Kyalami and Long Beach . Changes in car regulations , meaning that teams had to lower their airboxes and mount the cars ' rear wings further forward , along with revised Goodyear tyres , meant the Shadow DN5B lost much of its competitiveness ; Pryce still achieved a second points scoring finish of the season in Britain . The new Shadow DN8 was not introduced until the twelfth round at Zandvoort , where Pryce qualified the new car in third , and finished the race only one place lower in fourth : it was the last points scoring finish of his career . The Welshman finished his last full season 12th in the Drivers ' Championship with 10 points , 59 points behind World Champion James Hunt .
1977
Jarier left Shadow before the start of the 1977 Formula One season , for ATS , and was replaced by Italian Renzo Zorzi . Zorzi was later rated by Jackie Oliver , part of the managerial team at Shadow , as " the worst driver we [ the Shadow team ] ever had " . The new signing brought in sponsorship from Italy , easing Shadow 's financial position . Pryce started the first race of the year in Argentina in ninth place and stayed with the leading group until a gear linkage failure on the 45th lap of the 52 lap race . Following a long pit stop to fix the fault , he was not classified . Pryce qualified 12th for the second round in Brazil , but on lap 34 retired from the race , while running in second place , as the result of an engine failure .
= = Death = =
Tom Pryce began his final race weekend , the 1977 South African Grand Prix at Kyalami , by setting the fastest time in the Wednesday practice session , held in wet weather . Pryce posted a time of 1 minute 31 @.@ 57 seconds with the next best , the eventual 1977 World Champion Niki Lauda , a full second slower . The weather dried up prior to the Thursday session , and he slipped back down the grid to fifteenth place , almost two seconds slower than James Hunt 's pole position time .
Pryce made a poor start to the Grand Prix in his DN8 and by the end of the first lap was in last place . Pryce started to climb back up the field during the next couple of laps , overtaking Brett Lunger and team mate Renzo Zorzi on lap two , and Alex Ribeiro and Boy Hayje the following lap . By lap 18 Pryce had moved from 22nd to 13th place .
On lap 22 , Zorzi pulled off to the left side of the main straight , just after the brow of a hill and a bridge over the track . He was having problems with his fuel metering unit , and fuel was pumping directly onto the engine , which then caught fire . Zorzi did not immediately get out of his car as he could not disconnect the oxygen pipe from his helmet .
The situation caused two marshals from the pit wall on the opposite side of the track to intervene . The first marshal to cross the track was a 25 @-@ year @-@ old panel beater named William ( Bill ) . The second was 19 @-@ year @-@ old Frederik " Frikkie " Jansen van Vuuren , who was carrying a 40 @-@ pound ( 18 kg ) fire extinguisher . George Witt , the chief pit marshal for the race , said that the policy of the circuit was that in cases of fire , two marshals must attend and a further two act as back @-@ up in case the first pair 's extinguishers were not effective enough . Witt also recalled that both marshals crossed the track without prior permission . The former narrowly made it across the track , but the latter did not . As the two men started to run across the track , the cars driven by Hans @-@ Joachim Stuck and Pryce came over the brow of a rise in the track .
Pryce was directly behind Stuck 's car along the main straight , Stuck saw Jansen van Vuuren and moved to the right to avoid both marshals , missing Bill by what Tremayne calls " millimetres " . From his position Pryce could not see Jansen van Vuuren and was unable to react as quickly as Stuck had done . He struck the teenage marshal at approximately 270 km / h ( 170 mph ) . Jansen van Vuuren was thrown into the air and landed in front of Zorzi and Bill . He died on impact , and his body was badly mutilated by Pryce 's car . The fire extinguisher he had been carrying smashed into Pryce 's head , before striking the Shadow 's roll hoop . The force of the impact was such that the extinguisher was thrown up and over the adjacent grandstand . It landed in the car park to the rear of the stand , where it hit a parked car and jammed its door shut .
The impact with the fire extinguisher wrenched Pryce 's helmet upward sharply . Death was almost certainly instantaneous . Pryce 's Shadow DN8 , now with its driver dead at the wheel , continued at speed down the main straight towards the first corner , called Crowthorne . The car left the track to the right , scraping the metal barriers , hitting an entrance for emergency vehicles , and veering back onto the track . It then hit Jacques Laffite 's Ligier , sending both Pryce and Laffite head @-@ on into the barriers . Jansen van Vuuren 's injuries were so extensive that , initially , his body was identified only after the race director had summoned all of the race marshals and he was not among them .
The eventual race winner was Austrian Niki Lauda , his first win since his near fatal accident during the 1976 German Grand Prix . At first he announced it was the greatest victory of his career , but when told on the victory podium of Pryce 's death , he said that " there was no joy after that " .
= = = Aftermath = = =
Pryce 's death , and its horrific nature , were met with great grief from all those who knew him during his career , especially his wife Nella , his parents Jack and Gwyneth and the Shadow team . His body was buried at St Bartholomew 's Church in Otford , near Sevenoaks , Kent , the same church where he and Nella were married two years earlier .
Pryce 's performances in a Formula One car earned him much respect amongst the F1 paddock . David Tremayne named his son after the Welshman . The Tom Pryce Award , also known as the Tom Pryce Trophy , was instigated , and is given annually to Welsh personalities who have made an outstanding contribution to motoring or transport .
During its re @-@ design the Anglesey Circuit in North Wales named the Tom Pryce Straight after a request from Ruthin Town Council . A trust was established in 2006 to create a memorial to Pryce in Ruthin . A local artist was commissioned by Ruthin Town Council in 2008 to design an 8 @-@ by @-@ 4 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 4 by 1 @.@ 2 m ) plaque and in February 2009 , an auction of Formula One pit passes to fund its manufacture was announced . The memorial was unveiled on 11 June 2009 , on what would have been Pryce 's 60th birthday .
= = Complete Formula One World Championship results = =
( key ) ( Races in bold indicate pole position )
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= 2000 German Grand Prix =
The 2000 German Grand Prix ( formally the LXII Großer Mobil 1 Preis von Deutschland ) was a Formula One motor race held on 30 July 2000 at the Hockenheimring near Hockenheim , Germany . It was the eleventh round of the 2000 Formula One season and the 62nd German Grand Prix . The 45 @-@ lap race was won by Ferrari driver Rubens Barrichello after starting from 18th position . Mika Häkkinen finished second for the McLaren team with teammate David Coulthard third .
Coulthard started from pole position alongside Michael Schumacher . Coulthard 's teammate Häkkinen began from third . At the first corner Michael Schumacher moved to the left and Giancarlo Fisichella collided with him and both drivers retired . Häkkinen took the lead of the race which he held until an intruder penetrated circuit limits on lap 25 causing drivers to make pit stops under safety car conditions . Barrichello , meanwhile , had gained thirteen positions to run fifth until the first safety car period . Häkkinen retook the lead after Coulthard pitted on lap 27 . Barrichello stayed out on dry slick tyres , taking the lead which he held to clinch the first victory of his Formula One career .
Barrichello 's victory was considered popular amongst the Formula One paddock as it came after a setback during his career . The race result meant Häkkinen and Coulthard were tied for second place but the points advantage to Michael Schumacher was reduced to two points . Barrichello remained a further eight points behind the McLaren drivers . In the Constructors ' Championship McLaren reduced Ferrari 's lead to four points , who were 80 points ahead of Williams with six races of the season remaining . The track intruder , named as 47 @-@ year @-@ old Frenchman Robert Sehli , later apologised for his actions .
= = Report = =
= = = Background = = =
The Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams , each of two drivers . The teams , also known as constructors were , McLaren , Ferrari , Jordan , Jaguar , Williams , Benetton , Prost , Sauber , Arrows , Minardi and BAR . Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought four different tyre types to the race : two dry compounds , the soft and the medium , and two wet @-@ weather compounds , the intermediate and full wet .
Going into the race , Ferrari driver Michael Schumacher led the Drivers ' Championship with 56 points , ahead of David Coulthard on 50 points and Mika Häkkinen on 48 points . Rubens Barrichello was fourth with 36 points whilst Giancarlo Fisichella was fifth with 18 points . In the Constructors ' Championship Ferrari were leading with 92 points , McLaren and Williams with 88 points and 19 points were second and third respectively , whilst Benetton with 18 points and BAR with 12 points contended with fourth place . Ferrari and McLaren had so far dominated the championship winning ten out of the ten previous races . Championship competitors Barrichello and Fisichella had each gained second @-@ place finishes , whilst Ralf Schumacher and Heinz @-@ Harald Frentzen had achieved third place podium finishes .
Following the Austrian Grand Prix on 16 July , the teams conducted testing sessions at three circuits from July 18 – 21 to prepare for the Grand Prix . McLaren , Benetton , Jordan , Jaguar , Sauber and BAR went to Silverstone over three days . Olivier Panis , McLaren 's test driver , set the fastest time on the first day of testing . Jaguar test driver Luciano Burti crashed at Stowe corner where his car 's suspension , front and rear wings , and sidepod were damaged . The resulting incident caused a brief halt to testing and Jaguar shipped a spare car for the next day 's testing . Panis remained fastest on the second day . Trulli damaged his suspension and rear wing , resulting in repairs which limited his team 's testing time . Burti suffered another incident when he lost his right rear wheel . Fisichella topped the third and final day 's running . Ferrari test driver Luca Badoer spent four days at the Fiorano Circuit where he concentrated on testing engine and aerodynamic development whilst Michael Schumacher did practice starts and component testing on the fourth day .
Jaguar 's Eddie Irvine was passed fit in the days leading up to the race . He arrived at the previous race ill with a suspected bout of appendicitis and withdrew at the end of the Friday practice sessions . He was replaced by Burti . Irvine later travelled to a hospital in London where he was diagnosed with a swollen intestine . Irvine said he felt ready to race again : " I 'm looking forward to Hockenheim . I have been keeping tabs on the team 's Silverstone test this week and we 're all encouraged by what has been achieved . "
Jordan 's new car , the EJ10B , was also introduced that weekend ; the team had used their primary 2000 car , the EJ10 , for the previous ten races . Originally due to be introduced at the previous race in Austria , the car was required to undergo Fédération Internationale de l 'Automobile ( FIA ) safety tests on its bodywork and Jordan wanted to develop more spare parts for the EJ10B , delaying the car 's race début .
= = = Practice and qualifying = = =
Four practice sessions were held before the Sunday race — two on Friday , and two on Saturday . The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour . The third and final practice sessions were held on Saturday morning and lasted 45 minutes . The Friday sessions were held in dry and cloudy conditions , becoming damp during the day , resulting in the track surface becoming slippery . Michael Schumacher set the first session 's fastest time with a lap of 1 : 43 @.@ 532 , almost six @-@ tenths of a second faster than Häkkinen . Barrichello was just off Häkkinen 's pace with Coulthard setting the fourth fastest time . Frentzen and BAR driver Ricardo Zonta followed in fifth and sixth positions respectively . Fisichella , Mika Salo , Ralf Schumacher and Herbert completed the top ten fastest drivers in the session . Williams driver Jenson Button crashed into the pit lane at the end of the barriers and lost his front wing . In the second practice session , Michael Schumacher did not manage to improve his lap time but was still quickest . Frentzen was running quicker and was second fastest . The two McLaren drivers were running slower — Häkkinen in third and Coulthard fifth – although both drivers were undertaking race set @-@ up and brake performance testing . They were separated by Barrichello . Trulli was sixth fastest , ahead of Zonta . Villeneuve , Fisichella and Salo followed in the top ten .
The Saturday morning sessions were held in damp weather conditions with intermittent rain . Häkkinen set the third session 's fastest time , a 1 : 44 @.@ 144 , one @-@ tenth of a second quicker than Pedro de la Rosa . Coulthard was third fastest , ahead of Frentzen and Salo . Trulli , Barrichello , Michael Schumacher , Villeneuve and Fisichella rounded out the top ten fastest drivers . In the final practice session , Häkkinen set the fastest time of the day , a 1 : 41 @.@ 658 ; Coulthard finished with the third @-@ fastest time . The Ferrari drivers were again quick — Michael Schumacher in second and Barrichello in fourth . Frentzen slipped to fifth , with Fisichella sixth fastest and was happy with his car 's feel . Button was seventh fastest , in front of Salo . Villeneuve and Trulli completed the top ten ahead of qualifying . Fisichella 's car suffered an engine failure in the closing seconds of the session and a crash by Michael Schumacher after the session concluded meant that the German was forced to use his team 's spare car for qualifying .
Saturday 's afternoon qualifying session lasted for an hour . Each driver was limited to twelve laps , with the grid order decided by the drivers ' fastest laps . During this session , the 107 % rule was in effect , which necessitated each driver set a time within 107 % of the quickest lap to qualify for the race . The session was held in damp weather conditions with intermittent rain . The air temperature ranged between 19 – 20 ° C ( 66 – 68 ° F ) with the track temperature between 20 – 26 ° C ( 68 – 79 ° F ) . Coulthard achieved his second pole position of the season , his first at the Hockenheimring , with a time of 1 : 45 @.@ 697 . He was joined on the front row of the grid by Michael Schumacher who was 1 @.@ 3 seconds slower than Coulthard . Fisichella qualified third , though he was happy with his performance despite using his team 's T @-@ car after suffering a spin on his first run . He was later fined $ 5 @,@ 000 for not placing his car at the pit @-@ lane weighbridge . Häkkinen qualified fourth , three hundredths of a second slower than Fisichella . Häkkinen later admitted that he was cautious about going off the race track due to the weather conditions. de la Rosa qualified fifth giving Arrows their best qualifying performance of the season . Trulli and Wurz were satisfied with their sixth and seventh place qualifying positions . Herbert in the quicker of the two Jaguars took eighth . Villeneuve secured ninth using his team 's spare car after spinning on track which disrupted Frentzen 's running . Irvine rounded out the top ten . Verstappen had problems starting his engine , resulting in a lack of qualifying laps but managed to clinch eleventh . Zonta qualified twelfth having used a new engine and could not set a faster lap time after being blocked by Jean Alesi . He was ahead of Alesi 's teammate Nick Heidfeld . Ralf Schumacher qualified in 14th , quicker than teammate Button in 16th . They were separated by Salo . Frentzen spent the majority of qualifying 107 % outside of the pole sitters time but took 17th ; his first quick time was disallowed after cutting the chicane to set a faster lap and to run in clean air . Barrichello used his teammate 's car after his developed oil @-@ leak issues and qualified 18th . Sauber 's Pedro Diniz took 19th , in front of Alesi in 20th . The Minardi drivers qualified at the back of the grid ; Gastón Mazzacane in 21st and Marc Gené in 22nd .
= = = Race = = =
The drivers took to the track at 09 : 30 CEST ( GMT + 2 ) for a 30 @-@ minute warm @-@ up session . David Coulthard maintained his good performance from qualifying by setting the fastest time , a 1 : 44 @.@ 065 ; Häkkinen was second in the other McLaren car. de la Rosa and Michael Schumacher completed the top four . The session was disrupted by incidents as Coulthard and de la Rosa struck the barriers — both incidents required marshals to collect debris — whilst Villeneuve and Verstappen collided going into the circuit 's first chicane .
The race started at 14 : 00 local time . The conditions for the start of the race was dry , but became damp and wet as the race progressed . The air temperature was 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) and the track temperature ranged from 21 – 25 ° C ( 70 – 77 ° F ) . During the parade lap Button 's engine did not start and he was forced to start from the back of the grid . Häkkinen acclerated faster than teammate Coulthard and Michael Schumacher off the line , getting ahead of both drivers going into the first corner . Michael Schumacher moved to his left with Fisichella hitting him from behind and both drivers went off into the turn 1 barriers . Barrichello made the best start in the field , moving from 18th to 10th place at the end of the first lap . At the completition of the first lap , Häkkinen led from Coulthard , Trulli , de la Rosa , Irvine , Herbert , Verstappen , Villeneuve , Zonta , Barrichello , Ralf Schumacher , Wurz , Heidfeld , Salo , Diniz , Frentzen , Gené , Alesi , Button and Mazzacane .
Häkkinen began to maintain his lead from teammate Coulthard . On lap two Herbert moved into fifth position after Irvine dropped to seventh place when Verstappen overtook him . Further down the field Barrichello continued to gain positions when he passed both BAR drivers for eighth . The McLaren drivers managed to maintain a gap to Trulli who set the fastest lap of the race , 1 : 46 @.@ 321 . Irvine lost a further position to Barrichello on lap three , as Frentzen claimed 14th from Diniz . On lap four , Frentzen made up a further position by passing Heidfeld for 13th . On the same lap Verstappen locked up his tyres to avoid a collision with Herbert . This allowed Barrichello to pass Verstappen for sixth position in the run up to the Clark chicane on lap five . Herbert lost fifth position to Barrichello on lap six with Frentzen continuing to move up the field by passing Ralf Schumacher and Wurz for eleventh . Barrichello began setting consecutive fastest laps as he closed the gap to de la Rosa . Zonta lost 10th position when he was passed by Frentzen on lap seven . On the next lap , Verstappen suffered a worrying moment when half of his engine cover was shed from its chassis . Frentzen managed to gain a further four positions in the next four laps .
Further down , Ralf Schumacher took Zonta for eleventh place and Diniz passed teammate Salo for 14th position . Barrichello caught de la Rosa by lap twelve and passed him to take fourth and started to come under pressure from Frentzen . Herbert pulled over to the side of the track with gearbox problems on lap 13 . Barrichello passed Trulli for third position at the second corner two laps later . Barrichello became the first driver to make a pit stop by coming in on lap 17 . Frentzen made his pit stop one lap later and re @-@ joined in sixth place . By lap 20 , Häkkinen had a lead of 1 @.@ 4 seconds over Coulthard , who in turn was almost 22 seconds ahead of Trulli. de la Rosa was a further 2 @.@ 1 seconds behind the Jordan driver , and was being caught by Barrichello in fifth who set a new fastest lap , a 1 : 44 @.@ 300 . Villeneuve overtook Irvine to claim eighth place on lap 22 .
On lap 25 , a man appeared beside the barriers of the circuit on the straight heading towards turn 2 . He ran across the track to avoid being caught by marshals . The incident prompted the deployment of the safety car . Teams immediately brought their drivers into the pit lane to take advantage of the scenario with Trulli and de la Rosa the first to make pit stops . McLaren called in Häkkinen to the pit lane on lap 27 and Coulthard remained out on worn tyres . The Scot pitted on the following lap and emerged in sixth place . On the same lap , the man was caught and escorted off the circuit . Racing resumed on lap 29 when the safety car pulled into the pit lane . Trulli immediately came under pressure from Barrichello and withstood the Brazilian 's attempts to pass him . Ralf Schumacher spun at turn 3 on lap thirty and Verstappen was forced wide in avoidance . Later on Alesi collided with Diniz and struck the barriers , having lost his car 's two left wheels . The safety car was once again deployed as carbon fibre was scattered across the grass .
The safety car was withdrawn at the end of lap 31 and the race got underway again with Häkkinen in the lead . Wurz , meanwhile , immediately pulled off the circuit with a gearbox failure with Salo almost colliding with the Benetton . Light rain began to fall on lap 33 . Button pitted on the following lap and his Williams pit crew changed his dry tyres to wets . Gené became the race 's seventh retirement with a failed engine . All drivers , apart from Barrichello , Coulthard , Frentzen and Zonta , pitted for wet tyres . Villeneuve spun after minor contact with teammate Zonta but managed to continue . Trulli was issued with a 10 second stop @-@ go penalty on lap 37 because he was caught overtaking Barrichello under yellow flags . He took the penalty immediately and rejoined in 11th . Zonta was also issued with a penalty but spun into the tyre wall at turn 12 and retired . Coulthard became the final driver to have pitted on the 38th lap and rejoined in fifth . Button then passed de la Rosa for sixth place .
At the completition of lap 39 , with the pit stops completed , the running order was Barrichello , Häkkinen , Frentzen , Salo , Coulthard , Button , de la Rosa , Verstappen , Ralf Schumacher , Villeneuve , Trulli , Heidfeld , Mazzacane and Irvine . Frentzen retired with a gearbox failure on lap 40 as Coulthard moved into third after passing Salo . Heidfeld became the final retirement of the race with an alternator failure on lap 40 . Three laps later Button caught Salo and overtook him to clinch fourth position . It began to rain more heavily by lap 44 whilst Barrichello opened a gap to 11 @.@ 5 seconds , and won the race after 45 laps to secure the first victory of his Formula One career in a time of 1 ' 25 : 34 @.@ 418 , at an average speed of 133 @.@ 807 miles per hour ( 215 @.@ 341 km / h ) . Häkkinen finished second in his McLaren 7 @.@ 4 seconds behind Barrichello , with teammate Coulthard third . Button clinched his best result of the 2000 season with fourth , ahead of Salo in fifth and de la Rosa rounded out the points @-@ scoring positions in sixth . Ralf Schumacher , Villeneuve , Trulli , Irvine and Mazzacane filled the next five positions , with Heidfeld the last of the classified runners despite his alternator failure .
= = = Post @-@ race = = =
The top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and in the subsequent press conference . Barrichello 's maiden Formula One victory was very popular amongst spectators and team personnel , because it came after a set back earlier in his career , not least a serious accident during practice for the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix that left him unconscious . Barrichello dedicated his victory to fellow Brazilian and three @-@ time World Champion Ayrton Senna who had helped him during the early phase of his career . He also revealed that it was his decision to stay out on dry tyres as he believed he would have an advantage on the straights and the chicanes , although he flat @-@ spotted a tyre in the closing stages of the Grand Prix which reduced his visibility . Häkkinen said that he felt " in control " during the first phase of the event , although he admitted that he was conservative on the wet tyres and could have secured victory on dry tyres . Coulthard revealed that he utilised tactics performed by Michael Schumacher at the start after he sought clarification on the rules regarding such manoeuvres . He additionally commented that he was unable to talk to his team via radio in the forest sections which caused him to stay out for an additional lap when Häkkinen pitted .
Button was delighted with his then career best finish of fourth position and praised his team for the timing to the switch to wet @-@ weather tyres . Salo described his race as " hard " because of him opting to have a high downforce set @-@ up meaning he was slower than his rivals on the straights . Additionally he revealed that towards the end of the race , he did not have oil in his engine with temperatures continuously rising. de la Rosa scored points for the second time in the season , having taken fifth at the European Grand Prix. de la Rosa thought that the Grand Prix was " strange " though he was happy with the effort of his team . Michael Schumacher , who retired on the first lap , after Fisichella collided with him , accused the Benetton driver of causing the incident . " I am out of the race not because of David ( Coulthard ) but because of Fisichella . " he said . Fisichella however said that he was maintaining his racing line and believed that drivers should choose their preferred racing line before he described his Grand Prix as a " waste " .
The majority of media attention , however , was focussed on the intruder who penetrated the circuit 's barriers on lap 25 . He was revealed to be man named Robert Sehli , a 47 year old from France who worked for Mercedes @-@ Benz in a production factory at Le Mans . He also had three children . Sehli informed the press that he was protesting against his dismissal from his job after 22 years on health grounds . Additional information revealed that he planned to protest 15 seconds before the start of the formation lap but was prevented by marshals who dragged him off the circuit . Sehli had attempted to organise something similar at the French Grand Prix before the FIA Photographers ' Delegate stopped him in the pit lane 10 laps before the race ended . He was released on a $ 945 ( DM 2 @,@ 000 ) bail the Monday after the German Grand Prix . Retired Formula One driver Hans @-@ Joachim Stuck said that Sehli had " succeeded in avenging himself on Mercedes . " Ferrari technical director Ross Brawn said that Sehli 's actions were " very , very dangerous " and that similar intrusions " should never be allowed to happen again . " However the Vice @-@ President of Mercedes @-@ Benz Motorsport Norbert Haug criticised the police 's approach towards Sehli calling it a " scandal " . The Hockenheimring track owners Hockenheimring GmbH announced that it filed a trepassing charge on Sehli . He was later awarded compensation from Mercedes @-@ Benz and apologised for the track invasion . On December 16 Sehli won a court case against Mercedes @-@ Benz who were ordered to pay F91,000 for " dismissing him without any conclusive reasons " . He was however fined £ 600 by Hockenheimring GmbH for breaching circuit limits .
The race result meant that Michael Schumacher 's lead in the World Drivers ' Championship was reduced to two points . Häkkinen 's second finish place finish resulted in him moving into second place , tied on points with teammate Coulthard . Both drivers were eight points ahead of race winner Barrichello . Despite not finishing Fisichella maintained fifth place with 18 points . In the Constructors ' Championship McLaren 's strong result reduced Ferrari 's lead to four points . Williams , with 22 points , increased the gap to their rivals Benetton to four points , whilst BAR maintained fifth place on 12 points , with six races of the season remaining .
= = Classification = =
= = = Qualifying = = =
= = = Race = = =
= = Championship standings after the race = =
Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
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= Lakselv Airport , Banak =
Lakselv Airport , Banak ( Norwegian : Lakselv lufthavn , Banak ; IATA : LKL , ICAO : ENNA ) is an international airport located at Banak , 1 @.@ 5 kilometers ( 0 @.@ 9 mi ) north of Lakselv , in the municipality of Porsanger , Finnmark county , Norway . Co @-@ located with the military Station Group Banak , the airport is owned and operated by the state @-@ owned Avinor . The airport is also branded as North Cape Airport , although the North Cape is 180 kilometers ( 110 mi ) away . The runway is 2 @,@ 788 meters ( 9 @,@ 147 ft ) long and aligned nearly north – south . The airport is served by Widerøe with flights to Tromsø and Alta , and seasonally by Norwegian Air Shuttle to Oslo , in addition to international charter services . The airport had 71 @,@ 763 passengers in 2012 . In addition to serving Porsanger , the airport 's catchment area includes Karasjok and Lebesby .
The airfield was constructed with triangular runways in 1938 . It was taken over by the Luftwaffe in 1940 , who expanded it and laid down two wooden runways . It was taken over by the NoRAF in 1945 , but abandoned in 1952 . It opened in 1963 and was largely funded by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) . Scandinavian Airlines operated out of the airport to the other primary airports in Finnmark and to Tromsø and Oslo . The runway was extended in 1968 . From 1990 , flights were taken over by SAS Commuter and the direct flights to Oslo were halted . From the mid @-@ 1990s there have been occasional charter flights out of Banak . Widerøe took over SAS ' services in 2002 .
= = History = =
= = = First airport = = =
An airport at Lakselv was first proposed out of military considerations . Despite a Norwegian neutrality policy , there was a fear that Norway could be occupied by foreign powers to take advantage of the country 's strategic position . The military therefore wanted to construct airfields throughout the country to increase the air force 's mobility . Especially Finnmark was regarded as a key location , given the increased Soviet militarization on the Kola Peninsula . Increased military funding was granted from 1937 , and the following year , a triangular runway was built at Banak .
During the German occupation of Norway during World War II , Banak was taken over by the Luftwaffe . They were planning an attack on the Soviet Union from Finnmark and decided to designate Banak as their main air base in Northern Norway . By September 1940 , the main runway was extended to 1 @,@ 000 by 200 meters ( 3 @,@ 280 by 660 ft ) with a wooden surface . In addition , three hangars were built , allowing the air base to house bombers . The main function of the air station was to attack the Arctic convoys . By 1943 there were two parallel runways , both 1 @,@ 800 meters ( 5 @,@ 900 ft ) long . The air station was blasted in October 1944 during Operation Nordlicht , the German retreat from Finnmark .
The Royal Norwegian Air Force took control over the airfield in 1945 and started reconstruction . In 1945 , the air force operated scheduled flights from Bardufoss Air Station via Banak to Kirkenes Airport , Høybuktmoen ; at Bardufoss a corresponding flight was offered to Oslo . The service lasted only the one season . Later the runway was used to serve air ambulances . During the late 1940s , part of the wooden runway was removed and used for other construction projects .
Interest in Banak rose with the Czechoslovak coup d 'état of 1948 and fears of Soviet intervention in Norway . Finnmark , located on the Norway – Soviet Union border , became of particular interest for the military . Although specific plans were articulated , no construction was carried out . Norway 's entry into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) in 1949 had a dramatic effect on the military strategy and Banak . Norwegian authorities and NATO regarded Finnmark as a tripwire — it was to be sacrificed and delay attacking forces in case of a Soviet invasion . The airfield was closed in 1952 , but the runway remained , with a short section of an unmaintained wooden runway and otherwise consisting of a grass strip . It was occasionally used by small aircraft .
= = = Re @-@ establishment = = =
Interest from military leaders for an airport at Banak returned in 1955 . For the air force the main concern was that they could not reach the eastern @-@ most parts of Norway from Bodø Main Air Station . This resulted in several Soviet infringements of Norwegian air space . Alternative locations were considered , such as Kautokeino , were there had been built a radar . NATO supported a reconstruction of Banak , partially raised by increased focus on flanking maneuver strategies , and also to serve as a part of the nuclear program . NATO was ready to provide funding in 1957 , but by the Norwegian authorities wanted to delay its construction , citing lack of personnel to man the station and that it would not be usable in times of war . The government decided in 1957 to not allow nuclear warheads to be stored in Norway during peacetime , thus eliminating NATO 's strategic need for Banak . The airport was therefore removed from the investment program .
By 1959 the United States was concerned that the militarization of the Kola Peninsula would become the prime point of a Soviet attack on North America . A new discussion about location arose , with Alta and Kautokeino as the main alternatives . Banak was estimated to cost 4 @.@ 9 million Norwegian krone ( NOK ) , NOK 2 @.@ 8 million less than Alta , had better instrument landing and weather conditions and allowed a longer runway . The main advantage of Alta was that it would be better suited for civilian traffic . The government and Parliament approved construction of Banak in 1959 on condition that it receive NATO funding . Construction was estimated at NOK 8 @.@ 9 million , which would include a 2 @,@ 000 @-@ meter ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) runway , but lack of funding meant the airport would not meet all of NATO 's air base standards . The project was approved by NATO on 1 June 1960 and by Parliament on 5 August .
Construction was carried out simultaneously at Banak , Alta Airport and Kirkenes Airport , Høybuktmoen , which combined would give Finnmark three primary airports . All three airports opened on 4 May 1963 , while Tromsø Airport opened the following year . Services were at first operated by Scandinavian Airlines System ( SAS ) . At first the airline used 56 @-@ passenger Convair CV @-@ 440 Metropolitan aircraft , which flew flights south to Oslo in combination with flights to Alta and Kirkenes — from 1964 also to Tromsø . The general route scheme of flying multi @-@ legged flights from Oslo to Finnmark would remain until 1990 .
= = = Operational history = = =
To allow increased military use of the air station , the airport received an upgrade in 1967 and 1968 costing NOK 17 @.@ 8 million . This included an extension of the runway with 600 meters ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) , a taxiway and various military hangars and structures . Following the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 , Norway decided to further strengthen the Finnmark defenses , which among many measures included a further extension of the runway at Banak . From 7 April 1969 , SAS introduced the 85 @-@ passenger Douglas DC @-@ 9 @-@ 21 jetliner on the Finnmark service ; the last Metropolitan flew on 1 April 1970 . The 330 Squadron , which operates the Westland Sea King search and rescue helicopters , was established at Banak Air Station in 1973 . SAS ' traffic increased throughout the 1970s , resulting in SAS gradually increasing the frequency of its services , and later also using larger DC @-@ 9s . The McDonnell Douglas MD @-@ 80 was first flown on the Finnmark route on 11 July 1986 .
SAS Commuter was established in 1988 and started operations in Northern Norway in May 1990 , making Alta its central hub for Finnmark . Lakselv Airport had been proposed by among others Finnmark County Council as the hub , but SAS and other found Alta better suited . For Banak this meant that the Oslo services were terminated and smaller Fokker 50 aircraft were flown to Alta and Tromsø , and passengers could continue to Oslo with direct flights from there . The runway was extended in 1992 and 1993 , including widening to 45 meters ( 148 ft ) and receiving new runway lighting . Lakselv Airport started using the brand " North Cape Airport " in 1996 , in an attempt to increase tourist traffic to the airport . Honningsvåg Airport , Valan in Nordkapp was already using the name , but the latter had a short runway only suitable for regional aircraft , and Banak is the closest airport serving jetliners . The Civil Aviation Administration followed up by investing NOK 21 million expanding the terminal to allow international passengers and Stolt Seafarm started export of fish via the airport . From 1997 , LTU started charter services from Düsseldorf to Lakselv , and Condor operated flights from Barcelona . Finnair started in June 2001 a scheduled service from Lakselv via Rovaniemi to Helsinki three times a week . North Cape Golf Club , located immediately next to the airport , opened in 2001 .
All SAS Commuter services in Northern Norway were taken over by Widerøe in October 2002 . Norwegian Air Shuttle took over the routes to Alta and Tromsø from 1 April 2003 , but already by the start of operations announced they would retire their fleet of Fokker 50 aircraft , resign from short @-@ haul routes and become a low @-@ cost airline . Widerøe won the subsequent tender and started operating to Lakselv from 1 January 2004 . SAS Braathens introduced low @-@ frequency summer services from Oslo from 2006 , which was kept for three seasons . SAS cited too low ridership from foreign tourists as the reason for the closure . Widerøe took over SAS Ground Services ' operations at Banak in 2008 . Norwegian introduced a new summer seasonal route from Oslo to Lakselv from 2011 . Outgoing charter services started in 2012 to Burgas and Antalya . Scandinavian Airlines operated one charter flight from Tokyo and back in 2011 .
= = Facilities = =
Lakselv Airport is equipped with a cafe and a duty @-@ free shop . The airport is manned with customs and police during international flights . It is located three to five minutes from Lakselv and 74 kilometers ( 46 mi ) by road to Karasjok . Taxis and an airport bus are available ; there are 172 paid parking spaces . The runway is 2 @,@ 788 by 45 meters ( 9 @,@ 147 by 148 ft ) and aligned 17 – 35 ( roughly north – south ) . It is mostly asphalt , although parts are concrete . There is instrument landing system category I in both directions . In 2012 , the airport had 71 @,@ 763 passengers , 3 @,@ 699 aircraft movements and 330 tonnes of cargo .
= = Airlines and destinations = =
Widerøe is the main airline operating at Banak , with daily flights to Alta and Tromsø using Bombardier Dash 8 aircraft . During the Weekdays , Norwegian Air Shuttle operates a twice @-@ weekly service to Oslo using their Boeing 737 aircraft .
= = Military = =
Station Group Banak , formerly Banak Air Station , comprises the airfield 's military activity . It is organizationally part of Bodø Main Air Station . The 330 Squadron has a detachment at Banak , which is responsible for operating the Westland Sea King for search and rescue missions in the Barents Sea . The air station is regularly visited by the General Dynamics F @-@ 16 Fighting Falcon for use in the shooting range at Halkavarre . The Garrison of Porsanger is located close to Lakselv .
= = Accidents and incidents = =
On 12 June 1985 an F @-@ 16B with two people on board experienced control problems north of Banak . The pilot ejected and survived while an officer died .
On 23 March 1992 an F @-@ 16A lost power at 5 @,@ 500 meters altitude ( 18 @,@ 000 ft ) . The pilot survived after aiming the aircraft at an unpopulated area and ejecting at an altitude of 1 @,@ 400 meters ( 4 @,@ 500 ft ) .
On 29 June 2005 an ICP Savannah micro aircraft crashed only a few minutes after its departure from Banak , with two flight instructors on board . Both instructors were killed in the accident .
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= Warning ( Green Day album ) =
Warning ( stylized as Warning : ) is the sixth studio album by the American punk rock band Green Day , released on October 3 , 2000 , by Reprise Records . Building upon its predecessor , Nimrod ( 1997 ) , the album eschewed the band 's trademark punk rock sound and incorporated acoustic elements and pop and folk styles . Lyrically , the record contains more optimistic and inspirational themes in comparison with the band 's earlier releases . Warning was also Green Day 's first album since Kerplunk ( 1992 ) that was not produced by Rob Cavallo , although he did have a hand in its production and was credited as executive producer .
Despite mixed criticism towards the band 's stylistic change , the album received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who praised vocalist / guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong 's songwriting . Although it peaked at number four on the US Billboard 200 chart , Warning represented the lowest commercial slump in Green Day 's career , being the band 's first album since signing to a major record label not to achieve multi @-@ platinum status . The album has nonetheless been certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America and , as of December 2012 , has sold 1 @.@ 2 million copies . Warning was reissued on vinyl on July 14 , 2009 .
= = Background = =
After taking a break from touring in promotion of the band 's fourth album Insomniac ( 1995 ) , Green Day recorded the more experimental Nimrod ( 1997 ) . The record , which delved into a more wide variety of genres including folk , ska , and surf rock , featured the unprecedented acoustic hit " Good Riddance ( Time of Your Life ) " . Vocalist / guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong recalled that the song 's stylistic departure from the group 's earlier work made him anxious about the song 's release : " I was scared for that song to come out ... because it was such a vulnerable song , to put that song out and it was like which way will it end up going ? It was really exciting and it kind of sparked more in us as songwriters to expand on that . "
The band embarked on the Nimrod promotional tour , which largely featured more intimate shows with audiences of 1 @,@ 500 to 3 @,@ 000 people . By the end of the tour , the band noted that its audience had evolved . 924 Gilman Street , the punk club in the band 's hometown that had once banned Green Day after the group signed with a major label , booked bassist Mike Dirnt 's side project The Frustrators for a show . Dirnt described the experience as " a wonderful piece of closure " . Punk rock music was no longer popular in the mainstream as rap metal acts such as Korn , Limp Bizkit , and Kid Rock were experiencing success . According to Studio 880 owner John Lucasey , the band was " definitely at a very big crossroads . "
= = Recording = =
For Warning , Green Day initially opted to work with a producer other than Rob Cavallo , who had handled production of the band 's last three albums . The group selected Scott Litt , who had previously worked with Nirvana and R.E.M .. However , the band had disagreements with Litt over the album 's musical direction ; vocalist / guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong recalled that " It just didn 't work out . He was really cool , but for that particular project , it just wasn 't the right chemistry . " The group subsequently brought Cavallo back in , but this time the band handled most of the production duties , with Cavallo instead serving as " executive producer " . During the album 's writing and early recording sessions , Armstrong repeatedly listened to Bob Dylan 's 1965 record Bringing It All Back Home , which had a major influence over both Warning 's musical experimentation and socially conscious lyrics .
The band began work on the album two years before entering the studio to record on April 1 , 2000 . During this period , the group members met five days a week to write new songs and rehearse old ones , with Tre Cool observing , " We 've been practicing and writing songs and playing them and playing them and writing new songs and playing them and playing them ... People think we 're off in Hawaii kicking back and shit , but we 're in Oakland playing our jams . " The album was recorded at Studio 880 in Oakland . Cool noted of the band 's work ethic in the studio , " We 're not really sprinting . We 're working at the same pace , but it 's a pretty fast pace for recording . We 're faster than every other band , pretty much . That 's what I 've been told . " With the record , the band aimed to construct a solid list of tracks where " each song could be its own album " . The group also made sure to make each song " well thought out and well placed " with regard to the album 's track listing .
= = Music and lyrics = =
With Warning , the band experimented with more acoustic guitars , and strove for a " not sappy acoustic ... more aggressive , percussive acoustic " sound . Cool and bassist Mike Dirnt also emphasized " deeper " grooves on the record . The title track , a " densely produced blast of layered vocals [ and ] strummed acoustic guitars " , features a " circling bass riff " similar to that of " Picture Book " by The Kinks . " Waiting " , which has been categorized as a " retro @-@ pop lament " , is based on the riff from Petula Clark 's 1964 song " Downtown " . Its melody has also been compared to The Mamas & the Papas and the hook to Kiss . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly felt that " Misery " is " probably Billie Joe 's idea of a Brecht @-@ Weill pop operetta . " It features " mariachi brass " instrumentation , as well as strings , accordions , and acoustic guitar . The song 's five @-@ minute length has been called " an epic by Green Day standards " . The use of a harmonica on " Hold On " has been compared to The Beatles ' " Love Me Do " and " I Should Have Known Better . " " Macy 's Day Parade " contains elements of folk and pop .
The album features more positive and uplifting lyrics in comparison with Green Day 's earlier work . Cool noted that , " It 's got the sarcasm , it 's got the snottiness , but it 's got a little light at the end of the tunnel . " Warning also contains more explicitly political themes , as exemplified by tracks such as " Minority " . This was inspired by Armstrong 's fear that presidential nominee Al Gore was going to lose the 2000 U.S. presidential election and that " someone really conservative " would take office . He recalled , " We 've always tried to keep an ear to the ground and keep our eyes open to what 's going on ... that 's one reason why I was really taking my time writing songs to really [ make an impact ] . Instead of just writing an overly knee @-@ jerk reaction . " According to Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine , the lyrics of " Minority " serve as " a reminder of the youthful mentality of Green Day 's early work " . " Misery " tells various stories in its verses , all of which end unhappily . The first verse centers on a girl named Virginia who was a " lot lizard " , a term for a prostitute who exchanges sex for money with truck drivers at interstate highway truck stops . " Blood , Sex and Booze " explores the subject of sadomasochism .
= = Reception = =
= = = Commercial performance = = =
Warning peaked at number four on the Billboard 200 , remaining on the chart for 25 weeks and it sold 156 @,@ 000 copies on its first week according to Billboard . On December 1 , 2000 , the record was certified gold by Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , for shipments of over 500 @,@ 000 copies . In Canada , the record reached the number two position and stayed on the chart for five weeks . On August 1 , 2001 , the album was certified platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association for shipments of over 100 @,@ 000 units . Warning also reached the top ten in multiple countries outside of North America , including Australia , Italy , and the United Kingdom . The album was later certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of over 70 @,@ 000 copies . As of December 20 , 2012 , Warning has sold 1 @.@ 2 million copies , according to Nielsen SoundScan .
= = = Critical response = = =
Warning received generally positive reviews from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 72 based on 19 reviews , which indicates " generally favorable reviews " . Entertainment Weekly 's Ken Tucker perceived a maturity in the album 's lyrical content and called its music " as peppy as any Green Day have recorded " . Charlotte Robinson of PopMatters commended Billie Joe Armstrong 's lyrics and noted the band for embracing " the pop bent that has always been a part of their sound " . The A.V. Club 's Stephen Thompson stated " Green Day has never made a record so slick and musically mature " . Los Angeles Times writer Natalie Nichols wrote that the album " reveal [ s ] them shaking off the transitional aspects of 1997 's ' Nimrod ' to craft a more coherent , less aggressive but still rebellious collection that also draws on the even older pop traditions of Bob Dylan , the Beatles and the Who " . " Metal " Mike Saunders of The Village Voice viewed Warning as the band 's best work and compared its music to that of The Beatles ' Rubber Soul ( 1965 ) . In his consumer guide for The Village Voice , critic Robert Christgau gave the album an A- rating , indicating " the kind of garden @-@ variety good record that is the great luxury of musical micromarketing and overproduction . Anyone open to its aesthetic will enjoy more than half its tracks " . Christgau noted " professionalism , craft , artistic growth " rather than maturity in Armstrong 's songwriting and elaborated on his change in musical direction , stating :
He 's abandoning the first person . He 's assuming fictional personas . And he 's creating for himself the voice of a thinking left @-@ liberal who ' want [ s ] to be the minority ' and cautions against caution itself--a voice that scolds rather than whines , a nice age @-@ appropriate shift . Crucially , his knack for simple punk tunes remains unchanged ; also crucially , these do fine at moderate tempos , and one even gives off a whiff of Brecht @-@ Weill .
By contrast , NME 's Andy Capper was ambivalent towards the band 's " less electric , more organic sound " and stated " Older . More Mature . ' Warning ' is the sound of a band losing its way " . Greg Kot of Rolling Stone wrote that Armstrong " can 't muster the same excitement for his more mature themes " and stated " Who wants to listen to songs of faith , hope and social commentary from what used to be snot @-@ core 's biggest @-@ selling band ? " . Adam Downer of Sputnikmusic gave it three out of five stars and commented that it " consists of instant classics like Minority and Macy 's Day Parade , but it also is filled with garbage songs as well " . Spin writer Jesse Berrett stated " these maturity moves buoy muzzy be @-@ yourselfism ... Nor does everything in the stylistic grab bag fit " , but concluded by complimenting Armstrong 's " earnestly good @-@ hearted " lyrics and wrote that " this album is after ... evidence that even the snottiest deserve grace and the chance to age into warmth " . Q gave the album three out of five stars and described it as " Hugely likeable , terribly noisy and cute , as well as being jammed with proper pop songs " . Neal Weiss of Yahoo ! Music called the album " crafty pop @-@ rock " and stated " Some might wish Green Day never decided to grow up like this , but others might consider it a starting point to take the band seriously " . Slant Magazine editor Sal Cinquemani perceived elements of folk and " pop sensibilities " , writing that the album " displays just how well Green Day can construct pop songs " .
= = = Retrospect = = =
Writing in 2009 with regard to Warning 's lackluster commercial performance , James Montgomery of MTV News called the record " unjustly overlooked " and applauded Armstrong 's " super strong " songwriting on the album . In The New Rolling Stone Album Guide ( 2004 ) , Rolling Stone journalist Michaelangelo Matos gave the album four out of five stars and wrote that the band " fully focus on the textures that have always differentiated their sturdy grooves and simple melodies " . Matos called the songs " speedy , neatly packaged reinterpretations of pop @-@ rock history , from the Beatles to Creedence Clearwater Revival to the Ramones themselves " . AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine called it " gleeful , unabashed fun " and complimented Green Day for " embracing their fondness for pop and making the best damn album they 'd ever made " . Erlewine expressed that the band displays " melodic ingenuity and imaginative arrangements " and elaborated on its musical significance , stating " Warning may not be an innovative record per se , but it 's tremendously satisfying ; it finds the band at a peak of songcraft and performance , doing it all without a trace of self @-@ consciousness . It 's the first great pure pop album of the new millennium " . Dom Passantino of Stylus Magazine cited it as " the most influential album on the British pop landscape since 1996 ( Spice , naturally ) " , noting it as a significant influence on " the two biggest bands in the UK at the moment , and indeed for the past few years , Busted and McFly " . Passantino called Warning " a great album " and viewed that Green Day " seemed to be bored with their genre @-@ medium , but simultaneously knowledgeable that any attempt to boundary @-@ hop will end with them falling on their face " .
= = Promotion and impact = =
While Green Day was nearing completion of Warning , the band announced it would be performing on the 2000 Vans Warped Tour during the summer before the album 's October release . Although the group had been invited to perform on the tour before , the band was unable to do so due to scheduling conflicts . Because of Green Day 's new stylistic change displayed on Warning , the band was considered an unconventional choice for the tour . Jason White , guitarist for Armstrong 's side project Pinhead Gunpowder , was recruited to perform with the band to add " more power " to the group 's sound ; White observed that " Even I was like , ' Why are Green Day on the Warped Tour ? ' " . Fat Mike of NOFX recalled , " They were the biggest band on the tour but it wasn 't by far . Green Day weren 't super popular at that time . I think they did the Warped tour because they wanted to get popular again . " He also went on to call Warning " probably their worst album , I think . It 's what happens , the ups and downs . " However , Joel Madden of Good Charlotte , whose 2002 release The Young and the Hopeless outsold Warning , opined that " I was definitely aware that our record at the time sold more maybe than their record but I think we idolized them so much that it didn 't matter . We thought Warning was one of their best records . "
In January 2001 , Colin Merry of the English rock band Other Garden filed a breach of copyright lawsuit against Green Day , claiming that the album 's title track is a " reworked " version of his band 's 1992 song " Never Got the Chance " . Merry noted that despite both songs ' similarity to the riff of " Picture Book " by The Kinks , the similarity between " Warning " and " Never Got the Chance " was more " striking " . Green Day denied the accusations , and although Merry requested to halt all royalties from " Warning " , the lawsuit was later dropped .
Green Day also co @-@ headlined a " shared bill " with fellow Californian pop @-@ punk band Blink @-@ 182 on the Pop Disaster Tour from April to June 2002 . The two bands traded off headlining positions throughout the tour , as Blink @-@ 182 was experiencing higher record sales at the time , while Green Day had experienced mainstream success for a longer period of time . Armstrong explained Green Day 's desire to perform on the tour by stating , " We really wanted to be part of an event . We figured putting the two biggest pop punk bands on the planet together was definitely going to be an event . " In his book Nobody Likes You : Inside the Turbulent Life , Times and Music of Green Day , author Marc Spitz likened Blink @-@ 182 headlining a tour with Green Day to " Frank Sinatra , Jr. headlining over Frank Sinatra . "
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by Billie Joe Armstrong , except where noted , all music composed by Green Day .
= = Personnel = =
Credits for Warning adapted from liner notes .
= = Chart positions = =
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= Welcome to the Hellmouth =
" Welcome to the Hellmouth " is the series premiere of the supernatural drama television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer . This episode and " The Harvest " were originally aired as a two @-@ part series premiere on The WB on March 10 , 1997 . The episode was written by the series creator and executive producer Joss Whedon , and directed by Charles Martin Smith . " Welcome to the Hellmouth " received a Nielsen rating of 3 @.@ 4 upon its original airing and received largely positive reviews from critics .
The narrative follows Buffy Summers ( Sarah Michelle Gellar ) on her first day at a new school in a new town . She hopes to live as a normal teenager , but the duties and fate of the Slayer – to fight vampires , demons , witches and other supernatural beings – will not leave her alone ; the ancient vampire the Master ( Mark Metcalf ) threatens to break free , and Buffy must turn for help to her school librarian and Watcher Rupert Giles ( Anthony Stewart Head ) , her new classmates , Willow and Xander ( Alyson Hannigan and Nicholas Brendon ) , and a benevolent stranger named Angel ( David Boreanaz ) .
Joss Whedon developed Buffy the Vampire Slayer to invert the Hollywood formula of " the little blonde girl who goes into a dark alley and gets killed in every horror movie . " The series was created after the 1992 movie , Buffy the Vampire Slayer , in an attempt by Whedon to stay truer to his original ideas . Many scenes were filmed on location in Los Angeles , California . The high school used for external and some internal scenes in the series is Torrance High School , the same school used for the series Beverly Hills , 90210 .
= = Plot = =
The series premiere begins at Sunnydale High School , where a boy ( played by Carmine Giovinazzo ) breaks into the school during the night with a seemingly reluctant girl ( Julie Benz ) , promising her mischief and therefore fun . Nervous and on edge , the girl says she thinks she heard something and fears someone is in the school , other than the two of them . The boy calls out but gets no response , leading him to say " it 's nothing " to the girl and assure her that they " are alone " . The girl says " ok , that 's good " , after which she turns to face the boy , revealing her facial morph into her true identity ; a vampire . She then bites the boy 's neck . She is later revealed to be Darla .
Buffy Summers ( Sarah Michelle Gellar ) has a nightmare the morning of her first day at school . Her mother , Joyce ( Kristine Sutherland ) , drives her to the school and encourages her to think positive . Inside the building , Principal Bob Flutie ( Ken Lerner ) tells her she will start with a clean slate . He reconsiders that after realizing that Buffy burned down her previous school 's gym . Buffy starts to explain that she did so because " it was full of vampi ... " but she rapidly changes the end of her statement to " asbestos . "
Buffy exits the office and bumps into a female student , spilling the contents of her handbag on the floor . Xander Harris ( Nicholas Brendon ) sees this and helps Buffy repack , mainly to introduce himself to her , as it was earlier suggested that he is attracted to her . She leaves without her stake , which Xander pockets because he called out to her , but she had already walked away . In history class , Buffy is helped by popular girl Cordelia Chase ( Charisma Carpenter ) , who afterwards tests her " coolness factor , " skipping the written as Buffy had just moved to Sunnydale , California from Los Angeles . To Buffy 's horror , Cordelia humiliates an awkward Willow Rosenberg ( Alyson Hannigan ) at the water fountain . Inside the library , Rupert Giles ( Anthony Stewart Head ) places a book titled Vampyr in front of Buffy after recognizing who she is . A stunned Buffy makes a hasty exit .
Buffy , Willow , Jesse McNally ( Eric Balfour ) , and Xander meet during a break , and Xander returns the stake . Buffy claims it is standard self @-@ defense in Los Angeles . Cordelia appears and tells Buffy that gym is cancelled due to the " extreme dead guy " in one student 's gym locker . Buffy asks whether there were marks on the body , freaking out Cordelia . Buffy forces her way into the locker room , examines the body , and finds the characteristic puncture wounds of a vampire on the neck . Buffy returns to the library and confronts Giles , who informs her that he is her Watcher . Buffy refuses to accept her calling as a Slayer , since it had gotten her kicked out of her previous school and robbed her of a social life . After they leave the library , Xander emerges from behind the shelves , having overheard the strange conversation .
That night , en route to her first visit to The Bronze , the cool hangout in Sunnydale , Buffy meets a mysterious , handsome stranger ( David Boreanaz ) , who warns her that she is living on a Hellmouth that is about to open , and that " The Harvest " is coming . He also gives her a large silver cross pendant . In The Bronze , Buffy meets Willow and encourages her to seize the moment : " Because tomorrow you might be dead . " She finds Giles and tells him about the stranger . Giles tells her to learn to hone her skills to sense vampires anywhere . Buffy uses her fashion sense to pick out a vampire ( J. Patrick Lawlor ) in the club and is alarmed to see Willow leave with him . She loses them and is surprised by Cordelia , nearly staking her . Cordelia immediately calls her friends to tell them about it . While Buffy looks for Willow , Jesse chats up Darla at The Bronze . Buffy is stopped by Xander , whom she convinces to help search for Willow .
Meanwhile , under the streets of Sunnydale , The Master ( Mark Metcalf ) , an ancient and powerful vampire king , is woken by lesser vampires from a long sleep to prepare for the Harvest . He sends Luke ( Brian Thompson ) to fetch young blood . Willow 's new acquaintance takes her to a crypt in a cemetery , where they are joined by Darla and Jesse , whom she has bitten . Buffy and Xander arrive . Buffy kills Willow 's vampire . Xander and Willow help the weakened Jesse to flee . Luke takes Darla 's place in the fight so she can help catch the kids . Luke throws Buffy in a stone coffin and is about to move in for the kill .
= = Continuity = =
Angel speaks to Buffy as though he had never met her , but in the two @-@ part episode , " Becoming " reveals that he has fallen in love with Buffy from afar when her first Watcher reveals her destiny as a vampire slayer . Later , in the episode " Helpless , " Angel confessed that he has been in love with her before they are acquainted in this episode and followed her from Los Angeles since .
= = Production = =
= = = Background and writing = = =
Writer Joss Whedon says that " Rhonda the Immortal Waitress " was really the first incarnation of the Buffy concept , " just the idea of some woman who seems to be completely insignificant who turns out to be extraordinary " . This early , unproduced idea evolved into Buffy , an inversion of the Hollywood formula of " the little blonde girl who goes into a dark alley and gets killed in every horror movie " . Whedon wanted " to subvert that idea and create someone who was a hero " . He explained , " The very first mission statement of the show was the joy of female power : having it , using it , sharing it " .
The idea was first visited through Whedon 's script for the 1992 movie Buffy the Vampire Slayer , which featured Kristy Swanson in the title role . The director , Fran Rubel Kuzui , saw it as a " pop culture comedy about what people think about vampires " . Whedon disagreed : " I had written this scary film about an empowered woman , and they turned it into a broad comedy . It was crushing . "
Several years later , Gail Berman , a Fox executive , approached Whedon to develop his Buffy concept into a television series . Whedon explained that " They said , ' Do you want to do a show ? ' And I thought , ' High school as a horror movie ' . And so the metaphor became the central concept behind Buffy , and that 's how I sold it . " The supernatural elements in the series stood as metaphors for personal anxieties associated with adolescence and young adulthood . Early in its development , the series was going to be simply titled Slayer . Whedon went on to write and partly fund a 25 @-@ minute non @-@ broadcast pilot that was shown to networks and eventually sold to the WB Network . Buffy the Vampire Slayer first aired on March 10 , 1997 , as a mid season replacement for the show Savannah on The WB network , and played a key role in the growth of the Warner Bros. television network in its early years .
= = = Music = = =
The episode , being the series premiere , features the first usage of the theme song by pop punk band Nerf Herder . Parry Gripp , the band 's songwriter , guitarist , and admitted fan of the show explained that the band created the theme song after " fancy pants Hollywood " failed to write a theme song that the producers approved up . Eventually , " they [ the producers ] asked a bunch of local , small time bands who they could pay very little money to come up with some ideas and they liked our idea and they used it . And the rest is history ! " Several songs by the band Sprung Monkey play during the episode . When Buffy is deciding what to wear , the song " Saturated " is playing faintly in the background . At The Bronze , the band plays their songs " Believe " , " Swirl " , and " Things are Changing " . All of the songs featured in the episode can be found on their 1995 album Swirl . The score for the episode , as well as all first season entries , was created by Walter Murphy .
= = = Casting and filming = = =
Joss Whedon explained that several of the characters that appeared in the series were based on real life individuals . Cordelia , for instance , was modeled after a girl whom Whedon 's wife attended high school with . Xander was based on Whedon himself . Whedon hoped to include actor Eric Balfour in the title credits to shock viewers when his character dies . Unfortunately , the show could not afford the extra set of title credits at the time . However , Whedon 's wish was granted in the season six episode " Seeing Red " , with the character Tara Maclay . Brian Thompson , who plays the vampire Luke , returns to the series in season two as a different character , the Judge , in " Surprise " and " Innocence " .
In the original , non @-@ broadcast pilot , Willow was portrayed by Riff Regan . However , network executives requested that Regan be replaced . Willow 's character demanded that she be shy and unsure of herself , and the casting department encountered some difficulty finding actresses who could portray this effectively and still be likable . After seven auditions , Alyson Hannigan was eventually chosen for the role . She was chosen for being able to spin the character 's lines with a self @-@ effacing optimism ; she stated , " I didn 't want to do Willow as someone who 's feeling sorry for herself . Especially in the first season , she couldn 't talk to guys , and nobody liked her . I was like , ' I don 't want to play somebody who 's down on herself . " Whedon conceived the character as introverted , saying " I wanted Willow to have that kind of insanely colorful interior life that truly shy people have . And Alyson has that . She definitely has a loopiness I found creeping into the way Willow talked , which was great . To an extent , all the actors conform to the way I write the character , but it really stands out in Willow 's case . "
Nicholas Brendon , who had recently been fired from his job as a waiter and was struggling financially , was attracted to the pilot script for Buffy because of how much he had hated high school . Brendon recognized that Xander was based on Joss Whedon when he had attended high school , accounting for why Xander " gets all the good lines " .
Charisma Carpenter had originally planned to read for the role of Buffy , but was late for her audition and instead tried out for Cordelia . Although she had only fifteen minutes to prepare for the character , the producers were " really responsive " to Carpenter 's audition , and she left feeling confident she had got the part . After Carpenter 's audition , Gellar , who had been offered the role of Cordelia before Carpenter , was asked to come back and audition for the part of Buffy . Bianca Lawson originally won the role of Cordelia Chase , but turned it down due to other contractual obligations . Lawson would later be cast as vampire slayer Kendra in the show 's second season . Cordelia was originally intended to serve as a dramatic foil to Buffy , and to represent the characteristics of the less mature and shallower Buffy portrayed in the original film .
Julie Benz , who portrayed Darla , originally auditioned for the role of Buffy . However , Benz was later offered the minor role of Darla in the pilot episode . Although the character ( originally an unnamed minor vampire ) was supposed to die in the pilot , Whedon liked her performance so well that he named her and her character appeared in a few more episodes . Benz went on to portray Darla in several episodes of Buffy 's spin @-@ off television series , Angel . She later went on to say :
For me , I was a new actor to Los Angeles , didn ’ t know the TV business very well so I was just excited to work and play a vampire . I had no clue what I was going to do or how I was going to be scary . Until that is , they put the vampire makeup on me and I went into the trailer and smiled , which I thought was creepy . Joss always said he was intrigued that someone who looked like me and talked like me was like the scariest vampire ever . That ’ s what he wanted , my sweet voice and demeanour until all of a sudden I ’ m just this vicious vampire . "
Veteran character actor Mark Metcalf appeared in heavy prosthetic make @-@ up for the role of the Master , belying his iconic performance in the film National Lampoon 's Animal House ( 1978 ) as Douglas C. Neidermeyer . In 2011 , Metcalf recognized his role on Buffy as one of his favorites . Many actors auditioned for the part , but Whedon felt Metcalf played it with more complexity , bringing a " sly and kind of urbane " sensitivity and a charm to the villainy of the character . Kristine Sutherland was cast as Buffy 's mother Joyce . Sutherland , who disliked the horror genre , was not looking for acting jobs when her agent called her with the opportunity to play Joyce . Sutherland auditioned the same day as David Boreanaz , and was impressed with how naturally she felt at ease with the material in the scripts . Bob Flutie , Sunnydale High School 's principal , was originally played by Stephen Tobolowsky in the unaired pilot . Ken Lerner was cast as Flutie in the broadcast version .
Certain scenes , such as the argument between Giles and Buffy in the library , and Buffy 's first meeting with Angel , were re @-@ shot eight months after the first episode was recorded with both Whedon and Gellar feeling that Buffy was too angry in the original takes . Whedon subsequently teased Gellar that they were going to reshoot the scenes a third time . The high school used for external and some internal scenes in the series is Torrance High , the same school used for the series Beverly Hills , 90210 .
= = = Vampire effects = = =
Joss Whedon created the idea of " vamp faces , " which was to have vampires ' human features distort to become more demonic . Whedon wanted normal high school students that the other characters could interact with normally , only to have them turn out be vampires , therefore creating a sense of paranoia . He also wanted the vampires to be " clearly monsters , " as to not make it seem like a high school girl was killing normal ( looking ) people . The vampires originally appeared " very white @-@ faced , very creepy , very ghoulish " . This was toned down in later episodes as the makeup was too time @-@ consuming . Whedon claims that people thought the white faces to be " funny looking " but personally found it creepier , comparing it to the monsters in zombie movies such as Day of the Dead and The Evil Dead . The character of the Master was designed to be in vamp face permanently to highlight his age and make him appear more animalistic ; make @-@ up artist John Vulich based the Master 's appearance on a bat , reasoning that the character has devolved to a more primal , demonic state over the years . It was decided that vampires and their clothes would turn to dust after they died . This was done for practical storytelling reasons , so the characters would not have to spend time cleaning up bodies . This episode introduced with the idea that vampires ' clothes would resemble the era in which they died , with Buffy identifying one by his dated outfit . Joss Whedon felt this concept was a " charming notion " but ultimately rejected it for the most part because he believed that , if every vampire in the show was dressed in old @-@ fashioned clothes , they would cease to be scary .
= = Reception = =
" Welcome to the Hellmouth " first aired in the United States on March 10 , 1997 on The WB . On the original airing of this episode , The WB provided a teaser advertisement briefing the history of past Slayers . It revealed horrific events in towns that were halted when a particular woman arrived . This promotional teaser does not appear in syndication or on DVD . " Welcome to the Hellmouth " earned a Nielsen rating of 3 @.@ 4 , meaning that roughly 3 @.@ 4 percent of all television @-@ equipped households were tuned in to the episode . It was the 100th most watched episode of television that aired during the week ending March 16 .
The episode received largely positive reviews from critics . Noel Murray of The A.V. Club wrote that the episode was " a good introduction to the show , establishing the characters and the premise quickly and cleanly , before ending on a cliffhanger " . Murray , however , did note that it contained a " dialogue that sounds more faux @-@ clever than actually clever " and that there was " an overall flatness to the action / horror sequences " that would continue until the second season . John Levesque , writing for the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer , called the fledgling series " witty , intelligent and thoroughly entertaining " and dubbed it " the best thing I 've seen on The WB " . He praised the acting of Sarah Michelle Gellar , noting that she " plays Buffy to perfection " . Phil Kloer of The Atlanta Journal and the Atlanta Constitution called the show a " kicky little mix of camp comedy , high school hi @-@ jinks and monsters " and likened its plot to the Fox sci @-@ fi series The X @-@ Files and the Nickelodeon horror @-@ themed anthology series Are You Afraid of the Dark ? . He ultimately gave the episode a B. Nikki Stafford , in her book Bite Me ! , called the first episode " excellent " and complimented the strengths of the main cast as well as the show 's unique approach . She contrasted it with the earlier movie , noting that " the movie version [ ... ] was like Clueless , but near the end suddenly tried to be a serious film . The television show carries comedy , action , and drama simultaneously and features a far superior ensemble cast . "
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= Parineeta ( 2005 film ) =
Parineeta ( The Married Woman ) is a 2005 Indian musical romantic drama film adaptation of the 1914 Bengali novella , Parineeta by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay . Directed by debutant Pradeep Sarkar , it was based upon a screenplay by the film 's producer , Vidhu Vinod Chopra . The film featured Vidya Balan ( In her Bollywood Debut ) , Saif Ali Khan and Sanjay Dutt in the lead roles . Raima Sen plays the supporting role of Lolita 's chirpy cousin . Sabyasachi Chakrabarty plays the pivotal role of Shekhar 's father . Diya Mirza , with a cameo appearance as Shekhar 's fiancé and Rekha , with a cameo performance of a night club ( Moulin Rouge ) singer , are other notable performances .
Parineeta primarily revolves around the lead characters , Lolita and Shekhar . Since childhood , Shekhar and Lolita have been friends and slowly this friendship blossoms into love . A series of misunderstandings surface and they are separated with the conniving schemes of Shekhar 's father . The plot deepens with the arrival of Girish , who supports Lolita 's family . Eventually , Shekhar 's love defies his father 's greed and he seeks Lolita .
The film has several notable allusions to the Indian literature and cinema . Despite the pre @-@ release inhibitions , it received critical acclaim . It won the Filmfare Awards apart from several prominent awards . The director went on to win the National Award for Best First Film . Parineeta was showcased at prominent international film festivals .
= = Plot = =
The story takes place in Kolkata . As the credits roll , scenes from erstwhile Calcutta are displayed along with the narrator 's ( Amitabh Bachchan ) introduction of the era . The narration focuses on the night of the marriage of Shekhar and Gayatri Tantiya , a rich industrialist 's daughter . The audience is introduced to Naveen Roy as Shekhar 's father while we see Shekhar grooming himself for the occasion . While he is doing so , images of Lolita calling him by his name flash through his mind . Downstairs , musical celebrations begin as Shekhar meets Vasundhara , a widow from his neighbourhood , who is thankful to her son @-@ in @-@ law , Girish ( Sanjay Dutt ) , for supporting their family after the death of her husband , Gurcharan . Lolita , who is present there , playfully confronts Shekhar as to why he is being indifferent to her . Shekhar admonishes her for speaking so in spite of being married .
An angry Shekhar comes back home to play a favourite tune from the past on his piano . The flashback shows a young Shekhar playing Rabindranath Tagore ’ s tune on his piano while young Lolita and Koel are around . Lolita , with her parents having died in a car accident , lives with Gurcharan ’ s family . Koel is her cousin whereas Charu is her neighbour . As this scene flashes across Shekhar ’ s mind , he sings a song full of sadness and loss . As time flies , they grow up to become close friends . The rebellious and musically inclined Shekhar spends his days playing the music of Rabindranath Tagore or Elvis Presley and composing his own songs with Lolita rather than becoming part of his shrewd father 's business . Part of this rebellion involves resistance to meeting Gayatri Tantiya , the beautiful but devious daughter of a wealthy industrialist , whom his father would like Shekhar to marry . Meanwhile , Girish , a steel tycoon from London , makes a dramatic entry into Charu ’ s house . Girish seems smitten by Lolita while Koel is by Girish . Shekhar is visibly jealous of Lolita ’ s close friendship with Girish .
One day , a shocked Lolita , who is employed at the Roy ’ s office , remembers a hotel project from Gurcharan ’ s ancestral haveli ( palatial house ) . On an earlier occasion , Gurcharan had borrowed money from Naveen Roy after putting his haveli on mortgage . She understands that if the money is not repaid in a few months , Naveen Roy would take over the property . She immediately thinks of asking Shekhar for monetary help . Unforeseen circumstances prevent this , and Girish , upon realising this , alleviates their problem by making Gurcharan his business partner . Gurcharan repays the debt and the turn of events prompts Shekhar to think why Lolita chose to ask Girish for money instead of him . On one auspicious night , Shekhar and Lolita exchange garlands and consummate their " marriage " unbeknownst to anyone else .
While Shekhar is off to Darjeeling on a business trip , Naveen Roy violently thunders at Lolita about the loss of his hotel project , embarrassing and humiliating her . Roy gets a wall built between his and Gurcharan ’ s house symbolising the end of their association . Gurcharan , unable to digest this , suffers a heart attack . Upon Shekhar ’ s return , Roy informs him of the ill @-@ health of his mother and Gurcharan and viciously adds a note of Lolita and Girish ’ s marriage . Shekhar is disgusted to hear of the marriage and in his anger he scowls at Lolita , humiliating her like his father . Meanwhile , Girish assists Gurcharan 's family and takes them to London for the heart treatment . Misunderstandings follow and upon the family ’ s return from London , Shekhar assumes that Girish and Lolita are married and agrees to marry Gayatri . The film returns to the night of Shekhar ’ s marriage when Girish hands him the ownership papers of Gurcharan ’ s haveli . He shocks Shekhar by telling him that he got married to Koel because Lolita denied his marriage proposal . As a conclusion , Shekhar confronts his father and symbolically breaks down the wall separating the two families . He then brings Lolita to his home as his bride much to the delight of his mother .
= = Main cast = =
Vidya Balan as Lolita . A woman of dignity with unflinching love for Shekhar . A lovely singer , who resigned to the circumstances , upholding her respect when she faces insult .
Saif Ali Khan as Shekhar Roy . Shows a balance of love for Lolita and jealousy towards Girish . He is a passionate musician . Towards the end has utter hatred for himself for transforming into such a cold and bitter person .
Sanjay Dutt as Girish . Simple and straightforward character who plays Lolita 's moral support with warmth and compassion .
Raima Sen as Koel . Lolita 's playful , mischievous and cheerful cousin who 's lively , peppy and lives through every moment .
Diya Mirza as Gayatri . Short but a devious character who longs for Shekhar with her charm and beauty .
Sabyasachi Chakrabarty as Naveen Roy . Cold at heart , a shrewd and a conniving businessman who even places human values and relationships below his greed for money .
Surinder Kaur as Rajeshwari . The mother of Shekhar who scornfully watches how badly her husband treats the neighbours and gets ill .
Tina Dutta as Teenage Lolita .
Supriya Shukla as Sunita .
Ninad Kamat as Ajit .
Rekha in a special appearance in song " Kaisi Paheli Zindagaani " .
George Baker as Sir William Eckhart .
= = Production = =
= = = The key elements = = =
Before Parineeta , Pradeep Sarkar was a well @-@ known personality in the area of advertisements . With 17 years in mainstream advertising and 7 years of advertisement film @-@ making and commercial cinema , he completed about 1000 commercials and 15 music videos . Vidhu Vinod Chopra , the producer , took notice of his music videos and contacted Sarkar to direct some of the music videos of the film Mission Kashmir ( 2000 ) . After carving a niche in filming music videos , Sarkar gave the thought of filming Parineeta to Chopra . There began the making of the film .
About the film 's comparison with the novel , Chopra said in an interview that , as compared to its 1953 namesake film by Bimal Roy , the story was based in the year 1962 . He said that it took them one and a half years to script the film , with them adding new characters and emphasising under @-@ represented characters from the novel . In a separate interview , Chopra admitted that he was actively involved with the screenplay because the film was an adaptation of the novel . When speaking about cinematic adaptation , Chopra gave due credit to Sarkar , and Natarajan Subramaniam ( the film 's cinematographer ) , for providing the vintage visuals . Saif Ali Khan once said that the film was initially attempted to be made in a contemporary way . When the film 's crew did not find the depiction appealing , the filming began with the 60s look .
Chopra once cited an interesting anecdote about his belief in Sarkar 's film @-@ making abilities . He said that he never personally signed the cheques for the film 's expenditure . He transferred money into Sarkar 's bank account and the cheques were eventually signed by Sarkar and his spouse .
= = = Casting = = =
Chopra said in an interview that Saif Ali Khan and Vidya Balan were not the first choices for the lead roles in Parineeta . In fact Abhishek Bachchan was being cast as Shekhar and Saif Ali Khan as Girish . However Abhishek walked out of the project and Saif readily was accepted as a replacement . This fact was corroborated by Saif in an interview when he said that even though Sarkar had faith in his abilities , Chopra was not too keen on having him .
The choice of Vidya Balan came with Sarkar 's prior work experience with her in three music videos . Chopra said that Vidya was screen @-@ tested for six months and only then they were sure of her acting abilities . Saif once said that he was not convinced of Vidya 's abilities , since Parineeta was to be her first film . He instead hoped to work with established actresses like Aishwarya Rai or Rani Mukherjee . However , after seeing Vidya portray the character of Lalita , he was thoroughly appreciative of her performance . Getting an opportunity to debut with big names from the industry along with a lovely character to portray made Vidya accept the role of Lalita .
The choice of Sanjay Dutt was because of his versatility , said Chopra in an interview . He also said that the affable nature of Sanjay was a plus during film making .
Diya Mirza liked the script so well that she chose to play the role of the devious Gayatri in spite of it being a short role . Raima Sen had a similar story with her want to work with the duo of Chopra and Sarkar . The cameo of the veteran actress , Rekha was purely out of her interest in the song , " Kaisi Paheli Zindgani " .
= = = Filming and music = = =
Since Sarkar knew the city of Kolkata very well , the film was primarily shot there . While most of the film was made in Kolkata , a small portion was shot in Darjeeling .
To re @-@ create the 60s era , lot of efforts were made by the producers . For instance , Chopra said that it cost them money and difficulty to procure the green coloured car which was driven by Shekhar in the film . Chopra confirmed the authenticity of the piano used in the song " Piyu Bole " , and of the toy train used in the song " Kasto Mazza " . About the look of the characters , Mirza said that the 60s look was well captured by the make @-@ up artist , Vidyadar . The song " Kaisi Paheli Zindagani " was based on the tune to Louis Armstrong 's " A Kiss to Build a Dream on " .
Critics had high expectations from Parineeta 's music because of the award @-@ winning music that was provided in some of Chopra 's previous films , such as ( 1942 : A Love Story ( 1993 ) and Mission Kashmir ( 2000 ) ) . Shantanu Moitra , Parineeta 's music director composed hundreds of tunes before six of them got finalised after a year 's effort . After finalising the soundtrack , Chopra was appreciative of the musician 's abilities when he said that Moitra has the potential to become another R. D. Burman , a yesteryear Bollywood music director .
= = Cultural and cinematic allusions = =
Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay , the author of Parineeta , was a contemporary of Rabindranath Tagore ; both authors documented Bengali life and social issues at the turn of the century . The 2005 cinematic version of Parineeta pays homage to this relationship by referencing Satyajit Ray 's film Charulata , which itself is based upon Tagore 's noted novella , Nashtanir . Lalita ( Parineeta ) is dressed to resemble Nashtanir / Charulata ' s Charu ( Madhabi Mukherjee ) , particularly during the song " Soona Man Ka Aangan " , which incorporates Tagore 's song " Phoole Phoole Dhole Dhole . " In both Parineeta and Charulata , " Phoole Phoole Dhole Dhole " is sung while Lalita and Charu are each on a swing . The film continues the above connection by placing Saif Ali Khan on the same train used in the film Aradhana which featured his mother , Sharmila Tagore .
This film was the third one to bear resemblance to the novella , the other two being its 1953 namesake film and the 1976 film , Sankoch .
= = Reception = =
= = = Box @-@ office and ratings = = =
Parineeta notched up Rs . 506 million in India at the end of 2005 . Its overseas success was notable as well with gross collections of Rs . 36 million in the United Kingdom , Rs . 35 million in North America , and Rs 15 million in the rest of the overseas .
= = = Reviews , critiques and controversies = = =
Before its release on 10 June 2005 , one preview wondered how the film would fare at the box office . Citing comparisons with the 1953 version , the preview suggested that debutant director , Sarkar 's inexperience in film @-@ making , the probable inability of debutant actress , Balan to portray Lalita 's character appropriately , suitable 1960s depiction by contemporary actors and musician , Shantanu Moitra 's until then unimpressive soundtracks , could be impediments to a successful adaptation .
Post @-@ release , the same critic said " Vidhu Vinod Chopra 's " Parineeta " – a remake of an old classic of the same name ... ( had ) the love story ( which ) was received well by the younger generation and it went on to become the biggest hit of the year . " It was generally well @-@ received by the critics , with one of them terming the film as " ... a beautiful story , beautifully told . It approximates what most of us expect , and increasingly yearn for , in vain , our cinematic experience . " A reviewer from About.com said that it is " contemporary retelling of ... ( an ) engaging and timeless tale rich with human emotion and universal drama " . The reviewer appreciates the film in most of the nuances of film making saying that this is " enhanced by a brilliant musical score , and accentuated by superb performances by Sanjay Dutt , Saif Ali Khan , Raima Sen , Diya Mirza and debutante Vidya Balan in the lead role of Lalita " . 3000 copies of the novella were sold within weeks of the film 's release , owing to the film 's good reception .
Derek Elley from Variety said " A character @-@ driven meller that 's a treat for the eyes , with performances to match , " Parineeta " is high @-@ end Bollywood near its best " . He also says that , " though the climax is still emotionally powerful , it comes over as overcooked . " A mixed review from Mid @-@ Day says " Pradeep Sarkar weaves the story like magic , especially in the first half ... excelling in the detailing ... the vintage look of the film ( that stood out ) with authentic costumes , props and the roads of Kolkata " . However , the review criticised the film 's climax terming it as amateur , thereby diluting the whole film 's impact . Another such review came from The Hindu which begins by saying " A simple enough story , but Sarkar tells it well , with some great shots of Shekhar and Lalita together . " The review eventually says " Except for the end ... where it is too much to bear . "
The issue of piracy cropped up when a news article published in The Indian Express exposed the dark side of the film market . Hardly into weeks of the film 's release , CDs were being sold at as low as Rs . 40 . Another blemish was that Soumitra Dasgupta , a writer and close associate of Sarkar alleged that the film 's story had a striking resemblance to his parallel work on the novella .
= = Screenings = =
In 2005 , Parineeta 's cast got a red carpet walk when it was the " World Premiere Film " at the International Indian Film Awards ( IIFA ) weekend in Amsterdam . Owing to this European premiere , Sarkar said that the film had a great opening in the American and English box @-@ offices . The film was on the UK Top Ten films for four consecutive weeks .
The film was chosen among 15 debut works for the 2006 Berlin Film Festival . It received enthusiastic reception from the audience as it ran to packed houses to the Chopra 's surprise . Expecting an audience of about 100 Westerners , a critic visiting the festival was surprised to see the cinema hall full and people jostling for seats even on the steps .
At the 24th Annual Minneapolis @-@ St. Paul International Film Festival held in April 2006 , Parineeta was the only Indian mainstream cinema to feature among 135 films from 40 countries .
In 2006 , the film featured in the Palm Springs International Film Festival , 24th San Francisco International Asian American Film Festival , Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles , Helsinki Film Festival and the International Film Festival of Marrakech .
= = Awards = =
Apart from winning the National Award for the Best First Film Director , Parineeta won five Filmfare Awards . Best Art Direction to Keshto Mondal , Tanushree Sarkar and Pradeep Sarkar , Best Choreography to Howard Rosemayer , Best Debut to Vidya Balan , RD Burman Award to Shantanu Moitra and Best Sound Recording to Bishwadeep Chatterjee . It was also nominated for an additional nine awards , for the categories Best Film and Best Director , three for actors portraying Lalita , Shekhar and Girish and four nominations for the soundtrack .
The film also won a prominent awards in the form of two Star Screen Awards , three Zee Cine Awards among a notable awards . Apart from these , the film was nominated for an eclectic mix of awards .
2006 Filmfare Awards
Best Debut ( Female ) – Vidya Balan
Best Choreography – Howard Rosemeyer
Best Sound – Bishwadeep Chatterjee
Best Art Director – Pradeep Sarkar , Tanushree Sarkar
R D Burman Award – Shantanu Moitra
2006 Zee Cine Awards
Best Dialogue – Rekha Nigam , Vidhu Vinod Chopra
Best Costume Design – Subarna Ray Chadhuri
2006 Screen Awards
Best Playback Singer ( Female ) – Shreya Ghosal
Best Debut ( Female ) – Vidya Balan
2006 IIFA Awards
Best Screenplay – Vidhu Vinod Chopra & Pradeep Sarkar
Best Art Direction – Pradeep Sarkar , Tanushree Sarkar
Best Sound Recording – Bishwadeep Chatterjee
Best Costume Designing – Subarna Ray Chadhuri
Best Makeup – Vidyadhar Bhatte
= = DVD = =
The first version of the DVD version of Parineeta was released by UTV Motion Pictures on 30 October 2006 . It has subtitle options in English , Arabic , Spanish , German , Italian , Malay , and French . An additional disc includes interviews with the actors and a behind the scenes look at the making of the film . It is available in 16 : 9 Anamorphic widescreen , Dolby Digital 5 @.@ 1 Surround , progressive 24 FPS , widescreen and NTSC format .
= = Soundtrack = =
The soundtrack to Parineeta was released by Tips Music in April 2005 to positive reviews .
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= Japanese aircraft carrier Amagi =
Amagi ( 天城 ) was a Unryū @-@ class aircraft carrier built for the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II . Named after Mount Amagi , and completed late in the war , she never embarked her complement of aircraft and spent the war in Japanese waters . The ship capsized in July 1945 after being hit multiple times during airstrikes by American carrier aircraft at Kure Naval Base . Amagi was refloated in 1946 and scrapped later that year .
= = Design and description = =
The last purpose @-@ built Japanese carrier construction during World War II was a group of vessels based on an improved Hiryū design , but with individual units differing in detail reflecting the changing circumstances as the conflict in the Pacific approached its conclusion . Amagi was ordered , under the provisional name of # 5001 , as part of the Kai @-@ Maru 5 Program of 1942 . This was a massive naval construction program intended to replace losses suffered at the Battle of Midway and focused on aircraft and aircraft carriers . The ship was one of 16 Unryū @-@ class aircraft carriers planned , although only three were completed before the end of the war .
Amagi had a length of 227 @.@ 35 meters ( 745 ft 11 in ) overall . She had a beam of 22 meters ( 72 ft 2 in ) and a draft of 8 @.@ 73 meters ( 28 ft 8 in ) . She displaced 20 @,@ 450 metric tons ( 20 @,@ 130 long tons ) . Her crew consisted of 1 @,@ 595 officers and men .
The Unryū @-@ class carriers used the same turbines and boilers as used in the heavy cruiser Suzuya . These consisted of four geared steam turbine sets with a total of 152 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 113 @,@ 000 kW ) driving four shafts using steam provided by eight Kampon Type B water @-@ tube boilers . The ship had a designed speed of 34 knots ( 63 km / h ; 39 mph ) . Amagi carried 3 @,@ 670 metric tons ( 3 @,@ 610 long tons ) of fuel oil which gave her a range of 8 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 15 @,@ 000 km ; 9 @,@ 200 mi ) at 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . She had two funnels on the starboard side , each angled below the horizontal . They were fitted with a water @-@ cooling system to reduce the turbulence caused by hot exhaust gases .
= = = Flight deck arrangements = = =
Amagi 's flight deck was 216 @.@ 9 meters ( 711 ft 7 in ) long and had a maximum width of 27 meters ( 88 ft 7 in ) . A small island was mounted well forward on the starboard side and contained the ship 's bridge and air operations control center . It was fitted with a small tripod mast that mounted one of the ship 's radar antennas . The ship was designed with two superimposed hangars that were served by two aircraft elevators , each 14 by 14 meters ( 46 by 46 ft ) ; the center elevator as used in Hiryū was deleted to simplify construction and reduce stress in the hull . The elevators had a maximum capacity of 7 @,@ 000 kilograms ( 15 @,@ 000 lb ) and took 19 seconds to go from the lower hangar to the flight deck . Amagi was fitted with hydraulically operated Type 3 arresting gear with nine cables . She also mounted three Type 3 crash barricades . No aircraft catapult was fitted . The ship mounted a retractable crane on the starboard side of the flight deck , just aft of the rear elevator . Amagi carried 397 @,@ 340 liters ( 87 @,@ 400 imp gal ; 104 @,@ 970 U.S. gal ) of aviation gasoline for her aircraft .
The ship 's air group was originally intended to consist of 12 Mitsubishi A6M Zero fighters , plus three in storage , 27 Aichi D3A Val dive bombers , plus three in reserve , and 18 Nakajima B5N " Kate " torpedo bombers plus two in crates . Amagi 's hangars could not accommodate so many aircraft so eleven planes were planned to be permanently carried on the flight deck . In 1943 the air group was revised to consist of 18 Mitsubishi A7M " Sam " fighters ( + 2 in storage ) , 27 Yokosuka D4Y " Judy " dive bombers and six Nakajima C6N " Myrt " reconnaissance aircraft . Of these , the C6Ns were intended to be carried on the flight deck . When the ship commissioned in 1944 , neither the A7M nor the C6Ns were yet in service , so the air group was reconfigured to consist of 27 Zeros , 12 D4Ys , three of which were to be the reconnaissance version , and nine Nakajima B6N " Jill " torpedo bombers . By this time , however , the shortage of carrier @-@ qualified aircrew was such that they were ordered to operate from shore bases and Amagi never embarked her air group .
= = = Armor , armament and sensors = = =
Amagi 's waterline armored belt was 46 millimeters ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) thick over her machinery spaces and 140 millimeters ( 5 @.@ 5 in ) over her magazines . Her deck armor above the machinery was 25 millimeters ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) thick , but the armor above the magazines was 56 millimeters ( 2 @.@ 2 in ) thick .
The ship 's primary armament consisted of a dozen 40 @-@ caliber 12 @.@ 7 cm Type 89 anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) guns in twin mounts on sponsons on the ship 's sides . Amagi was initially equipped with 16 triple 25 mm Type 96 and three single AA gun mounts , most on sponsons along the sides of the hull . By the end of the war , the ship mounted 22 triple and 23 single mounts . These guns were supplemented by six 12 cm ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) 28 @-@ round AA rocket launchers . For defense against submarines , the carrier was fitted with six depth charge throwers and carried between six and ten depth charges for them .
Two Type 94 high @-@ angle fire @-@ control directors , one on each side of the ship , were fitted to control the Type 89 guns . Each director mounted a 4 @.@ 5 @-@ meter ( 14 ft 9 in ) rangefinder . Six Type 95 directors controlled the 25 mm guns and the rocket launchers . Early warning was provided by two Type 2 , Mark 2 , Model 1 air search radars . One of these was mounted on the top of the island while the other retracted into the port side of the flight deck , between the two elevators . In addition , Amagi had two smaller Type 3 , Mark 1 , Model 3 air search radars , one mounted on the tripod mast on the island and the other on the aft starboard retractable radio mast .
= = Service = =
Amagi 's keel was laid down by Mitsubishi in Nagasaki , on 1 October 1942 . She was launched on 15 October 1943 and completed on 10 August 1944 . The ship was transferred among a number of ports on the Inland Sea until she arrived in Kure in February 1945 and was ordered to be camouflaged . Her intended air group , Air Group 601 , was committed to the Battle of Iwo Jima about that same time . Amagi was briefly refitted from 10 to 24 February . On 19 March , the ship was attacked by aircraft from Task Force 58 and lightly damaged by one bomb that struck the edge of the flight deck . On 13 April , the ship was permanently moored at an island in Kure harbor and extensively camouflaged .
This did not prevent the aircraft from Task Force 38 from locating and attacking the ship on 24 July . She was hit twice and near @-@ missed multiple times . A 500 @-@ pound ( 230 kg ) bomb detonated near the rear funnel , severely damaging it , but doing little other damage aside from blowing a small hole in the starboard hull . A 2 @,@ 000 @-@ pound ( 910 kg ) bomb penetrated the flight deck and detonated in the upper hangar , between the elevators . The explosion blew a 50 @-@ meter ( 160 ft ) section of a hangar wall overboard and the walls of the upper hangar deck were bulged and perforated multiple times . The flight deck between the elevators was bulged up and buckled for a length of 200 feet ( 61 @.@ 0 m ) and the forward elevator was dropped to the bottom of its shaft . It also blew a 25 @-@ foot ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) hole in the upper hangar deck . Fragments from the explosion penetrated into the bowels of the ship , penetrating bulkheads and decks below . Fragments from near @-@ misses penetrated the sides of the port hull and caused the forward bomb magazine , two boiler rooms , and the aft port engine room to flood .
The captain ordered the ship abandoned later in the day , and the carrier was still afloat in the evening , albeit with a slight list to port and down by the bow . Over the next couple of days , more compartments in the ship flooded and she settled on the bottom of the harbor . Another attack on 28 July hit her several more times and the resulting damage from those hits and more near @-@ misses to port caused the ship to list further to port . This gradually increased through the next day until Amagi capsized at 10 : 00 on the morning of 29 July with part of her flight deck falling overboard . The losses among the ship 's crew are unknown , but were supposedly light .
The ship was stricken from the Navy List on 30 November and salvage work began on 5 December . The holes in the ship 's hull had to be sealed to pump the water out and decrease her draft . The remains of her flight deck and upper hangar could not be made watertight and were removed using dynamite . Pontoons were used to right the ship and she was refloated on 31 July 1946 . The salvage job was conducted by the Hitachi Zosen facility in Kure and they scrapped the ship afterward . The job was completed by 12 December 1947 .
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= Finn M. W. Caspersen =
Finn Michael Westby Caspersen , Sr. ( October 27 , 1941 – September 7 , 2009 ) was an American financier and philanthropist . A graduate of Brown University and Harvard Law School , he followed his father , Olaus Caspersen , a Norwegian immigrant to the United States , as chairman and chief executive of Beneficial Corporation , one of the largest consumer finance companies in the United States . After an $ 8 @.@ 6 billion acquisition of Beneficial by Household International in 1998 , Caspersen ran Knickerbocker Management , a private financial firm overseeing the assets of trusts and foundations .
As a philanthropist , Caspersen donated tens of millions of dollars to the Peddie School , Brown , Harvard , and Drew University , while overseeing the Hodson Trust that benefitted four institutions in Maryland . He described education as his " particular love " and regarded it as " an investment in the future — an investment in human capital . " Buildings and endowed professorships have been named in his honor . Caspersen 's philanthropy extended to rowing and equestrian sports , and service to the United States Equestrian Team Foundation , Princeton National Rowing Association , and the National Rowing Foundation .
Caspersen was an influential donor to Republican candidates at both state and national level . In the 1980s , he was a major supporter of former New Jersey governor Thomas Kean . He served as a town commissioner in Jupiter Island , Florida , an exclusive upper @-@ class enclave , for four years , resigning a few weeks before his suicide in September 2009 .
News reports linked Caspersen with financial problems and accusations of alleged large @-@ scale tax evasion that were discovered in the course of federal investigations into offshore tax shelters managed by financial firms UBS and LGT Bank , and used by wealthy American clients . Near the end of his life , Caspersen was subjected to an IRS audit with a possible focus on alleged offshore accounts . An attorney for Caspersen ’ s estate claimed that in 2013 the IRS effectively exonerated Caspersen posthumously — with no penalties or fines for offshore accounts or anything else .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life and education = = =
Finn Michael Westby Caspersen was born on October 27 , 1941 in New York City . He was one of two sons of Olaus Westby Caspersen ( 1896 – 1971 ) , a Norwegian immigrant , and Freda Resika ( 1909 – 1991 ) , an American @-@ born Eastern European Jew thought to be of Russian or Polish descent . Olaus 's widowed mother and siblings had emigrated to the United States earlier , leaving Olaus in Norway to complete his education . Olaus came to the United States in 1912 at age 16 , settling in Weehawken , New Jersey .
Finn Caspersen 's mother , Freda , was a non @-@ practicing Jew , and his father thought that his sons needed a religious upbringing . Finn attended a congregational church near the family home in his youth . He later reflected that " being Protestant was important . There was a kind of anti @-@ Catholicism in the family . " The family moved to homes in Andover , New Jersey , and Venice , Florida . Caspersen frequently visited Norway as a child , vacationing there during summers after 1947 .
Caspersen attended private schools until the ninth grade . He attended the Peddie School , a private preparatory school in Hightstown , New Jersey , and was graduated in 1959 . Caspersen received a Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ) degree from Brown University in 1963 and a law degree ( LL.B. ) from Harvard Law School in 1966 .
= = = Business career = = =
In 1972 , Caspersen joined the legal department at Beneficial Corporation , a large American consumer finance firm . Four years later , he was named the firm 's chief executive officer . Beneficial had been established in 1914 in Elizabeth , New Jersey , by Clarence Hodson . Caspersen 's father , Olaus , joined Beneficial in 1920 and served as Hodson 's secretary for several years . In 1929 , Hodson and Caspersen reorganized the firm as Beneficial Finance Corporation and transformed it into one of the largest consumer loan providers in the United States . Freda Caspersen was one of the company 's directors .
Under the younger Caspersen 's leadership , Beneficial expanded into credit finance and offered credit cards through its People 's Bank and Trust subsidiary . It purchased Parliament Leasing in 1977 , and First Texas Financial Corp. , a savings and loan firm , in 1978 . In 1977 , Beneficial entered the reinsurance business through subsidiaries , but these endeavors led to significant financial losses in the 1980s . Beneficial later downsized its reinsurance holdings and restructured to emphasize its second mortgage business . According to Charles " Sandy " Hance , former senior vice president and general counsel of Beneficial , Caspersen was a " pioneer in second mortgages , which later evolved into home equity loans " , and that he " saw this trend developing at a very early stage " .
Caspersen purchased Harbour Island in Tampa , Florida , from a Beneficial subsidiary in 1979 , and in 1983 began to re @-@ develop the island into an upscale residential and commercial development similar to the Inner Harbor in Baltimore , Maryland . Beneficial purchased the 177 @-@ acre man @-@ made island , formerly known as Seddon Island . Before it was developed , local newspapers described the Harbour Island as " an industrial wasteland inhabited by wild pigs " and the only structures as rusted railroad tracks and an unused phosphate facility . When the first phases were complete , the island opened with events hosted by former U.S. president Gerald Ford . After seven years of dwindling business , Beneficial converted the development into office space , and renamed it Knights Point in 1995 .
Caspersen ran Beneficial for 22 years before its 1998 acquisition by Household International for $ 8 @.@ 6 billion . At the time of the acquisition , Beneficial had 25 @,@ 000 employees and operated 1 @,@ 650 branch offices throughout the United States . Caspersen was paid $ 24 million in severance and other payments . His next business endeavor was Knickerbocker Management , which he founded in 1998 with a few partners . Knickerbocker , a private investment firm that oversaw approximately $ 1 billion in assets of trusts and foundations , had offices in Gladstone , New Jersey and Hobe Sound , Florida .
= = = Political activities = = =
Caspersen became an influential donor to state and federal Republican party candidates , including former New Jersey governors Thomas Kean and Christine Todd Whitman , and Kean 's son Thomas Kean Jr . , a state senator and candidate for United States Senator . Caspersen was a major supporter of Kean 's two campaigns for governor in 1981 and 1985 . When Kean was inaugurated in 1982 , Caspersen , an avid equestrian , dressed in period costume and drove the incoming governor and his wife , as well as outgoing governor Brendan Byrne , to an inauguration party in a four @-@ horse carriage . One writer described the scene as " something out of ' a Currier & Ives print ' " . In 1998 , Whitman appointed Caspersen to chair a 15 @-@ member advisory panel to recommend future development for Ellis Island , and to a public @-@ private partnership to foster business in the state . According to Vanity Fair contributor William D. Cohan , left @-@ wing magazine Mother Jones found that " Caspersen and his wife donated $ 602 @,@ 250 to political campaigns , making them the eighth @-@ largest political donors in the U.S. " during the 2000 election cycle .
In 2005 , Caspersen sought a seat on the town commission in Jupiter Island , Florida ; his platform focused on conservation , limiting development , and burying utility cables . He served a four @-@ year term , and ran unopposed for re @-@ election in 2009 . He surprised his fellow commission members and neighbors by suddenly resigning on August 4 , 2009 , claiming that he anticipated moving from the community .
= = = Personal life = = =
In 1967 , Caspersen married Barbara Warden Morris , the daughter of Samuel Wheeler Morris , Jr . ( 1918 – 1995 ) and Eleanor May Jones ( 1919 – 2011 ) , one of Philadelphia 's socially prominent Main Line families . They were married for 42 years . Caspersen met his wife when she was an undergraduate student at Wellesley College . She later obtained a masters and doctoral degree from Drew University , submitting a masters thesis on Henry David Thoreau 's Walden , and a doctoral dissertation on the works of Willa Cather . For several years , Barbara Caspersen has served on the university 's board of trustees and currently serves in an emeritus capacity . The Caspersens had two homes in New Jersey — in Andover and Bernardsville in areas described as " in New Jersey horse country " , a 6 @,@ 500 @-@ square @-@ foot waterfront estate Westerly , Rhode Island , and a residence in Jupiter Island , Florida . The couple had four sons , Finn M. W. Caspersen Jr . , Erik M. W. Caspersen , Samuel M. W. Caspersen , and Andrew W. W. Caspersen . All four of his sons were graduated from Harvard Law School . Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning journalist and Harvard alumnus Daniel Golden , in a book criticizing the role of privilege and wealth at elite colleges , attributed their admission to the prestigious law school to their father 's generosity . Caspersen served as an officer in the United States Coast Guard . He was a member of the Knickerbocker Club , an exclusive , upper @-@ class , men @-@ only social club on New York City 's Upper East Side .
Caspersen was a talented equestrian in carriage driving , winning three national championships and representing the United States at three world championships . In 1985 , he won the four @-@ in @-@ hand carriage driving competition at the Royal Windsor Horse Show in the United Kingdom and later was an honorary lifetime officer of the show . According to Sports Illustrated , Caspersen , described as " portly and patrician , tall and splendidly erect , with a lot of beef in his jowls " recalled being asked by Queen Elizabeth II at the awards ceremony about his role in driving his team of Holsteiners : " I told her it was to lower the carriage 's center of gravity , ... She looked at my midriff and said I was well suited for the job . "
He was the father of Andrew Caspersen and three other sons .
= = = Death and aftermath = = =
Finn Caspersen died on September 7 , 2009 in the Shelter Harbor community of Westerly , Rhode Island , from an apparent gunshot wound to the head . The cause of death was ruled a suicide . A blued @-@ steel .38 @-@ calibre , five @-@ shot Smith & Wesson revolver belonging to Caspersen was found near his body . According to law enforcement sources investigating the suicide , Caspersen left a note stating that he " was tired , diminished and in constant pain , and that he did not want to be a burden to his loving family " .
Caspersen had been battling kidney cancer before his death , and reportedly pursued regular chemotherapy treatment . Several sources described his health as deteriorating and the cancer severe . Others indicated that his medical condition led to depression , describing an uncertainty that left him " sort of horrified about his medical outcome " . Bernard Davidoff , an internist from New Jersey apparently familiar with Caspersen 's medical care , advised police that Caspersen " suffered from severe depression and was taking antidepressant meds , heart meds , liver meds , kidney meds and diabetes meds " . It was also reported that medical issues and chemotherapy treatments " had severely hobbled him in recent years " .
A memorial service held on September 15 , 2009 at St. Peter 's Episcopal Church in Morristown , New Jersey , was attended by 900 friends and relatives . Caspersen was eulogized by former New Jersey governor and Drew University president Thomas Kean .
In the weeks after his death , reports emerged that Caspersen had listed his Westerly , Rhode Island , home for sale for $ 10 @.@ 9 million , was facing financial and legal difficulties . Caspersen had begun to step back from various philanthropic efforts and institutional boards at Harvard , Peddie , and the Hodson Trust . Eight days after his death in 2009 , a New York Times article cited an anonymous source , to report that Caspersen was being investigated by the Internal Revenue Service and was suspected of owing as much as $ 100 million in back taxes and fines , and facing possible imprisonment . The New York Times article reported that Caspersen was caught up in a broader federal investigation into tax havens and offshore bank accounts used by wealthy Americans to avoid paying taxes in Switzerland and Liechtenstein . It was reported that his name was turned over to federal investigators by Swiss banking giant UBS earlier in the year , and in connection to Liechtenstein Global Trust ( LGT ) , a private bank controlled by Liechtenstein ’ s royal family .
In 2015 an attorney for Caspersen ’ s estate stated Caspersen ’ s tax returns for 2005 @-@ 2008 had been audited , in an investigation that did not conclude until 2013 . The attorney , Denis Conlon , stated that the net result of the four @-@ year audit was a $ 7 @,@ 000 refund from the government for overpayment in one year , $ 14 @,@ 000 of additional tax due for another year ( in which Caspersen had over $ 2 @.@ 7 million of income ) , no refunds or additional taxes dues for the other two years , and no fines or penalties imposed for alleged offshore accounts or other conduct .
= = Philanthropy = =
= = = Equestrian and rowing = = =
Caspersen served as a board member , president , and chairman of the United States Equestrian Team from 1982 to 2002 . He was considered " the man who put American combined driving on the international map " . During his 20 @-@ year tenure , American riders and drivers earned 71 medals , including 25 gold , in the Olympics , World Championships , and Pan American Games . Caspersen helped the U.S. Equestrian Team establish a permanent home at Hamilton Farm , the former estate of U.S. Treasury Secretary Nicholas F. Brady in Bedminster , New Jersey . The Hamilton Farm property was owned by Beneficial and was located next to the corporation 's headquarters . Beneficial deeded the property to the team at Caspersen 's urging .
Caspersen supported rowing , and was involved with the Princeton National Rowing Association ( PNRA ) and Princeton International Regatta Association ( PIRA ) . In 1998 , he provided funding to build a boathouse to benefit the rowing programs of Peddie and the nearby Lawrenceville School on the north shore of Mercer Lake in West Windsor , New Jersey . Located at the Mercer Lake Race Course — site of the 1988 , 1992 , 2004 and 2008 United States Olympic Rowing Team Trials — the facility is used for training , racing , camps , clinics and administration by Peddie , Lawrenceville , the Hun School , high schools in Mercer County , New Jersey , USRowing , the US National Team , and the Mercer Junior Rowing Club , as well as PNRA and PIRA .
= = = Education = = =
Throughout his life , Caspersen was closely involved with the management of several universities and schools , serving on the directing boards of the Peddie School , Brown , and the Dean 's Advisory Board at Harvard Law School . In a 2008 interview , he stated that he believed education was " investment in the future — an investment in human capital . I 've been active in a range of other things , but education 's always been my particular love " .
Caspersen endowed two professorships at Harvard Law School — the Beneficial Professorship of Law , and the Finn M.W. Caspersen and Household International Professorship of Law . In 2003 , he was chairman of Harvard Law School 's capital campaign , which he helped jump @-@ start by pledging $ 30 million — the largest single donation in the school 's history . The campaign ultimately raised $ 476 @,@ 475 @,@ 707 . The law school honored Caspersen by naming a special collections room in its Library after him . In April 2012 , Harvard dedicated part of a 250 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot multipurpose construction project , which housed student organizations , journals , and social activities , to Caspersen , calling it the Caspersen Student Center . Critics attacked Harvard 's decision to name the facilities after Caspersen after his alleged tax evasion was made public .
Barbara Caspersen has served as trustee ( currently as an emeritus trustee ) of Drew University and as both chairwoman and vice @-@ chairwoman of the liberal arts college 's board . In 1999 , the Caspersens provided a $ 5 million gift for expanding graduate education programs at Drew . In honor of their service to the university , Drew renamed its graduate school as the Caspersen School of Graduate Studies . The university 's Rose Memorial Library houses a collection of books , manuscripts , artifacts and papers of Nebraska @-@ born author Willa Cather ( 1873 – 1947 ) assembled from items given by several donors — including significant contributions by Caspersen and his wife . It is regarded as one of the best collection of Cather 's papers assembled in the United States .
Caspersen donated funds to build a four @-@ level annex , named in honor of his parents , to Brown University 's historic John Carter Brown Library , dedicated in 1991 . Caspersen also served as a trustee of the Peddie School starting in 1970 , and as the board 's chairman starting in 1976 . In 1998 , he and philanthropist Walter H. Annenberg each donated $ 10 million to the school . The Caspersen Campus Center , which opened in 1996 , and Caspersen History House , dedicated in 2006 , were named in his honor .
From 1976 until a few weeks before his death , Caspersen ran the Hodson Trust , established by Beneficial founder Clarence Hodson to award grants to four colleges in Maryland : Hood College , The Johns Hopkins University , St. John ’ s College , and Washington College . Under the first 25 years of Caspersen 's stewardship , the trust donated over $ 118 million to the four institutions . Caspersen was awarded honorary degrees for his service to education ; Washington College conferred an honorary Doctor of Humanities degree in 1981 and Hood College awarded Caspersen with an honorary Doctor of Laws degree in 1983 .
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= Nine Hours , Nine Persons , Nine Doors =
Nine Hours , Nine Persons , Nine Doors is a visual novel adventure game developed by Chunsoft . It was released in Japan in 2009 and in North America in 2010 for the Nintendo DS , with an iOS version following in 2013 in Japan and 2014 in the rest of the world . The game is the first installment in the Zero Escape series , and is the predecessor to the 2012 game Zero Escape : Virtue 's Last Reward .
The story follows Junpei , a college student who is abducted along with eight other people and forced to play the " Nonary Game , " which puts its participants in a life @-@ or @-@ death situation , to escape from a sinking cruise liner . The gameplay alternates between two types of sections : Escape sections , where the player completes puzzles in escape @-@ the @-@ room scenarios ; and Novel sections , where the player reads the game 's narrative and makes decisions that influence the story , making it branch into six different endings . The whole plot is not revealed in just one playthrough ; the player has to reach the one " true " ending to get all the information .
Development of the game began after Uchikoshi joined Chunsoft to write a visual novel for them that could reach a wider audience ; Uchikoshi suggested adding puzzle elements that are integrated with the game 's story . The inspiration for the story was the question of where inspiration comes from ; while researching it , Uchikoshi came across the biochemist Rupert Sheldrake 's theories , which became the main theme of the game . The music was composed by Shinji Hosoe , while the characters were designed by Kinu Nishimura . The localization was handled by Aksys Games ; they worked by the philosophy of keeping true to the spirit of the original Japanese version , opting for natural @-@ sounding English rather than following the original 's exact wording .
Nine Hours , Nine Persons , Nine Doors was positively received , with reviewers praising the story , writing and puzzles , but criticizing the game 's tone and how the player is required to re @-@ do the puzzles every time they play through the game . Reception of the game 's presentation was mixed . The Japanese release was a commercial failure , while the game sold better than expected for the genre in the United States .
= = Gameplay = =
Nine Hours , Nine Persons , Nine Doors is a visual novel adventure game in which the player assumes the role of a man named Junpei . The gameplay is divided into two types of sections : Novel and Escape . In the Novel sections , the player progresses through the storyline and converses with non @-@ playable characters . These sections require little interaction from the player as they are spent reading the text that appears on the screen , which represents either dialogue between the various characters or the inner thoughts of Junpei . During Novel sections , the player will sometimes be presented with decision options that affect the course of the game . The decisions made result in one of six branching storylines , each with a unique ending . The whole plot is not revealed in just one playthrough ; the player needs to reach the " true " ending to get all the information behind the mystery . To reach this ending , the player needs to reach one specific ending beforehand . Some of the endings contain hints to how to reach further endings .
In between Novel sections are sixteen different Escape sections , which occur when the player finds themselves in a room from which they need to find the means of escape . These are presented from a first @-@ person perspective , with the player being able to move between different pre @-@ determined positions in each room . To escape , the player is tasked with finding various items and solving puzzles , reminiscent of escape @-@ the @-@ room games . At some points , the player may need to combine objects with each other to create the necessary tool to complete a puzzle . The puzzles include various brain teasers , such as baccarat and magic squares . An in @-@ game calculator is provided for math @-@ related problems , and the player can ask characters for hints if they find an Escape room too difficult . All Escape sections are self @-@ contained , with all items required to solve the puzzles being available within that section ; items are not carried over between Escape sections . After finishing an Escape section , it becomes available to replay from the game 's main menu .
= = Plot = =
= = = Characters and setting = = =
Nine Hours , Nine Persons , Nine Doors features nine main characters , who are forced to participate in the Nonary Game by an unknown person named Zero . The characters adopt code names to protect their identities due to the stakes of the Nonary Game . The player @-@ controlled Junpei is joined by June , a nervous girl and an old friend of Junpei whom he knows as Akane ; Lotus , a self @-@ serving woman with unknown skills ; Seven , a large and muscular man ; Santa , a punk with a negative attitude ; Ace , an older and wiser man ; Snake , a blind man with a princely demeanor ; Clover , a girl prone to mood swings ; and the 9th Man , a fidgety individual .
The events of the game occur within a cruise ship , though all of the external doors and windows have been sealed , and many of the internal doors are locked . The game 's nine characters learn that they have been kidnapped and brought to the ship to play the Nonary Game , with the challenge to find the door marked with a " 9 " within nine hours before the ship sinks . To do this , they are forced to work in separate teams to make their way through the ship and solve puzzles to find this door . This is set in part by special locks on numbered doors that are based on digital roots ; each player has an bracelet with a different digit on it , and only groups of three to five with the total of their bracelet 's number with the same digital root as marked on the door can pass through .
= = = Story = = =
At the start of the game , Junpei wakes up in a cabin inside a cruise liner , wearing a bracelet displaying the number " 5 " . He escapes the room , and encounters eight people , including June . Zero announces over a loudspeaker that all nine are participants in the Nonary Game . Zero explains the rules , and states each carry an explosive in their stomach that will go off if they try to bypass the digital root door locks . The 9th Man still goes through a door by himself , and is killed . Fearing what harm might come to them , the group adopts code names , and splits up to explore the ship . The player has the option to select which group that Junpei travels with , which affects the story ; several choices lead to Junpei 's death . Through various choices , Junpei learns of a previous Nonary Game and the connections of the other characters through that , as well as studies about morphic resonance and stories of the Egyptian priestess Alice , who is frozen in ice @-@ 9 .
In one ending , Junpei learns that Zero was a participant of the first Nonary Game , and set up the second Nonary Game as revenge towards Ace . The surviving players confront Ace and learn he had manipulated the 9th Man to violate the rules and get himself killed in order to both cover his identity and gain access to the 9th Man 's bracelet . As they find the door with the 9 , Akane becomes weak . Santa watches over her while the others enter the door , leading to an incinerator , where Ace grabs Lotus and holds her at gunpoint . Discovering the incinerator is about to activate , Snake tackles Ace , and Lotus and Seven pull Junpei out of the incinerator before it goes off , consuming Snake and Ace . Junpei returns to Akane , finding her nearly dead . Zero says over the loudspeakers that the game 's loser has been determined ; Junpei acts defiant , but Zero clarifies that he is referring to himself . Junpei investigates a nearby room , and returns to find Akane and Santa have disappeared , after which he is knocked out by a gas grenade .
After this ending , the player can access the " true ending " , in which Junpei learns that the previous Nonary Game was run by Cradle Pharmaceutical , who kidnapped nine pairs of siblings and separated them onto the ocean @-@ bound Gigantic and a mock @-@ up in Building Q in the Nevada desert , to explore morphic fields ; the research anticipated that the stress of the game would activate the fields between siblings , allowing solutions solved by one to be sent via these fields to their counterpart at the other location . This research was to help Ace , the Cradle Pharmaceutical CEO , cure his prosopagnosia . The first Nonary Game went awry : Akane and her brother Santa had been placed at the same location instead of being separated , and Seven had discovered the kidnappings and rescued the children from the ship . Ace had grabbed Akane before they could escape , and forced her into the incinerator room where she faced a sudoku puzzle that she could not solve , and apparently died .
Junpei and the others reach the incinerator ; Akane disappears and Santa escapes with Ace hostage , trapping the others inside . It is then revealed that the portion of the game 's narrative portrayed on the bottom DS screen is presented from Akane 's point of view during the first Nonary Game . Through morphic fields , she connected to Junpei during the second Nonary Game , witnessing several possible futures and passing that information to Junpei to help him survive . Junpei then faces the same sudoku puzzle Akane did , and relays the solution back to Akane in the past , allowing her to escape with Seven and the other children . Junpei realizes that Akane was Zero and , with assistance from Santa , had recreated the game and all the events she had witnessed in order to ensure her survival . As they escape they discover that the game had taken place in Building Q the entire time , and that Akane and Santa have fled , leaving behind a car with Ace restrained in the trunk . In the game 's epilogue , they drive away hoping to catch up to them and , shortly after , pick up a hitchhiker whom Junpei recognizes as Alice .
= = Development = =
Nine Hours , Nine Persons , Nine Doors was developed by Chunsoft and directed by Kotaro Uchikoshi . Chunsoft had made successful visual novels in the past , but wanted to create a new type of visual novel that could be received by a wider audience ; they contacted Uchikoshi and asked him to write visual novels for them . He came up with the idea to include puzzles that are integrated within the story , and need to be solved in order for the player to make progress .
The inspiration for the story was the question " where do mankind 's inspirations come from ? " ; Uchikoshi researched it , and found the British biochemist Rupert Sheldrake 's theories of morphogenetic fields , which became the main theme of the game . The theory is similar to telepathy , which answers the question of how organisms are able to simultaneously communicate ideas to each other , without physical or social interaction . Uchikoshi used the theory to develop the concept of esper characters , which are able to either transmit or receive information from another individual . Because of the vital role of the number 9 in the plot , each of the characters was based off one of the nine personality types from the Enneagram of Personality . Another source of inspiration was the visual novel Banshee 's Last Cry , which , like Nine Hours , Nine Persons , Nine Doors , begins with putting the characters in a state of discomfort .
Uchikoshi started writing the script by working on the ending first . From there , he would continue to work backwards , in order to not get confused when writing the plot . The game 's setting , with characters who are trapped and try to escape , was meant to embody two of humanity 's instinctive desires : the unconscious desire to return to one 's mother 's womb and shut oneself away , and the desire to escape and overcome one 's current condition . This was a theme Uchikoshi had used before , when writing the visual novel Ever 17 : The Out of Infinity . Among scrapped story elements were the use of hands as a major part of the story ; in the final stages of production , Uchikoshi 's higher @-@ ups did not accept this focus , forcing him to re @-@ write the story . The characters were originally supposed to be handcuffed to each other as they try to escape , but the idea was scrapped as it was seen as overused , with appearances in games such as Mahou Shoujo Riska .
The Escape sequences were created to appeal to players ' instinctive desires : Uchikoshi wanted them to feel the instinctive pleasure that he described as " I found it ! " . For the puzzles , he would consider the details within the story , and the props and gimmicks found in the game ; after deciding on them , they were integrated with the puzzles . He also used puzzle websites as reference . He did not design the puzzles himself , instead leaving the puzzle direction to other staff , while checking it multiple times .
= = Release = =
Nine Hours , Nine Persons , Nine Doors was originally released in Japan by Spike on December 10 , 2009 , for the Nintendo DS . An American release followed on November 16 , 2010 . In the United States , a replica of the in @-@ game bracelets was included with pre @-@ orders at GameStop ; due to low pre @-@ orders , Aksys made these available on their website 's shop , both separately and bundled with the game . Upon release , Nine Hours , Nine Persons , Nine Doors became the eleventh Nintendo DS game to be rated M by the ESRB . Coinciding with the release of the game 's sequel , Zero Escape : Virtue 's Last Reward , Nine Hours , Nine Persons , Nine Doors got a reprint titled Zero Escape : Nine Hours , Nine Persons , Nine Doors , with new box art featuring the Zero Escape brand . The game 's soundtrack was published by Super Sweep on December 23 , 2009 . A novelization of the game , titled Kyokugen Dasshutsu 9 Jikan 9 Nin 9 no Tobira Arutana , was written by Kenji Kuroda and released by Kodansha in two volumes in 2010 : Ue and Shita .
An iOS version of the game , 999 : The Novel , was developed by Spike Chunsoft as the second entry in their Smart Sound Novel series . It was released in Japan on May 29 , 2013 , and worldwide in English on March 17 , 2014 . This version lacks the Escape sections of the Nintendo DS version , and features high resolution graphics and an added flowchart that helps players keep track of which narrative paths they have experienced ; additionally , dialogue is presented through speech bubbles . In 2016 , Spike Chunsoft announced that they would port the game to other platforms , with added voice acting .
= = = Localization = = =
The North American localization of the game was done by Aksys Games ; Chunsoft was introduced to them by Spike when looking for a company that could publish the game in North America . When Aksys evaluated the game , many at the company did not believe in it and turned it down ; as many of the people who evaluate games at Aksys do not speak Japanese , it was difficult for them to determine whether a game was good or not . In the end they decided to localize it , which was considered a big risk for the company .
The localization was done by the philosophy of keeping true to the spirit of the original Japanese , making dialogue sound like what a native speaker of English would say instead of strictly adhering the original 's exact wording . The localization editor , Ben Bateman , did this by looking at the writing from a wider view , line by line or scene by scene rather than word by word or sentence by sentence , and thinking about how to convey the same ideas in English . Most parts of the game that include a joke in the localization also have a joke in the Japanese version , but a different one ; Bateman did however try to make similar types of jokes , with similar contents and ideas . The game 's use of Japanese language puns led to problems , as many of them relied on Japanese dialects to function ; for these , Bateman replaced them with new puns in English . He was given mostly free rein in what he could change or add , as long as it did not disrupt the plot .
During the localization , Bateman had to keep track of the numerous plot points throughout the game , as the script had not been written in chronological order due to the numerous endings . Localizing the game took roughly two months . Another big challenge was getting the localization done in time : Nobara Nakayama , the game 's translator , worked on it for 30 days , and the editing process took two months . Because of this , Bateman had to do most of the work " on the fly " . Nakayama had started playing the game prior to starting work on the localization , but did not finish playing it until she was more than halfway through translating it ; after learning that the plot hinged on a Japanese pun , they had to halt the localization , discuss it with Uchikoshi , come up with a solution , and go through the whole game to make sure that it still made sense .
= = Reception = =
Nine Hours , Nine Persons , Nine Doors holds a score of 82 / 100 at the review aggregator Metacritic , indicating generally favorable reviews . It was a commercial failure in Japan , with 27 @,@ 762 copies sold in 2009 and an additional 11 @,@ 891 in 2010 , reaching a total of 39 @,@ 653 copies sold . Meanwhile , American sales were described as being strong ; according to Uchikoshi , this was a surprise , as the visual novel genre was seen as being particular to Japan and unlikely to be accepted overseas .
The writing and narrative were well received by critics , with Andy Goergen of Nintendo World Report labeling it as " a strong argument for video games as a new medium of storytelling " . Reviewers at Famitsu called the story enigmatic and thrilling . Carolyn Petit at GameSpot felt that the lengthy Novel sections amplified the fear and tension throughout the game , while Heidi Kemps of GamesRadar compared them to " high @-@ quality thriller novels " . Jason Schreier of Wired criticized the prose for being inconsistent , but said that the use of the narrator was clever and unusual . Susan Arendt at The Escapist called the story multi @-@ layered and horrifying . Zach Kaplan at Nintendo Life liked the dialogue , but found the third @-@ person narration to be dull and slow , with out @-@ of @-@ place or clichéd metaphors and similes . Both Chris Schilling at Eurogamer and Lucas M. Thomas at IGN felt that the urgency portrayed in the game 's story sometimes was at odds with the tone or timing of the dialogue , such as lengthy conversations while trapped inside a freezer , or lighthearted dialogue and jokes . Thomas called the premise gripping , and said that the mythology , conspiracies and character backgrounds were engrossing . Tony Ponce at Destructoid said that the characters initially seemed like a " stock anime cast " , but that the player discovers more complexity in them after moving past first impressions . Kaplan felt that each character was well developed , fleshed out and unique , and could pass for real people .
A Famitsu writer said that they enjoyed solving puzzles , and that it gave them a sense of accomplishment ; similarly , Goergen , Petit , Schilling and Arendt called the puzzles satisfying to solve . Goergen found some puzzles to be cleverly done , but said that some were esoteric . Ponce and Petit liked that the puzzles never became " pixel hunts " , and how everything is visible as long as the player looks carefully ; because of this and the lack of red herrings , time limits and dead ends , Ponce found it to be better than other escape @-@ the @-@ room games . He applauded the large amount of content , saying that even someone only buying the game for the puzzles would be satisfied . Schilling and Thomas appreciated the puzzles , but found some solutions and hints to be too obvious or explanatory . Kemps found the puzzles excellently done and challenging , but disliked how difficult it was to reach the true ending . Kemps and Schreier appreciated how the puzzles felt logical , while they , along with Thomas and Arendt , criticized how the player has to re @-@ do puzzle sequences upon subsequent playthroughs . Goergen , Schreier , Thomas and Arendt all appreciated the fast @-@ forward function , as it made repeated playthroughs more bearable , but Thomas felt that it didn 't go far enough in speeding up the process .
Goergen found the sound design unmemorable , saying that the music does not add much and that players would be likely to mute the game after hearing the " beeping " sound effect used for dialogue for too long . Meanwhile , Ponce and Petit liked it : Ponce called the score " masterful " and said that it " gets under your skin at the right moments " , while Petit said that she appreciated the sound , which she called atmospheric and " [ sending ] shivers up your spine " . She was unimpressed with the environments , but said that they were clear and easy to look at . She liked the character portraits , calling them expressive and , paired with the dialogue , enough to make the player not care about the lack of voice acting . Ponce , too , felt that the game did not need voice acting . He felt that the way the game favored textual narration over animated cutscenes made it more immersive , allowing the player to imagine the scenes . Goergen said that the graphics were well done , but that they did not do much for the atmosphere . Kaplan called the presentation " awesome " , saying that it looked great and that the artwork stood on its own despite the simplicity of the animations , and that the soundtrack was " fantastic " .
= = = Accolades = = =
The game has won some awards : IGN awarded it the Best Story of 2010 award ; RPGFan gave it their award for Best Graphic Adventure of 2010 on a handheld system ; and Destructoid awarded it their Editor 's Choice Award . Bob Mackey at 1UP.com featured Nine Hours , Nine Persons , Nine Doors on a list of " must @-@ play " Nintendo DS visual novels , citing its story , themes and " zany narrative experimentation " , and Jason Schreier at Kotaku included it on a list of " must @-@ play " visual novels worth playing even for people who do not like anime tropes . RPGFan included it on a list of " 30 Essential RPGs of 2010 @-@ 2015 " , calling it " one of the most engaging and thoughtful narratives [ they ] had ever seen in a video game . "
= = Sequels = =
Nine Hours , Nine Persons , Nine Doors is the first game in the Zero Escape series , and was originally intended to be a stand @-@ alone game . The development for the sequel began after the first game got positive reviews . Zero Escape : Virtue 's Last Reward , the successor to Nine Hours , Nine Persons , Nine Doors , was announced in August 2011 . Developed by Chunsoft for the Nintendo 3DS and PlayStation Vita , the game was first released on February 16 , 2012 in Japan , and later that year in North America and Europe . Virtue 's Last Reward also follows a group of nine people , and focuses on game theory , specifically the prisoner 's dilemma . Zero Time Dilemma is set between the events of the previous two games , in a facility intended to test the logistics of a Mars colony and the psychology of the people living within it , and has morality as its main theme .
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= Omarska camp =
The Omarska camp was a death camp run by Bosnian Serb forces in the mining town of Omarska , near Prijedor in northern Bosnia and Herzegovina , set up for Bosniak and Croat men and women during the Prijedor massacre . Functioning in the first months of the Bosnian War in 1992 , it was one of 677 alleged detention centers and camps set up throughout Bosnia and Herzegovina during the war . While nominally an " investigation center " or " assembly point " for members of the Bosniak and Croatian population , Human Rights Watch classified Omarska as a concentration camp .
The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia , located in The Hague , has found several individuals guilty of crimes against humanity perpetrated at Omarska . Murder , torture , rape , and abuse of prisoners was common . Around 6 @,@ 000 Bosniaks and Croats were held in appalling conditions at the camp for about five months in the spring and summer of 1992 , including 37 women . Hundreds died of starvation , punishment beatings and ill @-@ treatment .
= = Overview = =
Omarska was a predominantly Serb village in northwestern Bosnia , near the town of Prijedor . The camp in the village existed from about 25 May to about 21 August 1992 , when the Bosnian Serb military and police unlawfully segregated , detained and confined some of more than 7 @,@ 000 Bosniaks and Bosnian Croats captured in the ethnic cleansing of Prijedor . Bosnian Serb authorities termed it an " investigation center " and the detainees were accused of alleged paramilitary activities .
By the end of 1992 , the war would result in the death or forced departure of most of the Bosniak and Croat population of Prijedor municipality . About 7 @,@ 000 people went missing from a population of 25 @,@ 000 , and there are 145 mass graves and hundreds of individual graves in the extended region . There is conflicting information about how many people were killed at Omarska . According to survivors , usually about 30 and sometimes as many as 150 men were singled @-@ out and killed in the camp every night . The U.S. State Department and other governments believe that , at a minimum , hundreds of detainees , whose identities are known and unknown , did not survive ; many others were killed during the evacuation of the camps in the Prijedor area .
= = Prijedor massacre = =
A declaration on the takeover of Prijedor by Serb forces was prepared by Serbian Democratic Party ( SDS ) politicians and was repeatedly read out on Radio Prijedor the day after the takeover . Four @-@ hundred Bosnian Serb policemen were assigned to participate in the takeover , the objective of which was to seize the functions of the president of the municipality , the vice @-@ president of the municipality , the director of the post office , the chief of the police , etc . On the night of the 29 / 30 April 1992 , the takeover of power took place . Serb employees of the public security station and reserve police gathered in Cirkin Polje , part of the town of Prijedor . The people there were given the task of taking over power in the municipality and were broadly divided into five groups . Each group of about twenty had a leader and each was ordered to gain control of certain buildings . One group was responsible for the Assembly building , one for the main police building , one for the courts , one for the bank and the last for the post @-@ office . The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) concluded that the takeover by the Serb politicians was an illegal coup d 'état , which was planned and coordinated long in advance with the ultimate aim of creating a pure Serbian municipality . These plans were never hidden and they were implemented in a coordinated action by the Serb police , army and politicians . One of the leading figures was Milomir Stakić , who came to play the dominant role in the political life of the municipality .
= = Camp = =
In May 1992 , intensive shelling and infantry attacks on Bosniak areas in the municipality caused the Bosniak survivors to flee their homes . The majority of them surrendered or were captured by Serb forces . As the Serb forces rounded up the Bosniak and Croat residents , they forced them to march in columns bound for one or another of the prison camps that the Serb authorities had established in the municipality . On about 25 May 1992 , about three weeks after the Serbs took control of the municipal government , and two days after the start of large scale military attacks on Bosniak population centers , Serb forces began taking prisoners to the Omarska camp . During the next several weeks , the Serbs continued to round up Bosniaks and Croats from Kozarac near Prijedor , and other places in the municipality and send them to the camps . Many Bosniak and Croat intellectuals and politicians were sent to Omarska . While virtually all of the prisoners were male , there were also 37 women detained in the camp , who served food and cleaned the walls of the torture rooms , and were repeatedly raped in the canteen ; bodies of five of them have been exhumed .
The Omarska mines complex was located about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) from Prijedor . The first detainees were taken to the camp at some point between 26 and 30 May . The camp buildings were almost completely full and some of the detainees had to be held in the area between the two main buildings . That area was lit up by specially installed spot @-@ lights after the detainees arrived . Female detainees were held separately in the administrative building . According to the wartime documents of Serb authorities , there were a total of 3 @,@ 334 persons held in the camp from 27 May to 16 August 1992 ; 3 @,@ 197 were Bosniaks , 125 were Croats .
Within the area of the Omarska mining complex that was used for the camp , the camp authorities generally confined the prisoners in three different buildings : the administration building , where interrogations and killings took place ; the crammed hangar building ; the " white house " , where the inmates were tortured ; and on a cement courtyard area between the buildings known as the " pista " , an L @-@ shaped strip of concrete land in between , also a scene of torture and mass killings . There was another small building , known as the " red house " , where prisoners were sometimes taken in order to be summarily executed . With the arrival of the first detainees , permanent guard posts and anti @-@ personnel landmines were set up around the camp . The conditions in the camp were horrible . In the building known as the " white house " , the rooms were crowded with 45 people in a room no larger than 20 square metres ( 220 sq ft ) . The faces of the detainees were distorted and bloodstained and the walls were covered with blood . From the beginning , the detainees were beaten with fists , rifle butts and wooden and metal sticks . The guards mostly hit the heart and kidneys whenever they decided to beat someone to death . In the " garage " , between 150 and 160 people were " packed like sardines " and the heat was unbearable . For the first few days , the detainees were not allowed out and were given only a jerry can of water and some bread . Men would suffocate during the night and their bodies would be taken out the following morning . The room behind the restaurant was known as " Mujo ’ s Room " . The dimensions of this room were about 12 m × 15 m ( 39 ft × 49 ft ) and the average number of people detained there was 500 , most of whom were Bosniaks . The women in the camp slept in the interrogations rooms , which they would have to clean each day as the rooms were covered in blood and pieces of skin and hair . In the camp one could hear the moaning and wailing of people who were being beaten .
The detainees at Omarska had one meal a day . The food was usually spoiled and the process of getting the food , eating and returning the plate usually lasted around three minutes . Meals were often accompanied by beatings . The toilets were blocked and there was human waste everywhere . British journalist Ed Vulliamy testified that when he visited the camp , the detainees were in very poor physical condition . He witnessed them eating a bowl of soup and some bread and said that he had the impression they had not eaten in a long time ; they appeared terrified . According to Vulliamy , the detainees drank water from a river that was polluted with industrial waste and many suffered from constipation or dysentery . No criminal report was ever filed against persons detained in the Omarska camp , nor were the detainees apprised of any concrete charges against them . Apparently , there was no legitimate reason justifying these people ’ s detention .
Murder , torture , rape , and abuse of prisoners was common . Detainees were kept in inhumane conditions and an atmosphere of extreme psychological and physical violence pervaded the camp . The camp guards and frequent visitors who came to the camps used all types of weapons and instruments to beat and otherwise physically abuse the detainees . In particular , Bosnian Muslim and Bosnian Croat political and civic leaders , intellectuals , the wealthy , and other non @-@ Serbs who were considered " extremists " or to have resisted the Bosnian Serbs were especially subjected to beatings and mistreatment which often resulted in death .
In addition , the Omarska and Keraterm camps also operated in a manner designed to discriminate and subjugate the non @-@ Serbs by inhumane acts and cruel treatment . These acts included the brutal living conditions imposed on the prisoners . There was a deliberate policy of overcrowding and lack of basic necessities of life , including inadequate food , polluted water , insufficient or non @-@ existent medical care and unhygienic and cramped conditions . The prisoners all suffered serious psychological and physical deterioration and were in a state of constant fear . Inmates were usually killed by shooting , beating or by the cutting of throats ; however , in one incident , prisoners were incinerated on a pyre of burning tires . The corpses were then transferred onto trucks by other inmates or using bulldozers . There were instances where prisoners were brought to dig the graves and did not return . The ICTY Trial Chamber in the Stakić case found on the basis of the evidence presented at trial , that " over 100 " prisoners were killed at the camp in late July 1992 . About 200 people from Hambarine brought to the camp in July 1992 were held in the building known as the " white House " . In the early hours of 17 July , gunshots were heard that continued until dawn . Corpses were seen in front of the " white house " and camp guards were seen shooting rounds of ammunition into the bodies . A witness testified that " everyone was given an extra bullet that was shot in their heads " . About 180 bodies in total were loaded onto a truck and taken away .
The camp was closed immediately after a visit by foreign journalists in early August . On 6 or 7 August 1992 , the detainees at Omarska were divided into groups and transported in buses to different destinations . About 1 @,@ 500 people were transported on twenty buses .
= = = Death toll = = =
As part of the ethnic cleansing operations , the Omarska , Keraterm , Manjača , and Trnopolje camps helped the Crisis Committee of the Serbian District of Prijedor to reduce the non @-@ Serb population of Prijedor from more than 50 @,@ 000 in 1992 to little more than 3 @,@ 000 in 1995 , and even fewer subsequently . Precise calculations about the number who actually died in these camps are difficult to make . Newsweek reporter Roy Gutman claimed that US State Department officials , along with representatives of other Western governments , told him that 4 @,@ 000 – 5 @,@ 000 people , the vast majority of them non @-@ Serbs , perished at Omarska . Journalist Bill Berkeley puts the death toll at 2 @,@ 000 . A member of the United Nations ( UN ) Commission of Experts testified during the trial of Duško Tadić at the ICTY that their number was in the thousands , but she could not be precise , despite the fact that Serbian officials confirmed there were no large scale releases of prisoners sent there . A member of the Crisis Committee , Simo Drljača , who served as chief of police for Prijedor , has stated that there were 6 @,@ 000 " informative conversations " ( meaning interrogations ) in Omarska , Keraterm and Trnopolje , and that 1 @,@ 503 non @-@ Serbs were transferred from those three camps to Manjača , leaving 4 @,@ 497 unaccounted for according to Human Rights Watch . According to the Association of Camp Detainess of Prijedor 1992 , between May and August 1992 , around 6 @,@ 000 prisoners passed through Omarska , 700 of whom were killed .
= = International reaction = =
In early August 1992 , Vulliamy , Independent Television News ( ITN ) reporter Penny Marshall , and Channel 4 News reporter Ian Williams gained access to the Omarska camp . Their reporting served as one of the catalysts of a UN effort to investigate war crimes committed in the conflict . The camp was closed less than a month after its exposure caused international uproar .
= = = 1997 – 2000 controversy = = =
Between 1997 and 2000 , there was academic and media controversy regarding the events that took place in Omarska and Trnopolje in 1992 , due to claims of false reporting and " lies " . These allegations , promoted by the state @-@ controlled Radio Television of Serbia ( RTS ) and the British Living Marxism ( LM ) paper , prompted the ITN network to accuse the LM of libel ; ITN won the case in 2000 , effectively forcing the paper to close down .
= = Trials = =
The Republika Srpska officials responsible for running the camp have since been indicted and found guilty of crimes against humanity and war crimes .
Commanders of the camp , Miroslav Kvočka , Dragoljub Prcač , Milojica Kos , and Mlađo Radić , and a local taxi driver , Zoran Žigić were all found guilty of crimes against humanity . Kvočka , Prcač , Kos and Radić were sentenced to five , six , seven and 20 years respectively ; Žigić was given the longest term of 25 years .
Željko Mejakić was found guilty of crimes against humanity ( murder , imprisonment , torture , sexual violence , persecution , and other inhumane acts ) . He was the de facto commander of Omarska and perpetrated one instance of mistreatment . It was found that he was part of a joint criminal enterprise with the intent of promoting mistreatment and persecution of detainees in the camp . He was sentenced to 21 years of imprisonment .
Momčilo Gruban was found guilty of crimes against humanity ( murder , imprisonment , torture , sexual violence , persecution , and other inhumane acts ) . He had command responsibility for crimes committed at the camp and acted as part of a joint criminal enterprise . He was sentenced to 11 years imprisonment .
Duško Knežević was found guilty of crimes against humanity ( murder , torture , sexual violence , persecution , and other inhumane acts ) . He was found to have been directly involved in the crimes carried out in the Omarska and Keraterm camps . He was also found guilty under the theory of joint criminal enterprise for furthering the Omarska and Keraterm camps ’ systems of mistreatment and persecution of detainees . He was sentenced to 31 years imprisonment .
On 26 February 2007 , the International Court of Justice ( ICJ ) presented its judgment in the Bosnian Genocide Case , in which it had examined atrocities committed in detention camps , including Omarska , in relation to Article II ( b ) of the Genocide Convention . The Court stated in its judgment :
Having carefully examined the evidence presented before it , and taken note of that presented to the ICTY , the Court considers that it has been established by fully conclusive evidence that members of the protected group were systematically victims of massive mistreatment , beatings , rape and torture causing serious bodily and mental harm during the conflict and , in particular , in the detention camps . The requirements of the material element , as defined by Article II ( b ) of the Convention are thus fulfilled . The Court finds , however , on the basis of evidence before it , that it has not been conclusively established that those atrocities , although they too may amount to war crimes and crimes against humanity , were committed with the specific intent ( dolus specialis ) to destroy the protected group , in whole or in part , required for a finding that genocide has been perpetrated .
= = Exhumations = =
In 2004 , a mass grave located a few hundred meters from the Omarska site was unearthed containing the remains of 456 persons from the camp . " There is no doubt whatsoever that there are hundreds of bodies as yet unfound within the mine of Omarska and its vicinity " said Amor Mašović , president of the Bosnian government 's Commission for Tracing Missing Persons . The International Commission on Missing Persons ( ICMP ) has been active in advocating the exhumation and identification of their bodies from mass graves around the area ; with their help , a number of victims have been identified through DNA testing .
= = Memorial controversy = =
The Mittal Steel company purchased the Omarska mining complex and planned to resume extraction of iron ore from the site . Mittal Steel announced in Banja Luka on 1 December 2005 that the company would build and finance a memorial in the ' White House ' but the project was later abandoned . Many Bosnian Serbs believe there should not be a memorial , while many Bosniaks believe that construction should be postponed until all the victims are found and only if the entire mine — which is in use — be allocated for the memorial site .
By the time of the 20th anniversary of the camp 's closure proposals for a physical memorial to the camp 's existence had made no progress . ArcelorMittal said that it was prepared to meet the former inmates ' demands but the local authorities were ultimately responsible for granting permission . The Republika Srpska authorities considered that allowing camp survivors free access to the site and the construction of a memorial as originally agreed by ArcelorMittal would undermine reconciliation . " Prijedor 92 " president Mirsad Duratović , stated that the campaign for a memorial would continue .
In July 2012 , ahead of the start of the 2012 London Olympic Games , survivors of the camp laid claim to the ArcelorMittal Orbit tower , the tallest structure in Britain , located in the Olympic Park beside the Olympic stadium , as the ' Omarska Memorial in Exile ' . The survivors allege that the Orbit is " tragically intertwined with the history of war crimes in Bosnia , as the bones of victims are mixed in with the iron ore " . ArcelorMittal denied that material from Omarska had been used in the Orbit 's construction . The company said that sensitive issues relating to the mine could not be addressed by ArcelorMittal on its own . Campaigners urged ArcelorMittal as the world 's largest steel producer to use its considerable influence to oppose the local politics of denial and play an active role in healing fractured communities that have made the company 's success possible . Susan Schuppli of the Centre for Research Architecture at Goldsmiths ' College in London , observed that ArcelorMittal insistence on " not taking sides " in an area where persecution and injustice continued was not neutrality but taking a political position by default .
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= Monsters ( 2010 film ) =
Monsters is a 2010 British science fiction monster film written and directed by Gareth Edwards in his feature film directorial debut . Edwards also served as the cinematographer , production designer , and visual effects artist . Monsters takes place years after a NASA probe crash in Mexico which led to the sudden appearance of giant tentacled monsters . It follows Andrew Kaulder ( played by Scoot McNairy ) , an American photojournalist tasked with escorting his employer 's daughter Samantha Wynden ( played by Whitney Able ) back to the U.S. by crossing through Mexico 's " Infected Zone " where the creatures reside .
Edwards conceived the idea for the film after seeing fishermen attempt to bring a creature in with a net , and imagining a monster inside . He pitched the idea to Vertigo Films , who suggested he watch In Search of a Midnight Kiss , a low @-@ budget film starring Scoot McNairy . Edwards cast McNairy and Whitney Able in the lead roles . Principal photography lasted three weeks and had a production crew of six people . Filming took place in five countries , and many locations were used without permission . Most of the extras were people who were at these locations during filming and were persuaded to act in it ; all of their dialogue was improvised , and Edwards provided outlines of the primary plot points .
Monsters premiered at South by Southwest on 13 March 2010 . Hours later , Magnet Releasing acquired the rights to distribute it in North America . It had a limited release there , beginning on 29 October 2010 , followed by a theatrical release in the United Kingdom on 3 December 2010 . The film received generally positive reviews and was a box office success , grossing US $ 4 @.@ 2 million against a budget of less than $ 500 @,@ 000 . Monsters : Dark Continent , a sequel , was released in the UK on 1 May 2015 .
= = Plot = =
After a NASA deep @-@ space probe ( sent to verify the existence of extraterrestrial life within the solar system ) crash lands in Mexico , extraterrestrial life forms spread throughout the Mexico – United States border region , leading to the quarantine of the northern half of Mexico . U.S. and Mexican troops battle to contain the creatures , and a wall stretching along the American border ostensibly keeps the U.S. protected .
American photojournalist Andrew Kaulder ( Scoot McNairy ) receives a call from his employer , who tasks Andrew with finding his daughter , Samantha Wynden ( Whitney Able ) , and escorting her back to the U.S. Andrew locates Samantha in a Mexican hospital and the pair board a train , until learning the tracks ahead have been damaged . They discover that if they do not leave the country within a few days , sea and air travel will be blocked for six months . Andrew and Samantha decide to hitchhike their way to the coast .
Andrew buys Samantha an expensive ferry ticket for the next morning . After enjoying the local nightlife together , Andrew has sex with a local girl who steals their passports . Unable to board the ferry , Samantha is forced to barter her engagement ring for passage through the quarantine zone .
They travel by riverboat until being transferred to a group of armed escorts who are to lead them overland to the Mexico – US border . The convoy is attacked by the creatures . Andrew and Samantha escape , but none of the guards survive . Continuing on , they discover the bodies of dead travellers and bond at the top of an ancient pyramid in sight of the US border wall . By the time they reach the border , the creatures have broken through . They travel through a ghost town in Texas , find an abandoned gas station with power and call the army for help .
While waiting for help to arrive , they make phone calls to their respective families . A lone creature silently approaches the station . Hiding , Samantha observes several tentacles exploring the inside of the store , seemingly soaking up a television 's light . Samantha quickly unplugs the television and the creature loses interest . Another creature appears , and they communicate with one another and mate via light impulses . The creatures leave as the military arrives . Samantha and Andrew kiss before they are rushed into different vehicles . The chronological ending takes place at the beginning of the film , filmed in green night vision sight , when the military rescue team is attacked by a single creature .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
While attending university in 1996 , Edwards made a short monster movie set in suburbia . He initially wanted to expand on that idea , but after the release of War of the Worlds , he believed it was " not going to be special anymore " . Considering that the film would have to be low @-@ budget , Edwards decided to embrace the found footage style of The Blair Witch Project , and mix that element with his original concept . After learning about Cloverfield 's similar premise , he abandoned this idea and moved on to a concept where a " war [ is ] going on somewhere on the other side of the world , and no one cares " .
Edwards conceived the film while watching some fishermen struggling to haul in their net and imagining a monster inside of it . He had the idea to make a monster movie set " years after most other monster movies end , when people aren 't running and screaming , but life is going on " and " where a giant , dead sea monster is considered completely normal " .
= = = Pre @-@ production = = =
Edwards pitched his idea to Vertigo Films , where producer James Richardson asked him to watch In Search of a Midnight Kiss for an example of low @-@ budget filmmaking . It starred Scoot McNairy and had been made for $ 15 @,@ 000 . Edwards was impressed by McNairy but wanted a real couple to portray the lead characters . McNairy sent Edwards a picture of his then @-@ girlfriend , actress Whitney Able , who Edwards initially thought was " too good @-@ looking " . He changed his mind after meeting them and cast them both .
= = = Filming = = =
The film was written and directed by Gareth Edwards , while Allan Niblo and James Richardson of Vertigo Films served as producers . Edwards did not storyboard or script the film , but wrote a treatment of the story and outlines that detailed specifics points that needed to be hit in dialogue . The filming equipment cost approximately $ 15 @,@ 000 , and the production budget came in " way under " $ 500 @,@ 000 . The film was able to be made on such a low budget largely due to the production using consumer grade prosumer level equipment instead of professional paraphernalia . For instance , the film was shot using digital video cameras rather than the more expensive 35mm film and was edited on a laptop computer . Many of the locations in the film were used without permission , and most of the extras were people who were already at the locations . As the extras were non @-@ actors who were persuaded to be in the film , their actions were improvised .
The film was shot in Belize , Mexico , Guatemala , Costa Rica , and the United States over three weeks . For about 90 % of the principal photography , the crew consisted of seven people transported in one van : Edwards , Able , McNairy , sound operator Ian Maclagan , line producer Jim Spencer , Mexican fixer Verity Oswin , and a driver .
= = = Editing and effects = = =
Every night after shooting , editor Colin Goudie and his assistant Justin Hall would download the footage so the memory sticks could be cleared and ready for the next day . While new footage was being captured , the previously filmed footage was edited at the production team 's hotel . After filming concluded , the crew had over 100 hours of footage . The original cut was over four hours long but was trimmed to 94 minutes after eight months of editing . Edwards originally had the ending of the film both at the beginning and the end . He and the film 's producers disagreed about the placement , so he decided to put the chronological ending of the film at the beginning and end the film immediately after Andrew and Samantha kiss .
Edwards created the visual effects himself using off @-@ the @-@ shelf Adobe software , ZBrush , and Autodesk 3ds Max . He had five months to create all 250 visual effects shots , a process he undertook in his bedroom . He produced two shots a day until he reached the first creature shot , when " suddenly two months went by and [ he ] still hadn 't finished a single creature shot " ; Edwards stated that the creatures ' visual effects were the most challenging element of production . Due to time constraints , the sound effects had to be produced before the visual effects .
= = Release = =
Monsters premiered at the South by Southwest Film Festival on 13 March 2010 . In May , the film was screened at the Cannes Film Market . It also screened as part of the 64th Edinburgh International Film Festival on 18 June 2010 , and screened twice at the Los Angeles Film Festival on 23 and 26 June . The film was first released in Russia on 30 September 2010 . Monsters later released in the United States on 29 October , in Canada on 5 November , and the United Kingdom on 3 December . In the weeks leading up to the UK release , a marketing campaign using social network Foursquare was announced . Vue Entertainment and Cineworld Cinemas set up ' infected locations ' which gave users access to exclusive Monsters content and the chance to win random on @-@ the @-@ spot prizes .
= = = Box office = = =
Hours after the film 's screening at South by Southwest , Magnet Releasing acquired the distribution rights in the United States . Tom Quinn , an executive at Magnet , stated that they " were blown away by Monsters " and were " thrilled to bring his vision to American audiences . " Shortly after , D Films acquired the rights to distribute the film in Canada . Monsters was released in 19 countries between September 2010 and December 2011 . It grossed $ 4 @.@ 2 million from worldwide ticket sales , earning over $ 1 million in the United Kingdom and Russia and over $ 100 @,@ 000 in Mexico , France , the United States , Australia , Germany , Spain , Poland , and Turkey .
= = = = United Kingdom = = = =
The film was released in the United Kingdom on 3 December 2010 . On its opening weekend , Monsters grossed $ 550 @,@ 110 in 164 theatres , averaging $ 3 @,@ 354 per theatre . The following weekend , the film dropped to 153 and grossed $ 244 @,@ 607 , a 55 @.@ 5 % decrease , averaging $ 1 @,@ 599 . Over its three subsequent weekends , the film grossed $ 99 @,@ 891 . The film concluded its five @-@ week run on 2 January 2011 ; the gross was $ 1 @,@ 442 @,@ 633 .
= = = = North America = = = =
The film was released in North America on 29 October 2010 . On its opening weekend , Monsters grossed $ 20 @,@ 508 in three theatres , for an average of $ 6 @,@ 836 per theatre . The following weekend , the film screened in 13 theatres and grossed an additional $ 28 @,@ 590 . In its third weekend , the film expanded to 25 theatres and grossed $ 48 @,@ 680 , averaging $ 1 @,@ 947 per theatre . Over its six subsequent weekends , the film grossed an additional $ 60 @,@ 141 . On 26 December 2010 , the film concluded its nine @-@ week run with a gross of $ 237 @,@ 301 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Monsters received generally positive reviews from critics . The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 72 % approval rating and an average rating of 7 @.@ 1 / 10 based on 147 reviews . The site 's consensus states : " It doesn 't quite live up to its intriguing premise , but Monsters is a surprising blend of alien @-@ invasion tropes , political themes , and relationship drama . " On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics , the film has a score of 63 based on 26 reviews , which is considered to be " generally favorable reviews " .
Roger Ebert awarded the film three and a half out of four stars , praising its focus on " characters , relationships , fear and mostly unseen menace " rather than its visual effects , as well as the acting . He also commended Edwards for " evoking ... awe and beauty " and for the creature designs . Peter Bradshaw , writing for The Guardian , gave it four stars out of five , described the film as a " terrifically exciting sci @-@ fi movie " and concluded that Edwards " channels the upriver nightmares of [ Werner ] Herzog and [ Francis Ford ] Coppola , with a strong streak of Spielbergian wonder at the sight of two aliens apparently dancing " . Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune was critical of the performances but praised the film 's " considerable , crafty virtues " , its premise , and its ending . Jeanette Catsoulis of The New York Times called the film " wondrously atmospheric " and " effortlessly compel [ ling ] " , and praised Edwards ' " beautiful , otherworldly " visual effects . Dan Jolin of Empire echoed the comparison to Herzog , opining that the film " exhibits the lyrical surrealism of [ his ] jungle excursions " . He also praised the visual effects , Edwards ' cinematography , and the " simmering " chemistry between McNairy and Able , concluding that the film was " both shoestring and sci @-@ fi filmmaking at its best " . Michael Rechtshaffen of the Associated Press praised Edwards for " add [ ing ] original touches to the genre " and for his production design . He criticized the " tentative " and " alienating " performances of McNairy and Able , but stated that " the overall picture still impresses " . Jennie Punter of The Globe and Mail disagreed , comparing the lead actors ' chemistry to Ethan Hawke and Julie Delpy in Before Sunrise and praising the pacing . Clark Collis of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B + , also praising the performances of McNairy and Able and commending Edwards ' work .
Conversely , Ty Burr of the Boston Globe gave the film a mixed review , granting it two and a half stars out of five . Though he praised the score , he stated that it is " more fascinating for its ambitions than for what it accomplishes " and criticized the main characters for being " too shallow " and unengaging . Robert Abele of the Los Angeles Times criticized the " weak plot , forgettable dialogue and sloppy politics " and called the lead characters " empty @-@ headed blanks " . Amy Biancolli of the San Francisco Chronicle called McNairy and Able a " semi @-@ interesting " pair , but disliked the lack of monsters in the film , the dialogue , and the familiarity of the story . Michael O 'Sullivan of The Washington Post called the film " a less @-@ than @-@ compelling relationship drama " , criticizing it for being unoriginal and predictable , and that hiding the monsters made them less frightening .
= = = Accolades = = =
At the 13th British Independent Film Awards , Monsters was nominated in six categories including Best Picture , Best Director for Edwards , and Best Actor for McNairy . The film won for Best Director , Best Technical Achievement , and Best Achievement in Production . At the 64th British Academy Film Awards , Edwards was nominated for Outstanding Debut by a British Director , but lost to Chris Morris for Four Lions . It won Best Independent Movie at the 2011 Scream Awards , and was nominated for Best Science Fiction Movie . The film also won Best International Film at the 37th Saturn Awards . The National Board of Review named the film one of the top ten independent films of 2010 , and it placed third on Moviefone 's Top 10 Sci @-@ Fi Movies of 2010 list .
= = Sequel = =
A sequel , Monsters : Dark Continent , started filming in March 2013 in Jordan and Detroit , with Tom Green directing and Jay Basu writing . Gareth Edwards and Scoot McNairy served as executive producers . Johnny Harris , Sam Keeley , and Joe Dempsie starred in the film . Originally scheduled to be released on 28 November 2014 , the film 's release date was then moved to 27 February 2015 , and was eventually released by Vertigo on 1 May 2015 . In contrast to Monsters , Monsters : Dark Continent was not well received by critics , with a 18 % score on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 34 reviews .
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= James Ferguson , Lord Pitfour =
James Ferguson , Lord Pitfour ( 1700 – 25 June 1777 ) was a Scottish advocate and second Laird of Pitfour , a large estate in Buchan . His flourishing law practice was sited opposite Parliament House in Edinburgh . He became Dean of the Faculty of Advocates in 1722 and was elevated to the bench , becoming Lord Pitfour , in 1764 . Pitfour was described as one of the greatest lawyers in the country . However , by the time he became a judge he was past his prime intellectually and thus did not make as much of an impact in that role . A Jacobite sympathiser , he is best known for his defence of rebels standing trial at Carlisle after the Jacobite risings .
Ferguson inherited the Pitfour estate on the death of his father , James Ferguson , 1st Laird of Pitfour . He purchased additional lands and expanded the estate , which became known as " the Blenheim of the North " . A staunch Episcopalian , he had a private Qualified Chapel built on the estate . He also established a small village and arranged for plantations of Douglas firs near the mansion house .
= = Ancestry and early life = =
Ferguson was born at Pitfour in 1700 shortly after his father , also named James , had purchased the estate . Ferguson 's father was the first Laird of Pitfour and previously had the honorific James Fergusson of Badifurrow . His mother was Ann Stuart . In 1733 Ferguson married Anne Murray ( 1708 – 1793 ) , a sister of Patrick Murray , 5th Lord Elibank and James Murray , a British army officer who became Governor of Quebec . They had three sons . The eldest , James ( 1736 – 1820 ) , became a politician ; Patrick ( 1744 – 1780 ) invented the Ferguson rifle , a breech @-@ loading flintlock weapon ; and the youngest , George ( 1748 – 1820 ) , became Lieutenant Governor of Tobago in 1779 . Ferguson also had three daughters : Ann , Elizabeth and Jane .
In his memoirs , John Ramsay of Ochtertyre described the first Laird was as " having been an adventurer in the South Sea " and that he " would have been a ruined man , but for his son 's exertions . " Wilson @-@ Smith interprets this to mean the first Laird had lost a great deal of money investing in the South Sea Company , but the expansive lands he procured generated sufficient revenue to continue payments on the debts until the situation was later fully remedied via the financial acumen of his son , Lord Pitfour .
= = Career = =
Ferguson studied at the Marischal College in Aberdeen from 1711 – 1715 . He then studied law at Edinburgh University before completing his education at Groningen and Utrecht . He became a member of the Faculty of Advocates on his return to Edinburgh in early 1722 . He was appointed as Vice @-@ Dean of the Faculty of Advocates in January 1759 and became Dean when Robert Dundas was elevated to Lord President of the Court of Session in June 1760 .
In 1764 the Earl of Mansfield successfully petitioned George III to allow Ferguson to be promoted to fill the vacant position of judge sitting in the Court of Session . Ferguson became a Senator of the College of Justice in June 1764 . This entitled him to thereafter be addressed as " Lord Pitfour " .
The law practice was at one point based in a substantial seven @-@ storey tenement house purchased by Ferguson at 333 High Street , Edinburgh , opposite Parliament House . The law practice occupied the four upper floors of the building ; shops were on the lower level . Pitfour 's legal services were in great demand and he was able to charge twice the fees of his associates .
His law practice had many influential clients , including Lord Braco and the sons of Lord Fraser of Lovat . Pitfour was one of 15 advocates acting in a case raised by Alexander Fraser against Lord Fraser claiming the liferents to the Lovat estates . Eventually a compromise was reached ; Lovat retained the liferents and Fraser gained a monetary sum instead . As the negotiations had taken many hours of legal deliberation over a three @-@ year period , the case proved very profitable for Pitfour .
Ferguson was a Jacobite . The records of the Spalding Club include a soldier 's letter which indicates it is likely Ferguson was willing to offer refuge to Jacobites who participated in the Battle of Culloden . Jacobite rebels captured from throughout Scotland were taken to stand trial at Carlisle Castle in 1746 . Ferguson and fellow advocate Alexander Lockhart argued in their defence . Prosecutors showed little mercy , calling for the rebels to be executed by hanging . Since the prosecution assumed anyone dressed in tartan was guilty , Ferguson and Lockhart had their servants dress in tartan and appear along with the other defendants . They called each other to the stand to testify as to the whereabouts of the servants and proved that , despite their tartan dress , the defendants could not have taken part in the rebellion . Many were found guilty , but the trick succeeded , as some of the accused were acquitted , including the Laird of Dunfallandy , a kinsman of Ferguson .
The 1773 papers of George III contain details of Pitfour accompanying Lord Justice Clerk Thomas Miller on the Northern Circuit from the end of April until 20 May . Among the cases heard were the trial of a servant accused of murdering another servant on Skye , and the case of Edward Shaw McIntosh , a Borlum gentleman of rank who together with his brother and some of their servants was accused of several instances of housebreaking which had escalated to murder and highway robbery . Some of the gang was caught , but McIntosh remained an outlaw .
Lord Pitfour was widely admired and often dined with fellow lawyer and biographer James Boswell , who declared Pitfour to be one of the greatest Scottish lawyers . This was endorsed by the diarist John Ramsay of Ochtertyre ( 1736 – 1814 ) , who remarked that Pitfour was one of a small number of barristers who he found satisfying hear speak . Pitfour practised law in Edinburgh at the height of the Scottish Enlightenment and was a member of The Poker Club .
Lord Pitfour is described as being good humoured but of a " somewhat awkward manner " and small in stature . His voice was shrill and he had poor eyesight . He was shrewd , kind and sympathetic , which put him at odds with some of his colleagues on the bench . Serving at the same time as Lord Braxfield , who had a reputation for handing down severe sentences , Pitfour was viewed as indecisive and too lenient . His desire to be fair and reach compromise had stood him in good stead as an advocate , but as a judge , these characteristics drew criticism from his contemporaries . Lord Kames was critical of him , maintaining that Pitfour did not want anyone to be hanged . Writing in 2008 , local historian Alex Buchan speculated that Pitfour 's hard life travelling around Scotland took too much of a toll on him , leading to a rapid decline in his health and ability . At 64 years of age at his appointment as a judge , he was likely too old to be effective .
= = Pitfour = =
Ferguson inherited the expansive Pitfour estate on the death of his father , the first Laird , in 1734 . The second Laird expanded the estate and continued the work that developed it into one of the largest and most lavish estates in Scotland . The estate was described by Charles McKean as " the Blenheim of Buchan " but it has also been referred to as " the Blenheim of the North " and " the Ascot of the North " . The village of Fetterangus was established by Pitfour just over a mile north of the mansion house in 1752 .
In 1766 , Lord Pitfour paid £ 15 @,@ 000 to add further land to the estate . The land had been forfeited to the crown and subsequently purchased by the York Buildings Company after George II instigated an attainder against George Keith , the final Earl Marischal , who was pardoned in 1761 . After the Earl Marischal returned to favour and the York Buildings Company suffered financial difficulties , he bought the land back for £ 31 @,@ 000 at an auction , to the delight of friends and others present . He displayed little interest in the property and sold it to Lord Pitfour . Furtive negotiations had taken place between Pitfour and the Earl Marischal to conclude the transaction , as the Earl Marischal did not want the details publicly known , fearing reproaches from his friends . The land , adjacent to the Pitfour property , incorporated St Fergus and Inverugie Castle , the former seat of the Earls Marischal . The 8 @,@ 000 acres ( 32 km2 ) was predominantly peat bogs , woods and uncultivated land . The addition of this extensive property made Pitfour the largest estate in the area , stretching over 30 @,@ 000 acres ( 120 km2 ) from Buchanhaven in Peterhead and along the course of the River Ugie to Maud . Pitfour had handled the Earl Marischal 's complex legal requirements over a lengthy period , but the purchase of the land led to ill feeling and insinuations against Pitfour of underhand dealing from other landowners . He never regained popularity in the area and subsequently spent less time at the estate .
Pitfour , an Episcopalian , had a small Qualified Chapel built on the estate at Waulkmill in 1766 . This large plain building could accommodate up to 500 parishioners . Saplinbrae , a house that was initially used as a coaching inn after its construction on Pitfour 's instruction in 1756 , was used as the minister 's manse . Douglas firs were planted near Saplinbrae and Deer Abbey from seed sent from Canada by Pitfour 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , General James Murray .
= = Death and legacy = =
Lord Pitfour suffered from poor health in his later years , and he resigned from the judiciary in 1776 . Correspondence between Pitfour 's two brothers @-@ in @-@ law , Lord Elibank and General Murray , shortly after Pitfour died describes how " he had in a manner lost his senses " . After his death at Gilmerton in June 1777 , he was buried in a vault he had purchased two years previously in Greyfriars Kirkyard , Edinburgh . Lord Pitfour was succeeded by his eldest son , James .
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= American Arts Commemorative Series medallions =
American Arts Commemorative Series medallions are a series of ten gold bullion medallions that were produced by the United States Mint from 1980 to 1984 . They were sold to compete with the South African Krugerrand and other bullion coins .
The series was proposed by North Carolina senator Jesse Helms after the United States Department of the Treasury began selling portions of the national stockpile of gold . Iowa Representative Jim Leach suggested that the medallions depict notable American artists . President Jimmy Carter signed the bill containing the authorizing legislation into law on November 10 , 1978 , despite objections from Treasury officials .
The medallions were initially sold through mail order ; purchasers were required to obtain the day 's price by telephone before ordering . Later , the Mint sold them through telemarketing . Mintage ceased after the ten different medallions approved by Congress were produced . All were struck at the West Point Bullion Depository . The series sold poorly , prompting critics to blame the involved process by which they were first marketed , and the fact that they were medallions rather than coins .
= = Background = =
On April 19 , 1978 , the United States Treasury Department announced that a portion of the national gold stockpile was to be auctioned through the General Services Administration ( GSA ) beginning on May 23 , 1978 , in the form of 400 troy ounces ( 12 kg ) bars . According to the Treasury , the sales were intended to " [ reduce ] the U.S. trade deficit , either by increasing the exports of gold or by reducing the imports of this commodity " , and to " further the U.S. desire to continue progress toward the elimination of the international monetary role of gold . " For reasons of bookkeeping , an entire bar was set as the minimum purchase , which placed the gold outside of the reach of most Americans . North Carolina senator Jesse Helms was critical of the plan , saying that he was " opposed to the sale of U.S. gold to foreign and international banks and gold dealers " and that medallions should be " produced in small size , suitable for sale to average citizens . " On the day of the Treasury announcement , Helms introduced the Gold Medallion Act of 1978 . The stated intent was to provide average consumers with affordable , small @-@ sized gold bullion to compete with the South African Krugerrand and other world bullion coins , which were becoming increasingly popular with American investors . 1 @.@ 6 million troy ounces ( 50 @,@ 000 kg ) ounces of gold had been imported into the United States in the form of Krugerrands in 1977 alone . In a hearing on August 25 , 1978 , before the United States Senate Committee on Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs , Helms said :
In the first year after enactment the bill would require that the first 1 @.@ 5 million ounces of gold sold be made into medallions . Under the stepped @-@ up rate of gold sales , that is only two months worth of gold . The amount is about equal to last year 's importation of foreign bullion coins , mostly Krugerrands from South Africa .
Helms went on to describe the characteristics of the proposed medallions , stating :
The one @-@ ounce medallion would have on one side the head of the statue of Freedom atop the Capitol , and it would be marked with the words , " One ounce fine gold , " and the word " freedom . " The reverse of the piece would be the Great Seal of the United States and the words " United States of America , " and the year in which it was produced . The half @-@ ounce medallion would have on one side some representation of the rights of individuals and the words " Human Rights , " and " One @-@ half ounce fine gold . " The reverse would be similar to the back side of the " Freedom " medallion , with the Great Seal .
Support for the medallions grew in Congress , prompting the introdiction of more legislation . Iowa representative Jim Leach proposed that the series feature designs honoring American artists . During the Committee on Banking , Housing and Urban Affairs hearing , Leach outlined the reasons for his proposal . He noted that the House Subcommittee on Historic Preservation received many suggestions of individuals worthy to appear on the dollar coin that had previously been proposed . Leach felt that a dollar coin was not a suitable way to commemorate the individuals , as it was impossible to honor such a large group on a coin whose design was likely to remain unchanged for a long period of time . He also noted that all United States coinage until then had depicted individuals whose principal contributions had been in government and politics rather than the arts . Leach described the specifics of his proposal , stating :
I am suggesting in H.R. 13567 that we honor 10 individuals who have been distinguished contributors to the arts — music , painting , writing , architecture and the theatre . Other fields might well be chosen , or other people than I have selected within the field of arts ; but the point I want to emphasize is this : while our coinage is and should be devoted to honoring those who have contributed to our political heritage , medals offer us an opportunity to honor those who have contributed to our cultural development , our economic achievements , our technological expertise , and other accomplishments which reflect the wide dimensions of our democratic society .
The subjects designated were painter Grant Wood , contralto singer Marian Anderson , authors Mark Twain and Willa Cather , musician Louis Armstrong , architect Frank Lloyd Wright , poet Robert Frost , sculptor Alexander Calder , actress Helen Hayes and author John Steinbeck .
Though the program received widespread support in Congress , Treasury officials opposed it . In a letter , Treasury secretary W. Michael Blumenthal wrote , " I do not believe the U.S. Government should permit the erroneous impression to be created that it cannot or will not take the necessary steps to combat inflation and that the public therefore needs to buy gold as a hedge against inflation . " Blumenthal also believed that if the government were to sanction the striking of gold medallions , the public would believe that the Treasury was actively encouraging investment in gold . Despite these objections , the bill was attached to the bank omnibus bill , which President Jimmy Carter signed into law on November 10 , 1978 .
= = Production and sale = =
The Treasury lacked money to put the medallions into production , so an appropriations bill was passed giving the department the necessary funding . The GSA was tasked with determining how best to market the new issues . The GSA proposed several sales plans , including the distribution of the medallions to a network of banks for sale to the public . This was rejected in favor of requiring purchasers to make a telephone call to learn the price of the medallions on the day of purchase , after which the purchaser was to go to a post office the same day to make payment . According to the legislation , the issues were to be " sold to the general public at a competitive price equal to the free market value of the gold contained therein plus the cost of manufacture , including labor , materials , dies , use of machinery , and overhead expenses including marketing costs . "
Production began in 1980 . Struck at the West Point Bullion Depository , the medallions contained 90 % gold , and were issued in two sizes : one containing one troy ounce ( 31 g ) of gold and one containing one half @-@ ounce ( 16 g ) of the metal . The first struck were those honoring Grant Wood on the one ounce medallion and Marian Anderson on the half @-@ ounce piece . Both were designed by United States Mint Chief Engraver Frank Gasparro . Sales were poor , and in September 1980 , the Mint announced that a private firm , commodity traders J. Aron and Company , would market the medallions . The new plan involved selling the medallions through a network of bullion dealers , banks , brokerage houses and coin dealers , a system similar to that South Africa used to distribute the Krugerrand in the US . In 1981 , the second year of production , the composition of the medallions was changed ; although the 90 % gold purity was retained , the balance was altered to include silver , which was added to change their appearance . That year 's medallions depicted Mark Twain and Willa Cather . These were designed by Matthew Poloso and Sherl Winter , respectively . These first four medallions bore no notation of their metallic content or country of origin . This was done to distinguish them from federal coinage . Beginning in 1982 , this information and small , toothlike designs , known as " denticles " , were added along the inner rim of the medallions , and reeding was added to the edge . That year 's issues depicted Louis Armstrong , as designed by John Mercanti , and Frank Lloyd Wright , designed by Edgar Steever . The following year 's medallions depicted Robert Frost and Alexander Calder . The former was designed by P. Fowler , while the latter was by Michael Iacocca . The final year of production saw the mintage of medallions with designs by John Mercanti honoring Helen Hayes and John Steinbeck . The Mint terminated the contract with J. Aron and Company in 1984 , opting instead to sell the medallions through a telemarketing program . In 1985 , Mint director Donna Pope announced that the medallions would be sold in another telemarketing operation in sets of five of either one each of the one ounce medallions or one each of the half @-@ ounce pieces , beginning in September of that year and ending on December 31 , or sooner if all sets sold .
= = Reception = =
In October 1980 , Luis Vigdor , assistant vice @-@ president for bullion and numismatic operations of Manfra , Tordella & Brookes , then one of the largest coin firms in the country , compared the medallions and the efforts to market them unfavorably to the South African Krugerrand . According to Vigdor , they were difficult to market due to their lack of notation of weight , fineness and country of origin . He also criticized the marketing , asserting that people were unlikely to buy gold at the post office , and that the medallions were advertised poorly . Vigdor contrasted the medallions ' marketing program with the widespread success of the Krugerrand and the vigorous attempts to market them around the world . Commenting on the poor sale of the medallions , assistant director of marketing for the Mint Francis Frere said in 1984 : " it just hasn 't worked . They 're not selling . We 've made a strong effort , but it 's not working . "
On February 12 , 1982 , following the poor sales of the medallions , the United States Gold Commission recommended the minting of a gold coin . Donald Regan , Secretary of the Treasury and chairman of the commission , later told reporters that a gold coin could be easier to sell than medallions , because the suggested coins " could be redeemable in dollars " . The Mint issued gold coins for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles and for the centennial of the Statue of Liberty in 1986 . Both issues were successful , and the Liberty piece sold out on advance sales . As the public was receptive to the gold coins , and President Ronald Reagan had banned the importation of Krugerrands in 1985 over South Africa 's apartheid policy , Congress authorized the American Gold Eagle gold bullion coin , which entered production as legal tender in 1986 .
= = Designs and sales figures = =
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= Orchha Fort complex =
The Orchha Fort complex , which houses a large number of ancient monuments consisting of the fort , palaces , temple and other edifices , is located in the Orchha town in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh . The fort and other structures within it were built by the Bundela Rajputs starting from early 16th century by King Rudra Pratap Singh of the Orchha State and others who followed him .
The fort complex , which is accessed from an arched causeway , leads to a large gateway . This is followed by a large quadrangular open yard surrounded by palaces . These are Raja Mahal or Raja Mandir , Sheesh Mahal , Jahangir Mahal , a temple , gardens and pavilions . The battlements of the fort have ornamentation . Notable architectural features in the fort complex are projected balconies , open flat areas and decorated latticed windows .
= = Location = =
The fort complex is located in the Tikamgarh district of Madhya Pradesh in the erstwhile state of Orchha . The fort complex is within an island formed by the confluence of the Betwa River and Jamni River in Orchha town . Approach to the complex from the eastern part of the market in the town is through a multiple arched bridge with 14 arches built in granite stones .
Orchha town is approximately 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) away from Tikamgarh town , which is the district headquarters of the district of the same name . Jhansi town is 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) away . Orchha is a railway station of the Central Railway on the Jhansi @-@ Manikpur section .
= = History = =
The fort was built following the founding of the Orchha State in 1501 AD by Rudra Pratap Singh ( r . 1501 – 1531 ) , a Bundela rajput . The palaces and temples within the fort complex were built over a period of time by successive Maharajas of the Orchha State . Of these , the Raja Mandir or Raja Mahal was built by Madhukar Shah who ruled from 1554 to 1591 . Jahangir Mahal and Sawan Bhadon Mahal were built during the reign of Vir Singh Deo ( r . 1605 – 1627 ) . The features of " pepper pots and domes " seen in the fort complex are believed to have inspired Lutyens in the architecture of the structures which he built in New Delhi .
= = Monuments = =
The fort complex , accessed from an arched causeway , leads to a large gateway followed by a large quadrangular open space which is surrounded by palaces such as Raja Mahal or Raja Mandir , Sheesh Mahal , Jahangir Mahal , a temple , gardens and pavilions . The fort walls have battlements , which have ornamentation . Notable architectural features seen in the fort complex consist of projected balconies , open flat areas and decorated latticed windows .
= = = Raja Mahal = = =
The Raja Mahal ( King ’ s Palace ) , where the kings and the queens had resided till it was abandoned in 1783 , was built in the early part of 16th century . Its exterior is simple without any embellishments but the interior chambers of the palace are elaborately royal in its architectural design , decorated with murals of social and religious themes of gods , mythical animals and people . In the upper floor of the palace there are traces of mirrors in the ceilings and walls . Its windows , arcaded passages and layout plan are designed in such a way that the " sunlight and shadow create areas of different moods and temperatures throughout the day " . The interior walls of the Mahal have murals of Lord Vishnu . The Mahal has several secret passages .
A part of this Mahal was converted into a temple and named Rama Raja Temple in honour of the god Rama . There is legend associated with naming it as a temple . According to a local legend , the temple was built following Rani Ganeshkuwari , the queen getting a " dream visitation " by Lord Rama directing her to build a temple for Him ; while Madhukar Shah was a devotee of Krishna , his wife 's dedication was to Rama . Following this a new temple known as the Chaturbuj Temple was approved to be built , and the queen went to Ayodhya to obtain an image of Lord Rama that was to be enshrined in her new temple . When she came back from Ayodhya with the image of Rama , initially she kept the idol in her palace as the Chaturbuj Temple was still under construction . She was , however , unaware of an injunction that the image to be deified in a temple could not be kept in a palace . Once the temple construction was completed and the idol of the lord had to be moved for installation at the Chatrubhuj Temple , it refused to be shifted from the palace . Hence , instead of the Chaturbhuj Temple , the Rama 's idol remained in the palace where as the Chaturbhuj Temple remained without an idol in its sanctum . As Rama was worshipped in the palace , part of the palace was converted into the Rama Raja Temple ; it is the only shrine in the country where Rama is worshipped as a King . The temple is guarded by a police force and the deity , Lord Rama , is considered as the king and is given a gun salute of honour every day .
= = = Sheesh Mahal = = =
Sheesh Mahal is flanked on either side by the Raja Mahal and the Jahangir Mahal . This has royal accommodation , which was built for king Udait Singh . It has now been converted into a hotel . The interior of this edifice consists of a huge impressive hall with high ceiling , which is the dining hall . Its recent colour scheme renovations are an eyesore . But staying in two of its royal suites on the upper floor , which provide scenic views of the town , gives the guest a feeling of royalty .
= = = Jahangir Mahal = = =
Jahangir Mahal is a palace that was exclusively built by Bir Singh Deo in 1605 to humor the Mughal emperor Jahangir who was a guest of the Maharaja for one night only . The palace is built in four levels with elegant architectural features of both Muslim and Rajput architecture . Its layout is a symmetrical square built in the inner courtyard of the fort and has eight large domes . It has a plethora of rooms with arcaded openings , projecting platforms and windows with lattice design work . The roof above top floor of this Mahal is accessed through a steep stairway . It provides picture perfect views of the temples and the Betwa River outside the fort complex . The palace also houses a small archaeological museum .
The entrance gate from this palace , which was earlier the main gate and which has carved ornamentation , leads to the royal baths and then to an elegant small dwelling unit built within a garden in typical Mughal architectural style ; this had been built exclusively for Rai Parveen , the female escort of the Raja Indramani ( 1672 – 76 ) ; her large @-@ size portrait in a revealing and seductive attire adorns hall in this Mahal . She was a poet and musician . The building is a double storied structure built with bricks , rising to the height of the trees in the well tended garden called Anand Mahal . The garden is laid out with octagonal flower beds and has good network of water supply . There are niches in the Mahal which permit natural light to the main hall and smaller rooms .
It is said that Emperor Akbar ( r . 1556 – 1605 ) who was enamored by Parveen 's beauty had taken her to his palace in Agra to be his courtesan . But Parveen , who wanted to get out of the situation , composed a gazal or a couplet which stated her status as an already used woman not fit for an emperor , which enabled her to get release from Akbar 's court and return to Orchha .
= = = Phool Bagh = = =
Phool Bagh is an elegantly laid out garden in the fort complex which has a line of water fountains that terminates in a " palace @-@ pavilion " which has eight pillars . Below this garden is an underground structure which was used by the royalty as a cool summer retreat . This cooling system consists of water ventilation system that is linked to an underground palace with " Chandan Katora " , which is in the shape of a bowl from where fountains of droplets trickle through the roof creating rainfall .
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= Cyclone Gretelle =
Tropical Cyclone Gretelle was a deadly storm that struck southeastern Madagascar in January 1997 . The seventh named storm of the 1996 – 97 South @-@ West Indian Ocean cyclone season , Gretelle developed within the intertropical convergence zone on January 19 , and gradually intensified while moving southwestward . On January 22 , the storm intensified to tropical cyclone status while passing northwest of Réunion ; there , Gretelle produced strong wind gusts and heavy rainfall in mountainous regions . Subsequently , the cyclone strengthened to reach peak 10 – minute sustained winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) . On January 24 , Gretelle made landfall near Farafangana , the first in the region in 41 years . The cyclone weakened while crossing Madagascar , but restrengthened slightly in the Mozambique Channel . Gretelle meandered off the coast of Mozambique , bringing gusty winds that downed trees , but caused little damage . An approaching trough turned the cyclone to the southeast , and Gretelle dissipated on January 31 to the south @-@ southwest of Madagascar .
Damage from Cyclone Gretelle was heaviest near where it made landfall in Madagascar . In several villages , over 90 % of the buildings were destroyed , leaving about 80 @,@ 000 people homeless . Wind gusts at Farafangan reached 220 km / h ( 140 mph ) , which knocked trees onto roads and wrecked about 138 @,@ 000 tons of crops . Heavy rainfall and high waves flooded coastal regions , in some areas up to 16 m ( 52 ft ) deep . Overall damage was estimated at around $ 50 million , and there 152 deaths . After the storm , there was a coordinated international relief effort to provide food and money to Madagascar .
= = Meteorological history = =
The intertropical convergence zone spawned a tropical disturbance on January 19 , developing a circulation just west of St. Brandon . That day , the Météo @-@ France on Réunion ( MFR ) classified the system as a tropical disturbance , and the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) began monitoring the system as a low @-@ pressure area a day prior . The system intensified into Tropical Storm Gretelle late on January 20 , by which time the JTWC gave it the designation Tropical Cyclone 20S . Due to a large ridge centered near Île Amsterdam , the storm tracked generally southwestward toward the Mascarene Islands . Early on January 22 , the JTWC upgraded the storm to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane , and later that day , the MFR upgraded Gretelle to tropical cyclone status , or with 10 – minute sustained winds of at least 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) .
Shortly after attaining tropical cyclone status , Gretelle made its closest point of approach to Réunion late on January 22 , passing about 300 km ( 190 mi ) northwest of the island . Subsequently , the cyclone developed a small eye , and the MFR estimated peak 10 – minute winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) at 0000 UTC on January 23 . Meanwhile , the JTWC estimated Gretelle continued to intensify to a 1 – minute sustained wind peak of 215 km / h ( 130 mph ) at 0600 UTC on January 24 , equivalent to a Category 4 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson scale . Later that day , the cyclone made landfall on southeastern Madagascar near Farafangana near peak intensity . Reports from the United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs considered Gretelle the first cyclone to strike the region in 41 years . Gretelle rapidly weakened over land , emerging into the Mozambique Channel as a tropical depression on January 25 . Continuing to the southwest , the depression re @-@ intensified into a tropical storm on January 27 .
After becoming a tropical storm again , Gretelle slowed in the Mozambique Channel . A cold front bypassed the storm to the south , and a building ridge behind it turned Gretelle to a west @-@ northwest drift . Although it approached southeastern Africa on January 28 , an advancing trough turned the storm to the southeast . The next day , the JTWC briefly re @-@ upgraded Gretelle to the equivalent of a minimal hurricane , and on January 30 , the MFO estimated a secondary 10 – minute wind peak of 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) . Accelerating to the south @-@ southeast , Gretelle dissipated on January 31 well to the south @-@ southwest of Madagascar .
= = Impact = =
While passing north of Réunion , Gretelle dropped heavy rainfall in the eastern and western portions of the island . Over 48 hours , rainfall totaled nearly 1 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) at Commerson Crater , while Mafate recorded over 600 mm ( 24 in ) . Gretelle produced gusts of about 100 km / h ( 62 mph ) in portions of Réunion . Late in its duration , the cyclone produced heavy rainfall but left minimal damage in Mozambique , estimated at $ 50 @,@ 000 . Winds of over 55 km / h ( 34 km / h ) knocked over trees and caused power outages in Gaza and Maputo provinces . Officials in South Africa issued rain and wind warnings for the northeast coast .
In Madagascar , Gretelle produced wind gusts of over 200 km / h ( 120 mph ) at Vangaindrano near where it moved ashore , and over 220 km / h ( 140 mph ) at Farafangana . The storm also dropped heavy rainfall , although peak totals were unknown due to the meteorological station in Farafangana being destroyed . Heavy rainfall and high waves left heavy damage near the coast , washing away several boats and causing rivers to overflow . Floods in some areas reached 16 m ( 52 ft ) deep . Where Gretelle made landfall , most buildings were damaged or destroyed excluding those made of concrete , leaving about 80 @,@ 000 people homeless . Among the wrecked buildings included a hospital and a prison . About 95 % of homes in Vondrozo were wrecked , and in Farafangana , 90 % of government buildings were destroyed . In both southern Midongy and Vangaindrano , nearly every building was destroyed . Gretelle damaged or destroyed 1 @,@ 538 homes in Manakara .
Reports from the Red Cross indicated that Gretelle was the severest in the region " in living memory " , with many people surviving the high tides and winds by " clinging to trees " . The storm also damaged water stations , power lines , and thousands of hectares of crops , including food reserves . The World Food Programme estimated that Gretelle destroyed 7 @,@ 000 tons of rice , 123 @,@ 500 tons of cassava , and 8 @,@ 000 tons of cash crops , mostly to coffee . About 40 @,@ 000 people were isolated for weeks after the storm in Befotaka and Midongy Sud , with many roads blocked by fallen trees . Overall , about 200 people were killed or left missing in Madagascar , with 152 confirmed fatalities by two weeks after the storm , 82 of whom in Vangaindrano . The International Disaster Database later listed 140 as the total fatalities related to Gretelle . Damage from the storm was estimated at $ 50 million .
= = Aftermath = =
After heavy damage from Cyclone Bonita in 1996 , the government of Madagascar initiated a disaster response system that was used during Gretelle ; there was quick response but efforts were hampered by damaged infrastructure and disrupted transportation . The storm had cut communications in some areas , but by January 29 , or five days after landfall , telephone service was restored to Manakara . Following the storm , the Madagascar government coordinated the distribution of emergency rice rations and other relief items . On January 27 , the government launched a fundraiser on television that raised over ₣ 130 million ( FMG , $ 30 @,@ 000 USD ) . The southern portion of the country was declared a disaster area . A plane of relief supplies flew from the capital Antananarivo to Manakara along the southeast coast , where trucks distributed the items to the affected areas . A radio station based out of the country criticized the slow pace of relief , citing the lack of available boats after many were destroyed . In addition , there were reports that government aid was being stolen by looters .
In the weeks after the storm , the hardest hit residents faced food shortages and lacked access to clean water , in an area already facing ongoing food shortages . In response , the World Food Programme and other agencies of the United Nations created a program to feed about 350 @,@ 000 people in the region over three months , providing about 5 @,@ 900 tons of food . In the months after the storm , roads were repaired , including the link from Vangaindrano to Midongy . Farmers grew additional beans and potatoes to compensate for the damaged crops , while the quick distribution of food prevented significant malnutrition . In the subsequent years , about 40 % of the forest at Manombo that regrew following Gretelle was of foreign nature , which threatened the original plants in the region .
Due to the scale of the cyclone damage , the government issued an international appeal for assistance . As a result , the United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs provided a grant of $ 30 @,@ 000 . UNICEF provided about $ 48 @,@ 000 to secure drug kits for children impacted by the cyclone . The Red Cross of Seychelles donated about one tonne of clothing and 20 tonnes of tuna , and the Red Cross of Réunion sent drugs to Madagascar . The government of France also sent a crew from Réunion to Madagascar to assist in the aftermath , as well as a plane to airdrop the aid . The governments of Germany , Japan , France , the United Kingdom each donated about $ 100 @,@ 000 to Madagascar , while the United States provided about $ 25 @,@ 000 and 500 tons of food . The government of Japan also sent 2 @,@ 040 blankets and 10 tents . By February 18 , the total contributions by the international community reached about $ 3 million .
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= Ayu Tsukimiya =
Ayu Tsukimiya ( 月宮 あゆ , Tsukimiya Ayu ) is a fictional character and the main heroine in Key 's adult visual novel Kanon , followed closely by Nayuki Minase who is the only Kanon heroine to appear with Ayu on three of the official game covers released by Key . Ayu was created by Naoki Hisaya who wrote her scenario for the visual novel , and designed by Itaru Hinoue . Hisaya commented on how he thought Ayu was the one character in Kanon that he felt he grasped the best , but noted it was very difficult to write her character due to Ayu being primarily energetic . After Hinoue drew wings on Ayu 's backpack , Hisaya suggested that they remove them due to spoiler reasons , and while Hinoue went along with it at the time , the wings were later included once again .
Yuichi Aizawa , the protagonist of Kanon , meets a lively seventeen @-@ year @-@ old Ayu on the day after he moves to the city depicted in the game . As the story progresses , Yuichi discovers that she is trying to find something she lost , but she cannot remember what it is ; Yuichi tries to help her in her search , but with no initial success . One of her most defining characteristics is the repeated utterance of her catch phrase " ugū " ( うぐぅ ) which she mutters as an expression of various negative emotions such as frustration , anger , and fear . Her favorite food is taiyaki , and she is seen eating the confection many times throughout Kanon .
The main focus of both Kanon anime is Ayu , who has also appeared in all of Kanon 's adaptations , and has been incorporated into numerous dōjin games . Ayu makes a cameo appearance in the second episode of the Air anime series along with Nayuki , and Makoto Sawatari from Kanon . Her voice actresses are Yui Horie in the Japanese versions of the visual novel and anime , and Brittney Karbowski in the English version of Kyoto Animation 's Kanon anime , who also voiced Ayu during her cameo in Air . A leitmotif named " Hidamari no Machi " ( 日溜りの街 , lit . " A Sunny City " ) is associated with Ayu which is played in Kanon numerous times during scenes which involve her , and is also used in a similar fashion throughout Kyoto Animation 's Kanon anime . In a review by Anime News Network , Ayu is described as a character that " persists on a degree of earnest cuteness that will endear her to some viewers . "
= = Creation and conception = =
Naoki Hisaya , who wrote Ayu 's story , commented in an interview that the night before he was to present the beginning of a Kanon scenario , he suddenly remembered wanting to write for some time about a ghost girl who waits for the protagonist to come back to her . He said that he wanted to write this no matter what and quickly drew up an outline for the premise of Ayu 's scenario . At the time , Ayu 's premise was the start of the entire Kanon story , though it was still very vague . Eventually , Hisaya was able to form her story into the style of a romance visual novel , and in the process the characters in the story started to multiply . Hisaya said that Ayu was the one character in Kanon that he felt he grasped the best , but noted it was very difficult to write her character due to Ayu being primarily energetic . Hisaya said that he is much better at writing about quiet characters , so Ayu gave him a lot of trouble . Hisaya noted that Ayu 's frequent use of " ugū " was not decided from the beginning , and that it merely turned out that way during the natural writing process .
Ayu 's character designer , Itaru Hinoue , commented in an interview that she put a lot of effort into Ayu 's design , and Ayu was her favorite character to create among the Kanon characters . Hinoue was able to design Ayu any way she wanted , and by all means she wanted Ayu to wear her large tan duffle coat , and be depicted as a strong character . Hinoue said that she was very particular about Ayu 's attire , but not about everything . At the time she was formulating the character design , many festivals were going on in Osaka , Japan where Key is located . When Hinoue had a chance to attend , there were many people around wearing angel wings as part of the festival , and because she thought they looked cute , she later chose to draw them onto Ayu as well . Hinoue later read Ayu 's finished scenario and became aware of an unintentional form of foreshadowing on her part due to wing imagery factoring into Ayu 's story . Shortly after , Hisaya suggested to Hinoue , " Since they seem to have become a spoiler , let 's lose the wings . " The wings were thus removed , but before long they were attached again . While Hinoue had originally chosen the colors for the hair and eyes of the characters herself , these were later discussed by the development team and altered accordingly , though Ayu , Mai , and Nayuki did not change much . It came to the point where Hinoue had to constantly go back and forth between her intentions and what was later decided by consensus .
= = Characteristics = =
Ayu is a strange and mysterious seventeen @-@ year @-@ old girl , the same age as Yuichi , though due to her short stature at 154 cm ( 5 ' 1 " ) and comparatively low body weight at 41 kg ( 90 lbs ) , she is perceived initially by Yuichi to be much younger ; in fact , Ayu is the shortest and least heavy character introduced in Kanon . Ayu 's three sizes are 80 cm - 52 cm - 79 cm ( 31 " - 20 " - 31 " ) , and are the closest to Shiori 's despite Shiori being one year younger . When first introduced , Ayu is seen wearing a large tan duffle coat over a sweater and shorts , despite the cold winter weather , and is the only Kanon character seen to regularly don mittens . On her feet , she wears brown argyle socks and snow boots . She is immediately recognizable by the red Alice band in her short brown hair , and a small backpack she wears which has two attached wings on either side . In later appearances , she is sometimes seen without her coat or mittens . As a child of ten , Ayu is depicted wearing a pink sweater , a short skirt , and a large white bow in her hair , which is grown @-@ out slightly longer than when Ayu is seventeen .
Since childhood , Ayu has referred to herself with the masculine pronoun boku ( 僕 ) — Japanese for " I " , a rare occurrence among females . Ayu is notorious for her catch phrase , " ugū " ( うぐぅ ) , which she mutters as an expression of various negative emotions such as frustration , anger , and fear . Her favorite food is taiyaki , and she is seen eating the confection many times throughout Kanon . Ayu comes off as somewhat strange , such as initially tackling Yuichi and yelling his name whenever she would spot him . These tackling fits eventually diminish in severity to simple taps on the back as time goes on or even simply calling out his name when appearing seemingly out of nowhere behind him . She can be clumsy at times , and is prone to tripping . Ayu tends to be naïve about common things , such as not knowing what a mobile phone is , but enjoys learning about new things . Yuichi quickly discovers how terrified Ayu will become at even the mere mention of ghosts or demons . When put into an uncomfortable situation , such as having to walk alone at night , she is noticeably jumpy and is prone to screaming . She is left @-@ handed .
= = Appearances = =
= = = Visual novel = = =
Ayu Tsukimiya is introduced as girl running from a taiyaki salesmen when she collides with Yuichi Aizawa , the protagonist of Kanon , in the shopping district . Yuichi and Ayu become fast friends after she meets him several more times in the shopping district , and Ayu helps him remember that they first met and became friends during Yuichi 's last stay in the city seven years previous . A focus in Ayu 's storyline is that she is constantly searching for something she has lost , but she does not even remember what it is , which troubles her greatly . Yuichi plays an active role in helping her try to find the item with no initial success . Shortly after Yuichi and Ayu become involved in an intimate relationship , Ayu remembers what happened in the past and disappears without a trace .
Seven years before the onset of the story , Yuichi first met Ayu in almost exactly the same place as where they collided at the beginning of Kanon . Ayu was crying at the time due to the recent death of her mother , and in an effort to make her feel better , Yuichi bought her taiyaki , which in turn became her favorite food . They met up several more times over the winter school break , and one day Yuichi obtained a small angel doll from a claw vending machine and gave it to Ayu . Yuichi stipulated that he would grant any three wishes she wished on the doll within his limited power . Her first wish was for Yuichi to never forget her . Yuichi took Ayu into the nearby forest to a clearing with a large tree in its center . There , Ayu made her second wish that they could go to school together . Due to this , they decided to make this tree their own private " school " with special stipulations such as no homework or tests , and taiyaki is served for lunch everyday . Afterwards , Ayu decided to bury the doll in a jar near the forest . On the last day of winter break , while Yuichi and Ayu were attending their " school " , Ayu was sitting up in the tree when a strong gust of wind came and knocked her out of it , causing her to land on her head and fall unconscious . This accident is what caused the young Yuichi to suppress his memories of his childhood .
After Yuichi remembers what happened in the past , he assumes Ayu died , which causes him to become depressed . During this time , Yuichi remembers the doll that Ayu buried , and gathers his friends to go find it . Once he finds and repairs it , he goes to the now cut @-@ down tree in the forest clearing until Ayu appears again . They have a tearful reunion where Yuichi reminds her of the angel doll , and that she still has one more wish left . Ayu suggests that she might wish for Yuichi to not remember her at all , and move on . After they embrace , Ayu simply vanishes again . Yuichi later discovers that Ayu did not die , and had been in the hospital for seven years in a coma , making her an ikiryō . Ayu miraculously wakes up from her coma and the two are shown out in town about to go back to Yuichi 's house .
= = = Other Kanon media = = =
Ayu has appeared in other media adaptations based on the Kanon visual novel which includes light novels , drama CDs , manga , and anime . Of the five light novels written for Kanon , Ayu is the main focus of the final installment entitled Hidamari no Machi ( 日溜りの街 ) . Two of the fifteen drama CDs released had Ayu as a main focus , and Ayu appears in the five anthology drama CDs . In the first official Kanon manga , Ayu 's story is made the main focus , and her story is the only one of the five heroines to go into detail and reveal the latter portions of her story . Conversely , in the second manga version , Ayu is only the main focus of the final chapter , but is given the second highest number of pages in the manga behind Nayuki . Ayu has also appeared in Kanon 's numerous manga anthologies .
In 2002 , Toei Animation produced the first Kanon anime and featured character design by Yōichi Ōnishi who based the designs on Itaru Hinoue 's original concept . In 2006 , Kyoto Animation produced a new rendition of the Kanon anime with updated visuals and a more detailed story ; character design was headed by Kazumi Ikeda who also worked off of Hinoue 's original artwork from the visual novel . In both anime , Ayu is given the focus as the main heroine , and Yuichi ends up falling in love with her in both versions as well .
= = = Outside Kanon = = =
Ayu has appeared in many works outside of Kanon , as well as being cited as being extremely popular and recognized in both Japan and the west . Ayu especially " has had more appearances outside of the original Kanon than any other anime or H @-@ game character ever . " Ayu has appeared in countless dōjin games such as Glove on Fight and Eternal Fighter Zero . In the anime adaptation of Air , another of Key 's visual novels , Ayu makes a cameo appearance in episode two along with Nayuki Minase and Makoto Sawatari as regular girls who talk with Yukito Kunisaki briefly .
As reported in the Kanon Visual Fan Book for the visual novel , Key had once planned to release a social simulation game with the tentative title Angel Maker ( エンジェルメーカー , Enjeru Mēkā ) featuring Ayu , as she appears at ten years old , as the game 's sole heroine . The game was expected to be released on June 30 , 2000 , though Key never mentioned the game again . Other games announced at the time which involved Ayu as the main focus were an action game named Ayu Ayu Panic ( あゆあゆパニック , Ayu Ayu Panikku ) , a role @-@ playing video game called Taiyaki Quest ( タイヤキクエスト , Taiyaki Kuesuto ) , and a quiz game entitled Quiz de Ugū ( クエズでうぐぅ , Kuezu de Ugū ) .
= = Musical theme = =
A leitmotif named " Hidamari no Machi " ( 日溜りの街 , lit . " A Sunny City " ) is associated with Ayu and is played in Kanon numerous times during scenes which involve her ; it is also used in a similar fashion throughout Kyoto Animation 's Kanon anime adaptation . It is first heard during Ayu 's first appearance in both the visual novel and the aforementioned anime version . The theme is composed by Shinji Orito , one of Key 's signature composers , and is the longest of Kanon 's five leitmotifs on the Kanon Original Soundtrack at 3 : 04 minutes . A remix version by Magome Togoshi appeared on the Kanon soundtracks Anemoscope and Recollections . " Hidamari no Machi " was composed in common time in the E @-@ flat major key , and moves at 126 beats per minute . The theme was composed on a synthesizer which primarily used a piano as a base , along with violin , vibraphone , and percussion accompaniment throughout the piece . Orito commented on the song in the Kanon Original Soundtrack booklet where he remarked , " This is probably the song I like most out of all the theme songs ... I think the percussion is really good . "
= = Cultural impact = =
Megatokyo , a webcomic that takes much of its inspiration from Kanon , references Ayu . First , in strip 67 " Saving Points " , Ayu is shown eating taiyaki . This is , in fact , a reference to a Kanon dōjinshi called Quarter Iceshop , as stated by Megatokyo 's artist Fred Gallagher in his commentary during the publication of volume one of his webcomic , as well as the " rants " accompanying the strip itself . Also , in strip 224 " packing away " , Gallagher draws himself wearing Ayu 's backpack and mentioning her catchphrase " ugū " , as well as stating that the backpack was the " official winged backpack from Kanon . "
Ayu has been parodied in several anime . Episode eight of Magical Shopping Arcade Abenobashi parodies Kanon and other adult games . In it , Ayu 's Japanese voice actress Yui Horie plays a girl that is modeled after Ayu , and references taiyaki and " ugū " near the end . In episode four of Lucky Star , Konata gives a tardy excuse to her teacher Nanako , stating that she was late because there was a girl running away from a taiyaki seller ; after listening to the excuse , Nanako utters " ugū " out of frustration . Another parody in Lucky Star is that when Kagami scolds Konata in episode 13 when she complains about her winter break being occupied by homework , Ayu 's backpack appears behind Konata , and she utters " ugū " . In Mission @-@ E , a character greatly inspired by Ayu appears on a manga cover near the middle of episode 11 . In My Bride Is a Mermaid , Sun eats a taiyaki and says " ugū " in episode two , and Gōzaburō crushes a taiyaki and says " ugū " in episode 20 .
In a review by Anime News Network of the first anime DVD volume of Kyoto Animation 's Kanon anime , Ayu is described as a character that " persists on a degree of earnest cuteness that will endear her to some viewers . " In the same review , Ayu 's winged backpack is cited as possibly being a " little overkill " in regards to the moe attributes of the series . Newtype USA stated in an article on Kanon that , " Ayu beams brightly with joy as she munches on her favorite fish @-@ shaped crepe , looking so adorable you almost wanna pinch her . "
= = = Merchandise = = =
Four figurines of Ayu were produced by different manufacturers in 2007 . The earliest was released on January 29 by Movic which also came with a chibi version of Ayu dressed in a Santa Claus outfit . The next was released on July 2 by Russian Blue , and the third followed a month later on August 6 by Kotobukiya which was in fact a reproduction of a model previously released . The fourth figurine was released on October 19 by Max Factory , and was the most expensive of the four . An official " ugū " audio CD was coupled with the 127 @-@ page Kanon Visual Memories art book for Kyoto Animation 's Kanon anime adaptation released on June 24 , 2007 by Ichijinsha . The CD contains eighty @-@ six variations of Ayu 's iconic catch phrase featured in the anime , and is voiced by Yui Horie . The CD spans ten minutes , though most of the duration is silent due to each " ugū " lasting less than two seconds on each track , resulting in about one @-@ third of the CD as rendered blank .
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= Variation of Trusts Act 1958 =
The Variation of Trusts Act 1958 ( c 62 ) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that governs the courts ' ability to vary the terms of trust documents . Prior to the 1950s , the courts were willing to approve " compromise " agreements as to what terms meant , not only when they were disputed but also for the benefit of certain parties , such as minors . In 1954 , the House of Lords decided in Chapman v Chapman that this would no longer be permitted , creating a gap between the rights of trusts under the Settled Land Act 1925 ( which could be altered if there was a flaw ) and those trusts that were not ( which were affected by the Chapman decision ) . As a result , following a report by the Law Reform Committee , Petre Crowder introduced the Variation of Trusts Bill to Parliament , where it was given the Royal Assent on 23 July 1958 , and came into force as the Variation of Trusts Act 1958 .
The Act gave the courts near @-@ unlimited discretion to approve " compromise " agreements , for the benefit of infants or other incapable individuals , for individuals who may become beneficiaries , or for unborn beneficiaries . The courts are also able to approve agreements for individuals who may be beneficiaries under protective trusts , with no requirement that the alterations be for their benefit . The courts have interpreted the Act 's scope fairly widely , stating that almost any " variation " is acceptable , and that " benefit " may mean not just a financial benefit , but also a social or moral one . Despite initial fears that it would allow tax planners another way to hide funds and create a back @-@ and @-@ forth fight between the Chancery Division and Parliament , the Act was met with general approval . The ability of the courts to alter trustees ' investment powers under the Act was criticised as slow and expensive , and as a result this is now covered by the Trustee Investments Act 1961 .
= = Background = =
Prior to the 1950s , the courts commonly accepted that they could approve a " compromise " agreement where there was a dispute over the precise meaning of words in a trust document . In some cases , the courts used this to rearrange trusts for the benefit of certain parties ( such as minors ) where there was no real dispute . In 1954 however , the House of Lords decided in Chapman v Chapman [ 1954 ] AC 429 that this power was reserved for a genuine dispute . This decision caused frustration : where previously all trusts could be varied , either through the court 's ability to create a " compromise " agreement or the rights granted to trusts which came under the Settled Land Act 1925 , Chapman limited this right to those created under the 1925 Act . In January 1957 the Lord Chancellor asked the Law Reform Committee " to consider whether any alteration is desirable in the powers of the court to sanction a variation in the trusts of a settlement in the interests of beneficiaries under disability and unborn persons , with particular reference to the decision in Chapman v. Chapman " , and a report was presented to Parliament in November of that year . A draft bill was drawn up and introduced by Petre Crowder , the Member of Parliament for Ruislip @-@ Northwood ; it received its second reading in the House of Lords on 12 June 1958 , and was given the Royal Assent on 23 July 1958 .
= = Act = =
The Act gives the courts almost unlimited power to exercise their jurisdiction to form " compromise " agreements , with Section 1 ( 1 ) allowing them to approve " any arrangement ... varying or revoking all or any of the trusts or enlarging the powers of the trustees of managing or administering any of the property subject to the trusts " . This power can be exercised for people in one of four categories : beneficiaries who are incapable of assenting to the change ( infants or those who are otherwise incapable ) ; individuals who may " be entitled " to be beneficiaries in the future , but who are not at present ; unborn beneficiaries ; or people who may be beneficiaries under protective trusts . The first three classes may only have a " compromise " agreement if the alterations are for their benefit , while potential beneficiaries under protective trusts have no such limit . The courts have chosen to interpret " benefit " widely , increasing their powers to alter trusts ; in Re Holt 's Settlement [ 1968 ] 1 All ER 470 , Megarry J said that " the word benefit is ... plainly not confined to financial benefit , but may extend to social or moral benefit " . Under Section 1 ( 3 ) , the Act does not apply to trusts created by an Act of Parliament . The wide scope of the act was quantified in Re Steed 's Will Trusts , where the Court of Appeal ruled that the word " arrangement " was " deliberately used in the widest possible senses so as to cover any proposal which any person may put forward for varying or revoking the trusts " , essentially allowing the courts the right to make any alteration whatsoever . Despite this , the Court of Appeal noted in Re T 's Settlement Trusts [ 1964 ] Ch 158 that the court would not permit a compromise agreement where it not only varied the terms of the trust but constituted the creation of an entirely new one .
There is the question as to what to do with proposed " compromise " agreements where it is not certain that a benefit will ensue . In this situation , the courts have sometimes agreed to take the chance , as in Re Holt 's Settlement ; on other occasions , as in Re Cohen 's Settlement Trusts [ 1965 ] 3 All ER 139 , they have found that if the claimant , a member of a class of beneficiaries , applies and cannot benefit ( although other members of the class can ) , the court is obliged to refuse the request . It is debatable as to whether the intentions of the testator should be taken into account ; in Re Steed 's Will Trusts [ 1960 ] 1 All ER the courts refused to alter a trust document , partially due to the testator 's wishes ; in Re Remnant 's Settlement Trusts [ 1970 ] 2 All ER 554 , however , the court took the opposite view .
While some critics feared that granting the courts unlimited jurisdiction would create " a most undignified game of chess between the Chancery Division and the legislature " , and that it allowed tax planners another way to hide funds , the Act received general approval at the time . It was later criticised as expensive and slow in regards to allowing trustees the right to alter their investment powers , and this part of the Act was later superseded by the Trustee Investments Act 1961 . The second class of beneficiaries covered in Section 1 ( 1 ) caused problems for the courts ; since it only allows the court to alter a trust document where a person " may be entitled " , nothing can be done once this entitlement is confirmed .
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= Samuel Conway =
Samuel Charles Conway ( born June 4 , 1965 in Bryn Mawr , Pennsylvania ) is an American researcher in the pharmaceutical , biomedical and agrochemical fields of organic chemistry . He holds a Ph.D. in chemistry from Dartmouth College .
Outside the scientific community , Conway is better known as Uncle Kage / ˈkɑːɡeɪ / and is chairman and chief organizer of Anthrocon , the largest furry convention in the world . He is a published author , and has acted as a volunteer emergency coordinator , entertainer , and auctioneer .
= = Academic and scientific activities = =
A graduate of Ursinus College , Pennsylvania in 1986 , Conway subsequently studied at the Burke Chemical Laboratories of Dartmouth College , New Hampshire , where he obtained his Ph.D. in 1991 . His thesis concerned the attempted generation of indolyne ( an aromatic compound related to indole ) .
After college , Conway took a postdoctoral appointment in Chicago , later working as a contractor for the Food and Drug Administration , a researcher for Bionetics , a medicinal chemist for Avid Therapeutics ( March 1995 – August 1997 ) and researcher for Message Pharmaceuticals ( August 1997 – April 1999 ) . He spent two years in organ distribution at the National Disease Research Interchange , and was subsequently employed by crop protection company Cerexagri as a regulatory chemist from May 2001 to June 2007 , when he became a principal chemist for West Pharmaceutical Services . As of July 2013 , he was working for a group near Raleigh , North Carolina .
Conway has authored eleven professional publications and two patents . One patent covers compounds intended to treat hepatitis B in synergy with lamivudine ; another relates to recyclable packaging material . His work has been published in Heterocycles , Synthetic Communications , Organic Preparations and Procedures International , Water Research , Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry , Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy , Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters and Current Organic Chemistry .
= = Fandom activities = =
Conway was introduced to furry fandom at Noreascon 3 ( the 1989 Worldcon ) , and has been involved in fan activities from the early 1990s to the present day .
= = = Convention chairman = = =
Conway became the chairman of Anthrocon in 1999 , after his invitation as a guest of honor in 1998 . Under his leadership , Anthrocon was incorporated and moved to Philadelphia . The convention 's attendance grew from 842 to 2 @,@ 489 over the period from 1999 to 2006 , necessitating a further move to Pittsburgh ; 3 @,@ 390 attended in 2008 . Conway is the public face of Anthrocon , responsible for public relations , negotiating hotel contracts , managing finances , damage control and other activities before , during and after the convention . He also talks to fans about presenting furry fandom to the public .
= = = = Media dealings = = = =
Conway dissuades members of the fandom , and Anthrocon membership in particular , from responding to the mass media and news media , due in part to sensationalist coverage like the 2001 Vanity Fair article in which he was quoted . In 2003 he said his standard response to the media was : " Anthrocon is a private event held on private property . Its membership is not interested in being the subject of your documentary . "
However , Conway relaxed this stance with Anthrocon 's move to Pittsburgh in 2006 . While no television , magazine or tabloid representatives were present , several newspapers were invited to attend , and did , including the Pittsburgh Tribune @-@ Review , the Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette , and the Pittsburgh City Paper , which printed both a preview and an extensive review . When local television station KDKA @-@ TV showed up , Conway gave a short television interview outside the convention hotel . In November 2006 he gave a radio interview to Dublin 's 98FM . Anthrocon still retains tight control over media access , not only to the convention grounds but to the membership , and has official policy that forbids unmonitored dealings with unauthorized members of the media .
= = = Storyteller = = =
Conway styles himself " Furrydom 's Storyteller " , making annual appearances at Anthrocon in what has come to be known as Uncle Kage 's Story Hour . The entertainment typically consists of four or five extended personal anecdotes . His stage name resulted from his first storytelling experience at ConFurence in 1994 , and derives from his fandom name Kagemushi Goro ( Shadow Bug Goro ) , a reference to Kagemusha .
Conway is regularly invited to tell his stories at other fan conventions , including I @-@ CON , Eurofurence , ConClave , and Camp Feral ! . Gross sales from recordings of his Story Hours were over US $ 2600 in 2004 ; no profit was realized , as the intention was to increase membership and awareness of Anthrocon .
= = = Auctioneer = = =
Conway 's first auction was at Albany Anthrocon 1997 . Since then , he has presided over auctions which have raised over US $ 66 @,@ 000 for a variety of local wildlife charities at Anthrocon alone . He has performed similar services at other fan conventions , including Midwest FurFest . Conway says his techniques are influenced by Phil Foglio and Joe Mayhew ; they include humor and appeals to pity , novelty and scarcity .
= = = Author = = =
While known within the fandom for his spoken storytelling , Conway is also the author of several short stories published in various works by Sofawolf Press .
In May 1998 , Conway was invited to write a story based on his interest in birds of prey , particularly the Red @-@ tailed Hawk . The result was " Tweaked in the Head " , published December 1999 in Flights of Fantasy . He next contributed to the first issue of HistoriMorphs , a fanzine mixing historical fiction with interaction between humans and anthropomorphic animals . " The Secret of Wollknäul " took place in Nazi Germany at the end of World War II , and was published in June 2001 . He went on to write " The Good Bird of Nanking " and " It Takes A Fox " for subsequent issues of the series .
For Anthrolations # 5 — a magazine of dramatic fiction — Conway submitted " Six " , a previously @-@ written work " based on a true story " involving wildlife rehabilitation from his days as a Red Cross volunteer . The story , illustrated by Synnabar , was nominated for " Best Anthropomorphic Short Story " in the 2002 Ursa Major Awards . Also nominated that year was Breaking the Ice : Stories from New Tibet , a collection set in and around a subarctic mining colony ; Conway 's contribution , " Dead End " , features a bartending vulture who provides an introduction to the harsh , dystopic world .
= = = Charity Work = = =
In 2012 , Conway learned that Fernando 's , a local restaurant , was going to be closing down due to financial trouble . Fernando 's had welcomed Anthrocon guests and furries since Anthrocon moved to Pittsburgh . After putting word out on Twitter and YouTube , over $ 21 @,@ 000 was raised in donations to keep the restaurant in business .
= = Other activities = =
While in college , Conway was a member of the Ursinius Meistersingers vocal music group , and the performing arts honor society Pi Nu Epsilon . He became a volunteer for the American Red Cross Disaster Service in 1989 , but quit in 1998 due to his perception of high @-@ level corruption in the organization . He was an Emergency Management Coordinator while residing in Malvern , Pennsylvania .
In March 1990 , Conway became an experimental bone marrow donor for Mark Stevenson , a 4 @-@ year @-@ old with Hunter syndrome . The operation – the first of its kind involving an unrelated donor – was a success , allowing Mark to live to 24 . Conway became an active volunteer for the National Marrow Donor Program , claiming to have helped add over 500 entries to their donor registry .
Since May 1996 , Conway has participated in the MadSci Network , a free questions @-@ and @-@ answers resource organized by the medical school of Washington University in St. Louis . While most active in the period 1997 – 2000 , he remains a member as of 2009 .
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= Hurricane Gordon ( 1994 ) =
Hurricane Gordon was a long @-@ lived and catastrophic late @-@ season hurricane of the 1994 Atlantic hurricane season . The twelfth and final tropical cyclone of the season , Gordon formed in the southwestern Caribbean on November 8 . Without strengthening , the storm made landfall on Nicaragua . Later on November 10 , the storm began to strengthen as it tracked further from land , and it quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Gordon , the seventh named storm that season . Gordon also made landfalls in Jamaica and Cuba while a minimal tropical storm . It entered the southwestern Atlantic while resembling a subtropical cyclone . By the time it entered the Gulf of Mexico , it was fully tropical again . Tropical Storm Gordon later crossed the Florida Keys , and turning to the northeast it made landfall in Fort Myers , Florida . Gordon strengthened after it re @-@ entered the Atlantic Ocean , becoming a hurricane on November 17 . It briefly threatened North Carolina while turning to the northwest , although it turned to the south and weakened . Gordon deteriorated into a tropical depression and struck Florida again at that intensity on November 20 . It turned to the north and dissipated the next day over South Carolina .
Gordon first caused flooding in northern Costa Rica that destroyed 700 houses and caused $ 30 million in damage . There were six deaths in the country and an additional two deaths in neighboring Panama . Upon affecting Jamaica , the storm was responsible $ 11 @.@ 8 million in damage and four deaths . Damage was heaviest in Haiti , after a prolonged southwesterly flow dropped 14 in ( 360 mm ) of rainfall in a 24 ‑ hour period . The rains resulted in extensive mudslides and flooding that disrupted transportation and damaged 10 @,@ 800 houses , with another 3 @,@ 500 destroyed . There were 1 @,@ 122 deaths in the country , partially due to deforested hills , and damage was estimated at $ 50 million . In neighboring Dominican Republic , there were five additional deaths , as well as flooding near its capital . In Cuba , Gordon caused $ 100 million in damage , and 5 @,@ 906 houses were damaged or destroyed . Due to large @-@ scale evacuations , there were only two deaths in the country . In Florida , the storm caused $ 400 million in damage ( 1994 USD , $ 639 million 2016 USD ) , much of it agricultural , and there were eleven deaths , eight of them direct . Gordon later affected North Carolina with high waves , causing beach erosion and destroying five houses . Overall damage was $ 594 million due to Gordon ( 1994 USD , $ 948 million 2016 USD ) .
International governments and agencies through the United Nations sent relief supplies and monetary assistance to Haiti , following Gordon 's devastating impact there . American soldiers were already stationed in the country to restore ousted Jean @-@ Bertrand Aristide to presidency . The troops helped in rescues and worked to restore a damaged road between Port @-@ au @-@ Prince and Jacmel . Despite the damage , the name was not retired .
= = Meteorological history = =
The origins of Gordon were from a tropical wave in the southwestern Caribbean Sea , which developed a circulation north of Panama early on November 6 . It gradually organized , becoming Tropical Depression Twelve on November 8 offshore eastern Nicaragua . Proximity to land prevented strengthening , and early on November 10 it made landfall near Puerto Cabezas , Nicaragua . Shortly thereafter , an upper @-@ level trough turned the depression to the northeast , and late on November 10 it intensified into Tropical Storm Gordon after reaching open waters . The circulation of the cyclone was initially very broad , covering much of the western Caribbean Sea , and wind shear prevented significant strengthening . Early on November 13 , Gordon struck Jamaica near Kingston as a minimal tropical storm , and later that day made landfall near Guantánamo Bay , Cuba . Around the time of Gordon crossing Jamaica , an upper @-@ level trough spawned a low @-@ level disturbance over the central Bahamas . From surface synoptic reports , the National Hurricane Center estimates Tropical Storm Gordon rapidly crossed Cuba and became the dominant system between Cuba and the Bahamas , but other meteorologists believe Gordon dissipated and that a second cyclone became the dominant system . The resultant storm north of Cuba became much larger , spreading rain across much of Florida .
A ridge to the north turned Gordon to the west @-@ northwest , and by November 14 the cloud pattern resembled that of a subtropical cyclone , with little convection near and the strongest winds well @-@ removed from the center . The storm paralleled the northern coast of Cuba and gradually developed convection near the center . On November 15 , the broad center crossed the Florida Keys near Key West . An approaching trough turned Gordon to the northeast , bringing it ashore near Fort Myers , Florida on November 16 with winds of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . Tropical Storm Gordon crossed the Florida peninsula in about nine hours , emerging into the Atlantic Ocean near Vero Beach . As it reached the Gulf Stream , a small but intense area of convection developed over the center , and after the Hurricane Hunters reported flight @-@ level winds in excess of 90 mph ( 145 km / h ) , Gordon attained hurricane status late on November 17 about 245 miles ( 345 km ) southeast of Cape Fear , North Carolina . Shortly thereafter , it reached peak winds of 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) , and the trough that had turned the hurricane to the north was replaced by a ridge . Gordon turned abruptly northwestward , and was briefly expected to cross the Outer Banks as a minimal hurricane . The hurricane turned to the south and south @-@ southeast , weakening into a tropical storm due to stronger shear and drier air . On November 19 , the storm turned to the southwest and later to the west . Gordon weakened into a tropical depression before striking Florida again near Cape Canaveral on November 20 . It later turned to the north and dissipated over South Carolina on November 21 .
= = Preparations = =
When Gordon was approaching Jamaica on November 12 , a tropical storm watch , and later warning , was issued for the island . The same day , a tropical storm warning was issued for southeastern Cuba from Camagüey to Guantanamo . On November 13 , a tropical storm warning was issued for the southwest peninsula of Haiti , and later that day the same warning was issued for the Bahamas . Due to the storm , 65 @,@ 000 people evacuated to safer locations in Cuba . Schools were closed in New Providence and Grand Bahama due to the storm , and Nassau International Airport was briefly shut down . A flight between Havana and Miami was canceled . In Cuba , officials forced 36 @,@ 518 people to evacuate their homes , and workers also moved 68 @,@ 780 livestock .
After Gordon emerged into the Atlantic north of Cuba , the National Hurricane Center issued a tropical storm warning for southern Florida from Jupiter to the Dry Tortugas , and later extended it to Boca Grande up along the west coast ; this was extended to Bayport on the west coast and to Titusville on the east coast while the storm was approaching the Florida Keys . When Gordon attained hurricane status and turned suddenly to the northwest , a hurricane warning was issued from Bogue Banks to the North Carolina / Virginia border . Florida governor Lawton Chiles activated the state 's Emergency Operations Center . In the Florida Keys , state parks were closed , which forced some campers to leave , and all schools were closed . On the mainland , University of Miami and Miami Dade College were also closed . Space Shuttle Atlantis was forced to land at Edwards Air Force Base in California instead of Kennedy Space Center . The storm caused flights to be canceled or delayed at Miami International Airport , and nearly all flights were canceled to and from the Florida Keys . Hundreds of people evacuated to shelters in five counties in east @-@ central Florida . In North Carolina , officials suggested people in low @-@ lying areas to go to higher ground , but they did not issue evacuation orders .
= = Impact = =
Although Gordon was a tropical storm for most of its existence , it caused enormous damage and loss of life . The United Nations estimated death toll in Haiti was 1 @,@ 122 . Six deaths were reported in Costa Rica , five in the Dominican Republic , two in Jamaica , two in Cuba , and eight in Florida . Property damage to the United States was estimated at $ 400 million ( 1994 USD , $ 639 million 2016 USD ) . Property damage statistics for the other affected areas are not available , but were reportedly severe in both Haiti and Cuba . The high death toll from Gordon made it the deadliest Atlantic hurricane since Hurricane David in 1979 , which killed thousands in the Dominican Republic .
= = = Central America = = =
The first location affected by Gordon was Central America , when it briefly moved over northeastern Nicaragua as a tropical depression . Severe localized flooding occurred in Nicaragua , Panama , and most significantly Costa Rica . There , several days of heavy rainfall damaged about 180 mi ( 300 km ) of roads and bridges , mostly in rural areas . In Upala in the northern portion of the country , the rains damaged beans and rice crops . More than 700 homes were destroyed , leaving about 4 @,@ 000 people homeless . Nationwide , the system killed six people and caused $ 30 million in damage . In Panama , the floods killed two people .
= = = Jamaica = = =
While passing south of Jamaica , Gordon dropped heavy rainfall , which caused flooding in six parishes , mostly in Clarendon and Saint Catherine . The rains caused flooding and mudslides that blocked roads . Gordon left $ 11 @.@ 8 million in damage , mostly in Clarendon . About half of the overall damage was related to roads , and an additional quarter was due to crop damage . There were four deaths and two injuries in the country . Two of the deaths were drownings .
= = = Hispaniola = = =
The broad circulation of Gordon produced a persistent southerly flow across Hispaniola , causing orographic lift in mountainous regions . This caused a prolonged period of heavy rainfall , reaching 14 in ( 360 mm ) in Les Cayes in a 24 ‑ hour period , and over 9 in ( 230 mm ) in the same duration in the capital city , Port @-@ au @-@ Prince . In Jacmel , Gordon dropped 13 in ( 330 mm ) in about 12 hours . The rains resulted in flooding and landslides across the country . There was knee @-@ deep flooding in the shantytown of Cité Soleil , and in Jacmel , the rains increased levels along three rivers . There , the storm washed out the road connecting with Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , and three bridges were destroyed . In Jacmel , 725 houses were destroyed , forcing 1 @,@ 500 people to stay at shelters . Gordon left portions of southeastern Haiti without water access . About 10 @,@ 800 houses were damaged to some degree , and an additional 3 @,@ 500 homes were destroyed . About 1 @.@ 5 million people were directly affected in the country , mostly near Port @-@ au @-@ Prince and in the southern portion , and more than 89 @,@ 000 people were left homeless . In Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , about 20 @,@ 000 homes were flooded , and the bridge connecting the city with northern Haiti was also flooded . Overall damage in the country was estimated at $ 50 million .
The floods and mudslides killed many people in Haiti , although the exact total will likely never be known . On November 19 , officials reported 531 deaths , and by two days later the total was potentially as high as 2 @,@ 000 . On November 24 , the death toll reached 824 , and the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs reported on December 21 that Gordon killed 1 @,@ 122 people in the country . Most of the deaths occurred in Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , Jacmel , and Léogâne . Damage was heavier in Haiti than elsewhere along Gordon 's track due to poor infrastructure consisting of shacks on flood @-@ prone denuded hills . The country suffers large death tolls from many hurricanes , caused in part by human activity . Large @-@ scale deforestation left Haiti with about 1 @.@ 4 % of its forests as of 2004 , leaving denuded mountain slopes that allows rainwater to wash down unimpeded . The lack of tree cover contributed to the devastating floods that caused most of Gordon 's deaths .
In neighboring Dominican Republic , Gordon caused flooding and landslides that disrupted travel and communications to the interior portions of the country . Several slums around Santo Domingo flooded . The storm killed five people in the country .
= = = Cuba and Bahamas = = =
Shortly after moving over Jamaica , Gordon crossed over eastern Cuba . At Guantanamo Bay Naval Base , a station recorded 69 mph ( 111 km / h ) sustained winds , with gusts to 120 mph ( 190 km / h ) during a microburst . The winds were not representative of the storm , and Gordon 's landfall intensity was estimated at around 46 mph ( 74 km / h ) . The storm caused widespread power outages and forced several roads to close . Damage was heaviest in Guantánamo Province , where 9 mi ( 17 km ) of seawalls and two aqueducts were destroyed . The storm damaged or destroyed 43 bridges , damaged 1 @,@ 106 mi ( 1 @,@ 779 km ) of roads , and wrecked 16 @.@ 5 mi ( 26 @.@ 5 km ) of rail lines . About 3 mi ( 5 km ) of underground electrical cables were damaged . There was heavy agricultural damage in southeastern Cuba , estimated at about $ 45 million . Gordon damaged 7 @,@ 482 acres ( 3 @,@ 028 hectares ) of sugar cane fields and damaged or destroyed about 5 @.@ 5 million banana trees . About 100 @,@ 000 sacks of coffee were wrecked , amounting to $ 3 @.@ 5 million in damage , and 50 @,@ 000 litres of milk were ruined . While Gordon was paralleling northern Cuba , it produced high seas that caused flooding , including in Havana . Nationwide , the storm damaged 5 @,@ 750 houses and destroyed 156 others . The cost of damage and reconstruction of homes and roads was $ 47 @.@ 4 million , and there was an additional $ 9 @.@ 5 million in damage to public buildings . Gordon killed two people in the country , which was kept to a minimum due to evacuations , and damage totaled $ 102 million . Two people were injured at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base . The flooding from Gordon followed two other similarly damaging events in the preceding year .
Gordon also affected the nearby Bahamas , producing 46 mph ( 74 km / h ) sustained winds at Kemps Bay , Andros .
= = = Florida = = =
In the Florida Keys , wind gusts up to 49 mph ( 79 km / h ) caused minor damage to trees and motor homes . Intense rainbands caused flooding in low @-@ lying and poorly @-@ draining areas , mostly in the upper Florida Keys . High tides closed portions of U.S. 1 . In the Tampa Bay area , outer rainbands downed power lines and trees , one of which fell onto a car .
While Gordon was moving across southern Florida , Virginia Key reported sustained winds of 53 mph ( 85 km / h ) , which was the highest in the state . Gusts reached 83 mph ( 134 km / h ) at a location in southern Dade County . Similar to the Caribbean , the storm dropped heavy rainfall in southern Florida , with widespread areas reporting over 6 in ( 150 mm ) in the eastern portion of the state . Rainfall peaked at 16 @.@ 1 in ( 410 mm ) in Coopertown . High waves from Gordon severely eroded beaches along the state 's eastern coastline , and damaged coral and artificial reef systems . Waves flooded coastal roads up to 2 ft ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) deep in Miami Beach , and also damaged seawalls . Near Fort Lauderdale , the storm washed a 508 ft ( 154 m ) cargo ship aground less than 150 ft ( 45 m ) from the beach . Several other boats sank or were beached , which prompted 37 rescues . One woman was rescued after being swept 3 @,@ 000 ft ( 910 m ) off a fishing pier in Boynton Beach . Gordon spawned six tornadoes in the state , of which two did no damage and two caused minor damage . A tornado in Lake Worth damaged 39 homes and two businesses . The most damaging tornado was an F2 in southern Brevard County , which originated as a waterspout and moved onshore near Barefoot Bay . It moved through a mobile home community , destroying 62 homes and damaging 227 others to some extent ; damage from the tornado was estimated at $ 10 million . The same tornado injured 40 people , causing six to be hospitalized , and killed an elderly man who died due to head trauma .
Across Florida , Gordon 's winds damaged power lines and knocked down trees and traffic signals ; about 425 @,@ 000 people lost power due to the storm . The rains caused flooding in Dade and Collier counties , which damaged $ 275 million worth of crops , mostly to vegetables and sugar cane . In some locations , the crop damage was worse than during Hurricane Andrew in 1992 , due to fewer crops being planted when Andrew struck the state . Along Elliott Key , Gordon damaged the coral reef system to a greater extent than Andrew . Inland flooding damaged buildings due to fast @-@ rising water and roof collapses . In Volusia County , floods entered 1 @,@ 236 buildings , causing $ 26 million in damage . Flooding caused dozens of roads to close , some of which were washed out . In the Everglades , flooding killed several deer . Statewide , two people drowned in separate instances after driving into flooded areas . Three people drowned along beaches , including one man who died in a rip current while attempting to rescue his son . In Hillsboro Inlet , two people drowned after their boat was overturned by high waves . Throughout Florida , Gordon directly killed eight people , and injured 43 people . There were also three indirect deaths ; two were from traffic accidents , and one was related to a heart attack after a person pushed a stalled car in a flooded road . Statewide damage was estimated at $ 400 million ( 1994 USD , $ 639 million 2016 USD ) .
= = = Remainder of United States = = =
After affecting Florida , Gordon produced rainfall along much of the eastern United States , extending as far north as New Jersey . In North Carolina , rainfall peaked at 4 @.@ 96 in ( 126 mm ) in New Holland , and in Virginia the highest rainfall total was 5 @.@ 25 in ( 133 mm ) near Norfolk . Sustained winds in the Hatteras , North Carolina area peaked at 50 mph ( 80 km / h ) in Buxton . Just offshore at Diamond Shoal Light , a station reported 10 @-@ minute sustained winds of 71 mph ( 114 km / h ) . The hurricane produced tides of 2 @.@ 7 ft ( 0 @.@ 82 m ) above normal in Frisco .
High waves and tides resulted in significant beach erosion along the Outer Banks . The waves closed several portions of North Carolina Highway 12 for up to four days , and also closed a portion of U.S. Route 70 in eastern Carteret County . Heavy dune damage occurred on Ocracoke Island . North of Hatteras Village , the high waves washed out 225 ft ( 69 m ) of dunes , and portions of the Outer Banks between Hatteras and Frisco were flooded up to 2 @.@ 5 ft ( 0 @.@ 76 m ) deep . The effects were similar to that of the 1991 Perfect Storm , although damage was lighter during Gordon . The hurricane destroyed five homes in Kitty Hawk , which were condemned after being previously damaged by Hurricane Emily in 1993 . Also in Kitty Hawk , the storm damaged 52 houses and 2 businesses . In Rodanthe , two homes sustained water damage . The cost of the storm in the state was estimated at $ 314 @,@ 000 . Effects further south in North Carolina were lesser , although serious beach erosion was reported .
Offshore , a family of four required rescue from the Coast Guard after their boat began filling with water in the midst of 17 ft ( 5 @.@ 2 m ) surf . A 49 ft ( 15 m ) sailboat was disabled about 115 mi ( 185 km ) offshore Norfolk , Virginia , and the crew of three were also rescued by the Coast Guard . The sailboat was sailing from Bermuda to Oxford , Maryland , but was halted after the engine failed , the anchor was ripped off , and the mainstay was torn . The interaction between Gordon and a ridge over New England produced coastal flooding in eastern Virginia . Tides reached 4 ft ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) above normal in Virginia Beach , which washed away 100 ft ( 30 m ) of a fishing pier . The high tides caused road damage and minor housing damage .
= = Aftermath and lack of retirement = =
In Costa Rica , President José María Figueres declared a state of emergency due to flooding in that country . He sought $ 15 million in aid from the Inter @-@ American Development Bank . The country 's government handled relief efforts through its Red Cross and federal and non @-@ governmental organizations . The government of Cuba issued an appeal to the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs for financial assistance ; as a result , the agency provided $ 30 @,@ 000 , and the United Nations Development Programme provided $ 50 @,@ 000 . The government of Luxembourg sent $ 37 @,@ 000 worth of construction materials , and the European Union sent $ 443 @,@ 000 to the country .
On November 16 , the government of Haiti issued an appeal to the international community for assistance . In response , agencies through the United Nations donated $ 735 @,@ 000 , including 20 @,@ 000 water units and 3 @,@ 000 blankets . The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs flew 30 tons of supplies , financed by Italy and Luxembourg . The European Union donated about $ 3 @.@ 8 million to the country , and various countries sent about $ 1 @.@ 8 million in cash or the equivalent thereof in relief items . The Canadian government donated $ 485 @,@ 000 , and the government of Japan sent $ 400 @,@ 000 in aid . The government of France provided blankets , clothing , and tarpaulins , and the United States sent 5 @,@ 000 blankets . In the days after the storm , the Haitian Army and international workers made emergency repairs to the road between Jacmel and Port @-@ au @-@ Prince , which was permanently reopened on November 25 . The Haitian government provided $ 3 @.@ 2 million to repair damage and assist those affected by the storm . The government sent about $ 112 @,@ 000 to cities to provide for clearing roads , housing repairs , and for the funerals of storm victims . Workers from the United Nations set up relief work in Port @-@ au @-@ Prince . Assistance quickly reached the ravaged town of Jacmel , including 116 tons of food , 9 tons of medicine , and clothing . Six soldiers from the United States Special Forces rescued 35 Haitians using an inflatable boat . About 100 soldiers from the 10th Mountain Division assisted in relief operations in Jacmel , rescuing hundreds of people . About 12 @,@ 000 United States troops were already in the country when Gordon struck to restore democracy under ousted president Jean @-@ Bertrand Aristide .
Due to the crop damage in Florida , the price of vegetables across the United States rose . There were about 25 @,@ 000 insurance claims following the storm 's passage .
Despite the devastation in Haiti and the extensive damage in Cuba and Florida , Gordon was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization in Spring of 1995 . Member nations of the World Meteorological Organization must send a delegate to the annual meeting to formally submit a request for tropical cyclone name retirement ; for unknown reasons , Haiti did not send a delegate to the Spring 1995 meeting . The World Meteorological Organization issued an official statement crediting Jamaica and Cuba 's warning infrastructure for the low loss of life there from Gordon , and blaming Haiti 's lack of such a system for the large number of deaths there .
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= Travis Ishikawa =
Travis Takashi Ishikawa ( born September 24 , 1983 ) is an American professional baseball first baseman in the San Francisco Giants organization . He stands 6 feet 3 inches ( 1 @.@ 91 m ) tall and weighs 220 pounds ( 100 kg ) . He bats and throws left @-@ handed . Previously , he has played for the San Francisco Giants , the Milwaukee Brewers , the Baltimore Orioles , and the New York Yankees . Ishikawa has also filled in as an outfielder at times in his career .
Ishikawa grew up in Washington State . He was drafted in the 21st round of the 2002 Major League Baseball ( MLB ) Draft by the San Francisco Giants out of high school . He made his Major League debut with the Giants in 2006 , but it was not until 2009 that he made it to the major leagues full @-@ time . He started 2009 as the Giants ' first baseman but failed to produce offensively and was replaced part of the season by Ryan Garko . However , on defense he was third in the National League ( NL ) in fielding percentage . In 2010 , he served as a pinch @-@ hitter and defensive replacement for the Giants and won a World Series ring as the Giants won the 2010 World Series . Ishikawa was designated for assignment at the end of spring training in 2011 and spent the entire season in the minor leagues .
In 2012 , Ishikawa signed with the Milwaukee Brewers , who used him mainly as a pinch @-@ hitter and defensive replacement . Ishikawa spent most of 2013 in the minor leagues , though he played six games for the Baltimore Orioles and one game for the New York Yankees . In 2014 he made the Pittsburgh Pirates Opening Day roster . However his bat wasn 't as hot as it was during Spring Training so the Pirates traded for 1B Ike Davis from the New York Mets and Ishikawa was designated for assignment . He was re @-@ signed by his former team the San Francisco Giants in April and started for them in left field during the 2014 playoffs . On October 16 , 2014 , Ishikawa hit a walk @-@ off three @-@ run home run to give the Giants their third National League pennant in five years by defeating the St. Louis Cardinals .
= = High school years = =
Ishikawa attended Federal Way High School in Federal Way , Washington , where he lettered in baseball , leading his team to the Washington State Class 4A Title as a junior in 2001 and to the title game as a senior in 2002 . He was drafted in the 21st round of the 2002 Major League Baseball Draft by the San Francisco Giants . The Giants gave him a $ 955 @,@ 000 bonus to prevent him from attending Oregon State University . The bonus was the highest back then for a non @-@ first @-@ round player , cued on by the organization 's approaching signing deadline . The Giants could afford to pay a 21st @-@ round pick that much because their higher picks had signed quickly for routine bonuses .
= = Minor League career = =
Ishikawa began his career playing for the rookie @-@ league Arizona League Giants in 2002 . He batted .279 with 10 runs scored , 19 hits , one home run , and 10 Runs batted in ( RBI ) in 19 games ( 68 at @-@ bats ) before being called up to the Class A @-@ Short Season Salem @-@ Keizer Volcanoes of the Northwest League . With Salem @-@ Keizer , he hit .307 with 14 runs scored , 27 hits , one home run , and 17 RBI in 23 games ( 96 at @-@ bats ) . His performance helped Salem @-@ Keizer win the Northwest League championship .
In 2003 , Ishikawa was initially assigned to the Class A Hagerstown Suns of the South Atlantic League . After he batted .206 with 20 runs scored , 40 hits , three home runs , and 22 RBI in 57 games ( 194 at @-@ bats ) , he was demoted to Salem @-@ Keizer . In 66 games ( 248 at @-@ bats ) with the Volcanoes , he batted .254 with 53 runs scored , 63 hits , three home runs , and 31 RBI .
Coming into 2004 , Ishikawa was ranked the Giants ' seventh @-@ best prospect by Baseball America . He spent most of 2004 with the Suns , batting .257 with 59 runs scored , 92 hits , and 54 RBI in 97 games ( 355 at @-@ bats ) . He tied with Nate Schierholtz for the team lead with 15 home runs , and he won the Hagerstown Player of the Month award in July . In the last month of the season , Ishikawa was promoted to the Class A @-@ Advanced San Jose Giants of the California League , where he batted .232 with 10 runs scored , 13 hits , one home run , and 10 RBI in 16 games ( 56 at @-@ bats ) . He also played eight playoff games for San Jose .
Ishikawa was ranked the 10th @-@ best prospect in the Giants ' organization by Baseball America entering 2005 . In 2005 , he spent the entire season with San Jose . In 127 games ( 432 at @-@ bats ) , he batted .282 with 87 runs scored , 122 hits , and 79 RBI . His 22 home runs ranked fourth in the San Francisco Giants ' organization and tied with Bryan LaHair , Travis Metcalf , and Aneudi Cuevas for seventh in the California League . He appeared in six playoff games , batting .217 with four RBI as San Jose won the California League championship .
= = Major League career = =
= = = San Francisco Giants = = =
= = = = 2006 = = = =
Before the season , Baseball America ranked Ishikawa the number four prospect in the Giants ' organization . He attended spring training with the Giants for the first time in his career . He was recalled from the minors for the first time on April 18 when Lance Niekro was placed on the Bereavement List , and made his major league debut the same day in a 7 – 4 loss to the Arizona Diamondbacks . His first big league hit came on April 19 as a pinch @-@ hit single off Brandon Webb in a 10 – 3 loss to Arizona . The next day , he returned to the minors to make room for Niekro . On May 26 , he was recalled when Daniel Ortmeier was sent to the minors . He had his first big league start that day against the Colorado Rockies and had three hits , two doubles and three RBI in a 9 – 0 victory . After the game , Kevin Frandsen and Todd Greene gave him a pie in the face to celebrate . After four games ( during which he hit .500 ) , he was returned to the minors on May 30 . He was recalled on June 13 when Niekro went on the disabled list again . After six games on this stint , he returned to the minors on June 21 when Frandsen was recalled . In the minor leagues that year , Ishikawa played for the Class AA Connecticut Defenders of the Eastern League . In 86 games ( 298 at @-@ bats ) , he batted .232 with 33 runs scored , 69 hits , 10 home runs , and 42 RBI . In 12 games ( 24 at @-@ bats ) with the Giants , he batted .292 with one run scored , seven hits , no home runs , and four RBI . After the season , he played for the Scottsdale Scorpions in the Arizona Fall League .
= = = = 2007 ( minors ) = = = =
Ishikawa attended spring training with the Giants in 2007 but was reassigned to the minors on March 6 . He spent the entire season in the minors , splitting time between Connecticut and San Jose . He began the season with Connecticut , hitting .214 with three home runs and 17 RBI in 48 games ( 173 at @-@ bats ) before suffering a knee injury . He was sent to San Jose on June 28 to recover from it , and he said that the Giants told him he would be promoted to Class AAA after a rehab assignment . However , he struggled and remained with San Jose for the rest of the year , batting .268 with 13 home runs , 34 RBI , and a .551 slugging percentage in 56 games ( 198 at @-@ bats ) . He batted .241 , hit two home runs , and posted five RBI in the playoffs as San Jose won another California League championship .
= = = = 2008 = = = =
In 2008 , Ishikawa again attended spring training for the Giants and again began the season in the minors . On August 13 , he was called up by the Giants to replace a slumping John Bowker as the Giants ' starting first baseman , a position Ishikawa held for most of the remainder of the season . Ishikawa hit his first major league home run on August 17 at Turner Field , a two run shot off Charlie Morton to right field in a 3 – 1 victory over the Atlanta Braves . He set a career high by having three hits on September 12 and 14 against the San Diego Padres . In 33 games ( 95 at @-@ bats ) with the Giants , Ishikawa batted .274 with 12 runs , 26 hits , six doubles , three home runs , and 15 RBI .
Prior to his callup by the Giants , Ishikawa played for Connecticut and the Class AAA Fresno Grizzlies of the Pacific Coast League , batting .299 ( 121 @-@ for @-@ 405 ) with 69 runs , 35 doubles , 24 home runs , and 94 RBI in 112 games with both clubs . Initially , he was assigned to Connecticut , where he batted .289 with 16 doubles , 8 home runs , and 45 RBI in 64 games before earning a promotion to Fresno on June 20 . In 48 games with Fresno , he batted .310 with 19 doubles , 16 home runs , and 46 RBI in 171 at @-@ bats . He had the fourth @-@ highest average , the second @-@ most home runs , and the third @-@ most RBI of players in the Giants ' organization . In May and June , Ishikawa was awarded the Giants Player of Month title ; from June 2 to 8 he was named the Eastern League Player of Week after amassing 10 hit in 22 at @-@ bats ( .455 average ) with three home runs and nine RBI .
= = = = 2009 = = = =
Ishikawa retained the position of starting first baseman in 2009 . In the first game of the season , Ishikawa had two hits , including a three @-@ RBI triple in the first inning against Milwaukee Brewers ' starting pitcher Jeff Suppan as the Giants won 10 – 6 . From May 25 through July 11 , Ishikawa had his best stretch of the year , batting .326 while hitting seven home runs and driving in 17 runs . He set a career high with four hits on May 25 and hit his first home run of the year , a three @-@ run shot against Buddy Carlyle , in an 8 – 2 victory over Atlanta . On July 3 , he hit a ball that was originally ruled a double against Felipe Paulino , but the umpires changed it to a three @-@ run home run after watching the replay as the Giants won 13 – 0 over the Houston Astros . Ishikawa and Juan Uribe hit the Giants ' first set of back @-@ to @-@ back home runs in 2009 against Josh Geer on July 9 in a 9 – 3 victory over the Padres . Through July 26 , he batted .269 with seven home runs and 30 RBI . On July 27 , the Giants traded for Ryan Garko from the Cleveland Indians , intending for him to replace Ishikawa at first base and provide more offense than Ishikawa had . However , Garko struggled to produce offensively , and at the end of August Ishikawa began making most of the starts at first for the rest of the year . On August 25 , he snapped a 2 – 2 tie with a game @-@ winning three @-@ run eighth @-@ inning home run against Jon Rauch as the Giants defeated Arizona 5 – 4 . In 120 games ( 326 at @-@ bats ) , Ishikawa batted .261 with 49 runs scored , 85 hits , 10 doubles , nine home runs , and 39 RBI . His batting average at AT & T Park was fifth in the National League ( NL ) for home stadiums at .349 , but he batted .162 in away games . Defensively , his .996 fielding percentage was third in the NL behind Adam LaRoche 's .999 and Todd Helton 's .998 .
= = = = 2010 = = = =
The Giants made Garko a free agent following the 2009 season , but they signed Aubrey Huff to play first base . As a result , Ishikawa spent most of 2010 pinch @-@ hitting , backing up Huff , and entering as a defensive replacement at first base late in games . Ishikawa hit his first home run of the year on April 7 , against Jeff Fulchino of the Astros in a 10 – 4 victory at Minute Maid Park . Huff began platooning in right field with Schierholtz ( and later , with Andrés Torres ) at the beginning of July , and Ishikawa got the starts at first base when Huff was in right field . On July 3 , Ishikawa hit his first career grand slam against Ubaldo Jiménez ( who had a 14 – 1 record at the time ) in an 11 – 8 victory over Colorado . Ishikawa hit .290 with two home runs and 17 RBI in 36 games from July 1 through August 13 , and he even saw his season batting average go over .300 at times during the stretch . However , the acquisition of José Guillén on August 13 moved Huff back to first base , which returned Ishikawa to a utility role . Giants ' manager Bruce Bochy said , " [ Ishikawa ] ' s done a nice job . "
Ishikawa ended up hitting .266 with three home runs and 22 RBI in 116 games ( 158 at @-@ bats ) for the season . He batted .315 as a pinch @-@ hitter , which ranked seventh in the NL . In a reverse from 2009 , he batted .326 on the road while only hitting .194 at AT & T Park . The Giants won the NL West for the first time since 2003 , and Ishikawa was on the Giants ' active roster throughout their postseason run . He had a pinch @-@ hit double against Mark Lowe in Game 1 of the World Series against the Texas Rangers as the Giants won 11 – 7 . In Game 4 , he got his first start of the postseason , playing first base in the Giants ' 4 – 0 victory . He earned a World Series ring as the Giants defeated Texas in five games to win their first World Series since 1954 .
= = = = 2011 ( minors ) = = = =
After the final game of spring training in 2011 , Ishikawa was designated for assignment and outrighted to the minors to make room for rookie first baseman Brandon Belt . On April 24 , Ishikawa hit a grand slam for Fresno against Kevin Mulvey in a 12 @-@ 5 victory over the Reno Aces . He did not appear for the Giants in 2011 , spending the season with the Grizzlies until he injured his shoulder diving for a ball early in the year and underwent season @-@ ending shoulder surgery in the summer of 2011 . In 56 games ( 175 at @-@ bats ) for the Grizzlies , Ishikawa batted .251 with 21 runs scored , 44 hits , 14 doubles , three home runs , and 18 RBI . On November 2 , the Giants made him a free agent .
= = = Milwaukee Brewers = = =
Ishikawa signed a minor league contract with the Milwaukee Brewers on December 12 , 2011 , and made the team out of spring training as a backup first baseman and pinch hitter . On May 2 , he became the starting first baseman for the Brewers after Mat Gamel tore his anterior cruciate ligament . He hit two home runs against Dillon Gee and had five RBI on May 15 in an 8 – 0 win over the New York Mets . He batted .250 with four home runs and 14 RBI in his first 32 games before going on the disabled list on May 27 with a left rib @-@ cage strain . He returned from the disabled list on June 23 , but by then Corey Hart had taken over the first base job , limiting Ishikawa to a reserve role for the rest of the year . On October 3 , the final game of the season , Ishikawa had four RBI against Andrew Werner in a 7 – 6 loss to the Padres . In 94 games ( 152 at @-@ bats ) , he hit .257 with four home runs and 30 RBI . On November 3 , Ishikawa elected to become a free agent after being outrighted off the Brewers ' 40 @-@ man roster the day before .
= = = 2013 = = =
On December 19 , 2012 , Ishikawa signed a minor league contract with the Baltimore Orioles . He spent most of spring training with the team but was assigned to the Class AAA Norfolk Tides of the International League on March 27 . In 49 games ( 177 at @-@ bats ) with Norfolk , he batted .316 with 56 hits , seven home runs , and 31 RBI . Ishikawa was brought up from the Tides on June 18 when pitcher Miguel González was placed on the paternity leave list ; Ishikawa was called up to play designated hitter and give Chris Davis days off at first base . Ishikawa appeared in six games for the Orioles , getting two hits in 17 at @-@ bats with 1 RBI . The Orioles designated him for assignment on June 29 to make room for Jair Jurrjens on the roster .
Ishikawa was claimed off assignment waivers by the New York Yankees on July 7 . He appeared in one game for the Yankees , starting at first base and going 0 – 2 with two strikeouts in a 5 – 1 loss to the Kansas City Royals . On July 14 , Ishikawa cleared waivers and elected free agency after being designated for assignment when Derek Jeter returned from the 60 @-@ day disabled list .
On July 18 , 2013 , Ishikawa signed a minor league deal with the Chicago White Sox and was assigned to the Charlotte Knights of the International League . In 34 games with the Knights ( 120 at @-@ bats ) , he batted .250 with 30 hits , two home runs , and 23 RBI . His combined totals between Norfolk and Charlotte were a .290 batting average , 86 hits , nine home runs , and 54 RBI in 83 games ( 297 at @-@ bats ) . Only able to see his family for 14 days between February and September , Ishikawa considered retirement .
= = = Pittsburgh Pirates = = =
After Ishikawa decided to play for one more season , the Pittsburgh Pirates signed him to a minor league contract . After prospect Andrew Lambo struggled in 2014 spring training , Ishikawa made the Pirates ' roster . He started on Opening Day ( March 31 ) and platooned at first base with Gaby Sánchez , with Ishikawa playing against right @-@ hander and Sánchez playing against left @-@ handers .
Ishikawa batted .206 with one home run in 15 games . The Pirates traded for Ike Davis on April 18 and designated Ishikawa for assignment on April 19 . He became a minor league free agent on April 23 .
= = = Second stint with the Giants = = =
= = = = 2014 = = = =
Ishikawa signed a minor league deal with the Giants on April 24 . After languishing in the minors for several months , Ishikawa again considered retirement , but the Giants promoted him to the major leagues on July 29 after ongoing injuries to first baseman Brandon Belt and a roster re @-@ shuffle following a six @-@ game losing streak . In late September , with the return of Belt to first base and ongoing injuries to outfielders Michael Morse and Ángel Pagán , the Giants asked Ishikawa to play left field for the first time in his career . Despite being a career first baseman and with just three career regular season starts in left field , Ishikawa became the Giants starting left fielder during the 2014 postseason .
In the 2014 National League Championship Series , Ishikawa batted 5 @-@ for @-@ 13 ( .385 ) with 7 RBIs . He recorded the game @-@ winning RBI in Game 1 and drove in three runs via a bases @-@ loaded double in Game 3 . In Game 5 , with the Giants leading the series three games to one , Ishikawa hit a 3 @-@ run walk @-@ off home run in the bottom of the ninth inning off of St. Louis Cardinals pitcher Michael Wacha to clinch the pennant for the Giants and their third World Series appearance in the past five seasons . Ishikawa 's home run was the first to send a National League team to the World Series since Bobby Thomson 's Shot Heard ' Round the World in 1951 . Ishikawa 's home run was the first ever to end an NLCS and the fourth to end any LCS , after Chris Chambliss ( 1976 ALCS ) , Aaron Boone ( 2003 ALCS ) , and Magglio Ordonez ( 2006 ALCS ) .
Ishikawa earned his second World Series ring when the Giants defeated the Kansas City Royals four games to three .
= = = = 2015 = = = =
On December 4 , 2014 , Ishikawa and the Giants agreed to a one @-@ year , $ 1 @.@ 1 million contract for 2015 . He started the 2015 season on the disabled list due to a back injury suffered near the end of spring training . At the conclusion of his rehab assignment , he was designated for assignment by the Giants and removed from the 40 @-@ man roster . Ishikawa subsequently cleared waivers and was sent to the Sacramento River Cats . On June 24 , 2015 , Ishikawa was called back up to the Giants to take the place of the injured Nori Aoki . He was designated for assignment again on July 3 .
= = = Second stint with the Pirates = = =
Ishikawa was claimed off waivers by the Pirates on July 5 , 2015 . In 38 games with the Pirates , Ishikawa hit .224 with one home run and 8 RBI .
= = = 2016 = = =
In January 2016 , Ishikawa was reportedly close to signing a minor @-@ league contract with the Seattle Mariners , but the deal fell through . He signed a minor @-@ league contract with the Chicago White Sox on February 9 . He opened the 2016 season with the Class AAA Charlotte Knights . He was released on May 24 , 2016 . On June 8th , Ishikawa signed a minor league deal to return to the San Francisco Giants organization .
= = Personal life = =
Ishikawa 's father , Alan Ishikawa , is the controller for a chain of Washington supermarkets and a third @-@ generation Japanese American ( Sansei ) . His mother is European @-@ American . His paternal grandparents were held in an internment camp in Colorado during World War II .
Ishikawa met his wife , Rochelle , a dental assistant , after being hit by a pitch in the face in his first game with San Jose . They married in 2007 and have three children , including a daughter who was born on Ishikawa 's 25th birthday , September 24 , 2008 . Ishikawa became a Christian in 2007 , which he believes helped him out of his slump that year . He says , " Faith will always be the biggest part of anything that happens . "
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= Mycena adonis =
Mycena adonis , commonly known as the scarlet bonnet , is a species of fungus in the Mycenaceae family . Found in Asia , Europe , and North America , it produces small orangish to reddish inedible mushrooms with caps up to 1 @.@ 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 5 in ) in diameter , held by thin pinkish @-@ white stems reaching 4 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) long . The fungus prefers to grow in conifer woods and peat bogs , suggesting a preference for acidic environments . The appearance of several atypical fruitings of Mycena adonis on deciduous wood in the Netherlands in the late 1970s was attributed to increases in atmospheric pollution that raised the acidity of the wood substrate . Mushrooms resembling M. adonis include M. acicula , M. aurantiidisca , and M. rosella .
= = Taxonomy = =
The species was first named Agaricus adonis in 1792 by Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard , and placed in Mycena by Samuel Frederick Gray in 1821 . Rolf Singer successively moved it to Hemimycena ( 1943 ) , then Marasmiellus ( 1951 ) . Singer later changed his mind about these placements , and his 1986 Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy , he considered the species a Mycena ; the binomials resulting from the prior generic transfers are synonyms .
The mushroom is commonly known as the " scarlet bonnet " . Samuel Frederick Gray called it the " Adonis high @-@ stool " in his 1821 Natural Arrangement of British Plants , while Mordecai Cubitt Cooke named it the " delicate Mycena " .
= = Description = =
The cap initially has a sharply conic shape , but expands to a narrow bell @-@ shape or a broad cone in maturity , typically reaching 0 @.@ 5 to 1 @.@ 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 2 to 0 @.@ 5 in ) in diameter . The cap margin , which is initially pressed against the stem , is opaque or nearly so at first . It is scarlet red when fresh and moist , becoming orange or yellowish orange before losing moisture . The mushroom is hygrophanous , and fades to an orange buff color when dry . The flesh is thin , the same color as the cap , fragile , and without any distinctive taste or odor . The gills are ascending @-@ adnate ( the gills attach at much less than a right angle , appearing to curve upward toward stem ) or attached by a tooth , subdistant to close , with 14 – 16 gills reaching the stem . Additionally , there are two or three tiers of lamellulae — short gills that do not extend fully from the cap edge to the stem . The gills are narrow , and yellowish or with a reddish tinge at first ; the margins are paler and the same color as the faces . The stem is 2 – 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 – 1 @.@ 6 in ) long and 1 – 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 0 – 0 @.@ 1 in ) thick , and roughly equal in width throughout . It is tubular , fragile , initially pruinose ( covered with a fine powder ) , polished and smooth with age , pale yellow , becoming whitish , with the base often dirty yellow or brownish . Mycena adonis mushrooms are inedible .
= = = Microscopic characteristics = = =
The spores are narrowly ellipsoid , nonamyloid , and measure 6 – 7 by 3 – 3 @.@ 5 µm . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are four @-@ spored and measure 20 – 22 by 6 – 7 µm . The cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia ( cystidia found on the edges and faces , respectively , of the gills ) are abundant and similar in shape and markings , 40 – 58 by 10 – 15 µm , tapering somewhat on either end and usually with a long needle @-@ shaped neck ( which is branched in some ) . The cystidia are generally smooth , but when dried material is mounted in potassium hydroxide for observation under light microscopy , an amorphous substance apparently holds spores and debris around the neck or apex , making them appear encrusted . The flesh of the gill is very faintly vinaceous @-@ brown when stained in iodine . The cap flesh has a thin , poorly differentiated pellicle with a region of slightly enlarged cells beneath it ; the remainder is filamentous , and the filamentous portion stains vinaceous @-@ brown in iodine .
= = = Similar species = = =
There are several other mycenas with which Mycena adonis could be confused . M. acicula is typically a smaller mushroom with a deep orange @-@ red cap rather than the typical bright salmon @-@ pink color of M. adonis . Since the colors and sizes of M. acicula and M. adonis are similar , a microscope is needed to reliably distinguish between them , with spore size and shape being different . M. strobilinoides can be distinguished from M. adonis by its orange cap and amyloid spores . M. aurantiidisca can be distinguished from M. adonis by it lack of scarlet to pinkish tones in the cap and lack of gelatinized cortical hyphae . Mycena oregonensis is differentiated from M. adonis by its orange to yellow cap and lack of scarlet to pinkish tones . M. roseipallens has a smaller fruit body , wider spores , a less intensely colored and less conical cap , and grows on the decaying wood of elm , ash , and alder .
= = Ecology , habitat and distribution = =
The fruit bodies of Mycena adonis grow solitarily or in groups in conifer forests , and appear in the spring and autumn . The fruit bodies grow in groups or scattered on needle beds under spruce and hemlock in the wet coastal conifer forests , or in the higher mountains , where it is not uncommon in the spring and autumn months . In one instance , fruit bodies were found growing on the deciduous trees Spanish Maple ( Acer granatense ) and willow ( Salix alba ) near Amsterdam , Holland . It was hypothesized that the bark of these trees had become more acid in recent years because of increasing atmospheric pollution ( specifically , increases in the levels of sulfuric and nitric acid from industrial smoke ) , providing a more suitable substrate for the fungus .
The fungus is found in western North America , and in 2007 , it was reported from the valley of the Ussuri River in the northeast of China . It is also found in Europe ( Britain , Germany , Holland Scotland ) and the Canary Islands . Mycena specialist Alexander H. Smith has found the species in Washington , Oregon , and California .
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= Chi ( Chobits ) =
Chi ( Japanese : ちぃ , Hepburn : Chyi ) is a fictional character in the manga series Chobits and its anime adaptation . Chi is a Chobit , a type of personal computer called a persocom that is far more technologically advanced than regular persocoms , and who are said to possess true machine intelligence rather than relying on software programs like other persocoms . She is found by Hideki , a high school graduate who has no idea about her unique abilities or of her past . Over the course of the series Hideki tries to discover what type of persocom Chi is , being told that she is something special . He finds her a job , and has to deal with her being kidnapped at one point . Chi learns about the things around her and what it means to be in love . At the end of the series , Chi finds the person " just for her " , and her forgotten identity is revealed , causing Hideki to confront his feelings .
In two interviews describing the series Chi 's creators , CLAMP , said it would be much easier if computers could speak to you when they had errors . Chi is voiced by Rie Tanaka in the anime and Georgette Rose in its English counterpart . The manga and anime follow Hideki 's find of Chi and their relationship , but differ in the storyline . Chi 's critical reception has been mostly positive , with reviewers calling her " cute " . In addition to Chobits , she is also a crossover character in the series Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle and is referenced in other works .
= = Concept = =
In an interview when describing Chi 's character , CLAMP member Satsuki Igarashi stated " Lately we 've been saying that the easiest to understand is Chii from ' Chobits . ' Errors occur with computers . Things like ' Although it 's fine to speak the instructions ' and ' Please fix this problem here ' might be spoken in a cute voice . " In addition , an explanation for Chobits 's plot was given by Igarashi who stated : " Back then , when our computer had problems all we would get were these inscrutable error messages . However , we had no idea what was wrong because it wouldn 't tell us any more " . CLAMP also describes Chobits as a variation of the " boy living with mysterious girl " genre . Chi 's design as a personal computer resulted from Ohkawa 's wish to increase the sense of " emotional discomfort " around becoming emotionally involved with something considered to be merely a lifeless machine .
The name " Chobi " , came from the name of a cat at the place of Nekoi 's former employment , which the group made into " Chobits " , as the characters Elda and Freya were twins . In the series , CLAMP had Chi 's creator , Ichiro Mihara ( a character from their shared universe work Angelic Layer ) , use the word " Chobi " to describe anything he thought was " small and hopelessly adorable " ; two Chobi ( the sisters Elda and Freya ) become " Chobits " .
= = Appearances = =
= = = In the manga = = =
Chi first appears atop a trash pile in an alley where she is found by Hideki Motosuwa , a high school graduate who knows very little about computers or the androids known as " persocoms " ( personal computers ) that have become the fashionable item to have in the city . Unlike other persocoms , her activation switch is located in an unusual place : her crotch . She has difficulty communicating with Hideki at first ; the only word that she says is " chi " , which becomes her given name , but slowly she learns how to speak . Having no memory of her past life , she is taught by Hideki to perform simple tasks . Hideki 's neighbor Shinbo and computer prodigy Minoru determine that Chi is no ordinary persocom , and may be a legendary " Chobit " , possessing synthetic intelligence .
At one point Hideki considers having to take on a second job due to his poor financial state . He is eventually able to convince his former employer Hiroyasu Ueda to hire Chi at his bakery during his anniversary sale . Chi eventually finds herself kidnapped by Yoshiyuki Kojima . Yoshiyuki initiates a program that he had created especially for Chi , which is designed to break through her firewalls , and when he embraces and gropes her , Freya intervenes by binding him with wires connected to Chi and releasing a powerful , concussive blast . Hideki and Shinbo find her , and Freya vanishes , causing Chi to collapse from the energy used . She recovers and briefly reunites with Hideki , before losing consciousness . Shinbo then forces Yoshiyuki to transfer his persocom Kotoko 's registration to Hideki to prevent Yoshiyuki from deleting her memories , so that a record of his kidnapping exists .
Hideki later learns that before he found Chi , her name was Elda . After Ichiro 's wife , Chitose Hibiya , noticed that Freya — the first Chobit who was created to be the daughter she and her husband could never have — was becoming increasingly depressed as time went by , Elda was created to be her younger sister to cheer her up . Freya , however , had fallen in love with Ichiro , and the emotional pain of her unrequited love and her wish to not disturb her parents ' happiness eventually caused her to severely malfunction . Elda took Freya 's program , which included her mind and memories , into herself to preserve her memory . Before losing her own memories as a result of her actions , Elda requested to be left alone outside , away from her family , so that she would not have the possibility of suffering the same fate as her sister . Her father then gifted her with a program which will delete the recognition programs of all persocoms if she fails to find her soulmate , while her mother authored the children 's book series A City with No People , a story within a story about the relationships between persocoms and people , to help Chi in her quest .
Towards the end of the series , Zima and Dita , persocom agents for the Japanese government who know the outcome of Chi 's special program , arrive at Hideki 's apartment . A minor scuffle ensues between Dita and Chi , before Zima restrains Dita , wishing to see the outcome of Hideki 's decision and ultimately too falling under Chi 's influence . Hideki confirms his love for Chi , only to find that Freya has taken control of her body . Learning that he that he can never engage in sexual intercourse with Chi without rebooting her systems , erasing everything that makes her a unique individual , Hideki states that he will love Chi regardless . Freya confirms that while Chi and herself are indeed the legendary Chobits , they possess neither sentience nor emotions , but rely on software programs just like every persocom . Again , Hideki stands by his love for Chi . Hideki declines her offer to tell him about Chi 's special ability , and Freya vanishes after imploring him to take care of her sister . Chi awakens , embracing Hideki . The series ends with Chi holding Hideki 's hand with visible rings Chi had chosen for the two of them .
= = = In the anime = = =
Chi 's character is voiced by Rie Tanaka , and Georgette Rose in its English counterpart . The anime and manga storylines are essentially the same , but they differ slightly . These differences include the events in the ending , other things such as describing Elda 's memory loss , and her special program . In the anime for example , it is explained that Hibiya reset Elda 's memories after her husband 's death rather than Elda losing them when she took Freya 's program in . Another difference is the special program that was placed into Elda in the anime , this program appears to have an alternate effect . If Chi finds the Person just for her , all persocoms would be granted the ability to feel emotion . The reason for this is since Ichiro Mihara was the creator of persocoms , he viewed them all as his children . His wish was that if Chi were able to find someone who loved her in return , all his children would be able to share in this happiness by being able to feel emotions the way humans do .
In the anime , an organization known only as " The Syndicate " is aware of Chi and her special programming . Under the impression that something terrible will happen if her program executes successfully , they send two persocoms , Zima and Dita , to destroy her . Towards the end of the series Chi tells Hideki of her love , asking if it is requited . Hideki responds with a yes , and they embrace briefly before Chi 's program executes . Chi floats up to the roof of the apartment and begins to run her program . Hideki makes his way on to the roof to save her . Chi is able to complete her program but chooses not to . She retreats inside herself , and Freya takes control as Chitose Hibiya arrives on the rooftop .
Freya explains how she came to inhabit Chi 's body . She reveals that she and Chi merely switched places inside the body , but Chi has shut herself away and Freya cannot contact her . Hideki asks why , and Freya explains that Chi discovered there were certain things that humans could do that she could not , leading her to believe that while Hideki would love her , it would make her existence unbearable . Hideki protests that it would not , but Freya tells him that Chi thought otherwise . She then tells Chitose that the time has come to destroy both of them , and she reluctantly agrees . Against Hideki 's protestations , she deactivates Freya . Chi , however , has survived the deactivation and comes to the conclusion that while life with Hideki may seem painful because of her limitations , it is even more painful without him . She regains control of her body and completes her program , giving every persocom the ability to love then embraces Hideki .
= = = In other media = = =
Chi makes several appearances in Tsubasa : Reservoir Chronicle , and is voiced by in the anime by : Kaori Nazuka ( Japanese version ) and Trina Nishimura ( English version ) . In this crossover series , she is created by Fai D. Flourite as a guardian of the pool where his brother 's body , and eventually the sealed Ashura @-@ ou are kept . Fai modeled Chi after his memories of his mother , and was created using one of Princess Sakura 's feathers . Chi eventually disintegrates after the feather is removed and given back to Sakura . Another version of Chi appears in episode 32 of the anime where she is the queen of a world that is in a never @-@ ending night . Chi 's character is also cosplayed in the anime adaptation of Hanaukyo Maid Team : La Verite . While trying to sell manga at the " Comic manga market " , Ikuyo Suzuki has the cast of characters cosplay and Mariel goes as Chi .
= = Reception = =
Reviews of Chi 's character have been mostly positive . Nanase Ohkawa of CLAMP stated : " We had a lot of letters with comments saying Chi was really cute " THEM Anime Reviews critiqued Chi for being a main character but " not having a personality " in the series . Tony Chen from Anime News Network said that " The way CLAMP executes the development of Chi 's character , growing her from what is basically the mental equivalent of a five @-@ year @-@ old child to a much more intelligent and complex being , is not only clever but also very cute . " On the website Screen Junkies , Chi is ranked number 3 of 10 of a " Top 10 anime girls " pick and number 6 of 10 for best anime couples ( Chi and Hideki ) . In his book The Anime Machine : A Media Theory of Animation , Thomas LaMarre describes Chi as " lighter than air " and a " slight slender undefined " body and with not much potential for physical movement . Thomas also describes Chi as " bony " and skeletal " in a physiological way and compares her to a curled up cat when reclining . Chi is also a cosplayed character by fans at anime conventions and related events .
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= Defender ( 1981 video game ) =
Defender is an arcade video game developed and released by Williams Electronics in February 1981 . A horizontally scrolling shoot ' em up , the game is set on a fictional planet where the player must defeat waves of invading aliens while protecting astronauts . Development was led by Eugene Jarvis , a pinball programmer at Williams ; Defender was Jarvis ' first video game project and drew inspiration from Space Invaders and Asteroids .
Defender was one of the most important titles of the Golden Age of Video Arcade Games , selling over 55 @,@ 000 units to become the company 's best selling game and one of the highest @-@ grossing arcade games ever . Praise among critics focused on the game 's audio @-@ visuals and gameplay . It is frequently listed as one of Jarvis ' best contributions to the video game industry , as well as one of the most difficult video games . Though not the first game to scroll horizontally , it created the genre of purely horizontal scrolling shooters . It inspired the development of other games and was followed by sequels and many imitations .
There were many ports to contemporary systems , most of them by either Atari , Inc. or its software label for non @-@ Atari platforms , Atarisoft .
= = Gameplay = =
Defender is a two @-@ dimensional side @-@ scrolling shooting game set on the surface of an unnamed planet . The player controls a space ship as it navigates the terrain , flying either to the left or right . A joystick controls the ship 's elevation , and five buttons control its horizontal direction and weapons . The object is to destroy alien invaders , while protecting astronauts on the landscape from abduction . Humans that are abducted return as mutants that attack the ship . Defeating the aliens allows the player to progress to the next level . Failing to protect the astronauts , however , causes the planet to explode and the level to become populated with mutants . Surviving the waves of mutants results in the restoration of the planet . Players are allotted three ships to progress through the game and are able to earn more by reaching certain scoring benchmarks . A ship is lost if it is hit by an enemy , or hit by an enemy projectile , or if a hyperspace jump goes wrong ( as they randomly do ) . After exhausting all ships , the game ends .
= = Development = =
Defender was Williams Electronics ' first attempt at developing a new video game ; the company 's earlier game was a Pong clone . The popularity of coin operated arcade games in 1979 spurred the company to shift its focus from pinball games to arcade games . The company chose Eugene Jarvis , who had a successful record of Williams pinball games , to head development . Larry DeMar , Sam Dicker , and Paul Dussault assisted Jarvis . At the time , Williams had a small staff and the management was unfamiliar with technology used for its electronic games . As a result , the staff was afforded a large amount of creative freedom .
= = = Initial development = = =
Space was a popular setting for video games at the time , and Jarvis felt the abstract setting would help obscure simple graphics that lacked realism . Initially , Jarvis spent 3 – 4 months developing color variations of Taito 's Space Invaders and Atari 's Asteroids . First inspired by Space Invaders , he created a similar game with new gameplay mechanics . After spending a few weeks on the design , however , the team abandoned the idea , believing it lacked enjoyment . Development then shifted to emulating Atari 's Asteroids , but hardware differences between Asteroids and Defender 's proposed specifications were problematic . Asteroids displays vector graphics on a special monitor , while the staff planned to use pixel graphics on a conventional monitor . The team experimented with recreating the game with pixel graphics , but also abandoned it because they felt the gameplay lacked enjoyment and visual appeal .
Believing their first attempts to be too derivative , the developers held brain storming sessions . During a session , they agreed that one of Asteroids 's favorable elements was its wrapping effect . They felt a game that allowed the player to fly off the screen would be exciting , and decided to create a game world larger than the screen displayed . The game 's environment was made longer than the screen , with the visible area scrolling horizontally . Expanding on the idea , they envisioned a version of Space Invaders rotated 90 degrees . By changing the orientation of Space Invaders ' design , the ship moved up and down while flying horizontally . Large asteroids , an element from Asteroids , were then added to the game world , but were later removed because the staff felt it lacked enjoyment . Jarvis intended the screen to scroll only from left to right ; fellow Williams employee Steve Ritchie , however , convinced him the game should be able to scroll in either direction .
After six months of development , the team felt the game had not made enough progress . They examined other games and concluded that survival was a necessary component to implement . To achieve this , they devised enemies to present a threat , the first of which was the " Lander " . Jarvis enjoyed violent , action entertainment , and wanted the game to have those elements . However , he felt the action should have a reasonable objective . Inspired by the 1960s television show The Defenders , Jarvis titled the game Defender , reasoning that the title helped justify the violence . He added astronauts to expand on the space theme and give players something to defend while they shot enemies . The element of flying over a planetscape was added after a brainstorming session between Jarvis and Ritchie . The landscape is depicted as a line only a pixel wide , primarily because the hardware was not powerful enough to generate anything more detailed .
= = = Later development = = =
By July , development was behind schedule and Jarvis 's superior began to pressure him to finish the game in time for an upcoming trade show , the AMOA , in September . Jarvis spent several weeks creating the astronauts , which his boss felt should be omitted if the process didn 't speed up . The pressure frustrated him to the point he considered resigning . Around that time , a new programmer named Sam Dicker was hired . He assisted programming the game and added visual and audio effects . For example , Dicker implemented a particle effect algorithm to generate unique explosions for destroyed enemies . The new elements re @-@ invigorated Jarvis , who felt the project began to show promise .
Development then shifted focus to the enemies . Landers were given the ability to capture humans , and a new enemy was devised from the mechanic : " Mutants " , captured humans that had turned hostile . The Mutants added a rescue element to the game that Jarvis believed made it more interesting to players and encouraged them to continue playing . The element of making a " comeback " from a dire situation was applied to the planet as well . Jarvis felt it mimicked the ups and downs of real life . " Bombers " , enemies which release floating bombs on the screen , were added next . More enemies were added to create different gameplay elements . " Swarmers " and " Pods " were designed to attack the spaceship as opposed to the astronauts . " Baiters " were included to add pressure to the player by preventing them from lingering . The enemies quickly follow the spaceship to collide with it , and were based on a similar enemy in Asteroids .
By September , the game was still unfinished , and almost every Williams programmer assisted in meeting the deadline for the AMOA trade show . The evening before the trade show , the arcade cabinets were delivered for display . The developers , however , forgot to create an attract mode — an automated sequence designed to entice an audience to play — for the game , and began working on it that night . Early the next morning , the team created the final EPROM chips for the mode and installed them in cabinets . The chips , however , did not work and the designers made additional attempts to correct the problem . Once the attract mode was operational , Jarvis and the team returned to their homes to prepare for the show . After the show , the developers expanded the game to allow users to play indefinitely . The display model featured five levels , which the team felt was more than enough because of the game 's difficulty . Most Williams employees could not progress past the third level and Jarvis 's score of 60 @,@ 000 points seemed unbeatable to them . The developers decided it was best to be prepared for players that might exceed their expectations and added more levels that repeated .
= = = Hardware = = =
The game features amplified monaural sound and pixel graphics on a CRT monitor . A Motorola 6809 central processing unit handles the graphics and gameplay , while a Motorola 6800 microprocessor handles the audio . A pack of three AA batteries provide power to save the game 's settings and high scores when the machine is unplugged from an electrical outlet . The cabinet artwork is stenciled on the wooden frame .
Development started by focusing on the game 's hardware . The staff first debated what type of monitor to use : black and white or color . They reasoned that using advanced technology would better establish them as good designers and chose a color monitor . The developers estimated that the game would require 4 colors , but instead chose hardware that could display each pixel in 16 colors . At the time , the designers believed that was more than they would ever need for a game . The monitor 's resolution is 320 × 256 , an expansion from the then industry standard of 256 × 256 . The staff believed that the wider screen provided a better aspect ratio and would improve the game 's presentation . Video games at the time relied on hardware to animate graphics , but the developers decided to use software to handle animation and programmed the game in assembly language . The switch allowed them to display more on @-@ screen objects at a lower cost .
The game 's control scheme uses a two @-@ way joystick and five buttons . Jarvis designed the controls to emulate both Space Invaders and Asteroids simultaneously . The player 's left hand manipulates the joystick similar to Space Invaders and the right hand pushes buttons similar to Asteroids . The button functions also use a similar layout to Asteroids , with the button to shoot projectiles and accelerate on the far right and left , respectively . Jarvis reasoned that players were accustomed to the control schemes of past games , and felt altering past designs would prove difficult for them .
= = Reception = =
Initially , the game was slow to gain popularity . Defender did not attract much attention at the 1980 AMOA show . In retrospect , Jarvis believed many passersby were intimidated by its complexity . The game , however , was well received in arcades , and crowds gathered around the cabinet during its first nights of play testing . The success spurred Williams to release a cocktail version as well . Defender eventually became Williams ' best selling arcade game , with over 55 @,@ 000 units sold worldwide . By 2004 , the game was a popular collector 's item ; the upright cabinets were common , while the cocktail models were more rare . Since its release , it has become one of the highest grossing arcade games ever , earning over US $ 1 billion . Williams employee Larry Demar was surprised at the game 's popularity , stating that it was the only game he 'd seen able to earn that quantity of quarters . Six months after its release , the game was one of the top earners in the United States video game industry . Mark Stearny of JoyStik magazine called Defender the most successful game in 1981 , commenting that it outperformed Pac @-@ Man .
The game garnered praise for its graphics , audio , and gameplay features . Gamespy 's David Cuciz lauded Defender 's challenging gameplay , commenting that it is representative of what other games should be . He described the graphics as " beautiful " , citing the varied sprites and flashing explosions . Matt Barton and Bill Loguidice of Gamasutra stated the audio @-@ visuals and gameplay 's depth balanced the excessive difficulty . They praised the game 's " catch and rescue " feature , as well as the minimap . Cuciz also praised the minimap , stating that the game is impossible without it and that it allows players to plan strategies . Author John Sellers praised the audio @-@ visuals and the connection between the game 's plot and gameplay . At the time of its release , Stan Jarocki , director of marketing at then competitor Midway Manufacturing , described the game as " amazing " . In 2008 , Guinness World Records listed it as the number six arcade game in technical , creative , and cultural impact . That same year , Retro Gamer rated the game number ten on their list of " Top 25 Arcade Games " , citing it as a technical achievement and a difficult title with addictive gameplay . Also in 2008 , Edge ranked Defender the sixth best game from the 1980s . The editors described its design as very " elegant " despite a lack of narrative and characters .
Defender is often described as one of the most difficult games in the industry . Softline in 1983 wrote that it " remains one of the hardest arcade games ever developed . Initial attempts lasting less than ten seconds are not uncommon for novices " . GameDaily in 2009 rated Defender the ninth most difficult game , citing the attack and rescue gameplay . Author Steven L. Kent called it " one of the toughest games in arcade history " . He also stated that novice players typically are able to play only a few seconds , and that enthusiasts saw proficiency at the game as a " badge of honor " . David Cuciz echoed similar comments . Sellers described Defender 's difficulty as " humbling " , saying that few could play it with proficiency . He further stated , however , that players would continue to play despite the difficulty . Author David Ellis attributes the game 's success to its challenging design . Its difficulty is often attributed to its complex control scheme . Edge magazine called Defender " one of the most difficult @-@ to @-@ master " games , describing its controls as " daunting " . Retro Gamer writer Craig Grannell called the game and controls " ruthless " and " complex " respectively .
In 1983 Softline readers named the Atari 8 @-@ bit version fifth on the magazine 's Top Thirty list of Atari programs by popularity . The magazine was more critical , however , stating that " The game 's appeal does not justify its unreasonable cost " of being shipped on cartridge .
= = Impact and legacy = =
Players have competed to obtain the highest score at the game and the longest play time on a single credit . Competitive playing for the longest play time was popularized by Mario Suarez from Atlantic City , who played Defender for over 21 and half hours in 1982 at the Claridge Casino Hotel in Atlantic City . It was authenticated by the Casino / hotel and the many witnesses that watched along with the Press of Atlantic City ; the media attention spurred other players to attempt the same feat . Expert players exploited software bugs to extend the length of their play time . Defender was the focus of the first Twin Galaxies video game contest . Players in 32 cities simultaneously competed the weekend of April 3 – 4 , 1982 . Rick Smith was the victor with a score of 33 @,@ 013 @,@ 200 which took 38 hours . One bug , related to how the game keeps track of scoring , allows players to earn a large number of " extra lives " . Players can then use the extra lives to leave the game unattended while they rest . Other bugs allow the ship to avoid damage from the enemies , also prolonging the length of play .
Professor Jim Whitehead listed Defender as the first horizontally scrolling shooting game , and describes it as a breakthrough title for its use of full 2D motion , multiple goals , and complex gameplay that provides players with several methods to play . James Hague of Dadgum Games called Defender a landmark title from the 1980s . Stearny said that the game 's use of scrolling helped remove design limitations associated with the screen . Cuciz stated that Defender 's use of scrolling introduce the " first true ' gaming environment ' " . He further said that though the game 's minimap feature had been introduced before , Defender integrated it into the gameplay in a more essential manner . Stearny described it as the most important space game in the early 1980s . He commented that its realism and technological advances pushed developers to create more popular games , citing Gorf and Phoenix as examples . Vince listed the game as a classic title that introduced new technology , specifically scrolling . Ellis stated that prior to Defender , companies designed video games to have a balanced challenge . They believed games should be easy enough to attract players , but difficult enough to limit play time to a few minutes ; anything too challenging would dissuade players . Loguidice and Barton commented that Defender 's success , along with Robotron : 2084 , illustrated that video game enthusiasts were ready for more difficult games , which spurred developers to create more complex game designs .
Jarvis 's contributions to the game 's development are often cited among his accolades . Author John Vince considered him as one of the originators of " high @-@ action " and " reflex @-@ based " arcade games , citing Defender 's gameplay among other games designed by Jarvis . Ellis stated that Jarvis established himself as an early " hard @-@ core " designer with Defender . In 2007 , IGN listed Eugene Jarvis as a top game designer whose titles ( Defender , Robotron : 2084 and Smash TV ) have influenced the video game industry . Barton and Loguidice stated that the game helped establish Williams and Jarvis as key figures in the arcade game industry . Sellers echoed similar comments . After the success of Defender , Williams expanded their business by building a new facility and hired more employees . Before the expansion , Jarvis could work in isolation . But the influx of people created an environment he was unhappy with . He left Williams along with DeMar to found their own development company , Vid Kidz . The company served as a consulting firm to Williams and developed two games for them .
= = = Remakes and sequels = = =
The success of Defender prompted Williams to approach Vid Kidz , who originally wanted to create a new game . DeMar , however , suggested creating an enhanced version of Defender to meet Williams ' four @-@ month deadline . Vid Kidz titled the game Stargate , and developed it as a sequel to Defender . It features new elements and improved the original 's performance . Some home ports of Stargate were released under the title Defender II for trademark purposes .
Williams released a Defender @-@ themed pinball machine in 1982 . It has many elements from the original game : sound effects , enemies , waves , and weapons . Williams produced less than 400 units , which have become rare machines .
Midway 's 1991 Strike Force is an arcade update to Defender in the same way that Smash TV is an update to Robotron : 2084 . Jarvis and DeMar assisted with the game , which was programmed by Todd Allen and Eric Pribyl . The game was not widely distributed .
Atari released Defender 2000 in 1995 for the Atari Jaguar console . It written by Jeff Minter who had previously updated Tempest as Tempest 2000 .
A 2002 remake , published simply as Defender , features 3D graphics and a third @-@ person viewpoint . It was released for the Xbox , Game Cube , and PlayStation 2 .
Emulated versions of Defender have been included in various home compilations , such as Williams Arcade 's Greatest Hits .
= = = Influenced games and clones = = =
Home games that copied Defender 's design include Gorgon for the Apple II ( 1981 ) , Repton for the Apple II ( 1983 ) , Defender 64 for the Commodore 64 ( 1983 ) , Dropzone for the Atari 8 @-@ bit family ( 1984 ) , Guardian for the Commodore 64 ( 1984 ) , and Planetoid for the BBC Micro ( 1984 ) .
Video game designer Jeff Minter based several of his games on Defender 's design .
Other games built upon the design elements of Defender , especially protecting people or vehicles along the ground in a horizontally scrolling world , such as Protector II for the Atari 8 @-@ bit family ( 1982 ) , Chopper Command for the Atari 2600 ( 1982 ) , and Choplifter for the Apple II ( 1982 ) .
= = = Cultural references = = =
The game has been referenced in music : Lou Reed 's song " Down At The Arcade " on his 1984 album New Sensations , Manilla Road 's song " Defender " on their 1982 album Metal , Buckner & Garcia 's song " The Defender " on their 1982 album Pac @-@ Man Fever , and the Beastie Boys ' song " Body Movin ' " on their 1998 album Hello Nasty . Nerdcore rapper mc chris mentions Defender in the chorus of his anthemic song " Never Give Up " from his 2008 album , MC Chris is Dead . Other artists to have used sound effects from Defender include Aphex Twin ( on " Mt Saint Michel + Saint Michaels Mount " and " Bucephalus Bouncing Ball " ) , and Limp Bizkit ( used to censor swearing on the clean version of " My Generation " ) . The game figured prominently and somewhat incongruously in the music video for the Sheena Easton song " Almost Over You " .
In 2004 , Tim Waggoner authored a novel called " Hyperswarm " based on the video game .
Defender and other Midway properties appear in the Toy @-@ to @-@ Game title Lego Dimensions . The ship from Defender plays a role in the final battle against the game 's villain Lord Vortech .
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= New York State Route 474 =
New York State Route 474 ( NY 474 ) is a state highway located entirely within Chautauqua County in the westernmost corner of New York in the United States . It begins at the section of the Pennsylvania state line that runs north – south and runs eastward , initially paralleling the state line before taking a more northeasterly alignment toward Chautauqua Lake . The route ends adjacent to the lake at a junction with NY 394 in the town of Busti . NY 474 was originally designated as New York State Route 74 in 1930 before being renumbered to NY 474 c . 1973 . The route continues westward into Pennsylvania as Pennsylvania Route 474 ( PA 474 ) , which was assigned in the 1980s .
= = Route description = =
NY 474 begins at the Pennsylvania state line in the town of French Creek as a continuation of PA 474 , which in turn begins a short distance west of the state line in Wattsburg , Pennsylvania . NY 474 heads east through rural southwest Chautauqua County , briefly paralleling French Creek to the hamlet of Marvin before intersecting and briefly overlapping with NY 426 through the small hamlet of Cutting . NY 474 exits Cutting and continues on an easterly track into the town of Clymer and the hamlet of the same name , where it meets County Route 15 ( CR 15 ) , a local road leading from the Pennsylvania state line ( where the road continues south to Corry ) north to Sherman in the center of the community .
East of the hamlet of Clymer , NY 474 turns to the northeast , paralleling an old railroad bed to the community of North Clymer , where NY 474 intersects the southern terminus of NY 76 . Outside of North Clymer , the route returns to an east – west alignment prior to entering the town of Harmony and the village of Panama ( intersecting CR 33 in the latter ) in quick succession . NY 474 continues on , passing through the Harmony hamlet of Blockville and the North Harmony community of Ashville before terminating at NY 394 just west of the Lakewood village limits in the town of Busti .
= = History = =
All of what is now NY 474 was originally designated as part of NY 74 as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York . NY 74 also initially continued east from Lakewood to Jamestown by way of modern NY 394 . The remainder of what is now NY 394 from Mayville south to Lakewood was designated as NY 17J . In the mid @-@ 1930s , NY 17J was extended eastward along NY 74 to rejoin NY 17 at Washington Street in Jamestown . The overlap was eliminated in the mid @-@ 1940s when NY 74 was truncated to Ashville . NY 74 remained unchanged until c . 1973 when it was renumbered to NY 474 . The change in number allowed for the NY 74 designation to be used for the westward continuation of Vermont Route 74 in Essex County . The short continuation of NY 474 west to Wattsburg , Pennsylvania , was designated as PA 474 in the 1980s .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Chautauqua County .
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= Hurricane Florence ( 2000 ) =
Hurricane Florence attained Category 1 intensity on three separate occasions in mid @-@ September 2000 . The tenth tropical cyclone and sixth named storm of the 2000 Atlantic hurricane season , Florence developed on September 20 from a cold front to the southwest of Bermuda . Initially a subtropical cyclone , it quickly organized , attaining hurricane status twice in a two @-@ day period before weakening while remaining nearly stationary . Florence accelerated northeastward , reaching peak winds as a hurricane after passing near Bermuda . On September 17 , the storm was absorbed by a larger extratropical cyclone . Hurricane Florence threatened Bermuda during its third time at hurricane intensity , bringing tropical storm force winds to the island but causing no reported damage . However , three deaths in North Carolina were blamed on rip currents triggered by the hurricane on September 12 .
= = Meteorological history = =
During the first week of September , a cold front moved off the East Coast of the United States and stalled over the Atlantic Ocean . By September 8 , a weak frontal wave began developing along the cold front . Late on September 9 , convection increased over the broad low pressure area , and the overall system intensified beneath an upper @-@ level low . Subsequently , the system abandoned its frontal features as its appearance became more circular . With persistent but limited convection near and to the west of the center , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) estimated the system developed into a subtropical depression late on September 10 about 375 mi ( 604 km ) west @-@ southwest of Bermuda ; it was considered subtropical because the upper @-@ circulation was believed to have been cold @-@ core . Operationally , advisories on the system were not initiated until 21 hours later .
Subsequent to developing , deep convection began developing and increasing around the center . On September 11 , an Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit temperature cross @-@ section analysis indicated the system developed a warm thermal core ; as a result , it was re @-@ classified as Tropical Depression Ten . Convection continued increasing , and it intensified to tropical storm status by 1200 UTC . Operationally , it was considered a tropical depression , and significant strengthening was not expected . However , reports from Hurricane Hunters confirmed the presence of tropical storm force winds , and as a result the National Hurricane Center named the cyclone Florence . The storm continued quickly intensifying , and with the Hurricane Hunters reporting flight @-@ level winds of over 85 mph ( 140 km / h ) , it was estimated Florence attained hurricane status late on September 11 , or just six hours after the National Hurricane Center began issuing advisories on the storm . The strongest winds were confined to a very small area near the edge of the convection . Initially , the hurricane was tracking west @-@ southwestward , steered by a mid @-@ level ridge to its northwest .
On September 12 , the entrainment of drier air weakened Florence to tropical storm status . At the same time , its motion became nearly stationary as a ridge to its southeast weakened steering currents . An eye developed in the center of the cyclone , and Florence again attained hurricane status late on September 12 . Cooler water temperatures caused the hurricane to again weaken to tropical storm status on September 13 . The next day , increased vertical wind shear accelerated the weakening , leaving its cloud pattern disorganized . An approaching short @-@ wave trough turned Florence to the east @-@ southeast and later to the east @-@ northeast as its forward motion increased . Convection increased near the center as the overall structure improved . Based on reports from the Hurricane Hunters , Florence was upgraded to hurricane status on September 16 about 200 mi ( 320 km ) southwest of Bermuda . Later that day , the hurricane passed about 75 mi ( 120 km ) northwest of Bermuda , its closest approach . Late on September 16 , Florence reached peak winds of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) as an eyewall became apparent . Cooler waters weakened the hurricane to tropical storm status by September 17 as its motion accelerated further due to the approaching trough . Later that day , Florence was absorbed by the extratropical storm associated with the trough about 80 mi ( 130 km ) south of Cape Race on the island of Newfoundland .
= = Impact and naming = =
Early in its duration , Hurricane Florence produced large swells that affected the East Coast of the United States . Rip currents caused three deaths due to drowning in North Carolina , all in the southern portion of the state . Seven other people needed rescue , and at least two beaches were closed . Florence contributed to a locally high number of rip current @-@ related deaths in 2000 ; in response , the National Weather Service office in Wilmington implemented a new rip current warning system for the summer of 2001 .
On September 14 , the government of Bermuda issued a tropical storm watch for the island ; it was upgraded to a tropical storm warning the next day and later to a hurricane warning . The island endured sustained winds of 41 mph ( 67 km / h ) , gusting to 58 mph ( 93 km / h ) . Rainfall at L.F. Wade International Airport accumulated 0 @.@ 47 in ( 12 mm ) . Later , the remnants of Florence produced significant rainfall , peaking at 2 @.@ 26 in ( 57 @.@ 5 mm ) , along Newfoundland 's Avalon Peninsula . Waves up to 16 ft ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) high churned the waters off the east coast of the island .
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= John Cooke ( Royal Navy officer ) =
John Cooke ( c.1762 – 21 October 1805 ) was an experienced and highly regarded officer of the Royal Navy during the American War of Independence , the French Revolutionary Wars and the first years of the Napoleonic Wars . Cooke is best known for his death in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat with French forces during the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 . During the action , his ship HMS Bellerophon was badly damaged and boarded by sailors and marines from the French ship of the line Aigle . Cooke was killed in the ensuing melee , but his crew successfully drove off their opponents and ultimately forced the surrender of Aigle .
Aside from his death , remarkably little is known of Cooke 's circumstances . Even his date of birth is unclear , and unlike many of his fellow officers , Cooke was never a notable society figure . He was however well respected in his profession and following his death was the subject of tributes from officers who had served alongside him . Memorials to him were placed in St Paul 's Cathedral and his local church in Wiltshire .
= = Early life = =
John Cooke was baptised on 5 March 1762 at St. Mary , Whitechapel , the second son of Francis Cooke , an Admiralty clerk , and his wife Margaret . John Cooke first went to sea at the age of eleven aboard the cutter HMS Greyhound under Lieutenant John Bazely , before going ashore to spend time at Mr Braken 's naval academy at Greenwich . He was entered onto the books of one of the royal yachts by Sir Alexander Hood , who would become an enduring patron of Cooke 's . In 1776 he obtained a position as a midshipman on the ship of the line HMS Eagle , aged thirteen . Cooke served aboard Eagle , the flagship of the North American Station , during the next three years , seeing extensive action along the eastern seaboard . Notable among these actions were the naval operations around the Battle of Rhode Island in 1778 , when Eagle was closely engaged with American units ashore . He distinguished himself in the assault , causing Admiral Lord Howe to remark " Why , young man , you wish to become a Lieutenant before you are of sufficient age . " On 21 January 1779 , Cooke was promoted to lieutenant and joined HMS Superb in the East Indies under Sir Edward Hughes , but was forced to take a leave of absence due to ill @-@ health .
Cooke returned to England and then went to France to spend a year studying , before rejoining the navy in 1782 with an appointment to the 90 @-@ gun HMS Duke under Captain Alan Gardner . Cooke saw action at the Battle of the Saintes , at which Duke was heavily engaged . He remained with Gardner following the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 , bringing an end to the American War of Independence , and served as his first @-@ lieutenant aboard his next command , the 50 @-@ gun HMS Europa . Gardner became commodore at Jamaica , flying his broad pennant aboard Europa and retaining Cooke as his first @-@ lieutenant until Cooke was injured in a bad fall and had to be invalided home . He had recovered sufficiently by the time of the Spanish Armament in 1790 to be able to take up an appointment from his old patron , Sir Alexander Hood , to be third @-@ lieutenant of his flagship , the 90 @-@ gun HMS London . When the crisis passed without breaking into open war , London was paid off and Cooke went ashore .
= = Frigate command = =
With the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in February 1793 , Cooke rejoined Hood and became first @-@ lieutenant of his new flagship , the 100 @-@ gun HMS Royal George , part of the Channel Fleet . On 21 February 1794 , Cooke was promoted to commander and given his first independent command , the small fireship HMS Incendiary . Three months later , Incendiary was a signal repeater for the Channel Fleet during the Atlantic campaign of May 1794 , relaying Lord Howe 's signals to the fleet and operating as a scout in the search for the French fleet under Villaret de Joyeuse . On 1 June 1794 , Cooke was a witness to the battle of the Glorious First of June , although his tiny ship was far too small to engage in combat . In the action 's aftermath , Cooke was included in the general promotions issued to the fleet , becoming a post captain on 23 July 1794 . For a year , Cooke was stationed off Newfoundland as flag captain to Sir James Wallace aboard the 74 @-@ gun HMS Monarch , before returning to Britain and being offered command of the 28 @-@ gun HMS Tourterelle . Cooke accepted , but when he found out she was ordered to the West Indies , he resigned it , having been told by Gardner that further service in the West Indies would likely kill him .
Instead in early 1796 he took command of the 36 @-@ gun frigate HMS Nymphe . Nymphe was employed in the blockade of the French Atlantic ports over the next year , and on 9 March 1797 was in company with HMS St Fiorenzo when they encountered the returning ships of a short @-@ lived French invasion attempt of Britain that had been defeated at Fishguard in Wales . The French ships attempted to escape into Brest , but were hunted down by the British , who forced the surrender of Résistance and Constance in turn after successive short engagements . Neither of the British ships suffered a single casualty in the combat , and both French ships were subsequently purchased into the Royal Navy , bringing prize money to Cooke and his crew .
Despite this success , Cooke was unpopular with his men due to the strict discipline he enforced aboard his ship . This was graphically demonstrated just two months after the action off Brest , when Nymphe became embroiled in the Spithead mutiny . Cooke attempted to assist Admiral John Colpoys at the mutiny 's outbreak , and was ordered ashore by his crew when he tried to return to his ship . Cooke was tactfully removed from command by the Admiralty following the mutiny , although he was returned to service two years later aboard the new frigate HMS Amethyst in preparation for the Anglo @-@ Russian invasion of the Batavian Republic . During the invasion , Amethyst conveyed the Duke of York to the Netherlands and later participated in the evacuation of the force following the campaign 's collapse .
Cooke was involved in operations in Quiberon Bay during the remainder of 1799 , and in 1800 participated in an abortive invasion of Ferrol . During this time , Amethyst captured six French merchant ships and small privateers . During 1801 , Cooke participated in the capture of the French frigate Dédaigneuse off Cape Finisterre , helping Samuel Hood Linzee and Richard King chase her down on 26 January . Amethyst was not heavily engaged with Dédaigneuse and received no damage , but aided in pursuing and trapping the French ship so that she could be seized . Dédaigneuse was later purchased into the Royal Navy as HMS Dedaigneuse . Shortly afterwards , Cooke captured the Spanish ship Carlotta and the French privateer Général Brune in the same area .
= = Trafalgar = =
With the Peace of Amiens , Cooke briefly retired on half @-@ pay before being recalled to the fleet at the outbreak of the Napoleonic Wars in 1803 . Cooke was requested as flag captain by Admiral Sir William Young at Plymouth , but Cooke tactfully refused , instead applying for active service . He received command of HMS Bellerophon on 25 April 1805 . In May , after the large combined French and Spanish fleet , under Admiral Pierre @-@ Charles Villeneuve escaped from Toulon , beginning the Trafalgar Campaign , Cooke was ordered to join a flying squadron under Vice @-@ Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood . The squadron arrived off Cadiz on 9 June and Collingwood detached Bellerophon and three other ships to blockade Cartagena under Rear @-@ Admiral Sir Richard Bickerton . When the combined fleet entered Cadiz on 20 August , Collingwood recalled Bickerton 's force and mounted a blockade of the port . Collingwood was reinforced with more ships , and was later superseded by Nelson . Cooke was heard to say at this time that " To be in a general engagement with Nelson would crown all my military ambition " . Nelson had Villeneuve 's fleet trapped in Cadiz and was blockading the harbour awaiting their expected attempt to escape .
The Franco @-@ Spanish fleet escaped Cadiz on 18 October 1805 , but was soon chased down by Nelson and brought to battle on 21 October . Nelson formed his fleet into two divisions ; the weather column would attack to the north under his direct command and the lee column would operate to the south under the command of Cuthbert Collingwood in HMS Royal Sovereign . Cooke was stationed fifth in Collingwood 's line , and so was one of the first ships engaged in action with the combined fleet . Cooke took the unusual step of informing his first lieutenant William Pryce Cumby and his master Edward Overton of Nelson 's orders , in case he should be killed .
Bellerophon was soon closely engaged with the French , breaking through the enemy line and closing with Aigle . As with the other French ships in the fleet , Aigle 's rigging and mastheads were occupied by musketeers and grenadiers , who kept up a steady fire on Bellerophon and took a heavy toll of sailors exposed on the British ship 's deck . Much of the fire was directed at the quarterdeck , where Cooke , Cumby and Overton stood . Cumby noted with surprise that Cooke was still wearing his uniform coat , which sported epaulettes that marked him out as the ship 's captain to French snipers . Cooke had forgotten to remove the epaulettes and recognised the danger they represented , but replied " It is too late to take them off . I see my situation , but I will die like a man " . It was reported that Cooke was killed by sniper fire , command being then taken by the First Lieutenant who mustered the top @-@ side crew in the tween @-@ deck and prepared to repel any boarders ; the ship 's guns were then elevated to fire on the French gathered for boarding and this suggests that boarding was prevented .
As the action continued , the Captain Pierre @-@ Paul Gourège of Aigle ordered his crew to board and seize Bellerophon , hoping to use their superiority of numbers to overwhelm the British crew . Cooke sent Cumby below to make sure that the lower @-@ deck guns continued to fire into the French ship as the battle continued overhead , and threw himself at the French sailors pouring onto Bellerophon 's quarterdeck , shooting an enemy officer dead and engaging in hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat with the men behind him . Within minutes Cumby had returned to the deck with reinforcements from below , passing the mortally wounded Overton on the ladder . The badly wounded ship 's quartermaster was also present , and he informed Cumby that Cooke had fallen in the melee . Cumby 's charge cleared the French from the deck of Bellerophon , and he found Cooke dead on the quarterdeck , two musket balls lodged in his chest . Cooke 's last words had been " Let me lie quietly a minute . Tell Lieutenant Cumby never to strike . "
Cumby took charge of the battered Bellerophon , directing her fire into Aigle and ultimately forcing the French ship 's surrender after the arrival of other British vessels . Bellerophon had suffered grievously , losing 27 dead and 127 wounded . Although Aigle was lost in the chaotic storm which followed the battle , Bellerophon survived , primarily due to Cumby 's leadership . He was later promoted to post captain for his services in the action . Cooke 's body was buried at sea the day after the battle with the other fatal casualties from Bellerophon .
= = Family and legacy = =
Cooke 's death , as with those of George Duff and Admiral Nelson himself , was widely mourned in Britain . Cooke 's widow Louisa and their eight @-@ year @-@ old daughter were given numerous awards and presents , including the gold medal minted for the captains who had fought at the action , and a large silver vase presented by Lloyd 's Patriotic Fund . At least some of the money the family received was spent on a large wall plaque mounted in St Andrew 's Church in Donhead St Andrew in Wiltshire , close to the family home . The plaque commemorates Cooke 's life and death and also that of his wife . A memorial was also raised to him in St Paul 's Cathedral . Tributes from fellow officers were also forthcoming , including from the future explorer John Franklin , who had served on Bellerophon at Trafalgar and had said of Cooke that he was " very gentlemanly and active . I like his appearance very much . " A number of letters that Cooke wrote to his brother prior to Trafalgar are held by the National Maritime Museum .
Cooke had married Louisa , née Hardy , on 15 June 1790 at St Leonard 's , Shoreditch . Louisa was the fourth daughter of Josiah Hardy , the former Governor of New Jersey , and later consul at Cadiz . They had a single daughter together , born on 26 January 1797 at Stoke Damerel . Louisa died at Cheltenham on 5 February 1853 aged 96 .
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= House of Lords Act 1999 =
The House of Lords Act 1999 ( c . 34 ) was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that was given Royal Assent on 11 November 1999 . The Act reformed the House of Lords , one of the chambers of Parliament . For centuries , the House of Lords had included several hundred members who inherited their seats ; the Act removed such a right . However , as part of a compromise , the Act did permit ninety @-@ two hereditary peers to remain in the House on an interim basis . Another ten were created life peers to enable them to remain in the House .
The Act decreased the membership of the House from 1 @,@ 330 in October 1999 to 669 in March 2000 . As another result of the Act , the majority of the Lords were now life peers , whose numbers had been gradually increasing since the Life Peerages Act 1958 . As of August 2012 , there were 825 Peers , of whom 26 were senior Church of England bishops , whose determination is governed by the Bishopric of Manchester Act 1847 .
= = Background = =
Prior to the 16th century , the Lords was the stronger of the two houses of Parliament . A process of gradual evolution combined with such moments of crisis as the English Civil Wars transferred the political control of England , first from the Crown to the House of Lords and then to the House of Commons . The rising wealth of the Commons eventually allowed it to wage two civil wars , dethrone two Kings , and gradually reduce the power of the Lords . Prior to the House of Lords Act 1999 the power of the Lords had been diminished by the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 which stripped the Lords of the ability to block , or veto , adoption of most bills ; at most it could delay bills for one year . Furthermore , the Commons has absolute power when it comes to money bills .
After eighteen years of Conservative rule , the Labour party led by Tony Blair won a landslide victory at the 1997 general election , in the process inflicting the biggest defeat for the Conservatives since 1832 . The Labour Party had for years endorsed abolition of the unelected House of Lords in its election platforms , though since 1992 this had changed to a policy of reforming the House instead .
During the 20th century Liberal and Labour governments proposed many bills that were opposed by the House of Lords , which had been dominated by Conservatives since the 1890s , leading to delay and where proposed before elections , their dropping from the legislative agenda . In the first year of the Blair government , the Lords passed back Government bills 38 times . The rejection considered the most contentious was of the European Elections Bill , against which the Lords voted five times . Blair stated that the Conservatives were using the hereditary peers to " frustrate " and " overturn the will of the democratically elected House of Commons " . Here Blair found an opportunity to implement one of Labour 's campaign promises , reforming the Lords .
On 24 November 1998 , in opening the second session of Parliament , the Queen delivered her annual Speech from the Throne ; the Speech is written for her by the ruling party and outlines that party 's legislative agenda for the upcoming year . In it , she suggested that her Government ( i.e. the ruling Labour Party ) would pursue a reform of the House of Lords . These remarks were followed by shouts of " Hear ! Hear ! " from supportive Labour Members of Parliament , and by similar shouts of " Shame ! Shame ! " from Conservative peers ; such outbursts were unprecedented , for the Queen 's Speech is with few exceptions heard by a silent Parliament .
= = The House of Lords Bill = =
The House of Lords Bill was expected to face a tough fight in the House of Lords . Several Lords threatened to disrupt the Government 's other bills if they continued with the plan to abolish the hereditaries ' right to sit in the House of Lords . The Earl of Onslow , for instance , said , " I 'm happy to force a division on each and every clause of the Scotland Bill . Each division takes 20 minutes and there are more than 270 clauses . " Lords had plenty of other means by which they could obstruct the Government 's programme .
Lord Randall put forward the idea of phasing out the hereditary peers by disqualifying their heirs .
Baroness Jay reminded the House that under the Salisbury Convention they could not block the bill .
In order to convince some peers to vote for reform , Tony Blair announced that he would compromise by allowing a number of hereditary peers to remain in the House of Lords on an interim basis . On 2 December 1998 , the Conservative Leader of the Opposition , William Hague , rose in the House of Commons to attack Blair 's plans . He suggested that Blair 's changes indicated his lack of principles , claiming that Blair wanted to turn the House of Lords into a " House of Cronies " . Hague further suggested that the Conservative Party would never agree to such constitutional reforms that were " based on no comprehensive plan or principle . " Hague 's remarks backfired when Blair revealed that the Conservative Party in the House of Lords , rather than oppose his reforms , would definitely support them , and that he had done a secret deal with the Conservative leader in the House of Lords , Viscount Cranborne . Hague immediately removed Cranborne from office , but , in protest , several Conservative Lords who held front @-@ bench positions resigned .
On 19 January 1999 , the Leader of the House of Commons , Margaret Beckett , introduced the House of Lords Bill into the House of Commons . The House of Commons passed the bill by a vote of 340 to 132 on 16 March . The next day it was presented to the House of Lords , where debate on the bill was far longer . One significant amendment made to the Bill was the so @-@ called Weatherill Amendment , named for the Lord Weatherill , the former Speaker of the House of Commons . The Weatherill Amendment put into place the deal agreed to by the Prime Minister and Viscount Cranborne , and allowed 92 hereditary peers to remain members of the House of Lords .
Several controversies relating to the technicalities of the bill were brought up in the House of Lords . One issue regarded the language used in clauses 1 to 7 , which was described by Lord Mayhew of Twysden as " uncertain in its effects and would leave the position of most hereditary Peers uncertain if the Bill was enacted . " A second issue was related to the Acts of Union 1707 uniting Scotland and England into the Kingdom of Great Britain . After lengthy debates , both matters were referred to the House of Lords Committee on Privileges .
Under the Acts of Union 1707 , Scottish Lords would be entitled to elect 16 representative peers to sit on their Lordships ' behalf in the House of Lords . In 1963 , the Peerage Act was passed , allowing all Scottish peers to sit in the House , not just 16 of them . It was felt that removing all Scottish representation would breach the Articles . The Government , however , responded that the Articles did envisage a change in the election of representative peers . It was argued that some portions of the Treaty were entrenched , while others were not . For instance , Scotland and England were united " forever , " the Scottish Court of Session was to " remain in all time coming within Scotland as it is now constituted , " and the establishment of the Church of Scotland was " effectually and unalterably secured . " However , it was suggested , the election of Scottish representative peers was not entrenched , and therefore could be amended . Furthermore , the Government argued that Parliament was entirely sovereign and supreme , and could at its will change the Articles of Union . For example , the Treaty of Union joining Great Britain and Ireland required that the two nations be united " forever " . Nonetheless , in 1922 , by an Act of Parliament , most of Ireland was made independent as the Irish Free State . Thus , even entrenched clauses were argued to be open to amendment by the authority of Parliament . The Committee agreed and reported to the House on 20 October 1999 that the Bill was indeed lawful in this regard .
After the Committee 's first and second reports were considered , the Lords passed the bill 221 to 81 on 26 October 1999 . During the session , Charles Beauclerk , son of a hereditary peer , launched a protest at the constitutional implications of the bill from the woolsack , and was ejected from the chamber . Once the Lords settled the differences between their version of the bill and the Commons version thereof , the Bill received Royal Assent on 11 November 1999 and became an Act of parliament . The Act then came into force the same day .
= = Membership of the House of Lords = =
The House of Lords Act 1999 provides firstly that " No @-@ one shall be a member of the House of Lords by virtue of a hereditary peerage . " ( The Act treats the Principality of Wales and the Earldom of Chester as hereditary peerages , though those titles , granted normally to the heir @-@ apparent , are never inherited . ) The Act then provides that 92 peers , including the Earl Marshal , the Lord Great Chamberlain and 90 other peers elected in accordance with the Standing Orders of the House , would be excepted from the exclusion of hereditary peers , and that after the first session of the next Parliament , whenever one of these seats fell vacant , the Lords would have to proceed to a by @-@ election . The Act also provided that a hereditary peer would be entitled to vote in elections for , and sit in , the House of Commons , unless he or she was a member of the House of Lords . Previously , hereditary peers had been constitutionally disqualified from being electors to , or members of , the House of Commons . The first hereditary peer to gain a seat in the Commons under this provision was John Thurso .
The Act prevents even hereditary peers who are the first to hold their titles from sitting automatically in the House of Lords . The Government did agree , however , to give life peerages ( the titles of which are indicated in parentheses ) to four such new hereditary peers : Toby Austin Richard William Low , 1st Baron Aldington ( Baron Low ) , Frederick James Erroll , 1st Baron Erroll of Hale ( Baron Erroll of Kilmun ) , Francis Aungier Pakenham , 7th Earl of Longford , 1st Baron Pakenham ( Baron Pakenham of Cowley ) and Antony Armstrong @-@ Jones , 1st Earl of Snowdon ( Baron Armstrong @-@ Jones ) . Additionally , life peerages were created for former Leaders of the House of Lords : John Julian Ganzoni , 2nd Baron Belstead ( Baron Ganzoni ) , Peter Alexander Rupert Carington , 6th Baron Carrington ( Baron Carington of Upton ) , Robert Gascoyne @-@ Cecil , Viscount Cranborne ( Baron Gascoyne @-@ Cecil ) , George Patrick John Rushworth Jellicoe , 2nd Earl Jellicoe ( Baron Jellicoe of Southampton ) , Malcolm Shepherd , 2nd Baron Shepherd ( Baron Shepherd of Spalding ) and David James George Hennessy , 3rd Baron Windlesham ( Baron Hennessy ) .
Life peerages were also offered to members of the royal family with new hereditary peerages , but declined ( as it would have meant they would hold seats in the House of Lords ) : Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh ; Charles , Prince of Wales ; Prince Andrew , Duke of York ; and Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex . The Dukes of Gloucester and Kent had both inherited their titles from their fathers , the first dukes .
= = = First election to the House of Lords = = =
Before the granting of Royal Assent , the Lords had adopted a Standing Order making provision for the election of peers . The Order provided that there be elected :
Two Labour peers
Three Liberal Democrat peers
Twenty @-@ eight Crossbench peers
Forty @-@ two Conservative peers
Fifteen peers , to serve as Deputy Speakers and in other offices , by the entire House of Lords
The elections for officers of the House were held on 27 and 28 October 1999 , while those for peers elected by party were held on 3 and 4 November ; the results were proclaimed to the House on 29 October and 5 November . Voters were required to rank in order of preference , on a ballot prepared by the Clerk of the Parliaments , as many candidates as there were places to be filled . The candidates receiving the greatest number of votes ( without regard to the ranking on the ballots , so in effect block voting ) were declared elected . Only if there were ties would the ranking be examined . Thereafter , until November 2002 , if a vacancy occurred , the next @-@ highest vote @-@ getter ( the rankings being examined , again , only in the case of ties ) in the original election would fill the seat . This procedure was used on two occasions .
= = = Subsequent by @-@ elections = = =
Since November 2002 , by @-@ elections have been held to fill vacancies . Two by @-@ elections were held in 2003 , one in 2004 , four in 2005 , one in each of 2007 , 2008 and 2009 , two in 2010 , four in 2011 , two in 2013 , four in 2014 and six in 2015 . Voting is by preferential voting , with peers ranking the candidates in order of preference . As many or as few preferences as desired may be indicated . To win the election , a peer must receive a majority of first preference votes . If no candidate receives such a majority , the candidate with the fewest number of first preference votes is eliminated , with each of his votes being redistributed according to the second preference marked on the ballot ( see Instant @-@ runoff voting ) . The process is continued until one candidate receives a majority .
= = Labour proposals to remove remaining hereditary peers = =
The Labour Government expected eventually to present a bill for a second stage of House of Lords reform , thus removing the remaining 92 hereditary peers ; the history of such attempts between 1997 and 2009 is set out in a report in The Guardian . Proposals called The House of Lords : Reform were published by order of the House on 1 January 2007 , with a foreword by Jack Straw . In 2009 , Labour introduced the Constitutional Reform and Governance Bill , which would have ended the by @-@ elections to fill vacancies for hereditary peers , thereby removing them through attrition . However , in order to ensure the passage of the bill through Parliament before the 2010 general election , this clause was dropped from the bill entirely , along with other clauses relating to the exclusion and suspension of peers from the House of Lords .
= = Proposals in 2012 for elections to most seats in the Lords = =
In August 2012 , the coalition government of David Cameron and Nick Clegg dropped plans to reform the House of Lords by making it mostly elected and slashing its size . Deputy Prime Minister and Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg spearheaded the push to bring in the changes . The government wanted four @-@ fifths of members of a reformed House of Lords to be elected . They would have served 15 @-@ year terms of office , after which they could not run for re @-@ election . The number of peers was to be almost halved , from 826 to 450 . The chamber would have kept the title of House of Lords , after names like Senate and Reformed House were rejected . Peers were each to represent a specific region of the United Kingdom , as constituted for the election of Members of the European Parliament . One @-@ third of seats would have been filled by elections held every five years . Of the remaining 90 members , 12 — rather than the current 26 — would have been Church of England bishops . The remainder were to continue to be appointed , and all hereditary peers were to be removed . The government had scheduled passage of its bill for the spring of 2013 , and the elections were to have taken place in 2015 , but the effort stalled when in July 2012 , 91 Conservatives in the Commons , including Jacob Rees @-@ Mogg , rebelled against the government in a vote on how to timetable the House of Lords Reform Bill .
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= Mega Man 6 =
Mega Man 6 , known in Japan as Rockman 6 : Shijō Saidai no Tatakai ! ! ( ロックマン6 史上最大の戦い ! ! , Rokkuman Shikkusu Shijō Saidai no Tatakai ! ! , lit . " Rockman 6 : The Greatest Battle Ever ! ! " ) , is a action @-@ video game developed by Capcom for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) . It is the sixth installment in the original Mega Man series and was originally released in Japan on November 5 , 1993 and in North America the following March . It was included in the Mega Man Anniversary Collection released in 2004 . Its first PAL region release was June 11 , 2013 for the 3DS Virtual Console , nearly twenty years after the game 's first release .
The story of Mega Man 6 opens during a competitive robot fighting tournament with entrants from all around the globe . A villainous figure known as " Mr. X " announces he has reprogrammed the eight powerful contestants with intent to use them for taking over the world . The game 's robotic protagonist Mega Man , who was sent to oversee the tournament , springs into action to foil X 's plot . A standard action @-@ platformer , Mega Man 6 plays nearly identically to its five predecessors with a few added features such as stages with alternate pathways and new Rush adaptors .
Mega Man 6 is the first game in the series to receive character design input from fans outside Japan . This late @-@ era game was also the last in the series released on Nintendo 's 8 @-@ bit console . Due to the declining support of the NES and the growing presence of the newer and more powerful Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) , Capcom decided not to publish Mega Man 6 in North America . The North American version of Mega Man 6 was released by Nintendo of America instead . Critical reviews favored the game 's comparable presentation and use of the established gameplay model from preceding chapters in the series , though nearly all judged it a redundant sequel .
While the first five Mega Man games are available on the Wii 's Virtual Console , this game is absent from the Wii Shop Channel ; however the game was released via the 3DS Virtual Console in Japan and Europe , with North America on June 20 , 2013 . It was also released via the Wii U Virtual Console in Japan on May 14 , 2014 , in Europe on July 24 , 2014 and in North America on August 21 , 2014 .
= = Plot = =
Mega Man 6 's story takes place after the events of Mega Man 5 . To counter Dr. Wily 's repeated attacks , the Global Robot Alliance was formed , and one year later the " First Annual Robot Tournament " is held in order to determine the world 's strongest peacekeeping robot . The tournament is hosted by a man known only as " Mr. X " , the leader of the mysterious " X Foundation " and many strong robots participate . Dr. Light , a pacifist , decides not to enter the competition , but sends the robotic hero Mega Man to supervise it . Before the event can begin , however , Mr. X announces that he has reprogrammed eight of the strongest contestants to do his bidding in taking over the world : Blizzard Man , Centaur Man , Flame Man , Knight Man , Plant Man , Tomahawk Man , Wind Man , and Yamato Man , and tells Mega Man he had been manipulating Dr. Wily from the beginning . Following this , Mega Man and Rush set out to put an end to Mr. X 's plan . Mega Man destroys the eight Robot Masters , then makes his way to Mr. X 's fortress . The villain is beaten and quickly reveals himself as none other than a disguised Dr. Wily . The evil scientist flees to a new fortress stronghold where Mega Man pursues and defeats him again . The game ends with Dr. Wily finally brought to justice and sent to prison .
= = Countries and Robot Masters = =
Flame Man Wind Man Centaur Man Knight Man Yamato Man Tomahawk Man Plant Man Blizzard Man
= = Gameplay = =
The gameplay in Mega Man 6 is largely similar to its five NES counterparts . The player takes control of Mega Man to complete a series of side @-@ scrolling platform stages littered with smaller robot enemies and occasional larger mini @-@ bosses . The player 's primary method of attack is the " Mega Buster " cannon , which can be charged for more powerful shots . At the end of each of the initial eight stages is a boss battle , where the player inherits that Robot Master 's unique " Master Weapon " if successful . These eight levels can be completed in any order , although all Robot Masters are weak to a specific Master Weapon , adding an element of strategy to the order chosen by the player . The player 's health is represented by a gauge that can be refilled by picking up energy pellets . Extra lives , reserve energy tanks , and pellets that refill Master Weapon power can also be found throughout each level . Mega Man 6 introduces the " Energy Balancer " , which automatically refills the weapon with the lowest energy when picking up Master Weapon power .
Previous Mega Man games typically allowed the player to call on the transformable dog Rush or use other support items in order to traverse difficult or otherwise inaccessible parts of a stage . Mega Man 6 instead features a pair of " Rush Adaptors " that fuse Mega Man and Rush into special forms . The first , " Jet Mega Man " , lets the player fly upward or hover for a brief period of time , but prevents the use of charge shots . The second , " Power Mega Man " , utilizes a powerful , short @-@ range punch attack for destroying large blocks . The player cannot slide when using either adapter . Mega Man 6 also presents less linear ways to complete the stages than in previous entries in the series . There are two pathways in many of the stages that lead to boss rooms , but the player is often required to use one of the Rush adaptors to begin an alternate route . Although either one will clear the stage , only one of them will give the player a letter circuit board for assembling the helper bird Beat . Collecting all four parts will allow the player to call on Beat to attack enemies .
= = Development = =
Mega Man 6 was developed at the same time as the franchise 's first spin @-@ off , Mega Man X for Nintendo 's newer console , the Super Nintendo Entertainment System . Series artist Keiji Inafune , credited as " Inafking " , stated that having a video game franchise with six titles is very rare , and one of the advantages to this is that players expect certain aspects of each game to be repeated in the next . After having implemented so many different mechanics to the gameplay of past entries , Inafune thought that Rush adaptor assembly was inevitable . The artist struggled with the adaptor designs and ultimately found them to be unrealistic . According to Inafune , " If you think about it , they shouldn 't be able to combine like this . It would be awkward if parts of Rush like his neck were left over after they combined , so what was I supposed to do ? "
The Robot Masters featured in some of the previous Mega Man games were the result of design contests held in Japan , in which fans of the series would submit their character ideas to Capcom . Keeping with the tradition , Japan held a design contest for Mega Man 6 . After the release of Mega Man 5 , the magazine Nintendo Power held a similar contest in North America . Only eight out of the more than 200 @,@ 000 worldwide character submissions for Mega Man 6 were accepted for the game . Six of the Robot Masters were designed by Japanese fans , while the remaining two ( Knight Man and Wind Man ) were designed by North American fans who entered the Nintendo Power contest . The North American cover of the game pays homage to the two designers by featuring their Robot Masters on it . Inafune admitted that it was stressful when the last characters being designed for the game were not meeting with the development team 's schedule . He concluded , " For having hit a lot of roadblocks , I feel like we got a lot done for 6 . The theme for our designs was ' The world is our stage , ' and I really enjoyed bringing what I felt was the unique flavor of different countries into the game . " Yuko Takehara , credited as " Yuko " , composed the musical score for Mega Man 6 . Takehara collaborated with several other composers for the follow @-@ up Mega Man 7 in 1995 .
A few months after the publication of Mega Man 5 , Capcom announced the sixth installment in the original series , as well as Mega Man Soccer and Mega Man X for the SNES , making Mega Man 6 the last title in the franchise to be released on the 8 @-@ bit NES . Capcom chose not to publish the game outside Japan . Instead , Nintendo of America published it in March 1994 . Before the NES era in North America was about to end , Nintendo of America made a plan to help sell it along with Zoda 's Revenge : StarTropics II and the NES version of Wario 's Woods , which were also published by Nintendo in North America during the same time . Their plan was to release the top @-@ loading NES @-@ 101 for a retail price of $ 49 @.@ 99 to attract consumers to buying the updated version of the original NES along with one or more new titles for the console , including Mega Man 6 . The game was also showcased alongside Mega Man X at the 1994 Winter Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas .
Mega Man 6 was re @-@ released for the PlayStation in 1999 as part of the Rockman Complete Works series exclusive to Japan . This version of the game features a number of extras including remixed music , artwork galleries , and a " navi mode " to help guide players . A port of the Complete Works edition was released on the North American @-@ exclusive Mega Man Anniversary Collection for the PlayStation 2 and Nintendo GameCube in 2004 and Xbox in 2005 .
Mega Man 6 was released on Japanese mobile phones via the i @-@ mode service in 2007 .
= = Reception and legacy = =
Mega Man 6 has enjoyed a favorable reception from gaming publications and websites . The graphics , play control , challenge level , and added power @-@ ups were generally praised . GamePro was impressed with some of the newer enemies and larger mid @-@ stage bosses , but was displeased with the game 's recycling of Master Weapons seen in previous Mega Man games . Overall , the magazine described the graphics , audio , and level design in Mega Man 6 as standard fare for the franchise and called the game a " rock of reliable NES fun " in a series that is as " predictable as the tide " . Destructoid editor Tony Ponce considered Mega Man 6 the best game in the entire series . He argued that the game " was retro before retro was cool " due to Capcom 's decision to develop it as a higher profile game on the NES during the era of fourth generation consoles . He also expressed appreciation for its music , introductions for each Robot Master , and the use of branching pathways in each level , among many other reasons . Nintendo Power listed Mega Man 6 as the best NES game of 1993 , stating , " His sixth NES adventure , in which he uses two new , Special Power @-@ Ups , might just be his best " . Craig Skistimas of ScrewAttack also appreciated these innovations and regretted missing out on the game when it was first released . Mega Man 6 is listed by IGN as the 58th best game on the NES . The writers summarized , " Mega Man 6 is considered by many to be the last worthwhile NES release in the catalog , and though that 's not saying much when looking at the title 's contemporaries , Mega Man 6 is still as good as it gets in many respects . "
Mega Man 6 is occasionally seen as " redundant " to the series . GameSpot editors Christian Nutt and Justin Speer labeled Mega Man 6 the " cheesiest " among the NES titles : " If you 're looking for mega @-@ laughs , you might want to try this one out . " 1UP.com contributors likewise found that the game 's " inane " storyline and villains both insult fans of the series and outweigh the game 's good soundtrack and interesting power @-@ ups . The four members of the Electronic Gaming Monthly review panel all voiced similar opinions regarding the game 's familiar 8 @-@ bit presentation and its addition to the already repetitive nature of the series . One reviewer commented , " OK , Mega Man was fun and original back in the days when the letters ' N E S ' meant something . Now the game is just getting redundant . Oh sure , Mega Man may learn a few new tricks here and there but this series has to end soon . "
Elements of the game made their way into the Mega Man series from Archie Comics prior to it going on indefinite hiatus . Some notable liberties were taken , such as introducing a creator character for Plant Man , Dr. Pedro Astil , and introducing the X Foundation @-@ renamed the X Corporation @-@ at the conclusion of the Mega Man 3 adapt . The latter concept notably featured Mr. X as a separate character from Dr. Wily and as a future version of Xander Payne , a character exclusive to the comics who became involved in time travel after being part of an anti @-@ robot extremist group known as the Emerald Spears . A view of the events of Mega Man 6 in the series ' final issue prior to the hiatus hinted as Xander 's overthrow and Wily 's seizure of his resources and alias . The X Corporation 's resources also provide Wily with the means of laying the groundwork for other schemes , including the abduction of Kalinka Cossack leading into Mega Man 4 . Its membership was shown to include numerous identically costumed grunts and Madame Y , a character based on an " alternate universe " concept by Mega Man artist Hideki Ishikawa .
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= Sahifah of al @-@ Ridha =
The Sahifah of al @-@ Ridha ( Arabic : الصحیفة الرضا , al @-@ Sahīfa al @-@ Riḍā , lit . " The Pages of al @-@ Ridha " ) , also known as the Sahifat of al @-@ Reza ( Persian : صحیفهٔ امام رضا : Ṣaḥīfe ye Imam Reżā ) and the Musnad al @-@ Imam al @-@ Ridha ( " The Book of Imam al @-@ Ridha " ) , is a collection of 240 hadiths attributed to Ali ibn Musa al @-@ Ridha , the eighth Shiite Imam .
The Sahifah is one of the major sources of Shia belief and has attracted the attention of Shia and Sunni scholars such as Ibn Babawayh , Sheikh Tabarsi , and Abu Hanifa . It contains hadiths on various topics including the invocation of Allah ; the importance of praying five times a day and of saying the prayer for the dead ; the excellence of the household of Muhammad , of the believer , of good manners , of the names Muhammad and Ahmad , of various foods , fruits , and ointments , of obeying parents , of strengthening the bonds of kinship , and of jihad ; a warning against cheating , backbiting , or tattling ; and other miscellaneous traditions . The section on Muhammad 's household discusses each of its fourteen members separately .
= = Chain of authority = =
The book was allegedly first written by Abdallah ibn Aḥmad ibn Amer , who said he had heard its contents from his father Aḥmad ibn Amer , who said he had heard them from Ali al @-@ Ridha in Medina in 194 AH ( 809 @-@ 10 CE ) . Abdallah ibn Aḥmad ibn Amer was subsequently recognized as a credible narrator of hadith by Najasi , one of the important Shia scholars .
The version printed in Cairo by al @-@ Ma 'ahid Press in the year 1340 AH ( 1921 – 1922 ) begins with the following chain of authorities : Its editor al- ' Allāma ' Abd al @-@ Wāsi ' stated he received its contents on the authority of Sheikh ' Abd al @-@ Wāsi ' , who received it from Imam al @-@ Qāsim ibn Mohammed , who received it from Sheikh al @-@ Sayyid Amīr al @-@ Dīn ibn ' Abd Allah , who received it from al @-@ Sayyid Ahmed ibn ' Abd Allah al @-@ Wazīr , who received it from Imam al @-@ Mutahhar ibn Mohammed ibn Sulayman , who received it from Imam al @-@ Mahdi Ahmed ibn Yahya , who received it from Sulayman ibn Ibrahīm ibn ' Umar al- ' Alawi , who received it from his father Ibrahīm , who received it from Rida ' al @-@ Dīn Ibrahīm ibn Mohammed al @-@ Tabari , who received it from Imam Najm al @-@ Dīn al @-@ Tabrīzi , who received it from al @-@ Hafiz Ibn ' Asakir , who received it from Zahir al @-@ Sinjani , who received it from al @-@ Hafiz al @-@ Bayhaqi , who received it from Abu al @-@ Qasim al @-@ Mufassir , who received it from " Ibrahīm ibn khu 'ra " ( by mistake in text " Ju 'da ' , who received it from Abu al @-@ Qasim ' Abd Allah ibn Ahmed ibn ' Amir al @-@ Ta 'i in Basra , who received it from Ali al @-@ Ridha , who claimed his father Musā claimed his father Ja 'far claimed his father Muhammad claimed his father ' Ali claimed his father Husayn claimed his father ' Ali , son of Abū Tālib , had heard or witnessed its contents in the company of the Prophet Muhammad .
= = Context = =
The principal narrator of the work was Abdallah ibn Aḥmad ibn Amer , who retells the words of Ali al @-@ Ridha with each entry beginning with a variation of " Through his chain of authorities , he said " . His father , who was said to have related these words to him , was killed at the Battle of Siffin . The family were descendants of Wahb ibn Amer who was killed with Husayn , son of Ali , at the Battle of Karbala .
Ali al @-@ Ridha was born around 151 AH ( 768 – 769 ) although possibly as late as 159 AH ( 775 – 76 ) , to the Imam Musa al @-@ Kadhim and one of his slaves , probably Nubian . His father died in a Baghdadi prison in Rajab , 183 AH ( September , 799 ) , during the caliphate of Harun al @-@ Rashid , one of the Abbasid dynasty . Ali al @-@ Ridha succeeded to his father 's property but not fully to his title . He began to teach and issue fatwas from the mosque in Medina , where he lived , but the caliphs did not confirm his title and many of his father 's trustees withheld their support ( and tithes ) under the pretense that his father would soon return as the Mahdi . Following Harun 's death in 809 , a civil war broke out between his sons Al @-@ Amin and Al @-@ Ma 'mun . Al @-@ Amin was beheaded in September 813 during the Siege of Baghdad but his followers continued their resistance under local governors or in favor of Al @-@ Ma 'mun 's uncle as late as 827 .
The death of Al @-@ Amin permitted Ali al @-@ Ridha greater opportunity to teach . In 200 AH ( 815 – 816 ) , Ali al @-@ Ridha was invited or forced by Al @-@ Ma 'mun to quit his home and estates in Medina and leave for the imperial capital in Khorasan . Al @-@ Ma 'mun proclaimed him as the new Imam throughout the empire upon his arrival at Merv in 201 AH ( 817 ) . He went further and named Ali al @-@ Ridha as his crown prince and successor to the caliphate . Following the assassination of the imperial vizier and during a relocation of the capital back to Baghdad , Ali al @-@ Ridha died suddenly , most probably on the last day of Safar , 203 AH ( September , 818 ) . Most sources accuse Al @-@ Ma 'mun of having poisoned him .
= = Contents = =
The version printed in Cairo by al @-@ Ma 'ahid Press in the year 1340 AH ( 1921 – 1922 ) contained 163 hadiths divided into ten sections , the first nine of which concern particular topics and the last of which includes the remainder on miscellaneous topics . The last section ends with a note that the author " dropped some traditions mentioned in these two books of the Imām " , considering them to be fabricated . He further noted that other scholars do not ascribe the book to Ali al @-@ Ridha at all .
The ten sections are :
I : On the Invocation of God
II : On the Call to Prayer
III : On the Mandatory Prayers
IV : On the Excellence of the Household of the Prophet , in 3 parts :
Part One : On the Excellence of Ali bin Abu Talib
Part Two : On the Excellence of Fatima
Part Three : On the Excellence of Hasan and Husayn and the Household in General
V : On the Excellence of Believers , Good Manners , and Those Named Muhammad or Ahmad
VI : On Foods and Ointments
VII : On Filial Obedience and Strengthening Family Ties
VIII : On Avoidance of Cheating and Backbiting
IX : On the Excellence of Jihad , which is not given in full but condensed into a paraphrase
X : Miscellaneous Hadith
Some hadiths from the Sahifah :
6 . Through his chain of authorities , he , peace be on him , said [ that Muhammad said ] : " The best deeds with Allah are : belief without doubt , invasion without stealing from war booty before it is distributed ( ghulul ) , and proper hajj . The first to enter the Garden will be a martyr ; a slave who worships his Lord well and is sincere to his master ; and a chaste man who abstains from what is forbidden , has a family , and strives to secure the daily bread of his own family . The first to enter the Fire will be a domineering Imam [ or leader ] who does not treat with justice ; a possessor of wealth of property who does not pay the right against it ; and a boastful , poor [ person ] . "
99 . Through his chain of authorities , he , peace be on him , said [ that Muhammad said ] : " The best of the people in faith are the best of them in good manners and the gentlest of them toward their families , and I am the gentlest of you toward my family "
122 . Through his chain of authorities , he , peace be on him , said [ that Ali , son of Abu Talib , said : ] " Gabriel , peace be on him , came to the Prophet , may Allah bless him and his family , and said : ' Cling to al @-@ Barni dates , for it is the best kind of your dates ; it brings [ men ] nigh to Allah and send [ them ] away from the Fire ' " .
123 . Through his chain of authorities , he , peace be on him , said [ that Husayn ibn Ali said : ] " The Commander of the Faithful , peace be on him , ordered us to rinse out mouth three times after we had eaten " .
142 . Through his chain of authority , he , peace be on him , said [ that Ali ibn Husayn said that Ali , son of Abu Talib , was asked : ] " ' O Commander of the Faithful , tell me about the excellence of the invasion in the path of Allah . ' He , peace be on him , answered : ' I was riding behind Allah 's Messenger , may Allah bless him and his family , on his she @-@ camel al- ' Adbā ' when we came beck from the Campaign of Dhāt al @-@ Salāsil . I asked him about what you have asked me about , and he answered : ' Surely , if the invaders intend to make an invasion , Allah writes for them freedom from the Fire , and if they prepare themselves , Allah vies with the angels through them , etc . ' " The tradition is long ; the greatest of Messengers , may Allah bless him and his family , has presented therein the excellence of invasion and jihād in the path of Allah , which is one of the gates to the Garden , and which Allah has opened for his special friends , as it was said by the Commander of the Faithful , peace be on him " .
= = Manuscripts = =
The following versions are available :
At the Allameh Amini library , written by Muhammad Ibn Muhammad Ibn Abd al @-@ Qahhar Shirazi , in 761 AH
At the library of the Grand Mosque in Qom , written by Ridha bin Nizam bin Fakhruddin Hasani Amolie in 848 AH
At the library of Astan Quds Razavi , written by Ismail bin Abdul Momin Qaany in 881 AH
At the National Library of the Academy of Rome , narrated by Judge Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Hamza bin Abi Najma
In Egypt . The chain of narrators of this manuscript ends with Al @-@ Bayhaqi .
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= Battle of Solachon =
The Battle of Solachon was fought in 586 CE in northern Mesopotamia between the East Roman ( Byzantine ) forces , led by Philippicus , and the Sassanid Persians under Kardarigan . The engagement was part of the long and inconclusive Byzantine – Sassanid War of 572 – 591 . The Battle of Solachon ended in a major Byzantine victory which improved the Byzantine position in Mesopotamia , but it was not in the end decisive . The war dragged on until 591 , when it ended with a negotiated settlement between Maurice and the Persian shah Khosrau II ( r . 590 – 628 ) .
In the days before the battle , Philippicus , newly assigned to the Persian front , moved to intercept an anticipated Persian invasion . He chose to deploy his army at Solachon , controlling the various routes of the Mesopotamian plain , and especially access to the main local watering source , the Arzamon river . Kardarigan , confident of victory , advanced against the Byzantines , but they had been warned and were deployed in battle order when Kardarigan reached Solachon . The Persians deployed as well and attacked , gaining the upper hand in the centre , but the Byzantine right wing broke through the Persian left flank . The successful Byzantine wing was thrown into disarray as its men headed off to loot the Persian camp , but Philippicus was able to restore order . Then , while the Byzantine centre was forced to form a shield wall to withstand the Persian pressure , the Byzantine left flank also managed to turn the Persians ' right . Under threat of a double envelopment , the Persian army collapsed and fled , with many dying in the desert of thirst or from water poisoning . Kardarigan himself survived and , with a part of his army , held out against Byzantine attacks on a hillock for several days before the Byzantines withdrew .
= = Background = =
In 572 the Byzantine ruler Justin II ( reigned 565 – 578 ) refused to renew the annual payments to Sassanid Persia that had been part of the peace agreement concluded by his uncle , Justinian I ( r . 527 – 565 ) and the Persian shah Khosrau I ( r . 531 – 579 ) in 562 . This marked the culmination of the progressive deterioration of Byzantine – Persian relations over the previous years , which manifested itself in diplomatic and military manoeuvring in their geopolitical periphery . Thus the Byzantines initiated contacts with the Central Asian Göktürks for a joint effort against Persia , while the Persians intervened in Yemen against the Christian Axumites , allies of Byzantium . Justin furthermore regarded the annual tribute as an indignity unworthy of Romans , and used the outbreak of a major revolt in Persian Armenia in 571 – 572 as a pretext for refusing to continue the payments .
Justin 's refusal was tantamount to a declaration of war , the fourth fought between the two great powers of Late Antiquity in the 6th century . After initial Persian successes such as the capture of Dara , the conflict proved inconclusive and became a drawn @-@ out affair , with Byzantine victories followed by Persian successes , intermittent negotiations , and temporary truces . In 582 , Maurice ( r . 582 – 602 ) , who had served as a general in the war , ascended to the Byzantine throne at Constantinople ; by that time , the Persians had gained the upper hand in Mesopotamia through their capture of Dara in 574 , while the Byzantines prevailed in Arzanene .
= = Initial moves and dispositions = =
Following the failure of another round of peace negotiations , about which little is known , Maurice appointed his brother @-@ in @-@ law Philippicus as the commander @-@ in @-@ chief for the Mesopotamian front ( magister militum per Orientem ) in 584 . Philippicus raided the region around the major Persian fortress of Nisibis in 584 , while in 585 he raided in Arzanene . The Persian commander , Kardarigan — " black hawk " , an honorific title rather than a proper name — responded with an unsuccessful siege of Philippicus ' main base , Monokarton .
In spring 586 Maurice rejected new Persian proposals involving the conclusion of peace in exchange for renewed payments in gold . The contemporary historian Theophylact Simocatta reports that Philippicus ' army was eager to confront the Persians in battle , and the Byzantine commander marched south from his base at Amida , crossed the Arzamon river ( modern Zergan in south @-@ east Turkey and north @-@ east Syria ) to its eastern bank and advanced some 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) east to the plain of Solachon , where he pitched his camp . This position , south of the fortresses of Mardes and Dara , allowed Philippicus ' army to control the passage of the Arzamon river and forced the Persian army under Kardarigan to advance across the waterless plain , away from their supply routes , before meeting the Byzantine force .
On the Persian side , Kardarigan was also eager to fight and confident of victory . He arranged to be escorted by many camels carrying water for his troops in case the Byzantines refused to engage but continued to block access to the Arzamon , and had allegedly prepared iron bars and chains for the prisoners he would take . His movements , however , were detected when the Byzantines ' Arab foederati captured a few of his men , allowing Philippicus to prepare his forces . This early warning was of particular importance since Kardarigan intended to attack on Sunday , a day of rest for the Christian Byzantines .
= = Battle = =
Both armies appear to have been composed exclusively of cavalry , comprising a mix of lancers and horse @-@ archers , possibly with a few cataphract units included . When Philippicus ' scouts reported the Persians ' approach , he positioned his men on elevated ground facing the direction from which the Persian army advanced , with his left flank protected by the foothills of Mount Izalas . The Byzantines appear to have been arranged in a single battle line with three divisions . The left division was commanded by Eiliphredas , the dux of Phoenice Libanensis , and included a Hunnic contingent of horse @-@ archers under Apsich . The centre was commanded by the general Heraclius the Elder , later Exarch of Africa and father of Emperor Heraclius ( r . 610 – 641 ) , while the right wing was commanded by the taxiarchos Vitalius . This arrangement was also adopted by the Persians as soon as they came into view of the Byzantine army . On the Persian side , the right division was under Mebodes , the centre under Kardarigan himself , and the left wing under Kardarigan 's nephew , Aphraates . Unlike the Persian general , Philippicus remained with a small force at some distance behind the main battle line , directing the battle .
After a short halt to leave their baggage train behind and form a battle line the Persian army quickly advanced on the Byzantines , shooting arrows as they approached . The Byzantines responded in kind and then sallied forth to meet the oncoming enemy . On the Byzantine right Vitalius was quickly victorious , his heavy cavalry breaking through the Persian flank and pushing his opponents to the left behind their own main line . At this point , however , disaster threatened as many of Vitalius ' troopers broke formation and headed towards the enemy camp , intending to loot it . Philippicus , however , saw what had happened and reacted quickly . He gave his distinctive helmet to one of his bodyguards , Theodore Ilibinus , and sent him to rally the cavalry on pain of punishment by the army commander himself . The ruse worked : the men recognized the helmet and returned to order just in time to stop the Persians , who had regrouped in the centre and were pushing the numerically inferior Byzantines back .
To counter this , Philippicus ordered the men of the central division to dismount and form a shield @-@ wall with their lances projecting from it ( the fulcum formation ) . It is not clear what happened next , but apparently the Byzantine archers shot at the Persians ' horses , breaking their momentum . At the same time , the Byzantine left managed to launch a successful counter @-@ thrust which drove back the opposing Persian right in disarray . Soon the Persian right broke and fled , pursued by the Byzantines . With both wings having disintegrated , the Persian centre was now subjected to an attack from the reformed Byzantine right , which drove them towards the area once occupied by the Persian right . Outnumbered and attacked from several sides , the Persians soon began to break and flee .
The defeated army suffered greatly , not only from the Byzantine pursuit , but also due to lack of water : before the battle , Kardarigan had ordered the water supplies poured to the ground , trying to make his men fight harder to break through the Byzantine army and reach the Arzamon . In addition , the surviving Persians were refused entry into Dara since , according to Simocatta , Persian custom forbade entrance to fugitives . Simocatta also narrates that many Persians died of thirst or from water poisoning when they drank too much water from wells after their ordeal . Kardarigan himself had managed to find refuge on a nearby hilltop with a small detachment and withstood several Byzantine attacks . Finally , after three or four days , the Byzantines , not aware that the enemy commander was there , abandoned the effort . Kardarigan thus escaped , although his men suffered further casualties in the process , up to a thousand according to Simocatta , from Byzantine patrols .
= = Aftermath = =
Following the battle Philippicus rewarded the soldiers who had distinguished themselves and divided the spoils of the defeated Persians among them . He then proceeded to invade Arzanene again . However , his attempt to capture the fortress of Chlomaron was thwarted when Kardarigan arrived with reinforcements . The Byzantine army retreated to the fortress of Aphumon , fighting rear @-@ guard actions with the shadowing Persians .
The victory of Solachon allowed the Byzantines to regain the upper hand in the region of the Tur Abdin and , in its aftermath , they began to re @-@ establish their control over the region around Dara . The war continued for a few years without a decision until the revolt of Bahram Chobin caused the rightful Persian shah , Khosrau II ( r . 590 – 628 ) , to find refuge in Byzantine territory . A joint expedition restored him to his throne and a peace treaty was concluded in 591 that left most of Armenia in Byzantine hands .
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= Tales of a Third Grade Nothing =
" Tales of a Third Grade Nothing " is the sixth episode of the seventh season of Family Guy that aired on November 16 , 2008 and ended the first half of the season . The episode follows Peter ( voiced by show creator Seth MacFarlane ) as he goes back to finish the third grade so that he is able to get a promotion at work . It also follows Brian ( also voiced by MacFarlane ) and Frank Sinatra , Jr . ( voiced by himself ) as they buy a club and give it to Stewie ( MacFarlane ) so that he can remodel it .
The episode was written by Alex Carter and directed by Jerry Langford , their firsts for the Family Guy series . Besides Sinatra , the episode featured guest performances by Bob Barker , James Burkholder , Max Burkholder , Chace Crawford , Elisha Cuthbert , Kaylee DeFer , Andy Dick , Carrie Fisher , Caitlyn Jenner ( then Bruce ) , Phil LaMarr , John Kassir , Debbie Reynolds , Sinbad , Billy Unger and Mae Whitman , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . The episode was seen by 8 @.@ 52 million viewers , and it received mostly positive reviews from television critics .
= = Plot = =
Peter is sent upstairs by his boss to deliver shipping reports to the CEO . On his way to deliver the reports , he decides to go into the executive bathroom . When he discovers how lavish the bathroom is , he becomes motivated to do well at work so that he can become an executive so he can use the executive bathroom . But while trying to impress his boss Angela by blowing up a competitor 's billboard , he inadvertently blows up part of a children 's hospital . Nevertheless , she is impressed by his improvement at work and recommends an open executive spot for him . However , Human Resources tells him he must first complete the third grade in order to qualify .
Peter does badly at school and offends his teacher Mrs. Wilson by telling an inappropriate story about her ( forgetting that Mrs. Wilson was also Peter 's teacher when he was a third grader ) , and makes fun of top student Omar . Mrs. Wilson allows Peter to attend the spelling bee after spelling out " buttlickers " which even Omar can 't spell . Omar fails the spelling bee because he misspelled " coagulate " , but Peter succeeds after correctly spelling the word " lesbians " . When Peter goes back to work , Angela tells him that he will be going to jail for the hospital explosion instead of getting promoted . Fortunately for him , he receives only one week in prison and is told he will be released the following Sunday night at 9 : 00 ( Family Guy 's usual time slot )
Meanwhile , Frank Sinatra , Jr. comes back to town to perform with Brian at the Quahog Cabana Club . Since the club owner is looking to sell , Brian and Frank buy the establishment and they let Stewie transform it into a hip , modern nightclub called pLace . At first , Frank and Brian feel uncomfortable , but their feelings change once they get into the club life themselves . However , the club swiftly loses its popularity once Andy Dick is seen there . Once the club has emptied , Frank and Brian perform another song .
= = Production = =
" Tales of a Third Grade Nothing " was written by newcomer Alex Carter . It was directed by former Mission Hill and The Oblongs director Jerry Langford , who had joined the show 's directing staff that season making this his first Family Guy episode , he would direct the episode " Stew @-@ Roids " later that season . Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdum served as supervising directors . Composer Walter Murphy , who has worked on the series since its inception , returned to compose the music for " Tales of a Third Grade Nothing " .
Actress Carrie Fisher , who is most famous for her role as Princess Leia in Star Wars , returned to voice Peter 's boss , Angela , as she first did in the fourth season episode " Jungle Love " . Fisher has been given high praise for her portrayal of the character , with The Hollywood Reporter calling it one of her " 5 Most Iconic Roles . " Singer Frank Sinatra , Jr. also returned to voice himself , as he did in another fourth season episode " Brian Sings and Swings " .
In addition to Fisher , Sinatra and the regular cast , former game show host Bob Barker , actor James Burkholder , actor Max Burkholder , actor Chace Crawford , actress Elisha Cuthbert , actress Kaylee DeFer , comedian Andy Dick , athlete Caitlyn Jenner ( then Bruce ) , voice actor Phil LaMarr , actress Debbie Reynolds , actor Sinbad , child actor Billy Unger , and voice actress Mae Whitman guest starred in the episode . Recurring voice actors Lori Alan , Alexandra Breckenridge , writer Steve Callaghan , Ralph Garman , writer Danny Smith , writer Alec Sulkin , writer John Viener , and writer Wellesley Wild made minor appearances .
= = Cultural references = =
" Tales of a Third Grade Nothing " makes several media references . The name of the episode itself is a reference to Judy Blume 's children 's book Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing , whose narrator @-@ protagonist is likewise named Peter . The first few minutes feature a parody of the film Jurassic Park where Peter enters the executive bathroom and inside there is a helicopter that takes Peter to an island ; John Hammond , who is inside the helicopter , welcomes Peter , and the music playing while the helicopter flies above the island is that which was used in the movie . Peter using the restroom and commenting on how peaceful everything is also a reference to a far different scene in the movie when a lawyer was eaten by a Tyrannosaurus Rex after attempting to hide in a bathroom stall . Yosemite Sam , one of the classic Looney Tunes characters , is seen trying on skinny jeans in Barney 's . The Emperor from the Star Wars movies requests that the song " On the Dark Side " by John Cafferty & The Beaver Brown Band be played at Brian and Frank 's club . A video of John Madden 's wedding is shown . Stewie references singer Michael Jackson and how his dance styles appeared to be violent to his own genitalia . Peter says he feels sympathy for John Wilkes Booth then it cuts to Booth at the theater while being annoyed by an obnoxious Abraham Lincoln . A cutaway gag featuring Stewie as a grape stomper references a news reporter who was doing the same thing , fell , got her wind knocked out and reacted hysterically . Near the end of the episode , Frank and Brian perform a duet of a song called " Take Me Out to pLace Tonight , " which uses Billy May 's orchestral arrangement of " On the Road to Mandalay , " as featured on Frank Sinatra Sr. ' s 1958 album , Come Fly with Me .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast in the United States on November 16 , 2008 , " Tales of a Third Grade Nothing " was watched by 8 @.@ 52 million homes and acquired a 4 @.@ 2 Nielsen rating , the audience measurement systems developed to determine the audience size and composition of television programming in the United States .
The episode received positive reviews . Ahsan Haque of IGN praised " Tales of a Third Grade Nothing " , writing that it had " a convoluted storyline that actually has some kind of logical flow , and more than a fair share of genuinely funny and outrageously offensive jokes . " . He graded the episode 8 @.@ 5 out of 10 . Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club wrote that the episode was an above average episode , and graded it B. In contrast , Robin Pierson of The TV Critic gave the episode a negative review , saying that while it was funnier than the usual episodes of the show it was still " plotless ramblings " .
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= Space Pilot 3000 =
" Space Pilot 3000 " is the pilot episode of Futurama . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 28 , 1999 . It is also the first episode to be set in the 30th century as the third season and beyond are set in the 31st century . The episode focuses on the cryogenic freezing of the series protagonist , Philip J. Fry , and the events when he awakens 1 @,@ 000 years in the future . Series regulars are introduced and the futuristic setting , inspired by a variety of classic science fiction series from The Jetsons to Star Trek , is revealed . It also sets the stage for many of the events to follow in the series , foreshadowing plot points from the third and fourth seasons .
The episode was written by David X. Cohen and Matt Groening , and directed by Rich Moore and Gregg Vanzo . Dick Clark and Leonard Nimoy guest starred as themselves . The episode generally received good reviews with many reviewers noting that while the episode started slow the series merited further viewing .
= = Plot = =
On December 31 , 1999 , a pizza delivery boy named Philip J. Fry delivers a pizza to " Applied Cryogenics " in New York City only to discover that the order was actually a prank call . Dejected and demoralized , he stops in the deserted lab to eat the pizza while outside the whole world is getting ready to celebrate the beginning of New Year . At midnight , Fry falls into an open cryonic tube and is frozen as it immediately activates . He is defrosted on Tuesday , December 31 , 2999 , in what is now New New York City . He is taken to a fate assignment officer named Leela , a purple @-@ haired cyclops . To his misfortune , Fry is assigned the computer @-@ determined permanent career of delivery boy , and flees into the city when Leela tries to implant Fry 's career chip designating his job .
While trying to track down his only living relative , Professor Farnsworth , Fry befriends a suicidal robot named Bender . As they talk at a bar , Fry learns that Bender too has deserted his job of bending girders for suicide booths . Together , they evade Leela and hide in the Head Museum , where they encounter the preserved heads of historical figures . Fry and Bender eventually find themselves underground in the ruins of Old New York .
Leela finally catches Fry , who has become depressed that everyone that he knew and loved is dead and tells her that he will accept his career as a delivery boy . Leela sympathizes with Fry — she too is alone , and hates her job — so she quits and joins Fry and Bender as job deserters . The three track down Professor Farnsworth , founder of an intergalactic delivery company called Planet Express . With the help of Professor Farnsworth , the three evade the police by launching the Planet Express Ship at the stroke of midnight amid the New Year 's fireworks . As the year 3000 begins , Farnsworth hires the three as the crew of his ship . Fry inquires at what his job is , and learns that he will be a delivery boy . Fry , ironically , cheers at his new job .
= = Continuity = =
While the plot of the episode stands on its own , it also sets up much of the continuing plot of the series by including Easter eggs for events that do not occur until much later : as Fry falls into the freezer , the scene shows a strange shadow cast on the wall behind him . It is revealed in " The Why of Fry " that the shadow belongs to Nibbler , who intentionally pushes Fry into the freezer as part of a complex plan to save Earth from the Brainspawn in the future . Executive producer David X. Cohen claims that from the very beginning the creators had plans to show a larger conspiracy behind Fry 's journey to the future . In the movie Futurama : Bender 's Big Score , it is revealed that the spacecraft seen destroying the city while Fry is frozen are piloted by Bender and those chasing him after he steals the Nobel Peace Prize .
At the end of the episode , Professor Farnsworth offers Fry , Leela and Bender the Planet Express delivery crew positions . The professor produces the previous crew 's career chips from an envelope labeled " Contents of Space Wasp 's Stomach " . In a later episode , " The Sting " , the crew encounters the ship of the previous crew in a space beehive . When discussing this discontinuity in the episode commentary , writer of " The Sting " Patric Verrone states " we made liars out of the pilot " .
This episode introduces the fictional technology that allows preserved heads to be kept alive in jars . This technology makes it possible for the characters to interact with celebrities from the then @-@ distant past , and is used by the writers to comment on the 20th and 21st centuries in a satirical manner .
= = Production = =
In the DVD commentary , Matt Groening notes that beginning any television series is difficult , but he found particular difficulty starting one that took place in the future because of the amount of setup required . As a trade off , they included a lot of Easter eggs in the episode that would pay off in later episodes . He and Cohen point these out throughout the episode . The scene where Fry emerges from a cryonic tube and has his first view of New New York was the first 3D scene worked on by the animation team . It was considered to be a defining point for whether the technique would work or not .
Originally , the first person entering the pneumatic tube transport system declared " J.F.K. , Jr . Airport " as his destination . After John F. Kennedy , Jr . ' s death in the crash of his private airplane , the line has since been redubbed on all subsequent broadcasts and the DVD release to " Radio City Mutant Hall " ( a reference to Radio City Music Hall ) . The original version was heard only during the pilot broadcast and the first rerun a few months later . Although the original line is still used on repeat broadcasts in the UK on Satellite channel Sky One . ( The Region 2 DVD has the redubbed line ) . According to Groening , the inspiration for the suicide booth was the 1937 Donald Duck cartoon , " Modern Inventions " , in which the Duck is faced with — and nearly killed several times by — various push button gadgets in a Museum of the Future .
= = Cultural references = =
In their original pitch to Fox , Groening and Cohen stated that they wanted the futuristic setting for the show to be neither " dark and drippy " like Blade Runner , nor " bland and boring " like The Jetsons . They felt that they could not make the future either a utopia or a dystopia because either option would eventually become boring . The creators gave careful consideration to the setting , and the influence of classic science fiction is evident in this episode as a series of references to — and parodies of — easily recognizable films , books and television programs . In the earliest glimpse of the future while Fry is frozen in the cryonic chamber , time is seen passing outside the window until reaching the year 3000 . This scene was inspired by a similar scene in the film The Time Machine based on H.G. Wells ' novel . When Fry awakens in the year 2999 , he is greeted with Terry 's catchphrase " Welcome to the world of tomorrow " . The scene is a joke at the expense of Futurama 's namesake , the Futurama ride at the 1939 World 's Fair whose tag line was " The World of Tomorrow " . Dick Clark made a cameo as a head in a jar , hosting Dick Clark 's New Year 's Rockin ' Eve 3000 .
In addition to the setting , part of the original concept for the show was that there would be a lot of advanced technology similar to that seen in Star Trek , but it would be constantly malfunctioning . The automatic doors at Applied Cryogenics resemble those in Star Trek : The Original Series ; however , they malfunction when Fry remarks on this similarity . In another twist , the two policemen who try to arrest Fry at the head museum use weapons which are visually similar to lightsabers used in the Star Wars film series ; however , they are functionally more similar to nightsticks . The interaction between the characters was not overlooked . The relationship formed between Fry and Bender in this episode has been compared to the relationship between Will Robinson and the robot in Lost in Space .
Although both Futurama and The Simpsons were created by Matt Groening , overt references to the latter are mostly avoided in Futurama . One of the few exceptions to this rule is the appearance of Blinky , a three @-@ eyed orange fish seen on The Simpsons , as Fry is going through the tube . A running gag of the series is Bender 's fondness for Olde Fortran malt liquor , named after Olde English 800 malt liquor and the programming language Fortran . The drink was first introduced in this episode and became so closely associated with the character that he was featured with a bottle in both the Rocket USA wind @-@ up toy and the action figure released by Moore Action Collectibles .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
In a review by Patrick Lee in Science Fiction Weekly based on a viewing of this episode alone , Futurama was deemed not as funny as The Simpsons , particularly as " the satire is leavened with treacly sentimental bits about free will and loneliness " . The episode was rated as an " A- pick " and found to " warrant further viewing " despite these concerns . Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette noted that although the episode contained the same skewed humor as The Simpsons , it was not as smart and funny , and he attributed this to the large amount of exposition and character introduction required of a television series pilot , noting that the show was " off to a good start " . Andrew Billen of the New Statesman found the premise of the episode to be unoriginal , but remained somewhat enthusiastic about the future of the series . While he praised the humorous details of the episode , such as the background scenes while Fry was frozen , he also criticized the show 's dependence on in @-@ jokes such as Groening 's head being present in the head museum .
In its initial airing , the episode had " unprecedented strong numbers " with a Nielsen rating of 11 @.@ 2 / 17 in homes and 9 @.@ 6 / 23 in adults 18 – 49 . The Futurama premiere was watched by more people than either its lead @-@ in show ( The Simpsons ) or the show following it ( The X @-@ Files ) , and it was the number one show among men aged 18 – 49 and teenagers for the week . The episode was ranked in 2006 by IGN as number 14 in their list of the top 25 Futurama episodes .
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= Boys Don 't Cry ( film ) =
Boys Don 't Cry is a 1999 American romantic drama film directed by Kimberly Peirce and co @-@ written by Peirce and Andy Bienen . The film is a dramatization of the real @-@ life story of Brandon Teena , an American trans man played in the film by Hilary Swank , who adopts a male identity and attempts to find himself and love in Nebraska but falls victim to a brutal hate crime perpetrated by two male acquaintances . The film also stars Chloë Sevigny , Peter Sarsgaard , Brendan Sexton III , and Alicia Goranson . After reading about the murders while in college , Peirce researched the case and worked on the screenplay for almost five years . Peirce was inspired by All She Wanted , a 1996 book about the killing written by Aphrodite Jones ; however , she chose to focus the story of the film on the relationship between Brandon and his girlfriend Lana Tisdel . Many actors sought the lead role during a three @-@ year casting process before Swank was cast . Swank was chosen because her personality seemed similar to Teena 's . Sevigny initially auditioned for the role of Brandon , but Peirce could not picture her playing a man , so she was ultimately cast as Teena 's girlfriend Lana . Most of the film 's characters were based on real @-@ life people ; others were composites .
Filming occurred during October and November 1998 in the Dallas , Texas area . The producers initially wanted to film in Falls City , Nebraska , where the real @-@ life events had taken place ; however , budget constraints meant that principal photography had to occur in Texas . The film 's cinematography uses dim and artificial lighting throughout and was influenced by a variety of styles , including neorealism and the films of Martin Scorsese , while the soundtrack consisted primarily of country , blues , and rock music from the film . The film 's themes , which have been explored by many scholars , include the nature of romantic and platonic relationships , the causes of violence against LGBT people , transgender people and the gender binary , and the relationship among social class , race , and gender .
The film premiered at the New York Film Festival on October 8 , 1999 , before appearing at various other film festivals . Distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures , the film received a limited release in the United States on October 22 , 1999 , and it performed well at the North American box office , gaining three times its production budget by May 2000 . The film received overwhelming acclaim from critics . It was widely lauded as one of the best films of the year ; praise focused on the lead performances by Swank and Sevigny as well as the film 's depiction of its subject matter . However , some people who had been involved with Brandon in real life criticized the film for not portraying the events accurately . Boys Don 't Cry was nominated for multiple awards ; at the 72nd Academy Awards in 2000 , Swank was awarded the Academy Award for Best Actress and Sevigny was nominated for Best Supporting Actress . The pair were also nominated at the 57th Golden Globe Awards , with Swank winning the Best Actress – Drama award . Boys Don 't Cry , which dealt with controversial issues , was initially assigned an NC @-@ 17 rating but was later reclassified to an R rating . It was released on home video in September 2000 .
= = Plot = =
Brandon Teena ( Hilary Swank ) is a young trans man whose birth name was Teena Renae Brandon . When Brandon is discovered to be transgender by a former girlfriend 's brother , he receives physical threats . Soon after , he is involved in a bar fight and is evicted from his cousin 's trailer . Brandon moves to Falls City , Nebraska , where he befriends ex @-@ convicts John Lotter ( Peter Sarsgaard ) and Tom Nissen ( Brendan Sexton III ) , and their friends Candace ( Alicia Goranson ) and Lana Tisdel ( Chloë Sevigny ) . Brandon becomes romantically involved with Lana , who is unaware of his biological sex and troubled past . The two make plans to move to Memphis , where Brandon will manage Lana 's karaoke singing career .
The police detain Brandon on charges that arose prior to his relocation ; they place him in the women 's section of the Falls City prison . Lana bails Brandon out and asks why he was placed in a women 's prison . Brandon lies to her , saying he was born a hermaphrodite and will soon receive a sex change . Lana declares her love for Brandon , regardless of his sex or gender . Tom and John become suspicious after reading a newspaper article about Brandon that refers to him by his birth name , Teena Brandon . They force Brandon to remove his pants and reveal his genitals . They try to make Lana look , but she shields her eyes and turns away . After this confrontation , Tom and John drag Brandon into John 's car and drive to an isolated location , where they beat and rape him . Afterwards , they take Brandon to Tom 's house . Though injured , Brandon escapes through a bathroom window . Although his assailants threaten Brandon and warn him not to report the attack to the police , Lana persuades him to do so .
Later , John and Tom get drunk and decide to kill Brandon . Lana attempts to stop them , but the pair drive to Candace 's remote house where they find Brandon , who has been hiding in a nearby shed . John shoots Brandon under the chin . Tom shoots Candace in the head as Lana fights with them , begging them to stop . Tom stabs Brandon 's lifeless body and tries to shoot Lana but John stops him . John and Tom flee the scene while Lana lies with Brandon 's body . The next morning , Lana awakens next to Brandon 's corpse . Her mother arrives and takes her away from the scene . As Lana leaves Falls City , a letter Brandon wrote to her is heard in a voiceover .
= = Cast = =
Hilary Swank as Brandon Teena
Chloë Sevigny as Lana Tisdel
Peter Sarsgaard as John Lotter
Brendan Sexton III as Marvin ' Tom ' Nissen
Alicia Goranson as Candace
Jeannetta Arnette as Linda Tisdel , Lana 's mother
Matt McGrath as Lonny , Brandon 's cousin
Alison Folland as Kate Lotter , John 's sister and Lana 's best friend
Lou Perryman as Sheriff Charles B. Laux
Cheyenne Rushing as Nicole , Brandon 's fictional first girlfriend in Lincoln
Libby Villari as the Nurse
= = Production = =
= = = Background = = =
Brandon Teena was a trans man who was raped and murdered by two male acquaintances in December 1993 , when he was 21 . Kimberly Peirce , at the time a Columbia University film student , became interested in the case after reading a 1994 Village Voice article by Donna Minkowitz . Peirce became engrossed in Brandon 's life and death ; she said , " the minute I read about Brandon , I fell in love . With the intensity of his desire to turn himself into a boy , the fact that he did it with no role models . The leap of imagination that this person took was completely overwhelming to me . " The sensationalist news coverage of the case prolonged her interest . Peirce said she looked beyond the brutality of the case and instead viewed the positive aspects of Brandon 's life as part of what eventually causes his death . She admired Brandon 's audacity , ability to solve complicated problems , and what she perceived as the sense of fantasy invoked by his personality .
Peirce wanted to tell the story from Brandon 's perspective . She was familiar with Brandon 's desire to wear men 's clothing : " I started looking at all the other coverage and a great deal of it was sensational . People were focusing on the spectacle of a girl who had passed as a boy because that is so unfamiliar to so many people . Where to me , I knew girls who had passed as boys , so Brandon was not some weird person to me . Brandon was a very familiar person . " Peirce was influenced by the public perception of the case , believing the American public were generally misinformed : she said , " People were also focusing on the crime without giving it much emotional understanding and I think that 's really dangerous , especially with this culture of violence that we live in " . Peirce began working on a concept for the film and gave it the working title Take It Like a Man .
The project drew interest from various production companies . Diane Keaton 's production company , Blue Relief , showed interest in the screenplay in the mid @-@ 1990s . Initially , the film was to be largely based on Aphrodite Jones ' 1996 true crime book All She Wanted , which told the story of Brandon 's final few weeks . Earlier drafts of the script incorporated scenes featuring Brandon 's family background , including his sister Tammy and mother Joann , as well as some of Teena 's ex @-@ girlfriends . However , Peirce modified the script to fit her vision to focus on the relationship between Brandon and his 19 @-@ year @-@ old girlfriend Lana Tisdel , which Peirce termed a " great love story " , in contrast to All She Wanted , which did not place an emphasis on the relationship . To fund the writing and development of the project , Peirce worked as a paralegal on a midnight shift and as a 35mm film projectionist ; she also received a grant from New York Foundation for the Arts . The project attracted the attention of producer Christine Vachon , who had seen a short film Peirce had made for her thesis in 1995 . IFC Films , Hart Sharp Entertainment , and Killer Films , Vachon and Eva Kolodner 's production company , provided financing for the project . IFC contributed roughly $ 1 million , but the film 's eventual budget remained under $ 2 million . Peirce co @-@ wrote the screenplay with Andy Bienen . They worked together for 18 months on the final drafts and were careful not to " mythologize " Brandon ; the aim was to keep him as human as possible . In the editing stage of the script , Peirce sent the draft to Fox Searchlight Pictures , which agreed to produce and distribute the film while giving Peirce artistic license .
Prior to filming , Peirce researched the facts by interviewing the people surrounding the case . She immersed herself in the information available about the murder , including trial transcripts . She met Lana Tisdel at a convenience store and interviewed her at Tisdel 's home . Tisdel , who began dating Brandon just two weeks before he was murdered , was 19 @-@ years @-@ old at the time of the murders and lived in Falls City with her mother . Peirce also interviewed Tisdel 's mother and Brandon 's friends . However , she was unable to interview Brandon 's mother or any of his biological family . Much factual information , including Nissen being a convicted arsonist , was incorporated into Boys Don 't Cry .
= = = Casting = = =
The filmmakers retained the names of most of the case 's real @-@ life protagonists , but the names of several supporting characters were altered . For example , the character of Candace was named Lisa Lambert in real life . The casting process for Boys Don 't Cry lasted almost four years . Drew Barrymore was an early candidate to star in the film . Peirce scouted the LGBT community , looking mainly for masculine , lesbian women for the role of Brandon Teena . Peirce said the LGBT community was very interested in the project because of the publicity surrounding the murder . High @-@ profile actors avoided Peirce 's auditions at the request of their agents because of the stigma associated with the role . At one point , the project was nearly abandoned because Peirce was not satisfied with most of the people who auditioned . In 1996 , after a hundred female actors had been considered and rejected , the relatively unknown actor Hilary Swank sent a videotape to Peirce and was signed on to the project . Swank successfully passed as a boy to the doorman at her audition . During her audition , Swank , who was 22 , lied to Peirce about her age . Swank said that like Brandon she was 21 years of age . When Peirce later confronted her about her lie , Swank responded , " But that 's what Brandon would do " . Swank 's anonymity as an actor persuaded Peirce to cast her ; Peirce said she did not want a " known actor " to portray Teena . In addition , Peirce felt that Swank 's audition was " the first time I saw someone who not only blurred the gender lines , but who was this beautiful , androgynous person with this cowboy hat and a sock in her pants , who smiled and loved being Brandon . "
Peirce required that Swank " make a full transformation " into a male . Immediately after being cast , Peirce took Swank to a hairdresser , where her lower @-@ back length hair was cut and dyed chestnut brown . When she saw her then @-@ husband , Chad Lowe , again , he barely recognized her . Swank prepared for the role by dressing and living as a man for at least a month , including wrapping her chest in tension bandages and putting socks down the front of her trousers as Brandon Teena had done . Her masquerade was convincing ; Swank 's neighbors believed the " young man " coming and going from her home was Swank 's visiting brother . She reduced her body fat to seven percent to accentuate her facial structure and refused to let the cast and crew see her out of costume . Swank earned $ 75 per day for her work on Boys Don 't Cry , totaling $ 3 @,@ 000 . Her earnings were so low that she did not qualify for health insurance .
For the role of Brandon 's girlfriend , Lana Tisdel , Peirce had envisioned a young Jodie Foster . The role was also offered to Reese Witherspoon and Sarah Polley . Peirce ultimately decided to cast Chloë Sevigny based on her performance in The Last Days of Disco ( 1998 ) . Sevigny had auditioned for the role of Brandon , but Peirce decided Sevigny would be more suited to playing Lana because she could not picture Sevigny as a man .
" There 's a moment in The Last Days of Disco when Chloë does this little dance move and flirts with the camera , " she says . " She has this mix of attractiveness , flirtation and sophistication that she gives you , but then takes away very quickly so that you want more : you want to reach into the screen and grab her . When I saw that , and her confidence and wit , I thought : if she could flirt with Brandon and the audience in that way , that 's exactly what we need for Lana . I said to her , ' Will you please audition to play Lana ? ' She said , ' No . ' And I said , ' OK , you can have the role . ' "
Sevigny dyed her hair red for the role to match Lana 's strawberry blonde hair . Peirce later said , " Chloë just surrendered to the part . She watched videos of Lana . She just became her very naturally . "
Peter Sarsgaard played John Lotter , Lana 's former boyfriend , who raped and murdered Teena . Sarsgaard was one of the first choices for the role . He later said he wanted his character to be " likable , sympathetic even " , because he wanted the audience " to understand why they would hang out with me . If my character wasn 't necessarily likable , I wanted him to be charismatic enough that you weren 't going to have a dull time if you were with him . " In another interview , Sarsgaard said he felt " empowered " by playing Lotter . In an interview with The Independent , Sarsgaard said , " I felt very sexy , weirdly , playing John Lotter . I felt like I was just like the sheriff , y 'know , and that everyone loved me . " Sarsgaard recalled watching footage of and reading about Lotter to prepare for the role . Peirce cast Alicia Goranson , known for playing Becky on the sitcom Roseanne , as Candace because of her likeness to Lisa Lambert . Like Sevigny , Goranson had initially auditioned for the lead role .
= = = Principal photography = = =
Initially , Boys Don 't Cry was scheduled to film for thirty days . However , principal photography for the film lasted from October 19 to November 24 , 1998 . The small budget dictated some of the filming decisions , including the omission of some incidents to speed up the overall pacing . Timing constraints and Peirce 's visions relating to the plot limited what could be achieved with the narrative . For example , the film portrays a double murder when in actuality a third person , Phillip DeVine — a black disabled man — was also killed at the scene . At the time , he had been dating Lana Tisdel 's sister , Leslie , who was omitted from the story . Boys Don 't Cry was primarily filmed in Greenville , Texas , a small town about 45 mi ( 72 km ) northeast of Dallas . Most of the incidents in the case took place in Falls City , Nebraska , but budget constraints led the filmmakers to choose locations in Texas . Peirce initially wanted to shoot in Falls City , but Vachon told her that filming there would not be possible . Afterwards , the film was going to be shot in Omaha , Nebraska , but Peirce felt that " none of [ the places ] looked right . " In addition , Peirce also scouted filming locations in Kansas and Florida before deciding on Texas . One of Peirce 's main goals was for the audience to sympathize with Brandon . On the film 's DVD commentary track , Peirce said , " The work was informing me about how I wanted to represent it . I wanted the audience to enter deeply into this place , this character , so they could entertain these contradictions in Brandon 's own mind and would not think he was crazy , would not think he was lying , but would see him as more deeply human " .
Some scenes in Boys Don 't Cry required emotional and physical intensity ; these were allocated extended periods of filming . The scene in which Brandon , at the wishes of his friends , bumper @-@ skis on the back of a pickup truck , was delayed when a police officer , just arriving at a shift change , required a large lighting crane to be moved from one side of the road to the other . The scenes took six hours to shoot and were filmed at sunrise , resulting in a blue sky being seen in the background . There were some technical complications : some of the filming equipment got stuck in mud , and radio wires in some of the scenes conflicted with the sound production . Swank required a stunt double for a scene in which she falls off the back of a truck . Teena 's rape scene was given an extended filming time ; Sexton , who portrayed one of the attackers , walked away in tears afterward . Swank found portraying her character daunting and felt the need to " keep a distance " from the reality of the actual event . When scenes became difficult , Swank requested the company of her husband on set . At times , Peirce worked for seventeen hours a day in order to complete more work , but the other crew members told her that this was taking up potential nighttime filming hours .
= = = Cinematography = = =
Peirce , who had originally sought a career in photography before moving into filmmaking , applied techniques she had learned into the film . She described the film 's mood as " artificial night " . Director of Photography Jim Denault showed her the work of photographer Jan Staller , whose long @-@ exposure night photography under artificial lighting inspired Denault to avoid using " moonlight " effects for most of the film . As a way to further incorporate the sense of artificial night , John Pirozzi , who had been experimenting with time @-@ lapse photography using a non @-@ motion @-@ controlled moving camera , was invited to create the transition shots seen throughout the film .
The film 's visual style depicts the Midwestern United States in a " withdrawn " , dark and understated light to give a " surreal " effect . Denault shot Boys Don 't Cry in flat , spherical format on 35 mm film using Kodak Vision film stock . The film was shot with a Moviecam Compact camera fitted with Carl Zeiss super speed lenses . For the scene in which Brandon is stripped , a hand @-@ held camera was used to give a sense of subjectivity and intimacy .
The use of low natural light and heavy artificial light is illustrated early in the film in the opening roller rink scene in which Brandon pursues his first relationship with a young woman . For this scene , Peirce used a three @-@ shot method similar to that used in a scene in The Wizard of Oz ( 1939 ) in which Dorothy leaves her house and enters Oz . The scene consists of a three @-@ shot sequence meant to symbolize Brandon 's metaphorical " entrance to manhood " , or Brandon 's social transition from a woman to a man . Some scenes were given a prolonged shooting sequence to induce a feeling of hallucination . An example is the sequence in which Brandon and Lana first have sex , followed by a shot of her , Brandon , Candace , and Kate driving in a car against a city skyline backdrop . The scene in which John and Tom strip Brandon was filmed with three cameras due to time constraints , even though Peirce wanted six cameras to film it . The scene took an hour and a half to film in total .
Peirce drew inspiration from the filming style of John Cassavetes and the early work of Martin Scorsese , and she incorporated neo @-@ realist techniques into the film . She was also influenced by a second style of work — the " magical " films of Michael Powell and Kenji Mizoguchi . The former style is used when Brandon joins the social circle of John , Tom , Lana and her mother , while the latter is used when Brandon and Lana begin to depart from that life . The film was also influenced by Bonnie and Clyde ( 1967 ) . Peirce incorporated influences from Raging Bull ( 1980 ) by opening the film with a shot of Brandon traveling along a highway , as seen from the character 's imaginative or dream perspective , similar to the beginning of Raging Bull . When a character expresses a dream or hopeful assertion , Peirce cuts to an " eerily lit " dream landscape . The Pawnbroker ( 1964 ) inspired the cinematography and editing of Brandon 's rape scene , particularly in its use of fast cutting .
= = = Music = = =
Because the film is set in the rural Midwestern United States , the Boys Don 't Cry soundtrack album features a compilation of country , blues and rock music . Nathan Larson and Nina Persson of The Cardigans composed an instrumental version of Restless Heart 's 1988 country @-@ pop song " The Bluest Eyes in Texas " , a variation of which was used as the film 's love theme and score . The song itself is heard during a karaoke scene , sung by Sevigny 's character , and at the end of the film . The title of the film is taken from the song of the same name by British rock band The Cure . An American cover of the song , sung by Nathan Larson , plays in the background in the scene in which Lana bails Brandon out of jail and during one of their sex scenes . However , the song is not included on the released soundtrack . Songs by Lynyrd Skynyrd ( " Tuesday 's Gone " ) , Paisley Underground band Opal ( " She 's a Diamond " ) and The Charlatans ( " Codine Blues " ) also appear in the film , as do cover versions of other songs . The soundtrack was released on November 23 , 1999 , by Koch Records . " The Bluest Eyes in Texas " was played when Hilary Swank went onstage to receive her Academy Award for Best Actress in 2000 . The song also plays over the film 's end credits .
= = Themes and analysis = =
Boys Don 't Cry has been widely discussed and analyzed by scholars and others . Roger Ebert described the film as a " romantic tragedy " embedded in a working class American setting , calling it " Romeo and Juliet set in a Nebraska trailer park " . Philosopher Rebecca Hanrahan argued that the question of identity — particularly Brandon 's — is alluded to frequently in Boys Don 't Cry and that Peirce poses the nature of identification and self as the film 's main question . Journalist Janet Maslin said the film is about accepting identity , which in turn means accepting the fate predisposed for that identity . Paula Nechak called the film a " bold cautionary tale " ; she regarded the film as a negative , dismal depiction of Midwestern America , writing that " [ Peirce 's film has ] captured the mystique and eerie loneliness " and " isolation of the Midwest , with its dusty desolation and nowhere @-@ to @-@ go frustration that propels people to violence and despair " .
Christine Vachon , the film 's executive producer , said , " It 's not just about two stupid thugs who killed somebody . It 's about these guys whose world is so tenuous and so fragile that they can 't stand to have any of their beliefs shattered " , referring to John and Tom 's views of their lives , Brandon 's aspirations and his biological sex . Along with other turn @-@ of @-@ the @-@ millennium films such as In the Company of Men ( 1997 ) , American Beauty ( 1999 ) , Fight Club ( 1999 ) , and American Psycho ( 2000 ) , Vincent Hausmann said Boys Don 't Cry " raises the broader , widely explored issue of masculinity in crisis " . Jason Wood said the film , together with Patty Jenkins 's Monster ( 2003 ) , is an exploration of " social problems " .
= = = Romantic and platonic relationships = = =
Several scholars commented on the relationship between Brandon and Lana as well as Brandon 's relationship to John and Tom . Carol Siegel regarded the film as a thematically rich love story between two ill @-@ fated lovers , similarly to Romeo and Juliet . Judith Halberstam ( or Jack Halberstam ) attributed Boys Don 't Cry 's success to its ostensible argument for tolerance of sexual diversity by depicting a relationship between two unlikely people . This tragic aspect of the love story led Halberstam to compare Brandon and Lana 's relationship and subsequent drama to classic and modern romances including Romeo and Juliet , often using the term star @-@ crossed lovers . In the Journal for Creativity in Mental Health , Jinnelle Veronique Aguilar discussed Brandon 's ability to create interpersonal relationships in the film . She opined that Brandon wanted to create close relationships , but he could not due to his transgender status until he became close with Lana . " Although Brandon is able to make a brief but authentic connection with Lana , he continues to experience a sense of aloneness in the world . He consistently faces a sense of fear related to the power @-@ over dynamics that he and others who are transsexual face … Brandon experiences the central relational paradox , in which he yearns for connection ; however , due to the real threat he faces , he is unable to make that connection . "
Myra Hird , in the International Feminist Journal of Politics , argued that John and Brandon exemplify two different and contrasting types of masculinity , and that Brandon 's version is preferred by the film 's female characters , comparing them to Arnold Schwarzenegger and Jimmy Stewart , respectively . " Throughout the film , John offers the viewer a typified narrative of heteronormative masculinity . [ … ] Against this hegemonic masculinity , Brandon offers a masculinity reminiscent of a by @-@ gone era of chivalry . " Furthermore , she contended that John was threatened by Brandon 's version of masculinity . " Gender boundaries are taken extremely seriously in Western society , and Boys Don 't Cry depicts how intensely threatened John and Tom are by Brandon 's superior portrayal of a masculinity ' schedule ' . John cannot abide Brandon 's desire , and clear ability , to access male privilege , and his reaction is to force Brandon to be female through the act of rape . "
= = = Causes of violence against LGBT people = = =
Other commentators discussed the more complex psychological causes of Brandon 's murder . Halberstam commented on the complicated causes of the murder , and whether it was due to transphobia or homophobia : " Ultimately in Boys [ Don 't Cry ] , the double vision of the transgender subject gives way to the universal vision of humanism , the transgender man and his lover become lesbians and the murder seems instead to be the outcome of vicious homophobic rage . " Ebert called the film a " sad song about a free spirit who tried to fly a little too close to the flame " . In the same journal , Julianne Pidduck commented on the film 's rape and murder scenes , " Effectively , the viewer is asked to experience the rape from the victim 's point of view . The film invites political , emotional and corporeal allegiances linked to known and imagined risk , especially for female and / or queer viewers . An allegiance with Brandon 's outsider status aligns the viewer with Brandon 's initial exhilaration at his transgressive success as a boy , drawing us through to the film 's disturbing finale . "
= = = Self @-@ identity , transgender identity and the gender binary = = =
Many scholars addressed the various performances of gender by the characters in the film ; Moss and Lynne Zeavin offered a psychoanalytic analysis , calling the film a " case report " that " presents [ Brandon 's ] transsexual inclinations as a series of euphoric conquests " and " focuses on a range of anxious reactions to her [ sic ] transsexuality . [ … ] or a case not for what they might reveal about female hysteria , but for what they might reveal about misogyny " . Elaborating on the themes of the film , they wrote :
In her film , Pierce [ sic ] inserts the unconventional problems of transsexuality into a conventional narrative structure . Throughout the film Brandon is presented as a doomed , though beguiling and beautiful rascal , recognizably located in the lineage of well @-@ known cinematic bad @-@ boys like James Dean , Steve McQueen , and Paul Newman . Like these predecessors , Brandon 's heroic stature derives from her [ sic ] unwillingness to compromise her [ sic ] identity … Pierce [ sic ] presents Brandon 's struggles against biological determinism as the struggles of a dignified renegade .
Brenda Cooper , in Critical Studies in Media Communication , argued that the film " can be read as a liberatory narrative that queers the centers of heteronormativity and hegemonic masculinity by privileging female masculinity and celebrating its differences from heterosexual norms . " She argued that the film challenged heteronormativity by criticizing the concept of the American Heartland , by presenting problems with heterosexual masculinity and its internalised aggression , by " centering female masculinity " , and blurring gender boundaries . Later on in the same essay , she commented that Brandon both embodied and rejected traditional masculinity , providing a new outlook on what it means to be a man which excited and thrilled the women in the film : " Brandon ’ s performance of masculinity , however , can be interpreted as operating on two levels in the narratives : When Brandon tries to establish his male identity with his new buddies , he imitates the kind of overly aggressive macho machismo that John and Tom represent . But Lana falls for Brandon because of his version of masculinity , which contradicts and challenges traditional assumptions about what it takes to be a man and to please a woman . Brandon ’ s articulation of manhood effectively mocks sexist masculine ideals and appropriates the codes of normative masculinity . " Michele Aaron , in Screen , claimed that the film was primarily centered on " the spectacle of transvestism " and that the film as a whole was " a tale of passing " .
Jennifer Esposito wrote that " We watch onscreen as Brandon binds his breasts , packs a dildo , fixes his hair in a mirror . His masculinity is carefully scripted . John and Tom … are never shown preparing for masculinity . They are already masculine . " Melissa Rigney argued that the film defied traditional portrayals of transgender characters by not confining Brandon to certain stereotypes . " On the surface , Boys Don 't Cry appears to hold the potential of rendering gender in excess : the figure of Brandon Teena can be read variously as butch , male , lesbian , transgender , transsexual , and heterosexual . [ … ] Although female masculinity comes to the forefront in this film , I argue that the film attempts to subsume the transgressive potential of the gender outlaw within a lesbian framework and narrative , one that reduces and , ultimately , nullifies Brandon 's gender and sexual excess . " In contrast , Annabelle Wilcox opined that the film primarily reinforced the gender binary by showing that " Brandon 's body is branded by such rhetoric and representation , and is assumed to be a site of ' truth ' that closes the question that being transgender poses for subjectivity , gender , and sexuality . " She also went on to note that many film critics either disregarded Brandon 's male identity or used female pronouns when referring to him . Rachel Swan , writing for Film Quarterly , wrote that Brandon 's masculinity was often contrasted with Lana 's femininity as a means of illustrating the two sides of the gender binary . In addition , she regarded John and Tom 's rape of Brandon as an attempt to psychologically castrate him .
In another piece , Halberstam compared the media portrayal of Brandon to that of Billy Tipton , a jazz musician who no one knew was transgender until the post @-@ mortem discovery that he was assigned female at birth . She wrote , " On some level Brandon 's story , while cleaving to its own specificity , needs to remain an open narrative — not a stable narrative of FTM transsexual identity nor a singular tale of queer bashing , not a cautionary fable about the violence of rural America nor an advertisement for urban organizations of queer community ; like the narrative of Billy Tipton , Brandon 's story permits a dream of transformation . " Christine Dando argued that " masculinity is associated with outside and femininity with interior spaces . "
= = = Social class and race = = =
Lisa Henderson commented on the intersection between social class and gender in the film , particularly Brandon 's working @-@ class status : " My reading of Boys [ Don 't Cry ] through the lens of class representation is not born of a univocal search for so @-@ called positive images , but I do recoil at what appears to me to be a new instalment in a long history of popular images of working @-@ class pathology . [ … ] But that is not the whole story . Within this universe of feeling and reaction structured by lack and tinted blue by country lyrics and a protective and threatening night @-@ time light , characters imbricate gender and class through their longings for love , acceptance and a better life . " Jennifer Devere Brody commented on the film 's exclusion of Philip DeVine , a disabled African @-@ American man who was another victim of the shooting . " Perhaps one can only speculate about the motivations behind this decision . But the effects are familiar ones in the history of racist representations . The erasure of DeVine from the narrative places the white female bodies as the only true victims of crime ; and the film 's inability to show DeVine as violated rather than violator perpetuates the myth of the black man as always already a perpetrator of crime . " Regarding Devine , Halberstam wrote , " Peirce perhaps thought that her film , already running close to two hours , could not handle another subplot , but the story of Philip DeVine is important and it is a crucial part of the drama of gender , race , sexuality , and class that was enacted in the heartland . Race is not incidental to this narrative of mostly white , Midwestern small towns and by omitting DeVine 's story from Boys Don 't Cry , Peirce contributes to the detachment of transgender narratives from narratives about race , consigning the memory of DeVine to oblivion . "
= = = Culture of the Midwestern United States = = =
Several authors commented on the possible impact that the film 's setting of Falls City , Nebraska , located in the Midwestern United States , could have had on the film 's plot . Maslin called Boys Don 't Cry a tale of a trapped , small town character 's search for life beyond the rural existence and the high price he pays for his view of the " American dream " . Regarding the film 's portrayal of Nebraska , Halberstam wrote , " The landscape of Nebraska then serves as a contested site upon which multiple narratives unfold , narratives indeed which refuse to collapse into simply one story . Some of these narratives are narratives of hate , some of desire ; others tell of ignorance and brutality ; still others of isolation and fear ; some allow violence and ignorant prejudices to become the essence of white poor rural identity ; still others provoke questions about the deployment of whiteness and the regulation of violence . "
Christina Dando wrote that the typical portrayal of the Midwest as a " frontier " area did not come through in the film until the setting switched from Lincoln to Falls City : " The flat landscape , the spacious sky , the home , evoke two different Plains time periods familiar to many Americans through historic photographs : the early settlement process … and 1930s Farm Security Administration photographs . It is virtually timeless . There is also a sense of both place and placelessness . While the landscape is distinctively Plains , it could be described as nowhere . " She went on to argue that the setting is not only conveyed visually , but also through the characters ' homes . " While there is no trailer park in Falls City , Brandon 's community there occupies the margin : Candace and Lana 's homes appear to be on the outskirts of town , or even outside of town . There are no complete families , only the family that that has been created . The men appear to have no homes , relationally or physically : none are shown to have family . Speaking about the film 's cinematography and the relation to its themes :
The Plains frontier landscape as it is constructed in Boys Don 't Cry is dark , literally and figuratively . Most of the scenes are set at night , utilizing night Plains skies with time @-@ lapse clouds , heightening the isolation . Film frames of placeless and timeless . The community also is dark . It is marginal , just managing to get along , and in the end deadly . While the classic Western dichotomy of men associated with exteriors and women with interiors is apparent , so too is Brandon 's border @-@ crossing . He appears to be able to easily handle both landscapes , yet belong to neither .
Dando compared the film to other tragic books and films that have been set on the Great Plains , including My Ántonia , Giants in the Earth , The Grapes of Wrath , In Cold Blood , and Badlands , writing that unlike the other works , " Brandon is [ a ] character who truly crosses frontiers . "
= = Release = =
= = = Premiere and commercial performance = = =
Boys Don 't Cry aired in Canada at the Toronto International Film Festival ( TIFF ) in September 1999 . It premiered in the U.S. at the New York Film Festival on October 8 , 1999 , to critical acclaim . It was shown at the Reel Affirmations International Gay and Lesbian Film Festival in early October , where it won further praise and appeared at the Venice International Film Festival . Boys Don 't Cry was given a special screening in snippets at the Sundance Film Festival . At that time , the film was still called Take It Like a Man . The film received a limited release theatrically on October 22 , 1999 , in the U.S. , where it was distributed by Fox Searchlight Pictures , a subsidiary of Twentieth Century Fox that specializes in independent films . Initially , many viewers complained via email to Peirce that the film was not being shown near them , as the film was only being shown on 25 screens across the country . However , this number increased to nearly 200 by March 2000 . The film grossed $ 73 @,@ 720 in its opening week . By December 5 , the film had grossed in excess of $ 2 million . By May 2000 , it had a U.S. total gross of $ 11 @,@ 540 @,@ 607 — more than three times its production budget . Internationally , the film was released on March 2 , 2000 in Australia and on April 9 , 2000 , in the United Kingdom .
= = = Critical reception = = =
Critics lauded Boys Don 't Cry in 1999 , with many calling it one of the best films of the year . Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports 88 % of 75 professional critics gave the film a positive review ; the site consensus is that " Hilary Swank 's acclaimed performance pays fitting tribute to the tragic life of Brandon Teena " . Another review aggregator , Metacritic , gave the film an 86 of 100 , indicating " universal acclaim " . One reviewer said the film was a " critical knockout " .
Critics often praised the performances by Swank and Sevigny ; Peter Travers said the pair " give performances that burn in the memory " , and The Film Stage termed Swank 's performance " one of the greatest " Best Actress Oscar @-@ winning performances . Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle lauded the lead acting performances of Swank , Sevigny , Saarsgard , and Sexton III , writing , " It may be the best @-@ acted film of the year " . Online film reviewer James Berardinelli gave the film three and a half stars out of four ; he highlighted the performances of Swank and Sevigny as the film 's greatest success and likened the film 's intensity to that of a train wreck . Berardinelli wrote that Swank " gives the performance of her career " and that " Sevigny 's performance is more conventional than Swank 's , but no less effective . She provides the counterbalance to the tide of hatred that drowns the last act of the film . " Emanuel Levy of Variety Magazine called the acting " flawless " and concluded that the " stunningly accomplished " and " candid " film could be " seen as a Rebel Without a Cause for these culturally diverse and complex times , with the two misfits enacting a version of the James Dean — Natalie Wood romance with utmost conviction , searching , like their ' 50s counterparts , for love , self @-@ worth and a place to call home " . Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post said the performances are of such " luminous humanity that they break your heart " . Premiere listed Swank 's performance as one of the " 100 Greatest Performances of All Time " . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly called Swank a " revelation " and wrote , " by the end , her Brandon / Teena is beyond male or female . It 's as if we were simply glimpsing the character 's soul , in all its yearning and conflicted beauty . "
Other reviewers were positive towards the way Boys Don 't Cry portrayed its subject matter. and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times listed Boys Don 't Cry as one of the five best films of 1999 , saying , " this could have been a clinical movie of the week , but instead it 's a sad song about a free spirit who tried to fly a little too close to the flame " . Janet Maslin of The New York Times said the film was " stunning " and gave it four stars out of four stars . Maslin said , " unlike most films about mind @-@ numbing tragedy , this one manages to be full of hope " . Kenneth Turan of The Los Angeles Times praised the lack of romanticization and dramatization of the characters , and wrote , " Peirce and Bienen and the expert cast engage us in the actuality of these rootless , hopeless , stoned @-@ out lives without sentimentalizing or romanticizing them " and that " Boys Don 't Cry is an exceptional — and exceptionally disturbing film " . Mike Clarke of USA Today commended Peirce 's depth of knowledge of the case and the subject matter , writing , " Peirce seems to have researched her subject with grad @-@ school @-@ thesis intensity " .
Jay Carr of The Boston Globe wrote , " Boys Don 't Cry not only revisits the crime , but convinces us we 're being taken inside it " . Stephanie Zacharek of Salon gave a positive review , singling out the directing and acting . She wrote , " Peirce ... covers an extraordinary amount of territory , not just in terms of dealing with Brandon ’ s sexual @-@ identity and self @-@ fulfillment issues , but also in trying to understand the lives of those around him " . Zacharek described Swank 's performance as " a continual revelation " and Sevigny 's performance as " transformative " . She said , " When Brandon dies , " Boys Don ’ t Cry " reaches an emotional intensity that ’ s almost operatic . The saddest thing , though , is seeing Sevigny ’ s Lana crumpled over his corpse — the way she plays it , you know that when Brandon went , he took a part of her with him , too " . David Edelstein of Slate was also very positive towards the film , calling it " a meditation on the irrelevance of gender . " He went on to praise Swank , Sevigny , and Sarsgaard in their roles , especially Sevigny , writing that she " keeps the movie tantalizing " .
The film was not without detractors , who focused on the film 's portrayal of Brandon and his actions . Richard Corliss of Time magazine was one of the film 's negative reviewers ; he wrote , " the film lets down the material . It 's too cool : all attitude , no sizzle " . Peter Rainer of New York Magazine compared the film unfavorably with Rebel Without a Cause ( 1954 ) , calling it a " transgendered " version , elaborating that the film " could have used a tougher and more exploratory spirit ; for Peirce , there was no cruelty , no derangement in Brandon 's impostures toward the unsuspecting . " In 2007 , Premiere ranked the film on its list of the " The 25 Most Dangerous Movies " .
The film was generally well @-@ received by the LGBT community . Boys Don 't Cry 's release came a year after the murder of a homosexual teenager , Matthew Shepard , which occurred October 12 , 1998 . The murder sparked additional public interest in hate crime legislation in America and in Brandon Teena , and increased public interest in Boys Don 't Cry . Cooper wrote that Boys Don 't Cry " is perhaps the only film addressing the issue of female masculinity by a self @-@ described queer filmmaker to reach mainstream audiences and to receive critical acclaim and prestigious awards . " However , Noelle Howey , writing for Mother Jones , wrote that despite the critical acclaim , relatively few critics understood what she perceived as the main point of the film — Brandon being a victim of trans bashing . Howey said , " Even a cursory glance at reviews of " Boys Don 't Cry " reveals that while most critics admired the film , few absorbed its main point : that Brandon Teena was a biological girl who felt innately that she was a man . Most of the media instead cast Teena as a Yentl for the new millennium , rather than a victim of anti @-@ transgender bigotry . "
= = = = Factual accuracy = = = =
The accuracy of Boys Don 't Cry was disputed by real @-@ life people involved in the murder . The real Lana Tisdel declared her dislike for the film ; she said Brandon never proposed to her and that when she discovered the truth about Brandon 's sex , she ended the relationship and left him . Tisdel disliked the way she was portrayed in the film , and called the film the " second murder of Brandon Teena " . Before the film 's theatrical release , Lana Tisdel sued the film 's producers , claiming that the film depicted her as " lazy , white trash and a skanky snake " and that her family and friends had come to see her as " a lesbian who did nothing to stop a murder " . Tisdel said the film falsely portrayed her continuing her relationship with Teena after she discovered he was transgender . Tisdel settled her lawsuit against Fox Searchlight for an undisclosed sum . Sarah Nissen , cousin of perpetrator Marvin Nissen , was also critical of the film , saying , " There 's none of it that 's right . It was just weird . " Leslie Tisdel , Lana 's sister , called the film " a lie of a movie " . Leslie was not included in the film , and her ties with the third victim , Phillip DeVine , were omitted due to storyline constraints .
Lana Tisdel 's potential involvement in the rape and murder of Brandon Teena was also highlighted . Various people involved in the case , particularly Brandon 's family , have alleged that Tisdel was somehow involved with the murders , or had at least set them up in an act of vengeance . Perhaps the most notable admission about Tisdel 's motives came from Tom Nissen , who infamously confessed that Tisdel was present at the time of the murders in the car and had even tried knocking on the door of the farmhouse where Brandon , Lambert and DeVine were staying . When nobody answered the door , Nissen alleges that Lotter broke in while Tisdel waited in the vehicle while the murders were carried out . Tisdel denied this and a lack of evidence meant that it could not be vigorously pursued in the proceeding court case — the residing judge considered most of Nissen 's claims as nothing more than hearsay . Not only did Tisdel vehemently deny any involvement in Brandon 's murder , she denied ever being present at Lisa Lambert 's farmhouse on the night Brandon was murdered . Unlike Tisdel 's own evidence and the admissions presented in court , Boys Don 't Cry took the liberty of placing Tisdel at the crime scene , albeit without any intention of setting Brandon up .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
The film won a variety of awards , most of which went to Swank for her performance . Swank won a Best Actress Oscar while Sevigny received a nomination in the category of Best Supporting Actress . From the Hollywood Foreign Press , the film received two Golden Globe nominations in the same two categories ( Best Actress , Best Supporting Actress ) for Swank and Sevigny , winning Best Actress . Swank and Sevigny both received Best Actress Awards from the New York Film Critics Circle , the Chicago Film Critics Association Awards and an Independent Spirit Award . The film won three awards at the Boston Society of Film Critics Awards ; Best Actress ( Swank ) , Best Supporting Actress ( Sevigny ) and Best Director ( Peirce ) . Swank and Sevigny won Satellite Awards for their performances , and the film was nominated in two categories ; Best Picture ( Drama ) and Best Director . It was named one of the best films of the year by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures .
The family of Brandon Teena criticized Swank for her repeated use of the male gender pronoun " he " in her Oscar acceptance speech . Teena 's mother JoAnn Brandon said her child 's transgenderism was a defense mechanism that was developed in response to childhood sexual abuse , rather than being an expression of Teena 's gendered sense of self . She said , " She pretended she was a man so no other man could touch her " . Despite the criticism , Kevin Okeefe , writing for Out , defended Swank 's acceptance speech ; he said , " Swank deserves a place in the great acceptance speech canon for being bold , not only as an actress , but as an award winner " .
= = = Rating and home media = = =
Boys Don 't Cry garnered significant attention for its graphic rape scene . The film was initially assigned an NC @-@ 17 rating from the MPAA ; the content was toned down for the U.S. release , where it was rated R. Peirce was interviewed for a 2005 documentary titled This Film Is Not Yet Rated , which discussed the film 's problems with the MPAA , particularly the censoring of the sex scenes . The portrayal of a double rape caused significant problems with the MPAA and had to be trimmed to avoid the NC @-@ 17 rating . Both the Australian and European version are more explicit , particularly the first rape . Peirce was angry because the MPAA wanted the sex scene between Brandon and Lana removed but was satisfied with the level of brutality in the murder scene .
Boys Don 't Cry was first released on home video by Fox Searchlight Pictures in September 2000 apart of a " Premiere Series " , preceded by a DVD release in April 2000 in the United States and Canada . The DVD 's special features included a commentary by Kimberly Peirce and a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes featurette containing interviews with Peirce , Swank and Sevigny ; there was also a theatrical trailer and three television trailers . This same edition was re @-@ released in 2009 with different cover art . The film was released on Blu @-@ ray on February 16 , 2011 , by 20th Century Fox Entertainment in conjunction with Fox Pathé Europa .
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= These Days : Live in Concert =
These Days : Live in Concert is a live album by Australian alternative rock band Powderfinger , released as a CD on 6 September 2004 , and as a two disc DVD on 4 October 2004 .
The album consists of songs performed by Powderfinger in concerts at Sydney Entertainment Centre , and Fox Studios in Sydney . Most of the songs performed are from Powderfinger 's prior studio album ; Vulture Street . These Days : Live in Concert earned a mixed response from reviewers ; some enjoyed the energy and flair of the live performances , while others disliked the lack of dynamism .
= = Production = =
These Days : Live in Concert disc one was directed by Gregor Jordan , who the band had first encountered when he requested they write " These Days " for his film Two Hands . Bernard Fanning also worked with Jordan on the film Ned Kelly in 2003 . The band chose Jordan because they did not want to present These Days : Live in Concert as " just straight @-@ up live concert footage " , but instead wanted to present it from a different angle . Jordan agreed , and believed that the band being a successful rock group from Brisbane was an interesting angle to work from .
Disc one of These Days : Live in Concert was recorded by Powderfinger during sellout performances at Sydney Entertainment Centre , and featured live performances of 14 songs , including nine singles . The footage on the disc was shot over two nights . Disc two " low key " was directed by Bernie Zelvis of Channel V , and was recorded at Sydney 's Fox Studios . The disc contained mostly acoustic performances by the band , and included a cover of " Inner City Blues " by Rodriguez .
The band 's live performances at large venues such as the Sydney Entertainment Centre was criticised by some fans , as the band had previously stated they disliked playing to large crowds . Drummer Jon Coghill said he was not bothered by the comments , as the band ( other than guitarist Ian Haug ) generally did not take much note of such critique .
= = Release and response = =
These Days : Live in Concert was released as a CD on 6 September 2004 , through the record label Universal Music Australia . Only 40 @,@ 000 copies of the CD were initially created . Meanwhile , the DVD version was released on 4 October 2004 . " Stumblin ' " , the first and only single from the album , was released on 6 June 2004 , but failed to chart .
These Days : Live in Concert entered the ARIA charts at # 2 19 September 2004 , and spent a total of 8 weeks in the chart , exiting on 7 November 2004 . The CD version was certified " Gold " by ARIA , while the DVD version was certified " Double Platinum " in the same year .
These Days : Live in Concert received a mixed response from reviewers . Sputnikmusic reviewer James Bishop approved of the album , giving it a score of 4 / 5 , and summarising " Powderfinger deliver a live show that 's as entertaining as it is surprising " . Bishop praised numerous performances on disc one , calling " Rockin ' Rocks " " a great introduction to their arena spectacular " , describing the almost instrument @-@ free performance of " These Days " as " one of the most heart @-@ wrenching moments they ’ ve ever recorded " , and calling " Thrilloilogy " " the quintessential live Powderfinger track " . Bishop also enjoyed disc two , lauding the acoustic performances of " Sunsets " and " Love Your Way " , and describing b @-@ side " Rita " as " an absolute hit as usual " .
Jeff Crawford , of Adelaide newspaper The Messenger disagreed with Bishop , giving the album three stars , and stating " Gregor Jordan 's concert film makes the most of Powderfinger 's strengths but can 't disguise their lack of dynamism , while the interviews are hardly insightful " . He called Fanning 's solo on " These Days " the highlight of the album .
= = Personnel = =
= = Track listing = =
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= Huangshan =
Huangshan ( Chinese : 黄山 ) , is a mountain range in southern Anhui province in eastern China . Vegetation on the range is thickest below 1 @,@ 100 meters ( 3 @,@ 600 ft ) , with trees growing up to the treeline at 1 @,@ 800 meters ( 5 @,@ 900 ft ) .
The area is well known for its scenery , sunsets , peculiarly @-@ shaped granite peaks , Huangshan pine trees , hot springs , winter snow , and views of the clouds from above . Huangshan is a frequent subject of traditional Chinese paintings and literature , as well as modern photography . It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site , and one of China 's major tourist destinations . Huangshan is also the famous place for Chinese teas of high quality , such as Huangshan Maofeng , Keemun Black , and Blooming Tea .
= = Physical description = =
Huangshan is known for its sunrises , pine trees , " strangely jutting granite peaks " , hot springs , winter snow , and views of clouds touching the mountainsides for more than 200 days out of the year .
The Huangshan mountain range has many peaks , some more than 1 @,@ 000 meters ( 3 @,@ 250 feet ) high . The three tallest and best @-@ known peaks are Lotus Peak ( Lian Hua Feng , 1 @,@ 864 m ) , Bright Summit Peak ( Guang Ming Ding , 1 @,@ 840 m ) , and Celestial Peak ( Tian Du Feng , literally Capital of Heaven Peak , 1 @,@ 829 m ) . The World Heritage Site covers a core area of 154 square kilometres and a buffer zone of 142 square kilometres . The mountains were formed in the Mesozoic , approximately 100 million years ago , when an ancient sea disappeared due to uplift . Later , in the Quaternary Period , the landscape was shaped by the influence of glaciers .
The vegetation of the area varies with elevation . Mesic forests cover the landscape below 1 @,@ 100 meters . Deciduous forest stretches from 1 @,@ 100 meters up to the tree line at 1 @,@ 800 meters . Above that point , the vegetation consists of alpine grasslands . The area has diverse flora , where one @-@ third of China 's bryophyte families and more than half of its fern families are represented . The Huangshan pine ( Pinus hwangshanensis ) is named after Huangshan and is considered an example of vigor because the trees thrive by growing straight out of the rocks . Many of the pine trees in the area are more than a hundred years old and have been given their own names ( such as the Ying Ke Pine , or Welcoming @-@ Guests Pine , which is thought to be more than 1500 years old ) . The pines vary greatly in shape and size , with the most crooked of the trees being considered the most attractive . Furthermore , Huangshan 's moist climate facilitates the growing of tea leaves , and the mountain has been called " one of China 's premier green tea @-@ growing mountains . Mao feng cha ( " Fur Peak Tea " ) , a well @-@ known local variety of green tea , takes its name from the downy tips of tea leaves found in the Huangshan area .
The mountaintops often offer views of the clouds from above , known as the Sea of Clouds ( Chinese : 云海 ; pinyin : yúnhǎi ) or " Huangshan Sea " because of the cloud 's resemblance to an ocean , and many vistas are known by names such as " North Sea " or " South Sea . " One writer remarked on the view of the clouds from Huangshan as follows :
To enjoy the magnificence of a mountain , you have to look upwards in most cases . To enjoy Mount Huangshan , however , you 've got to look downward .
The area also is host to notable light effects , such as the renowned sunrises . Watching the sunrise is considered a " mandatory " part of visiting the area . A phenomenon known as Buddha 's Light ( Chinese : 佛光 ; pinyin : fóguāng ) is also well @-@ known and , on average , Buddha 's Light only appears a couple of times per month . In addition , Huangshan has multiple hot springs , most of them located at the foot of the Purple Cloud Peak . The water stays at 42 ° C all year , and has a high concentration of carbonates . The waters are said to help prevent skin , joint , and nerve illness .
= = History = =
Huangshan was formed approximately 100 million years ago and gained its unique rock formations in the Quaternary Glaciation .
During the Qin Dynasty , Huangshan was known as Yishan ( Mount Yi ) . In 747 AD , its name was changed to Huangshan ( Mount Huang ) by imperial decree ; the name is commonly thought to have been coined in honor of Huang Di ( the Yellow Emperor ) , a legendary Chinese emperor , and the mythological ancestor of the Han Chinese . One legend states that Huangshan was the location from which the Yellow Emperor ascended to Heaven . Another legend states that the Yellow Emperor " cultivated moral character and refined Pills of Immortality in the mountains , and in so doing gave the mountains his name . The first use of this name " Huangshan " often is attributed to Chinese poet Li Bai . Huangshan was fairly inaccessible and little @-@ known in ancient times , but its change of name in 747 AD seems to have brought the area more attention ; from then on , the area was visited frequently and many temples were built there .
Huangshan is known for its stone steps , carved into the side of the mountain , of which there may be more than 60 @,@ 000 throughout the area . The date at which work on the steps began is unknown , but they have been said to be more than 1 @,@ 500 years old .
Over the years , many scenic spots and physical features on the mountain have been named ; many of the names have narratives behind them . For example , one legend tells of a man who did not believe the tales of Huangshan 's beauty and went to the mountains to see them ; almost immediately , he was converted to the same view . One of the peaks he is said to have visited was named Shixin ( 始信 ) , roughly meaning " start to believe . "
In 1982 , Huangshan was declared a " site of scenic beauty and historic interest " by the State Council of the People 's Republic of China . It was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1990 for its scenery and for its role as a habitat for rare and threatened species .
In 2002 , Huangshan was named the " sister mountain " of Jungfrau in the Swiss Alps .
= = Artistic and scientific inspirations = =
Much of Huangshan 's reputation derives from its significance in Chinese arts and literature . In addition to inspiring poets such as Li Bai , Huangshan and the scenery therein has been the frequent subject of poetry and artwork , especially Chinese ink painting and , more recently , photography . Overall , from the Tang Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty , more than 20 @,@ 000 poems were written about Huangshan , and a school of painting named after it . The mountains also have appeared in modern works . James Cameron , director of the 2009 film Avatar , cited Huangshan as one of his influences in designing the fictional world of that film .
The area also has been a location for scientific research because of its diversity of flora and wildlife . In the early part of the twentieth century , the geology and vegetation of Huangshan were the subjects of multiple studies by both Chinese and foreign scientists . The mountain is still a subject of research . For example , in the late twentieth century a team of researchers used the area for a field study of Tibetan macaques , a local species of monkey .
= = Tourism = =
Having at least 140 sections open to visitors , Huangshan is a major tourist destination in China . The city changed its name to Huangshan in 1987 in order to promote Huangshan tourism . In 2007 , for instance , more than 1 @.@ 5 million tourists visited the mountain . The foot of the mountain is linked by rail and by air to Shanghai , and also is accessible from cities such as Hangzhou and Wuhu .
As of 1990 , there were more than 50 kilometers of footpaths providing access to scenic areas for visitors and staffers of the facilities . Today there are also cable cars that tourists may use to ride directly from the base to one of the summits . Throughout the area there are hotels and guest houses that accommodate overnight visitors , many of whom hike up the mountains , spend the night at one of the peaks to view the sunrise , and then descend by a different route the next day . The area is classified as a AAAAA scenic area by the China National Tourism Administration .
The hotels , restaurants , and other facilities at the top of the mountain are serviced and kept stocked by porters who carry resources up the mountain on foot , hanging their cargo from long poles balanced over their shoulders or backs .
= = Climate = =
Huangshan has an oceanic climate ( Cfb ) according to the Köppen climate classification . Its elevation makes it colder and wetter than the rest of Anhui .
= = Image gallery = =
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= M21 Mortar Motor Carriage =
The M21 Mortar Motor Carriage ( MMC ) was a self @-@ propelled artillery mount on a half @-@ track chassis used by the United States Army during World War II . It was equipped with an 81 mm M1 mortar and an air @-@ cooled M2 Browning machine gun . It was produced by the White Motor Company in 1944 . Only 110 examples were produced .
It mainly served on the Western Front in Normandy , and Southern France , and then later in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge . It was deemed to have been outclassed in 1945 when the 81 mm M1 mortar was found to have insufficient power to provide effective artillery support .
= = Specifications = =
The specifications for the M21 are similar to the specifications for the M3 Half @-@ track . The vehicle was 20 ft 9 in ( 6 @.@ 32 m ) long , 6 ft 5 in ( 1 @.@ 96 m ) wide , and 7 ft 5 in ( 2 @.@ 26 m ) high with a wheelbase of 135 @.@ 5 in ( 3 @.@ 44 m ) . The suspension for the front wheels were leaf springs and track 's suspension used a vertical volute spring . Powered by a White 160AX , 128 hp ( 95 kW ) , 386 in3 ( 6 @,@ 330 cc ) , 6 @-@ cylinder petrol engine with a compression ratio of 6 @.@ 3 : 1 , the M21 could reach up to 45 mph ( 72 km / h ) on a road . The fuel capacity was 60 US gal ( 230 l ) and the vehicle had a range of 150 mi ( 240 km ) . It had a power @-@ to @-@ weight ratio of 15 @.@ 8 hp / ton with the vehicle weighing nine tons .
= = Design = =
The M21 had a different layout from the early M4 and M4A1 MMC , as it was the replacement of the M4 . The major difference , was that the M21 and the M4 were based on different half @-@ tracks ( the M4 was based on the M2 Half @-@ track while the M21 was based on the M3 Half @-@ track ) . The major difference was the location and direction of the mortar ( the M4 's mortar was rear @-@ facing and was near the back , while the M21 's mortar was front @-@ facing and was closer to the front ) .
The mortar was able to traverse 30 ° either side and elevate from 40 to 80 ° . If required , it could be de @-@ mounted from the vehicle and fired from the ground . In addition , there was a pedestal mount at the rear for a .50 cal ( 12 @.@ 7 mm ) M2 heavy machine gun .
= = Development = =
The M4 was developed to meet the need for a specialized mortar carrier based on the M2 Half Track Car , which the M21 soon replaced . The initial M4 was designed to carry a mortar . In emergencies , the mortar could be fired from the vehicle . The improved M4A1 had a reinforced floor so that the mortar could be fired from the vehicle , but the mounting faced to the rear and lacked traverse . This caused problems when the troops who operated the mortar mounted the vehicle , so the US 2nd Armored Division relocated the mortars so that they could fire from the front .
The Ordnance Department followed suit and a new 81 mm MMC , the T19 MMC , was created , which was based on the M3 Half @-@ track . The T19 went through its developmental trials , which were completed in July 1943 , and the vehicle was later standardized as the M21 MMC . Unlike the M4 mortar carriage , which was based on the M2 Half Track Car , the M21 was based on the M3 Half @-@ track with a longer and roomier rear .
= = Service history = =
The M21 served on the Western Front , seeing action in Normandy and in southern France , before later being used during the Battle of the Bulge , the Battle of Belgium , Operation Market Garden , and the invasion of Germany from the west . The M21 served with the US 3rd , 1st , and 7th Armies during the campaign in France , and the 2nd Armored Division , which developed it . In addition , 57 examples were leased to Free French forces . By 1945 , it was declared obsolete , due to the insufficient power of the 81 mm mortar as an artillery piece .
= = = Usage = = =
Standard US tank and armored infantry battalions had a mortar platoon equipped with either M21s or the older M4 MMCs . The M21 was used mainly to illuminate targets at night or provide indirect fire support to the infantry . The usage was uncommon because the White Motor Company was only able to produce 110 M21s in 1944 .
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= Choor Singh =
Choor Singh Sidhu ( 19 January 1911 – 31 March 2009 ) , known professionally as Choor Singh , was a judge of the Supreme Court of Singapore and , particularly after his retirement from the bench , a philanthropist and writer of books about Sikhism . Born to a family of modest means in Punjab , India , he came to Singapore at four years of age . He completed his secondary education in the top class at Raffles Institution in 1929 , then worked as a clerk in a law firm before becoming a civil servant in the Official Assignee 's office .
Encouraged by the Assistant Official Assignee , James Walter Davy Ambrose ( who was later appointed a High Court Judge ) , to study law , Choor Singh enrolled as an external student at the University of London , passing the matriculation examination and intermediate LL.B. examination . In 1948 he was appointed a coroner , and the following year was elevated to the post of magistrate , becoming the first Indian to hold such a position in colonial Malaya . Following law studies at Gray 's Inn on a government scholarship , he became a Barrister @-@ at @-@ Law in 1955 . He was appointed a district judge in 1960 and a judge of the Supreme Court in 1963 . Especially noted for his criminal judgments , Singh was the first Singapore judge to impose the death penalty on a woman .
Following his retirement in 1980 , Choor Singh continued his close involvement in Indian and Sikh affairs . One of the young Sikhs who founded the Singapore Khalsa Association in 1931 , he served as its patron and honorary chairman of its board of trustees . He also contributed to educational charities and causes , both Sikh and non @-@ Sikh , and wrote several books on Sikhism . In 1994 , the Sikh community bestowed on him its highest honour by inviting him to lay the foundation stone for the new Gurdwara Sahib building at the Gurdwara Khalsa Dharmak Sabha at 18 Niven Road .
= = Childhood , education and early career = =
Choor Singh Sidhu was born in Kotteh , Punjab , in India , on 19 January 1911 . He came to Singapore at the age of four years with his mother and sister to join his father , who was already employed there as a night watchman in a godown near Boat Quay by the Singapore River . He attended Pearl 's Hill Primary School and Outram Road School , at various stages walking 5 kilometres ( 3 mi ) to school , sleeping along a five foot way , bathing at a roadside pump and studying at night under a street lamp . He completed his secondary education and took the Senior Cambridge examination at Raffles Institution in the top class in 1929 . There , he was a classmate of David Marshall , the first Chief Minister of Singapore ; they became good friends . Initially unemployed between 1930 and 1934 due to the Great Depression , he subsequently worked for three years as a clerk in the law firm of Mallal & Namazie for a monthly salary of 20 Straits dollars . Thereafter , he joined the Government Clerical Services for 60 Straits dollars a month and was posted to the Official Assignee 's office , which was in charge of administering the estates of bankrupt persons .
The Assistant Official Assignee , James Walter Davy Ambrose ( later a High Court Judge ) , advised Choor Singh to study law . Singh read law books in his leisure time and began saving money to study law in England . This proved to be unnecessary ; following a change in the rules , he was able to enrol as an external student at the University of London and passed the matriculation examination and , in 1948 , the intermediate LL.B. examination . However , he could not be called to the Bar as a barrister as he did not have time to keep the required dining terms . On 20 May 1948 , he was appointed a coroner . In December 1949 , Singh was elevated to the post of magistrate , becoming the first Indian to hold such a position in colonial Malaya . He continued his law studies at Gray 's Inn , and in 1953 was granted leave on a government scholarship to dine at Gray 's Inn . After making four trips in two years , he became a Barrister @-@ at @-@ Law in 1955 . In 1958 , he was appointed a member of the Appeal Tribunal under the Preservation of Public Security Ordinance .
Choor Singh was one of the founding members of the Sri Guru Nanak Sat Sang Sabha ( the Congregation of Sri Guru Nanak 's Company ) , registered on 26 June 1953 . The Gurdwara Sri Guru Nanak Satsang Sabha in Katong was built for this congregation in 1969 .
= = Judicial career = =
On 11 July 1960 , Choor Singh became a district judge . In that year , he also published a book called Gaming in Malaya on the Common Gaming Houses Ordinances of the Federation of Malaya and Singapore . On 28 August 1963 , he was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court .
During Singh 's 17 @-@ year career on the bench , 105 of his judgments were reported in the law reports . Particularly noted for his criminal judgments , he was known as " the Hanging Judge " for handing down a large number of capital sentences . He was the first judge in Singapore to impose the death penalty on a woman , Mimi Wong , a cabaret singer who murdered her Japanese lover 's wife in 1970 . In a 1996 interview with The Straits Times , he said : " I 'm satisfied that I 've made no mistake and that I 've done my duty according to the law . " All the five judgments he wrote as a member of the Court of Criminal Appeal were upheld by the Privy Council , then Singapore 's highest appellate court .
In an oral history interview , Singh said that one of the murder trials that he had presided over , the " Body in the Box " case , led to the abolition of jury trials in Singapore criminal cases . Following the trial of a young man , Freddy Tan , for the murder of his friend whose decomposed body was found stuffed into a box , Singh agreed with the jury to convict Tan of culpable homicide not amounting to murder and sentence him to life imprisonment . However , he later learnt that in the jury room a bullying Dutch juror had wanted to impose the death penalty , but because the other jurors disliked his attitude they voted to impose a lower verdict on Tan . The father of the deceased felt an injustice had been done and went to see the Prime Minister , Lee Kuan Yew . Lee then sent for Singh , and Singh informed him of what had happened with the jurors . Lee asked Singh , " Well what do you think . Shall I abolish the jury ? " Singh replied that if he had tried Tan without a jury , he would have convicted him of murder without hesitation . Following a public inquiry , jury trials were abolished for all criminal cases in 1969 .
Between 1967 and 1979 , Singh was also Commissioner of the Land Acquisition Appeals Board . In 1972 , in the case of Gian Singh & Co . Ltd. v. Banque de L 'Indochine , Singh wrote a dissenting opinion – uncommon in Singapore – when sitting in the Court of Appeal with Chief Justice Wee Chong Jin and Justice Tan Ah Tah . An honorary member of the Law Society of Singapore , he retired as a judge on 30 November 1980 .
= = Later years = =
Impatient with nothing to do following his retirement , for about four and a half years from 1981 Choor Singh acted as a personal consultant for Tan Chin Tuan , the Chairman of the Oversea @-@ Chinese Banking Corporation ( OCBC ) , and other companies in the OCBC group such as Great Eastern Life and Overseas Assurance Corporation . For many years , Singh was chairman of both the Probation Committee which supervises the work of probation officers , and the Detention Board , and vice @-@ president of the National Kidney Foundation Singapore . He was also a member of the Presidential Council for Minority Rights and the Disciplinary Committee for advocates and solicitors .
Choor Singh participated as the chairman of a disciplinary committee set up to investigate complaints against a lawyer named Kalpanath Singh in 1989 . After making a report at the end of proceedings where cause of sufficient gravity for disciplinary action against Kalpanath Singh was found , Choor Singh was made the respondent to a motion for an order of certiorari filed by Kalpanath Singh in the High Court , where serious allegations that Choor Singh had shown bias against him in that he had :
threatened or warned a material witness before that witness had given evidence ;
He had indicated he had made his mind up about the veracity of the witness before that witness had given evidence , and before submissions had been made by counsel on behalf of the applicant at the hearing by the disciplinary committee ; and
questioned a material witness about his veracity and motives as a witness other than during the hearing and in the presence of the applicant and his counsel .
It was found that Choor Singh had two private contacts with a material witness in the course of the disciplinary proceedings , even though it is a well @-@ established rule that a decision @-@ maker should not have contact with any party to the proceedings or any of his witnesses in the absence of the other party or his counsel . The High Court found that there was no actual bias , but there was evidence on which reasonable people might believe that Choor Singh might or could not bring an unprejudiced mind to the disciplinary inquiry . The key finding was that the two private contacts with the material witness gave an appearance of a real likelihood of bias . On this basis , the High Court gave the order and quashed the finding of the disciplinary committee . The case was reported as Re Singh Kalpanath ( 1992 ) .
A keen cricketer when younger , Singh learned to play golf and took up gardening . He also continued his close involvement with Indian and Sikh affairs . One of the young Sikhs who founded the Singapore Khalsa Association in 1931 , and having been its president in the 1960s , he served as its patron and honorary chairman of the board of trustees . He was also a patron of the Singapore Indian Association and a trustee of the Sikh Welfare Council , He also wrote several books on Sikhism , including Bhai Maharaj Singh : Saint @-@ soldier of the Sikh Faith ( 1991 ; later edition , 1999 ) , The Sikh Gurus ( 1991 ) , Understanding Sikhism ( 1994 ; later edition , 2001 ) and Who is a Sikh ? ( 2004 ) . Associate Professor Dr. Kirpal Singh , a writer and literary editor with the Singapore Management University , penned in the foreword to the 2001 edition of Understanding Sikhism that Singh had managed " to ' engage ' the reader through the strategy of writing simply , honestly and without any pretense " .
Placing great importance on learning , Singh contributed to Sikh educational charities and other educational causes . He was a trustee of the Singapore Sikh Education Foundation that was inaugurated in 1990 to teach Punjabi to children , and a life member of the Singapore Indian Education Trust which provides financial assistance to Singaporean Indians for their education . As Chairman of the Sikh Advisory Board , he persuaded the Government to allow the use of government school buildings for the teaching of the Punjabi language . Classes were conducted by the Sri Guru Nanak Satsang Sabha at two schools on Saturday mornings , and were attended by about 400 Sikh children .
On 18 January 1999 , to celebrate his 88th birthday the next day , Singh donated S $ 25 @,@ 000 to the National Institute of Education . About $ 15 @,@ 000 was used to establish the Justice Choor Singh Gold Medal , which is awarded to the best student teacher in education studies with a distinction in practicum in the final examination for the Postgraduate Diploma in Education ( Primary or Secondary ) programme . The remaining $ 10 @,@ 000 went towards funding a research project on the Sikh community 's contributions to education . In 2001 , he donated $ 140 @,@ 000 to the Singapore Management University 's Centre for Cross @-@ Cultural Studies .
The Sikh community bestowed its highest honour on Singh on 14 August 1994 by inviting him to lay the foundation stone for the new Gurdwara Sahib building at the Gurdwara Khalsa Dharmak Sabha at 18 Niven Road . In August 1996 , the Deputy Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong presented him with one of the inaugural Sikh Community Service Awards awarded by the Singapore Khalsa Association in recognition of his contributions to the community .
For two years before his death , Singh had found it difficult to walk . He died in his bed on 31 March 2009 aged 98 . Pre @-@ deceased by his wife , Bhagwan Kaur , in 2004 , he left behind two sons , Duleep Singh Sidhu and Dr. Daljeet Singh Sidhu , and a daughter , Manjeet Kaur Sidhu . The following self @-@ written epitaph was published in his obituary notice in The Straits Times on 1 April 2009 :
I came here by His grace
After toiling in many lower lives .
I have done my duty to my State ,
To my community and my Faith .
I leave now as ordained by my fate ,
To meet Him and sit at His Lotus feet .
= = Works = =
Gaming in Malaya : A Commentary on the Common Gaming Houses Ordinance , 1953 , of the Federation of Malaya , and the Common Gaming Houses Ordinance , Cap . 114 , of the State of Singapore , Singapore : Malayan Law Journal , 1960 , OCLC 207497 .
Bhai Maharaj Singh : Saint @-@ soldier of the Sikh Faith , Singapore : Central Sikh Gurdwara Board , 1991 . A later edition was published as Bhai Maharaj Singh : Saint @-@ soldier Martyr of the Sikh Faith , Singapore : Central Sikh Gurdwara Board , 1999 , OCLC 226181044 .
The Sikh Gurus , Singapore : Sri Guru Nanak Sat Sang Sabha , 1991 , OCLC 226154224 .
Understanding Sikhism : The Gospel of the Gurus , Singapore : Central Sikh Gurdwara Board , 1994 , OCLC 226156539 . A later edition was published as Sikhs and Sikhisms : Understanding Sikhism ( the Gospel of the Gurus ) : A Precise Account of the Religious History of the Sikhs , their Political Heritage and their Aspirations for the Future , Singapore : Central Sikh Gurdwara Board ( reproduced on the website of the Sikh Missionary Society UK ) , 2001 , OCLC 52630397 , archived from the original on 29 February 2008 .
Amar Shaheed Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale : Martyr of the Sikh Faith , Harpenden , Hertfordshire : European Institute of Sikh Studies , 1997 , OCLC 42716478 .
Memoirs of Mr Justice Choor Singh of The Supreme Court of Singapore , Singapore : [ Family of Choor Singh ] , 2003 , OCLC 226062753 .
Who is a Sikh ? : And other Essays on Several other Non @-@ Sikh Punjabi Religious Societies other than Hindus and Muslim , Singapore : [ Choor Singh Sidhu ] , 2004 , OCLC 308905793 .
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= Rumination syndrome =
Rumination syndrome , or Merycism , is an under @-@ diagnosed chronic motility disorder characterized by effortless regurgitation of most meals following consumption , due to the involuntary contraction of the muscles around the abdomen . There is no retching , nausea , heartburn , odour , or abdominal pain associated with the regurgitation , as there is with typical vomiting . The disorder has been historically documented as affecting only infants , young children , and people with cognitive disabilities ( the prevalence is as high as 10 % in institutionalized patients with various mental disabilities ) . Today it is being diagnosed in increasing numbers of otherwise healthy adolescents and adults , though there is a lack of awareness of the condition by doctors , patients and the general public .
Rumination syndrome presents itself in a variety of ways , with especially high contrast existing between the presentation of the typical adult sufferer without a mental disability and the presentation of an infant and / or mentally impaired sufferer . Like related gastrointestinal disorders , rumination can adversely affect normal functioning and the social lives of individuals . It has been linked with depression .
Little comprehensive data regarding rumination syndrome in otherwise healthy individuals exists because most sufferers are private about their illness and are often misdiagnosed due to the number of symptoms and the clinical similarities between rumination syndrome and other disorders of the stomach and esophagus , such as gastroparesis and bulimia nervosa . These symptoms include the acid @-@ induced erosion of the esophagus and enamel , halitosis , malnutrition , severe weight loss and an unquenchable appetite . Individuals may begin regurgitating within a minute following ingestion , and the full cycle of ingestion and regurgitation can mimic the binging and purging of bulimia .
Diagnosis of rumination syndrome is non @-@ invasive and based on a history of the individual . Treatment is promising , with upwards of 85 % of individuals responding positively to treatment , including infants and the mentally handicapped .
= = Classification = =
Rumination syndrome is a condition which affects the functioning of the stomach and esophagus , also known as a functional gastroduodenal disorder . In patients that have a history of eating disorders , Rumination syndrome is grouped alongside eating disorders such as bulimia and pica , which are themselves grouped under non @-@ psychotic mental disorder . In most healthy adolescents and adults who have no mental disability , Rumination syndrome is considered a motility disorder instead of an eating disorder , because the patients tend to have had no control over its occurrence and have had no history of eating disorders .
= = Signs and symptoms = =
While the number and severity of symptoms varies among individuals , repetitive regurgitation of undigested food ( known as rumination ) after the start of a meal is always present . In some individuals , the regurgitation is small , occurring over a long period of time following ingestion , and can be rechewed and swallowed . In others , the amount can be bilious and short lasting , and must be expelled . While some only experience symptoms following some meals , most experience episodes following any ingestion , from a single bite to a massive feast . However , some long @-@ term patients will find a select couple of food or drink items that do not trigger a response .
Unlike typical vomiting , the regurgitation is typically described as effortless and unforced . There is seldom nausea preceding the expulsion , and the undigested food lacks the bitter taste and odour of stomach acid and bile .
Symptoms can begin to manifest at any point from the ingestion of the meal to 120 minutes thereafter . However , the more common range is between 30 seconds to 1 hour after the completion of a meal . Symptoms tend to cease when the ruminated contents become acidic .
Abdominal pain ( 38 @.@ 1 % ) , lack of fecal production or constipation ( 21 @.@ 1 % ) , nausea ( 17 @.@ 0 % ) , diarrhea ( 8 @.@ 2 % ) , bloating ( 4 @.@ 1 % ) , and dental decay ( 3 @.@ 4 % ) are also described as common symptoms in day @-@ to @-@ day life . These symptoms are not necessarily prevalent during regurgitation episodes , and can happen at any time . Weight loss is often observed ( 42 @.@ 2 % ) at an average loss of 9 @.@ 6 kilograms , and is more common in cases where the disorder has gone undiagnosed for a longer period of time , though this may be expected of the nutrition deficiencies that often accompany the disorder as a consequence of its symptoms . Depression has also been linked with rumination syndrome , though the effects of it on rumination syndrome are unknown .
Acid erosion of the teeth can be a feature of rumination , as can halitosis ( bad breath ) .
= = Causes = =
The cause of rumination syndrome is unknown . However , studies have drawn a correlation between hypothesized causes and the history of patients with the disorder . In infants and the cognitively impaired , the disease has normally been attributed to over @-@ stimulation and under @-@ stimulation from parents and caregivers , causing the individual to seek self @-@ gratification and self @-@ stimulus due to the lack or abundance of external stimuli . The disorder has also commonly been attributed to a bout of illness , a period of stress in the individual 's recent past , and to changes in medication .
In adults and adolescents , hypothesized causes generally fall into one of either category : habit @-@ induced , and trauma @-@ induced . Habit @-@ induced individuals generally have a history of bulimia nervosa or of intentional regurgitation ( magicians and professional regurgitators , for example ) , which though initially self @-@ induced , forms a subconscious habit that can continue to manifest itself outside the control of the affected individual . Trauma @-@ induced individuals describe an emotional or physical injury ( such as recent surgery , psychological distress , concussions , deaths in the family , etc . ) , which preceded the onset of rumination , often by several months .
= = Diagnosis = =
Rumination syndrome is diagnosed based on a complete history of the individual . Costly and invasive studies such as gastroduodenal manometry and esophageal Ph testing are unnecessary and will often aid in misdiagnosis . Based on typical observed features , several criteria have been suggested for diagnosing rumination syndrome . The primary symptom , the regurgitation of recently ingested food , must be consistent , occurring for at least six weeks of the past twelve months . The regurgitation must begin within 30 minutes of the completion of a meal . Patients may either chew the regurgitated matter or expel it . The symptoms must stop within 90 minutes , or when the regurgitated matter becomes acidic . The symptoms must not be the result of a mechanical obstruction , and should not respond to the standard treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease .
In adults , the diagnosis is supported by the absence of classical or structural diseases of the gastrointestinal system . Supportive criteria include a regurgitant that does not taste sour or acidic , is generally odourless , is effortless , or at most preceded by a belching sensation , that there is no retching preceding the regurgitation , and that the act is not associated with nausea or heartburn .
Patients visit an average of five physicians over 2 @.@ 75 years before being correctly diagnosed with rumination syndrome .
= = = Differential diagnosis = = =
Rumination syndrome in adults is a complicated disorder whose symptoms can mimic those of several other gastroesophogeal disorders and diseases . Bulimia nervosa and gastroparesis are especially prevalent among the misdiagnoses of rumination .
Bulimia nervosa , among adults and especially adolescents , is by far the most common misdiagnosis patients will hear during their experiences with rumination syndrome . This is due to the similarities in symptoms to an outside observer — " vomiting " following food intake — which , in long @-@ term patients , may include ingesting copious amounts to offset malnutrition , and a lack of willingness to expose their condition and its symptoms . While it has been suggested that there is a connection between rumination and bulimia , unlike bulimia , rumination is not self @-@ inflicted . Adults and adolescents with rumination syndrome are generally well aware of their gradually increasing malnutrition , but are unable to control the reflex . In contrast , those with bulimia intentionally induce vomiting , and seldom re @-@ swallow food .
Gastroparesis is another common misdiagnosis . Like rumination syndrome , patients with gastroparesis often bring up food following the ingestion of a meal . Unlike rumination , gastroparesis causes vomiting ( in contrast to regurgitation ) of food , which is not being digested further , from the stomach . This vomiting occurs several hours after a meal is ingested , preceded by nausea and retching , and has the bitter or sour taste typical of vomit .
= = Pathophysiology = =
Rumination syndrome is a poorly understood disorder , and a number of theories have speculated the mechanisms that cause the regurgitation , which is a unique symptom to this disorder . While no theory has gained a consensus , some are more notable and widely published than others .
The most widely documented mechanism is that the ingestion of food causes gastric distention , which is followed by abdominal compression and the simultaneous relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter ( LES ) . This creates a common cavity between the stomach and the oropharynx that allows the partially digested material to return to the mouth . There are several offered explanations for the sudden relaxation of the LES . Among these explanations is that it is a learned voluntary relaxation , which is common in those with or having had bulimia . While this relaxation may be voluntary , the overall process of rumination is still generally involuntary . Relaxation due to intra @-@ abdominal pressure is another proposed explanation , which would make abdominal compression the primary mechanism . The third is an adaptation of the belch reflex , which is the most commonly described mechanism . The swallowing of air immediately prior to regurgitation causes the activation of the belching reflex that triggers the relaxation of the LES . Patients often describe a feeling similar to the onset of a belch preceding rumination .
= = Treatment and prognosis = =
There is presently no known cure for rumination . Proton pump inhibitors and other medications have been used to little or no effect . Treatment is different for infants and the mentally handicapped than for adults and adolescents of normal intelligence . For adults and adolescents , Biofeedback and relaxation techniques , to be practice after eating or whenever regurgitation occurs , has proven to be most effective . Among infants and the mentally handicapped , behavioral and mild aversive training has been shown to cause improvement in most cases . Aversive training involves associating the ruminating behavior with negative results , and rewarding good behavior and eating . Placing a sour or bitter taste on the tongue when the individual begins the movements or breathing patterns typical of his or her ruminating behavior is the generally accepted method for aversive training , although some older studies advocate the use of pinching . In patients of normal intelligence , rumination is not an intentional behavior and is habitually reversed using diaphragmatic breathing to counter the urge to regurgitate . Alongside reassurance , explanation and habit reversal , patients are shown how to breathe using their diaphragms prior to and during the normal rumination period . A similar breathing pattern can be used to prevent normal vomiting . Breathing in this method works by physically preventing the abdominal contractions required to expel stomach contents .
Supportive therapy and diaphragmatic breathing has shown to cause improvement in 56 % of cases , and total cessation of symptoms in an additional 30 % in one study of 54 adolescent patients who were followed up 10 months after initial treatments . Patients who successfully use the technique often notice an immediate change in health for the better . Individuals who have had bulimia or who intentionally induced vomiting in the past have a reduced chance for improvement due to the reinforced behavior . The technique is not used with infants or young children due to the complex timing and concentration required for it to be successful . Most infants grow out of the disorder within a year or with aversive training .
= = Epidemiology = =
Rumination disorder was initially documented as affecting newborns , infants , children and individuals with mental and functional disabilities ( the cognitively handicapped ) . It has since been recognized to occur in both males and females of all ages and cognitive abilities .
Among the latter , it is described with almost equal prevalence among infants ( 6 – 10 % of the population ) and institutionalized adults ( 8 – 10 % ) . In infants , it typically occurs within the first 3 – 12 months of age .
The occurrence of rumination syndrome within the general population has not been defined . Rumination is sometimes described as rare , but has also been described as not rare , but rather rarely recognized . The disorder has a female predominance . The typical age of adolescent onset is 12 @.@ 9 , give or take 0 @.@ 4 years ( ± ) , with males affected sooner than females ( 11 @.@ 0 ± 0 @.@ 8 for males versus 13 @.@ 8 ± 0 @.@ 5 for females ) .
There is little evidence concerning the impact of hereditary influence in rumination syndrome . However , case reports involving entire families with rumination exist .
= = History = =
The term rumination is derived from the Latin word ruminare , which means to chew the cud . First described in ancient times , and mentioned in the writings of Aristotle , rumination syndrome was clinically documented in 1618 by Italian anatomist Fabricus ab Aquapendende , who wrote of the symptoms in a patient of his .
Among the earliest cases of rumination was that of a physician in the nineteenth century , Charles @-@ Édouard Brown @-@ Séquard , who acquired the condition as the result of experiments upon himself . As a way of evaluating and testing the acid response of the stomach to various foods , the doctor would swallow sponges tied to a string , then intentionally regurgitate them to analyze the contents . As a result of these experiments , the doctor eventually regurgitated his meals habitually by reflex .
Numerous case reports exist from before the twentieth century , but were influenced greatly by the methods and thinking used in that time . By the early twentieth century , it was becoming increasingly evident that rumination presented itself in a variety of ways in response to a variety of conditions . Although still considered a disorder of infancy and cognitive disability at that time , the difference in presentation between infants and adults was well established .
Studies of rumination in otherwise healthy adults became decreasingly rare starting in the 1900s , and the majority of published reports analyzing the syndrome in mentally healthy patients appeared thereafter . At first , adult rumination was described and treated as a benign condition . It is now described as otherwise . While the base of patients to examine has gradually increased as more and more people come forward with their symptoms , awareness of the condition by the medical community and the general public is still limited .
= = In other animals = =
The chewing of cud by animals such as cows , goats , and giraffes is considered normal behavior . These animals are known as ruminants . Such behavior , though termed rumination , is not related to human rumination syndrome , but is ordinary . Involuntary rumination , similar to what is seen in humans , has been described in gorillas and other primates .
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= Lactarius argillaceifolius =
Lactarius argillaceifolius is a species of fungus in the Russulaceae family . The mushrooms produced by the fungus have convex to flattened drab lilac @-@ colored caps that are up to 18 cm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) wide . The cream @-@ colored gills are closely spaced together and extend slightly down the length of the stem , which is up to 9 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) long by 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 4 in ) thick . The mushroom produces an off @-@ white latex when injured that stains the mushroom tissue brownish .
The species is found in eastern North America , with a range extending from Canada to northeastern Mexico . It has also been found in pine plantations in Brazil , where it is probably an introduced species . Lactarius trivialis is a European counterpart that is similar in appearance . In addition to its distribution , it can be distinguished from L. argillaceifolius by differences in preferred habitat and color differences in the gills , cap , and latex . The L. argillaceifolius variety megacarpus , a larger form with caps up to 27 cm ( 11 in ) wide , occurs under coast live oak and tanoak in the Pacific Coast states and Baja California . Variety dissimilis , described on the basis of a single specimen from South Carolina , differs from the main form in the microscopic structure of the cap cuticle .
= = Taxonomy and classification = =
The species was first described by American mycologists Lexemuel Ray Hesler and Alexander H. Smith in their 1979 monograph on the North American species of Lactarius . The type specimen — collected by Smith from Oak Grove , Livingston County , Michigan , in July 1972 — is housed at the University of Michigan Herbarium . Hesler and Smith simultaneously published the varieties dissimilis and megacarpus , collected from South Carolina and California , respectively . The variety megacarpus is commonly known as the " vulgar milkcap " .
Smith and Hesler classified L. argillaceifolius in subgenus Tristes , in stirps Argillaceifolius . This grouping of related species , which includes L. fumaecolor , is characterized by the gelatinous cuticle of the stem .
= = Description = =
The cap is 4 – 18 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 7 @.@ 1 in ) wide , and initially convex to broadly convex before flattening out with a depressed center . The cap margin is curved inward , and often remains that way into maturity . The cap surface is covered with fine soft hairs when young , but later becomes smooth ; it is slimy and sticky when wet . The color of the cap ranges from lilac @-@ brown when young , fading to lilac @-@ tan or pale lilac @-@ gray and eventually to pale tan or pinkish @-@ buff at the center . The gills are attached to slightly decurrent ( extending somewhat down the length of the stem ) , broad , and packed together closely . They are cream @-@ colored when young , and later develop pinkish tones near the margin . In maturity , they become flushed with brownish @-@ orange . The color stains buff to olive @-@ brown to dark brown when bruised .
The stem is 6 – 9 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 – 3 @.@ 5 in ) long by 1 @.@ 5 – 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 – 1 @.@ 4 in ) thick , and nearly equal in width throughout or tapering downward . Its surface may be slimy or dry , depending on the moisture in the environment . It is whitish , but in age becomes spotted with brownish stains . The flesh is firm , and white to buff . Its odor is not distinctive , while its taste is mild or slowly becomes slightly acrid . The latex is creamy @-@ white on initial exposure , and stains the gills grayish @-@ brown to dark brown or olive @-@ brown ; its taste is mild or slowly becomes slightly acrid . Older fruit bodies tend to have less abundant and weaker @-@ tasting latex . The spore print is pinkish @-@ buff . The edibility of L. argillaceifolius is unknown . The cap surface will turn yellow to orange when a drop of dilute potassium hydroxide is applied .
= = = Microscopic characteristics = = =
The spores are roughly spherical to broadly elliptical , and measure 7 – 11 by 7 – 8 µm . They are ornamented with warts and ridges that sometimes form a partial reticulum ( a pattern of interconnected ridges ) , with prominences up to 1 µm high . The spore are hyaline ( translucent ) and amyloid , meaning that they will absorb iodine when stained with Melzer 's reagent . The cap cuticle of young specimens is made of a tissue type known an ixotrichoderm , which contains gelatinized hyphae of different lengths arranged in roughly parallel fashion . As the mushroom matures , the cap cuticle gradually becomes an ixolattice — characterized by branching , entangled , gelatinous hyphae . The basidia ( the spore @-@ bearing cells ) are four @-@ spored , and measure 45 – 52 by 9 – 10 @.@ 5 µm . The pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) are abundant , and relatively long — between 60 – 140 µm long by 6 – 14 µm thick . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) measure 32 – 67 by 6 – 9 µm .
= = = Varieties = = =
Lactarius argillaceifolius var. dissimilis , a variety reported from South Carolina , is nearly identical in appearance , but it has white latex that tastes bitter then acrid . The structure of the cap cuticle differs from the nominate variety in that it has dextrinoid ( staining yellowish or reddish brown with Meltzer 's reagent ) incrustations on the hyphae . The variety megacarpus has a larger cap ( up to 27 cm ( 11 in ) wide with flesh that is up to 3 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick ) , and white and unchanging latex with an acrid taste . Its stem measures 16 to 20 cm ( 6 @.@ 3 to 7 @.@ 9 in ) long by 4 to 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 to 2 @.@ 0 in ) wide near the top . Microscopically , the spores of var. megacarpus are more reticulate than the nominate variety .
= = = Similar species = = =
Lactarius trivialis is a European species that is similar in appearance to L. argillaceifolius , and they are often confused for each other . L. trivialis can be distinguished by gills that stain brown when exposed to the latex , and a preference for growing in conifer- and birch @-@ rich boreal and subalpine forests . Variety megacarpus may be confused with L. pallescens , a smaller paler @-@ colored species with latex that stains gills lilac rather than brown .
= = Habitat and distribution = =
Like all Lactarius species , L. argillaceifolius is mycorrhizal . The fruit bodies of Lactarius argillaceifolius grow scattered or in groups on the ground under hardwoods , especially oak , from July to October . It is often one of the first mycorrhizal mushrooms to fruit in forests dominated by oak and hickory . The fruit bodies are slow to develop and are long @-@ lasting . The species is found from eastern Canada south to Florida , and west to Minnesota and Texas . It is common in northeast Mexico . The mushroom has also been reported from southern Brazil ( state of Santa Catarina ) growing in association with pine ( Pinus elliottii ) plantations , where it has probably been introduced with pine seedlings brought by settlers . L. argillaceifolius var. megacarpus has been collected from Baja California , California , Oregon , and Washington , where it grows in association with coast live oak and tanoak .
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= Jeffrey Pollack =
For the film director and television producer , see Jeff Pollack .
For the music and media consultant , see Jeff Pollack .
Jeffrey Pollack ( born circa 1965 ) is a sports business consultant and former Commissioner of the World Series of Poker . He was educated at Northwestern University , The Graduate School of Political Management and the University of Massachusetts Amherst . Pollack later completed the Advanced Management Program at Harvard University . After a brief career in politics , Pollack moved into the industry of sports business where he ’ s held executive roles with the NBA , NASCAR , and the World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) .
Pollack was listed on the first of Sports Business Journal 's " 40 Under 40 " and twice to The Sporting News 100 . He has also won two Emmy Awards . Pollack is married , and resides in both Los Angeles and Las Vegas . His half @-@ brother is Gary Bettman , the Commissioner of the National Hockey League .
In 2011 , Pollack launched Federated Sports + Gaming ( FS + G ) and the Epic Poker League , where he served as Executive Chairman . Within a year , FS + G had filed bankruptcy .
In early 2015 , Pollack was hired as special advisor to the San Diego Chargers .
= = Education and Early career = =
Pollack received his undergraduate degree in journalism from Northwestern University , in addition to two master 's degrees . The first master 's was from The Graduate School of Political Management and his second was in sports management from the University of Massachusetts Amherst . Pollack subsequently completed the Advanced Management Program at Harvard University .
Initially , Pollack ’ s career led into politics . A summer internship with the American Jewish Congress prompted a one @-@ year role with the AJC . He worked as a lobbyist on legislation that would permit religious headwear for active military personal in noncombat settings . Pollack then relocated to Los Angeles to work for Winner & Associates , a leading political public relations firm . He was assigned to consult the Major Baseball League during the labor strife in the early @-@ 1990s . The inception of Pollack ’ s career in sports business occurred in 1992 when he realized — while flying from LA to New York — that there was a niche to fill in the industry .
In February 1994 , at the age of 29 , Pollack founded The Sports Business Daily . It was the first daily trade publication for the sports industry . Pollack modelled the concept for the Sports Business Daily on the political daily The Hotline . Its primary goal was to “ cover the coverage , ” or aggregate and organize daily news that was related to business of sports Doug Bailey , The Hotline 's founder , was Jeffrey Pollack 's partner in this venture . Pollack later noted that Bailey ’ s influence was “ absolutely critical ” to the initial success of The Daily . The Sports Business Daily originally occupied 3 rooms in the same building and initially hired The Hotline 's Stephen Bilafer as the Editor @-@ in @-@ Chief . Fellow editor Chuck Todd followed Bilafer in the move from The Hotline to The Daily . Bilafer would go on to note that it would have been a “ deal breaker ” had Todd not been permitted to join him at the SBD . After assembling a small editorial , marketing and sales team , The Sports Business Daily launched on September 12 , 1994 amidst the “ perfect storm of business and sports stories . ” With Pollack as its president and publisher , The Sports Business Daily garnered a strong reputation among to decision @-@ makers in the industry . When the time The Sports Business Daily was sold in 1996 , it was a " recognized leader in sports industry news and is relied upon by top sports , entertainment , financial , and media executives worldwide . " At the time of the sale , The Sports Business Daily provided the content for ESPN 's SportsZone " Industry Insider . "
Pollack 's career with the NBA began when he was hired as a communications consultant for the NBA during its collective bargaining arrangement . Pollack consulted with NBA commissioner David Stern and helped design the relaunch strategy after the NBA lockout in the 1998 – 99 season . As a result of these activities , Pollack was hired as the Vice President of Marketing & Corporate Communications for the NBA . He remained with the league until 2000 .
After a brief stint with a sports website , which Pollack once termed his “ reverse MBA , ” he was hired as the Managing Director of Broadcasting and New Media for NASCAR Digital Entertainment . NASCAR had recently consolidated its media rights and the brand reoriented the way it presented itself to consumer product and global media companies . Pollack helped develop NASCAR 's television partnerships with Fox , FX , NBC and TNT and it was under his guidance that NASCAR grew into a major sporting event . At the time , it rose to the “ second @-@ most @-@ watched sprots franchcise on cable TV , behind football . " Pollack also encouraged NASCAR to use advanced media and technologies . One of his central innovations was to create an immersive experience for viewers at home . He helped developed the cable TV program , NASCAR iN Car , which involved mounting cameras that could capture the race from inside the cars . [ 15 ] Pollack won two Emmy Awards , as a result : the Primetime Emmy for Outstanding Achievement in Interactive Television Programming and a Sports Emmy for Outstanding Innovative Technical Achievement . He was also the first to receive the Billboard Digital Entertainment Award for the best interactive television programming .
= = World Series of Poker = =
In 2005 , Harrah 's Casino hired Pollack as its Vice President of Marketing . While he was officially responsible for Harrah ’ s sports ventures , which included boxing and motor sports , Pollack stated that , " My top priority is to grow the popularity of the World Series of Poker … It is already the No. 1 brand in poker , but we 're going to make it even stronger through world @-@ class media partnerships , strategic marketing alliances and superior customer service . " By most accounts , he succeeded doing just this . Pollack introduced a range of changes into the WSOP ’ s media relations , player relations , tournament structure and schedule , and expanded into international markets .
His first responsibility with Harrah 's was the 2005 World Series of Poker . Poker players ' first impression of him centered on the 2005 Tournament of Champions ( ToC ) . The ToC was hyped as a $ 2 @.@ 5 million freeroll for which players had to qualify . In 2005 , the ToC was sponsored by Pepsi , who was about to start an advertising campaign involving Doyle Brunson , Johnny Chan , and Phil Hellmuth . Pepsi insisted that its three spokesmen take part in the ToC and the WSOP consented . The other players objected that three corporate exemptions were granted at the last moment . Pollack was heavily criticized , but addressed the criticism head on and ensured that a similar misstep would never occur .
= = = WSOP Changes = = =
On January 13 , 2006 he was promoted to Commissioner of the WSOP . One of his first actions as the commissioner was to work towards avoiding the criticism of the ToC . Pollack started meeting with a group of professional poker players in a monthly council . While the council did not have formal decision @-@ making authority , Pollack stated in 2009 that “ we haven ’ t made a meaningful decision about event schedules , structures , rules , et cetera , since 2006 without the input of the Players Advisory Council . ”
Pollack believed that the success of the WSOP was not determined based upon the number of participants every year , but rather upon the players ' experiences . For example , in 2007 the WSOP flattened its award structure . The cash awards were distributed more evenly so that people who went out earlier earned more money , while those who made it to the final table won less .
In an effort to reduce complaints about marked cards , the WSOP entered into a partnership with United States Playing Card Company ( USPC ) . USPC introduced a new " Poker Peek " cards as the official card of the WSOP . New decks were introduced every day at every table . In 2006 , Copag provided playing cards that became creased as the events endured , resulting in cards that were essentially marked .
The training of WSOP dealers was also heavily criticized in past tournaments . In an effort to forestall this criticism , the WSOP began intensive training for dealers as early as March 2007 for over 300 dealers . The training included staff and supervisory training . Part of the reason for this additional training was to prevent a repeat of the " extra chips " that materialized during 2006 's main event . During the 2006 main event , the tournament finished with more chips than normal chip upgrading would have led to . Another effort to reduce that risk was the introduction of special chips exclusively for the main event .
In 2008 , Pollack revised the tournament ’ s schedule and introduced a four @-@ month break after the finalists had been determined in July . The hiatus was intended to help build suspense and allow the finalists to promote themselves as “ poker ambassadors ” before play resumed in November . The final two days of play were edited down to a two @-@ hour show and broadcast on ESPN .
Pollack also led the tournament ’ s international expansion with WSOP Europe . The first tournament was held in London and hosted by London Clubs International at three casinos : the Fifty , Leicester Square and the Sportsman . Pollack insisted , “ The World Series of Poker Europe will have a unique identity , style and flair , but will remain true to the 38 @-@ year tradition and heritage of the WSOP . ” The WSOPE remained in England from 2007 @-@ 2010 , was hosted in France from 2010 @-@ 2013 and is expected to be hosted in Berlin in 2015 .
= = = Marketing = = =
Pollack is known for his aggressive marketing . He ’ s noted on several occasions that he ’ s taken the strategies of the major sports brands , i.e. NASCAR , the NBA , and the NFL , and extracted the best practices to grow the WSOP . He has asserted , moreover , that “ [ s ] ports marketing fundamentally is about the selling of hope . Fans have the hope of their favorite team trading for the right player , drafting the right player , winning a game , winning the season , winning the world championship . ” And furthermore that , “ [ t ] he World Series of Poker offers a brand of hope that is infinitely more accessible ” insofar as anyone can enter the tournament and have a chance to play at the final table .
After becoming the Commissioner of the WSOP , he negotiated partnerships with ESPN , Sirius radio , Glu Mobile , Bluff Media , AOL , and Betfair . He also arranged sponsorships with Miller Brewing Company , Planters and Hershey ’ s . In 2006 , Card Player Media provided hand @-@ by @-@ hand reporting , streamed player interviews , gave player recaps and displayed real @-@ time chip count on its website . Once Pollack was asked if professional poker players would start wearing uniforms covered with ads , similar to NASCAR . He responded , " That is not out of the realm of possibility . As long as they stick to the guidelines , players will be allowed to seek endorsement deals and advertise as they wish . "
Pollack believed that the strength in the WSOP lies in its tradition and legacy . He wanted to do more to honor the WSOP 's past champions , " I want to bring our past , our history , and our DNA along for the ride . "
= = = Reception By Players = = =
Pollack was generally received well by the players , although he did have dissenters . Daniel Negreanu was impressed with his first meeting with Pollack , noting that professional poker is " a unique situation , as with the NBA players are being paid , while the poker players actually put up their own money . " However , by 2012 , Negreanu had changed his opinion of Pollack , crediting WSOP Vice President Ty Stewart and others for the event 's growth and popularity .
On the other hand , Pollack ’ s emphasis on the player ’ s experience along with his effectiveness in growing the WSOP cast him in a good light . This can be seen most clearly through the extent of support he received when he announced his resignation as commissioner . One commentator declared , “ the news hit the poker world … like a ton of bricks , ” and that his tenure in the role “ may be unmatched . ” Well @-@ known players like Phil Hellmuth , Peter Eastgate and Barry Goldstein expressed their esteem for Pollack .
= = = Resignation = = =
On November 13 , 2009 , Pollack announced on his Twitter feed that he was resigning as Commissioner . In a separate statement , he commented , “ Everything I set out to accomplish in 2005 , I think I have accomplished . The World Series of Poker is bigger than ever before . The brand is in a strong position and the player experience is better than it 's ever been . ” Pollock did not elaborate on any subsequent career opportunities , but said , " I 'm going to take a moment to pause and reflect , then will think things through and make some decisions , "
= = Epic Poker League = =
In January 2011 , Pollack and Annie Duke announced the launch of Federated Sports + Gaming ( FS + G ) , the parent company for the Epic Poker League . Duke served as the league ’ s commissioner . The EPL was designed to showcase the best players in the world and elevate them to the status of leading figures akin to icons in other sports . There was to be 200 players admitted and ranked by a system “ driven by mathematics and proven historic achievement . ” Pollack stated , “ I ’ ve long believed that the top professional poker players create enormous value for the industry and are skilled in a way that is worthy of star treatment , ” and moreover that , “ [ o ] ur new league will celebrate poker professionals like never before and provide a tournament experience at the Palms that is first @-@ class at every turn . ” The first season of the EPL was slated to include four “ rake @-@ free ” $ 20 @,@ 000 Main Events , in addition to a $ 1 million Championship Event . The EPL had negotiated 20 hours of television programming . Seven of which were to be aired on CBS and the remaining 13 on Discovery Communications ’ Velocity network .
From early on , industry insiders questioned the company 's business model . By February 2012 , after only holding three events , FS + G had filed bankruptcy , generating just over $ 38 @,@ 000 in revenue and accumulating up to $ 7 million in debt .
= = Advisor to the Chargers = =
In early 2015 , the San Diego Chargers hired Pollack as a special advisor to the team ’ s Chair and President Dean Spanos . Pollack will serve to consult the team on both future revenue growth and the development of a new stadium . Pollock aided Chargers Special Council Mark Fabiani in the hiring and identifying of Manica , the architects tasked with designing a stadium in Carson , California .
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= Marvel One @-@ Shots =
Marvel One @-@ Shots are a series of direct @-@ to @-@ video short films produced by Marvel Studios , set within the Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) , released from 2011 to 2014 . They are included as special features in the MCU films ' Blu @-@ ray and digital distribution releases , but are not included in the DVD releases . Each of the films , which range from 4 to 14 minutes , are designed to be a self @-@ contained story that provides more backstory for characters or events introduced in the films . Two of the shorts have been the inspiration for television series set in the MCU .
The Consultant ( 2011 ) and A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor 's Hammer ( 2011 ) star Clark Gregg as Agent Phil Coulson , and offer up self @-@ contained stories about a day in the life of a S.H.I.E.L.D. agent . Item 47 ( 2012 ) stars Lizzy Caplan and Jesse Bradford as a down @-@ on @-@ their @-@ luck couple who find a discarded Chitauri gun after the events of Marvel 's The Avengers . Agent Carter ( 2013 ) stars Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter after the events of Captain America : The First Avenger , while All Hail the King ( 2014 ) stars Ben Kingsley as Trevor Slattery after the events of Iron Man 3 .
= = Development = =
In August 2011 , Marvel announced that a couple of short films , designed to be self @-@ contained stories , would be released direct @-@ to @-@ video . Co @-@ producer Brad Winderbaum said " It 's a fun way to experiment with new characters and ideas , but more importantly it 's a way for us to expand the Marvel Cinematic Universe and tell stories that live outside the plot of our features . " The first two films were made in conjunction with The Ebeling Group and were directed by Leythum and written by Eric Pearson . Winderbaum added that the name of the shorts program was derived from the label used by Marvel Comics for their one @-@ shot comics .
Marvel Studios co @-@ president Louis D ’ Esposito later stated that Marvel was considering the idea of introducing established characters who may not yet be ready to carry their own feature films in future One @-@ Shots , stating , " There ’ s always a potential to introduce a character . We have 8 @,@ 000 of them , and they can ’ t all be at the same level . So maybe there are some that are not so popular , and we introduce them [ with a short ] – and they take off . I could see that happening . " When asked whether a Marvel superhero would ever appear in a One @-@ Shot , D 'Esposito replied that " We would love to , but it ’ s difficult because there ’ s a cost to that . If Iron Man is flying around doing something , that [ is ] very costly . And first of all , what ’ s the story ? Is it important that that superhero is in the story ? "
During the Agent Carter panel at the 2013 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International , D 'Esposito stated that bringing the shorts to theaters , to appear before features , was being considered . In May 2014 , it was revealed that a One @-@ Shot would not be released with Captain America : The Winter Soldier 's home media , and in October 2014 , it was revealed that Guardians of the Galaxy 's home media release would not include one either . Guardians of the Galaxy director James Gunn stated that a One @-@ Shot was not included with the film due to lack of space on the disc .
= = Films = =
= = = The Consultant ( 2011 ) = = =
Set after the events of Iron Man 2 and The Incredible Hulk , Phil Coulson informs Jasper Sitwell that the World Security Council wishes Emil Blonsky released from prison to join the Avengers Initiative . They see him as a war hero and blame the devastation in New York City on Bruce Banner . The Council orders them to send an agent to ask General Thaddeus " Thunderbolt " Ross to release Blonsky into S.H.I.E.L.D. custody . As Nick Fury does not want to release Blonsky , the two agents decide to send a patsy to sabotage the meeting . At Sitwell 's urging , Coulson reluctantly sends " The Consultant " : Tony Stark . As partially depicted in the post @-@ credits scene of The Incredible Hulk , a disgraced Ross sits drinking in a bar , when he is approached by Stark , who annoys Ross so much that he tries to have Stark removed from the bar . In reply , Stark buys the bar and has it scheduled for demolition . The next day , Coulson informs Sitwell that their plan worked , and that Blonsky will remain in prison .
At the 2011 San Diego Comic @-@ Con , Marvel announced that The Consultant would appear exclusively on the Thor Blu @-@ ray release on September 13 , 2011 . It was directed by Leythum and written by Eric Pearson , with music by Paul Oakenfold . Clark Gregg and Maximiliano Hernández return to portray Agent Phil Coulson and Agent Jasper Sitwell , respectively , from the films . They are joined via archive footage by Robert Downey , Jr. as Tony Stark / The Consultant , William Hurt as General Thaddeus " Thunderbolt " Ross and Tim Roth as Emil Blonsky in his Abomination form . Co @-@ producer Brian Winderbaum said the producers " wanted to paint a picture of S.H.I.E.L.D. pulling the strings and being responsible for some of the events seen in the films . What better character to represent this idea than Agent Coulson , the first S.H.I.E.L.D. agent we were introduced to in the first Iron Man film ? " Gregg said he was told about the short film program in the same phone call that warned him Coulson would die in The Avengers . The actor noticed that the One @-@ Shots could then provide more information on Coulson , to " build the audience 's relationship [ with ] him " before his impactful death . The Consultant was written after A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor 's Hammer , due to the latter taking up 80 % of the budget Marvel reserved for the two shorts , leaving a remaining budget " for two guys talking " . To help with this , Pearson included Sitwell in the short , who had a minor role in Thor , and had him and Coulson " brainstorming a way to deal with this red tape bureaucratic politics of the Avengers Initiative " .
= = = A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor 's Hammer ( 2011 ) = = =
Set before the events of Thor , Phil Coulson stops at a gas station on his way to Albuquerque , New Mexico . While Coulson shops for snacks in the back of the station , two robbers enter and demand the money from the register . When the robbers ask whose car is outside , Coulson reveals himself , surrenders his keys , and offers to surrender his pistol as well . As he is about to turn over the gun , Coulson distracts the robbers and subdues both men in seconds . He then nonchalantly pays for his snacks while subtly advising the clerk not to mention his involvement to the police and leaves the station .
A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor 's Hammer was included on the Captain America : The First Avenger Blu @-@ ray release on October 25 , 2011 . It was directed by Leythum and written by Eric Pearson , with music by Paul Oakenfold . The short stars Clark Gregg reprising his role as Agent Phil Coulson . The short served to showcase Coulson as " more than just an annoying bureaucrat " of S.H.I.E.L.D.
= = = Item 47 ( 2012 ) = = =
Bennie and Claire , a down @-@ on @-@ their @-@ luck couple , find a discarded Chitauri gun ( " Item 47 " ) left over from the attack on New York City in The Avengers . The couple use it to rob a few banks , drawing the attention of S.H.I.E.L.D. , which assigns agents Sitwell and Blake to retrieve the weapon and " neutralize " the couple . Agent Sitwell tracks the couple down to a motel room that gets wrecked in the subsequent confrontation , and the stolen money gets destroyed . Instead of killing the couple , Sitwell invites them to join S.H.I.E.L.D. , with Bennie assigned to the R & D ' think @-@ tank ' to reverse engineer the Chitauri technology , and Claire becoming Blake 's assistant .
Item 47 was released on The Avengers Blu @-@ ray on September 25 , 2012 . The film stars Jesse Bradford and Lizzy Caplan as Bennie and Claire , respectively . The film also sees the return of Agent Sitwell , played by Maximiliano Hernández , and introduced Agent Blake , portrayed by Titus Welliver . It was directed by Marvel Studios co @-@ president Louis D ’ Esposito , written by Eric Pearson , and music by Christopher Lennertz . The short film , which was filmed over four days , has a runtime of 12 minutes , longer than the previous films , which were no longer than 4 minutes . Pearson and D 'Esposito had the idea for the short after watching The Avengers and thinking , " New York is a mess . There must be weapons everywhere " . Item 47 helped inspire the MCU television series Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.
= = = Agent Carter ( 2013 ) = = =
One year after the events of Captain America : The First Avenger , Agent Peggy Carter , now a member of the Strategic Scientific Reserve , is stuck compiling data instead of working field cases . One night while alone in the office , the case line rings , informing Carter of the location of the mysterious Zodiac . She goes to the location , and is able to retrieve the serum single @-@ handedly . The next day , her boss , Agent Flynn , reprimands her for not going through the proper procedures to complete the mission . Carter explains that the mission was time @-@ sensitive , but Flynn is unmoved , dismissing the indignant Carter as an " old flame " of Captain America 's who was given her current job out of pity for her bereavement . The case line rings again , this time with Howard Stark on the other end , who tells Flynn to inform Carter that she will co @-@ head the newly created S.H.I.E.L.D. In a mid @-@ credit scene , Dum Dum Dugan is seen poolside with Stark , marveling at two women wearing the newly created bikinis .
Agent Carter , released on the Iron Man 3 Blu @-@ ray release on September 24 , 2013 , as well as part of the digital download release on September 3 , 2013 , was seen as a good way of bridging that film with the then upcoming Captain America : The Winter Soldier . It had previously been considered to be released on other home media releases as well . It sees Hayley Atwell reprise her role as Peggy Carter , along with Dominic Cooper , Neal McDonough , and Chris Evans reprising their roles as Howard Stark , Timothy " Dum Dum " Dugan , and Steve Rogers / Captain America , respectively , the latter via archive footage . The short film introduces Bradley Whitford as Agent Flynn and Shane Black as the Disembodied Voice . It was directed by Louis D ’ Esposito and written by Eric Pearson . The short was filmed over five days , and reused visual effects shots of 1940s New York from Captain America : The First Avenger to save money . Christopher Lennertz collaborated with D 'Esposito again on the short , composing music for it . He also composes the music for the MCU television series Marvel 's Agent Carter , which is directly related to the short .
= = = All Hail the King ( 2014 ) = = =
Trevor Slattery , having been captured at the end of Iron Man 3 , is now being held in Seagate Prison . At the prison , he is living luxuriously , having his own personal " butler " , Herman , as well as other inmates who act as his fan club and protection from other inmates . Looking on at the attention Slattery receives in the cafeteria , is Justin Hammer , who wonders what makes him so special . Slattery has been talking with a documentary filmmaker , Jackson Norriss , to chronicle the events of the Mandarin situation seen in Iron Man 3 . Norriss , trying to learn more about Slattery personally , recounts his past from his first casting as a child as well as starring in a failed CBS pilot . Norriss eventually informs Slattery that his portrayal has angered some people , including the actual Ten Rings terrorist group , which Slattery did not know existed . Norriss tells him the history of the Mandarin and the terrorist group , before revealing that he is actually a member of the group . The real reason for Norriss interviewing Slattery is to break him out of prison so he can meet the actual Mandarin . Hearing this , Slattery still has no idea of the full ramifications of his posing as the Mandarin .
In October 2013 , Ben Kingsley said he was working on a secret project with Marvel involving " many members of the crew that were involved in Iron Man 3 , " later revealed to be the short All Hail the King , which was released on the digital download release of Thor : The Dark World on February 4 , 2014 , and on February 25 , 2014 for the Blu @-@ ray release . The film stars : Ben Kingsley as Trevor Slattery , reprising his role from Iron Man 3 ; Scoot McNairy as Jackson Norriss , a member of the Ten Rings terrorist organization posing as a documentary filmmaker ; Lester Speight as Herman ; and Sam Rockwell as Justin Hammer , reprising his role from Iron Man 2 . The short is written and directed by Drew Pearce , the co @-@ screenwriter of Iron Man 3 , and was filmed in Los Angeles . Pearce and producer Stephen Broussard had the idea for the short during the production of Iron Man 3 , to provide " a fresh take " on the Mandarin character . Music for the short was composed by Brian Tyler , with the Caged Heat scenes composed by 1980s TV @-@ music icon Mike Post .
= = Cast and characters = =
List indicator ( s )
A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the film .
A ^ T indicates the character reappears in a television series .
A V indicates a voice @-@ only role
An A indicates the actor or actress appears via archived footage from previous films .
= = Collection = =
All of the Marvel One @-@ Shots were included on the bonus @-@ disc of the " Marvel Cinematic Universe : Phase Two Collection " box set , which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe . The One @-@ Shots feature audio commentary , with Gregg providing it for The Consultant and A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor 's Hammer ; D 'Esposito , Hernandez , Welliver and Bradford on Item 47 , D 'Esposito and Atwell for Agent Carter ; and Pearce and Kingsley with All Hail the King . The collection was released on December 8 , 2015 .
= = Reception = =
Cindy White of IGN called The Consultant " intriguing " and said , " The snappy dialogue seems to fit right in with what we expect from a Joss Whedon @-@ ized Avengers movie . " Scott Chitwood of ComingSoon.net said , " Considering a third of this is a rehash of an old bonus scene and the other 2 / 3 is Coulson sitting and having a chat , this is a pretty big disappointment . "
R.L. Shaffer of IGN called A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to Thor 's Hammer " fun " . Zachary Scheer of Cinema Blend said , " The short is as hackneyed as that title . It 's about four minutes of Coulson being a badass , if the definition of ' badass ' is performing needless slow @-@ motion action stunts and then pausing to consider something normal people would consider – like which donuts to buy . "
Andre Dellamorte of Collider called Item 47 " silly " . William Bibbiani of Crave Online said , " The short is largely a success : [ Maximiliano ] Hernandez , [ Jesse ] Bradford and [ Lizzy ] Caplan are all in fine form although , [ Titus ] Welliver seems saddled with a little awkward dialogue , particularly in regards to Coulson , which doesn ’ t entirely sell . " Spencer Terry of Superhero Hype ! said , " [ Item 47 ] is easily the best one they 've done , and I think that can be attributed to its length seeing as it 's three times longer than the other One @-@ Shots . With a longer run time , the short film doesn 't have to rush to show us everything that it wants to - we get a clear understanding of both the S.H.I.E.L.D. perspective of the events and the robbers ' point of view . "
Andy Hunsaker of Crave Online said , " Agent Carter is a fun treat which could lead the way for some female @-@ led Marvel films and , if nothing else , it gives its title character the send @-@ off she deserves . " Scott Collura of IGN said , " Atwell 's Carter is the big @-@ screen female superhero we 've all been waiting for . She kicks so much ass in this short story with such aplomb , using not just brawn but also brains , and it 's all very clever and fun . " Rosie Fletcher of Total Film said , " Atwell makes a perfect femme fatale @-@ come @-@ special agent , and this ' 40s noir @-@ style short looks great and packs some euphoric action moments . "
IGN 's Cliff Wheatley gave All Hail the King a 9 @.@ 4 out of 10 . He said that it 's " a return to the loveable personality of the hapless Trevor and a step forward for the larger Marvel Cinematic Universe . It has its twists that should satisfy both lovers and haters of Trevor Slattery . But it ’ s the approach that Pearce takes with the material , from the kung @-@ fu movie style credit sequences to the light @-@ hearted tone that takes a sudden and jarring turn . Kingsley once again shines in the role of Slattery , aloof and ignorant , but more than happy to slide back into Mandarin mode if it will please his adoring fans . Pearce does go for some of the same jokes from Iron Man 3 in a sort of referential way , but it ’ s nothing too damaging . " Andrew Wheeler of Comics Alliance criticized the way homosexuality was presented in the short , given it was Marvel Studio 's first attempt to bring LGBT concepts into the MCU .
= = Potential projects = =
In July 2013 , D ’ Esposito said he had considered making stand @-@ alone shorts for several characters , including Loki , a young Nick Fury , Black Panther , Ms. Marvel , and Black Widow . Regarding Loki , D ’ Esposito said " Being on Asgard is very difficult for us to do in a short . It ’ s just impossible for us cost wise . The short would be 30 seconds , and it ’ s over . One shot of Loki on Asgard . " On Fury and Black Panther , he remarked " It ’ s very complicated to do : who plays those characters ? And designing the costume , getting it going … We tried . We were there in development , and we tried , but they were very difficult for all the reasons I gave . And we don ’ t want to do something that ’ s half baked because it ’ s not good for us and it ’ s not good for our fans . " In February 2014 , Pearce mentioned other shorts that he had written that never came to fruition , including ones based on Sin and Crossbones , Jessica Jones , and Damage Control .
In May 2015 , Marvel Studios head Kevin Feige stated that there were " no active plans for the One @-@ Shots to return " , but added that the studio was not opposed to continuing the series , and there was already " a backlog of ideas " for potential One @-@ Shots . In September 2015 , Feige provided further comments on the return of the One @-@ Shots saying , " The universe is big , and we 're moving up to three [ feature films ] a year this year . I don 't know how much beyond that we can go ... [ So ] we do talk about [ making more One @-@ Shots ] a lot ... It 's just about finding the time and the place . "
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= 2016 Russian Grand Prix =
The 2016 Russian Grand Prix ( formally known as the 2016 Formula 1 Russian Grand Prix ; Russian : Гран @-@ при России 2016 года ) was a Formula One motor race that took place on 1 May 2016 . The race , contested over fifty @-@ three laps , was held at the Sochi Autodrom . It was the fourth round of the 2016 season and marked the fifth running of the Russian Grand Prix , the third time as a round of the Formula One World Championship since the series inception in 1950 . Nico Rosberg of Mercedes came into the race leading the championship ahead of his teammate Lewis Hamilton , who was the defending race winner .
Nico Rosberg won the race from pole position , ahead of his teammate Lewis Hamilton , with Kimi Räikkönen completing the podium for Ferrari . While Rosberg extended his winning streak to seven consecutive Grands Prix , Sebastian Vettel retired from the race on the first lap , after contact with Red Bull 's Daniil Kvyat . With the maximum number of 100 points from the first four races of the season , Rosberg left Russia with a 43 @-@ point lead to Hamilton . By securing pole position , winning the race , setting the fastest lap and leading every lap , Nico Rosberg achieved the first grand slam of his career .
= = Report = =
= = = Background = = =
Going into the fourth Grand Prix weekend of the season , Nico Rosberg and his team Mercedes were leading the Drivers ' and Constructors ' championships respectively . Rosberg was 36 points ahead of his teammate Lewis Hamilton , having taken 75 out of 75 available points from the first three races of the season . Daniel Ricciardo followed in third place , three points behind Hamilton . In the Constructors ' standings , Mercedes headed the field with 114 points , 53 points ahead of Ferrari and 57 points clear of Red Bull . This was the third time since the Russian Grand Prix debuted in Formula One in 2014 that the race was held as part of the World Championship . Two early editions of the race were held in 1913 and 1914 .
Red Bull Racing used the first practice session to test the " aeroscreen " , a form of cockpit protection developed in response to fatal accidents of the drivers such as Jules Bianchi , Justin Wilson and Henry Surtees , who were struck on the head by flying debris . The aeroscreen was developed as an alternative to the " halo " device trialled by Ferrari during pre @-@ season testing . The device was fitted to Daniel Ricciardo 's car and he completed a single installation lap to assess it before it was removed for the remainder of the session . Ricciardo was satisfied with the device , saying : " Where we have the structure in place is pretty much where the mirrors are so I wouldn ’ t say it hindered any more than we are now in terms of visibility . Peripheral vision was fine as well . "
Sole tyre supplier Pirelli brought the medium , soft and supersoft tyres to the event , continuing the trend established in the Australian , Bahrain and Chinese Grands Prix . Per the regulations of the 2016 season , every driver needs to set aside one set each of the two softest compounds for the race and one set of the ultrasofts for Q3 ( should they advance ) . The drivers have freedom of what other compounds they choose for the remaining ten out of thirteen sets .
= = = Free practice = = =
Per the regulations for the 2016 season , two ninety @-@ minute practice sessions were held on Friday and another one @-@ hour session was held before qualifying on Saturday . In the first session on Friday morning , Nico Rosberg was fastest for Mercedes with a time of 1 : 38 @.@ 127 , more than seven @-@ tenths of a second ahead of his teammate Lewis Hamilton . Both set their fastest times on the super @-@ soft tyre compound , while Sebastian Vettel and Kimi Räikkönen at Ferrari opted for the harder soft compound , slotting in third and fourth fastest respectively . Several drivers had problems with spinning or running wide , either in turn two or between turns 15 and 16 . Among the drivers caught out were Hamilton , Vettel , Jolyon Palmer and Jenson Button . Two reserve drivers made an appearance during the first free practice session . Sergey Sirotkin drove for Renault , taking the place of Kevin Magnussen , making his second appearance in a Formula One car , after driving for Sauber during free practice at the 2014 Russian Grand Prix . Alfonso Celis Jr. replaced Nico Hülkenberg at Force India during the first practice session . Sirotkin ended the session ahead of his teammate Palmer , while Celis finished last , more than three seconds behind teammate Sergio Pérez .
Lewis Hamilton topped the timesheets in second practice on Friday afternoon with a time of 1 : 37 @.@ 583 , using the super @-@ soft compound . Earlier in the session , he had suffered a spin in turn four that flat @-@ spotted his tyres and sent him back to the pitlane . Rosberg managed only third fastest as the Mercedes drivers were split by Sebastian Vettel , even though the latter suffered from electrical problems that lost him track time . Rosberg in turn was unable to improve on his time set on the soft @-@ compound tyre due to his super @-@ soft run being compromised by yellow flags shown after a spin by Romain Grosjean . Behind the top three , Kimi Räikkönen was again fourth , ahead of Daniel Ricciardo and Valtteri Bottas . Slowest of the session was Sauber 's Marcus Ericsson , with the two Manor drivers Rio Haryanto and Pascal Wehrlein slotting in ahead of him . Wehrlein reported a loss of power after crossing the chequered flag at the end of the session .
In third practice on Saturday morning , Hamilton narrowly beat Rosberg to the fastest time , lapping just 0 @.@ 068 seconds faster than his teammate . All drivers used the super @-@ soft tyre compound to set their fastest lap times , with the two Ferraris of Vettel and Räikkönen third and fourth ahead of the Williams pair of Felipe Massa and Valtteri Bottas . Vettel had spent most of the session testing his car with a heavier fuel load in preparation for the race that would see him start with a five @-@ place grid penalty for a change of the gearbox . He completed the highest number of laps with 28 , ahead of Daniel Ricciardo , who was 11th fastest . At the back end , the Saubers of Ericsson and Nasr were slowest , behind both Manor cars .
= = = Qualifying = = =
Qualifying consisted of three parts , 18 , 15 and 12 minutes in length respectively , with six drivers eliminated from competing after each of the first two sessions . During the first part of qualifying ( Q1 ) , Lewis Hamilton set the fastest time , a new fastest lap of the track ever at 1 : 36 @.@ 006 . However , he also came under investigation of the stewards as he failed to obliged the rules set for turn 2 , rejoining the track earlier than allowed after running wide . After being summoned to the stewards at the end of qualifying , he walked away with a reprimand , but was not penalised . Behind Rosberg in second place , the two Ferraris of Sebastian Vettel and Kimi Räikkönen were third and fourth respectively . At the tail end of the field , three pairs of cars were eliminated : both Sauber , Manor and Renault drivers missed Q2 .
In the second part , Nico Rosberg was fastest , half a second faster than teammate Hamilton , and 1 @.@ 7 seconds clear of the pole position lap time from the year before . Both McLarens had shown promising pace , but nevertheless dropped out of contention in 12th and 14th , while Daniil Kvyat was the last driver to secure a place in Q3 , demoting Carlos Sainz , Jr. to 11th . Kvyat 's Red Bull teammate Daniel Ricciardo also progressed , albeit suffering a failure of his wing mirror , which hung off the side of his vehicle during his last timed lap . Eliminated at the back were both Haas drivers , along Nico Hülkenberg , who was unable to follow his teammate Pérez into Q3 and qualified 13th .
As Q3 started , it became apparent that Lewis Hamilton would be unable to take part , suffering from a hybrid system failure in the turbo charger , the same problem that had plagued him in China two weeks earlier . Nico Rosberg went on to secure pole position , even though his last timed lap was compromised by a tyre lockup into turn 13 . Sebastian Vettel was closest to Rosberg , but a five @-@ place grid penalty meant that he would start the race from seventh on the grid , moving Valtteri Bottas into the first row . Kimi Räikkönen was fourth fastest , ahead of Massa , Ricciardo , Pérez , Kvyat and Verstappen . After qualifying , Mercedes decided to switch Hamilton 's car back to his spare power unit , which had been rebuilt following its failure at the Chinese Grand Prix , thereby avoiding a grid penalty , which they would have incurred if a new power unit would have been installed . Williams were satisfied with their pace in qualifying , praising the advances they made in slow @-@ corner speed .
= = = Race = = =
At the start , several drivers made contact with one another into turn two . Sebastian Vettel was hit in the rear by Daniil Kvyat there and during turn three , the latter of which caused him to crash into the barrier and retire from the competition . Further back , Nico Hülkenberg was hit by Esteban Gutiérrez and collected Rio Haryanto , forcing both Hülkenberg and Haryanto into retirement as well . As the safety car came out to allow for the cars and debris to be cleared from the track , several cars headed to the pit lane to repair damage , among them Daniel Ricciardo , Daniil Kvyat and Sergio Pérez . The order at the restart on lap four was : Rosberg , Räikkönen , Bottas , Massa and Hamilton , who had stayed clear of the incidents to move up to fifth . On the restart , Bottas moved ahead of Räikkönen , while Hamilton made a successful move on Massa into fourth . Kvyat 's early pit stop left him in 15th at that point , and he soon served a ten @-@ second stop @-@ and @-@ go penalty for his contacts with Vettel , dropping him to last . Meanwhile , Hamilton overtook Räikkönen to move into third on lap seven . Felipe Nasr came into the pits on lap 12 to replace a slow puncture on his tyres . The order at the front remained the same until Bottas became the first front runner to pit for fresh tyres on lap 17 . Hamilton followed suit one lap later , but still emerged behind Bottas , overtaking him into turn two another lap later . On lap 20 , Räikkönen pitted as well , coming back out behind Hamilton , but ahead of Bottas . All the while , Rosberg led comfortably ahead of Max Verstappen , who made his first stop on lap 23 and dropped back .
While racing for position on lap 23 , Sainz forced Jolyon Palmer off the track in turn two and was later handed a ten @-@ second time penalty for the incident . Four laps later , Pascal Wehrlein tried to overtake Felipe Nasr for 16th , but was unsuccessful and in turn lost a position to Kvyat . His teammate Ricciardo overtook Kevin Magnussen for eighth on lap 29 , but lost the position again and was in turn passed by Romain Grosjean . As Nico Rosberg started to lap backmarkers on lap 31 , the gap to second @-@ placed Hamilton started to come down , with his advantage dropping from more than eleven seconds to a little more than seven seconds by lap 36 . Meanwhile , Verstappen was forced to retire due to power unit failure on lap 34 , while running in sixth place . As Hamilton was told by his pit crew that he suffered from a water pressure problem , his gap to Rosberg started to increase again , staying at 13 seconds by lap 41 . Wehrlein pitted for new tyres on the same lap , but problems with his stop forced him stationary for almost a minute , resulting in him moving into last place on the road .
On lap 47 , Massa pitted for new tyres from fifth place , retaining his position ahead of Fernando Alonso . All the while , Räikkönen was able to close the gap to Hamilton ahead of him to eight seconds on lap 49 . On the next lap , Button passed Sainz for tenth and Ricciardo moved ahead of Palmer for 12th another lap later . Rosberg crossed the line to take his seventh consecutive victory , a feat to that point only achieved by Alberto Ascari , Michael Schumacher and Sebastian Vettel . Lewis Hamilton and Kimi Räikkönen rounded up the podium ahead of the two Williams drivers , Valtteri Bottas and Felipe Massa . Rosberg recorded the first Grand Slam of his career , meaning he won the race , recorded the fastest lap , achieved pole position and led every lap . He was the 24th driver in history to achieve the feat .
= = = Post @-@ race = = =
The first lap collision between Kvyat and Vettel that put the latter out of the race was a major talking point afterwards . The two had already been embroiled in an argument after the previous Grand Prix in China , when Vettel felt that Kvyat had caused a collision between the two Ferrari drivers . This time around , Vettel reacted to his retirement with what The Telegraph described as " one of the most explosive outbursts heard over team radio for years " . He later demanded an apology from Kvyat , as did Red Bull teammate Ricciardo , who felt that Kvyat , who pushed Vettel into him , had ruined his race as well . Red Bull announced that they would summon Kvyat to talks about the incident , calling their race a " disaster " , with Helmut Marko , the team 's young driver coordinator , calling him " over @-@ motivated " . Kvyat received three penalty points on his licence as a result of the incident . He himself said after the race : " I apologise to everyone who is involved and I will learn from it . I think we have to speak . It is easy now to attack me and I guess everyone will , but I am OK with that . " On 5 May , Red Bull announced that they had relegated Kvyat back to their junior squad , Toro Rosso , for the remainder of the season , switching him with 18 @-@ year old Max Verstappen . Red Bull 's team principal Christian Horner explained the driver swap with Verstappen 's talent , also stressing that the move to Red Bull would tie him to the team for the foreseeable future .
Following multiple collision shortly after the start , Jenson Button pressed for changes to be made to turn two of the Sochi Autodrom , saying : " The bollard at turn two is the problem at the start because people are trying to fight through turns two and three . I think that needs some looking at . " Apart from Kvyat , two more drivers received penalty points to their licences . Two points each were given to Carlos Sainz , Jr . , who was deemed to have forced Jolyon Palmer off the track and Esteban Gutiérrez , who collided with Nico Hülkenberg at the start .
As a result of the race , Nico Rosberg cemented his position at the top of the Drivers ' Championship , having taken the maximum number of 100 points available from the first four rounds . Lewis Hamilton followed in second with 57 points , while Kimi Räikkönen moved up to third with 43 points . Vettel 's retirement dropped him to fifth in the standings , behind Daniel Ricciardo . In the Constructors ' standings , Mercedes increased their points tally to 157 , now 81 points clear of second @-@ placed Ferrari . Red Bull 's poor performance saw their advantage over fourth placed Williams reduced to just six points .
= = Classification = =
= = = Qualifying = = =
Notes
^ 1 — Sebastian Vettel received a five place grid penalty for an unscheduled gearbox change .
= = = Race = = =
= = = Standings after the race = = =
Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
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= Nirvana ( band ) =
Nirvana was an American rock band formed by singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic in Aberdeen , Washington , in 1987 . Nirvana went through a succession of drummers , the longest @-@ lasting being Dave Grohl , who joined the band in 1990 . Despite releasing only three full @-@ length studio albums in their seven @-@ year career , Nirvana has come to be regarded as one of the most influential and important rock bands of the modern era . Though the band dissolved in 1994 , their music continues to maintain a popular following and to inspire and influence modern rock and roll culture .
In the late 1980s , Nirvana established itself as part of the Seattle grunge scene , releasing its first album , Bleach , for the independent record label Sub Pop in 1989 . The band eventually came to develop a sound that relied on dynamic contrasts , often between quiet verses and loud , heavy choruses . After signing to major label DGC Records , Nirvana found unexpected success with " Smells Like Teen Spirit " , the first single from the band 's second album Nevermind ( 1991 ) . Nirvana 's sudden success widely popularized alternative rock as a whole , and the band 's frontman Cobain found himself referred to in the media as the " spokesman of a generation " , with Nirvana being considered the " flagship band " of Generation X. In response , Nirvana 's third studio album , In Utero ( 1993 ) , released to critical acclaim , featured an abrasive , less mainstream sound and challenged the group 's audience .
Nirvana 's active career ended following the death of Kurt Cobain in 1994 , but various posthumous releases have been issued since , overseen by Novoselic , Grohl , and Cobain 's widow Courtney Love . Since its debut , the band has sold over 25 million records in the United States alone , and over 75 million records worldwide , making them one of the best @-@ selling bands of all time . Nirvana was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014 , in its first year of eligibility .
= = History = =
= = = Formation and early years = = =
Cobain and Novoselic met while attending Aberdeen High , although they never connected , according to Cobain . The pair eventually became friends while frequenting the practice space of the Melvins . Cobain wanted to form a band with Novoselic , but Novoselic did not respond to his requests , which included giving him a demo tape of his project Fecal Matter . Three years after the two first met , Novoselic notified Cobain that he had finally listened to the Fecal Matter demo Cobain had given him and suggested they start a group . The pair recruited Bob McFadden on drums , but after a month the project fell apart . In early 1987 , Cobain and Novoselic recruited drummer Aaron Burckhard . The three practiced material from Cobain 's Fecal Matter tape but started writing new material soon after forming .
During its initial months , the band went through a series of names , starting with Skid Row and including Pen Cap Chew , Bliss , and Ted Ed Fred . The group finally settled on Nirvana , which Cobain said was chosen because " I wanted a name that was kind of beautiful or nice and pretty instead of a mean , raunchy punk name like the Angry Samoans . " With Novoselic and Cobain having moved to Tacoma and Olympia , Washington , respectively , the two temporarily lost contact with Burckhard . The pair instead practiced with Dale Crover of the Melvins , and Nirvana recorded its first demos in January 1988 . In early 1988 , Crover moved to San Francisco but recommended Dave Foster to the band as his replacement on drums . Foster 's tenure with Nirvana lasted only a few months ; during a stint in jail , he was replaced by a returning Burckhard , who himself didn 't stay with the band after telling Cobain he was too hungover to practice one day . Cobain and Novoselic put an ad in Seattle music publication The Rocket seeking a replacement drummer , which only yielded unsatisfactory responses . Meanwhile , a mutual friend introduced them to Chad Channing , and the three musicians agreed to jam together . Channing continued to jam with Cobain and Novoselic , although the drummer noted , " They never actually said ' okay , you 're in , ' " and Channing played his first show with the group that May .
= = = Early releases = = =
Nirvana released its first single , a cover of " Love Buzz " , in November 1988 on the Seattle independent record label Sub Pop . They did their first ever interview with John Robb in Sounds who also made the release single of the week . The following month , the band began recording its debut album , Bleach , with local producer Jack Endino . Bleach was highly influenced by the heavy dirge @-@ rock of the Melvins and Mudhoney , 1980s punk rock , and the 1970s heavy metal of Black Sabbath . Novoselic said in a 2001 interview with Rolling Stone that the band had played a tape in their van while on tour that had an album by The Smithereens on one side and an album by the extreme metal band Celtic Frost on the other , and noted that the combination probably played an influence as well . The money for the recording sessions for Bleach , listed as $ 606 @.@ 17 on the album sleeve , was supplied by Jason Everman , who was subsequently brought into the band as the second guitarist . Though Everman did not actually play on the album , he received a credit on Bleach because , according to Novoselic , they " wanted to make him feel more at home in the band " . Just prior to the album 's release , Nirvana insisted on signing an extended contract with Sub Pop , making the band the first to do so with the label .
Following the release of Bleach in June 1989 , Nirvana embarked on its first national tour , and the album became a favorite of college radio stations . Due to increasing differences between Everman and the rest of the band over the course of the tour , Nirvana canceled the last few dates and drove back to Washington . No one told Everman he was fired at the time , while Everman later said that he actually quit the group . Although Sub Pop did not promote Bleach as much as other releases , it was a steady seller , and had initial sales of 40 @,@ 000 copies . However , Cobain was upset by the label 's lack of promotion and distribution for the album . In late 1989 , the band recorded the Blew EP with producer Steve Fisk .
In a late 1989 interview with John Robb in Sounds , Cobain noted that the band 's music was changing . He said , " The early songs were really angry ... But as time goes on the songs are getting poppier and poppier as I get happier and happier . The songs are now about conflicts in relationships , emotional things with other human beings " . In April 1990 , the band began working with producer Butch Vig at Smart Studios in Madison , Wisconsin on recordings for the follow @-@ up to Bleach . During the sessions , Cobain and Novoselic became disenchanted with Channing 's drumming , and Channing expressed frustration at not being actively involved in songwriting . As bootlegs of Nirvana 's demos with Vig began to circulate in the music industry and draw attention from major labels , Channing left the band . That July , the band recorded the single " Sliver " with Mudhoney drummer Dan Peters . Nirvana asked Dale Crover to fill in on drums for a seven @-@ date American West Coast tour with Sonic Youth that August .
In September 1990 , Buzz Osborne of the Melvins introduced the band to Dave Grohl , who was looking for a new band following the sudden break @-@ up of Washington , D.C. , hardcore punks Scream . A few days after arriving in Seattle , Novoselic and Cobain auditioned Grohl , with Novoselic later stating , " We knew in two minutes that he was the right drummer " . " I remember being in the same room with them and thinking , ' What ? That 's Nirvana ? Are you kidding ? ' " , Grohl told Q. " Because on their record cover they looked like psycho lumberjacks ... I was like , ' What , that little dude and that big motherfucker ? You 're kidding me ' . I laughed . I was like , ' No way ' " .
= = = Mainstream success = = =
Disenchanted with Sub Pop and with the Smart Studios sessions generating interest , Nirvana decided to look for a deal with a major record label since no indie label could buy the group out of its contract . Following repeated recommendations by Sonic Youth 's Kim Gordon , Nirvana signed to DGC Records in 1990 . The band subsequently began recording its first major label album , Nevermind . The group was offered a number of producers to choose from , but ultimately held out for Butch Vig . Rather than recording at Vig 's Madison studio as they had in 1990 , production shifted to Sound City Studios in Van Nuys , Los Angeles , California . For two months , the band worked through a variety of songs in its catalog . Some of the songs , such as " In Bloom " and " Breed " , had been in Nirvana 's repertoire for years , while others , including " On a Plain " and " Stay Away " , lacked finished lyrics until midway through the recording process . After the recording sessions were completed , Vig and the band set out to mix the album . However , the recording sessions had run behind schedule and the resulting mixes were deemed unsatisfactory . Slayer mixer Andy Wallace was brought in to create the final mix . After the album 's release , members of Nirvana expressed dissatisfaction with the polished sound the mixer had given Nevermind . In January 1992 the band played two songs from Nevermind on Saturday Night Live , " Smells Like Teen Spirit " and " Territorial Pissings " .
Initially , DGC Records was hoping to sell 250 @,@ 000 copies of Nevermind , which was the same level they had achieved with Sonic Youth 's Goo . However , the album 's first single " Smells Like Teen Spirit " quickly gained momentum , thanks in part to significant airplay of the song 's music video on MTV . As it toured Europe during late 1991 , the band found that its shows were dangerously oversold , that television crews were becoming a constant presence onstage , and that " Smells Like Teen Spirit " was almost omnipresent on radio and music television . By Christmas 1991 , Nevermind was selling 400 @,@ 000 copies a week in the US . In January 1992 , the album displaced Michael Jackson 's Dangerous at number one on the Billboard album charts , and also topped the charts in numerous other countries . The month Nevermind reached number one , Billboard proclaimed , " Nirvana is that rare band that has everything : critical acclaim , industry respect , pop radio appeal , and a rock @-@ solid college / alternative base " . The album would eventually sell over seven million copies in the United States , and over 30 million worldwide .
Citing exhaustion , Nirvana decided not to undertake another American tour in support of Nevermind , instead opting to make only a handful of performances later that year . In March 1992 , Cobain sought to reorganize the group 's songwriting royalties ( which to this point had been split equally ) so that they were more representative of the fact that he wrote the majority of the music . Grohl and Novoselic did not object to Cobain 's request , but when the frontman asked for the agreement to be retroactive to the release of Nevermind , the disagreements between the two sides came close to breaking up the band . After a week of tension , Cobain ended up receiving a retroactive share of 75 percent of the royalties , and bad feelings about the situation remained within the group afterward . Amid rumors that the band was disbanding due to Cobain 's health , Nirvana headlined the closing night of England 's 1992 Reading Festival , where Cobain personally programmed the performance lineup . Nirvana 's performance at Reading is often regarded by the press as one of the most memorable of the group 's career . A few days later , Nirvana performed at the MTV Video Music Awards where , despite the network 's refusal to let the band play the new song " Rape Me " during the broadcast , Cobain strummed and sang the first few bars of the song before breaking into " Lithium " . At the ceremony , the band received awards for the Best Alternative Video and Best New Artist categories .
DGC had hoped to have a new Nirvana album by the band ready for a late 1992 holiday season release ; since work on it proceeded slowly , the label released the compilation album Incesticide in December 1992 . A joint venture between DGC and Sub Pop , Incesticide collected various rare Nirvana recordings and was intended to provide the material for a better price and at better quality than was available via bootleg copies . As Nevermind had been out for 15 months and had yielded a fourth single in " In Bloom " by that point , Geffen / DGC opted not to heavily promote Incesticide , which was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America the following February .
= = = In Utero , final months , and Cobain 's death = = =
In February 1993 , Nirvana released " Puss " / " Oh , the Guilt " , a split single with The Jesus Lizard , on the independent label Touch & Go . Meanwhile , the group chose Steve Albini , who had a reputation as a principled and opinionated individual in the American indie music scene , to record its third album . While there was speculation that the band chose Albini to record the album due to his underground credentials , Cobain insisted that Albini 's sound was simply the one he had always wanted Nirvana to have : a " natural " recording without layers of studio trickery . Nirvana traveled to Pachyderm Studio in Cannon Falls , Minnesota , in that February to record the album . The sessions with Albini were productive and notably quick , and the album was recorded and mixed in two weeks for a cost of $ 25 @,@ 000 .
Several weeks after the completion of the recording sessions , stories ran in the Chicago Tribune and Newsweek that quoted sources claiming DGC considered the album " unreleasable " . As a result , fans began to believe that the band 's creative vision might be compromised by their label . While the stories about DGC shelving the album were untrue , the band actually was unhappy with certain aspects of Albini 's mixes . Specifically , they thought the bass levels were too low , and Cobain felt that " Heart @-@ Shaped Box " and " All Apologies " did not sound " perfect " . Longtime R.E.M. producer Scott Litt was called in to help remix those two songs , with Cobain adding additional instrumentation and backing vocals .
In Utero debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart in September 1993 . Time 's Christopher John Farley wrote in his review of the album , " Despite the fears of some alternative @-@ music fans , Nirvana hasn 't gone mainstream , though this potent new album may once again force the mainstream to go Nirvana . " In Utero went on to sell over 3 @.@ 5 million copies in the United States . That October , Nirvana embarked on its first tour of the United States in two years with support from Half Japanese and The Breeders . For the tour , the band added Pat Smear of the punk rock band Germs as a second guitarist . In November 1993 , Nirvana recorded a performance for the television program MTV Unplugged . Augmented by Smear and cellist Lori Goldston , the band sought to veer from the typical approach to the show , opting to stay away from playing its most recognizable songs . Instead , Nirvana performed several covers , and invited Cris and Curt Kirkwood of the Meat Puppets to join the group for renditions of three of their songs . Also in November 1993 , the band made its second appearance on Saturday Night Live , where they played " Heart @-@ Shaped Box " and " Rape Me . "
In early 1994 , the band embarked on a European tour . Nirvana 's final concert took place in Munich , Germany , on March 1 . In Rome , on the morning of March 4 , Cobain 's wife , Courtney Love , found Cobain unconscious in their hotel room and he was rushed to the hospital . A doctor from the hospital told a press conference that Cobain had reacted to a combination of prescription Rohypnol and alcohol . The rest of the tour was canceled . In the ensuing weeks , Cobain 's heroin addiction resurfaced . An intervention was organized , and Cobain was convinced to admit himself into drug rehabilitation . After less than a week in rehabilitation , Cobain climbed over the wall of the facility and took a plane back to Seattle . A week later , on Friday , April 8 , 1994 , Cobain was found dead of a self @-@ inflicted shotgun wound to the head at his Seattle home .
= = = Aftermath and posthumous releases = = =
In August 1994 , DGC announced that a double album titled Verse Chorus Verse featuring live material from throughout the group 's career on one CD and its MTV Unplugged performance on another was due for release that November . However , Novoselic and Grohl found assembling the live material so soon after Cobain 's death to be too emotionally overwhelming . Grohl founded the Foo Fighters , and Novoselic turned his attention to political activism . With the career @-@ spanning live portion postponed , MTV Unplugged in New York debuted at number one on the Billboard charts upon release in November 1994 . A few weeks later the group 's first full @-@ length video , Live ! Tonight ! Sold Out ! ! , was released . The following year , MTV Unplugged in New York earned Nirvana a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album . In 1996 , DGC finally issued a Nirvana live album , From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah , which became the third Nirvana release in a row to debut at the top of the Billboard album chart .
In 1997 , Novoselic , Grohl , and Courtney Love formed the limited liability company Nirvana LLC to oversee all Nirvana @-@ related projects . A 45 @-@ track box set of Nirvana rarities was scheduled for release in October 2001 . However , shortly before the release date , Love filed a suit to dissolve Nirvana LLC , and an injunction was issued preventing the release of any new Nirvana material until the case was resolved . Love contended that Cobain was the band , that Grohl and Novoselic were sidemen , and that she signed the partnership agreement originally under bad advice . Grohl and Novoselic countersued , asking the court to remove Love from the partnership and to replace her with another representative of Cobain 's estate .
The day before the case was set to go to trial in October 2002 , Love , Novoselic , and Grohl announced that they had reached a settlement . The settlement paved the way for the release of the compilation album Nirvana , which featured the previously unreleased track " You Know You 're Right " , the last song Nirvana recorded before Cobain 's death . Nirvana was released later that month , debuting at number three on the Billboard album chart . The box set , With the Lights Out , was finally released in November 2004 . The release contained a vast array of early Cobain demos , rough rehearsal recordings , and live tracks recorded throughout the band 's history . Sliver : The Best of the Box , which culled 19 tracks from the box set in addition to featuring three previously unreleased tracks , was released in late 2005 .
In April 2006 , Love announced that she had arranged to sell 25 percent of her stake in the Nirvana song catalog in a deal estimated at $ 50 million . The share of Nirvana 's publishing was purchased by Primary Wave Music , which was founded by Larry Mestel , a former CEO of Virgin Records . In an accompanying statement , Love sought to assure Nirvana 's fanbase that the music would not simply be licensed to the highest bidder , noting , " We are going to remain very tasteful and true to the spirit of Nirvana while taking the music to places it has never been before . " Further releases have since been made . This includes the DVD releases of Live ! Tonight ! Sold Out ! ! in 2006 , and the full , uncut version of MTV Unplugged in New York in 2007 . The band 's performance at the 1992 Reading Festival was released on both CD and DVD as Live at Reading in November 2009 . That month , Sub Pop released a 20th anniversary deluxe edition of Bleach , and DGC released a number of 20th anniversary deluxe @-@ edition packages of both Nevermind in September 2011 , and In Utero in September 2013 .
In 2012 , Grohl , Novoselic , and Smear joined Paul McCartney at 12 @-@ 12 @-@ 12 : The Concert for Sandy Relief . The performance featured the premiere of a new song written by the four musicians entitled " Cut Me Some Slack " . A studio recording was released on the soundtrack to Sound City , a film by Grohl . On July 19 , 2013 , they would once again play with McCartney during the encore of his Safeco Field " Out There " concert in Seattle , the first time Nirvana members played together in their hometown in over 15 years .
In 2014 , Nirvana was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame ; the members inducted were Cobain , Novoselic , and Grohl . At the induction ceremony , Novoselic , Grohl and Smear performed a four @-@ song set with guest vocalists Joan Jett , Kim Gordon , St. Vincent , and Lorde . Novoselic , Grohl , and Smear then performed a full show at Brooklyn 's St. Vitus Bar with Jett , Gordon , St. Vincent , J Mascis , and John McCauley as guest vocalists . At the ceremony , Grohl thanked Burckhard , Crover , Peters and Channing for their time in Nirvana . Everman was also invited and attended the ceremony .
At Clive Davis ' annual pre @-@ Grammy party in 2016 , the surviving members of Nirvana once again reunited to perform the David Bowie song " The Man Who Sold the World " that they 'd covered on their Unplugged album . Beck joined the band to play acoustic guitar and handle lead vocals .
= = Musical style = =
Cobain described the sound of Nirvana when it first started as " a Gang of Four and Scratch Acid ripoff " . Later when Nirvana recorded Bleach , Cobain felt he had to fit the expectations of the Sub Pop grunge sound to build a fanbase , and hence suppressed his arty and pop songwriting traits while crafting the record in favor of a more rocking sound . Nirvana biographer Michael Azerrad argued , " Ironically , it was the restrictions of the Sub Pop sound that helped the band find its musical identity " . Azerrad stated that by acknowledging that its members had grown up listening to Black Sabbath and Aerosmith , the band was able to move on from its derivative early sound .
Nirvana used dynamic shifts that went from quiet to loud . Cobain had sought to mix heavy and pop musical sounds ; he commented , " I wanted to be totally Led Zeppelin in a way and then be totally extreme punk rock and then do real wimpy pop songs " . When Cobain heard the Pixies ' 1988 album Surfer Rosa after recording Bleach , he felt it had the sound he wanted to achieve but until then was too intimidated to try . The Pixies ' subsequent popularity encouraged Cobain to follow his instincts as a songwriter . Like the Pixies , Nirvana moved between " spare bass @-@ and @-@ drum grooves and shrill bursts of screaming guitar and vocals " . Near the end of his life , Cobain noted the band had become bored by the formula , finding it limited , but he expressed doubts that the band was skilled enough to try other dynamics .
Cobain 's rhythm guitar style , which relied on power chords , low @-@ note riffs , and a loose left @-@ handed technique , featured the key components to the band ’ s songs . Cobain would often initially play a song 's verse riff in a clean tone , then double it with distorted guitars when he repeated the part . In some songs the guitar would be absent from the verses entirely to allow the drums and bass guitar to support the vocals , or it would only play sparse melodies like the two @-@ note pattern used in " Smells Like Teen Spirit " . Cobain rarely played standard guitar solos , opting to play slight variations of the song 's melody as single note lines . Cobain 's solos were mostly blues @-@ based and discordant , which music writer Jon Chappell described as " almost an iconoclastic parody of the traditional instrumental break " , a quality typified by the note @-@ for @-@ note replication of the lead melody in " Smells Like Teen Spirit " and the atonal solo for " Breed " . When asked about their musical education , the band states that they had no formal musical training . In fact , Cobain says : " I have no concept of knowing how to be a musician at all what @-@ so @-@ ever ... I couldn 't even pass Guitar 101 " .
Grohl 's drumming " took Nirvana 's sound to a new level of intensity " . Azerrad stated that Grohl 's " powerful drumming propelled the band to a whole new plane , visually as well as musically " , noting , " Although Dave is a merciless basher , his parts are also distinctly musical — it wouldn 't be difficult to figure out what song he was playing even without the rest of the music " .
From 1992 , Cobain and Novoselic would tune their guitars to E flat for studio and live performances ( up until then , their live tunings were to concert pitch ) . Cobain noted , " We play so hard we can 't tune our guitars fast enough . " The band made a habit of destroying its equipment after shows . Novoselic said he and Cobain created the " shtick " in order to get off of the stage sooner . Cobain stated it began as an expression of his frustration with Chad Channing making mistakes and dropping out entirely during performances .
= = = Songwriting and lyrics = = =
Everett True said in 1989 , " Nirvana songs treat the banal and pedestrian with a unique slant " . Cobain came up with the basic components of each song ( usually writing them on an acoustic guitar ) , as well as the singing style and the lyrics . He emphasized that Novoselic and Grohl " have a big part in deciding on how long a song should be and how many parts it should have . So I don 't like to be considered the sole songwriter " . When asked which part of the songs he would write first , Cobain responded , " I don ’ t know . I really don 't know . I guess I start with the verse and then go into the chorus " .
Cobain usually wrote lyrics for songs minutes before recording them . Cobain said , " When I write a song the lyrics are the least important subject . I can go through two or three different subjects in a song and the title can mean absolutely nothing at all " . Cobain told Spin in 1993 that he " didn 't give a flying fuck " what the lyrics on Bleach were about , figuring " Let 's just scream some negative lyrics and as long as they 're not sexist and don 't get too embarrassing it 'll be okay " , while the lyrics to Nevermind were taken from two years of poetry he had accumulated , which he cut up and chose lines he preferred from . In comparison , Cobain stated that the lyrics to In Utero were " more focused , they 're almost built on themes " . Cobain didn 't write necessarily in a linear fashion , instead relying on juxtapositions of contradictory images to convey emotions and ideas . Often in his lyrics , Cobain would present an idea then reject it ; the songwriter explained , " I 'm such a nihilistic jerk half the time and other times I 'm so vulnerable and sincere [ .. The songs are ] like a mixture of both of them . That 's how most people my age are " .
= = Legacy = =
Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that prior to Nirvana , " alternative music was consigned to specialty sections of record stores , and major labels considered it to be , at the very most , a tax write @-@ off " . Following the release of Nevermind , " nothing was ever quite the same , for better and for worse " . The success of Nevermind not only popularized grunge , but also established " the cultural and commercial viability of alternative rock in general " . While other alternative bands had hits before , Nirvana " broke down the doors forever " , according to Erlewine . Erlewine further stated that Nirvana 's breakthrough " didn 't eliminate the underground " , but rather " just gave it more exposure " . In 1992 , Jon Pareles of The New York Times reported that Nirvana 's breakthrough had made others in the alternative scene impatient for achieving similar success , noting , " Suddenly , all bets are off . No one has the inside track on which of dozens , perhaps hundreds , of ornery , obstreperous , unkempt bands might next appeal to the mall @-@ walking millions " . Record company executives offered large advances and record deals to bands , and previous strategies of building audiences for alternative rock groups had been replaced by the opportunity to achieve mainstream popularity quickly .
Erlewine stated that Nirvana 's breakthrough " popularized so @-@ called ' Generation X ' and ' slacker ' culture " . Immediately following Cobain 's death , numerous headlines referred to Nirvana 's frontman as " the voice of a generation " , although he had rejected such labeling during his lifetime . Reflecting on Cobain 's death over ten years later , MSNBC 's Eric Olsen wrote , " In the intervening decade , Cobain , a small , frail but handsome man in life , has become an abstract Generation X icon , viewed by many as the ' last real rock star ' [ ... ] a messiah and martyr whose every utterance has been plundered and parsed " .
= = Awards and accolades = =
Since its breakup , Nirvana has continued to receive acclaim , and is regularly considered one of the greatest music artists of all time . In 2003 , Nirvana was selected as one of the inductees of the Mojo Hall of Fame 100 . The band also received a nomination for induction in the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2004 as the " Greatest Artist of the 1990s " . Rolling Stone placed Nirvana at number 27 on their list of the " 100 Greatest Artists of All Time " in 2004 , and at number 30 on their updated list in 2011 . In 2003 , the magazine 's senior editor David Fricke picked Kurt Cobain as the 12th best guitarist of all time . Rolling Stone later ranked Cobain as the 45th greatest singer in 2008 and 73rd greatest guitarist of all time in 2011 . VH1 ranked Nirvana as the 42nd greatest artists of rock and roll in 1998 , the 7th greatest hard rock artists in 2000 , and the 14th greatest artists of all time in 2010 .
Nirvana 's contributions to music have also received recognition , with Nevermind and " Smells Like Teen Spirit " consistently being ranked as one of the greatest albums and songs of all time , respectively . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame has inducted two of Nirvana 's recordings , " Smells Like Teen Spirit " and " All Apologies " , into its list of " The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll " . The museum also ranked Nevermind number 10 on its " The Definitive 200 Albums of All Time " list in 2007 . In 2005 , the Library of Congress added Nevermind to the National Recording Registry , which collects " culturally , historically or aesthetically important " sound recordings from the 20th century . In 2011 , four of Nirvana 's songs appeared on Rolling Stone 's updated list of " The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time " , with " Smells Like Teen Spirit " ranking the highest at number 9 . Three of the band 's albums were ranked on the magazine 's 2012 list of " The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " , with Nevermind placing the highest at number 17 . The same three Nirvana albums were also placed on Rolling Stone 's 2011 list of " The 100 Best Albums of the Nineties " , with Nevermind ranking the highest at number 1 , making it the greatest album of the decade . Time included Nevermind on its list of " The All @-@ TIME 100 Albums " in 2006 , labeling it " the finest album of the 90s " . In 2011 , the magazine also added " Smells Like Teen Spirit " on its list of " The All @-@ TIME 100 Songs " , and " Heart @-@ Shaped Box " on its list of " The 30 All @-@ TIME Best Music Videos " .
Nirvana is one of the best @-@ selling bands of all time , having sold over 75 million records worldwide . With over 25 million RIAA @-@ certified units , the band is also the 80th best @-@ selling music artist in the United States . Two of the band 's studio albums and two of their live albums have reached the top spot on the Billboard 200 . Nirvana has been awarded one Diamond , three Multi @-@ Platinum , seven Platinum and one Gold certified albums in the United States by the RIAA , and four Multi @-@ Platinum , four Platinum , two Gold and one Silver certified albums in the UK by the BPI . Nevermind , the band 's most successful album , has sold over 30 million copies worldwide , making it one of the best @-@ selling albums ever . Their most successful song , " Smells Like Teen Spirit " , is among the best @-@ selling singles of all time , having sold 8 million copies .
Nirvana were announced in their first year of eligibility as being part of the 2014 class of inductees into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame on December 17 , 2013 . The induction ceremony was held April 10 , 2014 , in Brooklyn , New York , at the Barclays Center . However , Channing , who was informed of his omission by SMS , was not included in the induction , as the accolade was only applied to Cobain , Novoselic and Grohl .
= = Members = =
= = = Timeline = = =
= = Discography = =
Studio albums
Bleach ( 1989 )
Nevermind ( 1991 )
In Utero ( 1993 )
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= Oskar Gröning =
Oskar Gröning ( sometimes transliterated as Oscar Groening in English ; born 10 June 1921 ) is a German former SS junior squad leader who was stationed at Auschwitz concentration camp . His responsibilities included counting and sorting the money taken from prisoners , and he was in charge of the personal property prisoners had arrived with . On a few occasions he witnessed the procedures of mass @-@ killing in the camp . After being transferred from Auschwitz to a combat unit in October 1944 , Gröning was captured by the British on 10 June 1945 when his unit surrendered . He was eventually transferred to Britain as a prisoner of war and worked as a forced labourer .
Upon his return to Germany he led a normal life , reluctant to talk about his time in Auschwitz . However , more than 40 years later , he decided to make his activities at Auschwitz public after learning about Holocaust denial . He has since openly criticised those who deny the events that he witnessed , and the ideology to which he once subscribed . The recorded accounts he provided to the BBC , however , contributed to the decision and ability to prosecute him . His record as an activist against Holocaust deniers since 1985 was not taken into consideration . Groening has been notable as a German willing to make public statements about his experience as an SS soldier , which are self @-@ incriminating and have exposed his life to public scrutiny .
In September 2014 Gröning was charged by German prosecutors as an accessory to murder , in 300 @,@ 000 cases , for his role at the Auschwitz concentration camp . His trial began in April 2015 , after the court had ruled that , at the age of 93 , he was still fit to stand trial . The trial was held in Lüneburg , Germany . On 15 July 2015 he was found guilty of facilitating mass murder and sentenced to four years ' imprisonment .
= = Early life = =
Gröning was born in 1921 , in Lower Saxony , the son of a strict conservative and skilled textile worker . His mother died when he was four . His father , a proud nationalist , joined the Stahlhelm after Germany 's defeat in the First World War , and his anger at how Germany had been treated following the Treaty of Versailles increased as his textile business went bankrupt in 1929 due to insufficient capital .
Gröning states that his childhood was one of " discipline , obedience and authority " . Gröning was fascinated by military uniforms , and one of his earliest memories is of looking at photos of his grandfather , who served in an elite regiment of the Duchy of Brunswick , on his horse and playing his trumpet . He joined the Scharnhorst , the Stahlhelm 's youth organisation as a small boy in the 1930s , and later the Hitler Youth when the Nazis came to power in 1933 . Influenced by his family 's values , he felt that Nazism was advantageous to Germany and believed that the Nazis " were the people who wanted the best for Germany and who did something about it . " He participated in the burning of books written by Jews and other authors that the Nazis considered degenerate in the belief that he was helping Germany free itself from an alien culture , and considered that National Socialism was having a positive effect on the economy , pointing to lower unemployment .
Gröning left school with high marks and began a traineeship as a bank clerk when he was 17 , but war was declared shortly after he started employment and eight of the twenty clerks present were immediately conscripted into the army . This allowed the remaining trainees to further their banking careers in a relatively short amount of time ; however , despite these opportunities , Gröning and his colleagues were inspired by Germany 's quick victories in France and Poland and wanted to contribute .
= = SS career = =
Gröning wanted to join an elite army unit and set his sights on joining the Waffen @-@ SS . Without his father 's knowledge , he did so in 1940 at a hotel where the SS was recruiting . Gröning says his father was disappointed to learn this when he came home after having joined .
Gröning describes himself as a " desk person " and was content with his role in SS salary administration , which granted him both the administrative and military aspects he wanted from a career .
= = = Auschwitz = = =
= = = = Arrival = = = =
Gröning worked as a bookkeeper for a year until 1942 , when the SS ordered that desk jobs would be reserved for injured veterans , and that fit members in administrative roles were to be subjected to more challenging duties . Gröning and about 22 of his colleagues travelled to Berlin where they reported to one of the SS economic offices . They were then given a lecture by several high @-@ ranking officers who reminded them of the oath of loyalty they took , which they could prove by doing a difficult task . The task was top secret – Gröning and his comrades had to sign a declaration that they would not disclose it to family or friends , or people not in their unit . Once this had concluded , they were split into smaller groups and taken to various Berlin stations where they boarded a train in the direction of Katowice with orders to report to the commandant of Auschwitz , a place Gröning had not heard of before .
Upon arrival at the main camp , they were given provisional bunks in the SS barracks , warmly greeted by fellow SS men and provided with food . Gröning was surprised at the myriad food items available in addition to basic SS rations . The new arrivals were curious about what function Auschwitz served . They were told that they should find out for themselves because Auschwitz was a special kind of concentration camp . Immediately someone opened the door and shouted " Transport ! " , causing three or four people to leave the room .
The next day , Gröning and the other arrivals reported to the central SS administrative building and were asked about their background before the war . One of the officers said Gröning 's bank clerk skills would be useful , and took him to barracks where the prisoners ' money was kept . Gröning was told that when prisoners were registered into the camp , their money was stored here and later returned to them when they left .
It became clear that Auschwitz was not a normal internment camp with above average SS rations , but that it served an additional function . Gröning was informed that money taken from interned Jews was not actually returned to them . When he inquired further , his colleagues confirmed that the Jews were being systematically exterminated and that this had included the transport of prisoners who had arrived the previous night .
= = = = Tasks = = = =
Gröning 's responsibilities included sorting and counting the multitude of currencies taken from arriving deportees , sending it to Berlin , and guarding the belongings of arrivals until they were sorted . He said he was astonished to learn of the extermination process , but later accepted his part in it , stating that his work became " routine " after several months .
His bureaucratic job did not shield him completely from physical acts of the extermination process : as early as his first day , Gröning saw children hidden on the train and people unable to walk that had remained among the rubbish and debris after the selection process had been completed , being shot . Gröning also heard :
... a baby crying . The child was lying on the ramp , wrapped in rags . A mother had left it behind , perhaps because she knew that women with infants were sent to the gas chambers immediately . I saw another SS soldier grab the baby by the legs . The crying had bothered him . He smashed the baby 's head against the iron side of a truck until it was silent .
After witnessing this , Gröning claims he went to his boss and told him that he could not work at Auschwitz any more , stating that if the extermination of the Jews is necessary , " then at least it should be done within a certain framework " . Gröning claims that his superior officer denied this request citing a document he had signed before being posted , forcing him to continue his work .
One night towards the end of 1942 , Gröning and his comrades in their SS barracks on the outskirts of Birkenau were awakened by an alarm . They were told that a number of Jews who were being taken to the gas chambers had escaped and hidden in the woods . They were ordered to take pistols and search the woods . When his group arrived at the extermination area of the camp they saw a farmhouse , in front of which were SS men and the bodies of seven or eight prisoners who had been caught and shot . The SS men told Gröning and his comrades that they could go home but they decided to hang around in the shadows of the woods .
They watched as an SS man put on a gas mask and emptied a tin of Zyklon B into a hatch in the cottage wall . Gröning said the humming noise from inside " turned to screaming " for a minute , then to silence . A comrade later showed him the bodies being burnt in a pit . A Kapo there told him details of the burning , such as how gases developed in the body and made the burning corpses move .
Gröning claims that this disrupted the relative tranquility his job gave him and he claims he yet again complained to his superior . His boss , an SS @-@ Untersturmführer , listened but reminded him of the pledge that he and his comrades made . Gröning thus returned to work . He has declared that he manipulated his life at Auschwitz so as to avoid witnessing the camp 's most unpalatable aspects .
= = After Auschwitz = =
= = = Great Britain = = =
Gröning 's application to transfer to a unit on the front @-@ line was successful , and in 1944 he joined an SS unit fighting in the Ardennes . He was wounded and sent to a field hospital before rejoining his unit , which eventually surrendered to the British on 10 June 1945 , on his birthday .
He realised that declaring " involvement in the concentration camp of Auschwitz would have a negative response " , and so tried not to draw attention to it , putting on the form given to him by the British that he worked for the SS @-@ Wirtschafts @-@ Verwaltungshauptamt instead . He did this because " the victor 's always right " , and that things happened at Auschwitz which " did not always comply with human rights " .
Gröning and the rest of his SS colleagues were imprisoned in an old Nazi concentration camp . He was later sent to Britain as a forced labourer in 1946 where he had a " very comfortable life " . He ate good food and earned money , and travelled through the Midlands and Scotland giving concerts for four months , singing German hymns and traditional English folk songs to appreciative British audiences .
= = = Return to Germany = = =
Gröning was released and returned to Germany in 1947 or 1948 . Upon being reunited with his wife , he said : " Girl , do both of us a favour : don 't ask . " He was unable to regain his job at the bank due to having been a member of the SS , so he got a job at a glass factory , working his way up to a management position . He became head of personnel , and was made an honorary judge of industrial tribunal cases .
Upon return to Germany , Gröning lived with his father @-@ in @-@ law . At the dinner table , they once made " a silly remark about Auschwitz " , implying that he was a " potential or real murderer , " which Gröning said enraged him , banging his fist on the table , demanding : " This word and this connection are never , ever , to be mentioned again in my presence , otherwise I 'll move out ! " Gröning said that this request was respected .
= = = = Views on Holocaust denial = = = =
Gröning led a normal middle @-@ class life after the war . A keen stamp collector , he was once at his local philately club 's annual meeting , more than 40 years after the war , when he fell into a conversation about politics with the man next to him . The man told him it was " terrible " that Holocaust denial was illegal in Germany , and went on to tell Gröning how so many bodies could not have been burnt , and that the volume of gas that was supposed to have been used would have killed all living things in the vicinity .
Gröning said little in response to these statements , replying only : " I know a little more about that , we should discuss it some time . " The man recommended a pamphlet by Holocaust denier Thies Christophersen . Gröning obtained a copy and mailed it to Christophersen , having written his own commentary on it , which included the words :
" I saw everything , " he writes . " The gas chambers , the cremations , the selection process . One and a half million Jews were murdered in Auschwitz . I was there . "
Gröning then began receiving phone calls and letters from strangers who tried to tell him Auschwitz was not actually a place for exterminating human beings in gas chambers .
It became apparent that his comments condemning Holocaust denial had been printed in a neo @-@ Nazi magazine , and that most of the anonymous calls and letters were , " From people who tried to prove that what I had seen with my own eyes , what I had experienced in Auschwitz was a big , big mistake , a big hallucination on my part because it hadn 't happened . "
As a result of such comments , Gröning decided to speak openly about his experiences , and publicly denounce people who maintain the events he witnessed never happened . He says his message to Holocaust deniers is :
I have seen the crematoria , I have seen the burning pits and I want you to believe me that these atrocities happened . I was there .
He also wrote memoirs for his family , consisting of 87 pages .
= = Contemporary comments = =
Gröning does not consider himself guilty of any crime , due to the fact that he was in no way directly involved in the killing . He describes his part in the extermination machine as an involuntary " small cog in the gears " , which gave him involuntary guilt in turn . Citing his summons to testify against a member of the SS accused of murdering prisoners at Auschwitz , he also says he is innocent in the eyes of the law , pointing to the fact that he spoke as a witness and not as a defendant .
In the book and DVD set titled Auschwitz : The Nazis and ' The Final Solution ' , author Laurence Rees indicates that although Gröning had requested to leave Auschwitz after he witnessed the killing , his objection was only on the basis of its practical implementation , and not on the general militaristic principle of the mass extermination of enemies . Gröning said that he thought at the time that it was justified due to all the Nazi propaganda he had been subjected to , in that Germany 's enemies were being destroyed , which to him made the tools of their destruction ( such as gas chambers ) of no particular significance . Because of this , he says his feelings about seeing people and knowing that they had hours to live before being gassed were " very ambiguous " . He explains that children were murdered because , while the children themselves were not the enemy , the danger was the blood within them , in that they could grow up to become dangerous Jews . Rees points to Gröning 's ultra @-@ nationalist upbringing as indication of how he was able to justify the extermination of helpless children . Gröning says that the horrors in the gas chambers did eventually dawn on him when he heard the screams .
Rees writes that Gröning describes his time at Auschwitz as if he were talking about another Oskar Gröning at Auschwitz — and as a result , the post @-@ war Gröning speaks more candidly about his time there by segregating the Gröning that contributed to the running of a death camp from the modern Gröning that condemns Nazi ideology .
Gröning says that the screams of those in the gas chambers have never left him , and he has never returned to Auschwitz because of his shame . He says he feels guilt towards the Jewish people , and for being part of the organisation that committed crimes against them , despite " not having been one of the perpetrators myself " . He asks for forgiveness from God and from the Jewish people .
= = Criminal charges and trial = =
In September 2014 , it was reported that Gröning had been charged by state prosecutors with having been an accessory to murder for his role at Auschwitz receiving and processing prisoners and their personal belongings . The indictment stated that Gröning economically advanced Nazi Germany and aided the systematic killing of 300 @,@ 000 of the 425 @,@ 000 Hungarian Jews who were deported to Auschwitz by 137 railway transports during the summer of 1944 . Gröning 's prosecution has been reported to be a part of Germany ’ s final effort to bring the last Nazi war @-@ crimes suspects to justice . State prosecutors managed to charge the defendant on a legal precedent set in 2011 by the conviction of the former Sobibor extermination camp guard John Demjanjuk by a court in Munich .
The trial commenced on 20 April 2015 at Lüneburg Regional Court ( Landgericht ) . In an opening statement , Gröning asked for forgiveness for his mainly clerical role at Auschwitz in the summer of 1944 , by saying : " For me there 's no question that I share moral guilt , " the 93 @-@ year @-@ old told the judges , acknowledging that he knew about the gassing of Jews and other prisoners . " I ask for forgiveness . I share morally in the guilt but whether I am guilty under criminal law , you will have to decide " .
During the trial several of the 60 ' co @-@ claimants ' gave evidence . Eva Mozes Kor who was 10 years old when she arrived at Auschwitz , testified that she and her twin sister were used for the cruel medical experiments conducted by Josef Mengele and that she had lost her parents and older sisters in Auschwitz . Kor conversed with and embraced the defendant after giving evidence , while other holocaust survivors in the courtroom protested against this gesture . Another witness , Max Eisen who was 15 years old at the time of entry into Auschwitz , described the brutality of the extermination part of the camp , including extracting gold teeth from dead victims . On 12 May 2015 , Susan Pollack , an 84 @-@ year @-@ old Briton , gave evidence how she was taken from Hungary to Auschwitz and Bergen @-@ Belsen ; describing the living conditions encountered at Auschwitz , she said : " I was in a barrack with about 800 other girls ... we were losing weight , we weren ’ t able to use our minds anymore " . On the same day , Ivor Perl , an 83 @-@ year @-@ old Briton who was born in Hungary into a religious Jewish family , also gave evidence ; Perl testified that he was 12 years old when he arrived at Auschwitz and that he and his brother lost his parents and seven siblings in the Holocaust . " In July , Irene Weiss , an 84 @-@ year @-@ old survivor from the United States , testified that her family was torn apart on arrival at Auschwitz in May 1944 , during the mass deportation of Hungarian Jews and that she had lost both her parents , four siblings and 13 cousins at Auschwitz .
= = = Verdict and sentence = = =
On 15 July 2015 he was found guilty of being an accessory to the murder of at least 300 @,@ 000 Jews . Reacting to the sentence , Auschwitz survivor Eva Mozes Kor said that she was " disappointed " adding : " They are trying to teach a lesson that if you commit such a crime , you will be punished . But I do not think the court has acted properly in sentencing him to four years in jail . It is too late for that kind of sentence ... My preference would have been to sentence him to community service by speaking out against neo @-@ Nazis . I would like the court to prove to me , a survivor , how four years in jail will benefit anybody . " Gröning 's defence lawyer , Hans Holtermann , was quoted as saying that he would review the verdict before deciding whether to appeal . Any appeal was required to be lodged within one week .
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= Adentro =
Adentro is the tenth studio album by Guatemalan singer @-@ songwriter Ricardo Arjona , released on December 6 , 2005 , by Sony Music Entertainment . Recorded in the United States and Mexico , the album was produced by Arjona himself , as well as Dan Warner and Lee Levin under their stage name Los Gringos , and Puerto Rican singer @-@ songwriter Tommy Torres . The album marks the first collaboration between Arjona and the latter , who would subsequently become a regular contributor in following albums by the singer .
Arjona experimented with prominent Latin sounds for Adentro , such as Mexican and Tejano music on " Mojado " ; as well as some Colombian and bachata elements on " Adiós Melancolía " . Adentro was named " Arjona 's most personal album " , and his performance style was classified as " confident " , with a " relevant @-@ as @-@ ever lyricism . " It was named best Latin Pop Album for 2007 at the 49th Grammy Awards in Los Angeles .
Adentro became Arjona 's fifth consecutive album to reach the top ten on the US Billboard Top Latin Albums chart , peaking at number three . On the Latin Pop Albums chart , it attained a peak of number two . Adentro was certified two times Platinum in Mexico , five times Platinum in Argentina and two times Platinum ( Latin ) in the United States . As of February 2006 , the album has sold more than one million copies worldwide .
Five singles were released from the album . American lead single , " Acompañame A Estar Solo " , became Arjona 's fifth number @-@ one single on the US Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart , and reached number seven on the Latin Songs chart . Mexican lead single " Mojado " , featuring Mexican band Intocable , became a moderate success , as well as second American single " Pingüinos En La Cama " , which single version features Spanish singer Chenoa . " A Ti " followed as the fourth single , peaking at number three on the Latin Pop Songs chart . " De Vez En Mes " was released as the fifth and final single from the album . To promote the album , Arjona embarked on a world tour , the Adentro Tour .
= = Recording and composition = =
This was the first time Arjona collaborated with Tommy Torres . In an interview with Billboard magazine , the singer commented that he first " tested " Torres by sending him the " hookiest and darkest tracks " on the album , " Acompañame A Estar Solo " and " Iluso " . Torres said that he " went all out on the first demo , hiring a full band that included a string orchestra " , which grabbed the attention of Arjona . Arjona further commented that Adentro was " a very representative and tremendously complete album , " adding that " having different producers made it rich in possibilities . "
Evan Gutierrez from AllMusic considered the record 's instrumentation , performance , and overall sonic palette to be " minimalist " and " unassuming " . Arjona experimented with prominent Latin sounds for Adentro , such as Mexican and Tejano music on " Mojado " , a duet with Mexican band Intocable about immigration . Ricky Muñoz , the vocalist of the group , said that the group met Arjona in Monterrey , and that they were in contact with Arjona through Carlos Cabral , one of Adentro 's producers , who had also worked with them formerly . Muñoz additionally reflected : " We admire Arjona . We liked the song and then we recorded it [ with him ] . It is very cool that he invited us [ as featured artists ] . " " Adiós Melancolía " is mainly composed as a bachata song with Colombian influences . " No Te Cambio Por Nada " is intermittently rock @-@ dabbled . The lyrics of " De Vez En Mes " pertain to a woman 's menstruation .
= = Promotion = =
In 2006 , Arjona commenced the first leg of his world tour , named the Adentro Tour , to promote the album . The tour resumed in 2007 for a second leg , in which he visited more countries . Approximately two million people attended his concerts throughout his world tour . The tour officially closed in front of more than 100 @,@ 00 people during the International Fair on 14 September 2007 , in the mainland city of Barquisimeto , Venezuela . In the United States , the tour had an attendance of 134 @,@ 000 people , and grossed $ 8 @.@ 2 million . Arjona founded the Fundación Adentro , a charity organization which provides music and singing education for poor children in Guatemala , in July 2008 . Arjona commented that the main objective of the organization " isn 't becoming an important foundation internationally , but to help child reach their dreams . " The organization 's development originated in 2005 , prior to the release of Adentro , from which the foundation received its name . Its headquarters are located in Mexico City .
" Acompañame A Estar Solo " was released as the lead single from Adentro in October 2005 . The song became his fifth chart @-@ topper on the US Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart , reaching its peak in the week of 7 January 2006 . It accumulated three consecutive weeks atop the cart . It reached number seven on the Latin Songs chart , becoming his twelfth top ten single on that chart . " Pingüinos En La Cama " was released as the second single in January 2007 . Spanish singer Chenoa is featured as a guest artist on the single version of the song . On the Latin Songs chart , it peaked at number 44 . The song was more successful on the Latin Pop Songs chart , reaching number 19 . " Mojado " was released as the lead single in Mexico , while served as the third single in other music markets . It was the first time Arjoan released two lead singles from an album , as it was recommended by his label . It peaked at number 34 on the Latin Songs chart , and number 30 on the Latin Pop Songs chart . " A Ti " was released as the fourth single of the album in March 2006 . The song was more successful than its two predecessors , peaking at number 14 on the Latin Songs chart , and number three on the Latin Pop Songs chart . " A Ti " was later included on Arjona 's compilation album Quién Dijo Ayer , as a duet with Italian singer Eros Ramazzoti . Arjona released " De Vez En Mes " as the fifth and final single from the album .
= = Commercial performance = =
Adentro became Arjona 's third studio album to debut inside the top five of the US Billboard Latin Albums and Latin Pop Albums charts , at numbers three and two , respectively . It equaled the peak position of Santo Pecado ( 2002 ) on the Latin Albums chart , and bested that album 's peak on the Latin Pop Albums chart . Adentro also peaked at number 46 on the Top Heatseekers chart , and debuted at number 126 on the Billboard 200 , besting the previous record held by Galería Caribe ( 2000 ) , which peaked at number 136 , among Arjona 's albums . The album received a double platinum certification ( Latin ) by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of 200 @,@ 000 copies . In Mexico , Adentro debuted at number one , and was subsequently certified double platinum by the Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas ( AMPROFON ) , signifying shipments of 200 @,@ 000 copies . In Argentina , it was certified five times platinum by Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers ( CAPIF ) for sales exceeding 200 @,@ 000 copies in that country . It became Arjona 's third album to do so , after Santo Pecado and Historias ( 1994 ) . As of February 2006 , Adentro has sold more than 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 copies worldwide .
= = Critical reception = =
The album received critical acclaim . AllMusic writer Evan Gutierrez gave it four stars out of five , lauded its " stripped , natural production value , " Arjona 's " confident " vocal performance , its " relevant @-@ as @-@ ever " lyricism , and the record 's sonic palette as brilliantly variant . Gutierrez further opined that the album pleases both Arjona 's fans and " the execs at Norte . " Leila Cobo of Billboard dubbed it lyrically " Arjona 's most personal album " , favored its rock elements , and praised its cohesiveness . Cobo concluded : " It is hard to be touching , relevant and musically compelling all at once , but Arjona pulls it off . "
= = Track listing = =
= = Chart performance = =
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= Battle of Agua Dulce =
The Battle of Agua Dulce Creek was a skirmish during the Texas Revolution between Mexican troops and rebellious immigrants to the Mexican province of Texas , known as Texians . As part of the Goliad Campaign to retake the Texas Gulf Coast , Mexican troops ambushed a group of Texians on March 2 , 1836 . The skirmish began approximately 26 miles ( 42 km ) south of San Patricio , in territory belonging to the Mexican state of Tamaulipas .
When Mexico transitioned to a centralized government in 1835 , supporters of federalism took up arms . Colonists in Texas , primarily immigrants from the United States , revolted in October 1835 and by the end of the year had expelled all Mexican troops from their province . With hostilities temporarily suspended , Frank W. Johnson , the commander of the volunteer army in Texas , and James Grant gathered volunteers for a planned invasion of the Mexican port town of Matamoros . In late February 1836 , Johnson and half of the volunteers drove a herd of horses to San Patricio , while Grant took the remaining men to gather more horses and to attempt contact with federalist sympathizers near Matamoros .
Unknown to the Texians , on February 18 , Mexican General José de Urrea led a large contingent of troops from Matamoros into Texas to neutralize the rebels gathered along the coast . His troops easily defeated Johnson 's small force on February 26 . Several days later , informants revealed Grant 's location , and on the morning of March 2 , Urrea sent 150 troops to ambush the rebels . After a brief battle , the main body of the Texian and Tejano troops were defeated . Grant and two others escaped the battle and were pursued for 7 miles ( 11 km ) . Grant was killed , as were 11 men under his command . Six Texians were taken prisoner ; contrary to Santa Anna 's orders , Urrea did not execute them , but instead sent them to a jail in Matamoros . An additional six Texians escaped ; five of them later died in the Goliad massacre .
= = Background = =
Under President Antonio López de Santa Anna , the Mexican government began to shift away from a federalist model to a more centralized government . His increasingly dictatorial policies , including the revocation of the Constitution of 1824 in early 1835 , incited federalists throughout the nation to revolt . The Mexican Army quickly put down revolts throughout the country 's interior , including a brutal suppression of militias in Oaxaca and Zacatecas . Unrest continued in the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas . The area that bordered the United States , known as Texas , was populated primarily by English @-@ speaking settlers , known as Texians . In October , the Texians took up arms in what became known as the Texas Revolution . The following month , Texians declared themselves part of a Mexican state independent from Coahuila and created a provisional state government based on the principles of the Constitution of 1824 . By the end of the year , all Mexican troops had been expelled from Texas .
Leading federalists in Mexico advocated a plan to attack centralist troops in Matamoros , a major Mexican port . Members of the General Council , the interim Texas governing body , were enamored with the idea of a Matamoros Expedition . They hoped it would inspire other federalist states to revolt and keep the bored Texian troops from deserting the army . Most importantly , it would move the war zone outside Texas . The Council officially approved the plan on December 25 , and on December 30 Frank W. Johnson , the commander of the volunteer army , and his aide James Grant took the bulk of the army and almost all of the supplies to Goliad to prepare for the expedition . Historian Stuart Reid posits that Grant was a British secret agent and that his efforts were an unofficial scheme to advance British interests in the region . Britain did not welcome the idea of an independent Texas , and the invasion of Matamoros was a way to tie Texas more tightly to Mexico .
Determined to quash the rebellion , Santa Anna began assembling a large force to restore order . In late December , at Santa Anna 's behest , the Mexican Congress passed the Tornel Decree , declaring that any foreigners fighting against Mexican troops " will be deemed pirates and dealt with as such , being citizens of no nation presently at war with the Republic and fighting under no recognized flag . " In the early nineteenth century , captured pirates were executed immediately . The resolution thus gave the Mexican Army permission to take no prisoners in the war against the Texians . Santa Anna personally led the bulk of his troops inland to San Antonio de Béxar , and ordered General José de Urrea to lead 550 troops along the Atascocita Road toward Goliad . Urrea 's efforts to quell the rebellion along the Texas Gulf Coast have become known as the Goliad Campaign .
= = Prelude = =
The Texas provisional government had named Sam Houston the commander of a new regular army in Texas , but without authority over the volunteers who reported to Johnson . The provisional governor , Henry Smith , opposed the Matamoros Expedition and ordered Houston to find a way to disband it . In a rousing speech to the volunteers , Houston dissuaded the bulk of the men from continuing their mission . Many left the army . Others joined the troops stationed under Houston 's second @-@ in @-@ command , James Fannin , at Presidio La Bahía in Goliad . By the end of January 1836 , only 70 men remained with Johnson and Grant . Most of these volunteers were Americans or Europeans who had arrived in Texas after fighting had commenced .
Urrea reached Matamoros on January 31 . A committed federalist himself , he soon convinced other federalists in the area that the Texians ' ultimate goal was secession and their attempt to spark a federalist revolt in Matamoros was just a method of diverting attention from themselves . Meanwhile , Mexican double agents continued to assure Johnson and Grant that they would be able to take Matamoros easily . Urrea 's force crossed into Texas on February 18 .
Despite hearing rumors that the Mexican Army was approaching , Grant and Johnson chose to take their men south of the Nueces River , into territory belonging to the state of Tamaulipas , to search for horses to buy , steal , or otherwise gather . About February 21 , Johnson and a small group began herding approximately 100 horses back into Texas . The rest of the men remained with Grant , ostensibly to look for more horses . In actuality , he was attempting to rendezvous with his allies near Matamoros to determine whether federalists were still willing to rise up against the Mexican Army .
Mexican troops arrived in San Patricio in the early hours of February 26 . After a fifteen @-@ minute battle , Johnson 's men were defeated ; six Texians , including Johnson , escaped , and the remainder were killed or captured . While Urrea waited for reinforcements before beginning his march towards Goliad , his advance party searched for Grant and the remaining Texians . Unaware of Johnson 's fate , on February 27 Grant and his party began their march northward to San Patricio , driving a herd of several hundred horses he had purchased . The men camped along San Fernando Creek on March 1 . Local ranchers welcomed them , but that night sent a messenger to Urrea with Grant 's location and plans .
= = Battle = =
Mexican troops marched overnight towards El Puerto de los Cuates de Agua Dulce , a well @-@ known crossing point on Agua Dulce Creek . Approximately 26 miles ( 42 km ) south of San Patricio , about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) from Banquete , and just north of modern @-@ day Kingsville , Mexican soldiers took cover in two groves of trees . Urrea had approximately 150 troops , including 80 dragoons .
Grant 's company comprised about 53 men , including a large contingent of Tejanos ( Mexican @-@ born residents of Texas ) under the command of Plácido Benavides . The men were in good spirits and rode at an easy pace towards San Patricio . Grant , Benavides , and Ruben Brown rode 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) ahead of the main body of Texians and saw no signs of Mexican soldiers .
Between 10 and 11 am , as the bulk of the Texians reached the trees , the Mexican cavalry attacked . Taken completely unaware , many of the Texians were shot before they were able to raise their guns . As they tried to flee , dragoons chased them down and lanced them off their horses . Five Texians dismounted and made a run for a small village nearby , hoping to gain cover so they could use their rifles . Urrea sent the infantry after them . Two of those Texians were captured and the rest escaped .
Grant , Benavides , and Brown turned back to join the other Texians . Once in the battle , Brown dismounted , either to reload his rifle or because his horse was killed . Seeing that the battle was lost , Grant pulled Brown onto another horse , and the two of them and Benavides turned to flee . Mexican cavalry attempted to stop them ; Grant shot one officer and he and Benavides then galloped past that officer 's horse . At this point , the herd stampeded , forcing the Mexican cavalry aside . The three Texians followed the horses . Mexican soldiers promptly gave chase . According to Brown 's later recollection , both his and Grant 's horses were wounded as Mexican soldiers fired after them .
The three Texians ran for 6 – 7 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 – 11 @.@ 3 km ) , occasionally firing their pistols to force Mexican dragoons to stay back . Mexican soldiers yelled that the men would be spared if they surrendered , but none of the Texians believed them . Benavides had the strongest mount , and Grant ordered him to go ahead to warn Fannin that the Mexican Army was close to Goliad . Grant and Brown were surrounded and forced to stop . Grant killed a Mexican soldier who drove a lance through Brown 's arm . Between ten and twelve Mexican soldiers then surrounded Grant , and he died after being pierced multiple times . Historian Stuart Reid theorizes that Mexican soldiers were eager to ensure Grant did not survive the battle . Grant could identify federalist sympathizers in Matamoros and the surrounding areas , and his knowledge potentially put Urrea and some of his federalist @-@ sympathizing troops at risk .
Brown threw his empty pistol at one Mexican officer , then grabbed the lance from the man Grant had shot and used it to defend himself . After soldiers lassoed him , Brown surrendered and was taken captive . Brown was then brought back to the site of the ambush . He recalled that one severely injured Texian , Joseph Carpenter , was lying in the dirt , begging for his life . Brown then saw a Mexican soldier shoot him .
= = Aftermath = =
Although Urrea reported that 42 Texians were killed , early 20th century historians generally only list 12 Texians as killed . Tejano involvement in the revolution had been notably absent from textbooks until the 1970s , so it is likely that historians were not including the Tejanos under Benavides . Six Texians were taken prisoner . In defiance of the Tornel Decree , Urrea spared those who surrendered and sent them to a prison in Matamoros . Reports indicated that Urrea offered clemency after the intervention of Francita Alavez , the mistress of one of Urrea 's soldiers . Six Texians escaped . Five of these joined Fannin 's garrison at Goliad and were later killed in the Goliad massacre . No reports of Mexican losses have been found , although at least one Mexican soldier is thought to have died . After the battle , Mexican soldiers rounded up the horses that the Texians had been herding and kept them . The battle marked the end of the Matamoros Expedition . Although it occurred on the same day that Texas declared independence , Grant and his men did not know that they were fighting for the new Republic of Texas .
According to historian Stephen Hardin , this battle proved that the Texians did not fight well on open prairies . News of the battle reached Fannin on March 4 . Urrea 's imminent arrival worried Fannin , who feared that Santa Anna would lead his troops from San Antonio de Béxar towards Goliad , essentially trapping Fannin and his men between the two branches of the Mexican Army . Fannin wrote to the Acting Governor , James Robinson , " I am a better judge of my military abilities than others , and if I am qualified to command an Army , I have not found it out . " The acting Texas government nonetheless left Fannin in charge of the fort at Goliad , instructing him to determine whether it was best to retreat or make a stand . Fannin delayed making a decision , finally choosing to leave Goliad on March 19 . Urrea 's troops trapped Fannin 's men on an open prairie . The Texians surrendered after the Battle of Coleto and most , including Colonel Fannin , were executed a week later in the Goliad massacre .
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= Königsberg @-@ class cruiser ( 1915 ) =
The Königsberg class of light cruisers was a group of four ships commissioned into Germany 's Imperial Navy shortly before the end of World War I. The class comprised Königsberg , Karlsruhe , Emden , and Nürnberg , all of which were named after light cruisers lost earlier in the war . The ships were an incremental improvement over the preceding Wiesbaden @-@ class cruisers , and were armed with a main battery of eight 15 cm SK L / 45 guns and had a designed speed of 27 @.@ 5 knots ( 50 @.@ 9 km / h ; 31 @.@ 6 mph ) .
Königsberg and Nürnberg saw action at the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight , where Königsberg was hit by a shell from the battlecruiser Repulse . Three of the four ships were to participate in a climactic fleet operation to attack the British Grand Fleet in the final days of the war , but revolts in the fleet forced the cancellation of the plan . Karlsruhe , Emden , and Nürnberg were interned at Scapa Flow after the end of the war , and were scuttled on 21 June 1919 , though only Karlsruhe was successfully sunk . The other two ships were beached by British sailors and ceded to the Allies . Königsberg was transferred to the French Navy as a war prize and commissioned as Metz ; she served with the French Navy until the 1930s , when she was broken up for scrap .
= = Design = =
The design for the Königsberg was prepared in 1913 . The design was an incremental improvement over the previous Wiesbaden class , with a larger hull and greater displacement , but with the same armament , speed , and armor protection . By 1916 , thirteen German light cruisers had been lost in the course of World War I ; after they were commissioned , the ships of the Königsberg class took the names of four of these lost cruisers .
Königsberg was ordered as Ersatz Gazelle and laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in 1914 . She was launched on 18 December 1915 and commissioned eight months later on 12 August 1916 . Emden , ordered as Ersatz Nymphe , followed her sister at AG Weser , also in 1914 . She was launched on 1 February 1916 and commissioned into the fleet on 16 December 1916 . Karlsruhe was ordered as Ersatz Niobe and laid down in 1915 at the Imperial Dockyard in Kiel . Launching ceremonies took place on 31 January 1916 , and after fitting @-@ out work was completed , she was commissioned on 15 November 1916 . The last ship of the class , Nürnberg , was laid down as Ersatz Thetis at the Howaldtswerke shipyard in Kiel in 1915 . She was launched on 14 April 1916 and commissioned on 15 February 1917 .
= = = General characteristics and machinery = = =
The ships of the class were 145 @.@ 8 meters ( 478 ft ) long at the waterline and 151 @.@ 4 m ( 497 ft ) long overall . They had a beam of 14 @.@ 2 m ( 47 ft ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 96 m ( 19 @.@ 6 ft ) forward and 6 @.@ 32 m ( 20 @.@ 7 ft ) aft . The ships had a designed displacement of 5 @,@ 440 metric tons ( 5 @,@ 350 long tons ; 6 @,@ 000 short tons ) , and at full combat load , they displaced 7 @,@ 125 t ( 7 @,@ 012 long tons ; 7 @,@ 854 short tons ) . Their hulls were built with longitudinal steel frames . The hulls were divided into eighteen watertight compartments and incorporated a double bottom that extended for forty @-@ five percent of the length of the keel . The ships had a complement of 17 officers and 458 enlisted men . They carried several smaller vessels , including one picket boat , one barge , one cutter , two yawls , and two dinghies . The German Navy regarded the ships as good sea boats , having gentle motion . The ships were highly maneuverable and had a tight turning radius , and but lost speed going into a turn . In hard turns , they lost up to sixty percent speed . The ships were stern @-@ heavy .
The propulsion systems for Königsberg , Emden , and Nürnberg consisted of two steam turbines , while Karlsruhe was outfitted with two sets of high @-@ pressure geared turbines . The turbines for all four ships were powered by ten coal @-@ fired boilers and two oil @-@ fired double @-@ ended boilers . The turbines drove a pair of three @-@ bladed screws , which were 3 @.@ 5 m ( 11 ft ) in diameter . The engines were rated at 31 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 23 @,@ 000 kW ) for a top speed of 27 @.@ 5 knots ( 50 @.@ 9 km / h ; 31 @.@ 6 mph ) . On trials , Königsberg reached 45 @,@ 900 shp ( 34 @,@ 200 kW ) and a top speed of 27 @.@ 8 knots ( 51 @.@ 5 km / h ; 32 @.@ 0 mph ) , while Karlsruhe made 55 @,@ 700 shp ( 41 @,@ 500 kW ) and 27 @.@ 7 knots ( 51 @.@ 3 km / h ; 31 @.@ 9 mph ) . Emden reached 50 @,@ 216 shp ( 37 @,@ 446 kW ) and 27 @.@ 7 kn ; Nürnberg 's trials figures are not recorded . The trials were conducted in shallow water due to the war ; in deep water , the ships would have exceeded 29 knots ( 54 km / h ; 33 mph ) .
Coal storage was 350 t ( 340 long tons ; 390 short tons ) as designed , though up to 1 @,@ 340 t ( 1 @,@ 320 long tons ; 1 @,@ 480 short tons ) could be carried . Fuel oil was initially 150 t ( 150 long tons ; 170 short tons ) , and could be similarly increased to 500 t ( 490 long tons ; 550 short tons ) . At a cruising speed of 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) , the ships could steam for approximately 4 @,@ 850 nautical miles ( 8 @,@ 980 km ; 5 @,@ 580 mi ) . At a higher speed of 27 knots ( 50 km / h ; 31 mph ) , the range fell considerably , to 1 @,@ 200 nmi ( 2 @,@ 200 km ; 1 @,@ 400 mi ) . Electrical power was provided by two turbo generators and one diesel generator , with a total output of 300 kilowatts at 220 volts . Steering was controlled by a single , large rudder .
= = = Armament and armor = = =
The ship was armed with eight 15 cm SK L / 45 guns in single pedestal mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , four were located amidships , two on either side , and two were arranged in a super firing pair aft . These guns fired a 45 @.@ 3 @-@ kilogram ( 100 lb ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 840 meters per second ( 2 @,@ 800 ft / s ) . The guns had a maximum elevation of 30 degrees , which allowed them to engage targets out to 17 @,@ 600 m ( 57 @,@ 700 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 040 rounds of ammunition , for 130 shells per gun . The ships also carried two 8 @.@ 8 cm L / 45 anti @-@ aircraft guns mounted on the centerline astern of the funnels . These guns fired a 10 kg ( 22 lb ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 750 to 770 m / s ( 2 @,@ 500 to 2 @,@ 500 ft / s ) . She was also equipped with four 50 cm ( 20 in ) torpedo tubes with eight torpedoes , two in deck @-@ mounted swivel launchers and two submerged in the ships ' hulls . The ships were also outfitted to carry up to 200 mines .
The Cöln class ships were protected by an armored belt composed of Krupp cemented steel . It was 60 mm ( 2 @.@ 4 in ) thick amidships and 18 mm ( 0 @.@ 71 in ) forward . The stern was not protected by armor . The armored deck was 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) thick in the stern , 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) thick amidships , and 60 mm thick forward . Sloped armor 40 mm thick connected the deck and belt armor . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides and a 20 mm thick roof . The main battery guns were protected with 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick gun shields . A 20 mm thick deck and 30 mm thick side armor protected the mine hold .
= = Service history = =
On 17 November 1917 , Königsberg and Nürnberg saw action at the Second Battle of Heligoland Bight . Along with two other cruisers from the II Scouting Group and the dreadnought battleships Kaiser and Kaiserin , Königsberg and Nürnberg escorted minesweepers clearing paths in minefields laid by the British . During the engagement , the battlecruiser HMS Repulse scored a hit on Königsberg , which did minimal damage but started a serious fire . The British broke off the attack when the German battleships arrived on the scene , after which the Germans also withdrew . All four ships participated in Operation Albion , an amphibious operation against the islands in the Gulf of Riga . Emden served as the flagship for the Leader of Torpedoboats , while the other three ships were assigned to the II Scouting Group .
In October 1918 , three of the ships and the rest of the II Scouting Group were to lead a final attack on the British navy . Königsberg Cöln , Dresden , and Pillau were to attack merchant shipping in the Thames estuary while Karlsruhe , Nürnberg , and Graudenz were to bombard targets in Flanders , to draw out the British Grand Fleet . Großadmiral Reinhard Scheer , the commander in chief of the fleet , intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy , in order to secure a better bargaining position for Germany , whatever the cost to the fleet . On the morning of 29 October 1918 , the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven the following day . Starting on the night of 29 October , sailors on Thüringen and then on several other battleships mutinied . The unrest ultimately forced Hipper and Scheer to cancel the operation . When informed of the situation , the Kaiser stated , " I no longer have a navy . "
Following the Armistice that ended the fighting , Königsberg took Rear Admiral Hugo Meurer to Scapa Flow to negotiate with Admiral David Beatty , the commander of the Grand Fleet , for the place of internment of the German fleet . The accepted arrangement was for the High Seas Fleet to meet the combined Allied fleet in the North Sea and proceed to the Firth of Forth before transferring to Scapa Flow , where they would be interned . Most of the High Seas Fleet 's ships , including Karlsruhe , Emden , and Nürnberg , were interned in the British naval base in Scapa Flow , under the command of Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter . Königsberg instead remained in Germany .
The unruly crew of Friedrich der Grosse , the fleet flagship , forced Reuter to transfer to Emden , where a Sailors ' Council cooperated with the ship 's captain to run the ship . The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Versailles Treaty . Von Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919 , which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty . Unaware that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd , Reuter ordered the ships to be sunk at the next opportunity . On the morning of 21 June , the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers , and at 11 : 20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships .
Karlsruhe sank at 15 : 50 ; the rights to salvaging the ship were sold in 1962 . She has not been raised for scrapping , however . Emden was boarded by British sailors who beached her before she could be completely sunk . After being refloated , she was ceded to France and used as a test ship for explosives before being broken up in 1926 . Nürnberg was also beached by British sailors . She was eventually sunk off the Isle of Wight as a gunnery target . Königsberg was meanwhile stricken from the naval register on 20 July 1920 and ceded to France . She was renamed Metz and served with the French Navy until 1933 . She was ultimately broken up for scrap in 1936 .
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= Thomas Pennant =
Thomas Pennant ( 14 June OS 1726 – 16 December 1798 ) was a Welsh naturalist , traveller , writer and antiquarian . He was born and lived his whole life at his family estate , Downing Hall near Whitford , Flintshire in Wales .
As a naturalist he had a great curiosity , observing the geography , geology , plants , animals , birds , reptiles , amphibians and fish around him and recording what he saw and heard about . He wrote acclaimed books including British Zoology , the History of Quadrupeds , Arctic Zoology and Indian Zoology although he never travelled further afield than continental Europe . He knew and maintained correspondence with many of the scientific figures of his day . His books influenced the writings of Samuel Johnson . As an antiquarian , he amassed a considerable collection of art and other works , largely selected for their scientific interest . Many of these works are now housed at the National Library of Wales .
As a traveller he visited Scotland and many other parts of Britain and wrote about them . Many of his travels took him to places that were little known to the British public and the travelogues he produced , accompanied by painted and engraved colour plates , were much appreciated . Each tour started at his home and related in detail the route , the scenery , the habits and activities of the people he met , their customs and superstitions and the wildlife he saw or heard about . He travelled on horseback accompanied by his servant , Moses Griffiths , who sketched the things they encountered , later to work these up into illustrations for the books . He was an amiable man with a large circle of friends and was still busily following his interests into his sixties . He enjoyed good health throughout his life and died at Downing at the age of seventy two .
= = Family background = =
The Pennants were a family of Welsh gentry from the parish of Whitford , Flintshire , who had built up a modest estate at Bychton by the seventeenth century . In 1724 Thomas ' father , David Pennant , inherited the neighbouring Downing estate from a cousin , considerably augmenting the family 's fortune . Downing Hall , where Thomas was born in the ' yellow room ' , became the main Pennant residence . This house had been built in 1600 and the front and main entrance were set back between two forward facing wings . By the time the Pennants moved there it was in a state of disrepair and many alterations were set in hand . It had a number of fine rooms including a well @-@ stocked library and a smoking room " most antiquely furnished with ancient carvings , and the horns of all the European beasts of chase " . The grounds were also very overgrown and much effort was put into their improvement and the creation of paths , vistas and pleasure gardens .
Pennant received his early education at Wrexham Grammar School , before moving to Thomas Croft 's school in Fulham in 1740 . At the age of twelve , Pennant later recalled , he had been inspired with a passion for natural history through being presented with Francis Willughby 's Ornithology . In 1744 he entered Queen 's College , Oxford , later moving to Oriel College . Like many students from a wealthy background , he left Oxford without taking a degree , although in 1771 his work as a zoologist was recognised with an honorary degree .
Pennant married Elizabeth Falconer , the daughter of Lieutenant James Falconer of the Royal Navy , in 1759 and they had a son , David Pennant , born in 1763 . Pennant 's wife died the following year and fourteen years later he married Ann Mostyn , daughter of Sir Thomas Mostyn of Mostyn , Flintshire .
= = Interests = =
A visit to Cornwall in 1746 – 1747 , where he met the antiquary and naturalist William Borlase , awakened an interest in minerals and fossils which formed his main scientific study during the 1750s . In 1750 , his account of an earthquake at Downing was inserted in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society , where there also appeared in 1756 a paper on several coralloid bodies he had collected at Coalbrookdale , Shropshire . More practically , Pennant used his geological knowledge to open a lead mine , which helped to finance improvements at Downing after he had inherited the estate in 1763 .
In 1754 , he was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries but by 1760 he was happily married and resigned his fellowship because " my circumstances at that time were very narrow , my worthy father being alive , and I vainly thought my happiness would have been permanent , and that I never should have been called again from my retirement to amuse myself in town , or to be of use to the society . " When his financial circumstances later improved , he became a patron and collector . He amassed a considerable collection of works of art , many of which had been commissioned and which were selected for their scientific interest rather than their connoisseur value . He had several works by Nicholas Pocock representing topographical landforms , mostly in Wales , and others by the artist Peter Paillou , probably commissioned , representing different climate types . His portrait by Thomas Gainsborough shows him as a country gentleman . Also included in the " Pennant Collection " , housed at the National Library of Wales , are many watercolours by Moses Griffiths and John Ingleby , and some drawings by Pennant himself .
The artist Moses Griffiths , a native of Bryncroes in the Llŷn Peninsula , provided illustrations to most of Pennant 's books . He was employed full @-@ time by Pennant and accommodated at Downing . Many of these paintings are included in the Pennant Collection held by the National Museum of Wales . Another artist whom Pennant employed on an occasional basis was John Ingleby of Halkin . He mostly supplied town scenes and vignettes .
= = Scientific work and publications = =
= = = Early works = = =
Pennant 's first publications were scientific papers on the earthquake he had experienced , other geological subjects and palaeontology . One of these so impressed Carl Linnaeus , that in 1757 , he put Pennant 's name forward and he was duly elected a member of the Royal Swedish Society of Sciences . Pennant felt very honoured by this and continued to correspond with Linnaeus throughout his life .
Observing that naturalists in other European countries were producing volumes describing the animals found in their territories , Pennant started , in 1761 , a similar work about Britain , to be called British Zoology . This was a comprehensive book with 132 folio plates in colour . It was published in 1766 and 1767 in four volumes as quarto editions , and further small editions followed . The illustrations were so expensive to produce that he made little money from the publication , and when there was a profit , he gave it to charity . For example , the bookseller Benjamin White , brother of the naturalist Gilbert White , received permission , on payment of £ 100 , to publish an octavo edition , and the money thus raised was donated to the Welsh Charity School . Further appendix volumes were added later and the text , largely written from personal observations , was translated into Latin and German .
The book took several years to write and during that time , Pennant was struck by personal tragedy when his wife died . Soon afterwards , in February 1765 and apparently as a reaction , he set out on a journey to the continent of Europe , starting in France where he met other naturalists and scientists including the Comte de Buffon , Voltaire , who he described as a " wicked wit " , Haller and Pallas , and they continued to correspond to their mutual advantage . He later complained that the Comte used several of his communications on animals in his Histoire Naturelle without properly attributing them to Pennant . His meeting with Pallas was significant , because it led Pennant to write his Synopsis of Quadrupeds . He and Pallas found each other 's company particularly congenial , and both were great admirers of the English naturalist John Ray . The intention was that Pallas would write the book but , having written an outline of what he planned , he got called away by the Empress Catherine the Great to her court at St Petersburg . At her request he led a " philosophical expedition " into her distant territories that lasted six years , so Pennant took over the project .
In 1767 Pennant was elected a fellow of the Royal Society . About this time he met the much @-@ travelled Sir Joseph Banks and visited him at his home in Lincolnshire . Banks presented him with the skin of a new species of penguin recently brought back from the Falkland Islands . Pennant wrote an account of this bird , the king penguin ( Aptenodytes patagonicus ) , and all the other known species of penguin which was published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .
= = = Tours in Scotland = = =
While work on the Synopsis of Quadrupeds was still in progress , Pennant decided on a journey to Scotland , a relatively unexplored country and not previously visited by a naturalist . He set out in June 1769 and kept a journal and made sketches as he travelled . He visited the Farne Islands off the Northumberland coast on the way and was much impressed by the breeding seabird colonies . He entered Scotland via Berwick @-@ on @-@ Tweed and proceeded via Edinburgh and up the east coast , continuing through Perth , Aberdeen and Inverness . His return journey south took him through Fort William , Glen Awe , Inverary and Glasgow . He was unimpressed by the climate but was interested in all he saw and made enquiries about the local economy . He described in detail the scenery around Loch Ness . He enthused over the Arctic char , a fish new to him but did not mention a monster in the lake . He observed red deer , black grouse , white hares and ptarmigan . He saw the capercaillie in the forests of Glenmoriston and Strathglass and mentioned the pine grosbeak , the only occasion on which it has been recorded from Scotland . He enquired into the fisheries and commerce of the different places he passed through and visited the great houses , reporting on the antiquities he found there . He finished his journey by visiting Edinburgh again and travelling through Moffat , Gretna and Carlisle on his way back to Wales , having taken about three months on his travels . On his return home , Pennant wrote an account of his tour in Scotland which met with some acclaim and which may have been responsible for an increase in the number of English people visiting the country .
In 1771 his Synopsis of Quadrupeds was published ; a second edition was expanded into a History of Quadrupeds . At the end of that same year , 1771 , he published A Tour in Scotland in 1769 . This proved so popular that he decided to undertake another journey and in the summer of 1772 , set out from Chester with two companions , the Rev. John Lightfoot , a naturalist , and Rev. J. Stewart , a Scotsman knowledgeable in the customs of the country . They travelled through the Lake District , Carlisle , Eskdale , which Pennant much admired , Dumfries and Glasgow . In passing , he was fascinated by the account of the inundation of the surrounding farmland by a bursting out of the Solway Moss peatbog . The party set sail in a ninety @-@ ton cutter from Greenock to explore the outer isles . They first visited Bute and Arran and then continued to Ailsa Craig . Pennant was interested in the birds , frogs and molluscs and considered their distribution . The boat then rounded the Mull of Kintyre and continued to Gigha . They would have continued to Islay but were becalmed . During this enforced idleness , the ever @-@ industrious Pennant started on his ancient history of the Hebrides . When the wind picked up they continued to Jura .
Here , as elsewhere , they were hospitably welcomed , lent horses to explore the island and shown the principal sights and the improvements that had been made . Pennant records the scenery , customs and superstitions of the inhabitants with many an anecdote . They later reached Islay where Pennant found geese nesting on the moors , a more southerly nesting site for geese than had previously been recorded . Their journey next took them to Colonsay , Iona and Canna and eventually to Mull and Skye . A projected journey to Staffa was prevented by adverse weather . Returning to the mainland , the party paid off their boat and attempted to travel northwards to the most northerly tip of Scotland . In this they were thwarted and had to retrace their route , having met bogs , hazardous rocks and country that even their " shoeless little steeds " had difficulty in negotiating . They returned to Skye for a while before parting company , Pennant continuing his tour while his companions returned to England , Lightfoot carrying with him most of the material he would later use when writing his Flora Scotica . Pennant visited Inverary , Dunkeld , Perth and Montrose . In the latter , he was surprised to learn that sixty or seventy thousand lobsters were caught and sent to London each year . He then travelled via Edinburgh , through Roxboroughshire and beside the River Tweed to cross the border at Birgham . Once in England he travelled rapidly home to Downing .
= = = Later works = = =
Pennant 's next publication , in 1774 , was his account of the second journey to Scotland . This was in two volumes with the second appearing in 1776 . These works include so much detail of the countryside , its economy , natural history and the customs of the inhabitants that they are still of interest today by way of comparison with the very different state of things now . While these volumes were in preparation , he started some new projects . In 1773 he returned to Cumberland , Westmorland and Yorkshire to visit the parts of them that he had missed previously . As with all his tours , he travelled on horseback , keeping his daily journal and accompanied by Moses Griffith who made copious sketches on the way . Pennant seems to have been an unpretentious man of simple tastes , who was welcomed into the homes of strangers wherever he went . He also made tours in Northamptonshire and the Isle of Man . Whenever he travelled to London he took a slightly different route , again recording what he saw and did and on the basis of these details , some years later he wrote his Journey from Chester to London . On one of these journeys , the church he visited at Buckingham in the morning collapsed into ruins that evening .
Over the next few years , Pennant made various excursions in North Wales . As with his other tours , he started from Downing . Almost one hundred pages in the first volume that he subsequently wrote were about the ancient city of Chester . His emphasis in these books was on history and the antiquities he saw , rather than on natural history . He was interested in Owain Glendower and his struggle with Henry IV for supremacy in Wales . The first volume of Tour in Wales was published in 1778 but covered a limited area of the country . In an attempt to remedy this , it was followed by a Journey to Snowdon ( part one in 1781 and part two in 1783 ) , and these later jointly became the second volume of his Tour . Although these also concentrated on the history of the places visited , they provided some information on the zoology and botany , in the later case with the assistance of Reverend Lightfoot . Pennant includes tales of the strongwoman and harpist Marged ferch Ifan although its not clear if he met her . Pennant mentions tales of the beaver 's presence on the River Conwy with a deep stretch being known as " Llyn yr afangc " ( Beaver 's pool ) . He also records herons nesting at the top of the cliffs at St Orme 's Head above the noisy gulls , razorbills , guillemots and cormorants which had their own nesting zones further down .
Pennant 's interests ranged widely . In 1781 , he had a paper published in the Philosophical Transactions on the origins of the turkey , arguing that it was a North American bird and not an Old World species . Another paper , published at the instigation of Sir Joseph Banks , was on earthquakes , several of which he had experienced in Flintshire . In the same year he was made an honorary member of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland and in 1783 , he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , and separately , a member of the Swedish Royal Physiographic Society in Lund .
In 1782 , Pennant published his Journey from Chester to London . He had then intended to write a " Zoology of North America " but as he explained in the " Advertisement " , since he felt mortified by the loss of British control over America , this was changed to Arctic Zoology . The book was published , with illustrations by Peter Brown , in 1785 – 1787 . The first volume was on quadrupeds and the second on birds . Compilation of the latter was assisted by an expedition Sir Joseph Banks had made to Newfoundland in 1786 . The work was translated into German and French , and part of it into Swedish . The volumes were much acclaimed and Pennant was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society . In 1787 , a supplementary volume was published which included extra information on the reptiles and fishes of North America .
Pennant is rarely thought of as a poet , but in 1782 he was moved to write an " elegant little poem " , Ode to Indifference , as he explains " on account of a Lady speaking in praise of Indifference " . In it he " wittily constructs an erotic lyric from the invocation to John Milton 's L 'Allegro . " It includes the lines
Fly , Indifference , hated maid ,
Seek Spitsbergen 's horrid shade ,
...
Teach the sweet coquette to know
Heart of ice in breast of snow ;
In 1790 he published his Account of London , which went through a large number of editions . It was written in the style of his previous works and contained information on things of historical interest in the parts of the capital to which his wanderings led him . By this stage of his life he preferred to make tours in his imagination rather than in reality and he published a second edition of his Indian Zoology . He also conceived the idea of publishing a work on a global scale and set to work on the first two volumes of what was planned to be a fourteen volume series . Each country was to have maps and sketches , colour plates and an account of the country 's production with notes on its natural history . All this was to be gleaned from the writing of others who had seen these places themselves . The first two volumes appeared early in 1798 and covered most of India and Ceylon . Volumes three and four included the parts of India east of the Ganges , Malaysia , Japan and China but before these were published he suffered a gradual decline in health and vigour and died at Downing , in December 1798 . These two volumes were edited and published posthumously by his son , David , as were also several other short papers and an autobiographical work , The literary life of the late Thomas Pennant , Esq . By himself ..
= = Correspondents = =
Pennant met and corresponded widely over many years with other naturalists . This gave him privileged access to manuscripts and specimens , and his writings sometimes provide information about otherwise lost discoveries . For example , he visited the botanist Joseph Banks in September 1771 on his return from Captain James Cook 's four @-@ year voyage of exploration ; Banks appears to have passed his bird specimens on to Pennant . Pennant 's manuscripts describe the birds that Banks saw on the voyage ; and when he read John Latham 's A General Synopsis of Birds ( 1781 – 1785 ) , Pennant saw that Latham had omitted some of the land birds from Eastern Australia that Banks had collected , and wrote to Latham to fill in the gaps . The naturalist Peter Simon Pallas asked Banks to inform Pennant of " the unhappy fate of Captn . Cook " , and in December 1779 he wrote to Pennant himself , telling the story .
Letters to Pennant from the parson @-@ naturalist Gilbert White form the first part of White 's 1789 book , The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne . It is almost certain that the men were introduced by Gilbert 's brother Benjamin White , Pennant 's publisher ; Gilbert seized on the opportunity to correspond , as a way of overcoming the intellectual isolation of Selborne in the absence of suitable learned societies at which he could read papers and share ideas . He knew that Pennant , with little skill or inclination as a field naturalist , was gathering observations to publish in his books ; he quickly determined that he would make his own use of the correspondence , and kept copies of every letter he sent to Pennant . White was more careful than Pennant , and was sometimes critical ; for example , in 1769 he objected that the goatsucker did not only make its sound while flying as Pennant asserted , so it was wrong to suppose that the noise must be made by the air beating against its " vastly extended mouth " . Pennant accepted White 's criticisms graciously . Unfortunately Pennant 's letters to White have been lost : White 's Natural History begins with 44 of White 's letters to Pennant , of which the first nine were never posted ; the remaining 35 letters are dated between 4 August 1767 and 30 November 1780 , covering topics as varied as whether swallows hibernate or migrate ( letter 10 ) , ring ousels ( letter 20 ) , whether peacock trains are really tails ( letter 35 ) , and thunderstorms ( letter 44 ) .
= = Works by Pennant = =
A Tour in Scotland 1769 . John Monk , 1771 .
A Synopsis of Quadrupeds . John Monk , 1771 .
A Tour in Scotland , and Voyage to the Hebrides 1772 . John Monk , 1774 .
Genera of Birds . Balfour and Smellie , 1773 .
British Zoology . Benjamin White , 1776 – 1777 .
A Tour in Wales . H.D. Symonds , 1778 & 1781 .
A History of Quadrupeds . John Monk , 1781 .
Free Thoughts on the Militia Laws . Benjamin White , 1781 .
The Journey to Snowdon . Henry Hughs , 1781 .
The Journey from Chester to London . Benjamin White , 1782 .
Arctic Zoology . Henry Hughs , 1784 – 1787 .
Of the Patagonians . George Allan ( private press ) , 1788 .
Of London . Robert Faulder , 1790 .
Indian Zoology . Robert Faulder , 1790 .
A Letter to a member of parliament : On Mail @-@ Coaches . R. Faulder , 1792 .
The Literary Life of the Late Thomas Pennant . Benjamin and J. White , 1793 .
The History of the Parishes of Whiteford and Holywell . Benjamin and J. White , 1796 .
The View of Hindoostan . Henry Hughs , 1798 – 1800 .
Western Hindoostan . Henry Hughs , 1798 .
The View of India extra Gangem , China , and Japan . L. Hansard , 1800 .
The View of the Malayan Isles , New Holland , and the Spicy Isles . John White , 1800 .
A Journey from London to the Isle of Wight . E. Harding , 1801 .
From Dover to the Isle of Wight . Wilson , 1801 .
A Tour from Downing to Alston @-@ Moor . E. Harding , 1801 .
A Tour from Alston @-@ Moor to Harrowgate , and Brimham Crags . J. Scott , 1804 .
= = Reception = =
Pennant 's two Scottish tours were praised by critics , as were his natural history books . The Critical Review called the Tour in Scotland 1769 " the best itinerary which has hitherto been written on that country " . Pennant 's two Scottish tours made him the best known writer on Scotland , and stimulated the great literary figure of the age , Dr Johnson , to travel in Scotland and especially to the Hebrides , resulting in notable works by both Johnson ( A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland , 1775 ) and his friend and biographer James Boswell ( The Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides , 1786 ) , According to the historian David Allan , all three of these " famous " texts were " deliberate attempts ... to educate their English readers about Scotland . The intention here was usually to instil both a genuine curiosity and a profound sympathy for their fellow Britons " in marked contrast , in Allan 's view , to the prevailing English ignorance and hostility to the people of Scotland ; and he cites evidence that readers found it " a beguiling vision that literally prescribed how they would now see and respond — positively , fondly , inquisitively — to Scotland and its culture " . With rare praise , Johnson said of Pennant " ... he 's the best traveller I ever read ; he observes more things than anyone else does . " And in 1777 , Johnson said to Boswell " Our ramble in the islands hangs upon my imagination . I can hardly help imagining that we shall go again . Pennant seems to have seen a great deal which we did not see . When we travel again let us look better about us . "
The Gentleman 's Magazine of 1797 reviewed The History of the Parishes of Whiteford and Holywell , commenting on his claim ( " Resurgam " , Latin for ' I shall rise ' ) to have returned from the dead ( having announced the end of his literary life back in 1791 ) , and continuing to joke about his excesses throughout . For example the review remarks that the portrait of " the late Pretender " to the throne " at a certain time , might have cost its possessor [ Pennant ] his seat on the bench of justices " .
= = Legacy = =
After Pennant 's death , the French zoologist and naturalist Georges Cuvier wrote of him " When the life of a man is entirely devoted to the sciences , it cannot be expected that it will present a variety of incident ; it will be found most truly in the analysis of his works . " Pennant is cited as an authority by Thomas Bewick throughout his pioneering field guide , A History of British Birds ( 2 volumes , 1797 and 1804 ) . For example , under " The Golden Eagle " , Bewick writes that " Pennant says there are instances , though rare , of their having bred in Snowdon Hills " . Bewick cites him for facts about rare species like " The Sclavonian Grebe " : " This species is not numerous in the British Isles . Pennant says , they inhabit and breed in the fens near Spalding , in Lincolnshire , and that the female makes a nest not unlike that of the Crested Grebe , and lays four or five white eggs . " On occasion , Pennant 's knowledge could be highly specific : for " The Great @-@ Crested Grebe " , Bewick records that the nest " is made of various kinds of dried fibres , stalks and leaves of water plants , and ( Pennant says ) of the roots of bugbane , stalks of water @-@ lily , pond @-@ weed and water @-@ violet ; when it happens to be blown from among the reeds , it floats about upon the surface of the water " .
The naturalist Richard Mabey wrote that Pennant was " a doughty and open @-@ minded traveller , and his various Tours were best @-@ sellers in their time " , adding Samuel Johnson 's comment that Pennant was " the best traveller I ever read " . Mabey however comments that he " had no great aptitude or instinct for field @-@ work and nothing approaching [ Gilbert ] White 's critical intelligence " , arguing that Pennant " was essentially an intellectual entrepreneur , a popularizer and compiler of other people 's observations and ideas , and was able to produce a large number of very readable guides as a result . " Mabey adds that Pennant had a " pushy and bombastic manner , and a reliance on second @-@ hand information that at times came close to plagiarism " but admits that he was an innovative author of books , in particular by seeking original reports " from a wide network of field observers " , meeting the fashion in the 1760s for natural history journalism .
Pennant 's exploration of the Western Isles of Scotland was revisited by Nicholas Crane in a television documentary programme first broadcast on BBC Two on 16 August 2007 , as part of the " Great British Journeys " series . Pennant was the subject of the first in the eight part series . The Thomas Pennant Society was formed in 2007 as a result of an initiative by an informal group , the Cymdeithas Thomas Pennant . It aims to foster his memory and arranges a programme of events connected with him including publishing leaflets and booklets , holding lectures and arranging walks in " Pennant Country " . It also holds an annual dinner . In 2013 , the society proposed to Flintshire County Council that " Holywell and the north Flintshire area " be designated ' Pennant Country ' . Some Holywell town councillors voiced reservations .
= = Species named after him = =
The following marine species were named with the epithets pennanti , pennantii and pennantiana :
Anchomasa pennantiana Leach in Gray , 1852 : synonym of Barnea parva ( Pennant , 1777 )
Arca pennantiana Leach in Gray , 1852 : synonym of Striarca lactea ( Linnaeus , 1758 )
Argentina pennanti Walbaum , 1792 : synonym of Maurolicus muelleri ( Gmelin , 1789 )
Blennius pennantii Yarrell , 1835 : synonym of Chirolophis ascanii ( Walbaum , 1792 )
Cardium pennanti Reeve , 1844 : synonym of Laevicardium crassum ( Gmelin , 1791 )
Cardium pennantii Reeve , 1844 : synonym of Laevicardium crassum ( Gmelin , 1791 )
Coregonus pennantii
Ebalia pennantii Leach , 1817 : synonym of Ebalia tuberosa ( Pennant , 1777 )
Funambulus pennantii
Gibbula pennanti ( Philippi , 1846 )
Lamna pennanti ( Walbaum , 1792 ) : synonym of Lamna nasus ( Bonnaterre , 1788 )
Maurolicus pennanti ( Walbaum , 1792 ) : synonym of Maurolicus muelleri ( Gmelin , 1789 )
Ovula pennantiana Leach , 1847 : synonym of Simnia patula ( Pennant , 1777 )
Pasiphaë pennantia Leach in Gray , 1852 : synonym of Timoclea ovata ( Pennant , 1777 )
Procolobus pennantii Waterhouse , 1838
Selachus pennantii Cornish , 1885 : synonym of Cetorhinus maximus ( Gunnerus , 1765 )
Squalus pennanti Walbaum , 1792 : synonym of Lamna nasus ( Bonnaterre , 1788 )
Tetrodon pennantii Yarrell , 1836 : synonym of Lagocephalus lagocephalus lagocephalus ( Linnaeus , 1758 )
Trochus pennanti Philippi , 1846 : synonym of Gibbula pennanti ( Philippi , 1846 )
Venus pennanti Forbes , 1838 : synonym of Chamelea striatula ( da Costa , 1778 )
Venus pennantii Forbes , 1838 : synonym of Chamelea striatula ( da Costa , 1778 )
Vermilia pennantii Quatrefages , 1866 : synonym of Pomatoceros triqueter ( Linnaeus , 1758 ) : synonym of Spirobranchus triqueter ( Linnaeus , 1758 )
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= Smoothtooth blacktip shark =
The smoothtooth blacktip shark ( Carcharhinus leiodon ) is a species of requiem shark , in the family Carcharhinidae . It is known only from the type specimen caught from the Gulf of Aden , off eastern Yemen , and a handful of additional specimens caught from the Persian Gulf , off Kuwait . Reaching 1 @.@ 2 m ( 3 @.@ 9 ft ) in length , this species has a stocky greenish @-@ colored body , a short snout , and black @-@ tipped fins . It can be distinguished from similar species by its teeth , which are narrow , erect , and smooth @-@ edged .
Little is known of the smoothtooth blacktip shark 's natural history ; it likely inhabits shallow waters and feeds on small bony fishes . It is presumably viviparous like other members of its family . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) last assessed this species as Vulnerable , when only the sole type specimen was known . Although more specimens have since been discovered , the conservation status of this species remains precarious due to heavy fishing and habitat degradation within its range .
= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
The first known specimen of the smoothtooth blacktip shark was a 75 cm ( 30 in ) long immature male caught by Wilhelm Hein in 1902 and deposited at the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna . The location was recorded as the Gulf of Aden near " Gischin " , which likely refers to the town of Qishn in eastern Yemen . In 1985 , the shark was examined and described as a new species by New Zealand ichthyologist Jack Garrick in a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) Technical Report . He gave it the specific epithet leiodon , from the Greek leios meaning " smooth " , and odon meaning " tooth " . This species was known only by the single specimen until 2008 , when fishery surveys in Kuwait uncovered several more specimens .
Based on morphology , Leonard Compagno in 1988 tentatively grouped the smoothtooth blacktip shark with the spinner shark ( C. brevipinna ) , the blacktip shark ( C. limbatus ) , the graceful shark ( C. amblyrhynchoides ) , and the finetooth shark ( C. isodon ) . Using molecular phylogenetic techniques on mitochondrial DNA sequences , Alec Moore and colleagues reported in 2011 that this species is closely related to the graceful shark , the blacktip shark , and the Australian blacktip shark ( C. tilstoni ) .
= = Description = =
Superficially , the smoothtooth blacktip shark resembles the blacktip reef shark ( C. melanopterus ) . It is rather robust in build , with a short and blunt snout . The large nostrils are preceded by well @-@ developed , triangular flaps of skin . The small , circular eyes are equipped with nictitating membranes . The mouth forms a wide arch and has very short furrows at the corners . There are 16 upper and 14 – 15 lower tooth rows on either side , along with two to three small teeth at the symphysis ( center ) of either jaw . The teeth are distinctive in shape , having narrow , upright cusps without serrations ; finetooth sharks and juvenile spinner sharks are the only other members of Carcharhinus with similar teeth . The five pairs of gill slits are long .
The fairly long and pointed pectoral fins are slightly falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) and originate between the fourth and fifth gill slits . The first dorsal fin is medium @-@ sized and triangular with a pointed apex , and originates over the rear of the pectoral fin bases . The second dorsal fin is small and positioned opposite the anal fin . There is no ridge between the dorsal fins . The pelvic fins are triangular and larger than the anal fin , which has a deep notch in the trailing margin . A crescent @-@ shaped notch is present on the caudal peduncle at the upper caudal fin origin . The caudal fin is asymmetrical , with a well @-@ developed lower lobe and a longer upper lobe with a ventral notch near the tip . The dermal denticles are slightly overlapping and bear three prominent horizontal ridges leading to three or five marginal teeth . This species is greenish yellow to greenish gray above , sometimes with a scattering of tiny dark dots . The underside is white , which extends in a pale band onto the flanks . All the fins have sharply defined black tips , and there is a broad , dark midline stripe running from the second dorsal fin base to the tip of the upper caudal fin lobe . The largest recorded specimen is 1 @.@ 2 m ( 3 @.@ 9 ft ) long .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The smoothtooth blacktip shark has only been recorded from eastern Yemen and Kuwait , some 3 @,@ 000 km ( 1 @,@ 900 mi ) apart . These two locations differ markedly : the Gulf of Aden near Yemen is over 2 @.@ 5 km ( 1 @.@ 6 mi ) deep with a narrow continental shelf and no permanent riverine inputs , while the Persian Gulf near Kuwait is entirely shallower than 40 m ( 130 ft ) and receives abundant freshwater from the Tigris @-@ Euphrates @-@ Karun river system . The Kuwait specimens were obtained from fish markets ; given the practices of Kuwaiti speedboat fishers , this shark can be supposed to inhabit shallow , coastal waters . Still , these waters encompass a range of habitats from estuaries to coral reefs , and thus the habitat requirements of the smoothtooth blacktip shark remain largely unknown .
= = Biology and ecology = =
Considering its resemblance to the blacktip reef shark , the smoothtooth blacktip shark may play an equivalent shallow @-@ water ecological role within its range . It is known to feed on marine catfish , and its diet probably also includes other small bony fishes . This species is presumably viviparous like all other Carcharhinus species , with the developing young sustained to term by a placental connection to the mother . Judging from the available specimens , males reach sexual maturity at some point between 0 @.@ 9 and 1 @.@ 2 m ( 3 @.@ 0 and 3 @.@ 9 ft ) long .
= = Human interactions = =
Prior to the finding of additional specimens in Kuwait , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) assessed the smoothtooth blacktip shark as Vulnerable based on its presumed small range and population . Despite the discovery of a second subpopulation off Kuwait , this species likely still warrants a Vulnerable assessment ( or higher ) because the waters around the Arabian Peninsula are subject to heavy fishing pressure and habitat degradation . Gillnet and other fisheries off Kuwait are known to take the smoothtooth blacktip shark as bycatch , while intensive Yemeni and Somalian shark fisheries operate in the Gulf of Aden . The status of the Yemen subpopulation is uncertain because no further specimens have been recorded since the original over a century ago .
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= Ariwara no Narihira =
Ariwara no Narihira ( 在原 業平 , 825 – 880 ) was a Japanese courtier and waka poet of the early Heian period . He was named one of both the Six Poetic Geniuses and the Thirty @-@ Six Poetic Geniuses , and one of his poems was included in the Ogura Hyakunin Isshu collection . He is also known as Zai Go @-@ Chūjō , Zai Go , Zai Chūjō or Mukashi @-@ Otoko .
There are 87 poems attributed to Narihira in court anthologies , though some attributions are dubious . Narihira 's poems are exceptionally ambiguous ; the compilers of the 10th @-@ century Kokin Wakashū thus treated them to relatively long headnotes .
Narihira 's many renowned love affairs have exerted a profound influence on later Japanese culture . Legends have held that he had affairs high priestess of the Ise Grand Shrine and the poet Ono no Komachi , and that he fathered Emperor Yōzei . His love affairs inspired The Tales of Ise , and he has ever since been a model of the handsome , amorous nobleman .
= = Biography = =
= = = Birth and ancestry = = =
Ariwara no Narihira was born in 825 . He was a grandson of two emperors : Emperor Heizei through his father , Prince Abo ; and Emperor Kanmu through his mother , Princess Ito . He was the fifth child of Prince Abo , but was supposedly the only child of Princess Ito , who lived in the former capital at Nagaoka . Some of Narihira 's poems are about his mother .
Abo was banished from the old capital Heijō @-@ kyō ( modern Nara ) to Tsukushi Province ( within modern Fukuoka ) in 824 due to his involvement in a failed coup d 'état known as the Kusuko Incident . Narihira was born during his father 's exile . After Abo 's return to Heijō , in 826 , Narihira and his brothers Yukihira , Nakahira and Morihira were made commoners and given the surname Ariwara . The scholar Ōe no Otondo was also a brother of Narihira 's .
= = = Political career = = =
Although he is remembered mainly for his poetry , Narihira was of high birth and served at court . In 841 he was appointed Lieutenant of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards , before being promoted to Lieutenant of the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards and then Chamberlain . In 849 , he held the Junior Fifth Rank , Lower Grade .
Narihira rose to the positions of Provisional Assistant Master of the Left Military Guard , Assistant Chamberlain , Provisional Minor Captain of the Left Division of Inner Palace Guards , Captain of the Right Division of the Bureau of Horses , Provisional Middle Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards , Provisional Governor of Sagami , reaching the Junior Fourth Rank , Upper Grade . By the end of his life he had risen to Chamberlain and Provisional Governor of Mino .
Literary historian and critic Donald Keene observed in his description of Narihira as the protagonist of The Tales of Ise :
Narihira combined all the qualities most admired in a Heian courtier : he was of high birth ( a grandson of the Emperor Heizei ) , extremely handsome , a gifted poet , and an all @-@ conquering lover . He was probably also an expert horseman , adept in arms , and a competent official . These aspects of his life are not emphasized in The Tales of Ise , but they distinguish Narihira from other heroes of Heian literature , including Genji .
= = = Romantic affairs = = =
Narihira was known as a great lover ; a third of his poems included in the Kokin Wakashū ( Kokinshū ) describe his various romantic affairs , and after his death the national history Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku ( compiled 901 ) said of him : " Narihira was elegant and of handsome appearance , but he was unrestrained in his self @-@ indulgence . "
The Tales of Ise portrays Narihira as falling in love with Fujiwara no Takaiko , a consort of Emperor Seiwa , and it is hinted that this was one of the reasons for his leaving the capital and travelling east . It has been speculated that this romantic affair with the consort of the emperor was the reason why the Sandai Jitsuroku describes his rank as going down from Junior Fifth Rank , Lower Grade to Senior Sixth Rank , Upper Grade , before again rising to Junior Fifth Rank , Upper Grade the following year . However , it has also been speculated that this may be an error in the Sandai Jitsuroku as a result of binding changing the order of events . Furthermore , Fujiwara no Takaiko reputedly had an affair with the monk Zen 'yū ( 善祐 ) , which may have formed the core of the otherwise fictional legend that she also had an affair with Narihira . Whether the affair was historical or not , the Reizei family 's commentary on The Tales of Ise speculates that Emperor Yōzei was a product of this union , and not the previous emperor .
One of Narihira 's most famous affairs — the one that gave The Tales of Ise its name — was said to be with Yasuko , high priestess of the Ise Grand Shrine . The Tales of Ise describes the protagonist , presumed to be Narihira , visiting Ise on a hunt , and sleeping with the priestess . However , a passage in the Kokinshū describes the meeting ambiguously , in a manner that implies Narihira did not sleep with the priestess herself but rather another woman in her service . The 12th @-@ century work Gōshidai ( 江次第 ) and the 13th @-@ century work Kojidan claim that the product of this union was Takashina no Moronao ( 高階師尚 ) , who was later adopted by Takashina no Shigenori ( 高階茂範 ) . Japanlogist Helen Craig McCullough stated there was " no evidence " the affair between Narihira and Yasuko was " more than a romantic myth " .
A headnote to poems 784 and 785 in the Kokinshū connects Narihira to the daughter of Ki no Aritsune . Medieval commentaries call her Narihira 's wife , and some modern scholars , such as Katagiri , call her Narihira 's wife , although the only early source that explicitly names her is the note in the Kokinshū . In the classical Noh play Izutsu , an adaptation by Zeami Motokiyo of " Tsutsu @-@ Izutsu " from The Tales of Ise , portrays Narihira and Ki no Aritsune 's daughter as childhood playmates who eventually marry ; Narihira is unfaithful to his wife , and her pining spirit appears to a monk after their deaths .
It has been speculated , based in part on their being considered the most beautiful man and woman of their age , that Narihira and the poet Ono no Komachi may have been lovers , but there is little evidence for this . Scholars of the 20th century such as Makane Sekitani ( 関谷真可禰 , Sekitani Makane ) have held up this speculation , which can be traced back at least as far as the 14th @-@ century historian Kitabatake Chikafusa .
Chikafusa likely used Kamakura period Kokinshū commentaries such as the extant Bishamondō @-@ bon Kokinshū @-@ chū ( 毘沙門堂本古今集注 ) , which speculates that one of Komachi 's poems was left for Narihira after a tryst . The Bishamondō @-@ bon Kokinshū @-@ chū in turn likely worked from a then @-@ common belief that fictional Tales of Ise was a genuine historical work detailing the actual events in Narihira 's life ( see above ) . Kamakura period commentaries on The Tales of Ise therefore tried to insert the names of real women where the original text simply said " a woman " , and thus inserted Ono no Komachi into several passages of the text .
The literary scholar Yōichi Katagiri concluded , on the lack of surviving evidence , that , while it is possible that Narihira and Ono no Komachi knew each other and were lovers , there was no usable evidence to say conclusively either way .
= = = Journey to the east = = =
The Kokinshū , Tales of Ise and Tales of Yamato all describe Narihira leaving Kyoto to travel east through the Tōkaidō region and crossing the Sumida River , composing poems at famous places ( see utamakura ) along the way . The Tales of Ise implies this journey was the result of the scandalous affair between Narihira and Fujiwara no Takaiko . There are doubts as to whether this journey actually took place , from the point of view both that the number of surviving poems is quite small for having made such a trip and composing poems along the way , and in terms of the historical likelihood that a courtier could have gone wandering to the other end of the country with only one or two friends keeping him company .
= = = Death = = =
According to the Sandai Jitsuroku , Narihira died on 9 July 880 ( the 28th day of the fifth month of Tenchō 6 on the Japanese calendar ) . Poem 861 in the Kokinshū , Narihira 's last , expresses his shock and regret that his death should come so soon :
= = = Burial site = = =
The location of Narihira 's grave is uncertain . In the Middle Ages he was considered a deity ( kami ) or even an avatar of the Buddha Dainichi , and so it is possible that some what have been called graves of Narihira 's are in fact sacred sites consecrated to him rather than places where he was actually believed to have been buried . Kansai University professor and scholar of The Tales of Ise Tokurō Yamamoto ( 山本登朗 , Yamamoto Tokurō ) has speculated that the small stone grove on Mount Yoshida in eastern Kyoto known as " Narihira 's burial mound " ( 業平塚 , Narihira @-@ zuka ) may be such a site . He further speculated that the site became associated with Narihira because it was near the grave @-@ site of Emperor Yōzei , who in the Middle Ages was widely believed to have secretly been fathered by Narihira . Another site traditionally believed to house Narihira 's grave is Jūrin @-@ ji ( 十輪寺 ) in western Kyoto , which is also known as " Narihira Temple " ( なりひら寺 , Narihira @-@ dera ) .
= = = Descendants = = =
Among Narihira 's children were the waka poets Muneyana ( 在原棟梁 ) and Shigeharu ( 在原滋春 ) , and at least one daughter . Through Muneyama , he was also the grandfather of the poet Ariwara no Motokata . One of his granddaughters , whose name is not known , was married to Fujiwara no Kunitsune and engaged in a clandestine affair with Taira no Sadafun .
= = Names = =
Narihira is also known by the nicknames Zai Go @-@ Chūjō ( 在五中将 ) , Zai Go ( 在五 ) and Zai Chūjō ( 在中将 ) . Zai is the Sino @-@ Japanese reading of the first character of his surname Ariwara , and Go , meaning " five " , refers to him and his four brothers Yukihira , Nakahira , Morihira , and Ōe no Otondo . Chūjō ( " Middle Captain " ) is a reference to the post he held near the end of his life , Provisional Middle Captain of the Right Division of Inner Palace Guards . After the recurring use of the phrase in The Tales of Ise , he is also known as Mukashi @-@ Otoko ( 昔男 ) .
= = Poetry = =
Narihira left a private collection , the Narihira @-@ shū ( 業平集 ) , which was included in the Sanjūrokunin @-@ shū ( 三十六人集 ) . This was likely compiled by a later editor , after the compilation of the Gosen Wakashū in the mid @-@ 10th century .
Thirty poems attributed to Narihira were included in the early 10th @-@ century Kokinshū , and many more in later anthologies , but the attributions are dubious . Ki no Tsurayuki mentioned Narihira in his kana preface to the Kokinshū as one of the Six Poetic Geniuses — important poets of an earlier age . He was also included in Fujiwara no Kintō 's later Thirty @-@ Six Poetic Geniuses .
Of the eleven poems the Gosen Wakashū attributed to Narihira , several were really by others — for example , two were actually by Fujiwara no Nakahira and one by Ōshikōchi no Mitsune . The Shin Kokinshū and later court anthologies attribute more poems to Narihira , but many of these were likely misunderstood to have been written by him because of their appearance in The Tales of Ise . Some of these were probably composed after Narihira 's death . Combined , poems attributed to Narihira in court anthologies total 87 .
The following poem by Narihira was included as No. 17 in Fujiwara no Teika 's Ogura Hyakunin Isshu :
= = = Characteristic style = = =
Although at least some of the poems attributed to Narihira in imperial anthologies are dubious , there is a large enough body of his work contained in the relatively reliable Kokinshū for scholars to discuss Narihira 's poetic style . Narihira made use of engo ( related words ) and kakekotoba ( pivot words ) .
The following poem , number 618 in the Kokinshū , is cited by Keene as an example of Narihira 's use of engo related to water :
The " water " engo are nagame ( " brooding " , but a pun on naga @-@ ame " long rain " ) , namidagawa ( " a river of tears " ) and nurete ( " is soaked " ) .
Narihira 's poems are exceptionally ambiguous by Kokinshū standards , and so were treated by the anthology 's compilers to relatively long headnotes . He was the only poet in the collection to receive this treatment . An example of Narihira 's characteristic ambiguity that Keene cites is Kokinshū No. 747 :
Scholars have subjected this poem , Narihira 's most famous , to several conflicting interpretations in recent centuries . The Edo @-@ period kokugaku scholar Motoori Norinaga interpreted the first part of it as a pair of rhetorical questions , marked by the particle ya . He explained away the logical inconsistency with the latter part of the poem that his reading introduced by reading in an " implied " conclusion that though the poet remains the same as before , everything somehow feels different . The late @-@ Edo period waka poet Kagawa Kageki ( 香川景樹 , 1768 – 1843 ) took a different view , interpreting the ya as exclamatory : the moon and spring are not those of before , and only the poet himself remains unchanged .
A similar problem of interpretation has also plagued Narihira 's last poem ( quoted above ) . The fourth line , kinō kyō to wa , is most normally read as " ( I never thought ) that it might be yesterday or today " , but has been occasionally interpreted by scholars to mean " until yesterday I never thought it might be today " ; others take it as simply meaning " right about now " . But the emotion behind the poem is nonetheless clear : Narihira , who died in his fifties , always knew he must die someday , but is nonetheless shocked that his time has come so soon .
= = = Reception = = =
Tsurayuki 's preface to the Kokinshū describes Narihira 's poems as containing " too much feeling and insufficient words . They are like faded flowers whose colour has been lost but which retain a lingering fragrance " . Ki no Yoshimochi repeats this in his Chinese preface to the Kokinshū , though according to literary scholars Rodd and Henkenius , it may not be negative criticism , and may even " be seen as complimentary " . It likely refers to the subjective , emotional nature of his poetry ; they say that " ' insufficient ' may suggest that many of his poems are misleading or unintelligible without explanatory headnotes " , and perhaps indicates that " even though Narihira approached the art in an unconventional manner , his poetry succeeds " .
Keene pointed out that this criticism likely reflected a change in literary tastes in the decades between Narihira 's compositions and Tsurayuki 's criticisms . His history of Japanese literature , Seeds in the Heart concluded its discussion of Narihira with the following :
Narihira was not a profound poet . His surviving poems are mainly occasional , and even when the expression suggests deeply felt emotion , its worldly manner keeps his poetry from attaining the grandeur of the best Man 'yōshū poems in the same vein . He is nevertheless of historical importance as one who maintained the traditions of the waka during the long night of the dominance of poetry in Chinese .
Poet and translator Peter McMillan says the large number of Narihira 's poems included in the Kokinshū and later court anthologies is an indicator of the high regard in which his poetry was held .
= = Connection to The Tales of Ise = =
The Tales of Ise is a collection of narrative episodes , centred on Narihira , and presenting poems he had composed , along with narratives explaining what had inspired the poems .
Narihira was once widely considered the author of the work , but scholars have come to reject this attribution . Keene speculates that it is at least possible that Narihira originally composed the work from his and others ' poems as a kind of inventive autobiography , and some later author came across his manuscript after his death and expanded on it . The protagonist of the work was likely modelled on him . The work itself was likely put together in something resembling its present form by the middle of 10th century , and took several decades starting with Narihira 's death .
Three stages have been identified in the composition of the work . The first of these stages would have been based primarily on poems actually composed by Narihira , although the background details provided were not necessarily historical . The second saw poems added to the first layer that were not necessarily by Narihira , and had a higher proportion of fiction to fact . The third and final stage saw some later author adding the use of Narihira 's name , and treating him as a legendary figure of the past .
The late 11th @-@ century Tale of Sagoromo refers to Ise by the variant name Zaigo Chūjō no Nikki ( " Narihira 's diary " ) .
= = Influence on later Japanese culture = =
In later centuries Narihira has been considered the epitome of the amorous bel homme , and his romantic escapades have given rise to many later legends . He and his contemporary Ono no Komachi were considered the archetypes of the beautiful man and woman of the Heian court , and appear as such in many later literary works , particularly in Noh theatre .
It is believed Narihira was one of the men who inspired Murasaki Shikibu when she created Hikaru Genji , the protagonist of The Tale of Genji . Genji makes allusion to The Tales of Ise and draws parallels between their respective protagonists . Though not directly stated in the text , later commentators have interpreted The Tales of Ise as implying that Narihira 's illicit union with the empress Fujiwara no Takaiko made him the true father of Emperor Yōzei ; whether Murasaki interpreted the work this way is uncertain , but The Tale of Genji describes a very similar incident in which the protagonist , a former imperial prince made a commoner , has an affair with an empress and sires a son who ultimately becomes emperor as his true parentage is kept secret . Narihira appears in tales such as 35 and 36 of Book 24 of the late Haeian @-@ period Konjaku Monogatarishū .
Along with his contemporary Ono no Komachi and the protagonist of The Tale of Genji , Narihira figured prominently in Edo @-@ period ukiyo @-@ e prints and was alluded to in the ukiyo @-@ zōshi of Ihara Saikaku .
The 16th @-@ century warrior Ōtomo Yoshiaki used Narihira and the courtly world of The Tales of Ise as an ironic reference in a poem he composed about the severed head of his defeated enemy Tachibana Nagatoshi ( 立花 長俊 ) , the lord of Tachibana Castle in Chikuzen Province , whom he killed 10 March 1550 .
= = Gallery = =
Ariwara no Narihira image gallery
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= Flywheel , Shyster , and Flywheel =
Flywheel , Shyster , and Flywheel is a situation comedy radio show starring two of the Marx Brothers , Groucho and Chico , and written primarily by Nat Perrin and Arthur Sheekman . The series was originally broadcast in the United States on the National Broadcasting Company 's Blue Network beginning November 28 , 1932 , and ended May 22 , 1933 . Sponsored by the Standard Oil Companies of New Jersey , Pennsylvania and Louisiana and the Colonial Beacon Oil Company , it was the Monday night installment of the Five @-@ Star Theater , an old @-@ time radio variety series that offered a different program each weeknight . Episodes were broadcast live from NBC 's WJZ station in New York City and later from a sound stage at RKO Pictures in Los Angeles , California , before returning to WJZ for the final episodes .
The program depicts the misadventures of a small law firm , with Groucho as attorney Waldorf T. Flywheel and Chico as Flywheel 's assistant , Emmanuel Ravelli . The series was originally titled Beagle , Shyster , and Beagle , with Groucho 's character named Waldorf T. Beagle , until a lawyer from New York named Beagle contacted NBC and threatened to file a lawsuit unless the name was dropped . Many of the episodes ' plots were drawn from Marx Brothers films .
The show garnered respectable ratings for its early evening time slot although a second season was not produced . It was thought that , like most radio shows of the time , the episodes had not been recorded and the episodes were thought lost until 1988 , when 25 of the 26 scripts were rediscovered in the Library of Congress storage and republished . Adaptations of the recovered scripts were performed and broadcast in the UK on BBC Radio 4 in 1990 . In 1996 , some recordings of the original show were discovered , including a complete recording of the last episode to air .
= = Early development = =
In 1932 Texaco introduced its " Fire Chief " gasoline to the public , so named because its octane rating was 66 , higher than the United States government 's requirements for fire engines . To advertise its new premium grade fuel , Texaco approached vaudeville comic Ed Wynn to star in a radio show titled Fire Chief . Wynn played the fire chief in front of an audience of 700 and the show was aired live over the NBC Red Network , beginning April 24 , 1932 . It immediately proved popular with over two million regular listeners and a Co @-@ Operative Analysis of Broadcasting ( CAB ) Rating of 44 @.@ 8 % .
Upon seeing the success of Wynn 's Fire Chief , the Standard Oils in New Jersey , Louisiana and Pennsylvania , and Colonial Beacon , decided to sponsor their own radio program to promote Esso Gasoline and Essolube Motor Oil . They turned to the advertising agency McCann Erickson , which developed Five @-@ Star Theater , a variety series that offered a different show each night of the week . Groucho and Chico Marx , one half of the popular vaudeville and film stars the Marx Brothers , were approached to appear in a comedy show . Harpo and Zeppo were not required , as their trademark shticks of mute and straight man did not work well on radio . Before this decision was officially reached , early drafts of the scripts featured guest appearances written for both absent brothers , with Harpo being represented through honks of his horn and other trademark sound effects .
Nat Perrin and Arthur Sheekman , who had contributed to the scripts of the Marx Brothers ' films Monkey Business ( 1931 ) and Horse Feathers ( 1932 ) , were enlisted to write the comedy show . It was titled Beagle , Shyster , and Beagle , and its premise involved an unethical lawyer / private detective and his bungling assistant .
= = Casting = =
Groucho Marx played Waldorf T. Beagle ( later renamed Waldorf T. Flywheel ) , and Chico played Emmanuel Ravelli , the same name as the Italian character he played in the film Animal Crackers ( 1930 ) . Mary McCoy played secretary Miss Dimple , and it is thought that Broderick Crawford also appeared as various characters . Groucho and Chico shared a weekly income of $ 6 @,@ 500 for appearing in the show . During the Great Depression , this was considered a high sum for 30 minutes ' work , especially since radio scripts required no memorization and only a few minutes were needed for costume , hair and makeup . By comparison , Greta Garbo 's weekly salary from Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer during the same period was also $ 6 @,@ 500 , though this was for a 40- or 50 @-@ hour week . Wynn was paid $ 5 @,@ 000 a week for Fire Chief . In contrast , almost two @-@ thirds of American families were living on fewer than $ 26 a week . In a classic Marxian twist , Harpo was paid a weekly salary for not appearing on the show , even though his mute character would have little to do in a radio program anyway .
= = Production = =
Five @-@ Star Theater was broadcast from NBC 's flagship station , WJZ in New York City . Because Groucho , Chico , Perrin , and Sheekman were living and working in Hollywood , they had to make a three @-@ day train journey from Pasadena each week , and then another three @-@ day trip back . The first episode was written as they took their first train ride to New York .
A number of Flywheel , Shyster , and Flywheel 's scripts reused plots from Marx Brothers films . The plot of Episode 17 was suggested by the stolen painting plot in Animal Crackers , though it was a " Beauregard " in the film , not a Rembrandt . The 23rd episode also reused scenes from Animal Crackers , including the stolen diamond plot and Groucho 's lines regarding the need for a seven @-@ cent nickel . Monkey Business influenced two skits in Episode 25 , and The Cocoanuts gave Episode 19 its plot . Many vaudeville acts of the 1920s based their routines on the assumption that all people were straight ; some episodes of Flywheel , Shyster , and Flywheel included relatively low @-@ key homosexual jokes taken from the Marx Brothers ' stage act .
Despite reusing scripts from other sources , Perrin said that he and Sheekman " had [ their ] hands full turning out a script each week " . They found help from Tom McKnight and George Oppenheimer , whose names were passed along to Groucho . Perrin explained , " [ Groucho ] was in the men 's room during a break , and he was complaining to the guy standing next to him , ' Geez , I wish we could find another writer or two to make life easier . ' Suddenly there 's a voice from one of the stalls : ' I 've got just the guys for you ! ' Having Tom and George did make life easier , although Arthur and I went over their scripts for a light polishing . "
After traveling to New York to perform the first seven episodes , the four men decided to broadcast from Los Angeles instead . NBC did not have a studio on the West Coast , so for the next thirteen weeks , between January 16 and April 24 , 1933 , the show was transmitted from a borrowed empty soundstage at RKO Radio Pictures . Folding chairs were brought in for the audience of around thirty or forty people – coming from vaudeville , Groucho and Chico preferred to perform to a crowd – and were quickly cleared out at the end of each performance so that the stage would be ready for any filming the following day . The last four episodes of the show were performed back at WJZ in New York .
Chico was often late to rehearsals , so Perrin would have to stand in for him on the read @-@ throughs . When Chico eventually made his appearance , Perrin remembers , " he 'd be reading Ravelli 's lines and Groucho would tell him to stop [ and make me ] ' show him how the line should be read . ' My Italian accent was better than Chico 's , you see . But Chico didn 't care . "
= = Episodes = =
Flywheel , Shyster , and Flywheel aired Monday nights at 7 : 30 p.m. on the NBC Blue Network to thirteen network affiliates in nine Eastern and Southern states . Twenty @-@ six episodes were made , which were broadcast between November 28 , 1932 and May 22 , 1933 . Each episode is introduced by the Blue Network announcer and features about fifteen minutes of drama and ten minutes of orchestral music between acts . The episodes end with Groucho and Chico – not in character , but as themselves – performing a 60 @-@ second skit promoting Esso and Essolube .
= = Reception = =
Flywheel , Shyster , and Flywheel was not a success for Standard Oil . Although the successful Marx films Monkey Business and Horse Feathers contained plots involving adultery , Variety did not appreciate them in the radio show :
That 's fine stuff for children ! Chances are that if the Marxes proceed with their law office continuity along lines like this they will never be able to hold a kid listener . Firstly because parents don 't want their children to hear about bad wives and divorces , and this isn 't an agreeable theme to kids . Which means that if the Marxes don 't look out , whatever kid following they have on the screen will be totally lost to them on the air . It 's quite likely the Marxes can make themselves on the air . But they will have to use more headwork than their first effort displayed .
Despite the content , Groucho 's 13 @-@ year @-@ old son Arthur found the show " extremely funny " , albeit conceding that he may have been " a very easy audience " .
Following the airing of the first episodes , a New York attorney named Morris Beagle filed a lawsuit for $ 300 @,@ 000 alleging his name had been slandered , and that its use was damaging his business and his health . He also claimed that people were calling his law firm and asking , " Is this Mr. Beagle ? " When he answered , " Yes " , the callers would say , " How 's your partner , Shyster ? " and hang up the phone . The sponsors and studio executives panicked , and from episode four the title of the show was changed to " Flywheel , Shyster , and Flywheel " , and Walter T. Beagle was renamed Waldorf T. Flywheel . It was explained in the episode that the character had divorced and reverted to his " maiden name " .
The CAB Rating for the show was 22 @.@ 1 % and placed 12th among the highest rated evening programs of the 1932 – 33 season . The CAB Rating was not disappointing – popular established shows such as The Shadow and The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes did not perform as well – but it was less than half of Texaco 's Fire Chief , which got a 44 @.@ 8 % CAB Rating and was the third highest @-@ rated program of the season . One reason for the lower ratings may be because of the time slot the show aired . In September 1932 , only 40 % of radio owners were listening to the radio at 7 : 00 p.m. , whereas 60 % listened at 9 : 00 p.m. The 1932 – 1933 season 's top @-@ rated shows , The Chase and Sanborn Hour , Jack Pearl 's Baron Münchhausen , and Fire Chief all aired after 9 : 00 p.m. Standard Oil decided it could not compete with Texaco in the ratings and Five @-@ Star Theater was not renewed for a second season .
In his 1959 autobiography , Groucho and Me , Groucho comments , " We thought we were doing pretty well as comic lawyers , but one day a few Middle East countries decided they wanted a bigger cut of the oil profits , or else . When this news broke , the price of gasoline nervously dropped two cents a gallon , and Chico and I , along with the other shows , were dropped from the network . " In his 1976 book , The Secret Word Is Groucho , he writes , " Company sales , as a result of our show , had risen precipitously . Profits doubled in that brief time , and Esso felt guilty taking the money . So Esso dropped us after twenty @-@ six weeks . Those were the days of guilt @-@ edged securities , which don 't exist today . "
However , the show was later praised by other comedians of the time . In 1988 , Steve Allen said , " when judged in relation to other radio comedy scripts of the early 30s , they hold up very well indeed and are , in fact , superior to the material that was produced for the Eddie Cantor , Rudy Vallee , Joe Penner school . The rapid @-@ fire jokes [ ... ] run the gamut from delightful to embarrassing . " George Burns also found it " funny " . Modern reviews of Flywheel , Shyster , and Flywheel have also been positive . The New York Times ' Herbert Mitgang described it as " one of the funniest [ ... ] radio shows of the early 1930s " , adding that " the radio dialogue was so witty and outrageous , [ an ] innocent form of original comedy – as well as serious drama " . Rob White of the British Film Institute said the show " glitter [ s ] with a thousand @-@ and @-@ one sockeroos . "
= = Rediscovery of the show = =
The episodes of Flywheel , Shyster , and Flywheel were recorded , but for many years it was thought the recordings had not been preserved . At the time of the broadcasts , pre @-@ recorded shows were frowned upon by advertisers and audiences . However , in 1988 , Michael Barson , who worked in the United States Copyright Office at the Library of Congress discovered that the scripts for twenty @-@ five of the twenty @-@ six episodes had been submitted to the Office , where they had been placed in storage . Nobody was aware that they still existed and their copyrights had not been renewed . This meant that Flywheel , Shyster , and Flywheel had fallen into the public domain . The scripts were published that same year by Pantheon in a book titled Flywheel , Shyster , and Flywheel : The Marx Brothers ' Lost Radio Show , edited by Michael Barson and with an interview with Perrin . In October 1988 , Flywheel , Shyster and Flywheel scenes were broadcast for the first time since the show went off the air in 1933 when National Public Radio , a non @-@ profit media organization that provides content to public radio stations around the United States , aired an 18 @-@ minute recreation of Flywheel , Shyster and Flywheel in markets such as Chicago , Illinois , Dallas , Texas , and Los Angeles , California , using Washington , D.C.-based Arena Stage actors to perform the Chico and Groucho lead roles from the published scripts . Years later , three recordings of Flywheel , Shyster , and Flywheel were found , including a five @-@ minute excerpt of Episode 24 and a fifteen @-@ minute recording of Episode 25 . A complete recording of Episode 26 exists and was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in 2005 .
= = BBC Radio adaptation = =
In 1990 the British Broadcasting Corporation 's Radio 4 aired a version of Flywheel , Shyster , and Flywheel . Michael Roberts and Frank Lazarus performed the lead roles of Flywheel and Ravelli , wearing make @-@ up and clothing similar to Groucho and Chico . The cast also included Lorelei King in all the female roles and guest @-@ starred Spike Milligan and Dick Vosburgh . The scripts for the BBC series were adapted for a modern British audience by Mark Brisenden and were produced and directed by Dirk Maggs . Each episode incorporated material from two or three different original episodes , and occasionally included additional jokes from Marx Brothers ' films .
Commenting on the series , Maggs has said it was his favorite among the comedies he had directed , and described how they were performed .
The great thing about audience shows is doing the effects live on stage . BBC Radio Light Entertainment tended to have the effects operator hidden away behind curtains so they wouldn 't distract the audience ! A few Light Entertainment Producers like me have reasoned over the years that the spot effects are part of the entertainment so we brought the operator out front . And in the case of Flywheel we dressed him or her up as Harpo ! Michael Roberts who played Groucho came out with such good ad libs that I was always happy to cut scripted gags to keep them . One great one was when he and Frank as Flywheel and Ravelli find themselves in a pigsty – the rest of the cast pushed in to make pig voices – and Mike ad libbed , " Imagine – two nice Jewish boys surrounded by ham " – it brought the house down .
Six episodes were performed and recorded at the Paris Theatre and aired weekly between June 2 and July 7 , 1990 . The success of the first series led to another two being commissioned . The second series aired from May 11 to June 15 , 1991 , and the third from July 11 to August 15 , 1992 . The first series was made available by BBC Enterprises on a two @-@ cassette release in 1991 , but the second and third series were not .
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= Loring Air Force Base =
Loring Air Force Base ( IATA : LIZ , ICAO : KLIZ ) was a United States Air Force installation in northeastern Maine , near Limestone and Caribou in Aroostook County . It was one of the largest bases of the U.S. Air Force 's Strategic Air Command during its existence , and was transferred to the newly created Air Combat Command in 1992 .
The base 's origins began in 1947 with an order for construction of an airfield by the New England Division of the United States Army Corps of Engineers . The chosen site , in northeastern Maine within both Limestone Township and Caswell Plantation , was the closest point in the continental U.S. to Europe , providing high strategic value during the Cold War . The base was originally named Limestone Army Air Field , and was renamed Limestone Air Force Base following the establishment of the Air Force in 1947 . It was named in 1954 for Major Charles J. Loring , Jr . , USAF , a Medal of Honor recipient during the Korean War . From 1951 to 1962 , it was co @-@ located next to Caribou Air Force Station .
Loring was home to a civilian population , many of whom were employed alongside active duty service members . The base included many amenities , such as a hospital , school , and ski hill , which facilitated the adjustment to Maine life by the civilians .
The 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended that Loring be closed and its aircraft and mission be distributed to other bases in the nation . The base was closed in September 1994 after over forty years of service . It was redeveloped by the Loring Development Authority as the Loring Commerce Centre , an industrial and aviation park ; the airfield is operated as Loring International Airport .
= = Overview = =
For the majority of its operational lifetime , Loring was a heavy bomber , aerial refueling , and interception facility for military aircraft , equipment , and supplies first as part of Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) ( 1947 – 1992 ) , then as part of the succeeding Air Combat Command ( ACC ) ( 1992 – 1994 ) .
Loring was planned in 1947 as Limestone Army Air Field and was designed with a capacity of over 100 B @-@ 36 Peacemaker strategic bombers . This plan was only partially completed due to budget constraints , but , over time , Loring became one of the largest air bases of SAC . After the B @-@ 36 was phased out , the B @-@ 52 Stratofortress was based at Loring , first with D models , then with B @-@ 52Gs . The Boeing KC @-@ 97 Stratofreighter was also based there for a number of years , until it was replaced by the better @-@ known KC @-@ 135A Stratotanker .
Loring was also home to many facilities that were a part of the base , or were nearby . Caribou Air Force Station was the weapons storage area that operated separately from Loring until it was absorbed in 1961 . Caswell Air Force Station operated to the east , but had a unit associated with Loring before it became fully operational . On @-@ base facilities included the Alert Area , which operated as a separate facility within Loring , due to crews being constantly stationed on alert . The Double Cantilever Hangar was the largest hangar at the facility , with the capacity to hold six parked B @-@ 52s , or five B @-@ 36s .
One of Loring 's major secondary missions included serving as the headquarters for the 45th Air Division from 8 October 1954 to 18 January 1958 , and on 20 November 1958 . The host wing at Loring was the 42d Bombardment Wing for all but a small portion of its early existence . Loring was primarily home to active duty units , although this changed in the 1980s , when the Massachusetts Air National Guard 's 101st Fighter Squadron sent a detachment to Loring . As the base was the closest in the U.S. to Europe , it also functioned as an important stopover point .
The 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission recommended closure of Loring AFB and it was officially closed in September 1994 . It was later reopened as the Loring Commerce Centre .
= = Major units = =
= = = 42nd Bomb Wing = = =
The 42nd Bomb Wing was the host unit at Loring AFB from 1953 until 1994 , supporting national security objectives with mission @-@ ready B @-@ 52G Stratofortresses , and KC @-@ 135 Stratotanker aircraft . The wing had the ability to deploy at any time to support both SAC , and later , ACC missions . It was operational at Loring from 1953 to 1994 .
The 42nd Operations Group ( OG ) formerly supported national security objectives , as directed by the Joint Chiefs of Staff , utilizing B @-@ 52 and KC @-@ 135 aircraft . Operational squadrons during the time of its operation at Loring included :
69th Bombardment Squadron ( B @-@ 52 , 1952 – 1991 )
70th Bombardment Squadron ( B @-@ 52 , 1953 – 1966 )
75th Bombardment Squadron ( B @-@ 52 , 1953 – 1956 )
42d Air Refueling Squadron ( KC @-@ 135 , 1955 – 1994 )
407th Air Refueling Squadron ( KC @-@ 135 , 1968 – 1990 )
All B @-@ 52s carried the " LZ " Tailcode . In addition to the 42nd OG , other components of the 42nd Bomb Wing were :
42nd Organizational Maintenance Squadron
42nd Field Maintenance Squadron
42nd Avionics Maintenance Squadron
42nd Munitions Maintenance Squadron
42nd Combat Support Group
42nd Transportation Squadron
42nd Supply Squadron
42nd Civil Engineering Squadron
42nd Consolidated headquarters Squadron
42nd Security Police Squadron
42nd Airborne Missile Maintenance Squadron ( 1964 – 1974 ) , responsible for maintenance of missiles that were fitted onto the B @-@ 52s
2192nd Communications Squadron , Air Force Communications Command unit absorbed into 42nd Bomb Wing in 1990
In 1991 , it was announced that Loring would close in 1994 . This led to the 42nd being moved to Maxwell Air Force Base in Alabama , where it became the 42nd Air Base Wing . All other squadrons of the wing were inactivated and have remained inactive , except for the 69th , which was reactivated in 2009 at Minot Air Force Base .
= = History = =
Loring AFB was named in 1954 for Major Charles J. Loring , Jr . , USAF , a Medal of Honor recipient during the Korean War . During the morning of 22 November 1952 , he led a flight of F @-@ 80 Shooting Stars on patrol over Kunwha . After beginning a dive bombing run and getting hit , he entered into a controlled dive and destroyed a Chinese gun emplacement on Sniper Ridge that was harassing United Nations troops . Limestone Air Force Base was renamed in his honor .
= = = Previous designations = = =
Designations of Loring Air Force Base :
Limestone Army Air Field ( 15 April 1947 – 5 June 1950 )
Limestone Air Force Base ( 5 June 1950 – 1 October 1954 )
= = = Major commands assigned = = =
Major commands to which the base was assigned :
Strategic Air Command , 15 April 1947 – 1 June 1992
Air Combat Command , 1 June 1992 – 30 September 1994
= = = Major units assigned = = =
Major units which were assigned to Loring :
= = = Operational history = = =
= = = = Origins = = = =
Loring AFB was carved out of the woods of Maine beginning in the late forties and officially dedicated in 1953 , named after Charles J. Loring , Jr . , who was killed in the Korean War . The closest Air Force base on the east coast to Europe , it was originally built with a capacity of 100 B @-@ 36 Peacemaker bombers and equipped with a 10 @,@ 000 @-@ foot ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) runway .
Loring was built on 14 @,@ 300 acres ( 58 km2 ) of land , making it the biggest SAC base in the country . This in turn allowed for it to have the largest capacity for weapon storage and for fuel storage in all of SAC . ( Its overall capacity ranked second among all 21 SAC bases ) . The weapons storage capacity was the highest in all of SAC , 10 @,@ 247 @,@ 882 NEW ( Net Explosive Weight ) , and it was first in all of SAC in fuel storage capacity ( 9 @,@ 193 @,@ 374 gallons ) . Fuel was delivered to the base via a 200 @-@ mile pipeline to Searsport , Maine . Ramp space at Loring exceeded 1 @.@ 1 million square yards , which made it second among all SAC bases in total ramp space , and first in excess ramp space . Furthermore , it was one of two fully capable conventional weapons storage facilities in CONUS maintained by SAC .
During the Cold War , new U.S. Air Force bases were constructed along the northern border of the continental U.S. ; their most direct route to the Soviet Union was through the Arctic Circle . These sites were high @-@ importance strategic bases for hosting long @-@ range missiles and aircraft . In 1947 , the New England Division of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers chose a site in northeastern Maine , within both the Limestone Township and Caswell Plantation . The remote site consisted mostly of dense forest , shallow marshes , and wild blueberry bogs , on a slight plateau over the town , which helped keep it above the fog most of the time . Only a small part of the base was suitable for farming , so there was little impact on Aroostook County 's agricultural community . Additionally , Loring was not far from sources of materials for runway , taxiway , and parking apron construction . The most important benefit of the site was that it was a few hundred miles closer than any other base to potential targets in Europe .
= = = = Construction = = = =
On 15 April 1947 , construction commenced on Limestone Army Air Field , the first Strategic Air Command base designed and built to host high @-@ speed aircraft , including the new B @-@ 36 Peacemaker . Original plans for Limestone called for two parallel north − south runways , a 12 @,@ 000 @-@ foot ( 3 @,@ 660 m ) east − west runway , and accommodations for over 100 aircraft . The multimillion @-@ dollar project was not built to the specifications of the original Army Corps of Engineers plan , and only one north − south runway was constructed .
On 23 May , a 17 @-@ million @-@ dollar contract was awarded to two companies , with the aim of completing the first phase of construction . This included the north − south runway , a parallel taxiway ( Taxiway J ) , a parking apron , the Arch Hangar , a base operations building , a control tower , a power plant , a 250 @-@ person barracks ( which would later become Building 6000 ) , a water supply system , and a railroad spur to the base ( now part of the Montreal , Maine and Atlantic Railway ) .
One of the first structures was the Arch Hangar . At the time , it was the largest monolithic arch roof structure in the United States , and one of the largest hangars in the world . The construction of the hangar was also groundbreaking , including a foundation set on bedrock , extensive footing structures , intricate formwork , and a 340 @-@ foot arch span .
The runway was another major construction task . The airfield in northern Maine was subject to freeze @-@ thaw cycles and had bogs and various types of groundcover ; 2 @.@ 1 million cubic yards of material was removed . The foundation of the runway was constructed to a depth of 70 inches ( 1 @.@ 78 m ) of a flexible bituminous @-@ concrete pavement . This was all done on a runway that was 10 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 050 m ) in length and 300 feet ( 90 m ) wide .
The month of June 1950 began 44 years of constant activity at Limestone . On the 10th , the 7 officers and 78 airmen of the Limestone Detachment arrived , as the tenant unit during construction . Two days later , an aircraft from Oklahoma arrived . On the 15th , limited operations began at Limestone , as Cold War tensions began to heat up . The next day , a B @-@ 36 Peacemaker arrived and later departed . 1 July brought the re @-@ designation of the Limestone Detachment as the 4215th Base Service Squadron . After the Korean War broke out , the decision was made to increase the squadron 's size to 28 officers , 340 airmen , and 20 civilians . August brought the first permanently assigned aircraft , a C @-@ 47 Skytrain , and more aircraft using the base as a stopover between the States and Europe .
The war brought increased funding to Limestone in 1951 . Eight additional hangars were constructed at the southwestern end of the runway , as well as a 2 @,@ 100 @-@ foot ( 640 m ) addition to the northern end of the runway . The Department of Defense allocated funds for the North River Depot , a weapons storage facility to the northwest of the base . It later became Caribou Air Force Station and was absorbed into the facility in the 1960s . The end of the year brought the completion of a communications facility , a hospital , three barracks , a school , an officers club , a bakery , and a briefing and training building . The base was one of the first constructed after World War II and also one of the first to retain as much surrounding vegetation as possible in case there was a need to camouflage the airfield and surrounding facilities . It ditched the traditional layout of a grid system for roads .
Hangars were built for the additional aircraft at the base , including the 250 @-@ by @-@ 600 @-@ foot ( 80 by 180 m ) double cantilever hangar , one of the first built by the Air Force in response to a demand for more efficient maintenance space ; it could house five B @-@ 36 Peacemakers and six B @-@ 52 Stratofortresses , and nine planned concrete arch hangars were no longer needed .
The runway was resurfaced in 1955 in anticipation of the arrival of the B @-@ 52 Stratofortress in 1956 . Eighteen additional " nose @-@ dock " hangars ( hangars which could contain the nose and wings of the aircraft , allowing for maintenance to the cockpit area by the crew , without the need to use the larger hangars ) were built in 1956 to the northwest of the runway , near the main parking area , along with parking areas and taxiways for these hangars .
= = = = Early history = = = =
On 8 February 1953 , Curtis E. Lemay , Commander of SAC , visited the base to review the construction 's progress . During this visit , he indicated that Limestone was operationally ready . Later that month , command capabilities were formally transferred to SAC , ending an almost six @-@ year command by the Army Corps of Engineers . Furthermore , personnel of the 4215th Base Service Squadron were reassigned to the 42d Bombardment Wing , which was reactivated and assigned to the 8th Air Force . On 23 February , Limestone Air Force Base officially became operational .
During the first few months , the wing was not assigned any aircraft , and thus worked with other units who were in possession of the B @-@ 36 Peacemaker . In March and April , the base began preparing for operations of the B @-@ 36 , which arrived later in April . This gave the newly activated 69th Bombardment Squadron a full complement of aircraft . By the end of August , the number had increased to 27 bombers , 322 officers , 313 airmen , and 350 civilians . Additionally , more buildings were constructed on base , making it more of a home for airmen and their families .
January 1954 brought the declaration of the 42nd being capable of implementing its Emergency War Plan . On 1 October , the base was renamed after Charles Loring Jr . , and became " Loring Air Force Base " . One week later , the 45th Air Division was activated at Loring and designated the primary base unit . It was also designated that month as the primary staging location for fighter aircraft flying out of the Continental United States to and from Europe . Loring had 63 permanent aircraft assigned , and air traffic was significantly increased .
As the Cold War progressed , so did the need for new aircraft and techniques . The first KC @-@ 97 Stratofreighter arrived at Loring with the activation of the 42d Air Refueling Squadron in January 1955 . The B @-@ 36 's were not actually equipped to perform aerial refueling , so the planes supported other units until the arrival of the B @-@ 52 in 1956 . Eventually , 21 tankers were based at Loring , along with 30 air crews .
By 1955 , the base consisted of the 42d , 69th , 70th , and the 75th Bombardment Squadrons . A hospital became operational . The next January , a B @-@ 52 landed at the airfield as part of a cold weather testing program . Five months later , the first Stratofortress , the " State of Maine " , was permanently stationed at Loring .
In November 1956 , the Air Force used the base for publicity . On 10 November , the Soviet Union threatened to oust British and French troops from the Middle East , days after the end of the Suez Crisis . After a response by president Dwight D. Eisenhower to the United Nations , a reporter with the Associated Press visited Castle Air Force Base in California after SAC was alerted to support whatever action the U.S. might take . The reporter was unable to find out classified information , and instead invented maintenance records of the fleet that painted a dismal picture . On 24 and 25 November , four B @-@ 52 's of the 93rd Bombardment Wing and the 42nd flew nonstop around the perimeter of North America in Operation Quick Kick , which covered 15 @,@ 530 mi ( 13 @,@ 500 nmi ; 24 @,@ 990 km ) in 31 hours , 30 minutes . SAC noted the flight time could have been reduced by 5 to 6 hours if the four inflight refuelings had been done by fast jet @-@ powered tanker aircraft rather than propeller @-@ driven KC @-@ 97 Stratofreighters . After the flight ended , the planes landed at Friendship International Airport . The operation distracted public attention from the reporter 's story .
The base was also the location of an experimental system of steam pipes in 1957 , to test the viability of using steam to melt the snow on the runways . Pipes were spaced at different intervals in the experiment . That same year , the first KC @-@ 135 Stratotanker , christened the " Aroostook Queen " , arrived at Loring . By December , all of the KC @-@ 97s had left , and by April 1958 , 20 KC @-@ 135s had arrived , allowing the 42nd Air Refueling Squadron to reach full operational capacity in May . Later that year , an alert force was created at Loring , consisting of six B @-@ 52 's . The following year , in response to a conflict in Lebanon , the entire wing was placed on alert .
An Alert Force was established at Loring AFB in October 1957 . The wing began supporting the force with six B @-@ 52s in January 1958 . In response to a conflict in Lebanon , the Alert Force was expanded to include the entire bombardment wing in July 1958 , when the SAC bomber force went to full alert status . SAC 's overall goal was achieved in 1960 .
On 11 March 1958 , base personnel were the first members of the Air Force to land a B @-@ 52 in a belly @-@ up configuration at Westover AFB near Springfield , Massachusetts . After being lifted up and onto its wheels , the plane was flown to Kelly AFB at San Antonio , Texas , for a complete overhaul and inspection , before it was returned to the 42nd .
Loring was also home to an administrations support base of a Green Pine communications crew from Naval Station Argentia . The detachment did not even officially exist on the base , even though it was located on the top floor of the Bachelors Officers Quarters and consisted of six men .
= = = = = Assigned aircraft = = = = =
Various aircraft were assigned to the base , including the massive B @-@ 36 Peacemaker , which was assigned to the 42d Bombardment Wing from 1 April 1953 to 6 September 1956 ; the KC @-@ 97G Stratotanker , which was assigned from 15 February 1955 to 16 December 1957 ; the B @-@ 52C Stratofortress , which was assigned 16 June 1956 to January 1957 ; the | KC @-@ 135A Stratotanker , which was assigned from 16 October 1957 to 7 May 1990 ; the B @-@ 52G , which was assigned from January 1957 to 16 November 1993 ; and the KC @-@ 135R , which was assigned from 1990 to March 1994 .
Fighter aircraft were also assigned to the base during its operation . The F @-@ 102 Delta Dagger , which was assigned to the 27th Fighter @-@ Interceptor Squadron , was located on base from 1957 to 1960 while the F @-@ 106 Delta Dart was assigned from 16 October 1959 to 1 July 1971 , and to the 83d Fighter @-@ Interceptor Squadron from July 1971 to June 1972 .
= = = = = Weapons Storage Area = = = = =
The Nuclear Weapons Storage Area at Loring once operated as a separate , top secret facility . Originally called the North River Depot , the remote area to the northeast of Loring 's property was the first U.S. operational site specifically constructed for the storage , assembly , and testing of atomic weapons .
In 1951 , the Department of Defense ( DOD ) allocated funds for the construction of an ordnance storage site at Loring AFB . The designs called for a self @-@ sufficient " maximum security storage area for the most advanced weapons of mankind " . The mission of the facility would be the protection and maintenance of the weapons used by SAC . The facility was in the northeast comer of the base , and construction began on 4 August 1951 . In addition to 28 storage igloos and other weapons storage structures , the facility included weapons maintenance buildings , barracks , recreational facilities , a warehouse , and offices .
A parallel series of four fences , one of which was electrified , surrounded the heart of the storage area . This area was nicknamed the " Q " Area , which denoted the Department of Energy 's Q clearance required to have access to Restricted Data .
In June 1962 , the Atomic Energy Commission released its custody and ownership of the weapons to the Air Force . The personnel and property of the later named Caribou Air Force Station were absorbed into the adjacent Loring Air Force Base .
= = = = = Nike defense area = = = = =
To provide air defense of the base , four United States Army Nike @-@ Hercules surface @-@ to @-@ air missile sites were constructed during 1956 . Sites were located near Caribou ( L @-@ 58 ) 46 ° 53 ′ 02 ″ N 068 ° 00 ′ 32 ″ W ; Caswell ( L @-@ 13 ) 47 ° 01 ′ 42 ″ N 067 ° 48 ′ 35 ″ W ; Connor Twp . ( L @-@ 85 ) 47 ° 00 ′ 29 ″ N 068 ° 01 ′ 06 ″ W , and Limestone ( L @-@ 31 ) 46 ° 55 ′ 04 ″ N 067 ° 47 ′ 32 ″ W Maine .
The New England Division of the Army Corps of Engineers managed the construction of these sites . The sites were manned by men from the 3rd Missile Battalion , 61st Air Defense Artillery Regiment , and provided defense for Loring and the northeastern approaches to the United States . In 1960 , sites L @-@ 13 and L @-@ 58 underwent conversion from Ajax missiles to the MIM @-@ 14 Nike @-@ Hercules missiles . These sites remained operational until 1966 , although the site at Limestone was closed in September 1958 .
Members of the 3rd Missile Battalion gained distinction in November 1958 during the Annual Service Practice wargames at Fort Bliss in Texas when they simulated launching 12 Nike Ajax missiles and recorded 12 kills – a United States Army Air Defense Command first .
= = = = = Operation Head Start = = = = =
Operation Head Start was conducted at the base from September to December 1958 . It helped to demonstrate that a continuous airborne alert could be maintained successfully .
Before each flight , a briefing was held , alerting the crewmembers to basic world events as well as safety criteria . At least 15 hours before takeoff , the crew would thoroughly pre @-@ flight their aircraft . Inadvertently , this also increased efficiency in terms of maintenance and other pre @-@ flight routines .
Every six hours , a bomber would take off with live warheads and continue on a pre @-@ determined path over Greenland and eastern Canada , a trip that ended 20 hours later . Frequently , " Foxtrot : No message required " messages were sent to the bomber from Strategic Air Command headquarters at Offutt Air Force Base , keeping the crews alert .
While entering the landing pattern , crash trucks would travel to the runway and await landing . This was standard procedure for all Head Start landings . After landing , the crew was interrogated prior to being released , so that maintenance , intelligence , and other crews could be alerted to the performance of the plane and other items that the crew might have noticed during their flight . After release , they would typically go to the Physical Conditioning room for a steam bath and rubdown .
Operation Head Start eventually lead to Operation Chrome Dome . Chrome Dome was an operation where bombers would be in constant airborne alert and loiter at points just outside the Soviet Union .
= = = = Second @-@ half of the Cold War = = = =
Although it is unknown when it was opened , Loring was host to a Conventional Enhanced Release Training bomb range , which was located adjacent to the runway . Loring was one of four Strategic Air Command bases with a range of this type , and it was used frequently . The base was also located next to Condor 1 and Condor 2 airspace , which allowed for low @-@ level training . The routes and training opportunities within the restricted airspace allowed training to be accomplished . One disadvantage of the location of Loring was its distance from the Strategic Training Route Complex and bombing ranges in Nevada and Utah . The ranges out west were the only location where the B @-@ 52s were allowed to drop live munitions , although SAC training only required crews to drop live munitions twice a year on these ranges .
In 1974 , President Richard Nixon stopped at Loring on 3 July in Air Force One ( SAM 27000 ) as he returned from a summit in Moscow , where he and Leonid Breshnev had signed the Threshold Test Ban Treaty . In a speech in front of 5 @,@ 000 people in the double cantilever hangar , he talked about the importance of the treaty . President and Mrs. Nixon were welcomed home by vice president Gerald R. Ford , who flew from Washington . His daughter Julie Nixon Eisenhower was also in attendance . Nixon resigned from office five weeks later .
On 11 March 1976 , SAC headquarters announced that the 42d Bombardment Wing would be inactivated , citing the poor condition of Loring 's facilities . In 1976 , it was estimated that Loring needed up to $ 300 million in facilities improvements . Between 1976 and 1979 , considerable debate took place over the strategic importance of Loring , resulting in a reversal of the Air Force decision to close Loring . When the decision to keep Loring AFB open was made in 1979 , Congress committed itself to upgrading Loring 's facilities . After 1981 , nearly $ 300 million in military construction and operations and maintenance funds were spent to upgrade the facilities . Congressman Tip O 'Neill of Massachusetts and Senator William Cohen of Maine were firm supporters of the base during the time when it was proposed to be closed .
During the time that Loring was proposed for closure , the region experienced economic uncertainty . Once the Air Force made its intent known in 1976 , property values plummeted , and people delayed buying homes , fearing that they would need to relocate . The reduction in the base of around 80 % meant that possibly 60 % of Aroostook County would need to relocate , according to county officials . A $ 25 @,@ 000 study , commissioned by the Department of Labor and conducted at Northeastern University , calculated that the region had lost over $ 14 million in these three years of economic uncertainty .
On 5 September 1983 , members of the 42d Air Refueling Squadron escorted a crippled F @-@ 4E Phantom II over the Atlantic Ocean after it experienced the loss of an engine . For its actions , crew E @-@ 113 received the Mackay Trophy for refueling it four times and towing it with its refueling boom .
In 1988 , the Air Force decided to close three of its nuclear weapons stations at its SAC bases . In addition to Loring , other bases around the world were scaled back . As the B @-@ 1B Lancer was now predicted to become the mainstay of nuclear defense for the country , Loring was deemed unnecessary for nuclear weapons stationing . That same year , fears began to surface that Loring would be an on the list of the 1988 Base Realignment and Closure Commission . As a result , the community began to rally around the base , which at the time included 3 @,@ 800 military personnel , 1 @,@ 000 civilian employees , generated an $ 80 million payroll the previous year , and was the subject of $ 34 million in construction services .
In 1981 , Loring 's bombers were placed on alert after Soviet submarines were spotted off the coast of the region . The base was briefly mentioned in the 1983 movie WarGames , although the film erroneously listed Loring as being home to the 43rd Bombardment Wing . In 1982 , the base was hit by two earthquakes , which damaged the base hospital and caused cracks to appear on the walls of the control tower .
The 5th Fighter @-@ Interceptor Squadron based at Minot AFB in North Dakota maintained a detachment of three F @-@ 15 Eagles at Loring . When the 5th was inactivated in 1987 , F @-@ 4 Phantom II 's from the Minnesota Air National Guard 's 148th Fighter @-@ Interceptor Group 's 179th Fighter @-@ Interceptor Squadron sent a detachment to Loring . After the detachment left , the Massachusetts Air National Guard 's 102nd Fighter Interceptor Wing 's 101st Fighter @-@ Interceptor Squadron deployed F @-@ 15s to the base , the same ones that were part of the 5th . A second north @-@ south runway , one that had been in the Loring 's original plans , was created on Taxiway J as a " pre @-@ launch survivability " runway . This made Loring one of three SAC bases with two runways .
In 1989 , it was proposed to list Loring on the Environmental Protection Agency 's National Priorities List . This was due to the presence of waste oil , fuel , solvents , and pesticides in the soil . Additionally , the burning of waste also created problems , in addition to the use of landfills in old gravel pits on site . The fire training area also needed clean up , as materials were burned until 1974 on that site . Loring was officially added to the list in February 1990 .
During Operation Desert Storm , Loring 's tankers were responsible for refueling aircraft transiting the Atlantic . It was also used as a stopover for aircraft travelling to the Persian Gulf region due to its vital position . The base was also vital because it allowed planes to be maintained , planes which sometimes would be unable to reach their destination without maintenance . Between 2 August 1990 and 10 May 1991 , more than 1 @,@ 700 aircraft transiting between America and the Persian Gulf region landed at Loring . These included the C @-@ 141 Starlifter , C @-@ 5 Galaxy , C @-@ 130 Hercules , C @-@ 21A , A @-@ 4 Skyhawk , A @-@ 10 Thunderbolt II , Boeing 707 , F @-@ 16 Fighting Falcon , F / A @-@ 18 Hornet , F @-@ 111 Aardvark , P @-@ 3 Orion , TR @-@ 1A Dragonlady , U @-@ 2 Dragonlady , B @-@ 52 Stratofortress , KC @-@ 10 Extender , KC @-@ 135 Stratotanker , E @-@ 3A Sentry , EA @-@ 6B Mercury , and E @-@ 8A Joint Stars aircraft .
= = = = = UFO sighting = = = = =
During the fall of 1975 , the base was the location of unidentified flying object sightings . During the night of 27 October , an unidentified object was spotted hovering near the secure weapons area ( the former Caribou AFS ) . Around 1945 hrs , a member of the 42nd Security Police Squadron spotted an apparent aircraft over the northern perimeter of Loring , at a low altitude . A later teletype message to the National Military Command Center in Washington , D.C. , stated : " The A / C [ aircraft ] definitely penetrated the LAFB [ Loring Air Force Base ] northern perimeter and on one occasion was within 300 yards ( 270 m ) of the munitions storage area perimeter . " In the control tower , a member of the 2192nd Communications Squadron was on duty , when he picked up the craft on radar , nearing the base . After trying to contact the unidentified aircraft to warn it that it was approaching a restricted area , the aircraft entered the airspace over the nuclear weapons storage area and hovered over it at an altitude of 300 feet ( 91 m ) , later lowering to 150 feet ( 46 m ) . Commander of the 42d Bombardment Wing , Colonel Robert E. Chapman arrived 15 minutes later at the weapons storage area and police units were ordered in as well . At this time , he also declared a Security Option 3 .
At 2045 hrs , another person on duty in the control tower received a call to track the mysterious craft on radar . For the next 40 minutes , it was observed circling around the weapons storage area , when it suddenly vanished , as though it had landed or dropped below the radar . Witnesses later observed it flying away towards Grand Falls , New Brunswick , twelve miles to the east . Messages were sent to the National Military Command Center , the Air Force Chief of Staff , and Strategic Air Command headquarters at Offutt Air Force Base . The base continued to remain on a high state of alert until the following morning , as efforts to identify the unidentified aircraft through the Maine State Police , local police departments , and the Houlton Federal Aviation Administration office remained elusive .
The next night at 1945 hrs , a craft similar to the one the night before approached the base . In addition to being tracked on radar , it hovered around the area for 30 minutes , with characteristics of movement similar to a helicopter . Additionally , it hovered above the weapons storage area at the same altitude as the night before . At this time , possibly another object ( it is unclear if it was the same one as the over the weapons storage area , but it is possible ) was spotted over the flightline . The cigar @-@ shaped object was described as hovering in mid @-@ air , jerking around , and turning on and off its lights once . During the blackout , it traveled from the flightline , to the northern end of the runway . According to one service member , the object was chased , and eventually discovered to be hovering five feet off the ground . During this time , it was determined that the object was four car lengths long .
Once again , the object was tracked on radar , taking off towards New Brunswick . Teletype messages were again sent to higher commands , with no explanation being found . One teletype sent on November from Loring 's Office of Special Investigations detachment to the National Military Command Center and OSI headquarters reported another , " unidentified helicopter sighted at low level over Loring AFB " over the past two nights ( 31 October – 1 November ) . It also referred to the intruder as an " unknown entity . " Additionally , Captain Richard R. Fuhs an Operations Officer in the 42nd Security Police Squadron ( SPS ) stated , " ... advised that there had been three verified sightings of an unidentified A / C [ aircraft ] flying at low level over and in the vicinity of LAFB " during this period . An initial sighting was made by a member of the 42nd , who was on duty at 23 : 14 hours Another member spotted the object near the East Gate , going from east to west .
= = = = = BRAC 1991 and closure = = = = =
In 1991 , Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney , upon the recommendation of Secretary of the Air Force Donald B. Rice , identified Loring and five other SAC bases for closure through the BRAC Commission . The commission recommended that the 42d Bomb Wing be disestablished , and the B @-@ 52Gs transferred to the 410th Bomb Wing at K.I. Sawyer AFB near Marquette , Michigan . The KC @-@ 135 aircraft were realigned to USAF Reserve and other active units .
The justification for the closure of Loring was that the Air Force had six more strategic bases than were needed to support the number of bomber and tanker aircraft in the Defense Department 's Structure Plan . The base was evaluated against eight selection criteria and a large number of subelements specific to Air Force bases and missions . Even though Loring was in good condition and had strong community support , it ranked low in the criteria when compared to twenty other bases in the strategic category . One of the things that hurt Loring was its limited peacetime value as a tanker base , as well as its distance from bombing ranges . The commission did note that the facilities at Loring were above average , and the cost to close Loring would be low , the latter of which contributed to its closure .
The commission also projected an impact on the future of the community ; 22 @,@ 000 people were projected to leave the region with 9 @,@ 900 direct and indirect jobs affected , and a loss of over $ 92 million of regional income . This was in contrast to a regional population of over 49 @,@ 100 , available jobs of 33 @,@ 320 , and an annual income of $ 755 million . The net savings by the end of 1997 from closing the base was $ 182 million , or about $ 61 @.@ 8 million annually .
As the Cold War ended , so did the mission of SAC , and it was disestablished on 1 June 1992 . The last B @-@ 52 departed Loring in November 1993 , and ceremonies were held in February 1994 to celebrate the end of the flying mission . The following month saw the last KC @-@ 135 depart and after 41 years , Loring AFB officially closed on 30 September 1994 .
= = = Accidents and incidents = = =
On 22 November 1958 , a B @-@ 47B Stratojet crashed while taking off from Loring , killing all four crewmembers on board . The plane belonged to a unit at McCoy Air Force Base in Orlando , Florida . The plane was described as having reached two @-@ thirds of the way down the runway , when it veered sharply to the right , eventually crashing 400 feet north of the runway . On 25 November 1958 , a KC @-@ 135 Stratotanker of the 42d Air Refueling Squadron crashed on takeoff roughly in the same area as the B @-@ 47 three days before . Two crewmembers were thrown to safety by the impact of the crash . The Air Force stated that after a four @-@ hour mission , the crewmembers were practicing taking off and landing on the runway . On 18 November 1960 , a KC @-@ 135 crashed upon landing at Loring , killing one and injuring sixteen others . The plane landed after a six @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ hour training mission , veered off to the left of the runway , and skidded three thousand feet while on fire . Surviving crewmembers were able to use the emergency chutes to evacuate the plane safely . On 9 May 1962 , six crewmembers of a KC @-@ 135 were killed when their plane crashed during takeoff into a surrounding marsh , about fifteen hundred feet north of the runway . On 4 January 1965 , four crewmembers were killed three miles north of Loring when their KC @-@ 135 crashed into the ground after takeoff . On 5 September 1969 , a B @-@ 52 Stratofortress crashed approximately three miles north of the runway after taking off . Seven men were killed , including six crewmembers , during a Minimum Interval Takeoff drill . On 4 October 1989 a KC @-@ 135 crash killed all 4 crewmembers . The jet , which crashed about 2 @.@ 4 miles off the TransCanada highway in New Brunswick , was attempting to land at Loring .
Loring also had its share of incidents that did not result in fatalities over the years . On 6 March 1955 , a B @-@ 36 Peacemaker crashed and burned in a snowbank at Loring . All crewmembers were able to escape unharmed . On 26 June 1958 , a B @-@ 52D ( 55 ‑ 0102 ) burned on the ground at Loring and was destroyed . On 25 May 1969 , a KC @-@ 135A ( 56 – 3602 ) broke in two after aborting takeoff . The cause was a frozen water injection surge tube . On 19 July 1970 , a B @-@ 52G ( 58 ‑ 0208 ) also caught on fire and was destroyed on the ground .
= = = Base culture and civilian life = = =
Families at the base were able to take advantage of many of the opportunities that the facility provided for them , as life at Loring was not all military @-@ related . Although Loring was constructed with support facilities including a hospital , chapel , and schools , other forms of civilian life were added over the years as well .
= = = = Education = = = =
Younger students on the base attended Damon Elementary School . Kindergarten @-@ age children would attend school in either morning or afternoon sessions , and the older students were given the standard fare of lunch offerings . Damon 's educators were rated highly in the state . Students in grades 9 through twelve attended the nearby Limestone High School .
To those who were no longer in secondary education , there were opportunities as well . The Northern Maine Vocational Technical Institute offered courses that would help students with introductory college @-@ level classes . Husson College offered credits to those working to earn an associate 's or baccalaureate degree in business . The nearby University of Maine at Presque Isle offered classes in the social and behavioral sciences , as well as humanities and liberal studies . Embry @-@ Riddle Aeronautical University offered a bachelor 's degree in professional aeronautics . Credits earned through these programs counted as " on campus " or " residential credit " to those who were enrolled in them . Additionally , day , evening , and night classes were offered in nearby Caribou and Presque Isle .
For those who wanted to earn a graduate degree , the University of Denver offered a twelve course program for those wanting to earn a Master of Science degree in systems management . Emery @-@ Riddle also offered three graduate degrees , including the Master of Aeronautical Science . The University of Maine at Presque Isle also offered a Master of Public Administration as well .
The base 's Education Center also provided testing service for those interested in taking exams . It provided the CLEP , DANTES Exams , SAT , ACT , the LSAT and GRE exams . The Community College of the Air Force also enrolled active duty personnel in its programs as well . Credits taken there could be transferred to other affiliated Air Force technical institutions , and personnel could qualify for commissioning programs .
= = = = Healthcare = = = =
The Loring Air Force Base Hospital had two buildings during its operation . The first , Building 3500 , which was known as the " Green Monster , " was damaged during an earthquake on 9 January 1982 . The two earthquakes , which were centered in Miramichi , New Brunswick caused irreparable structural damage to the facility , which led to it being replaced with a sturdier hospital in 1987 . The new hospital included a dental clinic and outpatient rooms , in addition to over twenty beds . Internal medicine , optometry , general surgery , pediatrics , mental health , and radiology services were also provided at the base , in addition to the 24 @-@ hour emergency support services . Veterinary services were also offered in a separate building to base personnel and their families .
= = = = Family services = = = =
Military members adjusting to Loring had many facilities available to them . This included the Family Service Center , the Family Services Lending Closet , and the Corey Center .
The base was also served by an independent bank , and included help for many types of financial needs , and an ATM . The Country Federal Credit Union was located right outside the facility , and helped supplement the bank itself .
Shopping at Loring could be completed at the Maine Exchange Shopping Mall , which was designed to be a one @-@ stop shop for the shopping needs of the residents . Goods could also be purchased at the base commissary as well , which included a Class VI store .
Loring also was built with a non @-@ denominational chapel , which helped to welcome new members onto the base . Services were offered to those of the Roman Catholic , Protestant denominations , and Judaic faiths . Members of the chapel also provided food for those who ate in Loring 's dining hall , and helped to share the word of God to those who were believers .
The base also came with its own newspaper , named Limelite . The on @-@ base newspaper helped to provide readers with information on the USAF and Strategic Air Command , as well as information on the events happening around the facility .
The main dining hall on base was named Dahlgren Hall , after Maine native Edward Dahlgren , who was a recipient of the Medal of Honor for his actions in World War II .
= = = = Leisure activities = = = =
When it came to leisure , the area surrounding Loring offered many options . Many recreation areas and campgrounds were located in and around the base region , with some being as far as two hundred miles away . The Morale Welfare and Recreation center offered equipment for these outings , including fishbait and tackle , as well as boat rentals . Loring 's bowling center was twenty @-@ two lanes , and one of the most modern in the area . Finally , the base library loaned books to both residents and students alike .
A small downhill ski area provided recreation for personnel and their dependents , operating on the base from the early 1960s until Loring 's closure in 1994 . This ski chalet also included a lighted skating rink and could be used to host events in the area . The base also offered trips to regional ski resorts periodically , and cross country skiing was offered at the local golf course .
The base also contained a Noncommissioned Officers Club and an Officers Club . The Noncommissioned Officers Club , or Club 42 as it was known , allowed in all military members and civilians up the GS @-@ 7 . Many varieties of food were also offered there , and it could be used for live entertainment , in addition to the booking of parties . As the Visiting Officers Quarters and the Unaccompanied Officers Quarters were nearby , the club was also a convenient stopover for transient officers as well .
= = Current status = =
Loring AFB was set to close as a result of the 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission , officially closing on 30 September 1994 . Immediately , Limestone was decimated . The population of Limestone dropped 76 % , from 10 @,@ 000 to 2 @,@ 000 , in the six years following the base 's closure . Regional economic activity was severely lowered , as 19 % of the local economy was related to Loring Air Force Base .
One of the more immediate ideas for redevelopment of the base was to turn it into a federal prison , something which had been done previously at the former Carswell AFB in Texas when the Federal Medical Center , Carswell was opened on its grounds . Many other former Air Force facilities have had prisons opened up on their grounds as well . From the outset , there was some reluctance in the town about turning it into creating a prison culture in Limestone , but this was lessened once the government decided that it did not want to build a federal prison on the grounds of the former air base .
In 1998 , the former base was considered for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places , as previous studies had found that 88 buildings were eligible for inclusion on the list , including the base 's arch hangar .
The Loring Development Authority created the Loring Commerce Centre on 9 @,@ 472 @-@ acre ( 38 @.@ 33 km2 ) of the site . It was marketed as an " excellent solution for your business real estate needs at a very reasonable cost . " Bigelow Aerospace maintains a call center at Loring . In addition to the Sitel site , other call centers exist on the former base , as well as food processing , forestry operations , light manufacturing , and aviation services . The military has made a return to Loring over the years through the Defense Finance and Accounting Service Limestone office , a major component of the Defense Finance and Accounting Service . The 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission consolidated DFAS ' 26 offices into 5 , with Loring being one of the consolidation points . This facility is located in the old base hospital .
Cleanup continued at the base , including the removal of hazardous materials , which prevented further waste from entering the nearby Greenlaw Brook , as it received drainage from the flightline and nose dock areas .
= = Demographics = =
During the 1970s , the population of the base declined due to the possible closure of the base and the draw down in personnel from the Vietnam War . In 1972 , the base 's population was around 12 @,@ 000 , while in 1975 the population was 10 @,@ 758 . In 1978 , 9 @,@ 233 persons resided on the base , which declined to 8 @,@ 116 the next year .
As of the census of 2000 , there were 225 people , 82 households , and 57 families residing on the former base . The population density was 27 @.@ 4 / mi ² ( 10 @.@ 6 / km ² ) . There were 355 housing units at an average density of 43 @.@ 2 / mi ² ( 16 @.@ 7 / km ² ) . The racial makeup of the base was 81 @.@ 33 % White , 10 @.@ 22 % African American , 2 @.@ 22 % Asian , 5 @.@ 33 % from other races , and 0 @.@ 89 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13 @.@ 78 % of the population .
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= Talbot Tagora =
The Talbot Tagora is an executive car developed by Chrysler Europe and produced by Peugeot Société Anonyme ( PSA ) . The Tagora was marketed under the Talbot marque after PSA took over Chrysler 's European operations in 1979 . PSA presented the first production vehicle in 1980 and launched it commercially in 1981 . The Tagora fell short of sales expectations , described as a " showroom flop " just a year after its launch , and PSA cancelled the model two years later . Fewer than 20 @,@ 000 Tagora models were built , all of them at the former Simca factory in Poissy , near Paris , France .
= = Development = =
Chrysler Europe began development of the Tagora in 1976 , under the code name C9 , with the goal of replacing the unsuccessful Chrysler 180 series . Following the same development pattern as with the Horizon and Alpine models , the responsibility for the Tagora 's technical development remained in France , while the styling was devised at Chrysler 's design centre in the United Kingdom . An early proposal for the name of the car was " Simca 2000 " .
= = = Design = = =
The original C9 prototype was a modern @-@ styled saloon with a low beltline and large interior dimensions made possible by the long @-@ wheelbase . The British design team initially proposed some stylistic features inspired by the Citroën SM , including a front glass panel between the headlights to accommodate the number plate , round front wheelarches and rear spats . However , Chrysler management in the United States deemed these features too extravagant , so the design of the C9 became more conventional : front and rear wheelarches were squared off and the spats lost , and the license plate was placed on the front bumper as on most cars . To better balance the tall silhouette , the beltline was raised . Over the course of development , the C9 also lost its vertical taillights in favour of more " fashionable " horizontal ones .
= = = Engine dilemma = = =
The main competitors in the executive vehicle market offered engines bigger than the biggest two @-@ litre straight @-@ 4 used by Chrysler Europe , and a six @-@ cylinder engine was generally expected . Consequently , the company had to seek a new engine for the Tagora . One candidate was a straight @-@ six manufactured by Mitsubishi , but it proved unsuitable for a car of this class . The other proposal was the Douvrin V6 engine ( the " PRV " ) , a joint development of PSA , Renault and Volvo . Since the Tagora would be in direct competition with PSA models that used the PRV , it seemed unlikely that Chrysler would be able to procure that engine .
= = = Sales projections = = =
Chrysler Corporation approved the development of the model on the assumption that Chrysler Europe would sell 60 @,@ 000 C9 models per year , which translated into a projected 5 percent share of the executive car market . This estimate seemed achievable because Chrysler had a 7 percent market share in Europe overall . The projected sales would have covered the car 's tooling costs , with the development costs accounted for separately , as part of an independent annual budget .
= = = PSA takeover = = =
During the development of the C9 , the management of the bankruptcy @-@ threatened Chrysler Corporation decided to divest itself of its debt @-@ ridden European operations . The buyer was the French PSA Group , formed in 1976 after Peugeot took over Citroën . The deal was finalised in 1978 , in which the buyer paid US $ 1 @.@ 00 for the entirety of Chrysler Europe and its obligations . The take @-@ over was effective as of 1 January 1979 .
While the C9 project was well advanced , PSA already had a crowded lineup in the large vehicle segment , including the legendary Citroën CX , the slow @-@ selling Peugeot 604 and the newly launched Peugeot 505 . Nevertheless , PSA decided to move forward with the C9 project , making a few significant changes that enabled the use of their own parts . The Simca double wishbone front suspension gave way to MacPherson struts adopted from the Peugeot 505 and 604 , and the rear axle was replaced with that of the 505 , much narrower than the one originally planned , as it was designed with respect to the 505 body width . The C9 front end was extended to accommodate the optional PRV engine : now that the model belonged to PSA , using the PRV presented no problems .
= = Short market life = =
Following the renaming of Chrysler Europe 's models to the Talbot marque , the C9 was christened the Talbot Tagora , and the first batch of cars rolled out of the former Simca plant in Poissy in 1980 . The same year , PSA presented the Tagora at the Salon de l 'Automobile in Paris . Following a hands @-@ on demonstration of the model to the press in Morocco in March 1981 , the car went on sale in France in April and in the United Kingdom in May . The British billboard advertising campaign boasted " The new Talbot Tagora . Luxury and performance redefined . "
The Tagora was priced to overlap with high @-@ end Peugeot 505 and low @-@ end Citroën CX models , while slotting in beneath the Peugeot 604 . Its pricing was also comparable to the Renault 20 / 30 and Ford Granada . The Tagora was in the 20 @,@ 000 – 30 @,@ 000 Deutschmark bracket in Germany . During the first fifteen months of the car 's existence , in 1980 / 81 , a mere 16 @,@ 169 Tagoras were produced which was only one quarter of Chrysler 's initial projections . Sales proved insufficient even for this production level , and volumes plummeted by more than 80 percent in 1982 . In 1983 the sales figures prompted PSA to cancel the model altogether . By the time the Tagora was discontinued , only about 20 @,@ 000 had been built ; by comparison , over 116 @,@ 000 Peugeot 505s and 74 @,@ 000 Citroën CXs were made in 1981 alone .
In December 2010 , Practical Classics reported that 99 @.@ 09 percent of all UK @-@ registered Tagoras were no longer on the roads .
= = Powertrains and models = =
As with most large cars of its time , the Tagora was a rear @-@ wheel drive vehicle , with a longitudinally mounted engine . There were three engine choices , mated to four- and five @-@ speed manual transmissions or an optional three @-@ speed automatic in the case of the four @-@ cylinder engines .
The available models were :
2 @.@ 2 litre ( 2 @,@ 155 cc ) Type 180 OHC I4 , double @-@ barrel Solex carburettor , 115 metric horsepower ( 85 kW ) , 184 newton metres ( 136 lbf · ft ) .
The base engine was a version of the older Simca Type 180 2 @.@ 0 litre with increased displacement , as also featured in the Matra Murena . It was unrelated to either the American Chrysler K or PSA Douvrin 2 @.@ 2 litre engines . Available trim levels were designated GL and GLS . The GL was the only model to feature the four @-@ speed manual transmission , and have power steering as an option as opposed to standard . It was first to be dropped , for the 1983 model year .
2 @.@ 3 litre ( 2 @,@ 304 cc ) XD2S OHV turbodiesel I4 , 80 metric horsepower ( 59 kW ) , 188 newton metres ( 139 lbf · ft ) .
This Peugeot @-@ developed turbodiesel was primarily used in the Peugeot 505 and 604 . The diesel @-@ powered version of the Tagora was designated DT .
2 @.@ 7 litre ( 2 @,@ 664 cc ) PRV OHC V6 , two triple @-@ barrel Weber carburettors , 166 metric horsepower ( 122 kW ) , 234 newton metres ( 173 lbf · ft ) .
The V6 model , which was actually badged " 2 @.@ 6 " , came in the top SX trim level , loaded with extras , but was not available with automatic transmission . The PRV engine used in the Tagora was different from the one used in contemporary Peugeot vehicles in that it was fitted with triple @-@ barrel Weber carburettors rather than fuel injection , resulting in a higher power @-@ rating . This made it the most powerful French car of its time . Nevertheless , only 1 @,@ 083 V6 Tagora models were made .
= = = Tagora Présidence = = =
The Tagora Présidence was a concept car designed by stylist Sunny Atri at the Talbot design studio in Whitley , Coventry . The concept was created to generate interest in employing high @-@ end Tagoras as chauffeur @-@ driven limousines by users such as business executives and government officials . The donor model for the Présidence was the 2 @.@ 6 SX , which had an interior appointed with Connolly Leather upholstery and brass highlights , plus a host of electronics including a telephone , dictaphone , text @-@ message receiver , and television with VCR . Originally valued at £ 25 @,@ 000 , the Présidence now resides at a car museum in Poissy .
= = Critical appraisal = =
The Tagora was not greeted with much acclaim by the British motoring press . Autocar reviewed the Tagora in its 2 @.@ 2 litre GLS iteration , and summed it up as " excellent , if not a great advance " . L. J. K. Setright of Car magazine asked who could want one given the crowded market into which it came . Concluding a group test in Car , the Tagora was described as a " problematic newcomer " that did not exceed the standard set by the winner of the group test , the Volvo 244 GLE . However , Motor Sport considered the Tagora a " usefully effortless , uncomplicated , simple @-@ to @-@ drive and very comfortable car " .
The recurring theme of published tests was the Tagora ´ s lack of clear advantages or of a competitive edge . In comparing the car to its likely competitors , Autocar 's verdict was that " the new Talbot is highly comparable with the others , and deserves to sell as any of them , although it does not come out with any startling advantages which you might expect of the latest appearance on the scene " . Those cars against which the Tagora 2 @.@ 2 GLS was compared were the Ford Granada 2 @.@ 3 GL , Opel Rekord 2.0S , Renault 20TX , Rover 2300 and Volvo 244 GL . Of these cars , the Tagora was the second most expensive but did not have a superiority among the significant attributes of speed , acceleration , interior room or chassis design . Out of the comparison group the Tagora had the second highest top speed , was the third fastest to 60 mph though it had the best overall mpg ( by 0 @.@ 7 mpg ) . In terms of interior room , it had the fourth best legroom ( front / rear ) . Motor Sport also noted the car ´ s modest competence in comparison with the Rover 2300 ( launched 1976 ) , saying that the Tagora had more leisurely acceleration . LJK Setright noted the cars ´ s overall " adequacy " going on to say that if fitted with the correct type of tyre he would still opt for a Peugeot 604 instead . Car judged the chassis design to be one area " where [ the Tagora ] does not show the comparative youth of its design " .
The Tagora ´ s handling was deemed " on the good side " , wrote Autocar , and performance was described as " good but not outstanding " . As such the car lay " uneasily close to being listed as under @-@ engined " though the authors conceded that generally the Tagora did not feel under @-@ engined when in use . LJK Setright dissented saying the Tagora was as " refined in its ride as should be expected of it " and that " the car also has a good deal more road @-@ holding and cornering than might be expected " . However , in December 1981 Car magazine judged the car ( 2 @.@ 2 GLS model ) to be prone to " untidy " handling , tending to under @-@ steer first followed by excessive over @-@ steer . The magazine made a particular note of the advantage in handling and grip enjoyed by the older live @-@ axled Volvo 244 , underlining the point about the Tagora 's lack of advantage in terms of road manners .
Regarding the interior , the seats drew praise for their comfort and detail design . However , again , Car provided a counterpoint to the effect that the Volvo was as roomy , despite its shorter wheelbase . The steering wheel was criticized in the same review for being too close to the driver ´ s legs . The ventilation temperature control was " not satisfactory " due to an unprogressive response at the cool end of the dial . There was no fan @-@ blown cold air ( cold air was by ram @-@ effect ) nor an option for cool air to be directed to the face at the same time as warmth being directed into the footwells . According to Car the ventilation " fell down badly " on account of its awkward controls . Oddment accommodation was " disappointment " . Lacking a self @-@ setting stay , opening the bonnet was " heavy work " and the boot , while large , had the demerit of an " unusual " locking method : " [ the boot ] is locked before being shut by pushing in a red handle set in the inside of the lid " .
In summary , the main competencies of the Tagora were its spacious cabin ( though it was not class @-@ leading ) , its comfortable seating , its fuel economy ( in 2 @.@ 2 GLS form ) and the size of its luggage compartment ( 572 litres ) . But the fact that a car launched in 1974 , the Volvo 244 GLE , could offer better seats , disc brakes all round , better headlights , better ventilation and better handling for only slightly more than Talbot was charging for their car indicated that the Tagora had come to market with a vehicle that was uncompetitive in too many major respects .
Nearly a decade after the Tagora had ceased production , the view of the car in the automotive press was that it was merely average though there was little actively wrong with the car . The view was that the Tagora had the advantage of refinement , good manners and , in V6 form , good performance . Rust was identified as the single biggest problem for the surviving cars , usually around the rear suspension mountings . Buckley suggested that the car might attain collectible status by 2003 .
= = Reasons for commercial failure = =
= = = Market situation and image = = =
In terms of engineering , the Tagora had no major flaws ( except perhaps for the poor cabin ventilation ) . The 1979 energy crisis , however , dealt a blow to the European automotive market : the large car segment contracted significantly , making Chrysler 's initial sales projections unrealistic . The Tagora was ultimately launched under the Talbot brand , which was not established in the marketplace and had a questionable pedigree , which was an unfavourable trait in the executive car market ruled by established names like the Ford Granada . In the view of Martin Buckley Talbot did not advertise the car effectively so " people did not know about the car " .
= = = Design = = =
As the British magazine What Car ? opined , the Tagora " has such a complete blandness of style as to disqualify it instantly in a market where character and status count for so much . " The design of the Tagora was focused on practicality , providing exceptional cabin space at the expense of style . The steep windscreen formed a quite strange angle with the relatively short , wedge @-@ shaped bonnet . The car was wider and taller than most of its competitors , and buyers were unaccustomed to such proportions . The PSA @-@ sourced axles had very narrow tracks relative to the width of the body , which provided an awkward look , especially at the rear . Nor did the plain , plastic dashboard stir enthusiasm among reviewers and prospective customers .
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= Trish Stratus =
Patricia Anne " Trish " Stratigeas ( / ˈstrætᵻdʒiːəs / ; born December 18 , 1975 ) is a Canadian retired professional wrestler , former fitness model , fitness master , actress , and television personality , better known by her former ring name Trish Stratus . She is best known for her tenure with WWE .
After beginning her career as a fitness model , Stratus began working for the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) , which was later renamed World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . Early in her career , she was mostly involved in sexually themed storylines , such as managing the team T & A and an affair with Vince McMahon 's Mr. McMahon character . As Stratus spent more time in the ring , her perceived wrestling skills strengthened and her popularity increased . Because of this , she was made a one @-@ time WWE Hardcore Champion , three @-@ time " WWE Babe of the Year " and was proclaimed " Diva of the Decade " . After nearly seven years in the business , Stratus retired from professional wrestling at WWE Unforgiven on September 17 , 2006 after winning her seventh WWE Women 's Championship , the most titles in WWE history . In 2011 , Stratus was a trainer for WWE Tough Enough and she was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2013 .
Aside from professional wrestling , Stratus appeared on a number of magazine covers and has been involved in charity work . She has also hosted several award and television shows , and owns a yoga studio .
= = Early life and fitness modelling = =
Stratigeas grew up in Richmond Hill , Ontario , Canada where she attended Bayview Secondary School . She enrolled at York University , where she studied biology and kinesiology and played soccer and field hockey . Due to a faculty strike in 1997 , she was forced to change her plans . She was working as a receptionist at a local gym when she was approached by the publisher of MuscleMag International to do a test shoot for the magazine . She later appeared on the cover of the May 1998 issue and was signed to a two @-@ year contract . For the next six months , she worked on her body and appeared on numerous magazine covers . During this time , she joined Big Daddy Donnie & Jeff Marek as the third host of Live Audio Wrestling on Toronto Sports Radio , The FAN 590 .
Stratigeas had been a fan of wrestling since childhood and her modelling work caught the attention of the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . In November 1999 , she was signed to a multi @-@ year contract with the company , who sent her to Sully 's Gym where she was trained by Ron Hutchinson .
= = Professional wrestling career = =
= = = World Wrestling Federation / Entertainment / WWE = = =
= = = = Managing and T & A ( 2000 – 2001 ) = = = =
Stratigeas made her debut as a villainous character on the March 19 , 2000 episode of Sunday Night Heat , under the ring name Trish Stratus . She appeared on stage to scout Test and Prince Albert . The next night on Raw , Stratus began her first role in the company , managing Test and Albert in the tag team T & A. It was during her stint managing T & A that Stratus took her first major bump in the ring , by being driven through a table by the Dudley Boyz at Backlash , after she had been taunting Bubba Ray Dudley for several weeks . In June , she was on the receiving end of a stink face from Rikishi on Raw .
She also began managing then @-@ heel , Val Venis to win the WWE Intercontinental Championship , but their partnership ended at SummerSlam after Venis lost the title . Stratus made her in @-@ ring debut at the June 22 taping of SmackDown ! , winning a tag team match with T & A against the Hardy Boyz and Lita . A storyline feud between Stratus and Lita developed after the match with Stratus attacking Lita on episodes of Raw and SmackDown ! . This led to an Indian Strap match between the two women on the July 24 episode of Raw , which Stratus won with help from Stephanie McMahon . She finished the year competing unsuccessfully for the WWF Women 's Championship numerous times , and separating from Test and Albert when the team disbanded .
In early 2001 , Stratus became involved in an angle with WWF Chairman Vince McMahon , during a time when Vince 's wife Linda was kayfabe institutionalized following a demand Vince had made for a divorce during an episode of SmackDown ! on December 7 , 2000 . Vince and Stratus ' relationship increasingly angered the boss ' daughter , then @-@ heel , Stephanie McMahon . At No Way Out on February 25 , Stratus and Stephanie squared off , with Stephanie scoring the victory after a run @-@ in by William Regal . In the midst of a tag team match that pitted Vince and Stratus against Regal and Stephanie the next night on Raw , Stratus was the victim of a set @-@ up by Vince , Stephanie and Regal . Regal executed his finisher , the Regal Cutter , on Stratus and Stephanie then dumped sewage over Stratus ' body . Vince stood over Stratus , and he told her she was a " toy " with which he had " grown tired of playing with " . The angle continued the next week on Raw , with Vince forcing Stratus to strip down to her black bra and panties in the ring and bark like a dog . The storyline came to an end at WrestleMania X @-@ Seven , when Stratus slapped Vince during his match against his son Shane , becoming a fan favorite in the process .
= = = = Women 's Champion ( 2001 – 2003 ) = = = =
Following her first face turn , Stratus began wrestling part @-@ time . She teamed up with Lita against then @-@ heels , Stacy Keibler and Torrie Wilson at InVasion . After suffering an ankle injury in the summer , however , she was sidelined for the following three months . This interrupted not only her recent venture into wrestling , but also an on @-@ screen romance with Jeff Hardy and budding storyline with Team Xtreme . As she rehabilitated , she kept herself visible by co @-@ hosting Excess on TNN . After returning in autumn , Stratus appeared at Survivor Series where she won the WWF Women 's Championship for the first time in a six @-@ pack challenge . Stratus was next involved in a feud with Jazz over the Women 's Championship , where she retained the championship at the Royal Rumble , but dropped the championship to Jazz two weeks later on the February 4 , 2002 episode of Raw . Stratus then attempted to regain the title for several months , including competing in a triple threat match at WrestleMania X8 against Lita and Jazz in her hometown of Toronto , Ontario , Canada , but failed to win the match . While chasing after the Women 's Championship , Stratus won the WWE Hardcore Championship on May 6 , pinning Crash Holly after Bubba Ray Dudley hit him over the head with a trash can . She lost the title to Steven Richards soon afterward however , due to the stipulation that the belt was to be defended 24 / 7 as long as there was a referee present . One week later , she regained the Women 's Championship in a tag team match with Bubba Ray Dudley . During this time , Stratus began wrestling solely on the Raw brand after being drafted in the WWF Brand Extension .
Stratus ' second reign as champion came to an end on June 23 , when she was defeated at King of the Ring by Molly Holly . The two Divas continued their storyline feud for the next three months . After a failed attempt to win the title in July , Stratus won the championship back at Unforgiven . While feuding with Holly , Stratus was also involved in an angle with new Diva Victoria , who held a storyline grudge against Stratus , claiming she was betrayed by Stratus when they both worked as fitness models . The two competed in several title matches , with Stratus retaining until Survivor Series , where Victoria won the title in a Hardcore match . On March 17 , 2003 , Victoria and Steven Richards defeated Jazz and Stratus in a tag team match when Jazz walked out on Stratus . After the match , Jeff Hardy saved Stratus from an attack by Victoria and Richards and then kissed her , resulting in Stratus becoming Hardy 's on @-@ screen girlfriend once more . The two would talk and kiss backstage , compete as an intergender tag team , and come to each other 's aid when in danger during singles competition . At no point was their previous relationship acknowledged . The storyline was suddenly dropped when WWE released Hardy in April . This marked the second time in two years that a romance between Stratus and Hardy was abruptly scrapped due to a setback in one of their personal lives . In neither instance did the angle fully play out or reach a conclusion .
At WrestleMania XIX , Stratus ended her feud with Victoria by defeating her and Jazz to capture her fourth Women 's Championship , only to lose the title to Jazz at the following pay @-@ per @-@ view , Backlash . The Raw after Backlash , Eric Bischoff ordered a No Disqualification match between him and Stratus . If Stratus won , she would get a championship rematch the next week ; if Bischoff won , he would get to spend a night with her . Bischoff would go on to win the match , though the stipulation was nulified when Linda McMahon confronted him after the match . In the following months , Stratus was placed into an alliance with Gail Kim . It was short @-@ lived , however , as Kim turned on Stratus and teamed with Molly Holly , putting the women in a storyline feud . The duo defeated Stratus and several tag team partners until Stratus allied herself with a returning Lita . The team defeated Kim and Holly in several matches , including a match at Unforgiven .
= = = = Teaming and feuding with Lita ( 2003 – 2005 ) = = = =
Stratus began an on @-@ screen romance with Chris Jericho during the November 10 episode of Raw when she agreed to go on a date with him . Subsequently , they participated in an intergender tag team match as partners on December 1 . After the match , Stratus overheard Jericho talking to then @-@ heel , Christian , who was involved in an on @-@ screen romance with Lita at the time , about who could sleep with their respective woman first . One week later , Stratus and Lita confronted the men about their actions , leading to a feud between the two men and women which resulted in a " Battle of the Sexes " tag team match at Armageddon , which the women lost . A rematch the next night ended in a no contest . Her relationship with Jericho continued into the next year with a new angle of Stratus developing feelings for Jericho . Christian would also briefly turn face once again , but only revealed to be a hoax as he would attack and defeat her in a match ordered by Eric Bischoff . This would start a feud between Christian and Jericho , who was defending Stratus . During their match at WrestleMania XX , however , Stratus became a villainess for the first time since her debut by betraying Jericho and siding with Christian . Stratus claimed her reasons for siding with Christian were that he was a " real man " , and Jericho was a " love sick puppy " . The duo feuded with Jericho for several months and competed in a 2 @-@ on @-@ 1 Handicap match at Backlash . The team of Stratus and Christian were joined by " problem solver " Tyson Tomko the next night on Raw .
Stratus won the WWE Women 's Championship for a fifth time at Bad Blood on June 13 . She defended the title until she suffered a legitimate broken hand in July that caused her to be out of action for approximately a month . Upon her return , she continued to defend the title against numerous challengers before losing the championship to Lita on December 6 , when both women wrestled in the main event of Raw for the championship . Stratus recaptured the title a month later at New Year 's Revolution , after Lita suffered a legitimate knee injury during the match . Stratus was originally booked to lose the championship back to Lita at WrestleMania 21 , but due to Lita 's injury , she wasn 't cleared to wrestle . A new angle was then developed between Stratus and 2004 Raw Diva Search winner Christy Hemme over jealousy of Hemme 's Playboy magazine exposure , with Stratus attacking Hemme and spray painting the word " slut " across her back . Stratus was challenged by Hemme , who later revealed she was being trained by Lita , for a championship match at WrestleMania 21 , where Stratus successfully retained her championship . Stratus would then demand a rematch against Hemme the next night on Raw ; before the match started , Stratus hit Hemme with the Chick Kick , and re @-@ injured Lita 's knee . The next week , after losing a tag team match , Stratus was chased around the arena by Lita 's storyline husband , Kane , narrowly escaping . The week after , Stratus almost got chokeslammed onto the stage , but Viscera saved her . Stratus would then form a short @-@ lived alliance with Viscera , who was ordered to protect her .
= = = = Storyline with Mickie James and retirement ( 2005 – 2006 ) = = = =
In May 2005 , Stratus was sidelined with the Women 's Championship after suffering a herniated disc , with the storyline explanation that Viscera had injured her at Backlash after she insulted him for losing to Kane . She returned to Raw on September 12 , 2005 as a face by siding with Ashley Massaro against Vince 's Devils ( Candice Michelle , Victoria and Torrie Wilson ) . The feud also involved the debuting Mickie James , who introduced herself as Stratus ' biggest fan . In November , during the Eddie Guerrero Tribute Show , Stratus took part in an inter @-@ promotional Divas battle royal that was won by SmackDown ! Diva Melina . The next week , MNM ( Joey Mercury and Johnny Nitro ) kidnapped Stratus for Melina , who challenged a tied up and gagged Stratus to a match for the Women 's Championship . The two fought at Survivor Series , with Stratus defeating Melina . Stratus and Mickie James continued teaming together in late 2005 , while James became increasingly obsessed with Stratus . On the December 26 episode of Raw , the storyline between Stratus and James developed into a lesbian one , when James initiated an intimate kiss with Stratus under a sprig of mistletoe , causing a surprised Stratus to flee the locker room .
The odd relationship between Stratus and James continued into 2006 , with the two Divas competing against each other in a title match at New Year 's Revolution , where Stratus emerged victorious . Despite the defeat , James continued to be enamored of Stratus which made her feel uncomfortable , and on March 6 , Stratus confronted James , telling her that she needed space . The duo briefly reconciled on the March 18 episode of Saturday Night 's Main Event , teaming together to defeat Candice Michelle and Victoria ; however , after the match , James turned on Stratus and attacked her . A match at WrestleMania 22 saw Stratus lose the Women 's Championship to James , ending her 448 @-@ day reign . The match is widely recognized as one of the best women 's matches in the company . During a rematch at Backlash , Stratus suffered a legitimate dislocated shoulder after taking a bump to the outside of the ring . While she was rehabilitating for six weeks , she continued to appear on @-@ screen .
Stratus returned to the ring on June 26 , where she had a Women 's Championship match with Mickie James . Stratus would go on to lose the match , thus finally ending their nine @-@ month long storyline . On the same night , she started a romantic angle with Carlito after he saved her from a double team attack by Melina and Johnny Nitro . They competed as a team , and won a mixed tag team match against Melina and Nitro at Saturday Night 's Main Event on July 15 . As a couple , Stratus and Carlito briefly feuded with WWE Champion Edge and Lita after the pair interrupted Stratus ' title match with Mickie James . The two couples competed in several tag team matches , including a six @-@ person tag team match where Edge , Lita and Randy Orton defeated Stratus , Carlito and John Cena after Orton RKO 'd Stratus and Lita followed up with the pin . Stratus ' last match on Raw occurred on September 11 , 2006 where she defeated former rival Mickie James . In late August , Lita stated that Stratus would retire following the Unforgiven pay @-@ per @-@ view , which was later confirmed by Stratus . At Unforgiven on September 17 , in her hometown of Toronto , Stratus won against Lita with fellow Canadian Bret Hart 's signature submission maneuver , the Sharpshooter . Her victory earned her a seventh Women 's Championship , the most in WWE history , and she retired as the champion .
= = = = Post @-@ retirement appearances and WWE Hall of Famer ( 2007 – 2014 ) = = = =
Stratus and Lita made a special appearance on December 10 , 2007 during Raw 's 15th Anniversary special , attacking Jillian Hall . The following year , Stratus appeared on Raw in Toronto on May 5 , in a backstage segment involving Ron Simmons and Trevor Murdoch .
Stratus wrestled her first match in over two years on the December 22 , 2008 episode of Raw , when she and John Cena defeated Santino Marella and her former on @-@ screen protégé Beth Phoenix in a mixed tag team match .
On September 14 , 2009 , Stratus served as the guest hostess of Raw , and participated in a six @-@ person tag team match , teaming with Montel Vontavious Porter and Mark Henry to defeat Phoenix , Chris Jericho , and Big Show .
Stratus made a surprise appearance at the 2011 Elimination Chamber pay @-@ per @-@ view to announce that she would be a trainer on the revival of WWE Tough Enough , and stopped LayCool from attacking Kelly Kelly . The following month , on March 14 , she lost a match to Vickie Guerrero due to interference from LayCool and Dolph Ziggler . After the match , John Morrison and Raw guest star Nicole " Snooki " Polizzi came to her aid . At WrestleMania XXVII , Stratus , Snooki , and Morrison defeated the team of Ziggler and LayCool . The night after WrestleMania , on Raw , Stratus and Morrison defeated Guerrero and Ziggler . She also appeared on Raw on June 6 and SmackDown on September 16 .
The following year , on July 23 , 2012 , she made a guest appearance on Raw 's 1000th episode .
On the January 28 , 2013 , episode of Raw , Stratus was announced as a WWE Hall of Fame inductee as part of the 2013 class , making her the youngest inductee in WWE history . Stratus chose Stephanie McMahon to induct her into the Hall of Fame in April .
The following year , Stratus inducted Lita into the WWE Hall of Fame .
= = Other media = =
On June 3 , 2006 , she hosted the Canada 's Walk of Fame induction ceremony and performed a song and dance number inspired by the soundtrack from the film Chicago at the event . During the show , Stratus ad libbed a kiss with fellow Canadian actress Pamela Anderson .
From late November 2006 to mid @-@ January 2007 , Stratus temporarily moved to Muncie , Indiana for the CBS reality show Armed & Famous . She was given a spot in the series after Paul Heyman had mentioned her name to CBS . The concept was that she was one of five celebrities who trained as volunteer officers with the Muncie Police Department . After finishing her training , Stratus and her real life officer partner were followed around by a camera crew while going on legitimate police calls . Although the show was scheduled to broadcast seven episodes starting on January 10 , 2007 , CBS canceled the series after just four of the episodes were aired . After the cancellation of Armed & Famous , Stratus hosted The Second City 's Next Comedy Legend . The contest was similar to the style of America 's Next Top Model , with Stratus portraying the " Tyra Banks " role as contact between the contestants and judges .
Stratus is the host and subject of the show Stratusphere , which debuted in 2008 on the Travel + Escape television channel . The show follows Stratus as she visits different locations around the world to participate in local sports and adventure . Bill Harris wrote that , " Every week , Stratus embarks on a trip in search of exotic locations and daring physical challenges . In the first episode , for example , Stratus is in Kochi , India , where she learns the ancient martial art of kalarippayattu , progressing from fighting with sticks to fighting with metal swords . Through the 10 @-@ episode run of Stratusphere , Stratus does everything from reindeer racing in Norway to bungee jumping in Bali . Her athleticism obviously sets Stratusphere apart from most travel shows . " Stratus also guest @-@ starred in the Canadian show Da Kink in My Hair new season , which started on February 12 , 2009 . In 2009 , Stratus became a spokesperson for sports betting website , Sports Interaction .
Stratus starred in the Canadian independent movie , Bail Enforcers , which marked her acting debut . She played a bounty hunter named Jules Taylor , which released on April 19 , 2011 , premiering at ActionFest 2011 . The movie was then released on DVD as " Bounty Hunters " .
Stratus co @-@ starred in the 2015 film , Gridlocked , as the villainous Gina .
= = = Video games = = =
Stratus has appeared in nineteen WWE video games . She made her in @-@ game debut at WWF SmackDown ! 2 : Know Your Role and appears in WWF No Mercy , WWF SmackDown ! Just Bring It , WWE Raw , WWE WrestleMania X8 , WWE SmackDown ! Shut Your Mouth , WWE WrestleMania XIX , WWE Raw 2 , WWE SmackDown Here Comes the Pain , WWE Day of Reckoning , WWE SmackDown ! vs. Raw , WWE WrestleMania 21 , WWE Day of Reckoning 2 , WWE SmackDown ! vs. Raw 2006 , WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007 , WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2010 , WWE 12 ( DLC ) , WWE 13 and WWE 2K16 ( DLC ) .
= = Yoga studio = =
In 2008 , Stratus opened a yoga studio named Stratusphere in the suburbs of Toronto , Ontario . The studio is billed as " Canada 's largest eco @-@ friendly yoga studio " . In 2009 , Stratusphere was awarded Top Choice Awards ' Best New Business award , and the following year , Stratus won the award for Business Woman of the Year . The studio won Top Choice Awards ' Best Yoga Studio award in 2013 .
= = Personal life = =
Stratigeas is of Greek and Polish descent and is the eldest daughter of John and Alice Stratigeas . Her sisters are named Christie and Melissa . Stratigeas married her high school sweetheart and boyfriend of fourteen years , Ron Fisico , on September 30 , 2006 . Several WWE Divas were in attendance at the wedding , and her bridal gown was featured on a cover of Today 's Bride magazine . Shortly after the wedding , Stratus got the call to be a part of Armed & Famous , so she filmed the show instead of going on her honeymoon . In 2013 , Stratigeas announced her pregnancy at the WWE Hall of Fame ceremony , and her first child , a son named Maximus , was born on September 30 , 2013 . Stratigeas is best friends with former wrestler Amy Dumas , a.k.a. " Lita " , even naming Dumas as the godmother to her son .
Stratigeas has also been involved with numerous charities such as Ronald McDonald House , Dreams Take Flight and the Special Olympics . From 2001 , she was a spokesperson for the World Natural Sports Association . On March 29 , 2008 , she participated in the Island Triathlon Series as part of a celebrity relay team to help raise money for Dignitas International .
= = Filmography = =
Bail Enforcers ( 2011 )
Gridlocked ( 2015 )
= = In wrestling = =
Finishing moves
Chick Kick ( Roundhouse kick , sometimes to an oncoming opponent ) 2003 – 2006
Multiple bulldog variations
Diving - 2005
Running - 2000 @-@ 2002
Stratusfaction ( Springboard , with theatrics ) 2001 – 2006
Wheelbarrow - 2002
Sharpshooter – 2006 ; adopted from Bret Hart
Signature moves
Air Canada ( Thesz press followed by multiple punches , sometimes to an oncoming opponent )
Backhand chop , with theatrics
Diving clothesline
Diving crossbody
Hangman 's choke
Headscissors takedown
MaTrish ( Matrix evasion )
MaTrish Revolutions ( Handstand tilt @-@ a @-@ whirl headscissors takedown )
Multiple pin variations
Backslide
Jumping roll @-@ up , sometimes while bridging
Springboard sunset flip
Victory roll
One @-@ armed neckbreaker slam , to an oncoming opponent
Spear
Spinebuster
Stratusphere ( Turnbuckle handstand transitioned into a frankensteiner )
Stratus Splash ( Stinger splash )
Super frankensteiner
Wrestlers managed
Albert
Kurt Angle
Carlito
Christian
Bubba Ray Dudley
Chris Jericho
Test
Tyson Tomko
Viscera
Val Venis
Jeff Hardy
Triple H
Nicknames
" The Quintessential WWE Diva "
" The Queen of Queens "
" Canada 's Greatest Export "
Entrance themes
" Time To Rock ' N Roll " by Lil ' Kim
= = Championships and accomplishments = =
Cauliflower Alley Club
Iron Mike Mazurki Award ( 2016 )
Fighting Spirit Magazine
Double X Award ( 2006 )
Three Degrees Award ( 2006 )
Pro Wrestling Illustrated
Woman of the Year ( 2002 , 2003 , 2005 , 2006 )
Woman of the Decade ( 2000 – 2009 )
World Wrestling Federation / World Wrestling Entertainment / WWE
WWE Hardcore Championship ( 1 time )
WWF / E Women 's Championship ( 7 times )
WWE Hall of Fame ( Class of 2013 )
Babe of the Year ( 2001 – 2003 )
Diva of the Decade ( 2000s )
Wrestling Observer Newsletter
Worst Worked Match of the Year ( 2002 ) with Bradshaw vs. Christopher Nowinski and Jackie Gayda on Raw , July 7
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= Ray Farquharson =
Ray Fletcher Farquharson MBE ( 4 August 1897 – 1 June 1965 ) was a Canadian doctor , university professor , and medical researcher . Born in Claude , Ontario , he attended and taught at the University of Toronto for most of his life , and was trained and employed at Toronto General Hospital . With co @-@ researcher Arthur Squires , Farquharson was responsible for the discovery of the Farquharson phenomenon , an important principle of endocrinology , which is that administering external hormones suppresses the natural production of that hormone .
He served in the First and Second World Wars , earning appointment as a Member of the Order of the British Empire for his medical work during the latter . He chaired the Penicillin Committee of Canada and served as a medical consultant for the Royal Canadian Air Force . He was awarded the Queen 's Coronation Medal in 1953 for his work for the Defence Review Board . Farquharson was also a charter member of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada .
Farquharson was heavily involved in Canadian medical research and education . As a member of the National Research Council of Canada , his " Farquharson Report " led to the establishment of the Medical Research Council of Canada , of which he was the first president . He received numerous honorary degrees from Canadian universities , and served on the first Board of Governors of York University . He died in 1965 , leaving a wife and two daughters . Farquharson was posthumously inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame in 1998 .
= = Early life and education = =
Farquharson was born in Claude , Ontario ( a small town northwest of Toronto ) , on 4 August 1897 to Reverend William Farquharson , a Presbyterian minister , and Annie McDonald Coutts . His brother Charles also became a doctor , while another brother , Robert , became the managing editor for The Globe and Mail and was later an advisor at the Canadian Embassy to the United States . " Farquy " , as he was nicknamed by friends , received his early education at Durham and graduated from Harbord Collegiate Institute in Toronto . He briefly attended the University of Toronto 's medical school before being drafted into the Canadian Army on 15 May 1918 , serving in the Canadian Field Artillery ( 67th Battery ) as a gunner . He did not serve overseas , and was recalled from the military to complete his schooling , graduating in 1922 . He underwent post @-@ graduate study in various fields from 1922 until 1927 while serving as an intern and resident at Toronto General Hospital under Duncan Archibald Graham .
Farquharson was awarded research fellowships at Massachusetts General Hospital , where he worked with Joseph Charles Aub and William Salter , and at Harvard University before becoming an assistant professor at the University of Toronto . He published papers on the excretion of calcium in response to excessive acid in the body and " liver therapy " ( the consumption of liver ) as a treatment for spinal cord degeneration . In 1931 he married Christina Jane Fraser , with whom he had two daughters : Helen , who became a hematologist , and Catherine Jane .
= = Career = =
In addition to teaching at the University of Toronto , Farquharson established a private practice as a medical consultant , gaining a reputation as a " doctor 's doctor " for his treatment of other physicians . In 1934 he became the head of the therapeutics department at Toronto . He continued to publish research findings on various topics , including anorexia nervosa . Farquharson was a charter member of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada , which oversaw all Canadian postgraduate medical education ; he served on its council from 1939 to 1943 , and was the council 's president from 1945 to 1947 . Prior to enlisting in the Second World War , he gave testimony as an expert medical witness in court martial trials .
On 25 August 1943 , Farquharson enlisted in the Royal Canadian Air Force ( RCAF ) and was assigned to No. 1 Air Command , based in Trenton , Ontario . He was posted to the United Kingdom in 1944 and briefly returned to No. 1 Air Command before being released from service on 22 November 1945 with the rank of wing commander . During the war , he chaired the Penicillin Committee of Canada , which regulated the distribution of penicillin ( an antibiotic that largely replaced the sulfonamide used earlier in the war ) to the armed forces , and was a consultant to the RCAF 's Director of Medical Services . He was also consulted on medical matters by both the other branches of the Canadian armed forces and by various Allied medical groups . He supervised medical experiments involving penicillin therapy conducted in Ontario hospitals in 1943 – 44 , and was temporarily appointed Director of Medicine at Christie St. Veteran 's Hospital in Toronto . After V @-@ E Day , he travelled to Belgium to supervise the administration of penicillin therapy , and later became involved in the care and treatment of war veterans . For his service in the war , Farquharson was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in January 1946 . His brother Charles also served in both world wars .
Farquharson was the director of medicine for Toronto veterans ' hospitals from 1945 to 1947 , and at the same time served as president of the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada . In 1947 he was appointed to the Sir John and Lady Eaton Professor of Medicine chair at the University of Toronto . From 1947 until his retirement in 1960 , he was the Physician @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Toronto General Hospital . His well @-@ known patients included Canadian politician George A. Drew , who he advised to resign as head of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada and Leader of the Opposition following a near @-@ fatal attack of meningitis ; Drew did so , and was succeeded as party leader by John Diefenbaker , who later became Prime Minister of Canada . Farquharson established clinical teaching programs at Women 's College Hospital and Sunnybrook Hospital , and expanded those already in place at St. Michael 's and Toronto Western . He also appointed the first full @-@ time clinical investigators to the Toronto medical school faculty and increased total faculty numbers from 40 to over 100 . He became a Fellow of the American College of Physicians in 1947 and of the Royal College of Physicians in 1950 . He was appointed a member of the Bacteriological Warfare Review Committee , established in 1950 by the Defence Research Board ( of which he was a member from 1949 to 1952 ) and chaired by Dr. Charles Best . For his service to the nation , he was awarded the Queen 's Coronation Medal in 1953 .
Through his research in endocrinology with colleague Arthur Squires , Farquharson discovered what became known as the " Farquharson Phenomenon " : that the introduction of continuous exogenous hormone doses suppresses the natural production of that hormone in the patient and causes temporary atrophy in the producing organ . This phenomenon became one of the basic principles of endocrinology and a key factor in the etiology of hormonal abnormalities . Farquharson also made significant contributions related to anemia and pigment metabolism . He was the first Canadian doctor to publicize Sheehan 's syndrome , and the first North American to report on Simmond 's disease . As an educator and researcher , he was an early promoter of laboratory testing in the evaluation of illness ; he was known for advocating both this and awareness of potential psychological issues in patients .
Farquharson became a member of the National Research Council of Canada in 1951 , and in 1957 was named the director of the Division of Medical Research . In 1958 , he chaired a Privy Council Committee tasked with producing a report on the state of medical research in Canada ; this charge was in response to a 1957 report by the Association of Canadian Medical Colleges to the Prime Minister , which suggested that medical research in Canada was underfunded . While researching his report , he visited the Soviet Union in 1959 as part of a contingent representing the Research Council ; he remarked on the country 's apparent emphasis on scientific research , and invited Soviet scientists to visit Canada . Farquharson concluded that existing government support for research in Canada failed to specifically address medical research as an independent discipline and was financially insufficient . His " Farquharson Report " led to the formation of the Medical Research Council of Canada in 1960 , over which he presided until his death . As president , Farquharson advocated for progressive medical education taught by practicing physicians and for continuing education via research for doctors . He was also able to increase the organization 's budget for awards and grants from C $ 4 million in 1963 to $ 9 million by 1965 .
Farquharson became the Regent of the American College of Physicians in 1958 after having spent three years as the organization 's Ontario representative . He joined the first Board of Governors of York University in 1959 , and was a member of the University of Toronto Senate in the same year . He was named a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1960 . He was also a member of a number of medical organizations in both Canada and the US , and chairman or board member for some 20 medical research groups .
= = Retirement and legacy = =
In 1960 , having reached the University of Toronto 's compulsory retirement age , Farquharson left the university and the hospital . In recognition of his work for Toronto General Hospital , the twelve @-@ bed Clinical Investigation Unit was named after him in 1961 , and the Farquharson Foundation was established to support research conducted by the university 's teaching hospitals . Also in 1961 , Farquharson visited India , later remarking on the societal respect for doctors there . He also continued to advocate for support for universities .
Farquharson won the National Heart Foundation 's Award of Merit in 1960 , followed by the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers ' Association of Canada Health Research Foundation 's Medal of Honour in 1964 " for his clinical assessment of antibiotics [ and ] service as a leading medical educator " , becoming one of only 18 people to ever receive this award . He was featured on the cover of Modern Medicine in November 1963 . Farquharson was granted honorary degrees by a number of Canadian universities : the University of British Columbia in 1949 , the University of Saskatchewan in 1957 , Laval University in 1959 , Queen 's University in 1960 , the University of Alberta in 1960 , the University of Toronto in 1962 , and the University of Montreal in 1965 . He was named an honorary member of the Ontario Medical Association . He was also appointed a Knight of the Military and Hospitaller Order of St Lazarus of Jerusalem and an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Medicine in London .
Farquharson died on 1 June 1965 at Ottawa Civic Hospital at age 68 after suffering a heart attack . He had been in Ottawa to attend a meeting of the Medical Research Council . The University of Toronto held a memorial service commemorating his contributions to the school and the medical community .
The Farquharson Life Sciences Building , the first science building at York University , was renamed in honour of Farquharson . A biography of Farquharson was planned , but was never completed . The Ray F. Farquharson Memorial Lecture was established in his memory ; the first such lecture was delivered by John Eager Howard of Johns Hopkins University in 1968 on the topic of calcium metabolism . He was posthumously inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame in 1998 alongside such notable figures as Tommy Douglas , Norman Bethune and Roberta Bondar .
Farquharson was credited by Professor William Goldberg of McMaster University with " attack [ ing ] racism as part of [ his ] clinical teaching " because he suggested patient race should only be mentioned if relevant to their diagnosis ; he is also credited with combating anti @-@ Semitism . He is considered one of the " Fathers of Canadian Medicine " in both medical research and education . According to one memorial , " no Canadian since Sir William Osler has left as great an imprint upon the practice of Medicine " .
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= Early mainframe games =
Mainframe computers are computers used primarily by businesses and academic institutions for large @-@ scale processes . Before personal computers , first termed microcomputers , became widely available to the general public in the 1970s , the computing industry was composed of mainframe computers and the relatively smaller and cheaper minicomputer variant . During the mid to late 1960s , many early video games were programmed on these computers . Developed prior to the rise of the commercial video game industry in the early 1970s , these early mainframe games were generally written by students or employees at large corporations in a machine or assembly language that could only be understood by the specific machine or computer type they were developed on . While many of these games were lost as older computers were discontinued , some of them were ported to high @-@ level computer languages like BASIC , had expanded versions later released for personal computers , or were recreated for bulletin board systems years later , thus influencing future games and developers .
Early computer games began to be created in the 1950s , and the steady increase in the number and abilities of computers over time led to the gradual loosening of restrictions on access to mainframe computers at academic and corporate institutions beginning in the 1960s . This in turn led to a modest proliferation of generally small , text @-@ based games on mainframe computers , with increasing complexity towards the end of the decade . While games continued to be developed on mainframes and minicomputers through the 1970s , the rise of personal computers and the spread of high @-@ level programming languages meant that later games were generally intended to or were capable of being run on personal computers , even when developed on a mainframe . These early games include Hamurabi , an antecedent of the strategy and city @-@ building genres ; Lunar Lander , which inspired numerous recreations in the 1970s and 1980s ; Civil War , an early war simulation game ; Star Trek , which was widely ported , expanded , and spread for decades after ; Space Travel , which played a role in the creation of the Unix operating system ; and Baseball , an early sports game and the first baseball game to allow player control during a game .
= = Background = =
Mainframe computers are powerful computers used primarily by large organizations for computational work , especially large @-@ scale , multi @-@ user processes . The term originally referred to the large cabinets called " main frames " that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers . Prior to the rise of personal computers , first termed microcomputers , in the 1970s , they were the primary type of computer in use , and at the beginning of the 1960s they were the only type of computer available for public purchase . Minicomputers were relatively smaller and cheaper mainframe computers prevalent in the 1960s and 1970s , though they were still not intended for personal use . One definition from 1970 required a minicomputer to cost less than US $ 25 @,@ 000 . In contrast , regular mainframes could cost more than US $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 .
By the end of the 1960s , mainframe computers and minicomputers were present in many academic research institutions and large companies such as Bell Labs . While the commercial video game industry did not yet exist at that point in the early history of video games and would not until the early 1970s , programmers at these companies created several small games to be played on their mainframe computers . Most of these spread only to other users of the same type of computer and therefore did not persist as older computer models were discontinued ; several , however , inspired future games , or were later released in modified versions on more modern systems or languages . These early mainframe games were largely created between 1968 and 1971 ; while earlier games were created they were limited to small , academic audiences . Mainframe games also continued to be developed through the 1970s , but the rise of the commercial video game industry , focused on arcade video games and home video game consoles , followed by the rise of personal computers later in the decade , meant that beginning in the 1970s the audience and developers of video games began to shift away from mainframe computers or minicomputers , and the spread of general @-@ purpose programming languages such as the BASIC programming language meant that later mainframe games could generally be run on personal computers with minimal changes , even if initially developed on a mainframe .
= = Early games = =
The very first computer games began to appear in the 1950s , starting with Bertie the Brain , a computer @-@ based game of tic @-@ tac @-@ toe built by Dr. Josef Kates for the 1950 Canadian National Exhibition . While the status of these games as video games depends on the definition used , the games developed during this time period ran on the large antecedents of mainframe computers and were primarily developed for the purposes of academic research or to showcase the technological development of the computers on which they ran . Access to these computers , located almost exclusively in universities and research institutions , was restricted to academics and researchers , preventing any development of entertainment programs . Over the course of the decade , computer technology improved to include smaller , transistor @-@ based computers on which programs could be created and run in real time , rather than operations run in batches , and computers themselves spread to more locations .
By the 1960s , improvements in computing technology and the early development of relatively cheaper mainframe computers , which would later be termed minicomputers , led to the loosening of restrictions regarding programming access to the computers . At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , access to the TX @-@ 0 experimental computer was opened to students and employees of the university . This in turn led to the development of programs that in addition to highlighting the power of the computer also contained an entertainment aspect . The games created for the TX @-@ 0 by the small programming community at MIT included Tic @-@ Tac @-@ Toe , which used a light pen to play a simple game of noughts and crosses against the computer , and Mouse in the Maze , which let players set up a maze for a mouse to run through . When the Digital Equipment Corporation ( DEC ) PDP @-@ 1 computer was installed at MIT in 1961 , the community built a video game to showcase it 's abilities , Spacewar , which then became the first known video game to spread beyond a single computer installation as it was copied and recreated on other PDP @-@ 1 systems and later on other mainframe computers .
Over the course of the decade , computers spread to more and more companies and institutions , even as they became more powerful — by 1971 , it is estimated that there were over 1000 computers with monitors , rather than the few dozen at the beginning of the 1960s . While different computers could generally not run the same programs without significant changes to the programs code , due to differences in the physical hardware or machine languages , the expansion of the computing industry led to the creation of catalogs and user groups to share programs between different installations of the same series of computers , such as DEC 's PDP line . These catalogs and groups , such as the IBM program catalog and the Digital Equipment Computer Users ' Society ( DECUS ) , shared small games as well as programs , including , for example , " BBC Vik The Baseball Demonstrator " and " Three Dimensional Tic @-@ Tack @-@ Toe " in the April 1962 IBM catalog , and dice games and question and answer games in the DECUS newsletter .
By the latter half of the 1960s , higher @-@ level programming languages such as BASIC which were able to be run on multiple types of computers further increased the reach of games developed at any given location . While most games were limited to text @-@ based designs , rather than visual graphics like Spacewar , these games became more complicated as they reached more players , such as baseball and basketball simulation games . Access to the computers themselves was also extended to more people by systems such as the Dartmouth Time Sharing System ( DTSS ) , which connected several thousand users through many remote terminals around the campus to a central mainframe computer . By the 1967 – 68 school year the DTSS library of 500 programs for the system included , John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz wrote , " many games " . Over a quarter of the system 's usage was for casual or entertainment purposes , and Kemeny and Kurtz noted that " we have lost many a distinguished visitor for several hours while he quarterbacked the Dartmouth football team in a highly realistic simulated game " .
= = 101 BASIC Computer Games = =
In 1971 , DEC employee David H. Ahl converted two minicomputer games , Hamurabi and Lunar Lander , from the FOCAL language to BASIC , partially as a demonstration of the language on the DEC PDP @-@ 8 minicomputer . Their popularity led him to start printing BASIC games in the DEC newsletter he edited , both ones he wrote and reader submissions . In 1973 , he released the book 101 BASIC Computer Games , containing descriptions and the source code for video games written in BASIC . The games included were written by both Ahl and others , and included both games original to the language and ported from other languages such as FOCAL . Many of these ports were originally mainframe computer games . 101 BASIC Computer Games was a landmark title in computer games programming , and was a best @-@ selling title with more than 10 @,@ 000 copies sold — more sales than computers in existence at the time . Its second edition in 1978 , titled BASIC Computer Games , was the first million @-@ selling computer book . As such , the BASIC ports of mainframe computer games included in the book were often more long @-@ lived than their original versions or other mainframe computer games .
Hamurabi in particular is mostly known for its appearance in Ahl 's book . The original game , a text @-@ based strategy video game of land and resource management , was developed by Doug Dyment at DEC in 1968 as The Sumer Game . Dyment created it as a computer game for fellow employee Richard Merrill 's newly invented FOCAL programming language . The game consists of ten rounds wherein the player , as the ancient Babylonian king Hammurabi , manages how much of their grain to spend on crops for the next round , feeding their people , and purchasing additional land , while dealing with random variations in crop yields and plagues . Multiple versions of the game were created for the FOCAL and FOCAL @-@ 69 languages , but an expanded , uncredited version of the game was included in 101 BASIC Computer Games as Hamurabi , and later versions of the game , even in FOCAL , referenced the new title over the old . Hamurabi influenced many later strategy and simulation games and is an antecedent to the city @-@ building genre .
The other game Ahl originally ported to BASIC , Lunar Lander , appeared in the book in three different forms . The original version of the game was called Lunar , and was originally written in FOCAL for the PDP @-@ 8 by Jim Storer while a high school student in the fall of 1969 . A different version called Rocket was written in BASIC by Eric Peters at DEC , and a third version , LEM , was written by William Labaree II in BASIC . Ahl converted Jim Storer 's FOCAL version to BASIC , changed some of the text , and published it in his newsletter . A year or so later , all three BASIC versions of the game appeared in 101 BASIC Computer Games , under the names ROCKET ( Storer version ) , ROCKT1 ( Peters version ) , and ROCKT2 ( Labaree version ) . All three text @-@ based games required the player to control a rocket attempting to land on the moon by entering instructions to the rocket in response to the textual summary of its current position and heading relative to the ground . Ahl and Steve North converted all three versions to Microsoft BASIC , changed the name to Lunar Lander , and published them in Creative Computing magazine in 1976 ; that name was used the 1978 edition of BASIC Computer Games .
Another game from the book is Civil War , a text @-@ based computer game that puts the player against the computer in a simulation of the American Civil War . Civil War originated on multi @-@ user mainframe computers in 1968 , and simulates fourteen major battles of the conflict , with the human player as the South and the computer as the North . The player can control four direct variables which interact to determine a battle 's outcome : how much of their money to spend on food , salaries , and ammunition , and which of four offensive or four defensive strategies to use . The side with the fewest casualties wins a battle , and if the player wins eight or more battles they win the game . After appearing in 101 BASIC Computer Games , Civil War was later one of a number of text @-@ based games available on early 1980s pay @-@ to @-@ play systems .
Possibly the most popular of the mainframe games that appeared in Ahl 's book was Star Trek . The game is a text @-@ based computer game that puts the player in command of the Starship Enterprise on a mission to hunt down and destroy an invading fleet of Klingon warships . Unlike the other text @-@ based games , however , it did not use written responses to player input , but instead had character @-@ based graphics , with different characters used as graphical symbols to represent objects . It was initially developed by Mike Mayfield in 1971 on an SDS Sigma 7 mainframe . The game was also unlike many of the other mainframe games in the book in that it was originally written in BASIC ; by the time the book was published , it had been widely copied among minicomputer and mainframe systems and modified into several versions . It was one of these , renamed by Ahl as Space War , that appeared in 101 BASIC Computer Games . The 1978 version of the book contained a Microsoft BASIC port of Super Star Trek , an expanded version of the game first written in 1972 , and this version was ported to numerous personal computer systems of the era ; Ahl stated in the book that it was difficult to find a computer installation that did not contain a version of Star Trek . Multiple updated versions in a wide variety of languages have been made since . By 1980 , Star Trek was described by The Dragon magazine as " one of the most popular ( if not the most popular ) computer games around " , with " literally scores of different versions of this game floating around " .
= = Other games = =
Some mainframe games that did not appear in 101 BASIC Computer Games have still had a lasting impact . One such game was Space Travel , developed by Ken Thompson in 1969 , which simulates travel in the Solar System . The player flies their ship around a two @-@ dimensional scale model of the solar system with no objectives other than to attempt to land on various planets and moons . The player can move and turn the ship , and adjust the overall speed by adjusting the scale of the simulation . The ship is affected by the single strongest gravitational pull of the astronomical bodies . The game was developed at Bell Labs , and was ported during 1969 from the Multics operating system to the GECOS operating system on the GE 635 computer , and then to the PDP @-@ 7 minicomputer . While porting the game to the PDP @-@ 7 , Thompson developed ideas for his own operating system , which later formed the core of the Unix operating system . Space Travel never spread beyond Bell Labs or had an effect on future games , leaving its primary legacy as part of the original push for the development of Unix .
Another influential early mainframe game was Baseball , a sports game that was created on a PDP @-@ 10 minicomputer at Pomona College in 1971 by English major Don Daglow . Baseball was the first baseball video game that allowed players to manage the game as it unfolded , rather than just picking players at the beginning of a game . The program is documented at the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum in Cooperstown , New York . Baseball was continually updated through 1974 , and distributed to other PDP @-@ 10 installations . The text @-@ based game had each player control the pitcher or the batter ; they would enter their intention to , for example , pitch to or walk the batter , or switch hitters . The batting player could direct on @-@ base players to steal , and the batter to hit . The results of the play would be printed out onto paper as a verbose description , like a radio description of the game . Daglow went on to develop more sophisticated baseball games in 1983 with Intellivision World Series Baseball , and 1987 with Earl Weaver Baseball , as well as numerous other games .
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= Thalaba the Destroyer =
Thalaba the Destroyer is an 1801 epic poem composed by Robert Southey . The origins of the poem can be traced to Southey 's school boy days , but he did not begin to write the poem until he finished composing Madoc at the age of 25 . Thalaba the Destroyer was completed while Southey travelled in Portugal . When the poem was finally published by the publisher Longman , it suffered from poor sales and only half of the copies were sold by 1804 .
The poem is divided into twelve " books " with irregular stanza structures and unrhymed lines of poetry . The story describes how a group of sorcerers work to destroy the Hodeirah family in an attempt to prevent a prophecy of their future doom from coming true . However , a young child named Thalaba is able to escape from the slaughter . After one of the sorcerers hunts down Thalaba to kill him , the sorcerer is defeated by a great storm and his powerful magical ring comes into Thalaba 's possession . With the ring , Thalaba travels across the Middle East to find a way to defeat the evil sorcerers . In the end , Thalaba is able to stay true to Allah and is guided by the prophet Mohammad in destroying the sorcerers .
Southey uses the poem to describe various superstitions and myths , with a heavy reliance on repetition of various themes that link the myths together . Although based in Islamic theology , most of the action is mechanical instead of emphasising possible moral truths that can be drawn from the plot . Though the main character is purported to be a Muslim , the story actually takes place thousands of years before Islam , in ancient Babylon . Critics gave the work mixed reviews , with some emphasising the strong morality within the work or the quality of the poetry . However , other critics felt that the lack of a strong lyrical structure and the use of Middle Eastern myths detracted from the poem .
= = Background = =
The basis for Southey wishing to write long poems came from his private reading of literature while attending Westminster School as a boy . In Summer 1799 , Southey completed writing Madoc and began working on Thalaba . He started to work with Coleridge , and both Coleridge 's " Kubla Khan " and Thalaba shared many sources . He then travelled to Burton where he continued to write the poem , which he called a romance at the time .
He soon after travelled to Portugal in April 1800 where he planned to finish Thalaba and send it back to England for publication . By July , he was able to complete the poem and in October the poem was edited and ready for publication . John Rickman served as Southey 's agent in selling the book . Although finished , Southey continued to work on fixing the end of the poem until January 1801 after receiving suggestions from his friends . After Portugal went to war with France and Spain , Southey left the country and he returned to England in June 1801 . The poem was published in 1801 by Longman with 1 @,@ 000 copies , but only sold half by 1804 . A revised edition was published in 1809 .
= = Poem = =
The poem is a twelve book work with irregular stanzas and lines that are not rhymed . The poem deals with Harun al @-@ Rashid and a group of sorcerers at Domdaniel that live under the sea . It was foretold that Thalaba , a Muslim , would be God 's champion and conquer the sorcerers . To pre @-@ empt the prophecy , the sorcerers kill the Hodeirah family . Unknown to them , Thalaba was able to escape from harm with his mother Zeinab . They flee through the desert and arrive at Irem , a ruined city . After Zeinab dies , Thalaba is raised by a leader of Irem named Moath . The sorcerers find out that Thalaba is still alive , and Abdaldar , one of their members , goes to find out Thalaba 's location . When Abdaldar arrives , he is stopped a simoom , a sand storm , and his magic ring is lost . Thalaba finds the ring , which grants him great power .
A demon comes to steal the ring from Thalaba , but he is stopped by the young boy . This allows Thalaba to demand information about the sorcerers and why his family was killed . Time passes and Thalaba settles into a pastoral life at Irem and plans to marry Moath 's daughter , Oneiza . However , Thalaba decides that his duty prohibits him from such actions , and he leaves to fulfill his destiny . However , the sorcerer Lobaba tricks Thalaba and tries to steal the ring . After many failed attempts , Lobaba tries to convince Thalaba to harness the ring 's magic power , which would bring Thalaba harm . Instead , Thalaba argues against the use of magic in general and realises that Lobaba is evil . Although Thalaba attempts to kill Lobaba and fails by the sorcerer 's magic , a storm comes and destroys the sorcerer .
Thalaba travels past Baghdad onto the ruins of Babylon to find Haruth and Maruth , two angels that know about magic . While searching for them , he runs across Mohareb , an evil warrior . Mohareb offers to take Thalaba through the city and they travel through the cave of Zohak . Zohak , an individual punished to have snakes constantly eat at his brain , tries to stop them before Mohareb distracts him . The two continue to travel into the dwelling of Haruth and Maruth and , when Mohareb finds out that Thalaba is not evil , attacks him . However , the ring protects Thalaba . After Mohareb claims that magic was the only reason why Thalaba lives , Thalaba decides to get rid of the ring into a pit before the two resume fighting . Soon after , Mohareb is also thrown into the pit and Thalaba is able to ask the angels what he needs to defeat his enemies . He is simply told " faith " .
Thalaba travels to the land of Aloadin , who owns a great garden paradise , and he is invited to feast with the people , but he is unwilling to imbibe alcohol or be taken in by the dancing women that seek to entice him . The temptations overwhelm him to the point where he can no longer tolerate them and he flees . Shortly after leaving , he discovers one of the women being attacked by a man wanting to have his way with her . It is revealed that the woman was Oneiza , who was captured , and that Aloadin was a sorcerer . After saving Oneiza , Thalaba is determined to stop the sorcerer and he ends up killing him . Following this , they are praised by a Sultan that Aloadin wanted to kill , and Thalaba decides to marry Oneiza . Before they can finish their marriage , she dies and Thalaba is left to mourn over her grave . While mourning , a spirit that appears to be Oneiza begins to haunt Thalaba and claim that God disapproves of the young warrior . However , Moath comes and is able to recognise the spirit as a vampire . After killing the vampire , the real Oneiza comes to guide Thalaba onwards .
Thalaba travels to look for Simorg , the Bird of Ages , on the mountain Kaf . While wandering , he meets an old woman , Maimuna , who is a sorceress . She casts a spell upon him and he is sent to the land of Mohareb , by now an evil Sultan . However , Maimuna 's sister , Khawla , knows that if Thalaba is killed that Mohareb would also be killed and she seeks to kill Thalaba to remove Mohareb . Finding this out , Mohareb joins with Thalaba and returns the ring . After telling Thalaba to turn to the darker powers , Thalaba leaves . Khawla attempts to user her magic to kill Thalaba , but the ring protects him . When Maimuna tries to user her own magic against Thalaba , she witnesses the goodness of the universe and represents her evil ways . She repays him by using her magic to bring him back to the mountain , and Thalaba is able to return to his search for Simorg . After wandering through snow , Thalaba comes across the Font of Fire with the sleeping Laila trapped inside . It turns out she was placed there by her father , the sorcerer Okba and one of the murderers of Thalaba 's family .
Okba , old and worn out , comes and asks Thalaba to simply kill him and end his misery . However , Thalaba denies the request . The angel of death , Azrael , tells Thalaba that either Okba or Laila must die . Okba uses this chance to try and stab Thalaba , but Laila steps in between them and is killed . Okba curses God for his fate but Thalaba can only feel pity over the scene . After leaving , he is able to come to Simorg 's valley . Simorg directs Thalaba to take a sled to continue on his way while the spirit of Laila asks Thalaba to end Okba 's misery . However , Thalaba refuses to commit vengeance and he travels onwards until he arrives at a small boat waiting for him . He is taken down a river to the sea where Thalaba tosses away his magic ring . He is then taken to a cave that would lead him to the domain of the sorcerers .
Thalaba travels down into the cave and meets the warrior Othatha chained to rocks . Thalaba frees Othatha before travelling further until he meets an Efreet that guards a gate to the Domdaniel . After shooting an arrow into an eye of the Efreet , he is able to proceed forward where he meets Khawla and Mohareb . He is able to knock them away from him and quickly moves forward to find the powerful sword of his father . The sword of flames covers Thalaba in flames which causes the area to be filled with light . This scares the sorcerers who then try to attack him . After Thalaba defeats Mohareb and the sorcerers , the voice of Mohammad asks Thalaba what he wishes . Thalaba simply gives his will up to the Prophet before destroying an evil idol , which destroys the cave .
= = Themes = =
The story depicts how suffering is essential to completing one 's destiny . Southey 's purpose in Thalaba , however , is to describe as many of the various myths and superstitions that he can , and this interferes with the resolving of moral problems within the story . Instead , the moral lessons are formulaic and the events focus on awards given to those who are obedient . Southey 's emphasis on the actual mythic incidents over the moral events are backed up with more than 80 pages of his own notes that describe the various references to traditional myths or mythic creatures that are incorporated into the story . In terms of structure , the unilateral plot keeps Thalaba does not allow for an easy flow into various mythic incidents . Instances of the plot being supplanted by the myths can be found during the descriptions of the story of Irem , Haruth and Maruth , or others .
There is reliance on repetition of themes within the plot of Thalaba . Three times he attained a paradise that turns out to be false , and this is followed by the death of a woman who are gone until the very end when Thalaba is awarded entrance into a true paradise . The seeking out of mythic figures to guide him onto the next part of the tale is equally repetitive and has little result for the plot . Various instances of the sorcerers and sorceresses are added to the story to emphasise the evil of magic along with tempting Thalaba with power . However , the emphasis on magic hides the moral within Thalaba 's temptations . Although Thalaba does achieve his goal through moral submission , many of the quests and actions are arbitrary and repetitive . As such , they take away from any Islamic truth that could be found within the actions .
Other images , such as Thalaba reclaiming his father 's magic sword , are symbols that effectively reinforce Southey 's moral themes . However , these events represent the minority of the plot and are rarely relied on early in the story . To the contrary , the heavily represented magic ring is used to protect Thalaba with little explanation as to how it works and there is no moral statements tied to its use . As a whole , the poem is able to portray scenery and events in strongly descriptive manners , but the manner in doing this takes away from their meaning and effect . In terms of religious imagery , Islam within the poem is more similar to Zoroastrian thought and morality . Other religious images lose their power as Southey removes any mystical aspects of them , including Simorgh being stripped of it being a symbol of harmony with life . In terms of the divine , there is a dual entity : Allah representing preservation and Eblis representing destruction . However , evil , though an opposite to good , is never explained but merely used to further the plot .
= = Critical response = =
Ernest Bernhard @-@ Kabisch pointed out that " Few readers have been as enthusiastic about it as Cardinal Newman who considered it the most ' morally sublime ' of English poems . But the young Shelley reckoned it his favorite poem , and both he and Keats followed its lead in some of their verse narratives . " An anonymous review in the September 1801 British Critic claimed , " A more complete monument of vile and depraved taste no man ever raised [ ... ] He has , therefore , given a rhapsody of Twelve Books in a sort of irregular lyric , so unlike verse or sense , that if it were worth while to present our readers with a tissue of so coarse a texture , we could fill whole pages with specimens of its absurdity . We will have mercy , and give only a single example , which may be taken at random , for no part seems to be better than the rest . "
This was followed by an October 1801 anonymous review in the Monthly Mirror that argued , " It is a matter to be lamented , that , in times like the present , a work of letters can rarely be reviewed upon the ground of its own proper merits ... In the consideration of this romance , the judicious critic cannot but feel that one rule of good writing has been studiously observed . His work will not incur the censure passed by the late Mr. Collins upon his Persian Eclogues , namely , that , from erroneous manners , they were ' Irish . ' " The review continued , " He tells us it is metrical ... He will excuse our ears , but we cannot agree with him . Among the sins of our youth , we , like him , have traded in desultory versification , but have long been brought back to lyrical rhyme , and heroic blank verse . The reasons are obvious ... We recommend his beauties to the esteem , and his faults to the forgetfulness , of every reader . Upon the whole , he has our thanks for much amusement , and some information . "
An anonymous review in the January 1802 Monthly Magazine stated , " The fable or story of Thalaba is perhaps too marvellous : every incident is a miracle ; every utensil , an amulet ; every speech , a spell ; every personage , a god ; or rather a talismanic statue ; of which destiny and magic overrule the movements , not human hopes and fears — not human desires and passions , which always must excite the vivid sympathy of men . It offers , however , scope beyond other metrical romances " . The review concluded , " Whatever loss of interest this poem may sustain , as a whole , by an apparent driftlessness of the vents and characters , is compensated by the busy variety , the picturesque imagery , and striking originality of the parts . "
Later in 1802 , Francis Jeffrey , editor of the Edinburgh Review , submitted a review on Thalaba . In the October 1802 edition , he claimed that Southey " belongs to a sect of poets , that has established itself in this country within these ten or twelve years , and is looked upon , we believe , as one of its chief champions and apostles ... As Mr Southey is the first author , of this persuasion , that has yet been brought before us for judgment , we cannot discharge our inquisitorial office conscientiously , without premising a few words upon the nature and tendency of the tenets he has helped to promulgate . The disciples of this school boast much of its originality . " This led to a discussion of Southey 's flaws : " Originality , however , we are persuaded , is rare than mere alteration ... That our new poets have abandoned the old models , may certainly be admitted ; but we have not been able to discover that they have yet created any model of their own . " He continued to discuss the flaws of the British Romantic poets before returning to Thalaba when he argued , " The subject of this poem is almost as ill chosen as the diction ; and the conduct of the fable as disorderly as the versification ... From this little sketch of the story , our readers will easily perceive , that it consists altogether of the most wild and extravagant fictions , and openly sets nature and probability at defiance . In its action it is not an imitation of anything ; and excludes all rational criticism , as to the choice and succession of its incidents . "
This was followed by a December 1803 review in the The Critical Review by William Taylor that said ,
Perhaps no work of art so imperfect ever announced such power in the artist — perhaps no artist so powerful ever rested his fame on so imperfect a production — as Thalaba . The author calls it a metrical romance ; he might have called it a lyrical one ; for the story is told , as in an ode , by implication ; not directly , as in an epopoeia . It is a gallery of successive pictures . Each is strikingly descriptive ... but the personages , like the figures of landscape @-@ painters , are often almost lost in the scene : they appear as the episodical or accessory objects .
The review concluded , " The style of Thalaba has a plasticity and variety , of which epic poetry offers no other example . The favourite formulas of every school of diction have been acquired , and are employed ... This stunning impression of the style gives pain , we believe , especially to mere English scholars , and to those whose comparison of art is narrow and confined , but falls within the limits of pleasure , and is even a cause of luxurious stimulation , to readers of a wider range and a more tolerant taste . "
In 1977 , Bernhardt @-@ Kabisch claimed that the poem was " probably the most influential and historically the most important of Southey 's long poems " and " What made Thalaba distinction as well as provocative was above all its flamboyant exoticism . " However , he pointed out that " The chief weakness is the diffuse and tortuous plot which eddies and meanders without any firm principle of progression as the hero posts from stage to mysterious stage . "
Sir Granville Bantock authored " Thalaba the Destroyer – Symphonic Poem " ( 1899 ) based on the poem .
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= Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection =
Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection is a reissue of American singer Katy Perry 's third studio album Teenage Dream ( 2010 ) . It was released on March 23 , 2012 by Capitol Records , nearly two years after the original record . Perry collaborated with producers including Tricky Stewart to refine leftover material from the recording sessions at Playback Recording Studio for Teenage Dream . The final product features three newly recorded songs , which incorporate pop styles previously seen in the original album , an acoustic version of " The One That Got Away " and three additional official remixes .
Upon its release , Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection was met with generally mixed reviews from music critics , who were ambivalent towards the new songs ' production and questioned the decision to reissue Teenage Dream . The reissue boosted sales of the original Teenage Dream , reaching number seven on the U.S. Billboard 200 and at number six on the UK Albums Chart . In several international territories , the album charted moderately as an independent release , and has sold one million copies globally .
Two singles were released from Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection . The lead single " Part of Me " debuted at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and was eventually certified double @-@ platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , while the second single " Wide Awake " peaked at number two in the country . The record was further promoted with live performances during the 54th Annual Grammy Awards and the 2012 Billboard Music Awards , in addition to the autobiographical documentary film Katy Perry : Part of Me ( 2012 ) .
= = Background = =
In August 2010 , Perry released her third studio album Teenage Dream . While recording the record in 2009 and 2010 , she collaborated with producers including Dr. Luke and Max Martin . Following its release , Teenage Dream became an worldwide commercial success ; it debuted at number one on both the U.S. Billboard 200 and the UK Albums Chart , and charted highly in several international territories . The project was met with generally mixed reviews from music critics , receiving an average score of 52 , based on 19 reviews on Metacritic , indicating " generally mixed or average reviews " . After its singles " California Gurls " , " Teenage Dream " , " Firework " , " E.T. " , and " Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) " each reached the top of the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , Teenage Dream became the second album in history to produce five number @-@ one singles on the chart after Michael Jackson 's Bad .
In October 2011 , producer Tricky Stewart confirmed that he was working with Perry to refine leftover material from Teenage Dream recording sessions for " something special she has going on " . Perry officially announced Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection in February 2012 , describing it as the " complete story " of the original album . She added that the expanded album would contain three newly recorded songs and four additional remixes to supplement the standard edition of the original album . " It was an incredible honor to tie [ Jackson 's ] Billboard Hot 100 record , but I 'm moving forward and had a few things left to get off my chest , " she said .
= = New material = =
Tricky Stewart stated that he and Perry " always knew that the records [ they ] created were special [ and ] at the time it was more contractual obligation [ that they did not make the album ] " . He elaborated that they were originally excluded from the project to balance the original record with tracks from other producers , in addition to Perry not needing more songs at the time . The expanded album begins with the twelve tracks included on the standard version of Teenage Dream . The newly recorded material for the reissue begins with an acoustic rendition of " The One That Got Away " as the thirteenth track . " Part of Me " is a power pop song that lyrically acts as an " emotional breakup anthem " . It was speculated that its concept was inspired by Perry 's relationship with her ex @-@ husband Russell Brand .
" Wide Awake " is a mid @-@ tempo pop ballad that sees inspiration from electronic and dance @-@ pop ; it lyrically discusses the end of a relationship , and was also reportedly influenced by Perry 's experience with Brand . " Dressin ' Up " is an uptempo , dance @-@ rock and techno song that sees the inclusion of " over @-@ sexualized " lyrical content . The seventeenth track is a remix of " E.T. " with new verses provided by Kanye West , while the eighteenth song is a remix of " Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) " featuring Missy Elliott . The nineteenth and final track " Tommie Sunshine 's Megasix Smash @-@ Up " incorporates elements of Perry 's earlier singles " California Gurls " , " Teenage Dream " , " Firework " , " E.T. " , " Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) " , and " The One That Got Away " .
= = Singles and promotion = =
" Part of Me " was serviced as the lead single from Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection on February 13 , 2012 . It was met with generally favorable reviews from music critics , and became the twentieth song in the history of Billboard to debut at number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 , and was also certified double @-@ platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for exceeding sales of two million copies . The track also peaked at number one in New Zealand , and performed moderately in other international territories . " Wide Awake " was released as the second and final single from The Complete Confection on May 22 , 2012 . It peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 , and charted moderately worldwide . The track was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 2013 ceremony , but lost to " Set Fire to the Rain " by Adele .
Perry performed " Part of Me " at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards on February 12 , 2012 , and sang " Wide Awake " at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards on May 20 . The Complete Confection was also promoted through the feature film Katy Perry : Part of Me ( 2012 ) , which followed Perry during her California Dreams Tour . A golden ticket to attend the premiere of the film was placed inside one American copy and one Canadian copy of the record .
= = Critical reception = =
Upon its release , Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection received generally mixed reviews from music critics . Melissa Maerz of Entertainment Weekly opined that the newly recorded material " runs stale " , but stated that the disc contained " some delectable musical snacks " including " Dressin ' Up " and the acoustic remix of " The One That Got Away " . Writing for PopMatters , Jesse Fox felt that the record is " obviously not perfect " , but suggested that its enjoyable nature helped Perry " [ pull ] it off like a bright , flamboyant , short @-@ lived , explosive , nearly abrasive , gasps @-@ inspiring firework . " A writer for Blogcritics appreciated The Complete Confection 's musical diversity , and thought that the lyrical content made the album a " journey in love , life and everything in between . "
= = Commercial performance = =
In the United States , Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection boosted sales of the original Teenage Dream , which consequently re @-@ entered the top @-@ ten of the Billboard 200 at number seven with first @-@ week sales of 33 @,@ 000 copies . This resulted in a 190 % -increase from the previous tracking week , in which the original record stood at number 31 . A similar situation occurred on the UK Albums Chart , where The Complete Confection helped Teenage Dream rise from number 34 to number six after the former was released . The Complete Confection peaked at number two on the Official New Zealand Music Chart , aided by the combined sales of the two versions .
Elsewhere , The Complete Confection performed moderately as an independently charting release . In Europe , the record respectively peaked at numbers 14 and 29 on the Belgian Flanders and Wallonia charts , both managed by Ultratop . It also reached number four on the French Albums Chart and number 18 on The Official Finnish Charts . The project was less successful on the Dutch MegaCharts and the Swedish Sverigetopplistan , where it respectively peaked at numbers 44 and 48 . In Oceania , it peaked at number five on the Australian ARIA Charts . According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) , the album has sold over 1 million copies worldwide as of 2013 .
= = Track listing = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Teenage Dream : The Complete Confection .
Notes )
^ [ a ] signifies a vocal producer
" Tommie Sunshine 's Megasix Smash @-@ Up " contains elements of " California Gurls " , " Teenage Dream " , " Firework " , " E.T. " , " Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) " and " The One That Got Away " .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from AllMusic .
= = Charts = =
= = Release history = =
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= Dr Pepper Ballpark =
Dr Pepper Ballpark ( formerly Dr Pepper / Seven Up Ballpark ) is the home ballpark of the Frisco RoughRiders Class AA minor league baseball club . Located in Frisco , Texas in the United States , the stadium has a capacity of 10 @,@ 316 . The ballpark is host to numerous functions in addition to minor league baseball games , including corporate and charity events , wedding receptions , city of Frisco events , and church services . Local soft drink manufacturer Dr Pepper Snapple Group holds naming rights and exclusive non @-@ alcoholic beverage rights in the park .
Since its opening in 2003 , the Dr Pepper Ballpark has won awards and garnered praise for its unique design , feel , and numerous facilities . In his design , park architect David M. Schwarz desired the creation of a village @-@ like " park within a ( ball ) park " . Dr Pepper Ballpark received the 2003 Texas Construction award for Best Architectural Design and was named the best new ballpark in the country by BaseballParks.com.
= = History = =
In 2001 , Mandalay Sports Entertainment , owner of the Shreveport SwampDragons Class AA baseball team , reached an agreement with Southwest Sports Group to move the team to Frisco for the 2003 baseball season . As part of the deal , Southwest Sports Group assumed part @-@ ownership of both the team and the ballpark to be built following the 2002 season . The project , designed by David M. Schwarz Architectural Services and HKS Sports & Entertainment Group , broke ground on February 6 , 2002 .
The ballpark serves as the anchor for a 74 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 30 km2 ) $ 300 million development project near the intersection of State Highway 121 and the Dallas North Tollway . The project was jointly funded by the city of Frisco and Southwest Sports Group . Frisco put forth $ 67 million to build the complex , which was raised through special financing , unconnected to the city tax rate . On January 21 , 2003 , it was announced that local company Dr Pepper / Seven Up had purchased the naming rights for the new ballpark and retained exclusive non @-@ alcoholic beverage rights for an undisclosed amount .
The ballpark opened for its first game on April 3 , 2003 , a RoughRiders loss to the Tulsa Drillers . The RoughRiders earned their first victory in the ballpark the next day , with the RoughRiders ' Kurt Airoso hitting the park 's first home run .
Dr Pepper / Seven Up Ballpark was renamed Dr Pepper Ballpark on March 31 , 2006 . On that date , the RoughRiders ' Major League affiliate , the Texas Rangers , defeated the Florida Marlins in an exhibition game played at Dr Pepper Ballpark . The sold @-@ out game was the ballpark 's first major @-@ league game of any kind . Overall attendance ranked in the top 10 in all classes of minor league baseball during the RoughRiders ' first nine seasons . The stadium ranked first in all of Class AA for attendance from 2006 @-@ 2011 . Average attendance at RoughRiders games is 8 @,@ 000 . On average , there are 30 sell @-@ out games per season .
= = Other events at the ballpark = =
As baseball is not a year @-@ round event , Dr Pepper Ballpark is used for other functions throughout the year . The ballpark hosts corporate events , such as company softball games and movie nights , in addition to local charity events , such as 5K runs and bike races . Since 2004 , the park has hosted the " Tournament of Champions " high school baseball tournament . The Dr Pepper Ballpark was selected to host the 2005 and 2009 Texas League All @-@ Star Game . Beginning in January 2006 , Dr Pepper Ballpark has begun hosting the opening ceremonies of the annual TXU Energy Winter Games of Texas . The ballpark also hosts wedding receptions , the opening ceremonies for the Frisco Baseball and Softball Association , city of Frisco events , and church services .
= = Architecture = =
Following its construction in 2003 , the Dr Pepper Ballpark received the Texas Construction award for Best Architectural Design for 2003 and the surrounding sports complex received the Best Sports and Entertainment award for 2003 . It was named the best new ballpark in the country by BaseballParks.com. MinorLeagueNews.com has also named the park No. 2 on its top ten minor league ballparks for 2004 and No. 7 for 2005 .
The design of the Dr Pepper Ballpark was spearheaded by David M. Schwarz . Schwarz had a stated goal of creating a " park within a ( ball ) park " in the stadium . To achieve this effect , the nine interconnected pavilions , where concessions , restrooms , and luxury suites are located , are built separately from the main seating area . The space between these pavilions allows for improved air flow in the Texas heat ; the wind can move through the buildings and is not impeded by their presence . Constructed of James Hardie fiber cement siding , architectural critics have commented that their layout and material choice enhances the village @-@ like feel of the ballpark , giving it a " coastal Galveston aesthetic " . Others have commented that the design is very reminiscent of Churchill Downs in Kentucky .
The seating area is populated by just under 8 @,@ 000 open @-@ air fold @-@ down stadium seats . Combined with general admission for standing room @-@ only and grass berm seating , the stadium can hold a capacity crowd of over 10 @,@ 000 . The concourse area , between the pavilions and the seating area , wraps completely around the ballpark . Critics have commented positively on the 360 ° views afforded by this construction choice .
= = Facilities = =
In addition to fixed stadium seats , the ballpark also features 26 luxury suites located on the second level of the ballpark , which feature patio balconies from which to view the game and closed @-@ circuit television feeds of the game . Also unusual , the bullpens for each team are built into the stands behind the first and third base lines . This has received a mixed reaction from critics , with some calling it " contrived " and " pointless " . In the outfield , seating is available on the grass area . This area is branded " San Juan Hill " , after the Battle of San Juan Hill in which the team 's namesake Rough Riders fought .
The park features a pool built just past the wall in right field , level with the top of the outfield fence . Groups can rent out the pool during the game . Four exclusive members @-@ only areas have also been set up around the park . The most prominent of these " Founder 's Areas , " is the JCPenney Club , a private , air @-@ conditioned bar and restaurant situated below the press box behind home plate .
= = Non @-@ architectural critical reaction = =
Critics have taken issue with ticket prices at the ballpark , set at $ 7 , $ 15 , and $ 18 . While less expensive than ticket prices for major league ballparks , prices are among the highest in all minor league classes . However , the ballpark has seen strong attendance despite these ticket prices . The ballpark runs a number of specials throughout the year including " Friends & Family " where 4 tickets , 4 hats and 4 value meals to a restaurant cost less than $ 10 a ticket . It also has a " High 5 Plan " where a block of 5 games ( roughly one game each month ) start at $ 9 a game , or a $ 19 ticket that includes all you can eat food and drink . In its inaugural season , Dr Pepper Ballpark had an attendance of 675 @,@ 620 , ranking it fourth overall in minor league baseball attendance for the year . The ballpark sold out for 53 RoughRiders home games that season .
= = Ground rules = =
The following are the baseball ground rules for the Dr Pepper Ballpark .
A baseball hit above the yellow line in outfield is considered a home run .
A baseball that hits the yellow fair line below the fence is in play .
A baseball that hits the yellow fair line above the fence is a home run .
No player is allowed to climb the stairwell leading into the bullpens to catch a ball .
If a ball gets caught in one of the grates leading into the stands the ball is considered dead and the base runner is allowed one base .
A player is only allowed to catch a fly ball on the first step of the dugout . If the player has one foot on the first step and his other foot on the second step the ball is ruled non @-@ playable and the player is not allowed to catch it .
If a player catches a ball and falls into the dugout the batter is ruled out and the base runner is allowed one base .
If a baseball hits anywhere on the dugout it is considered out of play .
If a baseball hits the green fence the ball is in play .
A player is allowed to lean on the tarp to catch a fly ball , but not stand on the tarp .
On the backstop at the top left and right corners is a metal wire that holds the backstop up and if a ball hits it and deflects foul , then the ball is foul ; however , if a ball deflects into fair play , then it is in play .
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= The Tempest =
The Tempest is a play by William Shakespeare , believed to have been written in 1610 – 11 , and thought by many critics to be the last play that Shakespeare wrote alone . It is set on a remote island , where the sorcerer Prospero , rightful Duke of Milan , plots to restore his daughter Miranda to her rightful place using illusion and skilful manipulation . He conjures up a storm , the eponymous tempest , to lure his usurping brother Antonio and the complicit King Alonso of Naples to the island . There , his machinations bring about the revelation of Antonio 's lowly nature , the redemption of the King , and the marriage of Miranda to Alonso 's son , Ferdinand .
There is no obvious single source for the plot of The Tempest , but researchers have seen parallels in Erasmus 's Naufragium , Peter Martyr 's De orbe novo , and eyewitness reports by William Strachey and Sylvester Jordain of the real @-@ life shipwreck of the Sea Venture on the islands of Bermuda , and the subsequent conflict between Sir Thomas Gates and Sir George Somers . In addition , one of Gonzalo 's speeches is derived from Montaigne 's essay Of the Canibales , and much of Prospero 's renunciative speech is taken word for word from a speech by Medea in Ovid 's poem Metamorphoses . The masque in Act 4 may have been a later addition , possibly in honour of the wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V in 1613 . The play was first published in the First Folio of 1623 .
The story draws heavily on the tradition of the romance , and it was influenced by tragicomedy , the courtly masque and perhaps the commedia dell 'arte . It differs from Shakespeare 's other plays in its observation of a stricter , more organised neoclassical style . Critics see The Tempest as explicitly concerned with its own nature as a play , frequently drawing links between Prospero 's " art " and theatrical illusion , and early critics saw Prospero as a representation of Shakespeare , and his renunciation of magic as signalling Shakespeare 's farewell to the stage . The play portrays Prospero as a rational , and not an occultist , magician by providing a contrast to him in Sycorax : her magic is frequently described as destructive and terrible , where Prospero 's is said to be wondrous and beautiful . Beginning in about 1950 , with the publication of Psychology of Colonization by Octave Mannoni , The Tempest was viewed more and more through the lens of postcolonial theory — exemplified in adaptations like Aimé Césaire 's Une Tempête set in Haiti — and there is even a scholarly journal on post @-@ colonial criticism named after Caliban .
The Tempest did not attract a significant amount of attention before the ban on the performance of plays in 1642 , and only attained popularity after the Restoration , and then only in adapted versions . In the mid @-@ 19th century , theatre productions began to reinstate the original Shakespearean text , and in the 20th century , critics and scholars undertook a significant re @-@ appraisal of the play 's value , to the extent that it is now considered to be one of Shakespeare 's greatest works . It has been adapted numerous times in a variety of styles and formats : in music , at least 46 operas by composers such as Fromental Halévy , Zdeněk Fibich and Thomas Adès ; orchestral works by Tchaikovsky , Arthur Sullivan and Arthur Honegger ; and songs by such diverse artists as Ralph Vaughan Williams , Michael Nyman and Pete Seeger ; in literature , Percy Bysshe Shelley 's poem With a Guitar , To Jane and W. H. Auden 's The Sea and the Mirror ; novels by Aimé Césaire and The Diviners by Margaret Laurence ; in paintings by William Hogarth , Henry Fuseli , and John Everett Millais ; and on screen , ranging through a hand @-@ tinted version of Herbert Beerbohm Tree 's 1905 stage performance , the science fiction film Forbidden Planet in 1956 , Peter Greenaway 's 1991 Prospero 's Books featuring John Gielgud as Prospero , to Julie Taymor 's 2010 film version which changed Prospero to Prospera ( as played by Helen Mirren ) , and Des McAnuff 's 2010 Stratford Shakespeare Festival production which starred Christopher Plummer .
= = Characters = =
= = Plot = =
The magician , Prospero , rightful Duke of Milan , and his daughter , Miranda , have been stranded for twelve years on an island after Prospero 's jealous brother Antonio ( aided by Alonso , the King of Naples ) deposed him and set him adrift with the 3 @-@ year @-@ old Miranda . Gonzalo , Alonso 's counselor , had secretly supplied their boat with some food , fresh water , " rich garments , linens , stuffs and necessaries " , and " volumes " ( books ) that Prospero prizes . Possessing magic powers due to his great learning , Prospero is reluctantly served by a spirit , Ariel , whom Prospero had rescued from a tree in which he had been trapped by the cruel witch , Sycorax , after he had refused to obey her . Prospero maintains Ariel 's loyalty by repeatedly promising to release the " airy spirit " from servitude . Sycorax had been exiled from Algiers to the island for wreaking havoc with her magic , and had died before Prospero 's arrival and without releasing Ariel . Sycorax ' son , Caliban , a deformed monster and the only non @-@ spiritual inhabitant before the arrival of Prospero , was initially adopted and raised by him . He taught Prospero how to survive on the island , while Prospero and Miranda taught Caliban religion and their own language . In slavery , Caliban has come to view Prospero as a usurper and has grown to resent him and his daughter . Prospero and Miranda in turn view Caliban with disappointment , contempt and disgust . Prospero only performs one act of magic himself directly on stage : he disarms Ferdinand , causing his nerves to become " in their infancy again " . The rest of his magic is through controlling spirits ( or mentioned as happening previously ) , which is how magicians of the time were believed to operate .
Prospero , having divined that his brother Antonio is on a nearby ship , has raised a tempest that causes the passengers to believe they are shipwrecked and marooned . Also on the ship are Antonio 's friend and fellow conspirator , King Alonso of Naples , Alonso 's brother and son ( Sebastian and Ferdinand , respectively ) and Alonso 's " trusted counselor " , Gonzalo . All these passengers are returning from the wedding of Alonso 's daughter Claribel and the King of Tunis . Prospero contrives to separate the shipwreck survivors into several groups by his spells , and so Alonso and Ferdinand are separated , each believing the other to be dead .
Three plots then alternate through the play . In one , Caliban falls in with Stephano and Trinculo , two drunkards , believing Stephano to be a " brave god " who " bears celestial liquor " . They attempt to raise a coup against Prospero , which ultimately fails . In another , Prospero works to encourage a romantic relationship between Ferdinand and Miranda ; the two fall immediately in love , but Prospero worries that " too light winning [ may ] make the prize light " , and compels Ferdinand to become his servant , pretending that he regards him as a spy . In the third subplot , Antonio and Sebastian conspire to kill Alonso and Gonzalo so that Sebastian can become King . Ariel thwarts them , at Prospero 's command . Ariel appears to the " three men of sin " ( Alonso , Antonio and Sebastian ) as a harpy , reprimanding them for their betrayal of Prospero . Prospero , who has witnessed this , leaves to visit Ferdinand and Miranda . The three guilty nobles run off , distracted and in a frenzy , and Gonzalo and the attendant lords chase after to prevent them from doing " what this ecstasy may now provoke them to " .
Prospero then explains that he tested Ferdinand , and betroths a willing Miranda to him . He then asks Ariel to bring some other spirits and create a masque to entertain the young couple . These spirits present a blessing by Iris , Ceres , and Juno , followed by dancing . Prospero suddenly remembers the plot against his life , dismisses the spirits and Miranda and Ferdinand , and sets a trap for Caliban , Trinculo , and Stephano . They are chased offstage by goblins in the shape of hounds .
Prospero , all his enemies in his power , discovers that Ariel would pity them if he were " human " , and decides to forgive the people who tried to kill him . He tells Ariel to fetch the nobles while he breaks his charms .
In the conclusion , all the main characters are brought together before Prospero , who forgives Alonso , Antonio and Sebastian . Ariel is charged to prepare the proper sailing weather to guide the King 's ship back to the Royal fleet and then to Naples , where Ferdinand and Miranda will be married . After discharging this task , Ariel will finally be free . Prospero pardons Caliban , who is sent to prepare Prospero 's cell , to which Alonso and his party are invited for a final night before their departure . ( It is however not made clear whether , after their departure , Caliban will remain on the island or whether he will be taken to Naples ) . Prospero indicates that he intends to entertain them with the story of his life on the island . Prospero has resolved to break and bury his magic staff , and " drown " his book of magic , and in his epilogue , shorn of his magic powers , he invites the audience to set him free from the island with their applause .
= = Date and sources = =
= = = Date = = =
The Tempest is thought by most scholars to have been written in 1610 – 11 , and is generally accepted as the last play that Shakespeare wrote alone , although some have questioned either or both assertions . Scholars also note that it is impossible to determine if the play was written before , after , or at the same time as The Winter 's Tale , the dating of which has been equally problematic . Edward Blount entered The Tempest into the Stationers ' Register on 8 November 1623 . It was one of 16 Shakespearean plays that Blount registered on that date .
= = = Contemporary sources = = =
There is no obvious single origin for the plot of The Tempest ; it seems to have been created out of an amalgamation of sources . Since source scholarship began in the 18th century , researchers have suggested passages from Erasmus 's Naufragium ( 1523 ) , ( translated into English 1606 ) and Richard Eden 's 1555 translation of Peter Martyr 's De orbo novo ( 1530 ) . In addition , William Strachey 's A True Reportory of the Wracke and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates , Knight , an eyewitness report of the real @-@ life shipwreck of the Sea Venture in 1609 on the island of Bermuda while sailing towards Virginia , is considered by most critics to be one of Shakespeare 's primary sources because of certain verbal , plot and thematic similarities . Although not published until 1625 , Strachey 's report , one of several describing the incident , is dated 15 July 1610 , and critics say that Shakespeare must have seen it in manuscript sometime during that year . E.K. Chambers identified the True Reportory as Shakespeare 's " main authority " for The Tempest , and the modern Arden editors say Shakespeare " surely drew " on Strachey and Montaigne for specific passages in the play . There has been , however , some scepticism about the alleged influence of Strachey in the play . Kenneth Muir argued that although " [ t ] here is little doubt that Shakespeare had read ... William Strachey 's True Reportory " and other accounts , " [ t ] he extent of the verbal echoes of [ the Bermuda ] pamphlets has , I think , been exaggerated . There is hardly a shipwreck in history or fiction which does not mention splitting , in which the ship is not lightened of its cargo , in which the passengers do not give themselves up for lost , in which north winds are not sharp , and in which no one gets to shore by clinging to wreckage " , and goes on to say that " Strachey 's account of the shipwreck is blended with memories of Saint Paul 's – in which too not a hair perished – and with Erasmus ' colloquy . "
Another Sea Venture survivor , Sylvester Jourdain , also published an account , A Discovery of The Barmudas dated 13 October 1610 , and Edmond Malone argued for the 1610 – 11 date on the account by Jourdain and the Virginia Council of London 's A True Declaration of the Estate of the Colonie in Virginia dated 8 November 1610 .
= = = Other sources = = =
The Tempest may take its overall structure from traditional Italian commedia dell 'arte , which sometimes featured a magus and his daughter , their supernatural attendants , and a number of rustics . The commedia often featured a clown known as Arlecchino ( or his predecessor , Zanni ) and his partner Brighella , who bear a striking resemblance to Stephano and Trinculo ; a lecherous Neapolitan hunchback who corresponds to Caliban ; and the clever and beautiful Isabella , whose wealthy and manipulative father , Pantalone , constantly seeks a suitor for her , thus mirroring the relationship between Miranda and Prospero .
Gonzalo 's description of his ideal society ( 2 @.@ 1 @.@ 148 – 157 , 160 – 165 ) thematically and verbally echoes Montaigne 's essay Of the Canibales , translated into English in a version published by John Florio in 1603 . Montaigne praises the society of the Caribbean natives : " It is a nation ... that hath no kinde of traffike , no knowledge of Letters , no intelligence of numbers , no name of magistrate , nor of politike superioritie ; no use of service , of riches , or of poverty ; no contracts , no successions , no dividences , no occupation but idle ; no respect of kinred , but common , no apparrell but natural , no manuring of lands , no use of wine , corne , or mettle . The very words that import lying , falsehood , treason , dissimulation , covetousnes , envie , detraction , and pardon , were never heard of amongst them . " In addition , much of Prospero 's renunciative speech ( 5 @.@ 1 @.@ 33 – 57 ) is taken word @-@ for @-@ word from a speech by Medea in Ovid 's poem Metamorphoses .
= = Text = =
The Tempest presents relatively few textual problems in comparison with many of Shakespeare 's other plays . First published in the First Folio in December 1623 , the play is first in the volume , leading the section of comedies . The play has more stage directions than any of Shakespeare 's other plays , though they appear to have been written for readers instead of actors . Scholars infer from this that the editors of the volume , John Heminges and Henry Condell , included the directions to aid readers , and they were not necessarily Shakespeare 's . Scholars have also wondered about the masque in Act 4 , which some think was an interpolated afterthought , possibly added for the wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Frederick V in 1613 . However , other scholars see this as unlikely , arguing that taking the masque out of the play creates more problems than it solves .
= = Themes and Motifs = =
= = = The Theatre = = =
The Tempest is explicitly concerned with its own nature as a play , frequently drawing links between Prospero 's art and theatrical illusion ; the shipwreck was a spectacle that Ariel performed , while Antonio and Sebastian are cast in a troop to act . Prospero may even refer to the Globe Theatre when he describes the whole world as an illusion : " the great globe ... shall dissolve ... like this insubstantial pageant " . Ariel frequently disguises himself as figures from Classical mythology , for example a nymph , a harpy , and Ceres , acting as the latter in a masque and anti @-@ masque that Prospero creates .
Early critics , such as Thomas Campbell in 1838 , saw this " constant " allusion to theatre as an indication that Prospero was meant to represent Shakespeare ; the character 's renunciation of magic thus signaling Shakespeare 's farewell to the stage . This theory persists among later critics , and remains solidly within the critical canon . Curious , however , since ( if familiar with Shakespeare 's entire body of work--as literary scholars must surely be ) , it can , then , be easily noted even to the layperson that this technique / comparison with the theatre is one Shakespeare employed often , and in many , if not all , of his writings . Among the many examples are these two noteworthy ones : " All the world 's a stage , and all of us--merely players ( actors , performers ) " is a phrase that begins the monologue from Shakespeare 's As You Like It , and is spoken by the melancholy Jacques in Scene VII of Act II . Another example is found during the final act of Macbeth , when the title character delivers his monologue that has come to be known as " The Tomorrow & Tomorrow Speech " . In it , toward the end of this monologue , Macbeth ruminates on the ( seeming ) futility of existence when declaring that " ... ( Life ) is like a poor player--one who struts and frets his hour upon the stage , and then is heard no more " . Shakespeare seems to be likening a hopeful performer 's " 15 @-@ minutes of fame " and ( usually ) subsequent decline into obscurity with how fleeting and how utterly fast ones life goes by ... proceeding at such a fast pace as to make both life and the accomplishments therein seem not only irrelevant and relatively trivial , but momentary as well . It would , then , seem as though the actual value in making such references would not be so the writer could compare his or her own writing with itself or even with himself ... or even to compare the stageplay with itself ... but would be , rather , to notice the similarities that life in itself has to the theatre in order to help people to compare the likeness of the ( individual ) play ( and / or theatre in general ) with life as a whole--with all its anti @-@ mimetic likenesses and parallels and dramas contained therein . After all , numerous literary figures have noted that , " Life imitates art " .
= = = Magic = = =
Magic was a controversial subject in Shakespeare 's day . In Italy in 1600 , Giordano Bruno , known for his occult interests , was burnt at the stake for heresy . Outside the Catholic world , in Protestant England where Shakespeare wrote The Tempest , magic was also taboo ; not all " magic " , however , was considered evil . Several thinkers took a more rational approach to the study of the supernatural , with the determination to discover the workings of unusual phenomena . The German Henricus Cornelius Agrippa was one such thinker , who published in De Occulta Philosophia ( 1531 , 1533 ) his observations of " divine " magic . Agrippa 's work influenced Dr. John Dee , an Englishman and student of supernatural phenomena . When King James took the throne , Dee found himself under attack for his beliefs , but was able to defend himself successfully by explaining the divine nature of his profession . However , he died in disgrace in 1608 .
Shakespeare is also careful to make the distinction that Prospero presents himself as a rational , and not an occultist , magician . He does this by providing a contrast to him in Sycorax . Sycorax is said to have worshipped the devil and been full of " earthy and abhored commands " . She was unable to control Ariel , who was " too delicate " for such dark tasks . Prospero 's rational goodness enables him to control Ariel where Sycorax can only trap him in a tree . Sycorax 's magic is frequently described as destructive and terrible , where Prospero 's is said to be wondrous and beautiful . Prospero seeks to set things right in his world through his magic , and once that is done , he renounces it , setting Ariel free . Of course , the problem is , Prospero never actually does any magical acts . Only Ariel does . The magic of Prospero is a matter of language alone .
= = = The soul = = =
The Tempest can be interpreted as Shakespeare 's last treatise on the human soul , in particular the Renaissance conception of the tripartite soul divided into vegetative , sensitive , and rational spheres , as described in Plato 's tripartite theory of soul and Christian Philosophy . This was later also described in Sigmund Freud 's id , ego and super @-@ ego which was first linked to The Tempest in the 1956 screenplay for Forbidden Planet by Cyril Hume , Irving Block , and Allen Adler . The film presents Caliban reinterpreted as the ' monster from the Id ' , although the theory is dismissed as ' obsolete ' in that imagined future , and was also dismissed by James E Phillips in 1964 . Prospero is exiled to an island with a symbol of his baser , ' vegetative ' nature – Caliban – and his higher , ' sensitive ' or supernatural side – Ariel . Some productions have seen the same actor play all three roles , making them symbols of the conflict within a fully actualised or awakened Prospero – that between crude selfish physicality and a higher , mystical side . In the screenplay for Forbidden Planet it is revealed that the id monster is an externalization of Dr Morbius ' psyche .
According to this theory — one of many — for as long as Prospero is battling with these qualities and lost in books , he is banished from Milan . As the play finds its conclusion , he is both able to accept his base , brutal nature ( " this thing of darkness I acknowledge mine " he says when taking responsibility for Caliban ) while letting go of his connection with higher , powerful forces ( " then to the elements be free , and fare thou well " he says , setting Ariel free ) . Abandoning magic and acknowledging the brutal potential of his nature , he is allowed to return to his rightful place as Duke , subject to agreement from the audience : " as you from crimes would pardon 'd be , let your indulgence set me free . "
= = Criticism and interpretation = =
= = = Genre = = =
The story draws heavily on the tradition of the romance , a fictitious narrative set far away from ordinary life . Romances were typically based around themes such as the supernatural , wandering , exploration and discovery . They were often set in coastal regions , and typically featured exotic , fantastical locations and themes of transgression and redemption , loss and retrieval , exile and reunion . As a result , while The Tempest was originally listed as a comedy in the First Folio of Shakespeare 's plays , subsequent editors have chosen to give it the more specific label of Shakespearean romance . Like the other romances , the play was influenced by the then @-@ new genre of tragicomedy , introduced by John Fletcher in the first decade of the 17th century and developed in the Beaumont and Fletcher collaborations , as well as by the explosion of development of the courtly masque form by such as Ben Jonson and Inigo Jones at the same time .
= = = Dramatic structure = = =
The Tempest differs from Shakespeare 's other plays in its observation of a stricter , more organised neoclassical style . The clearest indication of this is Shakespeare 's respect for the three unities in the play : the Unities of Time , Place , and Action . Shakespeare 's other plays rarely respected the three unities , taking place in separate locations miles apart and over several days or even years . The play 's events unfold in real time before the audience , Prospero even declaring in the last act that everything has happened in , more or less , three hours . All action is unified into one basic plot : Prospero 's struggle to regain his dukedom ; it is also confined to one place , a fictional island , which many scholars agree is meant to be located in the Mediterranean Sea . Another reading suggests that it takes place in the New World , as some parts read like records of English and Spanish conquest in the Americas . Still others argue that the Island can represent any land that has been colonised .
= = = Postcolonial = = =
In Shakespeare 's day , much of the world was still being colonized by European merchants and settlers , and stories were coming back from the Americas , with myths about the Cannibals of the Caribbean , faraway Edens , and distant tropical Utopias . With the character Caliban ( whose name is almost an anagram of Cannibal and also resembles " Cariban " , the term then used for natives in the West Indies ) , Shakespeare may be offering an in @-@ depth discussion into the morality of colonialism . Different views of this are found in the play , with examples including Gonzalo 's Utopia , Prospero 's enslavement of Caliban , and Caliban 's subsequent resentment . Caliban is also shown as one of the most natural characters in the play , being very much in touch with the natural world ( and modern audiences have come to view him as far nobler than his two Old World friends , Stephano and Trinculo , although the original intent of the author may have been different ) . There is evidence that Shakespeare drew on Montaigne 's essay Of Cannibals — which discusses the values of societies insulated from European influences — while writing The Tempest .
Beginning in about 1950 , with the publication of Psychology of Colonization by Octave Mannoni , The Tempest was viewed more and more through the lens of postcolonial theory . This new way of looking at the text explored the effect of the coloniser ( Prospero ) on the colonised ( Ariel and Caliban ) . Though Ariel is often overlooked in these debates in favour of the more intriguing Caliban , he is nonetheless an essential component of them . The French writer Aimé Césaire , in his play Une Tempête sets The Tempest in Haiti , portraying Ariel as a mulatto who , unlike the more rebellious Caliban , feels that negotiation and partnership is the way to freedom from the colonisers . Fernandez Retamar sets his version of the play in Cuba , and portrays Ariel as a wealthy Cuban ( in comparison to the lower @-@ class Caliban ) who also must choose between rebellion or negotiation . Although scholars have suggested that his dialogue with Caliban in Act two , Scene one , contains hints of a future alliance between the two when Prospero leaves , Ariel is generally viewed by scholars as the good servant , in comparison with the conniving Caliban — a view which Shakespeare 's audience may well have shared . Ariel is used by some postcolonial writers as a symbol of their efforts to overcome the effects of colonisation on their culture . For example , Michelle Cliff , a Jamaican author , has said that she tries to combine Caliban and Ariel within herself to create a way of writing that represents her culture better . Such use of Ariel in postcolonial thought is far from uncommon ; the spirit is even the namesake of a scholarly journal covering post @-@ colonial criticism .
= = = Feminist = = =
The Tempest has only one female character , Miranda . Other women , such as Caliban 's mother Sycorax , Miranda 's mother and Alonso 's daughter Claribel , are only mentioned . Because of the small role women play in the story in comparison to other Shakespeare plays , The Tempest has attracted much feminist criticism . Miranda is typically viewed as being completely deprived of freedom by her father . Her only duty in his eyes is to remain chaste . Ann Thompson argues that Miranda , in a manner typical of women in a colonial atmosphere , has completely internalised the patriarchal order of things , thinking of herself as subordinate to her father .
The less @-@ prominent women mentioned in the play are subordinated as well , as they are only described through the men of the play . Most of what is said about Sycorax , for example , is said by Prospero . Further , Stephen Orgel notes that Prospero has never met Sycorax – all he learned about her he learned from Ariel . According to Orgel , Prospero 's suspicion of women makes him an unreliable source of information . Orgel suggests that he is sceptical of female virtue in general , citing his ambiguous remark about his wife 's fidelity . However , certain goddesses such as Juno , Ceres , Iris , and sea nymphs are in one scene of the play .
= = Performance History = =
= = = Shakespeare 's day = = =
A record exists of a performance of The Tempest on 1 November 1611 by the King 's Men before James I and the English royal court at Whitehall Palace on Hallowmas night . The play was one of the six Shakespearean plays ( and eight others for a total of 14 ) acted at court during the winter of 1612 – 13 as part of the festivities surrounding the marriage of Princess Elizabeth with Frederick V , the Elector of the Palatinate of the Rhine . There is no further public performance recorded prior to the Restoration ; but in his 1669 preface to the Dryden / Davenant version , John Dryden states that The Tempest had been performed at the Blackfriars Theatre . Careful consideration of stage directions within the play supports this , strongly suggesting that the play was written with Blackfriars Theatre rather than the Globe Theatre in mind .
= = = Restoration and 18th century = = =
Adaptations of the play , not Shakespeare 's original , dominated the performance history of The Tempest from the English Restoration until the mid @-@ 19th century . All theatres were closed down by the puritan government during the Commonwealth . Upon the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 , two patent companies — the King 's Company and the Duke 's Company — were established , and the existing theatrical repertoire divided between them . Sir William Davenant 's Duke 's Company had the rights to perform The Tempest . In 1667 Davenant and John Dryden made heavy cuts and adapted it as The Tempest or , The Enchanted Island . They tried to appeal to upper @-@ class audiences by emphasising royalist political and social ideals : monarchy is the natural form of government ; patriarchal authority decisive in education and marriage ; and patrilineality preeminent in inheritance and ownership of property . They also added characters and plotlines : Miranda has a sister , named Dorinda ; and Caliban a sister , also named Sycorax . As a parallel to Shakespeare 's Miranda / Ferdinand plot , Prospero has a foster @-@ son , Hippolito , who has never set eyes on a woman . Hippolito was a popular breeches role , a man played by a woman , popular with Restoration theatre management for the opportunity to reveal actresses ' legs . Scholar Michael Dobson has described Enchanted Island as " the most frequently revived play of the entire Restoration " and as establishing the importance of enhanced and additional roles for women .
In 1674 , Thomas Shadwell re @-@ adapted Dryden and Davenant 's Enchanted Island as an opera , usually meaning a play with sections that were to be sung and / or danced . Restoration playgoers appear to have regarded the Dryden / Davenant / Shadwell version as Shakespeare 's : Samuel Pepys , for example , described it as " an old play of Shakespeares " in his diary . The opera was extremely popular , and " full of so good variety , that I cannot be more pleased almost in a comedy " according to Pepys . The Prospero in this version is very different from Shakespeare 's : Eckhard Auberlen describes him as " reduced to the status of a Polonius @-@ like overbusy father , intent on protecting the chastity of his two sexually naive daughters while planning advantageous dynastic marriages for them . " Enchanted Island was successful enough to provoke a parody , The Mock Tempest , written by Thomas Duffett for the King 's Company in 1675 . It opened with what appeared to be a tempest , but turns out to be a riot in a brothel .
In the early 18th century , the Dryden / Davenant / Shadwell version dominated the stage . Ariel was — with two exceptions — played by a woman , and invariably by a graceful dancer and superb singer . Caliban was a comedian 's role , played by actors " known for their awkward figures " . In 1756 , David Garrick staged another operatic version , a " three @-@ act extravaganza " with music by John Christopher Smith .
The Tempest was one of the staples of the repertoire of Romantic Era theatres . John Philip Kemble produced an acting version which was closer to Shakespeare 's original , but nevertheless retained Dorinda and Hippolito . Kemble was much @-@ mocked for his insistence on archaic pronunciation of Shakespeare 's texts , including " aitches " for " aches " . It was said that spectators " packed the pit , just to enjoy hissing Kemble 's delivery of ' I 'll rack thee with old cramps , / Fill all they bones with aches ' . " The actor @-@ managers of the Romantic Era established the fashion for opulence in sets and costumes which would dominate Shakespeare performances until the late 19th century : Kemble 's Dorinda and Miranda , for example , were played " in white ornamented with spotted furs " .
In 1757 , a year after the debut of his operatic version , David Garrick produced a heavily cut performance of Shakespeare 's script at Drury Lane , and it was revived , profitably , throughout the century .
= = = 19th century = = =
It was not until William Charles Macready 's influential production in 1838 that Shakespeare 's text established its primacy over the adapted and operatic versions which had been popular for most of the previous two centuries . The performance was particularly admired for George Bennett 's performance as Caliban ; it was described by Patrick MacDonnell — in his An Essay on the Play of The Tempest published in 1840 — as " maintaining in his mind , a strong resistance to that tyranny , which held him in the thraldom of slavery " .
The Victorian era marked the height of the movement which would later be described as " pictorial " : based on lavish sets and visual spectacle , heavily cut texts making room for lengthy scene @-@ changes , and elaborate stage effects . In Charles Kean 's 1857 production of The Tempest , Ariel was several times seen to descend in a ball of fire . The hundred and forty stagehands supposedly employed on this production were described by the Literary Gazette as " unseen ... but alas never unheard " . Hans Christian Andersen also saw this production and described Ariel as " isolated by the electric ray " , referring to the effect of a carbon arc lamp directed at the actress playing the role . The next generation of producers , which included William Poel and Harley Granville @-@ Barker , returned to a leaner and more text @-@ based style .
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries , Caliban , not Prospero , was perceived as the star act of The Tempest , and was the role which the actor @-@ managers chose for themselves . Frank Benson researched the role by viewing monkeys and baboons at the zoo ; on stage , he hung upside @-@ down from a tree and gibbered .
= = = 20th century and beyond = = =
Continuing the late @-@ 19th @-@ century tradition , in 1904 Herbert Beerbohm Tree wore fur and seaweed to play Caliban , with waist @-@ length hair and apelike bearing , suggestive of a primitive part @-@ animal part @-@ human stage of evolution . This " missing link " portrayal of Caliban became the norm in productions until Roger Livesey , in 1934 , was the first actor to play the role with black makeup . In 1945 Canada Lee played the role at the Theatre Guild in New York , establishing a tradition of black actors taking the role , including Earle Hyman in 1960 and James Earl Jones in 1962 .
In 1916 , Percy MacKaye presented a community masque , Caliban by the Yellow Sands , at the Lewisohn Stadium in New York . Amidst a huge cast of dancers and masquers , the pageant centres on the rebellious nature of Caliban but ends with his plea for more knowledge ( " I yearn to build , to be thine Artist / And ' stablish this thine Earth among the stars- / Beautiful ! " ) followed by Shakespeare , as a character , reciting Prospero 's " Our revels now are ended " speech .
John Gielgud played Prospero numerous times , and called it his favourite role . Douglas Brode describes him as " universally heralded as ... [ the 20th ] century 's greatest stage Prospero " . His first appearance in the role was in 1930 : he wore a turban , later confessing that he intended to look like Dante . He played the role in three more stage productions , lastly at the Royal National Theatre in 1974 . Derek Jacobi 's Prospero for The Old Vic in 2003 was praised for his portrayal of isolation and pain in ageing .
Peter Brook directed an experimental production at the Round House in 1968 , in which the text was " almost wholly abandoned " in favour of mime . According to Margaret Croydon 's review , Sycorax was " portrayed by an enormous woman able to expand her face and body to still larger proportions – a fantastic emblem of the grotesque ... [ who ] suddenly ... gives a horrendous yell , and Caliban , with black sweater over his head , emerges from between her legs : Evil is born . "
In spite of the existing tradition of a black actor playing Caliban opposite a white Prospero , colonial interpretations of the play did not find their way onto the stage until the 1970s . Performances in England directed by Jonathan Miller and by Clifford Williams explicitly portrayed Prospero as coloniser . Miller 's production was described , by David Hirst , as depicting " the tragic and inevitable disintegration of a more primitive culture as the result of European invasion and colonisation " . Miller developed this approach in his 1988 production at the Old Vic in London , starring Max von Sydow as Prospero . This used a mixed cast made up of white actors as the humans and black actors playing the spirits and creatures of the island . According to Michael Billington , " von Sydow 's Prospero became a white overlord manipulating a mutinous black Caliban and a collaborative Ariel keenly mimicking the gestures of the island 's invaders . The colonial metaphor was pushed through to its logical conclusion so that finally Ariel gathered up the pieces of Prospero 's abandoned staff and , watched by awe @-@ struck tribesmen , fitted them back together to hold his wand of office aloft before an immobilised Caliban . The Tempest suddenly acquired a new political dimension unforeseen by Shakespeare . "
Psychoanalytic interpretations have proved more difficult to depict on stage . Gerald Freedman 's production at the American Shakespeare Theatre in 1979 and Ron Daniels ' Royal Shakespeare Company production in 1982 both attempted to depict Ariel and Caliban as opposing aspects of Prospero 's psyche . However neither was regarded as wholly successful : Shakespeare Quarterly , reviewing Freedman 's production , commented , " Mr. Freedman did nothing on stage to make such a notion clear to any audience that had not heard of it before . "
In 1988 , John Wood played Prospero for the RSC , emphasising the character 's human complexity . The Financial Times reviewer described him as " a demented stage manager on a theatrical island suspended between smouldering rage at his usurpation and unbridled glee at his alternative ethereal power " .
Japanese theatre styles have been applied to The Tempest . In 1988 and again in 1992 Yukio Ninagawa brought his version of The Tempest to the UK . It was staged as a rehearsal of a Noh drama , with a traditional Noh theatre at the back of the stage , but also using elements which were at odds with Noh conventions . In 1992 , Minoru Fujita presented a Bunraku ( Japanese puppet ) version in Osaka and at the Tokyo Globe .
Sam Mendes directed a 1993 RSC production in which Simon Russell Beale 's Ariel was openly resentful of the control exercised by Alec McCowen 's Prospero . Controversially , in the early performances of the run , Ariel spat at Prospero , once granted his freedom . An entirely different effect was achieved by George C. Wolfe in the outdoor New York Shakespeare Festival production of 1995 , where the casting of Aunjanue Ellis as Ariel opposite Patrick Stewart 's Prospero charged the production with erotic tensions . Productions in the late 20th @-@ century have gradually increased the focus placed on sexual tensions between the characters , including Prospero / Miranda , Prospero / Ariel , Miranda / Caliban , Miranda / Ferdinand and Caliban / Trinculo .
The Tempest was performed at the Globe Theatre in 2000 with Vanessa Redgrave as Prospero , playing the role as neither male nor female , but with " authority , humanity and humour ... a watchful parent to both Miranda and Ariel . " While the audience respected Prospero , Jasper Britton 's Caliban " was their man " ( in Peter Thomson 's words ) , in spite of the fact that he spat fish at the groundlings , and singled some of them out for humiliating encounters . By the end of 2005 , BBC Radio had aired 21 productions of The Tempest , more than any other play by Shakespeare . Several critics feel that the play is autobiographical . Trevor Nunn , in the PBS miniseries Shakespeare Uncovered , states that he feels that Prospero is meant to represent Shakespeare himself , and that Prospero 's final farewell to magic is really Shakespeare 's final farewell to his audience .
The Cirque du Soleil touring production Amaluna is inspired by The Tempest .
= = = Music = = =
The Tempest has more music than any other Shakespeare play , and has proved more popular as a subject for composers than most of Shakespeare 's plays . Scholar Julie Sanders ascribes this to the " perceived ' musicality ' or lyricism " of the play .
Two settings of songs from The Tempest which may have been used in performances during Shakespeare 's lifetime have survived . These are " Full Fathom Five " and " Where The Bee Sucks There Suck I " in the 1659 publication Cheerful Ayres or Ballads , in which they are attributed to Robert Johnson , who regularly composed for the King 's Men . It has been common throughout the history of the play for the producers to commission contemporary settings of these two songs , and also of " Come Unto These Yellow Sands " .
The Tempest has also influenced songs written in the folk and hippie traditions : for example , versions of " Full Fathom Five " were recorded by Marianne Faithfull for Come My Way in 1965 and by Pete Seeger for Dangerous Songs ! ? in 1966 . The Decemberists ' song " The Island : Come and See / The Landlord 's Daughter / You 'll Not Feel The Drowning " is thought by many to be based on the story of Caliban and Miranda . Michael Nyman 's Ariel Songs are taken from his score for the film Prospero 's Books .
Among those who wrote incidental music to The Tempest were :
Arthur Sullivan : His graduation piece , completed in 1861 , was a set of incidental music to " The Tempest " . Revised and expanded , it was performed at The Crystal Palace in 1862 , a year after his return to London , and was an immediate sensation .
Ernest Chausson : in 1888 he wrote incidental music for La tempête , a French translation by Maurice Bouchor . This is believed to be the first orchestral work that made use of the celesta .
Jean Sibelius : his 1926 incidental music was written for a lavish production at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen . An epilogue was added for a 1927 performance in Helsinki . He represented individual characters through instrumentation choices : particularly admired was his use of harps and percussion to represent Prospero , said to capture the " resonant ambiguity of the character " .
Malcolm Arnold , Lennox Berkeley , Arthur Bliss , Engelbert Humperdinck , Hector Berlioz , Willem Pijper and Henry Purcell .
At least forty @-@ six operas or semi @-@ operas based on The Tempest exist . In addition to the Dryden / Davenant and Garrick versions mentioned in the " Restoration and 18th century " section above , Frederic Reynolds produced an operatic version in 1821 , with music by Sir Henry Bishop . Other pre @-@ 20th @-@ century operas based on The Tempest include Fromental Halévy 's La Tempesta ( 1850 ) and Zdeněk Fibich 's Bouře ( 1894 ) .
In the 20th century , Kurt Atterberg 's Stormen premiered in 1948 and Frank Martin 's Der Sturm in 1955 . Michael Tippett 's 1971 opera The Knot Garden , contains various allusions to The Tempest . In Act 3 , a psychoanalyst , Mangus , pretends to be Prospero and uses situations from Shakespeare 's play in his therapy sessions . John Eaton , in 1985 , produced a fusion of live jazz with pre @-@ recorded electronic music , with a libretto by Andrew Porter . Michael Nyman 's 1991 opera Noises , Sounds & Sweet Airs was first performed as an opera @-@ ballet by Karine Saporta . This opera is unique in that the three vocalists , a soprano , contralto , and tenor , are voices rather than individual characters , with the tenor just as likely as the soprano to sing Miranda , or all three sing as one character .
The soprano who sings the part of Ariel in Thomas Adès ' 21st @-@ century opera is stretched at the higher end of the register , highlighting the androgyny of the role . Mike Silverman of the Associated Press commented , " Ades has made the role of the spirit Ariel a tour de force for coloratura soprano , giving her a vocal line that hovers much of the time well above high C. "
Luca Lombardi 's Prospero was premiered 2006 at Nuremberg Opera House . Ariel is sung by 4 female voices ( S , S , MS , A ) and has an instrumental alter ego on stage ( flute ) . There is an instrumental alter ego ( cello ) also for Prospero .
Choral settings of excerpts from The Tempest include Amy Beach 's Come Unto These Yellow Sands ( SSAA , from Three Shakespeare Songs ) , Matthew Harris ' Full Fathom Five , I Shall No More to Sea , and Where the Bee Sucks ( SATB , from Shakespeare Songs , Books I , V , VI ) , Ryan Kelly 's The Tempest ( SATB , a setting of the play 's Scene I ) , Jaakko Mäntyjärvi 's Full Fathom Five and A Scurvy Tune ( SATB , from Four Shakespeare Songs and More Shakespeare Songs ) , Frank Martin 's Songs of Ariel ( SATB ) , Ralph Vaughan Williams ' Full Fathom Five and The Cloud @-@ capp 'd Towers ( SATB , from Three Shakespeare Songs ) , and David Willcocks ' Full Fathom Five ( SSA ) .
Orchestral works for concert presentation include Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky 's fantasy The Tempest ( 1873 ) , Fibich 's symphonic poem Bouře ( 1880 ) , John Knowles Paine 's symphonic poem The Tempest ( 1876 ) , Benjamin Dale 's overture ( 1902 ) , Arthur Honegger 's orchestral prelude ( 1923 ) , and Egon Wellesz 's Prosperos Beschwörungen ( five works 1934 – 36 ) .
Ballet sequences have been used in many performances of the play since Restoration times . A one @-@ act ballet of The Tempest by choreographer Alexei Ratmansky was premiered by American Ballet Theatre set to the incidental music of Jean Sibelius on October 30 , 2013 in New York City .
Ludwig van Beethoven 's 1802 Piano Sonata No. 17 in D minor , Op. 31 , No. 2 , was given the subtitle " The Tempest " some time after Beethoven 's death because , when asked about the meaning of the sonata , Beethoven was alleged to have said " Read The Tempest " . But this story comes from his associate Anton Schindler , who is often not trustworthy .
Stage musicals derived from The Tempest have been produced . A production called The Tempest : A Musical was produced at the Cherry Lane Theatre in New York City in December 2006 , with a concept credited to Thomas Meehan and a script by Daniel Neiden ( who also wrote the songs ) and Ryan Knowles . Neiden had previously been connected with another musical , entitled Tempest Toss ’ d . In September 2013 , The Public Theater produced a new large @-@ scale stage musical at the Delacorte Theater in Central Park , directed by Lear deBessonet with a cast of more than 200 .
= = = Literature and art = = =
Percy Bysshe Shelley was one of the earliest poets to be influenced by The Tempest . His " With a Guitar , To Jane " identifies Ariel with the poet and his songs with poetry . The poem uses simple diction to convey Ariel 's closeness to nature and " imitates the straightforward beauty of Shakespeare 's original songs " . Following the publication of Darwin 's ideas on evolution , writers began to question mankind 's place in the world and its relationship with God . One writer who explored these ideas was Robert Browning , whose poem " Caliban upon Setebos " ( 1864 ) sets Shakespeare 's character pondering theological and philosophical questions . The French philosopher Ernest Renan wrote a closet drama , Caliban : Suite de La Tempête ( Caliban : Sequel to The Tempest ) , in 1878 . This features a female Ariel who follows Prospero back to Milan , and a Caliban who leads a coup against Prospero , after the success of which he actively imitates his former master 's virtues . W. H. Auden 's " long poem " The Sea and the Mirror takes the form of a reflection by each of the supporting characters of The Tempest on their experiences . The poem takes a Freudian viewpoint , seeing Caliban ( whose lengthy contribution is a prose poem ) as Prospero 's libido .
In 1968 Franco @-@ Caribbean writer Aimé Césaire published Une Tempête , a radical adaptation of the play based on its colonial and postcolonial interpretations , in which Caliban is a black rebel and Ariel is mixed @-@ race . The figure of Caliban influenced numerous works of African literature in the 1970s , including pieces by Taban Lo Liyong in Uganda , Lemuel Johnson in Sierra Leone , Ngũgĩ wa Thiong 'o in Kenya , and David Wallace of Zambia 's Do You Love Me , Master ? . A similar phenomenon occurred in late 20th @-@ century Canada , where several writers produced works inspired by Miranda , including The Diviners by Margaret Laurence , Prospero 's Daughter by Constance Beresford @-@ Howe and The Measure of Miranda by Sarah Murphy . Other writers have feminised Ariel ( as in Marina Warner 's novel Indigo ) or Caliban ( as in Suniti Namjoshi 's sequence of poems Snaphots of Caliban ) .
From the mid @-@ 18th century , Shakespeare 's plays , including The Tempest , began to appear as the subject of paintings . In around 1735 , William Hogarth produced his painting A Scene from The Tempest : " a baroque , sentimental fantasy costumed in the style of Van Dyck and Rembrandt " . The painting is based upon Shakespeare 's text , containing no representation of the stage , nor of the ( Davenant @-@ Dryden centred ) stage tradition of the time . Henry Fuseli , in a painting commissioned for the Boydell Shakespeare Gallery ( 1789 ) modelled his Prospero on Leonardo da Vinci . These two 18th @-@ century depictions of the play indicate that Prospero was regarded as its moral centre : viewers of Hogarth 's and Fuseli 's paintings would have accepted Prospero 's wisdom and authority . John Everett Millais 's Ferdinand Lured by Ariel ( 1851 ) is among the Pre @-@ Raphaelite paintings based on the play . In the late 19th century , artists tended to depict Caliban as a Darwinian " missing @-@ link " , with fish @-@ like or ape @-@ like features , as evidenced in Noel Paton 's Caliban .
Charles Knight produced the Pictorial Edition of the Works of Shakespeare in eight volumes ( 1838 – 43 ) . The work attempted to translate the contents of the plays into pictorial form . This extended not just to the action , but also to images and metaphors : Gonzalo 's line about " mountaineers dewlapped like bulls " is illustrated with a picture of a Swiss peasant with a goitre . In 1908 , Edmund Dulac produced an edition of Shakespeare 's Comedy of The Tempest with a scholarly plot summary and commentary by Arthur Quiller @-@ Couch , lavishly bound and illustrated with 40 watercolour illustrations . The illustrations highlight the fairy @-@ tale quality of the play , avoiding its dark side . Of the 40 , only 12 are direct depictions of the action of the play : the others are based on action before the play begins , or on images such as " full fathom five thy father lies " or " sounds and sweet airs that give delight and hurt not " .
Fantasy writer Neil Gaiman based a story on the play in one issue of his comics series The Sandman . The comic stands as a sequel to the earlier Midsummer Night 's Dream issue . This issue follows Shakespeare over a period of several months as he writes the play , which is named as his last solo project , as the final part of his bargain with the Dream King to write two plays celebrating dreams . The story draws many parallels between the characters and events in the play and Shakespeare 's life and family relationships at the time . It is hinted that he based Miranda on his daughter Judith Shakespeare and Caliban on her suitor Thomas Quiney .
In the comic Locke & Key , by writer Joe Hill and co @-@ creator and artist Gabriel Rodriguez , the main characters father , Rendell Locke and his groups of friends in the school , stage a production of Shakespeare 's The Tempest in 1988 , in which they used the Keys during the play 's performance to create a grand spectacle .
Ilium and its sequel Olympos by Dan Simmons are heavily influenced by The Tempest , a portion of the plot devoted to a re @-@ imagining of The Tempest 's characters in a distant sci @-@ fi future .
As part of Random House 's Hogarth Shakespeare series of contemporary reimaginings of Shakespeare plays by contemporary writers , Margaret Atwood 's 2016 novel Hag @-@ Seed is based on The Tempest .
= = = Screen = = =
The Tempest first appeared on the screen in 1905 . Charles Urban filmed the opening storm sequence of Herbert Beerbohm Tree 's version at Her Majesty 's Theatre for a 2 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ minute flicker , whose individual frames were hand @-@ tinted , long before the invention of colour film . In 1908 , Percy Stowe directed a Tempest running a little over ten minutes , which is now a part of the British Film Institute 's compilation Silent Shakespeare . Much of its action takes place on Prospero 's island before the storm which opens Shakespeare 's play . At least two other silent versions , one from 1911 by Edwin Thanhouser , are known to have existed , but have been lost . The plot was adapted for the Western Yellow Sky , directed by William A. Wellman , in 1946 .
The 1956 science fiction film Forbidden Planet set the story on a planet in space , Altair IV , instead of an island . Professor Morbius ( Walter Pidgeon ) and his daughter Altaira ( Anne Francis ) are the Prospero and Miranda figures ( both Prospero and Morbius having harnessed the mighty forces that inhabit their new homes ) . Ariel is represented by the helpful Robbie the Robot , while Sycorax is replaced with the powerful race of the Krell . Caliban is represented by the dangerous and invisible " monster from the id " , a projection of Morbius ' psyche born from the Krell technology instead of Sycorax 's womb .
In the opinion of Douglas Brode , there has only been one screen " performance " of The Tempest since the silent era , he describes all other versions as " variations " . That one performance is the Hallmark Hall of Fame version from 1960 , directed by George Schaefer , and starring Maurice Evans as Prospero , Richard Burton as Caliban , Lee Remick as Miranda and Roddy McDowall as Ariel . It cut the play to slightly less than ninety minutes . Critic Virginia Vaughan praised it as " light as a soufflé , but ... substantial enough for the main course . "
In 1979 , animator George Dunning , director of Yellow Submarine , planned an animated version of The Tempest ; but died while working on it .
Also in 1979 , Derek Jarman produced a homoerotic Tempest that used Shakespeare 's language , but was most notable for its deviations from Shakespeare . One scene shows a corpulent and naked Sycorax ( Claire Davenport ) breastfeeding her adult son Caliban ( Jack Birkett ) . The film reaches its climax with Elisabeth Welch belting out Stormy Weather . The central performances were Toyah Willcox ' Miranda and Heathcote Williams ' Prospero , a " dark brooding figure who takes pleasure in exploiting both his servants " .
Several other television versions of the play have been broadcast ; among the most notable is the 1980 BBC Shakespeare production , virtually complete , starring Michael Hordern as Prospero .
Paul Mazursky 's 1982 modern @-@ language adaptation of The Tempest , with Philip Dimitrius ( Prospero ) as a disillusioned New York architect who retreats to a lonely Greek island with his daughter Miranda after learning of his wife Antonia 's infidelity with Alonzo , dealt frankly with the sexual tensions of the characters ' isolated existence . The Caliban character , the goatherd Kalibanos , asks Philip which of them is going to have sex with Miranda . John Cassavetes played Philip , Raul Julia Kalibanos , Gena Rowlands Antonia and Molly Ringwald Miranda . Susan Sarandon plays the Ariel character , Philip 's frequently bored girlfriend Aretha . The film has been criticised as " overlong and rambling " , but also praised for its good humour , especially in a sequence in which Kalibanos ' and his goats dance to Kander and Ebb 's New York , New York .
John Gielgud has written that playing Prospero in a film of The Tempest was his life 's ambition . Over the years , he approached Alain Resnais , Ingmar Bergman , Akira Kurosawa , and Orson Welles to direct . Eventually , the project was taken on by Peter Greenaway , who directed Prospero 's Books ( 1991 ) featuring " an 87 @-@ year @-@ old John Gielgud and an impressive amount of nudity " . Prospero is reimagined as the author of The Tempest , speaking the lines of the other characters , as well as his own . Although the film was acknowledged as innovative in its use of Quantel Paintbox to create visual tableaux , resulting in " unprecedented visual complexity " , critical responses to the film were frequently negative : John Simon called it " contemptible and pretentious " .
The Swedish @-@ made animated film from 1989 called " Resan till Melonia " ( directed by Per Åhlin ) is an adaptation of the Shakespeare play , focusing on ecologial values . " Resan till Melonia " was critically acclaimed for its stunning visuals drawn by Åhlin and its at times quite dark and nightmare @-@ like sequences , even though the film was originally marketed for children .
Closer to the spirit of Shakespeare 's original , in the view of critics such as Brode , is Leon Garfield 's abridgement of the play for S4C 's 1992 Shakespeare : The Animated Tales series . The 29 @-@ minute production , directed by Stanislav Sokolov and featuring Timothy West as the voice of Prospero , used stop @-@ motion puppets to capture the fairy @-@ tale quality of the play . Disney 's animated feature Pocahontas has been described as a " politically corrected " Tempest . Another " offbeat variation " ( in Brode 's words ) was produced for NBC in 1998 : Jack Bender 's The Tempest featured Peter Fonda as Gideon Prosper , a Southern slave @-@ owner forced off his plantation by his brother shortly before the Civil War . A magician who has learned his art from one of his slaves , Prosper uses his magic to protect his teenage daughter and to assist the Union Army .
The PBS series Wishbone featured a television adaptation of " The Tempest " in its episode " Shakespaw " with Wishbone as Ariel .
In Julie Taymor 's 2010 film version of The Tempest , Prospero is a woman named Prospera , played by Helen Mirren .
South London was the setting for Rob Curry and Anthony Fletcher 's 2012 mockumentary version of " The Tempest " , which used the themes arising from Shakespeare 's connection with the discovery of the New World to explore contemporary multicultural Britain – particularly with regard to the London riots of 2011 .
The Stratford Shakespeare Festival of Canada presented a version in 2010 in which Christopher Plummer played Prospero . It was subsequently filmed in hi @-@ def and is now available on DVD .
The anime and manga series Blast of Tempest was heavily influenced by The Tempest and Hamlet . Where several dialogues and plot elements pays homage to the two works of Shakespeare , which are two stories of retribution , albeit with completely opposing outcome .
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= Uniforms of the Confederate States military forces =
The Uniforms of the Confederate States military forces were the uniforms used by the Confederate Army and Navy during the American Civil War , from 1861 to 1865 . The uniform initially varied greatly due to a variety of reasons , such as location , limitations on the supply of cloth and other materials , State regulations that were different from the standard regulations , and the cost of materials during the war .
Texas units , for example , had access to massive stocks of Federal blue uniforms , which were acquired after Confederate forces captured a Federal supply depot in San Antonio in 1861 . These were worn as late as 1863 .
Early on , servicemen sometimes wore combinations of uniform pieces , making do with what they could get from captured Union soldiers , or from Union and Confederate dead , or just wear civilian clothing .
There are some controversies about some of the exact details of a few of the uniforms , since some of the records were lost or destroyed after the Civil War ended .
= = Overview = =
The original Confederate uniforms from all branches of the military closely followed the lines of the Union ’ s uniforms . This was until June 6 , 1861 , when the Confederate Council issued General Order 9 , the new regulations for the Confederate Infantry , Cavalry and Artillery .
The new uniforms were designed by Nicola Marschall , a German @-@ American artist who also designed the original Confederate flag . He was heavily influenced by the mid @-@ 1800s uniforms of the Austrian and French Armies .
Although the regular Confederate military had a paper strength of 6 @,@ 000 personnel , the first 100 @,@ 000 volunteers from all over the South participated in a variety of dress . Many were from state militia outfits , which had their own state @-@ issued uniforms . In the early battles , some Confederate units that wore dark blue uniforms were often mistaken on the field of battle for the enemy . Conversely , many Union units that were originally militia units went to war wearing gray .
It was not until the depot system was established in early 1862 by the Confederate Quartermaster in Richmond , Virginia , that uniforms were mass @-@ produced and supplied to troops . Until that time , the " commutation system " was in place ; this allowed soldiers to have their own uniforms made to the new CSA regulations and to be reimbursed by the CS government . The allowance for uniforms was $ 21 per six months .
Officers always had to buy their own uniforms until March 6 , 1864 , when General Order 28 was released ; this allowed Confederate officers to purchase uniforms from the same sources as the troops , and at cost price .
Following the Richmond Depot , other depots started up throughout the South to supply their respective regional forces . Major depots were in Columbus , Athens and Atlanta , Georgia for the Army of Tennessee and Houston , Texas and Shreveport , Louisiana for the Trans @-@ Mississippi forces . The use of the depot system meant that army @-@ wide uniformity was impossible , as different depots had unique uniforms ( Columbus Depot Jackets for instance , had breast pockets , whilst Richmond Depot Jackets did not ) . This resulted in a varied set of uniforms worn by different Confederate units .
As the war progressed , the image began to shift from the " ragged rebel " look to a well @-@ uniformed Army in the Eastern and Western theaters . In the last 12 months of fighting , these Confederate forces were well @-@ uniformed , the best they had ever appeared in terms of consistency , wearing clothing made of imported blue @-@ gray cloth , either manufactured locally or bought ready @-@ made under contract from British manufacturers , such as Peter Tait of Limerick , Ireland who became a major supplier of uniforms for the Confederacy .
Unfortunately , in the department of the Trans @-@ Mississippi , problems with the distribution of the plentiful uniforms made in Houston and Shreveport meant that the South Western forces went without proper uniforms for some part of the war .
Confederate headgear was to be the chasseur cap , or " kepi " , a French military cap . Often broad felt or straw hats or even slouch hats were worn instead . The Federal Army style forage cap was also popular . General Stonewall Jackson was famous for wearing the forage cap . Confederate Cavalry troops often wore Hardee hats , much like the Union Cavalry , which was a representative of the additional " flair " associated with the Cavalry troops . Two examples of CSA Cavalry officer 's famous for wearing these hats are Colonel John S. Mosby and General J.E.B. Stuart .
= = = Design = = =
The use of wool in the uniform meant that the uniforms were not suited to the warm climates that were common in the South . This contributed to many Confederate soldiers suffering from heatstroke on long marches . However , one understanding of the heavy woolen garments is that after the marching during the day time , when the soldiers would rest at night and cool themselves down , the thermal @-@ shock could render some men unable to function the next day . As such , the woolen garments would protect the soldiers from this , and keep them able to keep marching the next day to fulfill their duties . This was also the case with the better equipped U.S. Army . Many Confederate soldiers started the war with frock coats . However , cloth shortages and wartime wear insured that , by 1863 , waist @-@ length cadet gray or butternut shell jackets were generally worn by Confederates in the Eastern and Western Theater . Examples of frock coats being worn by enlisted men can be seen in photographs taken after the battles of Gettysburg , ( 1863 ) , and Spotsylvania , ( 1864 ) .
Gray was not chosen for camouflage , however , it did , at times , provide enough of a mask along tree lines during battle ; keeping the line of Infantry hidden long enough to strike effectively . At the time of the American Civil War , the usefulness of camouflage was not generally recognized . Gray was chosen for Confederate uniforms because gray dye could be made relatively cheaply and it was the standard uniform color of the various State Militias . The gray uniforms worn by early State volunteers was normally a shade of Cadet gray , which is not suitable for combat wear , as it gives away the position of the individual easily from its bright blue @-@ gray tones , and for this reason it was preserved by some men for dress @-@ parade functions . The gray mentioned is dull toned , often varying in color depending on the region and time during the conflict , resulting in a uniform that could blend in with the tree lines , or hide the men in the field wearing them .
Generally , the uniform jacket of the Confederate soldier was single breasted , made of gray or brown fabric , with a six to nine button front . The design of the garment featured several variations : a four to six piece body , and one or two piece sleeves , usually with lining , often of a cotton material . The fabric used in these jackets , ranged from the finer kerseys and broadcloths used early in the war , to the cotton / wool blends of jeans , satinette , and cassimere , to name several examples . The exact color of the fabric also ranged from the prewar bright cadet gray , similar to the fabric used by Virginia Military Institute , or West Point U.S. Military Academy dress uniforms , to the sumac and logwood dyed fabrics , that would eventually fade to the ragged butternut appearance . Epaulettes may have been used in the construction of the jacket , as was the case for the Richmond clothing bureau designed jackets , commonly called today , the Richmond Depot types I , II , and III . Belt loops were also in intermittent use , such as the Richmond and the Charleston clothing depots . Trimming on the jackets range from piped or taped collars , cuffs , and front lapel edges , to full facings on the collar and cuffs , commonly in light blue , dark blue , red , or black . Due to the difficulty in obtaining yellow dye ingredients as the war progressed , yellow was infrequently used by the Cavalry Corps throughout the conflict .
= = Confederate States Army uniforms = =
= = = General officers = = =
= = = = Rank insignias = = = =
= = = = Collar insignias and buttons = = = =
On the upright collar of full generals , lieutenant generals , major generals , and brigadier generals three stars were stitched within a wreath , all embroidered in gold coloring . The center star was slightly larger than the other stars . It was not possible to know which grade of general an officer was by his collar insignia . However , major generals and lieutenant generals wore two rows of nine buttons in groups of three down the front of the overcoat , and brigadier generals wore two rows of eight buttons in groups of two . However , Confederate Army Regulations had no distinction between the General Officer grades , and had only the insignia for Brigadier Generals recognized . At least three Generals officers did not wear the prescribed uniform : Robert E. Lee who wore the uniform of a Colonel , refusing to wear a generals insignia until the Confederate victory ; Joseph L. Hogg , who died of a fever ; and Benjamin McCulloch .
= = = Field and company officers = = =
= = = = Rank insignias = = = =
= = = = = Collar insignias = = = = =
Colonels wore three gold stars of the same size on their collar ; the same as generals , but without the wreath . While lieutenant colonels wore two stars on their collars , majors wore one star , which was placed in the middle of the collar . Captains had three gold horizontal bars , first lieutenants wore two bars , and second lieutenants wore one bar . However , the Confederate Congress often created new commissions , and did not always standardize rank insignia immediately .
= = = = Sleeve insignias , branch of service colors = = = =
Confederate Army officers indicated their military affiliation with different colored facing on their coats or jackets . The colors were red for artillery , yellow for cavalry , light blue for infantry , and black for medical . A very distinctive feature of the Confederate officers uniforms was the gold braid Austrian knots on their sleeves . More elaborate braiding indicated higher rank and some knots almost reached the shoulder . However , a general order , issued in 1862 , called for the Austrian knots not to be worn in the field , as this made officers conspicuous to enemy combatants .
= = = = Buttons = = = =
Field Grade officers , and Company Grade officers commonly wore two rows of seven equally spaced buttons each , despite regulations calling for the top two buttons to be spaced at four inches apart , coming closer together at the waist at 3 inches in distance .
= = = = Trousers = = = =
The Confederate trousers were very similar to those of the Union forces . Early on , the trousers were sky blue in color . They were most often made of wool , and were easily worn during long marches . If trousers did not arrive for the troops the soldiers would have to use their own pants to wear . Regimental and company officers wore the colors of their respective branch on the outer seam of their pants on one and one @-@ quarter inch stripes . Generals wore two and five @-@ eighths inch stripes on each pant leg . While the quartermasters , commissary , and engineer officers wore a single magenta , one and one @-@ quarter inch outer @-@ seam stripe . Non @-@ commissioned officers were to wear on their outer seams a one and one @-@ quarter inch cotton stripe or braid of colors appropriate to their army branch .
= = = = Kepis = = = =
The " French " pattern kepi was the standard issue headgear to all army personnel , with a dark blue band , sides & crown for generals , staff officers , and engineers . Kepis worn by commissioned officers and enlisted personnel had two patterns , specified by regulations in 1861 and 1862 , respectively . The first pattern was a colored band , denoting the branch of service , with the crown and sides to be made of Cadet Gray cloth . The second pattern had a dark blue band for all branches , with the crown and sides colored according to the branch of service . The branch of service colors were as follows , Red for artillery , yellow for cavalry , and light or sky blue for infantry .
= = = Army enlisted men = = =
= = = = Rank insignias = = = =
= = = = = Chevrons = = = = =
In the Confederate Army , chevrons were worn by sergeants ( three on each sleeve ) and corporals ( two on each sleeve )
= = = = = Sword and sash = = = = =
When in full dress and sometimes also in battle , all ranks above Corporal ( i.e. all Sergeants ) in non @-@ mounted service branches carried the M1840 NCO Sword ( when available ) suspending on a leather belt ( as did their counterparts in the Union Army , except Hospital Stewards who carried a special Sword Model ) . Additionally all CSA Sergeant ranks were permitted worsted waist sashes : red for Artillery and Infantry ( and all others Service branches ) , but yellow for Cavalry . ( For their counterparts in the Union Army crimson worsted waist sashes for all service branches were only allowed to NCOs above Sergeant ( i.e. First Sergeant , Ordnance Sergeant , Hospital Steward , Sergeant Major etc . ) )
= = = = Trousers = = = =
Army trousers were of similar pattern to the U.S. Army trousers , or civilian designs , depending on the area in which they were made . They were typically a shade of gray or brown , with a variety of medium blues also produced . The individual could also have them trimmed to reflect his militia un it , his Non @-@ commissioned officer status , or as a personal flare , to the ubiquitous service pants . Noncommissioned officers were to wear on their outer seams a one and one @-@ quarter inch cotton stripe or braid of colors appropriate to their army branch .
= = = = Belt = = = =
There were numerous types of belts produced for the Confederate Military during the Civil War . There were literally dozens of types of buckles used and produced by or for the Confederacy . The buckles ranged from single plates with hooks , to two piece interlocking buckles , to simple roller buckles and countless other variations . Many buckles use plates that bore the state seal or motto of their home states . The vast majority used simple roller buckle plates of the type found on a common dog collar . As the War progressed , more and more men used captured US belt plates , often wearing them upside down .
= = = Infantry uniforms = = =
= = = = Design = = = =
The Confederate Infantry , the largest Corps of the Army , had a large variety of uniforms , and the greater amount of records . The initial Confederate Army Uniform consisted of a Kepi , double @-@ breasted tunic , trousers , and Jefferson Bootees / Brogans . The Kepi was not specified until the 1862 Regulations , as a sky @-@ blue kepi , reflecting the Infantry Corps , with a dark blue band , and leather visor . The Tunic was to be of Cadet gray , with two rows of yellow @-@ metal ( brass or gold ) buttons , ' solid ' cuff and collar facings in sky @-@ blue , and lined with a lighter gray fabric . The coat was of the same pattern specified as regulation for the field and company officers , as well as for the artillery and cavalry enlisted men .
These designs for the uniform , however , did not prevail , as the complexity of the uniform proved to be difficult for mass @-@ production . The simpler uniform turned out to be the regulations dictated by Judah Benjamin . He stated that the uniform should be that of : a gray jacket ; a blue , gray , or brown pair of trousers ; any slouch hat or cap @-@ type of head cover ; and any kind of foot @-@ wear to be worn for Confederate service in mid @-@ 1861 . His regulations , however , were overruled by the subsequent set of regulations of June 1861 , stating the Franco @-@ Austrian styled uniform to be issued and purchased to all Corps and by all officers , respectively .
The guidelines set by Judah Benjamin in 1861 soon became the choice of the Clothing Depots across the south as the war went into its second year . This easier to produce jacket , with the loosened hat and trouser regulations , made it easier to clothe Confederate Infantrymen . The typical uniform by the end of 1861 and beginning of 1862 was a slouch hat or kepi , a shell @-@ jacket , and a pair of sky @-@ blue or gray cloth trousers , with brogans .
= = = = Jackets and coats = = = =
The jacket prescribed for Infantry use was of the same design for all service men . The design itself depended entirely on the region , time , and the source of fabrics . The Eastern Theater uniform jacket was the Richmond Depot design , with three primary types issued throughout the war . The jacket varied from a cadet gray , piped and trimmed jacket , looking much like a pre @-@ war militia jacket , to the jeans @-@ cloth jacket that was worn out in six months . The materials and uniforms imported from England were also issued to the troops through this facility . The Western and Deep Southern facilities manufactured similar uniforms , being jeans @-@ cloth , dyed with vegetable based grays , that would fade to brown or tan . The typical jackets issued had 5 @-@ 7 button fronts , with collar and cuff trim that varied from era , region and source , and an outside pocket on occasion .
The previous styles were the militia uniforms . These consisted of everything from the more sharp @-@ looking jackets and coats , which resembled the French or Northern Infantry uniforms , to the no @-@ flares " Battle @-@ Shirt " , meant for drilling and battles only . The uniform for these militia units varied by each company through a single county or parish , let alone the country itself . The militia uniforms were a menagerie of colors , from Cadet gray , dark blue , and hunter green , to Reds , buffs and gold tones . The other variety of CS Army uniform jackets and coats is the Zouave . This jacket was meant to be loose @-@ fitting and reflect the French @-@ African Zouave units . There were several units to consist of this uniform , including the " Richmond Zouaves " , in the 44th Virginia Infantry Regiment , the " Wheat 's Tigers " , of the 1st Louisiana Special Battalion , and " Coppen 's Zouaves " , of Louisiana .
= = = = Buttons = = = =
The buttons worn on the Infantryman 's clothing is not as minor a detail as it would sound . The average infantryman may have had his uniform made for him in Richmond , Virginia , however , the man enlisted in Georgia , and is now marching through the former state . In reflection to his loyalties to home , this man , for example , could have adorned his uniform with Georgia State buttons . This would indicate to his fellow soldiers his allegiance to both his state and his military unit . This was common practice during the war for both sides in the conflict .
The regulation infantry buttons for enlisted men described the button as to have a number on the front to reflect the unit designation ; for example , a soldier in the 1st Confederate Infantry Regiment would have a " 1 " on the buttons of his coat . These buttons are rare or non @-@ existent . However , the officer 's regulation button , consisting of the " block I " button , for Infantry , the A for Artillery , etc . ; was very common amongst soldiers , and replaced the efforts to produce the different , numbered buttons for each regiment in service .
As before , the uniform buttons could also reflect the state loyalties of an individual . All of the Confederate States made an effort to supply their respective State buttons to their troops . The states that did not join the Confederacy , but had men within its ranks , such as Maryland and Missouri , also made buttons , that have turned up on surviving uniforms .
The confederacy also implemented ready @-@ made supplies of button , consisting of the U.S. Government stockpiles throughout the war . These consisted of the Enlisted men 's coat button , ( an eagle with the shield of the U.S. , with the olive branch and arrows held in its talons , ) and the officer 's buttons , ( the same as before , but the shield is replaced by a blank shield , with the respective letter for each branch of service , I for infantry , A for artillery , C for cavalry , and D for dragoons ) .
= = = = Hats and kepis = = = =
The headgear of the typical Confederate Infantryman was the slouch hat , or the military Kepi . The Kepi is a short fatigue and dress cap that was easy to manufacture for the Army during the war . This type of hat had its drawbacks , however . It provided little weather protection , and was worn out easily after a few months of hard wear . The Infantryman design cap was sky @-@ blue with a dark blue band , but this was rarely seen outside of officer private @-@ purchase caps . More typical would be the plain gray / brown cap , with or without the branch of service trim . There are examples of deep @-@ south made caps that were trimmed in red cotton and wool , and issued to Infantry units , showing that any available clothing was issued to the troops as the war progressed .
The slouch hat was the preferred choice of many soldiers , including officers . The hat was normally a floppy , wide brimmed , woolen body head @-@ cover , meant to protect the individual from the sun , and inclement weather . It was normally a civilian hat , of brown , gray , or black wool . This simple hat saw widespread use throughout the Confederate Armies , and even with U.S. Army personnel . Occasionally , the hat was adorned with insignia of the wearer 's preference , and may have been pinned up for the drill in the use of the regular weapon of the time , the Rifled @-@ musket .
= = = Cavalry uniforms = = =
= = = = Design = = = =
The first of the Cavalry uniforms were made by the cavalrymen themselves . By 1862 , the Confederate regulations ordered the uniform to become organized , being cadet gray and lined with a thin layer around the sleeve . The pant legs were light blue with a yellow strip rising from the bottom of the leg to the top . Non @-@ commissioned officers of the cavalry wore either regular clothes from home or a variety of different types of uniforms. yellow was the prescribed branch of service color , but surviving uniforms show beyond a doubt that the vast majority of cavalrymen who used any branch of service color , used buff as yellow cloth was virtually non existent in the Confederacy .
= = = = Buttons = = = =
According to the June 1861 regulations , and later the 1862 and 1863 regulations , enlisted men were to wear a frock coat with the same button pattern as the Company and Field Grade officers .
= = = = Hats = = = =
A cap copying the French Kepi was the prescribed headgear for all three branches of the land service , adorned with the various branch of service colors , but Confederates preferred the slouch hat and surviving photographs show that as many or more men wore some type of slouch hat than wore the prescribed cap , especially as the War progressed .
The Troiani book says , " Although in some units hats seem dominate , the issuance of caps was widespread . For example , requisitions for the 19th Alabama Infantry throughout 1863 and early 1864 show a decided preference for hats , whereas those for the 17th Mississippi Infantry for the same period record only caps being received . One Confederate clothing facility in Charleston , South Carolina , was devoted entirely to the manufacture of caps . These were cut out by government employees at the depot and sent to 1 @,@ 000 to 1 @,@ 500 local " persons of a needy class " for assembly . "
= = = Artillery uniforms = = =
= = = = Design = = = =
The first of the Artillery uniforms were a variety of handmade and personally customized uniforms . By 1862 , the Confederate uniforms became organized . They became cadet gray and were to be lined with a layer of red around the sleeve . The pant legs were light blue . Even after the uniforms were organized many of the artillerymen wore regular clothes due to the heat and discomfort caused by the regular uniforms .
= = = = Buttons = = = =
In the Confederate Artillery , a normal junior officer had two rows of seven evenly spaced buttons , grouped into pairs , while a senior officer could have as many as eight buttons in two rows .
= = = = Hats = = = =
The kepi was also standard issue to the artillerymen , they were made red to match that of the rest of their uniforms . During the summer months they were also allowed to wear straw hats because of the heat .
= = Confederate States Navy uniforms = =
= = = Design = = =
The first of the Navy uniforms were made in dark blue , but with the Southern style of rank insignia for the officers . The 1862 Confederate regulations ordered the uniform to be steel gray and lined with a dark black silk serge . They were also made in medium gray and cadet gray . They were made of wool , and these uniforms were not fit for the heat of the lower decks of a ship . Non @-@ commissioned officers wore a variety of uniforms , or even regular clothing .
= = = Shoulder straps = = =
According to the dress code of the Confederate Navy , shoulder straps were to be worn differently by each rank .
Admirals wore a shoulder strap of sky @-@ blue cloth , edged with black , that was four inches long and one inch and three @-@ eighths wide embroidered with gold one @-@ quarter of an inch in width . They had five stars spaced equally , the two on the ends six @-@ tenths of an inch in diameter , and the three intermediate stars six @-@ eighths of an inch in diameter .
Flag officers wore a shoulder strap of sky @-@ blue cloth , edged with black , that was four inches long and one inch and three @-@ eighths wide embroidered with gold one @-@ quarter of an inch in width . They had four stars spaced equally , the two on the ends six @-@ tenths of an inch in diameter , and the two intermediate stars six @-@ eighths of an inch in diameter .
captains wore the same shoulder straps as the flag officers , but with three equally spaced stars , each six @-@ tenths of an inch in diameter .
Commanders also had the same shoulder straps , but with only two stars .
Lieutenants had the same shoulder straps , with a single , central , star .
The shoulder straps worn by masters had the same design , but without any stars .
Passed midshipmen wore a strip of gold lace four inches in length and a half an inch wide .
For a midshipman , no shoulder straps were to be worn .
= = = Caps = = =
Confederate Naval Caps were made of steel gray cloth . They were not to be less than three inches and a half , nor more than four inches in height . They were also not to be more than ten , or less than nine inches and a half , at the top , and had a patent leather visor , to be worn by all officers in their service dress .
For a flag officer , the cap had an anchor in an open wreath of oak leaves , with four stars above the anchor . They were to be embroidered in gold as per pattern .
For a captain , the same as a flag officer 's , except that there were only three stars above the anchor , and the gold band was one and one @-@ half inches wide .
For a commander it was to be the same as for a captain , except that there were only but two stars .
For a lieutenant , the same as that of a captain , except there was only one star .
For a master , the same as for a captain , except that there was no star .
For a passed midshipman , an anchor without a wreath .
For a midshipman , no caps were to be worn .
= = Confederate States Marine Corps uniforms = =
The uniform used by the Confederate States Marine Corps resembled that prescribed for the Confederate Army . However , there is controversy about some of the exact details of the uniform , since the CSMC was not as large , and many of its records were destroyed . In 1865 , right after the war 's end , Lloyd J. Beall , commander of the CSMC , had a fire at his home which destroyed most of the CSMC 's records . It is clear , however , that the Marines were often equipped out of the stores of whichever garrison was nearest their location . One description has the Marines dressed in frock coats of a particular ( and undetermined ) shade of gray , and dark blue or black trousers . It appears that Confederate Marines wore forage caps although it is unclear if there was any ornamentation on the cover . Much of the gear worn by the CSMC was imported from Russia , and from Great Britain and its empire , mainly Canada . This created a fairly unusual look .
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= Nauru reed warbler =
The Nauru reed warbler ( Nauruan : itsirir ) , Acrocephalus rehsei , is a passerine bird endemic to the island of Nauru in the Pacific Ocean . It is one of only two native breeding land @-@ birds on Nauru , the other being the Micronesian pigeon , and it is the only passerine found on the island . It is related to other Micronesian reed warblers , all of which evolved from one of several radiations of the genus across the Pacific . Related warblers on nearby islands include the Carolinian reed warbler , with which the Nauru species was initially confused , and the nightingale reed warbler , which was formerly sometimes considered the same species .
A medium @-@ sized warbler , the Nauru reed warbler has dark brown upperparts , cream underparts and a long , thin beak . It makes a low , cup @-@ shaped nest into which it lays two or three white eggs , and it feeds on insects . However , details about its behavior and ecology are little known . It is found throughout Nauru , which has changed substantially in recent decades due to phosphate mining . The Nauru reed warbler is potentially threatened by introduced predators and habitat loss , and its small range means that it could be vulnerable to chance occurrences , such as tropical cyclones . Reports of a similar warbler from nearby islands suggest that it might previously have been found elsewhere , but was driven to local extinction by introduced cats .
= = Taxonomy and systematics = =
Otto Finsch was the first naturalist to visit the island of Nauru , stopping for six hours on 24 July 1880 while travelling from the Marshall Islands to the Solomon Islands . His 1881 report included a warbler he initially identified as the Carolinian reed warbler . By 1883 he considered it to be a new species , Calamoherpe rehsei . The generic name Calamoherpe is now recognised as a synonym of Acrocephalus , leading to the current binomial name . The generic name Acrocephalus derives from the Greek akros , meaning " topmost " , and kephale , meaning " head " . The akros part of the name may have been given through confusion with acutus , and taken to mean " sharp @-@ pointed " , referring to the angular head shape typical of this genus . The synonym Calamoherpe is from the Greek kalamos , meaning " reed " , and herpes , meaning " creeping thing " . Finsch named the species after Ernst Rehse , a German ornithologist and collector and one of Finsch 's travelling companions . Since the original descriptions , little has been written about the species , and details about its ecology and behaviour are poorly known .
Though the Nauru reed warbler is generally accepted as a species , some authorities , such as H. E. Wolters in Die Vogelarte der Erde ( 1980 ) and Howard and Moore in A Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World ( 1991 ) , have considered it a subspecies of Acrocephalus luscinius , the nightingale reed warbler . Recent DNA studies have affirmed its status as a separate species . It is considered monotypic , meaning there are no recognised subspecies . The species is known by the English common names Finsch 's reed @-@ warbler , Nauru warbler , pleasant warbler , the Nauru reed @-@ warbler , and the Nauru reed warbler . In the native Nauruan language , it is known as Itsirir .
A 2009 phylogenic study of the family Acrocephalidae did not include this species , and as recently as 2010 its relation with other members of the genus was unknown . A 2011 analysis of mitochondrial DNA showed that the Nauru reed warbler forms a clade with the Australian reed warbler , the bokikokiko , the southern Marquesan reed warbler and a now @-@ extinct species from Pagan Island in the Marianas . The closest relative of the Nauru reed warbler appears to be the extinct warbler from Pagan . This is currently named as a subspecies of the nightingale reed warbler , A. luscinius yamashinae , but that species is polyphyletic , and the Pagan form , which has been proposed as a new species , the Pagan reed warbler , is in a different clade to nightingale reed warblers from other islands .
The pattern of colonisation of the Pacific islands and eventually Australia by the Acrocephalus warblers from Asia was complex , with multiple colonisations of even remote archipelagos . Although the Hawaiian islands were colonised about 2 @.@ 3 million years ago , the other islands were reached much more recently , in the mid @-@ Pleistocene ( between 0 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 4 million years ago ) or even later . The nearest other warblers geographically to Nauru are the Carolinian reed warbler and the nightingale reed warbler .
= = Description = =
The Nauru reed warbler is a medium @-@ sized and warmly coloured reed warbler , with a relatively light build . The entirety of the upperparts are dark brown , with the rump and uppertail coverts slightly brighter than the tail and mantle . When closed , the wing is the same colour as the mantle , short and rounded . The wing does not reach the start of the tail feathers , which enhances the appearance of a long tail . Close inspection of the wing reveals darker centres to both the greater coverts and tertial feathers . Its face shows little contrast , as the ear coverts , crown , nape , chin and throat are all a similar shade of pale brown . The lores are a dark brown , and there is a pale , creamy supercilium , or " eyebrow " , extending from the beak to the ear coverts , which are a cinnamon @-@ brown , darkening and merging with the nape . The beak is long , thin and straight .
The underparts are much lighter , darkening towards the vent and undertail coverts . The chin is a dull cream , merging with the throat , which then browns towards the base . The centre of the breast is a dull brown @-@ yellow , while the sides are a reddish @-@ brown . The upper mandible of the beak is dark grey with pink edges , while the lower mandible is pink , darkening towards to the tip . The legs and feet are dark grey . The bird measures up to 15 centimetres ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) , with a wingspan of 6 @.@ 7 to 7 @.@ 2 centimetres ( 2 @.@ 6 to 2 @.@ 8 in ) .
The species exhibits no sexual dimorphism , and characteristics of the young are unknown . As the only passerine on the island , there is no chance that this species may be confused with any other . The Nauru reed warbler is slightly smaller than the Carolinian reed warbler , which is also lighter in colour , with a more contrasting eyebrow . The nightingale reed warbler is substantially larger , and the Oriental reed warbler has a duller colouration , with whiter underparts .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The Nauru reed warbler is endemic to the island of Nauru , in the Pacific Ocean . It is one of only two indigenous land birds which breed on the island , the other being the Micronesian pigeon . The warbler can be found throughout the island , thriving in the scrubland in areas previously used for phosphate mining , as well as the remaining patches of forest on the island 's central plateau . It is most common in the remains of forest found on the island 's steep slopes . It is also readily observed in gardens and ruderal areas on the island 's coast ; in 1881 , Finsch described the species as abundant , calling it " as common as the House @-@ Sparrow in England . " Biologist Donald Buden again found it widespread on the island in 2008 .
The species is sedentary , meaning that the birds do not naturally leave Nauru . Banaba is the nearest island , and despite being similar to Nauru , it lacks any warblers . However , it is possible that populations of the Nauru reed warbler existed on other islands until comparatively recently . On the Marshall Islands , traditional stories refer to a small bird , known variously as annañ , anang and annãng . This bird was considered the property of chieftains . Though no physical descriptions exist of the species , it has been described as butterfly @-@ sized , pleasant @-@ smelling and as living among rocks on the shores of north @-@ western islands . Ethnographers Krämer and Nevermann reported that the bird became extinct or extirpated around 1880 . Based on descriptions of birds seen on Jaluit , Paul Schnee hypothesised that the annañ may have been a Nauru reed warbler . The extinction of the annañ may have been due to hunting by cats , which were introduced to the Marshall Islands by the Russian Otto von Kotzebue in 1817 to hunt rats . They then multiplied before being spread by locals as pets , after which they started to become feral .
= = Behaviour and ecology = =
Nauru reed warbler nests are cup @-@ shaped and woven from grasses and twigs . They sometimes include Cassytha filiformis vine or Casuarina equisetifolia needles . The nests are bound to upright stems in a way typical of warblers . Buden reported that the warblers nest in trees and shrubs at a height of 2 to 8 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 to 26 @.@ 2 ft ) . The species may also nest on the ground ; the young in ground nests may be more vulnerable to predation by rats . Eggs have variously been reported in December and July , and ornithologist A. Pearson suggested that the species may nest all year round . The clutch size has been reported as two or three eggs . Incubation and fledgling periods are unknown . Pearson reported lower nesting than Buden , recording nests in bushes and undergrowth between 45 and 300 centimetres ( 18 and 118 in ) from the ground , especially in forked branches of hibiscus and lime . Buden reported that the birds were more vocal in December than in March and April . The song has been described as similar to that of a song thrush , common blackbird , or willie wagtail , and it is delivered both day and night .
Finsch described the warbler as insectivorous , feeding primarily on dragonflies . Six species of dragonfly have been observed on the island ; Ischnura aurora , Anax guttatus , Diplacodes bipunctata , Pantala flavescens , Tholymis tillarga and Tramea transmarina . Buden did not observe the species feeding on dragonflies , but did see three different feeding habits . Most frequently , the birds were seen moving through trees and shrubs , catching prey on the foliage . Other birds were seen perched close to the floor , darting to the ground , and returning to the perch with prey . In open areas , the birds were observed moving across the ground , " occasionally grasping a presumed prey item " . In coastal areas , they have been observed feeding in coconut trees . Potential predators for the birdlife of Nauru in general include feral cats and dogs , as well as the Polynesian rat and the Tanezumi rat . Feral cats and wild rats in particular are potential threats to the Nauru reed warbler .
= = Status = =
The IUCN lists the species as " Vulnerable " , because " its very small range leaves it susceptible to chance events , such as cyclones and the introduction of alien predators . " BirdLife International previously estimated that there were between 10 @,@ 000 and 20 @,@ 000 Nauru reed warblers , based on 1993 data , but Buden 's 2006 estimate was 5 @,@ 000 birds of all ages led to a revised figure of 3 @,@ 000 mature individuals . In 2001 , it was observed that the removal of the phosphate deposits on the island meant that the vegetation was decreasing , presenting a potential threat to the species . In 2008 , however , Buden claimed that " habitat degradation and loss of native forest via mining operations has apparently had no major adverse effects on the population . " Nauru reed warblers were observed to be common on the island , and flourishing in the scrubland left by mining .
Unlike other birds on the island , the species is not hunted , and is protected under Schedule 1 of Nauru 's Wild Birds Preservation Ordinance 1937 . For conservation purposes , the IUCN recommends regular surveys of the population and the establishment of a monitoring programme through training local people . It also proposed raising conservation awareness by increasing the profile of the bird .
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= Christine Chapel =
Christine Chapel is a fictional character who appears in all three seasons of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Original Series , as well as Star Trek : The Animated Series and the films Star Trek : The Motion Picture and Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home . Portrayed by Majel Barrett , she was the ship 's nurse on board the Starfleet starship USS Enterprise . Barrett had previously been cast under her real name as Number One in the first pilot for the series , " The Cage " , due in part to her romantic relationship with the series creator Gene Roddenberry . But following feedback from the Network executives , she was not in the cast for the second pilot .
The character made her first appearance in " The Naked Time " following a re @-@ write of the script by Roddenberry . He had been inspired after Barrett read a proposal for the episode " What Are Little Girls Made Of ? " and bleached her hair blonde to better fit a role in that episode . The change of color caused Roddenberry to believe that NBC executives might not notice that Barrett had returned against their wishes . The executives immediately recognized Barrett . The character was featured in several episodes covering several broad themes , such as showing her feelings for Spock ( Leonard Nimoy ) , and why she joined Starfleet . By the time of The Motion Picture , Chapel was a Doctor and during the events of The Voyage Home , she was stationed at Starfleet Command .
Executive producer Robert H. Justman was initially critical of Barrett ’ s performance as Chapel , but recanted this opinion after her appearance as Lwaxana Troi in the Star Trek : The Next Generation . Barrett herself was not fond of the character , and David Gerrold felt that she only served to demonstrate Spock 's emotionless behaviour . Critics saw the character as being a degradation for Barrett compared to her first character . While the position of nurse was seen as a stereotype , the character 's promotion to doctor was praised . Certain episodes featuring her were criticised , such as " Amok Time " where the plot prevented her from having a relationship with Spock , and " What Are Little Girls Made Of ? " were it was suggested she was featured to the detriment of other characters . Among fans , she was initially unpopular due to her feelings for Spock , but prior to the 2009 film Star Trek , there was a desire to see her return .
= = Concept and development = =
Prior to working on Star Trek , Gene Roddenberry had been developing a variety of television pilots for Screen Gems . One actress he auditioned saw was Majel Leigh Hudec , later to use the name Majel Barrett . Later when he created the drama series The Lieutenant , he cast her in the episode " In the Highest Tradition " . They quickly became friends , and entered into a romantic relationship although Roddenberry was married at the time . During the development of the first pilot for Star Trek : The Original Series ( " The Cage " ) , Roddenberry wrote the part of Number One ( the ship ’ s second in command ) specifically for Barrett . There was reluctance from the NBC executives to agree to an actress who was almost unknown . Roddenberry did see other actresses for the part , but no one else was considered .
Executive producer Herbert Franklin Solow attempted to sell them on the idea that a fresh face would bring believability to the part , but they were aware that she was Roddenberry 's girlfriend . Despite this they agreed to her casting , not wanting to upset Roddenberry at this point in the production . After the pilot was rejected , a second pilot was produced . While it was generally explained that the network disliked a female character as the second @-@ in @-@ command of the Enterprise , Solow had a different opinion of events . He explained that " No one liked her acting ... she was a nice woman , but the reality was , she couldn 't act . " " Where No Man Has Gone Before " successfully took Star Trek to a series order . Barrett had been given the role of voicing the computer on the USS Enterprise , but was demanding that Roddenberry write her into the main cast .
After seeing the initial proposal for " What Are Little Girls Made Of ? " , Barrett felt that she could play the woman who went into space to find her fiancé . She dyed her hair blonde in an attempt to fit the role . Barrett sought to surprise Roddenberry at his office , but he walked right past her , not recognizing who she was . It was only when he came back out give his secretary some papers that he realized it was Barrett . They had the idea that it might get her past the NBC executives and back onto the show . The character of Christine Ducheaux was subsequently changed to Christine Chapel by Roddenberry , as a play on the Sistine Chapel . No other actresses were considered for the role .
At the same time , story editor John D.F. Black wrote the initial script for " The Naked Time " , also early in the first season . The story featured a virus being transmitted amongst the ship 's crew , which removed their inhibitions . One element of Black 's story featured the addition of a nurse in sickbay , working to Doctor Leonard McCoy . Chapel was written into both these episodes by Roddenberry . The deception didn 't work , with NBC executive Jerry Stanley commenting simply " Well , well – look who 's back " to Solow . Roddenberry saw to it that the character of Christine Chapel would become a recurring one throughout the series , on @-@ par with Uhura . She remained unsatisfied with the role , but appreciated that since NBC had already fired her once , Roddenberry couldn 't expand the role .
For Star Trek : The Animated Series , Barrett was initially set to reprise the role of Chapel as well as voicing Uhura . Likewise James Doohan was to voice both his own Scotty as well as Hikaru Sulu . However , following the intervention of Leonard Nimoy , Nichelle Nichols and George Takei were both brought back to voice their own characters . Barrett returned in Star Trek : The Motion Picture as Chapel , which she described as a " very minimal role " , saying that " If no one had called me Commander Chapel , the audience wouldn 't really know that I was there . " Barrett said in the film franchise Chapel got lost along the way , not appearing in the second or third films despite her view that she was a main character in The Original Series . Nimoy brought back the character for Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home , and Barrett was grateful for his decision . The character was subsequently mentioned in the 2009 film Star Trek , which saw the characters from The Original Series re @-@ cast . Chapel was one of the suggested possibilities for Alice Eve to play in the sequel , Star Trek Into Darkness . It was later revealed that she was portraying Carol Marcus .
= = Appearances = =
In " What Are Little Girls Made Of ? " , it is explained that Chapel abandoned a career in bio @-@ research for a position in Starfleet . She had hoped that this would reunite her with her fiancé Dr. Roger Korby ( Michael Strong ) , incommunicado following his expedition to the planet Exo III . Five years after Korby 's disappearance , Chapel was assigned to the USS Enterprise , under the command of Captain James T. Kirk . She served as head nurse , working under Dr. McCoy ( DeForest Kelley ) .
While on @-@ board the ship , she began to develop feelings for Spock ( Leonard Nimoy ) , admitting as such in " The Naked Time " . Her actions in that episode resulted in the Psi 2000 intoxication unwittingly being further spread among the crew . The ship reached Exo III in " What Are Little Girls Made Of ? " . Captain Kirk ( William Shatner ) and Chapel beam down and discover Korby had been exploiting a sophisticated android manufacturing technology on the planet . After Chapel is horrified to find out that Korby had transplanting his personality into an android replica , he kills himself in despair . Roddenberry later co @-@ wrote in The Making of Star Trek that the actions of that episode resulted in Chapel breaking her ties to Earth devotes herself to Starfleet service .
After Korby 's death , Chapel doubted if she should stay aboard , but elected to remain with the Enterprise throughout the five @-@ year mission . Chapel 's feelings for Spock were revisited and alluded to only a few times in the series , most notably in " Plato 's Stepchildren " . In the episode , the Platonians telekinetically force Chapel and Spock to kiss passionately . This humiliates Chapel despite her long @-@ standing feelings for him . In the episode " Amok Time " , she brings Spock some soup to help him through a sacred Vulcan ritual , the Pon farr . He angrily refuses the soup and throws it at the wall , but later thanks Chapel for her thoughtfulness .
Chapel appeared in two of the Star Trek films featuring The Original Series cast . In Star Trek : The Motion Picture , Chapel had become a doctor on @-@ board the Enterprise . Her second appearance was in Star Trek IV : The Voyage Home , where she and Janice Rand ( Grace Lee Whitney ) were stationed in Starfleet Headquarters in San Francisco . In the 2009 film Star Trek , a Nurse Chapel is mentioned by McCoy ( Karl Urban ) . In the 2013 film Star Trek Into Darkness , Carol Marcus ( Alice Eve ) tells Kirk ( Chris Pine ) that after being with him , Chapel left to become a nurse .
= = Reception = =
= = = Cast and crew = = =
Executive producer Robert H. Justman didn 't care for Chapel ; he described her as a " wimpy , badly written , and ill @-@ conceived character . " He added that the additional camera lenses used by director Jerry Finnerman in that episode for close @-@ ups of her quivering lip only " served to emphasise the lack of character written into the character . " He had complained to Roddenberry of Barrett 's acting skills , but stopped when he became aware of their relationship . It was only after Barrett 's first appearance as Lwaxana Troi in the Star Trek : The Next Generation episode " Haven " , that he came to realise that it was the Chapel character he disliked , not Barrett herself and told her that his opinion had changed . Barrett also didn 't care for the character of Chapel , saying " I 've never been a real aficionado of Nurse Chapel , I figured she was kind of weak and namdy @-@ pamdy . "
Writer David Gerrold , who worked with the staff of The Original Series following his work on the episode " The Trouble with Tribbles " , described Chapel as being one of a second @-@ tier set of characters including Uhura , Scotty and Sulu , who were not given as much explosure during the series as the main characters of Kirk , Spock and McCoy . He explained that she was the only one of the second level of characters whose motivations were explored , however , her primary focus on @-@ board the ship was simply to be in love with Spock . Gerrold explained that there was a need to demonstrate the " aloofness " of the Vulcan character , and so this resulted in a character whose love of him needed to be rebuffed , thus giving Chapel her purpose . He suggested that this caused Chapel to be disliked the fandom because " Female fans saw her as a threat to their own fantasies and male fans saw her as a threat to Spock 's Vulcan stoicism . " But added that those fans were surprised when they met Barrett at science fiction conventions , as they found her likeable in person . By the time of the 2009 film Star Trek , the character had become more popular among fans , who were asking if she would appear in the new films .
= = = Critical reception = = =
In her essay " The Audience as Auteur . Women , Star Trek and ' Vidding ' " in the book Gene Roddenberry 's Star Trek : The Original Cast Adventures , Francesca Coppa said that she saw the switch from Number One to Chapel for Barrett as " degradation on every level : role , status and image " . The role was described as " consolation " in Cary O 'Dell 's book June Cleaver Was a Feminist ! : Reconsidering the Female Characters of Early Television , but it was felt that Barrett " made the most of it " . The position of a nurse was described by O 'Dell as a traditional female role , but that Chapel would stand up to McCoy 's orders when required . Her promotion to Doctor in The Motion Picture was praised by author Gladys L. Knight in her book Female Action Heroes : A Guide to Women in Comics , Video Games , Film , and Television .
Reviewer were critical of her relationship with Spock , with Jan Johnson @-@ Smith describing Chapel in American Science Fiction TV as " a woman condemned to forever lust after the elusive Vulcan " , and that she was one of several female characters in the series who were " depicted as recognisable stereotypes " . Coppa also discussed this , calling the character as being a typical damsel in distress , existing " merely to pine " . But the relationship was also seen positively , with Torie Atkinson , at Tor.com , said of Chapel in " Amok Time " that " her affection is so transparent and sweet . " In The Making of Star Trek by Roddenberry and Stephen E. Whitfield , her feelings towards Spock are said to not be unique as they are shared by many of the female crew on @-@ board the Enterprise . It is also further explained that McCoy is aware of her feelings , but displays " fatherly affection " towards her and never " childes " her for this .
Her appearances in episodes were commented on , with Wei Ming Dariotis critical that the single @-@ mindedness of the plot for " Amok Time " in not allowing Spock to have sex with Chapel , or any other woman , and thus solve the problem of his Pon farr . But Eugene Myers at Tor.com praised Chapel , saying that the most interesting part of " What Are Little Girls Made Of ? " was that it was based primarily on her , while Keith DeCandido said that this resulted in the episode being the " Kirk @-@ and @-@ Chapel show " to the detriment of the other characters .
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= Bound 2 =
" Bound 2 " is a song by American rapper Kanye West , featured as the final track from his sixth studio album , Yeezus ( 2013 ) . It was produced by West and Che Pope , with additional production being handled by Eric Danchick , Noah Goldstein , No ID and Mike Dean . The song features vocals from American soul singer Charlie Wilson and serves as the album 's second single . " Bound 2 " incorporates samples from " Bound " by Ponderosa Twins Plus One and the line " Uh @-@ huh , honey " from Brenda Lee 's " Sweet Nothin 's " .
The controversial music video features his wife Kim Kardashian West , topless , riding on a motorbike with West through various landscapes . " Bound 2 " received general acclaim from music critics , who referred to the song as one of the highlights of the album , comparing its soul influenced , sample @-@ based production to West 's debut studio album , The College Dropout ( 2004 ) . The song peaked at number 55 on the UK Singles Chart and 12 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart .
= = Background and composition = =
On June 1 , 2013 , West revealed the cover of his sixth studio album Yeezus and premiered a 13 @-@ second preview of " Bound 2 " . It was only one of three songs that were previewed prior to the album 's release , the others being " New Slaves " and " Black Skinhead " .
" Bound 2 " features substantial soul music samples , which critics noted as reminiscent of West 's production style in his earlier work . The song is predominantly built around a sample taken from " Bound " , a song by soul @-@ group Ponderosa Twins Plus One from their 1971 album , 2 + 2 + 1 = Ponderosa Twins Plus One . Interpolations from " Aeroplane ( Reprise ) " , written by Norman Whiteside and performed by Wee and the line " Uh @-@ huh , honey " from the song " Sweet Nothin 's " , written by Ronnie Self and performed by country singer Brenda Lee were also utilized in the song . Lee reacted to the sampling of her song on the track , saying :
As I 've said , it 's always nice to be recognized . It says a wonderful thing about Ronnie Self , who wrote the song . That 50 years after it was written , somebody in Kanye 's camp knew the song and said , ' Let 's use it . ' That 's a compliment to Ronnie .
On February 15 , 2014 , Hudson Mohawke played an original version of " Bound 2 " during a DJ set in Leeds . The earlier version features piano @-@ driven production and a much more stripped down ending compared to the album version . Rapper / Producer Tyler , The Creator revealed over Twitter that he helped produce the original version along with Hudson Mohawke .
= = Release and promotion = =
" Bound 2 " was revealed to be the second single released from Yeezus in August 2013 , following " Black Skinhead " . On September 9 , 2013 , West appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon for the first time , to promote his upcoming Yeezus Tour . During his appearance , he performed " Bound 2 " with Charlie Wilson , The Roots and a male children 's choir . It was his first national television performance of the song . The song was also performed on the season premiere of Later ... with Jools Holland by West and Wilson on September 17 , 2013 . To take a more minimal approach , they were accompanied by just the song 's signature Ponderosa Twins sample and a brief piano intro for the Later ... with Jools Holland performance .
= = Critical reception = =
" Bound 2 " received universal acclaim from music critics . Rolling Stone described " Bound 2 " as " maybe the most audacious song he 's ever written , not to mention the most beautiful . " Julian Kimble of Complex called the song " a brilliant way to end the album " and wrote that it " stands out as a love song — a dark , twisted fantasy of a love song , perhaps , but one that 's beautiful in its own way . " David Jeffries of AllMusic described " Bound 2 " as a " new wave beauty of a closer . " Writing for The A.V. Club , Evan Rytlewski referred to the song as " an overt homage to West 's bright early production , reimagining The College Dropout 's cheerful chipmunk soul . " Dan Buyanovsky of XXL called it the album 's " emotional and musical highlight ... a perfect sendoff that reminds you of Kanye 's roots while pointing you in the direction of his future . " A writer for the Kitsap Sun cited " Bound 2 " as a " classic Yeezy effort " and " arguably the album 's best track . "
XXL positioned it at number 17 on their list of the best songs of 2013 . They said , " ' Bound 2 ' showed the doubters that he could still give them the soul @-@ soaked laments that everyone wanted , he just decided not to . But that doesn 't mean this song is a throwaway — the video might be more of one than the song itself — this is Kanye 's introspection colliding with his self @-@ doubt in a way that is eminently relatable to anyone with a pulse . " NME ranked " Bound 2 " at number 22 on their list of the 50 best songs of 2013 ; " in Kanye 's mind this is what constituted a pop song : sped up ' 70s soul samples , a totally unconventional structure and lyrical gems . " Pitchfork Media positioned " Bound 2 " at number 40 on their list of the top 100 tracks of 2013 . They commented , " On an album that takes itself awful seriously throughout , " Bound 2 " is something that recontextualizes the entire affair , leaving more questions than answers . "
The song was nominated for Best Rap / Sung Collaboration and Best Rap Song at the 2015 Grammy Awards .
= = Music video = =
On November 16 , 2013 , it was revealed that West would be premiering the music video for " Bound 2 " on The Ellen DeGeneres Show the following week . The Nick Knight @-@ directed music video was released on November 19 , 2013 . The video features his then @-@ fiancée Kim Kardashian , topless , riding atop West 's motorbike through Monument Valley and other landscapes . Eric Diep of XXL described it as , " a confident display of love and passion with little to no narrative . " Spin felt that " a pretty bad idea seen through so completely that it stops being a bad idea " . Tom Breihan from Stereogum found the video confusing , saying " it 'll take a little bit to figure out what all 's going on there " . Lanre Bakare of The Guardian described it as " self @-@ indulgent , idiosyncratic and a bit weird " .
On November 25 , 2013 , " Bound 3 " , a parody of the music video was released , starring actors James Franco and Seth Rogen . The parody is a shot @-@ for @-@ shot remake , filmed while they were shooting their upcoming movie The Interview . Afterwards , Kim Kardashian revealed through Twitter that she and West found the video to be very funny . On December 11 , 2013 , the music video was parodied in the South Park episode " The Hobbit " , where West is shown trying to convince the world that Kardashian is not a hobbit . On December 21 , 2013 , the video was parodied on Saturday Night Live , with cast members portraying the couple having sex while riding a red @-@ nosed reindeer .
= = Lawsuit = =
On December 23 , 2013 , Ricky Spicer of the Ponderosa Twins Plus One filed a lawsuit against West over the sample of the group 's song , " Bound , " alleging that he used Spicer 's voice without permission . Spicer asked that West pay him or cease and desist using his vocals . Roc @-@ A @-@ Fella Records , Universal Music Group , Island Def Jam , and Rhino Entertainment were all named in the lawsuit along with West .
= = Remixes = =
British drum and bass duo Sigma created a remix of the song entitled " Nobody to Love " featuring vocals from Daniel Pearce which was officially released on April 6 , 2014 . It topped the UK Singles Chart upon release , with sales of over 121 @,@ 000 copies in the first week .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Yeezus .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
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= Unforgiven ( 2005 ) =
Unforgiven ( 2005 ) was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) . It was the seventh annual Unforgiven event and took place on September 18 , 2005 , at the Ford Center in Oklahoma City , Oklahoma . The event featured wrestlers and other talent that performed on the Raw program . To date , it is the only WWE pay @-@ per @-@ view event ever to be held in the state of Oklahoma .
The main event was a standard wrestling match , in which Kurt Angle defeated WWE Champion John Cena , after Cena used the Championship belt on Angle , leading to a disqualification . In WWE , a championship cannot change hands via countout or disqualification , as a result , Cena retained the title . Two featured bouts on the undercard was another standard match , in which Shawn Michaels defeated Chris Masters . The other primary match was a steel cage match , where the ring is enclosed by a steel cage , in which Matt Hardy defeated Edge .
Unforgiven grossed over $ 485 @,@ 000 in ticket sales from an attendance of approximately 8 @,@ 000 , and received about 243 @,@ 000 pay @-@ per @-@ view buys . This amount was higher than the following year 's event . When the event was released on DVD , it reached a peak position of third on Billboard 's DVD Sales Chart .
= = Background = =
Eight professional wrestling matches were scheduled on the event 's card beforehand , which were planned with predetermined outcomes by WWE 's script writers . The buildup to these matches and scenarios that took place before , during and after the event were also planned by the script writers . The event featured wrestlers and other talent from Raw 's brand – a storyline expansion in which WWE assigned its employees . Wrestlers portrayed either a villainous or fan favorite gimmick , as they followed a series of events which generally built tension , leading to a wrestling match .
The main rivalry written into Unforgiven was between John Cena and Kurt Angle , who were competing for Cena 's WWE Championship . At SummerSlam , Cena defeated Chris Jericho to retain the WWE Championship . A rematch was held on the August 22 episode of Raw , one of WWE 's primary television programs , when authority figure Eric Bischoff , a portrayed match maker and rules enforcer , announced a match between Cena and Jericho in a " You 're Fired " match , in which the loser would be fired . The match saw Cena win , and Bischoff was scripted to fire a pleading Jericho , who was carried out of the arena by security . This angle was written after WWE 's official website confirmed that Jericho signed a short @-@ term contract extension to stay with the company after his long @-@ term contract expired , which presumably ended after his loss to Cena . Kurt Angle came down to the ring and attacked Cena by lifting Cena on his shoulders and spinning 90 ° to slam him down to the mat , a move Angle calls the Angle Slam . As Cena was down , Bischoff announced that Angle was the new contender for the WWE Championship , claiming that Jericho " couldn 't get the job done " . Angle continued his attacks on Cena before their scheduled match at Unforgiven . On the August 29 episode of Raw , Cena was scheduled in a Handicap match , a match where one wrestler or team of wrestlers face off against a team of wrestlers with numerical superiority such as two against one , or three against two . He faced Tyson Tomko and Angle . Cena won the match by pinning Tomko after lifting Tomko onto his shoulders and slamming him down to the mat . Afterwards , Angle assaulted Cena , which led to Angle being scripted to smash Cena 's ankle across the ring post , thus giving Angle the advantage heading into Unforgiven .
Another major rivalry heading into the event was between Shawn Michaels and Chris Masters . This feud began the night after SummerSlam , where Michaels lost a match to Hulk Hogan . Michaels admitted he fell victim to Hogan 's leg drop , a move where Hogan drops his legs across the opponent 's head or chest . He concluded that Hogan was the better man and it was time to get " back to reality " . Mid @-@ way through Michaels ' speech , Masters interrupted him and informed Michaels that individuals like Hogan and Michaels did not know how to pass the torch to new wrestlers . Michaels went along with Masters ' comments and warned Masters to not group him with Hogan . Masters concluded by stating that he was not " trying " to steal the spotlight from Michaels , but that he was going to " take it " . Michaels responded by saying that he knew where Masters was coming from , which led to Michaels slapping Masters . The two then brawled , thus turning Michaels into an on @-@ screen hero , as he had been a villain in rivalry between Hogan . On the September 5 episode of Raw , Michaels was involved in the Masterlock Challenge , a challenge where the wrestler must break free from Master 's full Nelson submission hold , which he calls the Master Lock . Despite Michaels ' best efforts , he could not break free . Upset at the vigorous resistance of Michaels , Masters released the hold and hit Michaels with a steel chair before re @-@ applying the hold . The following week , Michaels issued a challenge to Masters at Unforgiven , in which he vowed to get revenge on Masters for his actions the previous week .
The other predominant rivalry heading into the event was between Matt Hardy and Edge , a real life issue transformed into a storyline . At SummerSlam , Edge defeated Hardy after dropping him onto the top of a ring post . This was scripted to caused Hardy to bleed heavily , which forced the referee to end the match and declare Edge the winner because Hardy could not continue . The next night on Raw , Hardy had a match with Rob Conway , in which Conway pinned Hardy for the win . After the match , Edge attacked Hardy . On the August 29 episode of Raw , Edge and Hardy were scheduled to compete in a Street Fight , a match where there are no disqualifications , no countouts , and scoring conditions can occur anywhere in the arena . The match ended in a no @-@ contest after Hardy and Edge brawled at the stage ramp . Hardy grabbed Edge by the side and threw both himself and Edge off the stage and into electrical equipment . Both Hardy and Edge laid motionless on the floor as sparks flew everywhere . Trainers and emergency medical technicians rushed to the scene and took both men away in ambulances for medical attention . The following week , Bischoff booked Hardy and Edge in a steel cage match at Unforgiven , where the ring would be enclosed by a steel cage . Following the announcement , Bischoff scheduled a match between Hardy and Snitsky , which Hardy lost . After the match , Snitsky threatened to hit Hardy with a ring bell but The Big Show came down . He was unable to stop Snitsky , and as a result , Snitsky succeeded in hitting Hardy with the bell .
The Divas rivalry heading into the event was between Ashley Massaro and the stable known as Vince 's Devils . A week after winning the Diva Search , Massaro was attacked by Torrie Wilson and Candice Michelle , who were traded to Raw , after they pretended to congratulate her , turning both Torrie and Candice into heels . After their villainous turns , Torrie and Candice aligned with Victoria to form Vince 's Devils , and the trio spent weeks tormenting her , which included Massaro suffering a pair of losses to Victoria and Torrie . On the September 12 edition of Raw , Trish Stratus returned from injury and helped Massaro fight off the Devils , leading to the announcement that Torrie and Victoria would face Massaro and Stratus at Unforgiven .
= = Event = =
Before the event went live on pay @-@ per @-@ view , Rob Conway defeated Tajiri in a match taped for Heat , one of WWE 's secondary television programs .
= = = Preliminary matches = = =
The first televised match was a standard wrestling match for the WWE Intercontinental Championship , which involved the champion Carlito and challenger Ric Flair . The match began with Flair taking down Carlito with a series of headlock takeovers . Carlito was able to hit Flair with his forearm , but Flair brought Carlito down with an Inverted atomic drop . Flair later went for the figure four leglock , but Carlito reversed it . After back and forth action between the two , Flair took the advantage and applied the figure four leglock on Carlito . By making him tap out , Flair became the new Intercontinental Champion , the oldest in WWE history at 56 .
The next match was a tag team match featuring the team of Trish Stratus and Ashley against the team of Victoria and Torrie Wilson ( with Candice Michelle as Victoria and Wilson 's manager ) . The match started off with Wilson and Stratus in the ring . Wilson tagged in Victoria , who applied a full @-@ body choke on Stratus , but Stratus started to work on Victoria 's arm . Victoria countered Stratus ' arm takedown . Stratus then performed a takedown by scissoring Victoria 's head with her legs and forcefully dragging her down to the mat . Back and forth action continued ; the match , however , came to an end when Stratus was able to perform a roundhouse kick on Victoria , giving the pinfall victory to Stratus and Ashley .
The third match was a standard match between The Big Show and Snitsky . The match began with Big Show and Snitsky brawling as the bell rang . Big Show was able to perform a big slap to the chest and headbutt . Snitsky then took the upper hand over Big Show , as he applied an armbar hold , after countering a chokeslam , a move where The Big Show lifts the opponent by the throat and slams them down to the mat . Big Show then made a comeback when he lifted Snitsky by the waist and slammed him down to the mat . Big Show then got the victory after a successful chokeslam .
The next match was another standard match involving Shelton Benjamin and Kerwin White . White tried to get in the ring , but Benjamin slid out and tripped him . Benjamin threw White into the ring barricade , which led him to throw him back in the ring as the bell rang to officially start the match . In the ring , Benjamin lifted and slammed White to the mat , which followed by a running forearm . White retaliated with a dropkick to Benjamin 's knee . The match concluded after White grabbed a golf club that he hid in the steel steps and tried to assault Benjamin with it . Benjamin , however , countered by throwing White up in the air and catching him by slamming him down to the mat . Benjamin covered White and got the pinfall victory .
The fifth match was a Steel Cage match contested between Matt Hardy and Edge , who was accompanied by Lita . As the bell rang , Hardy tried to throw Edge face @-@ first into the cage wall but did not succeed . Back and forth action took place until Hardy got the advantage over Edge . Lita began to climb up the outside of the cage , but Hardy hit the cage , making Lita fall off . As Lita distracted Hardy , Edge started to crawl out . Hardy noticed this , grabbed Edge , and threw him into a corner . Lita interfered , which led to Hardy grabbing Lita 's head in a forward position and forcefully pulling it down over his shoulders . Hardy turned around and was hit with a spear but he kicked out . Hardy knocked Edge off the turnbuckle Hardy got to the top of the cage and delivered a leg drop before covering Edge for the victory .
= = = Main event matches = = =
The next match was Rosey and The Hurricane taking on Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch for the World Tag Team Championship . The match started with Hurricane and Cade locked up ( that is , grappling ) . Cade managed to gain the advantage over Hurricane with some fists . During the match , Murdoch drove Hurricane 's head into the floor on the outside of the ring . WWE Medical trainers came to ringside to check on Hurricane . The match concluded when Cade pinned the legitimately injured Hurricane , to win the World Tag Team Championship .
The seventh match was a standard match between Shawn Michaels and Chris Masters . The match started with Masters applying the Masterlock on Michaels . After breaking the hold , Michaels hit Masters with his forearm and slapped his chest several times . Masters , however , dominated Michaels , focusing on his back by lifting and sitting Michaels onto his shoulders and slamming him down to the mat several times . He also lifted Michaels vertically in the air and stalled him there before slamming him down . Michaels fought back , as he drove his cocked elbow onto Masters ' chest . Masters was able to lock in the Masterlock once more . Michaels tried to use the corners to break the hold , but Masters kept it locked on . Michaels then leaped over the top rope and landed on the ring apron , causing the referee to order Masters to break the hold . Michaels countered with a Sweet Chin Music , thus Michaels got the pinfall victory over Masters .
The main event was between John Cena and Kurt Angle for the WWE Championship . The match began with Angle and Cena locking up , leading to Angle taking Cena down with a headlock takeover . Cena countered many attacks by Angle and was able to reverse the ankle lock . Cena tried to lift Angle onto his shoulders to slam him down to the mat , but Angle reversed it and lifted Cena on his shoulders and spun 90 ° to slam him down . Eric Bischoff came down the ramp and cheered for Angle , who had the Ankle Lock applied on Cena . Cena rolled out of the move , grabbed the championship belt , which Bischoff had brought with him , and hit Angle with it . The referee saw this and called for the bell . As a result , Cena was disqualified for hitting Angle with the championship , ultimately resulting in him retaining his title .
= = Aftermath = =
The feud between John Cena and Kurt Angle , with the involvement of Eric Bischoff , continued . During Raw episodes , it saw Angle and Bischoff interfere in Cena 's matches , and even deciding the outcome of Cena 's matches . On the October 17 episode of Raw , Bischoff announced that a standard match involving three wrestlers , termed as the Triple Threat match , for the WWE Championship , would take place between Cena , Angle and the fans ' choice at Taboo Tuesday . Bischoff was scripted to promote three series of qualifying matches , in which the winner would receive a spot on the ballot as a potential challenger to join Cena and Angle . The winners were The Big Show , Shawn Michaels and Kane . The following week , a Triple Threat match was scheduled between Big Show , Michaels and Kane . Michaels won the match after he hit both Big Show and Kane with a superkick and pinned Big Show for the win . The following week , Bischoff announced a match between Cena and Michaels . Late in the match , Angle attacked both Cena and Michaels . Cena , however , retaliated and got Angle up for an FU , but Michaels managed to hit Cena with a superkick . At Taboo Tuesday , Michaels won the fans ' choice to join Cena and Angle in the championship match . Cena , however , defeated Michaels and Angle to retain the WWE Championship , after pinning Shawn Michaels .
Triple H returned on the October 3 episode of Raw , WWE Homecoming , after a four @-@ month hiatus . He took part in a match , teaming up with Ric Flair , who was a fan favorite during Triple H 's absence , to take on Chris Masters and Carlito . The duo defeated Masters and Carlito ; after the match , Triple H turned on Flair and hit him with a sledgehammer . This led to a rivalry between Triple H and Flair . At Taboo Tuesday , Triple H and Flair met in a steel cage match , a stipulation chosen by the fans , for the WWE Intercontinental Championship . The match saw Flair retain the Intercontinental Championship , after escaping through the cage door .
The rivalry between Matt Hardy and Edge continued and culminated in a " Loser Leaves Raw Ladder match " , where the objective was to reach a briefcase suspended in the air using a ladder , at WWE Homecoming , which Edge won . As a result , Hardy was moved to the SmackDown ! brand .
= = = Reception = = =
The Ford Center has a maximum capacity of 19 @,@ 599 . The event grossed over $ 485 @,@ 000 in ticket sales from an attendance of 8 @,@ 000 . The promotion 's pay @-@ per @-@ view revenue was $ 185 million . Canadian Online Explorer 's professional wrestling section rated the entire event a 6 out of 10 stars . The rating was lower than the Unforgiven event in 2006 , which rated 7 out of 10 stars . The steel cage match was rated a 7 out of 10 stars , as well as the Shawn Michaels and Chris Masters ' match . The divas tag team match and the singles match between Big Show and Snitsky , were rated 3 out of 10 stars each .
The event was released on DVD by Sony Music Entertainment on October 25 , 2005 . The DVD reached third on Billboard 's DVD Sales Chart for recreational sports during the week of November 19 , 2005 , although falling thereafter . It remained in the chart for two consecutive weeks , until the week of December 3 , 2005 , when it ranked seventh .
= = Results = =
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= Fight for You =
" Fight for You " is a song performed by American recording artist Jason Derulo , released as the fourth single from his second studio album , Future History , on December 2 , 2011 . The song was written by Derulo , Stevie Hoang , David Paich and Jeff Porcaro , while production was handled by RedOne , BeatGeek and Geo Slam . Musically , " Fight for You " is an urban @-@ pop ballad , that samples the song " Africa " ( 1982 ) by American rock band Toto . The lyrics revolve around how Derulo , the protagonist , has " got a girl in his life he isn 't ready to let go of just yet " . Hoang had originally recorded " Fight for You " for his third independent album , Unsigned ( 2011 ) with his original track featuring Iyaz .
The song 's production and Derulo 's vocal performance garnered positive reviews from music critics , however , some criticized its lack of originality . " Fight for You " attained moderate chart success , peaking at number five in Australia , and reaching the top twenty in the United Kingdom . The accompanying music video portrays a fictional relationship between Derulo and his love interest . Derulo performed the song at KDWB @-@ FM 's annual Jingle Ball in 2011 .
= = Background and release = =
" Fight for You " was written by Jason Derulo , Stevie Hoang , David Paich and Jeff Porcaro , while production of the song was helmed by RedOne , BeatGeek and Geo Slam . " Fight for You " was originally recorded by Hoang , for his third independent album , Unsigned ( 2011 ) . His version of the song features British Virgin Island recording artist Iyaz .
Derulo 's version of " Fight for You " was recorded and engineered by Gelly Kusuma , Slam and Teddy Sky at Serenity West Recording Studio and Jim Henson Studios in Los Angeles , California . Derulo , RedOne , Laila Khayat , Samya Khayat and Sky performed background vocals on the song . The recordings were later mixed by Trevor Muzzy . All instruments and programming were provided by RedOne , BeatGeek and Slam . In a cover story for the Daily Star , Derulo stated that " Fight for You " was the first song he worked on with RedOne , saying " I 'm glad it turned out so dope " . On working with RedOne , he said : " Red first became hot when he produced the album The Fame with Lady Gaga . He is one of the nicest guys I 've ever met . ... RedOne was a nice , humble , down @-@ to @-@ earth , special person " .
" Fight for You " was added to mainstream radio playlists in the United Kingdom on November 9 , 2011 . A digital extended play , featuring four remixes of the song , was released in Ireland and the UK on December 2 , 2011 .
= = Composition = =
" Fight for You " is an urban @-@ pop ballad with a length of four minutes and two seconds . According to Meena Rupani of DesiHits , the song finds Derulo as the male protagonist singing " that he 's got a girl in his life he isn 't ready to let go of just yet " . The song 's hook contains a sample of the song " Africa " ( 1982 ) by American rock band Toto . Lewis Corner of Digital Spy noted that " Fight for You " features " airy synths and bouncy castle @-@ sized beats " . Scott Shelter of PopCrush described the song as a " world music flavored track " . During an interview with New ! magazine , Derulo explained the concept of " Fight for You " , saying : " It 's very relationship @-@ based and the line [ " fight for you " ] means so much , whatever you believe in you should go for . The song is based on a personal experience , I was in a relationship and I put myself in that place again where you would do anything to keep the relationship together so I went back to that place . "
= = Critical reception = =
" Fight for You " garnered positive reviews from music critics for its catchy production and Derulo 's vocal performance . David Griffiths of 4Music called it a " catchy little ditty " that " is guaranteed to be stuck in your head for the rest of the day " . Shawn Kitchener of Entertainment Wise described the song as " the kind of sweet @-@ as @-@ candy R & B fodder " that could have been featured on the High School Musical soundtrack . Meena Rupani of DesiHits noted that the song 's lyrical theme is similar to " It Girl " , and that Derulo 's " vocals are enough to put any girl into a trance " . However , " Fight for You " also received unfavorable reviews from critics because of its lack of originality . Lewis Corner of Digital Spy gave the song a three out of five star rating , calling Derulo " extremely lazy " for sampling " Africa " . Caroline Sullivan of The Guardian described the song as " languid " , while writing that the sample gives it " a bit of bounce " . Although Jess Holton of The Music Network described " Fight for You " as a " touching ballad " , she added that sampling " Africa " does not do the latter " any form of justice " . In an album review of Future History , Michael Cragg of BBC Music noted that the songs " revolve around the joys of being in a relationship or the pain of not being in one " , however disapproved of the lyrical content and sample in " Fight for You " , calling it " perhaps the worst offender " on the album .
= = Commercial performance = =
After the release of Future History , " Fight for You " debuted and peaked on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 83 on the issue dated October 15 , 2011 , and on the UK Singles Chart at number 117 on October 22 , 2011 . Upon its release as a single in the latter country , " Fight for You " managed to peak at number 15 on the UK Singles Chart , and at number four on the UK R & B Singles Chart . In Ireland , the song debuted at number 31 on December 1 , 2011 , and peaked at number 28 the following week . On the Danish Singles Chart , " Fight for You " debuted and peaked at number 27 on January 20 , 2012 . In Australia , the song debuted at number 27 on the ARIA Singles Chart on February 20 , 2012 . " Fight for You " peaked at number five in its third week , and spent a total of seven consecutive weeks inside the top @-@ ten . It was eventually certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting shipments of 140 @,@ 000 copies .
= = Promotion = =
= = = Music video = = =
The video for " Fight for You " premiered online on November 25 , 2011 . It begins with Derulo walking on a bridge in a city at night , before the video cuts to scenes of Derulo and his love interest hugging and drinking alcohol , as well showing him standing alone atop a roof of a building in Manhattan . Another scene finds Derulo and his love interest sharing a shower . The video continues to show the pair spending time together , including dining in restaurants , riding the subway , and dancing on the subway platform . David Greenwald of MTV Buzzworthy called it Derulo 's " steamiest " video to date .
= = = Live performances and cover version = = =
On December 3 , 2011 , Derulo performed " Fight for You " at radio station KDWB @-@ FM 's annual Jingle Ball , which took place at the Target Center in Minneapolis , Minnesota . The song was part of a set list , which included " Whatcha Say " , " In My Head " , " Ridin ' Solo " , " Don 't Wanna Go Home " and " It Girl " . According to Jon Bream of the Star Tribune , Derulo " turned it out with sweet vocals and smooth dancing " . On May 21 , 2012 , Taga Paa performed a cover of " Fight for You " on The Voice Australia . Rosemarie Lentini of The Daily Telegraph called it a " moving rendition " , while Seanna Cronin of The Gympie Times noted that Paa 's performance " had a few pitch issues " .
= = Track listing = =
Digital EP
" Fight for You " – 4 : 02
" Fight for You " ( Suncycle Remix ) – 3 : 34
" Fight for You " ( Mync Edit ) – 3 : 25
" Fight for You " ( Mync Stadium Dub ) – 5 : 34
" Fight for You " ( Mync Stadium Mix ) – 5 : 34
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes for Future History .
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Release history = =
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= Anarchy Online =
Anarchy Online is a massively multiplayer online role @-@ playing game ( MMORPG ) published and developed by Norwegian video game development company Funcom . Released in the summer of 2001 , the game was the first in the genre to include a science @-@ fiction setting , dynamic quests , instancing , free trials , and in @-@ game advertising . The game 's ongoing storyline revolves around the fictional desert planet " Rubi @-@ Ka " , the source of a valuable mineral known as " Notum " . Players assume the role of a new colonist to Rubi @-@ Ka . With no specific objective to win Anarchy Online , the player advances the game through the improvement of a character 's skills over time . After more than 15 years , Anarchy Online has become one of the oldest surviving games in the genre .
= = Plot = =
Fighting for military and political power on Rubi @-@ Ka are the Omni @-@ Tek corporation ( owners of the planet 's one thousand @-@ year lease ) , the Separatist Clans , Terrorist groups , extraterrestrial life , and ancient civilizations . The narrative was developed to be played out as a series of virtual " role @-@ play " events over the course of four years , influenced by the actions of those taking part in the game .
According to the game 's back story , the " Source " of all life deep inside the planet created the first forms of life , who called themselves the Xan . They began as a small , perfect , immortal civilization , living in peace and harmony . The Xans ' eventual discovery and research of the Source 's power lead them to create powerful technology . They built a great civilization , but this made them greedy and arrogant . Two factions formed within the Xan , calling themselves the Redeemed and the Unredeemed . These groups fought over how best to use the Source — now strained and unstable from their tampering . They tried in vain to fix the problem , but discovered it was too late - the Source would soon destroy the planet . Rubi @-@ Ka was ripped apart in a cataclysm , leaving it a barren rock . The Source , and small fragments of the Xans ' dead civilization , were thrown into another dimension known as the Shadowlands . The survivors left in search of other habitable planets , where they planted versions of their species ; they hoped that one would prosper and eventually return to Rubi @-@ Ka . Earth was one of their destinations .
In the year 28 @,@ 708 AD , a mining survey ship from the mega @-@ corporation Omni @-@ Tek rediscovered Rubi @-@ Ka . The Interstellar Confederation of Corporations ( ICC ) granted Omni @-@ Tek a one thousand @-@ year lease on the planet shortly after . It was a seemingly useless , arid landscape far from civilization , until the discovery of the mineral Notum , unique to Rubi @-@ Ka . Research of Notum and its properties led to major leaps forward in nanotechnology , making possible the creation of powerful new technology , as well as the resurrection of the dead . After terraforming a portion of Rubi @-@ Ka and constructing several cities , outposts , and transportation infrastructure , the company began importing colonists under contract as miners and other professions .
The first five hundred years of Omni @-@ Tek 's control of Rubi @-@ Ka were marked with an exemplary worker treatment record . However , as time passed , their policies degraded . Their scientists ' tinkering with the mutating effects of Notum on the colonists in a quest for efficiency lead to large numbers of failed experiments . Survivors of these experiments became the game 's four playable races , or Breeds , each designed by Omni @-@ Tek to specialize in a type of work . Together with the original " Solitus " race , the genetically engineered Herculean " Atrox , " the intelligent " Nanomages , " and the nimble " Opifexes , " they continued their labor in the midst of an increasingly hostile and totalitarian culture . This caused a significant number of workers to rebel , and begin to trade stolen Notum to a rival corporation . These rebel groups , collectively calling themselves the Clans , fought a series of wars with Omni @-@ Tek over the next several centuries .
= = = Player point of view = = =
Anarchy Online 's story , from the player 's point of view , began in 29 @,@ 475 , after the most recent peace treaty had been signed between Omni @-@ Tek and the Clans . ICC peacekeeping troops later moved into some cities to protect neutral observers of the war who had rejected their contractual obligations with Omni @-@ Tek , but did not align themselves with the Clans . Omni @-@ Tek , the Clans , and the neutral observers make up the game 's three playable factions and control much of Rubi @-@ Ka 's terraformed surface .
After scientists opened a portal to the Shadowlands , players found the Source , killing the guardian the Xan had left there to protect it . This prompted an alien race known as the Kyr 'ozch to begin attacking Rubi @-@ Ka . The story 's current plots revolve around the fight by all sides for control of the planet .
= = Gameplay = =
Players assume the roles of new colonists to Rubi @-@ Ka or the Shadowlands . The game world is occupied by human players and computer @-@ controlled characters , both friendly and hostile . The game begins with the player creating a unique character , choosing its name , gender , height , weight , and facial features . Each character is also one of the four humanoid " breeds " . The final choice is that of the character 's profession , similar to the character classes of other role @-@ playing games .
The game 's multiplayer nature and " free @-@ form " gameplay encourage creating personal networks , and cooperating and fighting with other players . Players interact with Anarchy Online 's interface via a keyboard and mouse . The game 's heads @-@ up display consists of a series of windows , menus and buttons located on the periphery of the screen . Players communicate with each other by typing text in chat windows , and occasionally through emotive character animations . Communication with computer @-@ controlled characters is executed via text windows , in which players chose from a menu of possible responses to the conversation being shown . Like most role playing games , Anarchy Online provides structure for role @-@ playing events . Most major cities include night clubs and other venues specifically for this . Events are organized either by players , or officially by Funcom staff .
Groups of players , large or small , are often required to complete objectives . In addition to forming teams and informal chat groups , joining a player organization is encouraged . These are , like guilds in similar games , officially recognized groups bound together for technical and social benefits . Organizations are able to build their own cities across the game world , control areas of land , run player markets , and access other special content .
Among the most distinct gameplay elements of Anarchy Online are dynamic missions . Missions , or quests , are a traditional gameplay element in the role playing genre . The player or team is given a set of tasks — usually related to the story — to complete somewhere in the game world ; in return , they are rewarded with experience points , items , and money . Dynamic missions are similar to traditional missions in purpose , but are created at the player 's request . Once they choose its difficulty and other options , the game generates a new indoor area filled with computer @-@ controlled enemies . The player or team are told to go to its location , and finish some task inside for their reward . Dynamic missions , like many other encounters in Anarchy Online , are " instanced " : each mission area is available only to the owners of the mission .
= = = Breeds or alien species = = =
All of the humanoid breeds in Anarchy Online follow traditional RPG archetypes .
= = = = Atrox = = = =
The Atrox is a warrior / tank archetype that have excellent strength and stamina but poor intelligence and psychic .
= = = = Nanomage = = = =
The Nanomage follows a caster archetype and possess poor strength and stamina , but high intelligence and psychic .
= = = = Opifex = = = =
The Opifex follows a traditional thief / rogue archetype and possess poor stamina and psychic but high agility and sense .
= = = = Solitus = = = =
Finally , the Solitus follows the typical human archetype and possesses average breed statistics of all choices .
Note that there is no limitations in breed @-@ profession combinations , although some breeds will encounter maximum statistic possible for certain traits earlier than others .
= = = Skill system = = =
Much of what characters can do , and how well they do it , is determined by the game 's eighty @-@ three distinct character skills . A skill is a numerical representation of a character 's proficiency in an area of skill , starting at zero . As players kill computer @-@ controlled enemies , they gain experience points for their character . After gaining enough points , the character levels up . The current maximum level is 220 . At each new level , the character is given some " skill points " , which are used to increase any combination of the eighty @-@ three skills that they choose .
Any character can access and increase any skill . The character 's profession , however , provides unique resources — " perks " , " alien perks " , " research " , and " nano programs " — that increase specific skill further . This makes each profession more adept at elements of gameplay than others . Doctors , for instance , can increase skills related to healing much higher than a Soldier because of these additional resources . Perks are chosen from a menu when the character reaches certain levels . Alien perks are gained when the player kills enough of a specific type of alien enemy . Research is gained by diverting a percentage of earned experience points toward personal or faction @-@ specific research projects , instead of new levels . Nano programs give temporary increases to certain skills .
= = = Combat = = =
After targeting another character and initiating combat , the player and his opponent will damage each other automatically with their weapons . This continues until the player stops or the target is dead . Each profession 's unique nano programs , perks and research also provide combat abilities used by the player during the fight . These can heal the owner , cause additional damage , lower the skills of the enemy , blind them or otherwise hinder the enemy 's ability to fight . Once the target is dead , the player is able to loot money and items from the enemy 's body . After death , the character 's skills are reduced for several minutes , making them much less powerful in combat during that period .
Combat between two or more human players , known as " player vs player " , or " PvP " is encouraged by both the reward of special equipment , and the social nature of the game . Killing other players also rewards characters with a " PvP ranking " , permanently shown beside the player 's name , which represent how many other human players they have killed . Player versus player combat is controlled by the percentage of " suppression gas " in the area that dictates whether a player can start combat unprovoked with another player . Generally , this percentage approaches 100 % in major cities , providing safe havens , and decreases while moving to more remote areas .
= = History = =
= = = Development = = =
Preliminary development for Anarchy Online began in 1995 at Funcom 's Oslo , Norway studios . Up until that point , the company had only developed offline video games for consoles , including the critically successful Speed Punks for the PlayStation . In a 2007 interview , former project leader Gaute Godager said Funcom 's management wanted to put substantial resources into developing a new MMORPG ; they believed the genre 's user base would expand in the coming years . Unlike most other games in the genre , which had traditional role @-@ playing fantasy themes , Anarchy Online featured a science @-@ fiction theme . The game would also feature a relatively large playable area , and graphics that were , at the time , more advanced than existing MMORPGs . Godager said he and many other developers saw the idea as " crazy , " describing the project as " very ambitious " . The project 's team grew steadily between 1995 and 2001 to include at least 70 developers .
In a 2001 interview , gameworld designer Morten Byom said that the process of creating Rubi @-@ Ka 's virtual world had " taken more time and effort than anyone imagined when we first started . " The team took inspiration from a number of sources including science @-@ fiction books , movies , architecture in Oslo , and other games in the genre . They stated one of the biggest challenges as finding ways to encourage players to use the entire game world as they play , not to " gather in one corner " . Byom said he wanted to give the world as much detail as possible to make the game " convincing " to the player .
Composers Morten Sørlie , Tor Linløkken , and Bjørn Arve Lagim created the soundtrack and music of Anarchy Online . Using a system they call " Sample @-@ based Interactive Music " , the game mixes numerous music samples to create dynamic music . By starting , stopping , fading , and layering samples based on where the player is , and what they are doing , the game creates a continuous stream of background music . Bjørn Arve Lagim stated the music is inspired by the " traditional sound " of a film score , using both orchestral and electronic instruments . Longer full @-@ length versions of some songs were later released on compact disc with a special edition of the game in 2002 .
Anarchy Online was officially announced at the 2000 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) . GameSpot , and other online sites , published articles tracking the game 's development over the next year . It made its second appearance at E3 in May 2001 , one month before launch . Based on the beta version shown there , GameSpot stated they were " confident in the game 's progress , given what we 've seen " . At the European Computer Trade Show in 2001 it was awarded Multiplayer Game of Show . A public beta test began two weeks before launch , during which 100 @,@ 000 players downloaded and played pre @-@ release versions of the game , helping the company find bugs and other technical problems with the software .
= = = Release = = =
Anarchy Online officially launched to the public on June 27 , 2001 in the United States and Norway and on September 28 of the same year in the rest of Europe . In addition to being distributed as a retail box from physical and online stores , Anarchy Online was one of the first MMORPGs available via online digital distribution .
During its first month of release many stability , registration , and billing issues hurt public perception of the game . Some gaming reporters claimed it was the worst launch of an MMO in the history of the genre . Funcom spent about 6 months fixing the game , particularly the beginning experience . The company then took the " fixed game " on a press tour to convince reporters to give it another try , even though reviews and scores had been printed months before . At the same time , the company needed to build subscribers , which was very difficult given the reputation of the game . Funcom introduced the first " free trial " of the game and gave out returned boxed copies for free at the 2002 Game Developer 's Conference . Some gaming publications informed their readers of the improved game , although they did not change their original scores . By the end of that year , Anarchy Online had recovered from the launch woes and won the MMO of the Year award from PC Gamer . The company went on to create expansions , including the Shadowlands expansion in 2003 that earned several Editor 's Choice awards .
Two months after its release in August 2001 , Funcom began offering free trial subscriptions , now common practice for other games in the MMOG genre . New players were able to sign up for accounts that remained free for a limited number of days . This required them to supply some personal information , including a credit card number . After their trial period , players could either cancel their accounts , or keep them to continue playing the game at the cost of the monthly subscription fee .
= = = Expansions = = =
Periodic free updates are released as content patches on an average of three per month since the game 's release . These fix bugs , and add relatively small amounts of new content . The patches are downloaded and installed automatically when players start the game software . Larger updates , called expansion packs and booster packs , are available for purchase to further extend the game , typically adding new playable areas , creatures , equipment , and story progression . Expansions tend to introduce large amounts of new content ; boosters are considered " too large " for a patch , but " not large enough " to warrant a full expansion .
= = = Free Play program = = =
On December 15 , 2004 , Funcom replaced trial subscriptions with a business model supported by in @-@ game advertising called the " Free Play " program . Under this program , new players are allowed indefinite access to the full original game without supplying a credit card number . With the exception of the first booster pack Notum Wars , the offer does not include access to content added with expansion or booster packs . Free subscribers are shown advertisements provided by Massive Incorporated , a company that supplies in @-@ game advertising . The ads appear on virtual billboards placed in high traffic areas of the game world . Paying customers have the option to replace these ads with ones for fictitious products related to the game . Free subscribers may also purchase paid points to participate in micro @-@ transactions and purchase in @-@ game items that do not directly impact combat related gameplay .
The Free Play program was originally set to last one year , but its length has been extended every year since its creation . As of June 2013 , the free to play program still exists . Former game director Craig Morrison stated in a 2008 interview that the program has " been a vital part of the success of the game . " In January 2008 , Funcom rebranded their subscription model as a " tier subscription system " , adding a third options for customers to access to the game . Customers can access the original game and Notum Wars booster pack for free via the Free Play program , pay the full monthly subscription fee for access to all expansion and booster packs , or pay a reduced monthly fee for access to only the Shadowlands expansion pack .
= = = Present = = =
The " Free Play " program , started in 2004 , allows new players indefinite access to the original game in return for viewing in @-@ game advertisements . Vital to the game 's continued operation , the program created 400 @,@ 000 new subscriptions in its first ten months , and had generated US $ 1 million in advertising revenue by 2006 .
Funcom announced in June 2007 that they would be updating the game 's 3D rendering engine . While the current engine — Funcom 's proprietary Dreamworld — had received incremental improvements with the Notum Wars booster in 2002 and Shadowlands expansion in 2003 , the 2008 announcement stated it would be completely replaced with more modern software to " release the game fresh " . Originally , a modified version of the open source rendering engine OGRE was used . Funcom released a short video demonstrating an early version of its implementation , and stated it would be completed by the end of 2008 . OGRE was dropped in May 2009 because it did not provide " the full featureset " they had anticipated . Current game director Colin Cragg stated Anarchy Online 's " small development team " could not afford the " growing [ cost ] estimates " involved in making the necessary modifications to it .
Funcom decided to instead use a recent version of the Dreamworld engine , the same version used for their 2008 MMORPG Age of Conan . This new engine features improved water rendering , particle effects , and character animation . It also includes incremental improvements to technologies already used in Anarchy Online , such as the dynamic weather system . No new release date has been announced , although periodic status updates are published in the game 's official weekly development blog Friday With Means .
Also introduced in 2008 , Funcom added micro @-@ transactions to the game called paid points . Paid points may be acquired through several ways . First , players may purchase them outright via their account management page , which then becomes available to their characters in game . Alternatively , players are also awarded bonus paid points based on number of months of subscription purchased . These paid points may be used to purchase items that were given as pre @-@ order bonuses such as a fully decor @-@ able apartment in game , or newly created vehicles that are otherwise not available through in @-@ game currency called credits . All items available for purchase with paid points are strictly cosmetic in nature , with the exception of a Personal Scout Mech , a combat vehicle that was a pre @-@ order bonus for the Lost Eden expansion .
In 2010 , the player community became involved in development of the game , with community @-@ created inventory icons and planet map being accepted into the official game .
A game engine upgrade was originally slated for release in 2013 . The new engine , also used for Age of Conan and The Secret World , was planned to be supported concurrently with the previous engine .
This new ' dreamworld ' engine was successfully released to the public for use on the live servers on June 25 , 2015 . While the engine is still in a ' beta ' state , it is available for use with the ' live ' production servers .
= = = Server mergers = = =
For much of its existence , Anarchy Online featured two game servers for English @-@ speaking players , Atlantean and Rimor , and one for German @-@ speaking players , Die Neue Welt . In 2010 , Die Neue Welt was brought offline with most of its player population distributed between the two English @-@ speaking servers . In 2013 , the two remaining English servers , Atlantean and Rimor merged to form a single unifying server to host remaining Anarchy Online players .
= = Reception = =
After the launch of Anarchy Online and the subsequent technical problems , Funcom issued a statement to reviewers asking them to " hold back on a full review until we have solved these problems . " Some video game reviewers , such as Computer Games Magazine , published reviews anyway ; others , such as GameSpy who described the game as " nearly unplayable " , chose to wait one month before publishing a formal review . The troubled release has had a lasting effect on the game 's reputation , and is nearly always mentioned in the generally positive reviews of later expansion packs as a juxtaposition .
While Anarchy Online 's launch problems had a negative effect on initial critics , the game itself was generally reviewed favorably ; it scored an average of 7 @.@ 6 out of 10 from GameSpy , GameSpot , and IGN . GameSpy later described it as " a promising game with some big technical flaws . " IGN called it a " brilliant , engaging , profound MMORPG , " but added it came with " atrocious technical problems . " PC Gamer magazine said that it " will be [ ... ] the next great MMORPG , " but that the game needed " some serious work " before it would reach its potential ; they would award the game with Best Massively Multiplayer Game the next year .
Computer Games Magazine described Anarchy Online as a " ' science @-@ fiction ' Everquest " — EverQuest was a popular fantasy MMORPG at the time — in that it took the traditional fantasy elements of the genre and gave them " science @-@ y sounding " words . They went on to praise the game 's large , detailed game world , and its " evolutionary " user interface . GameSpy said the game 's soundtrack was " grand , cinematic , and very appropriate " in their review . PC Gamer magazine said that the intricate skill system gave the game " incredible character depth " .
The dynamic mission system was met with mixed reviews . PC Gamer called it a " brilliant " solution to camping — the practice of waiting for a computer - controlled character in the outdoor game world to appear so that it can be killed and items looted . Computer Games Magazine said that while the missions were a good idea in theory , they are " too simple and similar " , claiming that this caused players to become bored and camp for items outside anyway . Visually , they called the missions " cramped , boxy , and generally unappealing , " compared to the rest of the game .
The first booster pack Notum Wars was released in 2002 ; at that time , the first expansion pack Shadowlands had already been announced . Staci Krause of IGN noted the new character creation interface made the game 's introduction to new players easier . The " land control " areas , one of the major additions in Notum Wars , were described by Krause as " not only interesting , but fun . " She also said that the new additions to the game world , and improvements to the 3D rendering engine , " add to the sense that Rubi @-@ Ka is a busy planet . " Yahoo ! criticized the land control areas as being complicated and expensive , and said that participation in battles was difficult for players not in an organization .
The Shadowlands expansion was the most critically acclaimed by far , winning several Editor 's Choice Awards from IGN , CNet , GameSpot , GameSpy and others in 2003 . Critics applauded the size and scope of it , such as Andrew Park of GameSpot who called it " absolutely enormous . " Tom Chick of GameSpy praised the " distinctive and exotic " art direction of the new areas . Critics of Shadowlands noted that the expansion 's design was too " fantasy oriented " , as compared to the original game .
Alien Invasion , released in 2004 , did not receive the same abundance of praise as its predecessor , although most scores were above 7 out of 10 . The new content it introduced , in critics ' eyes , was not designed for new players . G4 TV wrote that it would be a " tough sell to new players " , but added it " offer [ s ] existing players a solid reason to keep playing . " GameSpy wrote that the expansion 's new features , such as improved user interface and chat system , " make the game more enjoyable to play . "
After twelve years , Anarchy Online has become one of the longest @-@ running MMORPGs in operation . Publications who had reviewed the game 's previous additions did not review the Lost Eden expansion in 2006 , or the Legacy of The Xan booster in 2009 . Games Radar 's Sarah Borger wrote of Lost Eden that the game 's aging graphics and user interface " make the world hard to interact with , " but she went on to acclaim the new player versus player content it added .
= = = Sales and subscriptions = = =
Five days after the game 's launch , public relations director Marit Lund announced that " 35 @,@ 000 registered accounts " had been created . By 2002 , the total number of subscriptions created since launch was stated as 150 @,@ 000 . After the release of the Shadowlands and Alien Invasion expansion packs , total subscriptions had risen to 700 @,@ 000 in late 2004 . Sales of the game , its expansion packs , and monthly customer subscriptions had generated US $ 28 million dollars by 2005 .
The " free play " program , started in 2004 , has had the most significant effect on subscriptions to date . ” More than 400 @,@ 000 new players " signed up for free subscriptions in the program 's first ten months according to Funcom CEO Trond Arne Aas . The next year , the number of free subscriptions created , independent of paid subscriptions , was stated as one million . The income from the program — which had generated $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 by its second year — supplements revenue from paid accounts .
Funcom attributed " higher than expected " company profits in 2006 to Lost Eden 's release in December of that year . Subscription revenue during this time was described as " steady " and " profitable " . Subscription revenue remained " steady " for the next three years , until 2009 when they were described as " slowly declining " . It was stated that close to two million subscriptions , both free and paid , had been created by July 2008 .
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= George Kenney =
George Churchill Kenney ( 6 August 1889 – 9 August 1977 ) was a United States Army Air Forces general during World War II . He is best known as the commander of the Allied Air Forces in the Southwest Pacific Area ( SWPA ) , a position he held from August 1942 until 1945 .
Kenney enlisted as a flying cadet in the Aviation Section , U.S. Signal Corps in 1917 , and served on the Western Front with the 91st Aero Squadron . He was awarded a Silver Star and the Distinguished Service Cross for actions in which he fought off German fighters and shot two down . After hostilities ended he participated in the Occupation of the Rhineland . Returning to the United States , he flew reconnaissance missions along the border between the US and Mexico during the Mexican Revolution . Commissioned into the Regular Army in 1920 , he attended the Air Corps Tactical School , and later became an instructor there . He was responsible for the acceptance of Martin NBS @-@ 1 bombers built by Curtis , and test flew them . He also developed techniques for mounting .30 caliber machine guns on the wings of an Airco DH.4 aircraft .
In early 1940 , Kenney became Assistant Military Attaché for Air in France . As a result of his observations of German and Allied air operations during the early stages of World War II , he recommended significant changes to Air Corps equipment and tactics . In July 1942 , he assumed command of the Allied Air Forces and Fifth Air Force in General Douglas MacArthur 's Southwest Pacific Area . Under Kenney 's command , the Allied Air Forces developed innovative command structures , weapons , and tactics that reflected Kenney 's orientation towards attack aviation . The new weapons and tactics won perhaps his greatest victory , the Battle of the Bismarck Sea , in March 1943 . In June 1944 he was appointed commander of the Far East Air Forces ( FEAF ) , which came to include the Fifth , Thirteenth , and Seventh Air Forces .
In April 1946 , Kenney became the first commander of the newly formed Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) , but his performance in the role was criticized , and he was shifted to become commander of the Air University , a position he held from October 1948 until his retirement from the Air Force in September 1951 .
= = Early life = =
George Churchill Kenney was born in Yarmouth , Nova Scotia , Canada , on 6 August 1889 , during a summer vacation taken by his parents to avoid the humidity of the Boston area . The oldest of four children of carpenter Joseph Atwood Kenney and his wife Anne Louise Kenney , née Churchill , Kenney grew up in Brookline , Massachusetts . He graduated from Brookline High School in 1907 and later that year he entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) , where he pursued a course in civil engineering . After his father left his family , Kenney quit MIT and took various jobs before becoming a surveyor for the Quebec Saguenay Railroad .
His mother died in 1913 and Kenney returned to Boston , where he took a job with Stone & Webster . In 1914 he joined the New York , New Haven and Hartford Railroad as a civil engineer , building a bridge in New London , Connecticut . After this was completed , he formed a partnership , the Beaver Contracting and Engineering Corporation , with a high school classmate , Gordon Glazier . The firm became involved in a number of projects , including the construction of a seawall at Winthrop , Massachusetts , and a bridge over the Squannacook River .
= = World War I = =
The United States entered World War I in April 1917 , and Kenney enlisted as a flying cadet in the Aviation Section , U.S. Signal Corps on 2 June 1917 . He attended ground school at MIT in June and July , and received primary flight training at Hazelhurst Field in Mineola , New York , from Bert Acosta . He was commissioned as a first lieutenant on 5 November 1917 , and departed for France soon after . There , he received further flight training at Issoudun . This ended in February 1918 , when he was assigned to the 91st Aero Squadron .
The 91st Aero Squadron flew the Salmson 2A2 , a reconnaissance biplane . Kenney crashed one on takeoff on 22 March 1918 . He broke an ankle and a hand , and earned himself the nickname " Bust ' em up George " . His injuries soon healed , and he recorded his first mission on 3 June . Kenney flew one of four aircraft on a mission near Gorze on 15 September 1918 that was attacked by six German Pfalz D.III scouts . His observer shot one of them down , and Kenney was credited with his first aerial victory . For this he was awarded a Silver Star . A second victory followed in similar circumstances on 9 October while he was flying near Jametz in support of the Meuse @-@ Argonne Offensive . Once again , the formation he was flying with was attacked by German fighters . This time he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross , which was presented by Brigadier General Billy Mitchell on 10 January 1919 . Kenney 's citation read :
For extraordinary heroism in action near Jametz , France , October 9 , 1918 . This officer gave proof of his bravery and devotion to duty when he was attacked by a superior number of aircraft . He accepted combat , destroyed one plane and drove the others off . Notwithstanding that the enemy returned and attacked again in strong numbers , he continued his mission and enabled his observer to secure information of great military value .
Kenney remained for a time with the Allied occupation forces in Germany , and was promoted to captain on 18 March 1919 . He returned to the United States in June 1919 . He was sent to Kelly Field , near San Antonio , Texas , and then to McAllen , Texas . As commander of the 8th Aero Squadron , he flew reconnaissance missions along the border with Mexico during the Mexican Revolution . Poor aircraft maintenance , rough landing strips and bad weather led to the squadron losing 22 of its 24 Airco DH.4 aircraft in just one year .
= = Between the wars = =
Kenney applied for one of a number of Regular Army commissions offered to reservists after the war , and was commissioned as a captain in the Air Service on 1 July 1920 . While he was in hospital in Texas recovering from an aviation accident , he met a nurse , Helen " Hazel " Dell Richardson , the daughter of a Mobile , Alabama , contractor , George W. Richardson . They were married in Mobile on 6 October 1920 . Hazel miscarried twins , and was warned by her doctor of the danger of another pregnancy , but she strongly wished to have a child . In 1922 , while the couple was living on Long Island , New York , a son , William Richardson Kenney , was born to them , but Hazel died soon afterward from complications . Kenney arranged to have the infant cared for by his neighbor , Alice Steward Maxey , another nurse . On 5 June 1923 Kenney married Maxey in her home town of Gardiner , Maine .
From July to November 1920 , Kenney was air detachment commander at Camp Knox , Kentucky . He then became a student at the Air Service Engineering School at McCook Field , near Dayton Ohio . He was the Air Service Inspector at the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company in Garden City , New York , where he was responsible for the acceptance of the fifty Martin NBS @-@ 1 bombers that the Air Service had ordered from Curtis between 1921 and 1923 . Kenney inspected the aircraft , and test flew them . While there , he was reduced in rank from captain to first lieutenant on 18 November 1922 , a common occurrence in the aftermath of World War I when the wartime army was demobilized . He returned to McCook in 1923 , and developed techniques for mounting .30 caliber machine guns on the wings of a DH.4. He was promoted to captain again on 3 November 1923 . His daughter , Julia Churchill Kenney , was born in Dayton in June 1926 .
In 1926 , Kenney became a student at the Air Corps Tactical School , at Langley Field , Virginia , the Air Corps ' advanced training school . He then attended the Command and General Staff School at Fort Leavenworth , Kansas , the Army 's advanced school where officers were taught how to handle large formations as commanders or staff officers . Most Air Corps officers , including Kenney , considered the course largely irrelevant to them , and therefore a waste of time , but nonetheless a prerequisite for promotion in a ground @-@ oriented Army . Afterwards , he returned to the Air Corps Tactical School as an instructor . He taught classes of attack aviation . He was particularly interested in low @-@ level attacks , as a means of improving accuracy . There were tactical problems with this , as low @-@ flying aircraft were vulnerable to ground fire . There were also technical problems to be solved , as an aircraft could be struck by its own bomb fragments . His interest in attack aviation would ultimately set him apart in an Air Corps where strategic bombardment came to dominate thinking .
Kenney reached the pinnacle of his professional education in September 1932 , when he entered the Army War College in Washington , D.C .. At the war college , committees of students studied a number of World War I battles ; Kenney 's committee examined the Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes . They updated actual war plans , Kenney 's study group working on War Plan Orange . They also had to write an individual paper ; Kenney wrote his on " The Proper Composition of the Air Force " . One benefit of the Army War College was that it brought Air Corps officers into contact with ground officers that they would later have to work closely with . Members of Kenney 's class included Richard Sutherland and Stephen Chamberlain , both of whom worked with him on committees .
Graduation from the Army War College was normally followed by a staff posting , and on graduation in June 1933 Kenney became an assistant to Major James E. Chaney in the Plans Division of the Office of the Chief of the Air Corps , Major General Benjamin Foulois . He performed various duties , including translating an article by the Italian air power theorist Giulio Douhet into English . In 1934 , he was involved with drafting legislation that granted the Air Corps a greater degree of independence . This legislation prompted the Army to create GHQ Air Force , a centralized , air force @-@ level command headed by an aviator answering directly to the Army Chief of Staff . Lieutenant Colonel Frank M. Andrews was chosen to command it , and selected Kenney as his Assistant Chief of Staff for Plans and Training .
In this role , Kenney was promoted to the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel on 2 March 1935 , skipping that of major . He became involved in an acrimonious debate with the Army General Staff over the Air Corps ' desire to purchase more Boeing B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress bombers . He also became caught up in a bureaucratic battle between Andrews and Major General Oscar Westover over whether the Chief of the Air Corps should control GHQ Air Force . As a result , Kenney was transferred to the Infantry School at Fort Benning , Georgia , on 16 June 1936 , with the temporary rank of major , to teach tactics to young infantry officers . He was promoted to the substantive rank of major on 1 October 1937 , but the assignment was hardly a choice one for an Air Corps officer . In September 1938 he accepted an offer to command the 97th Observation Squadron at Mitchell Field , New York .
= = World War II = =
In 1939 , Kenney was made Chief of the Production Engineering Section at Wright Field , Ohio . He was sent to France in early 1940 , once again with the temporary rank of lieutenant colonel , as Assistant Military Attaché for Air . His mission was to observe Allied air operations during the early stages of World War II . As a result of his observations , he recommended many important changes to Air Corps equipment and tactics , including upgrading armament from .30 caliber to .50 caliber machine guns , and installing leak @-@ proof fuel tanks , but his scathing comparisons of the German Luftwaffe with the Air Corps upset many officers . This resulted in his being sent back to Wright Field . In January 1941 , he became commander of the Air Corps Experimental Depot and Engineering School there , with the rank of brigadier general . He was promoted to major general on 26 March 1942 , when he became commander of the Fourth Air Force , an air defense and training organization based in San Francisco . Kenney personally instructed pilots on how to handle the Lockheed P @-@ 38 Lightning and A @-@ 29 Hudson .
= = = Southwest Pacific Area = = =
In July 1942 , Kenney received orders to take over the Allied Air Forces and Fifth Air Force in General Douglas MacArthur 's Southwest Pacific Area . MacArthur had been dissatisfied with the performance of his air commander , Lieutenant General George Brett . Andrews , by then a major general , turned down the job , and , offered a choice between Kenney and Major General James Doolittle , MacArthur chose Kenney . Kenney reported to MacArthur in Brisbane on 28 July 1942 , and was treated to " a lecture for approximately an hour on the shortcomings of the Air Force in general , and the Allied Air Forces in the Southwest Pacific in particular . " Kenney felt that MacArthur did not understand air operations , but recognized that he somehow needed to establish a good working relationship with him . When he asked MacArthur for authority to send people he considered " deadwood " home , something that his superiors in Washington , D.C. had refused to give , MacArthur enthusiastically approved .
Building a good relationship with MacArthur meant getting past Sutherland , MacArthur 's chief of staff . Brett advised Kenney that " a showdown early in the game with Sutherland might clarify the entire atmosphere . " Sutherland , who had a civil pilot 's license , had taken to issuing detailed instructions to the Allied Air Forces . This was more than simply a turf battle ; to many airmen , it was a part of the ongoing battle for an independent air force that they had long been advocating . At one point , Kenney drew a dot on a plain page of paper and told Sutherland , " the dot represents what you know about air operations , the entire rest of the paper what I know . " Sutherland backed down , and would henceforth let Kenney run the Allied Air Forces without interference . It did not follow , however , that MacArthur would invariably accept Kenney 's advice .
Kenney sent home Major General Ralph Royce , Brigadier Generals Edwin S. Perrin , Albert Sneed and Martin Scanlon , and about forty colonels . In Australia , he found two talented , recently arrived brigadier generals , Ennis Whitehead and Kenneth Walker . Kenney reorganized his command in August , appointed Whitehead as commander of the V Fighter Command and Walker as commander of the V Bomber Command . The Allied Air Forces was composed of both United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) and Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) personnel . Kenney moved to separate them . Brigadier General Donald Wilson arrived in September and replaced Air Vice Marshal William Bostock as Kenney 's chief of staff . Bostock took over the newly created RAAF Command .
This brought Kenney into conflict with the Chief of the Air Staff of the RAAF , Air Vice Marshal George Jones , who felt that an opportunity had been lost to simplify the administration of the RAAF . Kenney preferred to have Bostock in command , and while he regarded the antipathy between Jones and Bostock as a nuisance , was happy to leave arrangements the way they were . However , Kenney deviated from the normal structure of an air force by creating the Advanced Echelon ( ADVON ) under Whitehead . The new headquarters had the authority to change the assignments of aircraft in the forward area , where fast @-@ changing weather and enemy action could overtake orders drawn up in Australia . Kenney was promoted to lieutenant general on 21 October 1942 .
Perhaps because of his experience in World War I , Kenney had a great deal of respect for Japanese fighters . He decided to conserve his bombers , and concentrate on attaining air superiority over New Guinea . Kenney switched the bombers to attacking by night unless fighter escorts could be provided . SWPA had a low priority , and simply could not afford to replace losses from costly daylight missions . What he needed was an effective long @-@ range fighter , and Kenney hoped that the Lockheed P @-@ 38 Lightning would fit the bill , but the first ones delivered to SWPA were plagued with technical problems . Kenney had Charles Lindbergh teach his P @-@ 38 pilots how to extend the range of their aircraft .
The Southwest Pacific was not a promising theater of war for the strategic bomber . The bombers of the day did not have the range to reach Japan from Australia , and there were no typical strategic targets in the theater other than a few oil refineries . This set up a doctrinal clash between Kenney , an attack aviator , and Walker , the bomber advocate . The long @-@ standing Air Corps tactic for attacking shipping called for large formations of high @-@ altitude bombers . With sufficient mass , so the theory went , bombers could bracket any ship with walls of bombs , and do so from above the effective range of the ship 's anti @-@ aircraft fire . However the theoretical mass required was two orders of magnitude greater than what was available in the Southwest Pacific . A dozen or so bombers was the most that could be put together , owing to the small number of aircraft in the theater and the difficulties of keeping them serviceable . The results were therefore generally ineffective , and operations incurred heavy casualties .
Walker resisted Kenney 's proposals that the bombers conduct attacks from low level using bombs armed with instantaneous fuses . Kenney ordered Walker to try the fuses for a couple of months , so that data could be gained about their effectiveness ; a few weeks later Kenney discovered that Walker had discontinued their use . In November , Kenney arranged for a demonstration attack on the SS Pruth , a ship that had sunk off Port Moresby in 1924 and was often used for target practice . After the attack Walker and Kenney took a boat out to the wreck to inspect the damage . As expected , none of the four bombs dropped had hit the stationary wreck , but the instantaneous fuses had detonated the bombs when they struck the water , so bomb fragments had torn holes in the sides of the ship . Walker reluctantly conceded the point . A few weeks later , Walker was shot down leading a daylight raid over Rabaul , an attack that Kenney had ordered to be conducted at night .
In addition to trying different types of ordnance , the Allied Air Forces experimented with modifications to the aircraft themselves. the Major Paul I. " Pappy " Gunn modified some USAAF Douglas A @-@ 20 Havoc light bombers by installing four .50 in ( 12 @.@ 7 mm ) machine guns in their noses , and two 450 @-@ US @-@ gallon ( 1 @,@ 700 l ; 370 imp gal ) fuel tanks were added to give the aircraft more range . This was successful , and an attempt was then made to create a longer range attack aircraft by doing the same thing to a B @-@ 25 Mitchell medium bomber , to operate as a " commerce destroyer " . This proved to be somewhat more difficult . The resulting aircraft was obviously nose heavy despite adding lead ballast to the tail , and the vibrations caused by firing the machine guns were enough to make rivets pop out of the skin of the aircraft . The tail guns and belly turrets were removed , the latter being of little use if the aircraft was flying low .
The Allied Air Forces also adopted innovative tactics . In February 1942 , the RAAF began experimenting with skip bombing , an anti @-@ shipping technique used by the British and Germans . Flying only a few dozen feet above the sea toward their targets , aircraft would release their bombs , which would then , ideally , ricochet across the surface of the water and explode at the side of the target ship , under it , or just over it . A similar technique was mast @-@ height bombing , in which bombers would approach the target at low altitude , 200 to 500 feet ( 61 to 152 m ) , at about 265 to 275 miles per hour ( 426 to 443 km / h ) , and then drop down to mast height , 10 to 15 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 to 4 @.@ 6 m ) about 600 yards ( 550 m ) from the target . They would release their bombs at around 300 yards ( 270 m ) , aiming directly at the side of the ship . The two techniques were not mutually exclusive . A bomber could drop two bombs , skipping the first and launching the second at mast height . The Battle of the Bismarck Sea demonstrated the effectiveness of low @-@ level attacks on shipping .
Another form of airpower employed by Kenney was air transport . This started in September 1942 when troops of the 32nd Infantry Division were airlifted from Australia to Port Moresby . Later in the campaign , C @-@ 47 Dakotas landed Australian troops at Wanigela . A year later , American paratroops landed at Nadzab , enabling the Australian 7th Division to be flown in .
The ultimate challenge was to integrate air power with MacArthur 's strategy . Kenney described the process this way in 1944 :
The first step in this advancement of the bomber line is to gain and maintain air control as far into enemy territory as our longest range fighters can reach . Then we put an air blockade around the Jap positions or section of the coast which we want in order to stop him from getting supplies or reinforcements . The bombers then go to work and pulverize his defensive system , methodically taking out artillery positions , stores , bivouac areas and so on . Finally comes the air cover escorting the amphibious expedition to the landing beach , a last minute blasting and smoking of the enemy beach defenses and the maintenance of strafers and fighters overhead , on call from the surface forces until their beachhead is secured . If emergency supplies are needed we drop them by parachute . The ground troops get a transport field ready as fast as possible so that we can supplement boat supply by cargo carrying airplanes . When necessary , we evacuate the wounded and sick and bring in reinforcements in a hurry . The transport field becomes a fighter field , the strafers and finally the heavies arrive and it is time to move forward again .
= = = Far East Air Forces = = =
In June 1944 , Kenney was appointed commander of the Far East Air Forces ( FEAF ) , which came to include the Fifth , Thirteenth , and Seventh Air Forces . He created the 1st , 2nd and 3rd Air Task Forces to control air operations in forward areas , each for a specific mission , another departure from doctrine . While Kenney was enthusiastic about this innovation , Washington did not like it and , over Kenney 's objections , converted the three air task forces into the 308th , 309th and 310th Bombardment Wings . He was promoted to general on 9 March 1945 .
Kenney hoped to get Boeing B @-@ 29 Superfortresses assigned to the Far East Air Forces so that , based from airfields near Darwin , they could destroy the Japanese oilfields at Balikpapan . His agitation for the B @-@ 29s did not endear him to the USAAF staff in Washington , D.C. After the war , the Strategic Bombing Survey concluded that this would have been far more productive than Operation Matterhorn , which saw B @-@ 29s based in China to bomb steel plants in Japan , as oil was more critical to the Japanese war effort than steel .
= = = War crimes accusation = = =
On 4 March 1943 , during the Battle of the Bismarck Sea , General George Kenney ordered Allied patrol boats and aircraft to attack Japanese rescue vessels , as well as the survivors from the sunken vessels on life rafts and swimming or floating in the sea . This was later justified on the grounds that rescued servicemen would have been rapidly landed at their military destination and promptly returned to active service . These orders violated the Hague Convention of 1907 , which banned the killing of shipwreck survivors under any circumstances .
= = Post @-@ war career = =
In April 1946 , Kenney became the first commander of the newly formed Strategic Air Command ( SAC ) . He was encouraged by Secretary of the Air Force Stuart Symington to join him in the political battle surrounding the establishment of an independent United States Air Force . Separately , the two men gave promotional speeches around the country . As a result , SAC 's efficiency suffered . On 8 May 1946 , Kenney publicly presented the Medal of Honor to the family of Thomas B. McGuire , Jr , the second @-@ highest scoring US fighter pilot , who had been killed in action .
Kenney left day @-@ to @-@ day operations at SAC in the hands of his deputy commander , Major General St. Clair Streett . Part of the reason for Kenney 's lack of focus on SAC was also his assignment as U.S. representative to the United Nations Military Staff Committee , which appeared at that time to be potentially an important assignment . In January 1947 , Streett was replaced by Major General Clements McMullen . With McMullen serving officially as Kenney 's deputy but actually in command , a cross @-@ training program was implemented in early 1948 to teach bomber crew members each other 's tasks , the goal being to reduce each bomber 's contingent of officers from five to three . Morale suffered as a result . Major General Lauris Norstad , responsible for reporting the readiness of American airpower to the U.S. Secretary of Defense , James Forrestal , heard from unhappy airmen that the SAC was in a poor state of readiness , and he initiated an investigation . He selected Charles Lindbergh and Paul Tibbets to perform the inquiry . Tibbets told Norstad that he found nobody at SAC knew their job . Lindbergh said that McMullen 's cross @-@ training program " seriously interfered with training the primary mission . "
On 6 May 1948 , Kenney spoke to a crowd in Bangor , Maine , telling them that the US was likely to be attacked by the Soviet Union as soon as the latter had enough atomic bombs . In Washington , D.C. , a group of senators including Henry Cabot Lodge , Jr. complained of Kenney 's " belligerent " speech , and previous ones in the same vein by Symington , saying that matters of foreign policy should be left to the president and the secretary of state , not to leaders of the United States Air Force ( USAF ) . Another controversy that Kenney became embroiled in concerned the Convair B @-@ 36 Peacemaker . He was less than impressed with this expensive and under @-@ performing aircraft , preferring the Boeing B @-@ 50 Superfortress , an upgraded version of the B @-@ 29 instead . The USAF , however , had staked much of its credibility on the B @-@ 36 , something that Kenney did not seem to appreciate .
In the context of the Berlin Blockade in June 1948 , the Air Force Chief of Staff , General Hoyt S. Vandenberg met with Forrestal to report the poor state of SAC . Following this meeting , Norstad recommended that Vandenberg replace Kenney , and Vandenberg quickly agreed , choosing Lieutenant General Curtis LeMay as the man he would prefer to lead the strategic bombing arm in case of war with the USSR . LeMay was made leader of SAC , and Kenney became commander of the Air University , a position he held from October 1948 until his retirement from the Air Force in September 1951 .
= = Retirement = =
After his retirement , he lived in Bay Harbor Islands , Florida . In 1958 he appeared as the host of the TV anthology series Flight . He died on 9 August 1977 .
= = Books = =
Kenney wrote three books about the SWPA air campaigns he led during World War II . His major work was General Kenney Reports ( 1949 ) , a personal history of the air war he led from 1942 to 1945 . He also wrote The Saga of Pappy Gunn ( 1959 ) and Dick Bong : Ace of Aces ( 1960 ) , which described the careers of Paul Gunn and Richard Bong , two of the most prominent airmen under his command .
= = Family = =
He was survived by his two children , five grandsons and one granddaughter . His stepson , William " Bill " R. Kenney , rose to the rank of colonel in the USAF . His daughter , Julia , earned a B.A. in English at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1947 . In 1948 she married Edward C. Hoagland Jr . , a fighter pilot in World War II and later in Korea , who eventually retired from the USAF at the rank of lieutenant colonel .
= = Awards = =
During a career that spanned over 30 years , Kenney was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross with one oak leaf cluster , the Distinguished Service Medal with one oak leaf cluster , the Silver Star Medal , the Distinguished Flying Cross , the Bronze Star Medal , the Purple Heart and several foreign decorations .
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= Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and The Five =
In mid- to late @-@ 19th @-@ century Russia , Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and a group of composers known as The Five had differing opinions as to whether Russian classical music should be composed following Western or native practices . Tchaikovsky wanted to write professional compositions of such quality that they would stand up to Western scrutiny and thus transcend national barriers , yet remain distinctively Russian in melody , rhythm and other compositional characteristics . The Five , made up of composers Mily Balakirev , Alexander Borodin , César Cui , Modest Mussorgsky , and Nikolai Rimsky @-@ Korsakov , sought to produce a specifically Russian kind of art music , rather than one that imitated older European music or relied on European @-@ style conservatory training . While Tchaikovsky himself used folk songs in some of his works , for the most part he tried to follow Western practices of composition , especially in terms of tonality and tonal progression . Also , unlike Tchaikovsky , none of The Five was academically trained in composition ; in fact , their leader , Balakirev , considered academicism a threat to musical imagination . Along with critic Vladimir Stasov , who supported The Five , Balakirev attacked relentlessly both the Saint Petersburg Conservatory , from which Tchaikovsky had graduated , and its founder Anton Rubinstein , orally and in print .
As Tchaikovsky had become Rubinstein 's best @-@ known student , he was initially considered by association as a natural target for attack , especially as fodder for Cui 's printed critical reviews . This attitude changed slightly when Rubinstein left the Saint Petersburg musical scene in 1867 . In 1869 Tchaikovsky entered into a working relationship with Balakirev ; the result was Tchaikovsky 's first recognized masterpiece , the fantasy @-@ overture Romeo and Juliet , a work which The Five wholeheartedly embraced . When Tchaikovsky wrote a positive review of Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's Fantasy on Serbian Themes he was welcomed into the circle , despite concerns about the academic nature of his musical background . The finale of his Second Symphony , nicknamed the Little Russian , was also received enthusiastically by the group on its first performance in 1872 .
Tchaikovsky remained friendly but never intimate with most of The Five , ambivalent about their music ; their goals and aesthetics did not match his . He took pains to ensure his musical independence from them as well as from the conservative faction at the Conservatory — an outcome facilitated by his acceptance of a professorship at the Moscow Conservatory offered to him by Nikolai Rubinstein , Anton 's brother . When Rimsky @-@ Korsakov was offered a professorship at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory , it was to Tchaikovsky that he turned for advice and guidance . Later , when Rimsky @-@ Korsakov was under pressure from his fellow nationalists for his change in attitude on music education and his own intensive studies in music , Tchaikovsky continued to support him morally , told him that he fully applauded what he was doing and admired both his artistic modesty and his strength of character . In the 1880s , long after the members of The Five had gone their separate ways , another group called the Belyayev circle took up where they left off . Tchaikovsky enjoyed close relations with the leading members of this group — Alexander Glazunov , Anatoly Lyadov and , by then , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov .
= = Prologue : growing debate = =
With the exception of Mikhail Glinka , who became the first " truly Russian " composer , the only music indigenous to Russia before Tchaikovsky 's birthday in 1840 were folk and sacred music ; the Russian Orthodox Church 's proscription of secular music had effectively stifled its development . Beginning in the 1830s , Russian intelligentsia debated the issue of whether artists negated their Russianness when they borrowed from European culture or took vital steps toward renewing and developing Russian culture . Two groups sought to answer this question . Slavophiles idealized Russian history before Peter the Great and claimed the country possessed a distinct culture , rooted in Byzantium and spread by the Russian Orthodox Church . The Zapadniki ( " Westernizers " ) , on the other hand , lauded Peter as a patriot who wanted to reform his country and bring it on a par with Europe . Looking forward instead of backward , they saw Russia as a youthful and inexperienced but with the potential of becoming the most advanced European civilization by borrowing from Europe and turning its liabilities into assets .
In 1836 , Glinka 's opera A Life for the Tsar was premiered in Saint Petersburg . This was an event long @-@ awaited by the intelligentsia . The opera was the first conceived by a Russian composer on a grand scale , set to a Russian text and patriotic in its appeal . Its plot fit neatly into the doctrine of Official Nationality being promulgated by Nicholas I , thus assuring Imperial approval . In formal and stylistic terms , A Life was very much an Italian opera but also showed a sophisticated thematic structure and a boldness in orchestral scoring . It was the first tragic opera to enter the Russian repertoire , with Ivan Susanin 's death at the end underlining and adding gravitas to the patriotism running through the whole opera . ( In Cavos 's version , Ivan is spared at the last minute . ) It was also the first Russian opera where the music continued throughout , uninterrupted by spoken dialogue . Moreover — and this is what amazed contemporaries about the work — the music included folk songs and Russian national idioms , incorporating them into the drama . Glinka meant his use of folk songs to reflect the presence of popular characters in the opera , rather than an overt attempt at nationalism . Nor do they play a major part in the opera . Nevertheless , despite a few derogatory comments about Glinka 's use of " coachman 's music , " A Life became popular enough to earn obtain permanent repertory status , the first Russian opera to do so in that country .
Ironically , the success of Rossini 's Semiramide earlier the same season was what allowed A Life to be staged at all , with virtually all the cast from Semiramide retained for A Life . Despite A Life 's success , the furor over Semiramide aroused an overwhelming demand for Italian opera . This proved a setback for Russian opera in general and particularly for Glinka 's next opera , Ruslan and Lyudmila when it was produced in 1842 . Its failure prompted Glinka to leave Russia ; he died in exile .
= = Drawing sides = =
Despite Glinka 's international attention , which included the admiration of Liszt and Berlioz for his music and his heralding by the latter as " among the outstanding composers of his time " , Russian aristocrats remained focused exclusively on foreign music . Music itself was bound by class structure , and except for a modest role in public life was still considered a privilege of the aristocracy . Nobles spent enormous sums on musical performances for their exclusive enjoyment and hosted visiting artists such as Clara Schumann and Franz Liszt but there were no ongoing concert societies , no critical press and no public eagerly anticipating new works . No competent level of music education existed . Private tutors were available in some cities but tended to be badly trained . Anyone desiring a quality education had to travel abroad . Composer and pianist Anton Rubinstein 's founding of the Russian Musical Society in 1859 and the Saint Petersburg Conservatory three years later were giant steps toward remedying this situation but also proved highly controversial ones . Among this group was a young legal clerk named Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky .
= = = Tchaikovsky = = =
Tchaikovsky was born in 1840 in Votkinsk , a small town in present @-@ day Udmurtia , formerly the Imperial Russian province of Vyatka . A precocious pupil , he began piano lessons at the age of five , and could read music as adeptly as his teacher within three years . However , his parents ' passion for his musical talent soon cooled . In 1850 , the family decided to send Tchaikovsky to the Imperial School of Jurisprudence in Saint Petersburg . This establishment mainly served the lesser nobility or gentry , and would prepare him for a career as a civil servant . As the minimum age for acceptance was 12 , Tchaikovsky was sent by his family to board at the Imperial School of Jurisprudence 's preparatory school in Saint Petersburg , 800 miles ( 1 @,@ 300 km ) from his family home in Alapayevsk . Once Tchaikovsky came of age for acceptance , he was transferred to the Imperial School of Jurisprudence to begin a seven @-@ year course of studies .
Music was not a priority at the School , but Tchaikovsky regularly attended the theater and the opera with other students . He was fond of works by Rossini , Bellini , Verdi and Mozart . Piano manufacturer Franz Becker made occasional visits to the School as a token music teacher . This was the only formal music instruction Tchaikovsky received there . From 1855 the composer 's father , Ilya Tchaikovsky , funded private lessons with Rudolph Kündinger , a well @-@ known piano teacher from Nuremberg , and questioned Kündinger about a musical career for his son . Kündinger replied that nothing suggested a potential composer or even a fine performer . Tchaikovsky was told to finish his course and then try for a post in the Ministry of Justice .
Tchaikovsky graduated on May 25 , 1859 with the rank of titular counselor , a low rung on the civil service ladder . On June 15 , he was appointed to the Ministry of Justice in Saint Petersburg . Six months later he became a junior assistant and two months after that , a senior assistant . Tchaikovsky remained there for the rest of his three @-@ year civil service career .
In 1861 , Tchaikovsky attended classes in music theory organized by the Russian Musical Society and taught by Nikolai Zaremba . A year later he followed Zaremba to the Saint Petersburg Conservatory . Tchaikovsky would not give up his Ministry post " until I am quite certain that I am destined to be a musician rather than a civil servant . " From 1862 to 1865 he studied harmony , counterpoint and fugue with Zaremba , while Rubinstein taught him instrumentation and composition . In 1863 he abandoned his civil service career and studied music full @-@ time , graduating in December 1865 .
= = = The Five = = =
Around Christmas 1855 , Glinka was visited by Alexander Ulybyshev , a rich Russian amateur critic , and his 18 @-@ year @-@ old protégé Mily Balakirev , who was reportedly on his way to becoming a great pianist . Balakirev played his fantasy based on themes from A Life for the Tsar for Glinka . Glinka , pleasantly surprised , praised Balakirev as a musician with a bright future .
In 1856 , Balakirev and critic Vladimir Stasov , who publicly espoused a nationalist agenda for Russian arts , started gathering young composers through whom to spread ideas and gain a following . First to meet with them that year was César Cui , an army officer who specialized in the science of fortifications . Modest Mussorgsky , a Preobrazhensky Lifeguard officer , joined them in 1857 ; Nikolai Rimsky @-@ Korsakov , a naval cadet , in 1861 ; and Alexander Borodin , a chemist , in 1862 . Balakirev , Borodin , Cui , Mussorgsky and Rimsky @-@ Korsakov composed in their spare time , and all five of them were young men in 1862 , with Rimsky @-@ Korsakov at just 18 the youngest and Borodin the oldest at 28 . All five were essentially self @-@ taught and eschewed conservative and " routine " musical techniques . They became known as the kuchka , variously translated as The Five , The Russian Five and The Mighty Handful after a review written by Stasov about their music . Stasov wrote , " May God grant that [ the audience retains ] for ever a memory of how much poetry , feeling , talent and ability is possessed by the small but already mighty handful [ moguchaya kuchka ] of Russian musicians " . The term moguchaya kuchka , which literally means " mighty little heap " , stuck , although Stasov referred to them in print generally as the " New Russian School . "
The aim of this group was to create an independent Russian school of music in the footsteps of Glinka . They were to strive for " national character , " gravitate toward " Oriental " ( by that they meant near @-@ Eastern ) melodies and favor program music over absolute — in other words , symphonic poems and related music over symphonies , concertos and chamber music . To create this Russian style of classical music , Stasov wrote that the group incorporated four characteristics . The first was a rejection of academicism and fixed Western forms of composition . The second was the incorporation of musical elements from eastern nations inside the Russian empire ; this was a quality that would later become known as musical orientalism . The third was a progressive and anti @-@ academic approach to music . The fourth was the incorporation of compositional devices linked with folk music . These four points would distinguish the Five from its contemporaries in the cosmopolitan camp of composition .
= = = Rubinstein and the Saint Petersburg Conservatory = = =
Anton Rubinstein was a famous Russian pianist who had lived , performed and composed in Western and Central Europe before he returned to Russia in 1858 . He saw Russia as a musical desert compared to Paris , Berlin and Leipzig , whose music conservatories he had visited . Musical life flourished in those places ; composers were held in high regard , and musicians were wholeheartedly devoted to their art . With a similar ideal in mind for Russia , he had conceived an idea for a conservatory in Russia years before his 1858 return , and had finally aroused the interest of influential people to help him realize the idea .
Rubinstein 's first step was to found the Russian Musical Society ( RMS ) in 1859 . Its objectives were to educate people in music , cultivate their musical tastes and develop their talents in that area of their lives . The first priority of the RMS acted was to expose to the public the music of native composers . In addition to a considerable amount of Western European music , works by Mussorgsky and Cui were premiered by the RMS under Rubinstein 's baton . A few weeks after the Society 's premiere concert , Rubinstein started organizing music classes , which were open to everyone . Interest in these classes grew until Rubinstein founded the Saint Petersburg Conservatory in 1862 .
According to musicologist Francis Maes , Rubinstein could not be accused of any lack of artistic integrity . He fought for change and progress in musical life in Russia . Only his musical tastes were conservative — from Haydn , Mozart and Beethoven to the early Romantics up to Chopin . Liszt and Wagner were not included . Neither did he welcome many ideas then new about music , including the role of nationalism in classical music . For Rubinstein , national music existed only in folk song and folk dance . There was no place for national music in larger works , especially not in opera . Rubinstein 's public reaction to the attacks was simply not to react . His classes and concerts were well attended , so he felt no reply was actually necessary . He even forbade his students to take sides .
= = With The Five = =
As The Five 's campaign against Rubinstein continued in the press , Tchaikovsky found himself almost as much a target as his former teacher . Cui reviewed the performance of Tchaikovsky 's graduation cantata and lambasted the composer as " utterly feeble .... If he had any talent at all ... it would surely at some point in the piece have broken free of the chains imposed by the Conservatory . " The review 's effect on the sensitive composer was devastating . Eventually , an uneasy truce developed as Tchaikovsky became friendly with Balakirev and eventually with the other four composers of the group . A working relationship between Balakirev and Tchaikovsky resulted in Romeo and Juliet . The Five 's approval of this work was further was followed by their enthusiasm for Tchaikovsky 's Second Symphony . Subtitled the Little Russian ( Little Russia was the term at that time for what is now called the Ukraine ) for its use of Ukrainian folk songs , the symphony in its initial version also used several compositional devices similar to those used by the Five in their work . Stasov suggested the subject of Shakespeare 's The Tempest to Tchaikovsky , who wrote a tone poem based on this subject . After a lapse of several years , Balakirev reentered Tchaikovsky 's creative life ; the result was Tchaikovsky 's Manfred Symphony , composed to a program after Lord Byron originally written by Stasov and supplied by Balakirev . Overall , however , Tchaikovsky continued down an independent creative path , traveling a middle course between those of his nationalistic peers and the traditionalists .
= = = Balakirev = = =
= = = = Initial correspondence = = = =
In 1867 , Rubinstein handed over the directorship of the Conservatory to Zaremba . Later that year he resigned his conductorship of the Russian Music Society orchestra , to be replaced by Balakirev . Tchaikovsky had already promised his Characteristic Dances ( then called Dances of the Hay Maidens ) from his opera The Voyevoda to the society . In submitting the manuscript ( and perhaps mindful of Cui 's review of the cantata ) , Tchaikovsky included a note to Balakirev that ended with a request for a word of encouragement should the Dances not be performed .
At this point The Five as a unit was dispersing . Mussorgsky and Rimsky @-@ Korsakov wanted to remove themselves from Balakirev 's influence , which they now found stifling , and go in their individual directions as composers . Balakirev might have sensed a potential new disciple in Tchaikovsky . He explained in his reply from Saint Petersburg that while he preferred to give his opinions in person and at length to press his points home , he was couching his reply " with complete frankness " , adding , with a deft touch of flattery , that he felt that Tchaikovsky was " a fully fledged artist " and that he looked forward to discussing the piece with him on an upcoming trip to Moscow .
These letters set the tone for Tchaikovsky 's relationship with Balakirev over the next two years . At the end of this period , in 1869 , Tchaikovsky was a 28 @-@ year @-@ old professor at the Moscow Conservatory . Having written his first symphony and an opera , he next composed a symphonic poem entitled Fatum . Initially pleased with the piece when Nikolai Rubinstein conducted it in Moscow , Tchaikovsky dedicated it to Balakirev and sent it to him to conduct in Saint Petersburg . Fatum received only a lukewarm reception there . Balakirev wrote a detailed letter to Tchaikovsky in which he explained what he felt were defects in Fatum but also gave some encouragement . He added that he considered the dedication of the music to him as " precious to me as a sign of your sympathy towards me — and I feel a great weakness for you " . Tchaikovsky was too self @-@ critical not to see the truth behind these comments . He accepted Balakirev 's criticism , and the two continued to correspond . Tchaikovsky would later destroy the score of Fatum . ( The score would be reconstructed posthumously by using the orchestral parts . )
= = = = Writing Romeo and Juliet = = = =
Balakirev 's despotism strained the relationship between him and Tchaikovsky but both men still appreciated each other 's abilities . Despite their friction , Balakirev proved the only man to persuade Tchaikovsky to rewrite a work several times , as he would with Romeo and Juliet . At Balakirev 's suggestion , Tchaikovsky based the work on Balakirev 's King Lear , a tragic overture in sonata form after the example of Beethoven 's concert overtures . It was Tchaikovsky 's idea to reduce the plot to one central conflict and represent it musically with the binary structure of sonata form . However , the execution of that plot in the music we know today came only after two radical revisions . Balakirev discarded many of the early drafts Tchaikovsky sent him and , with the flurry of suggestions between the two men , the piece was constantly in the mail between Moscow and Saint Petersburg .
Tchaikovsky allowed the first version to be premiered by Nikolai Rubinstein on March 16 , 1870 , after the composer had incorporated only some of Balakirev 's suggestions . The premiere was a disaster . Stung by this rejection , Tchaikovsky took Balakirev 's strictures to heart . He forced himself to reach beyond his musical training and rewrote much of the music into the form we know it today . Romeo would bring Tchaikovsky his first national and international acclaim and become a work the kuchka lauded unconditionally . On hearing the love theme from Romeo , Stasov told the group , " There were five of you ; now there are six " . Such was the enthusiasm of the Five for Romeo that at their gatherings Balakirev was always asked to play it through at the piano . He did this so many times that he learned to perform it from memory .
Some critics , among them Tchaikovsky biographers Lawrence and Elisabeth Hanson , have wondered what would have happened if Tchaikovsky had joined Balakirev in 1862 instead of attending the Conservatory . They suggest that he might have developed much more quickly as an independent composer , and offer as proof the fact that Tchaikovsky did not write his first wholly distinct work until Balakirev goaded and inspired him to write Romeo . How well Tchaikovsky might have developed in the long run is another matter . He owed much of his musical ability , including his skill at orchestration , to the thorough grounding in counterpoint , harmony and musical theory he received at the Conservatory . Without that grounding , Tchaikovsky might not have been able to write what would become his greatest works .
= = = Rimsky @-@ Korsakov = = =
In 1871 , Nikolai Zaremba resigned from the directorship of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory . His successor , Mikhaíl Azanchevsky , was more progressive @-@ minded musically and wanted new blood to freshen up teaching in the Conservatory . He offered Rimsky @-@ Korsakov a professorship in Practical Composition and Instrumentation ( orchestration ) , as well as leadership of the Orchestra Class . Balakirev , who had formerly opposed academicism with tremendous vigor , encouraged him to assume the post , thinking it might be useful having one of his own in the midst of the enemy camp .
Nevertheless , by the time of his appointment , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov had become painfully aware of his technical shortcomings as a composer ; he later wrote , " I was a dilettante and knew nothing " . Moreover , he had come to a creative dead @-@ end upon completing his opera The Maid of Pskov and realized that developing a solid musical technique was the only way he could continue composing . He turned to Tchaikovsky for advice and guidance . When Rimsky @-@ Korsakov underwent a change in attitude on music education and began his own intensive studies privately , his fellow nationalists accused him of throwing away his Russian heritage to compose fugues and sonatas . Tchaikovsky continued to support him morally . He told Rimsky @-@ Korsakov that he fully applauded what he was doing and admired both his artistic modesty and his strength of character .
Before Rimsky @-@ Korsakov went to the Conservatory , in March 1868 , Tchaikovsky wrote a review of his Fantasia on Serbian Themes . In discussing this work , Tchaikovsky compared it to the only other Rimsky @-@ Korsakov piece he had heard so far , the First Symphony , mentioning " its charming orchestration ... its structural novelty , and most of all ... the freshness of its purely Russian harmonic turns ... immediately [ showing ] Mr. Rimsky @-@ Korsakov to be a remarkable symphonic talent " . Tchaikovsky 's notice , worded in precisely a way to find favor within the Balakirev circle , did exactly that . He met the rest of The Five on a visit to Balakirev 's house in Saint Petersburg the following month . The meeting went well . Rimsky @-@ Korsakov later wrote ,
As a product of the Conservatory , Tchaikovsky was viewed rather negligently if not haughtily by our circle , and , owing to his being away from St. Petersburg , personal acquaintanceship was impossible .... [ Tchaikovsky ] proved to be a pleasing and sympathetic man to talk with , one who knew how to be simple of manner and always speak with evident sincerity and heartiness . The evening of our first meeting [ Tchaikovsky ] played for us , at Balakirev 's request , the first movement of his Symphony in G minor [ Tchaikovsky 's First Symphony ] ; it proved quite to our liking ; and our former opinion of him changed and gave way to a more sympathetic one , although Tchaikovsky 's Conservatory training still constituted a considerable barrier between him and us .
Rimsky @-@ Korsakov added that " during the following years , when visiting St. Petersburg , [ Tchaikovsky ] usually came to Balakirev 's , and we saw him . " Nevertheless , as much as Tchaikovsky may have desired acceptance from both The Five and the traditionalists , he needed the independence that Moscow afforded to find his own direction , away from both parties . This was especially true in light of Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's comment about the " considerable barrier " of Tchaikovsky 's Conservatory training , as well as Anton Rubinstein 's opinion that Tchaikovsky had strayed too far from the examples of the great Western masters . Tchaikovsky was ready for the nourishment of new attitudes and styles so he could continue growing as a composer , and his brother Modest writes that he was impressed by the " force and vitality " in some of the Five 's work . However , he was too balanced an individual to totally reject the best in the music and values that Zaremba and Rubinstein had cherished . In his brother Modest 's opinion , Tchaikovsky 's relations with the Saint Petersburg group resembled " those between two friendly neighboring states ... cautiously prepared to meet on common ground , but jealously guarding their separate interests " .
= = = Stasov , The Tempest and the Little Russian symphony = = =
Tchaikovsky played the finale of his Second Symphony , subtitled the Little Russian , at a gathering at Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's house in Saint Petersburg on January 7 , 1873 , before the official premiere of the entire work . To his brother Modest , he wrote , " [ T ] he whole company almost tore me to pieces with rapture — and Madame Rimskaya @-@ Korsakova begged me in tears to let her arrange it for piano duet " . Rimskaya @-@ Korsakova was a noted pianist , composer and arranger in her own right , transcribing works by other members of the kuchka as well as those of her husband and Tchaikovsky 's Romeo and Juliet . Borodin was present and may have approved of the work himself . Also present was Vladimir Stasov . Impressed by what he had heard , Stasov asked Tchaikovsky what he would consider writing next , and would soon influence the composer in writing the symphonic poem The Tempest .
Tchaikovsky wanted to focus his tone poem The Tempest primarily on her . What endeared the Little Russian to the kuchka was not simply that Tchaikovsky had used Ukrainian folk songs as melodic material . It was how , especially in the outer movements , he allowed the unique characteristics of Russian folk song to dictate symphonic form . This was a goal toward which the kuchka strived , both collectively and individually . Tchaikovsky , with his Conservatory grounding , could sustain such development longer and more cohesively than his colleagues in the kuchka . ( Though the comparison may seem unfair , Tchaikovsky authority David Brown has pointed out that , because of their similar time @-@ frames , the finale of the Little Russian shows what Mussorgsky could have done with " The Great Gate of Kiev " from Pictures at an Exhibition had he possessed academic training comparable to that of Tchaikovsky . )
= = = Tchaikovsky 's private concerns about The Five = = =
The Five was among the myriad of subjects Tchaikovsky discussed with his benefactress , Nadezhda von Meck . By January 1878 , when he wrote to Mrs. von Meck about its members , he had drifted far from their musical world and ideals . In addition , The Five 's finest days had long passed . Despite considerable effort in writing operas and songs , Cui had become better known as a critic than as a composer , and even his critical efforts competed for time with his career as an army engineer and expert in the science of fortification . Balakirev had withdrawn completely from the musical scene , Mussorgsky was sinking ever deeper into alcoholism , and Borodin 's creative activities increasingly took a back seat to his official duties as a professor of chemistry .
Only Rimsky @-@ Korsakov actively pursued a full @-@ time musical career , and he was under increasing fire from his fellow nationalists for much the same reason as Tchaikovsky had been . Like Tchaikovsky , Rimsky @-@ Korsakov had found that , for his own artistic growth to continue unabated , he had to study and master Western classical forms and techniques . Borodin called it " apostasy " , adding , " Many are grieved at present by the fact that Korsakov has turned back , has thrown himself into a study of musical antiquity . I do not bemoan it . It is understandable .... " Mussorgsky was harsher : " [ T ] he mighty kuchka had degenerated into soulless traitors . "
Tchaikovsky 's analysis of each of The Five was unsparing . While at least some of his observations may seem distorted and prejudiced , he also mentions some details which ring clear and true . His diagnosis of Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's creative crisis is very accurate . He also calls Mussorgsky the most gifted musically of the Five , though Tchaikovsky could not appreciate the forms Mussorgsky 's originality took . Nonetheless , he badly underestimates Borodin 's technique and gives Balakirev far less than his full due — all the more telling in light of Balakirev 's help in conceiving and shaping Romeo and Juliet .
Tchaikovsky wrote to Nadezhda von Meck that all of the kuchka were talented but also " infected to the core " with conceit and " a purely dilettantish confidence in their superiority . " He went into some detail about Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's epiphany and turnaround regarding musical training , and his efforts to remedy this situation for himself . Tchaikovsky then called Cui " a talented dilettante " whose music " has no originality , but is clever and graceful " ; Borodin a man who " has talent , even a strong one , but it has perished through neglect ... and his technique is so weak that he cannot write a single line [ of music ] without outside help " ; Mussorgsky " a hopeless case " , superior in talent but " narrow @-@ minded , devoid of any urge towards self @-@ perfection " ; and Balakirev as one with " enormous talent " yet who had also " done much harm " as " the general inventor of all the theories of this strange group " .
= = = Balakirev returns = = =
Tchaikovsky finished his final revision of Romeo and Juliet in 1880 , and felt it a courtesy to send a copy of the score to Balakirev . Balakirev , however , had dropped out of the music scene in the early 1870s and Tchaikovsky had lost touch with him . He asked the publisher Bessel to forward a copy to Balakirev . A year later Balakirev replied . In the same letter that he thanked Tchaikovsky profusely for the score , Balakirev suggested " the programme for a symphony which you would handle wonderfully well " , a detailed plan for a symphony based on Lord Byron 's Manfred . Originally drafted by Stasov in 1868 for Hector Berlioz as a sequel to that composer 's Harold en Italie , the program had since been in Balakirev 's care .
Tchaikovsky declined the project at first , saying the subject left him cold . Balakirev persisted . " You must , of course , make an effort " , Balakirev exhorted , " take a more self @-@ critical approach , don 't hurry things " . Tchaikovsky 's mind was changed two years later , in the Swiss Alps , while tending to his friend Iosef Kotek and after he had re @-@ read Manfred in the milieu in which the poem is set . Once he returned home , Tchaikovsky revised the draft Balakirev had made from Stasov 's program and began sketching the first movement .
The Manfred Symphony would cost Tchaikovsky more time , effort and soul @-@ searching than anything else he would write , even the Pathetique Symphony . It also became the longest , most complex work he had written up to that point , and though it owes an obvious debt to Berlioz due to its program , Tchaikovsky was still able to make the theme of Manfred his own . Near the end of seven months of intensive effort , in late September 1885 , he wrote Balakirev , " Never in my life , believe me , have I labored so long and hard , and felt so drained by my efforts . The Symphony is written in four movements , as per your program , although — forgive me — as much as I wanted to , I have not been able to keep all the keys and modulations you suggested ... It is of course dedicated to you " .
Once he had finished the symphony , Tchaikovsky was reluctant to further tolerate Balakirev 's interference , and severed all contact ; he told his publisher P. Jurgenson that he considered Balakirev a " madman " . Tchaikovsky and Balakirev exchanged only a few formal , not overly friendly letters after this breach .
= = Belyayev circle = =
In November 1887 , Tchaikovsky arrived in Saint Petersburg in time to hear several of the Russian Symphony Concerts , one of which included the first complete performance of the final version of his First Symphony and another the premiere of the revised version of Rimsky @-@ Korsakov 's Third Symphony . Before this visit he had spent much time keeping in touch with Rimsky @-@ Korsakov and those around him . Rimsky @-@ Korsakov , along with Alexander Glazunov , Anatol Lyadov and several other nationalistically @-@ minded composers and musicians , had formed a group called the Belyayev circle . This group was named after timber merchant Mitrofan Belyayev , an amateur musician who became an influential music patron and publisher after he had taken an interest in Glazunov 's work . During Tchaikovsky 's visit , he spent much time in the company of these men , and his somewhat fraught relationship with The Five would meld into a more harmonious one with the Belyayev circle . This relationship would last until his death in late 1893 .
As for The Five , the group had long since dispersed , Mussorgsky had died in 1881 and Borodin had followed in 1887 . Cui continued to write negative reviews of Tchaikovsky 's music but was seen by the composer as merely a critical irritant . Balakirev lived in isolation and was confined to the musical sidelines . Only Rimsky @-@ Korsakov remained fully active as a composer .
A side benefit of Tchaikovsky 's friendship with Glazunov , Lyadov and Rimsky @-@ Korsakov was an increased confidence in his own abilities as a composer , along with a willingness to let his musical works stand alongside those of his contemporaries . Tchaikovsky wrote to von Meck in January 1889 , after being once again well represented in Belyayev 's concerts , that he had " always tried to place myself outside all parties and to show in every way possible that I love and respect every honorable and gifted public figure in music , whatever his tendency " , and that he considered himself " flattered to appear on the concert platform " beside composers in the Belyayev circle . This was an acknowledgment of wholehearted readiness for his music to be heard with that of these composers , delivered in a tone of implicit confidence that there were no comparisons from which to fear .
= = Legacy = =
The initial hostility of The Five against Tchaikovsky was mitigated by Tchaikovsky 's improved relationships , first with Balakirev and then with Rimsky @-@ Korsakov . The latter substantially embraced the cosmopolitan conservatory @-@ based approach , as distinct from pure Russian nationalism . The Five dispersed as a unit , but were replaced by the Belyayev circle of younger composers that grew around Rimsky @-@ Korsakov . This group , while writing in a nationalistic style pioneered by Rimsky @-@ Korsakov and Balakirev , was much more accommodating of Western compositional practices as personified by the music of Tchaikovsky . Rimsky @-@ Korsakov wrote about this tendency :
At this time [ approximately 1892 ] there begins to be noticeable a considerable cooling off and even somewhat inimical attitude toward the memory of the " mighty kuchka " of Balakirev 's period . On the contrary a worship of Tchaikovsky and a tendency toward eclecticism grow even stronger . Nor could one help noticing the predilection ( that sprang up then in our circle ) for Italian @-@ French music of the time of wig and farthingale [ that is , the eighteenth century ] , music introduced by Tchaikovsky in his Queen of Spades and Iolanthe . By this time quite an accretion of new elements and young blood had accumulated in Belyayev 's circle . New times , new birds , new songs .
As a result of this influence plus their academic training from Rimsky @-@ Korsakov , especially in the cases of Anton Arensky and Glazunov , these composers combined the best compositional techniques of The Five and Tchaikovsky in their music . Often , however , composers in this group fell back on two sources — musical clichés and mannerisms handed down from The Five , and academic compositional techniques learned at the Conservatory . Also , the eclecticism about which Rimsky @-@ Korsakov wrote tended to overpower originality in many works , including those of Glazunov . Nevertheless , the Belyayev circle continued to influence the development of Russian music well into the 20th century .
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= Ben Daniels =
Ben Daniels ( born 10 June 1964 ) is an English actor . Initially a celebrated stage actor , Daniels was nominated for Best Actor at the Evening Standard Awards for Best Supporting Actor in the Laurence Olivier Awards for Never the Sinner ( 1991 ) , 900 Oneonta ( 1994 ) , Best Actor in the M.E.N. Theatre Awards for Martin Yesterday ( 1998 ) , and won the Olivier award in 2001 for his performance in the Arthur Miller play All My Sons .
In 2008 , Daniels made his Broadway début in a revival of Les Liaisons Dangereuses , for which he was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play . In more recent years , Daniels has appeared on popular television series including Cutting It ( 2002 – 05 ) , The Virgin Queen ( 2005 ) , Law & Order : UK ( 2009 – 11 ) , The Paradise ( 2013 ) and House of Cards ( 2013 – 14 ) .
= = Early life = =
Daniels was born in Nuneaton , Warwickshire . His father was an engineer at Rolls @-@ Royce and later a grocer , while his mother owned a children 's clothes shop . He has recalled : " I was quite a shy child , but quite disruptive as well . I was very sneaky and underhanded . "
= = Education = =
Daniels was educated at Manor Park School , a state comprehensive school in Nuneaton , near Coventry , in the English Midlands ( since closed ) . According to Daniels , drama lessons at O @-@ levels gave him a voice , and when he attended sixth form studies at Stratford College between 1980 and 1982 , doing A @-@ levels in theatre studies and English literature , he attended Royal Shakespeare Company performances . A fellow student recalled that Daniels , whom he knew as Dave , " was very serious about his work , and struck me as incredibly intelligent ... you got the sense his mind was working ; the cogs were ticking over " . Daniels subsequently trained at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art ( LAMDA ) for three years .
= = Career = =
One of Daniels ' earliest roles was as Justin Hayward , the lead singer of the Moody Blues , as a teenager in two of the band 's music videos , " Your Wildest Dreams " ( 1986 ) and " I Know You 're Out There Somewhere " ( 1988 ) . In 1992 , he made an appearance in the infamous plane crash episode " Cascade " of the television show Casualty , playing the co @-@ pilot of the doomed plane . He has taken on parts in many British television dramas , such as Robin in The Lost Language of Cranes ( 1991 ) , the Biblical character Jonathan in the 1997 Emmy @-@ nominated TV film David , the philandering Finn Bevan in Cutting It ( 2002 – 2005 ) , and Nicholas Brocklehurst in the BBC television miniseries The State Within ( 2006 ) . The latter role was notable for an unexpected same @-@ sex kiss between Daniels ' character and another person . In 2008 he appeared in Lark Rise to Candleford , a BBC production based on three semi @-@ autobiographical novels about the English countryside written by Flora Thompson .
Daniel has also played a number of real @-@ life characters , such as German State Secretary Dr. Josef Bühler in Conspiracy , a 2001 dramatisation of the Wannsee Conference at which the Final Solution was endorsed . He also played the English author and journalist Ian Fleming , creator of James Bond , in Ian Fleming : Bondmaker ( 2005 ) , as well as Sir Francis Walsingham in The Virgin Queen ( 2005 ) and English writer Saki in Who Killed Mrs De Ropp ? ( 2007 ) . In addition , he has made guest appearances in a number of British TV drama series , including Soldier Soldier ( 1992 ) , A Touch of Frost ( 1992 ) , Outside Edge ( 1994 ) , and Spooks ( 2005 ) .
Daniels may be most recognisable to American audiences for appearing in the 1996 gay film Beautiful Thing . Daniels portrayed Tony , boyfriend of Sandra , the protagonist Jamie 's mother . In an independent film directed by Lavinia Currier titled Passion in the Desert ( 1997 ) , Daniels played a French soldier named Augustin Robert . The film was nominated for a Golden Seashell award . Other feature films that Daniels has starred in are The Bridge ( 1992 ) , I Want You ( 1998 ) , Madeline ( 1998 ) , and Doom ( 2005 ) . He was offered roles in the 2000 releases The Patriot and Vertical Limit , but turned them down and stated that " the money was good , but it wasn 't for me " . On his Twitter account , Daniels confirms his brief appearance as a Resistance pilot in the upcoming Star Wars film Rogue One : A Star Wars Story .
Daniels has said that he loves acting on stage because " it 's tough and keeps you on your toes as an actor " . He appeared in All 's Well That Ends Well and As You Like It ( 1999 – 2000 ) , and played Mercutio in a 1994 TV adaptation of Romeo and Juliet . Other theatre credits include Waiting for Godot ( 1994 ) and 900 Oneonta ( 1994 ) , which earned him a nomination for Best Actor at the Evening Standard Awards . He also acted in Martin Yesterday ( 1998 ) , for which he was nominated as Best Actor in the Manchester Evening News Theatre Awards , Naked ( 1998 ) , Tales From Hollywood ( 2001 ) , Three Sisters ( 2003 ) , Iphigenia at Aulis ( 2004 ) , The God of Hell ( 2005 ) , and The Wild Duck ( 2005 – 2006 ) . In 2006 , Daniels appeared in Thérèse Raquin as Laurent , for which a reviewer labelled his performance " riveting " .
Daniels won the Best Supporting Actor award at the Whatsonstage.com Theatregoers ' Choice Theatre Awards and the 25th Laurence Olivier Awards in 2001 for his performance in the Arthur Miller play All My Sons . He was first nominated for the latter award earlier in his career , in 1991 , for his performance as murderer Richard Loeb in the play Never the Sinner at the Playhouse Theatre . In 2008 , Daniels fulfilled a lifetime ambition when he made his Broadway début , headlining as the Vicomte de Valmont in a revival of Les Liaisons Dangereuses . The show opened on 1 May 2008 . Daniels was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play for his role .
= = Personal life = =
Daniels is openly gay and lives in south London . He remarked : " Out ? I 've never been in . " He lives with actor Ian Gelder . They began seeing each other during a 1993 production of Joe Orton 's Entertaining Mr Sloane . Daniels was already sure of his sexuality in his teens , although he did not discuss the matter with his parents because they did not have a very close emotional relationship . He was " cautious about mentioning it when I left drama school , because AIDS was terrifying everyone and there was a huge homophobic backlash " . He decided to come out at the age of 24 , while appearing in an all @-@ star benefit performance of Martin Sherman 's Bent .
Daniels said in an interview : " Homophobia is still shockingly prevalent in film and TV . I know I 've lost work because of being gay , and it is always an issue . Even on a serious BBC Two drama , there will be some suit in some office going , " Hmmm , isn 't he a poof ? " I don 't consider myself politically gay , but whenever I catch a whiff of that now , I 'm on it like a ton of bricks . " In 2007 , Daniels was ranked number 79 in the annual Pink List of 100 influential gay and lesbian people in Britain published by The Independent on Sunday , down from number 47 in 2006 .
In his spare time , he is an amateur painter and a practitioner of Ashtanga yoga .
= = Filmography = =
= = = Film = = =
= = = Television = = =
= = = Theatre = = =
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= Newton 's parakeet =
Newton 's parakeet or the Rodrigues parakeet ( Psittacula exsul ) is an extinct species of parrot that was endemic to the Mascarene island of Rodrigues in the western Indian Ocean . Several of its features diverged from related species , indicating long @-@ term isolation on Rodrigues and subsequent adaptation . The rose @-@ ringed parakeet of the same genus is a close relative and probable ancestor . Newton 's parakeet may itself have been ancestral to the endemic parakeets of nearby Mauritius and Réunion .
Around 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) long , Newton 's parakeet was roughly the size of a rose @-@ ringed parakeet . Its plumage was mostly greyish or slate blue in colour , which is unusual in Psittacula , a genus containing mostly green species . The male had stronger colours than the female and possessed a reddish instead of black beak , but details of a mature male 's appearance are uncertain ; only one male specimen is known , and it is believed to be immature . Mature males might have possessed red patches on the wing like the related Alexandrine parakeet . Both sexes had a black collar running from the chin to the nape , but this was clearer in the male . The legs were grey and the iris yellow . 17th @-@ century accounts indicate that some members of the species were green , which would suggest that there were both blue and green colour morphs , but there is no definitive explanation for these reports . Little is known about its behaviour in life , but it may have fed on the nuts of the bois d ’ olive tree , along with leaves . It was very tame , and was able to mimic speech .
Newton 's parakeet was first written about by the French Huguenot François Leguat in 1708 , and was only mentioned a few times by other writers afterwards . The specific name " exsul " is a reference to Leguat , who was exiled from France . Only two life drawings exist , both of a single specimen held in captivity in the 1770s . The first specimen known to science , a female , became the holotype when the species was described in 1872 . A male , the last specimen recorded , was collected in 1874 , and these two specimens are the only ones that exist today . It became scarce due to deforestation and perhaps hunting , but it is thought that it was finally wiped out by a series of cyclones and storms that hit Rodrigues in the late 19th century . There was unfounded speculation about the possible survival of the species as late as 1967 .
= = Taxonomy = =
Newton 's parakeet was first recorded by François Leguat in his 1708 memoir , A New Voyage to the East Indies . Leguat was the leader of a group of nine French Huguenot refugees who colonised Rodrigues between 1691 and 1693 after they were marooned there . Subsequent accounts are by Julien Tafforet , who was also marooned on the island in 1726 , and then by the French mathematician Alexandre Pingré , who travelled to Rodrigues to view the 1761 transit of Venus .
The first specimen known to science was a female collected by George Jenner , then the magistrate of Rodrigues , in 1871 . The specimen was preserved in alcohol and given to Edward Newton , a colonial administrator in Mauritius , who sent it to his brother , the British ornithologist Alfred Newton . Alfred Newton scientifically described the bird in 1872 and gave it the scientific name Palaeornis exsul . " Exsul " ( " exiled " ) refers to François Leguat , in that he was exiled from France when he gave the first description of the bird . Newton had tried to find a more descriptive name , perhaps based on colouration , but found it difficult . He refrained from publishing a figure of the female in his original description , though the journal Ibis had offered him the space . He instead wanted to wait until a male specimen could be procured , since he imagined it would be more attractive . The female , which is the holotype specimen of the species , is housed in the Cambridge University Museum as specimen UMZC 18 / Psi / 67 / h / 1 .
Alfred Newton requested further specimens , especially males , but in 1875 he finally published a plate of the female , lamenting that no male specimens could be found . Tafforet 's 1726 account had been rediscovered the previous year , and Alfred Newton noted that it confirmed his assumption that the male would turn out be much more colourful than the female . Newton 's collector , Henry H. Slater , had seen a live Newton 's parakeet the year before , but was not carrying a gun at the time . On 14 August 1874 , William Vandorous shot a male specimen . It may have been the same specimen Slater had observed . It was subsequently sent to Edward Newton by William J. Caldwell . This is the paratype of the species , numbered UMZC 18 / Psi / 67 / h / 2 and housed in the Cambridge Museum .
Edward Newton noted that he had expected the male would be adorned with a red patch on the wing , but that the absence of this indicated it was immature . He still found it more beautiful than the female . These two specimens are the only preserved individuals of the species . The mandible and sternum were extracted from the female specimen , and subfossil remains have since been found in the Plaine Corail caverns on Rodrigues . The genus Palaeornis was later declared a junior synonym of Psittacula , and all species within the former were transferred to the latter .
= = = Evolution = = =
Based on morphological features , the Alexandrine parakeet ( Psittacula eupatria ) has been proposed as the founder population for all Psittacula species on Indian Ocean islands , with new populations settling during the species 's southwards colonisation from its native South Asia . Features of that species gradually disappear in species further away from its range . Subfossil remains of Newton 's parakeet show that it differed from other Mascarene Psittacula species in some osteological features , but also had similarities , such as a reduced sternum , which suggests a close relationship . Skeletal features indicate an especially close relationship with the Alexandrine parakeet and the rose @-@ ringed parakeet ( Psittacula krameri ) , but the many derived features of Newton 's parakeet indicates it had long been isolated on Rodrigues .
Many endemic Mascarene birds , including the dodo , are descended from South Asian ancestors , and the English palaeontologist Julian Hume has proposed that this may also be the case for all parrots there . Sea levels were lower during the Pleistocene , so it was possible for species to colonise some of these less isolated islands . Although most extinct parrot species of the Mascarenes are poorly known , subfossil remains show that they shared common features such as enlarged heads and jaws , reduced pectoral bones , and robust leg bones . Hume has suggested that they all have a common origin in the radiation of the Psittaculini tribe , members of which are known as Psittaculines , basing this theory on morphological features and the fact that Psittacula parrots have managed to colonise many isolated islands in the Indian Ocean . The Psittaculini could have invaded the area several times , as many of the species were so specialised that they may have evolved significantly on hotspot islands before the Mascarenes emerged from the sea . Other members of the Psittacula genus from the Mascarenes include the extant echo parakeet ( Psittacula eques echo ) of Mauritius , as well as the extinct Réunion parakeet ( Psittacula eques eques ) , and Mascarene grey parakeet ( Psittacula bensoni ) of both Mauritius and Réunion .
A 2011 genetic study of parrot phylogeny was unable to include Newton 's parakeet , as no viable DNA could be extracted . The same paper found that the Mascarene parrot ( Mascarinus mascarinus ) of nearby Réunion was most closely related to the lesser vasa parrot from Madagascar and nearby islands , and therefore unrelated to the Psittacula parrots , undermining the theory of their common origin . A 2015 genetic study by Jackson et al. included viable DNA from the toe @-@ pad of the female Newton 's parakeet specimen . It was found to group within a clade of rose @-@ ringed parakeet subspecies ( from Asia and Africa ) , which it had diverged from 3 @.@ 82 million years ago . Furthermore , Newton 's parakeet appeared to be ancestral to the parakeets of Mauritius and Réunion . The cladogram accompanying the study is shown below :
= = Description = =
Newton 's parakeet was about 40 cm ( 16 in ) long - roughly the size of the rose @-@ ringed parakeet . The wing of the male specimen was 198 mm ( 7 @.@ 8 in ) , the tail 206 mm ( 8 @.@ 1 in ) , the culmen 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) , and the tarsus was 22 mm ( 0 @.@ 87 in ) . The wing of the female specimen was 191 mm ( 7 @.@ 5 in ) , the tail 210 mm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) , the culmen 24 mm ( 0 @.@ 94 in ) , and the tarsus was 22 mm ( 0 @.@ 87 in ) . The male specimen was greyish blue ( also described as " slatey blue " ) tinged with green , and darker above . The head was bluer , with a dark line running from the eye to the cere . It had a broad black collar running from the chin to the nape , where it became gradually narrower . The underside of the tail was greyish , the upper beak was dark reddish brown , and the mandible was black . The legs were grey and the iris yellow . The female was similar , but had a greyer head and a black beak . The black collar was not so prominent as that of the male , and did not extend to the back of the neck . The general appearance of Newton 's parakeet was similar to the extant Psittacula species , including the black collar , but the bluish grey colouration set it apart from other members of its genus , which are mostly green .
Philibert Commerson received a live specimen on Mauritius in the 1770s and described it as " greyish blue " . Paul Jossigny made two illustrations of this specimen , the only known depictions of Newton 's parakeet in life , unpublished until 2007 . Though both existing specimens are blue , some early accounts from Rodrigues have caused confusion over the colouration of the plumage . One of these is Leguat 's following statement :
There are abundance of green and blew Parrets , they are of a midling and equal bigness ; when they are young , their Flesh is as good as young Pigeons .
If the green parrots Leguat referred to were not the Rodrigues parrot ( Necropsittacus rodericanus ) , they may perhaps have been a green colour morph of Newton 's parakeet , as Julian Hume has suggested . As Alfred Newton observed in his original description , some feathers of the female specimen display both blue and green tinges , depending on the light . This may explain some of the discrepancies . The green parrots mentioned could also instead have been storm @-@ blown members of Psittacula species from other islands , that survived on Rodrigues for a short time .
The two existing specimens were originally preserved in alcohol , but though this can discolour specimens , it is not probable that it could turn green to blue . Hume and Hein van Grouw have also suggested that due to an inheritable mutation , some Newton 's parakeets may have lacked psittacin , a pigment that together with eumalanin produces green colouration in parrot feathers . Complete lack of psittacin produces blue colouration , whereas reduced psittacin can produce a colour between green and blue called parblue , which corresponds to the colour of the two preserved Newton 's parakeet specimens .
Julien Tafforet also described what appears to be green Newton 's parakeets in his 1726 Relation de l 'Île Rodrigue , but the issue of colouration was further complicated :
The parrots are of three kinds , and in quantity ... The second species [ mature male Newton 's parakeet ? ] is slightly smaller and more beautiful , because they have their plumage green like the preceding [ Rodrigues Parrot ] , a little more blue , and above the wings a little red as well as their beak . The third species [ Newton 's parakeet ] is small and altogether green , and the beak black .
It has been proposed that the last two types mentioned were male and female Newton 's parakeets , and that the differences between them were due to sexual dimorphism . Alexandre Pingré also mentioned green birds , perhaps with some red colours , but his account is partially unintelligible and therefore ambiguous . A red shoulder patch is also present on the related Alexandrine parakeet . None of the existing Newton 's parakeet specimens have red patches . The single @-@ known male specimen may have been immature , judged on the colour of its beak , and this may also explain the absence of the red patch . When Psittacula are bred by aviculturalists , blue is easily produced from green ; the production of blue may suppress red colouration , so blue morphs may have lacked the red patch .
= = Behaviour and ecology = =
Almost nothing is known about the behaviour of Newton 's parakeet , but it is probable that it was similar to that of other members of its genus . Leguat mentioned that the parrots of the island mainly ate the nuts of the bois d ’ olive tree ( Cassine orientale ) . It may have fed on leaves as the related echo parakeet does . The fact that Newton 's parakeet survived long after Rodrigues had been heavily deforested shows that its ecology was less vulnerable than that of , for example , the Rodrigues parrot .
Leguat and his men were hesitant to hunt the parrots because they were so tame and easy to catch . Leguat 's group took a parrot as a pet and were able to teach it to speak :
Hunting and Fishing were so easie to us , that it took away from the Pleasure . We often delighted ourselves in teaching the Parrots to speak , there being vast numbers of them . We carried one to Maurice Isle [ Mauritius ] , which talk ’ d French and Flemish .
As the kind of parrot mentioned here by Leguat is not specified , some sources attribute it to Newton 's parakeet , and others to the Rodrigues parrot .
Many other species endemic to Rodrigues became extinct after humans arrived , and the island 's ecosystem remains heavily damaged . Forests covered the entire island before humans arrived , but very little forestation can be seen today . Newton 's parakeet lived alongside other recently extinct birds such as the Rodrigues solitaire , the Rodrigues parrot , the Rodrigues rail , the Rodrigues starling , the Rodrigues owl , the Rodrigues night heron , and the Rodrigues pigeon . Extinct reptiles include the domed Rodrigues giant tortoise , the saddle @-@ backed Rodrigues giant tortoise , and the Rodrigues day gecko .
The authors of the 2015 study which resolved the phylogenetic placement of the Mascarene island parakeets suggested that the echo parakeet of Mauritius would be a suitable ecological replacement for the Réunion parakeet and Newton 's parakeet , due to their close evolutionary relationship . The echo parakeet was itself close to extinction in the 1980s , numbering only twenty individuals , but has since recovered , so introducing it to the nearby islands could also help secure the survival of this species .
= = Extinction = =
Of the roughly eight parrot species endemic to the Mascarenes , only the echo parakeet has survived . The others were likely all made extinct by a combination of excessive hunting and deforestation . Leguat stated that Newton 's parakeet was abundant during his stay . It was still common when Tafforet visited in 1726 , but when Alexandre Pingré mentioned it in 1761 , he noted that the bird had become scarce . It was still present on southern islets off Rodrigues ( Isle Gombrani ) , along with the Rodrigues parrot . After this point , much of Rodrigues was severely deforested and used for livestock .
According to early accounts praising its flavour , it appears Newton 's parakeet was commonly eaten by visitors . Several individuals would likely be needed to provide a single meal , owing to the bird 's small size . Pingré stated :
The perruche [ Newton 's parakeet ] seemed to me much more delicate [ than the flying @-@ fox ] . I would not have missed any game from France if this one had been commoner in Rodrigues ; but it begins to become rare . There are even fewer perroquets [ Rodrigues parrots ] , although there were once a big enough quantity according to François Leguat ; indeed a little islet south of Rodrigues still retains the name Isle of Parrots [ Isle Pierrot ] .
According to government surveyor Thomas Corby , Newton 's parakeet may still have been fairly common in 1843 . Henry H. Slater reported that he saw a single specimen in south western Rodrigues during his three @-@ month stay to observe the 1874 Transit of Venus , and assistant colonial secretary William J. Caldwell saw several specimens in 1875 during his own three @-@ month visit . The male that he received in 1875 and gave to Newton is the last recorded member of the species . A series of cyclones struck the following year and may have devastated the remaining population . Further severe storms hit in 1878 and 1886 , and since few forested areas were left by this time , there was little cover to protect any remaining birds . The male could therefore have been the last of the species alive .
There were unfounded rumours of its continued existence until the beginning of the 20th century . In 1967 James Greenway stated that an extremely small population might still survive on small offshore islets , since this is often the last refuge of endangered birds . Hume countered that these islets were probably too small to sustain a population .
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= Hush ( Buffy the Vampire Slayer ) =
" Hush " is the tenth episode in the fourth season of the supernatural drama television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer ( 1997 – 2003 ) . It was written and directed by series creator Joss Whedon and originally aired in the United States on December 14 , 1999 on The WB Television Network . After reading critical response to the series in which the dialogue was praised as the most successful aspect of the show , Whedon set out to write an episode almost completely devoid of speech . Only about 17 minutes of dialogue is presented in the entire 44 minutes of " Hush " .
In " Hush " , a group of fairy tale ghouls named " The Gentlemen " come to town and steal everyone 's voices , leaving them unable to scream when The Gentlemen cut out their hearts . Buffy and her friends must communicate with one another silently as they try to discover why no one can speak and find whoever is murdering the townspeople . They must also find ways to express their feelings about each other and keep some semblance of control as the town descends into chaos .
The episode was highly praised when it aired and was the only episode in the entire series to be nominated for an Emmy Award in Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series ; it also received a nomination for Outstanding Cinematography for a Single Camera Series ( Michael Gershman ) . " Hush " addresses the limits and assets of language and communication and the disruption to society when communication breaks down . The Gentlemen are often counted as some of the series ' most frightening villains , and the episode is frequently included on lists of the best of Buffy the Vampire Slayer .
= = Plot = =
During a college lecture where Dr. Maggie Walsh is discussing the difference between language and communication , Buffy has a dream in which Riley kisses her . They are interrupted by a young girl holding a distinctive box , singing a cryptic rhyme about " The Gentlemen " . Riley and Buffy speak after class and they almost kiss , but are unable to stop talking . They leave when it becomes awkward . Buffy calls Giles to tell him of her dream and the details of the little girl 's rhyme .
At Giles ' apartment Xander and Anya argue , as Anya is trying to get Xander to tell her what she means to him . He is unable to answer her . Willow attends a meeting of the campus Wicca group , hoping to meet others who share her interest in studying witchcraft , but is disappointed when they only talk about bake sales . Willow raises the subject of spells but is chastised for pandering to the stereotype about witches performing magic . A shy woman in the group , Tara Maclay , starts to speak up to support Willow 's suggestion , but falls silent when the attention turns to her .
That night , as Sunnydale sleeps , white wisps float from each person 's mouth to a belfry , where they settle in the box from Buffy 's dream as ghoulish skeletal figures , with metal @-@ toothed grins and impeccable black suits , look on . In the morning , Buffy and Willow discover they are unable to speak and become visibly distressed ; they soon discover that everybody is unable to speak . The group gathers at Giles ' where they see that the news is reporting that Sunnydale is suffering from an epidemic of laryngitis . Buffy and Riley , each concerned that chaos will ensue , find each other attempting to keep order on the streets . For the first time , Buffy sees Riley in his paramilitary role as an agent of The Initiative ; he in turn is unaware that she is the Slayer . They exchange a look and then their first kiss , before parting to continue their efforts .
The next night , the ghouls leave the belfry and float into town accompanied by their straitjacketed , deformed minions . They knock on the door of a student . When he opens it , aroused from sleeping , they hold him down and carve out his heart while he tries in vain to scream . At Giles ' apartment his visiting girlfriend , Olivia , is frightened by one of The Gentlemen outside Giles ' window . The following morning in a campus classroom , Giles uses a series of overhead transparencies to explain to the others that The Gentlemen steal the townspeople 's voices so no one can scream as they gather the hearts they need , and that folklore indicates that they have been vanquished before when a princess screamed : the only thing that will kill them is a live human voice .
That evening , Anya falls asleep on Giles ' sofa while Spike takes a mugful of blood from the refrigerator . Xander enters Giles ' apartment as Spike , his mouth wet with blood , bends down to pick up something that he dropped in front of the sofa where Anya sleeps . Inferring that Spike bit and drank from Anya , Xander pummels him ferociously until Anya wakes and stops him ; excited that he fought to defend her , Anya gestures that they go have sex .
On her own Tara finds a spell to help the town get its voices back , and goes out to show it to Willow . On the way to Willow 's dorm she trips , turns around and sees The Gentlemen floating toward her . In Willow 's dorm she frantically knocks on doors which no one will open ; The Gentlemen steadily pursue her . Willow hears Tara 's panicked knocking down the hall and exits her room as Tara sprints into her , sending them both tumbling . They lock themselves into a laundry room and try to barricade the door with a vending machine , but it is too heavy for them to move . Willow , injured , sits and concentrates on moving the machine with telekinesis ; she fails , but Tara sees what she is doing . They clasp hands and the machine moves swiftly across the room , blocking the door .
On patrol , Riley notices shadows in the belfry and goes to investigate . Buffy finds two of The Gentlemen 's minions , kills one and runs after the other . Riley fights his way into the belfry and while he 's embattled , Buffy crashes through a window , fighting . He turns to attack and finds himself face to face with Buffy . She fights while he stares , unmoving . When a minion pins her down she sees and recognizes the box from her dream and gesticulates wildly for Riley to destroy it . When he does so , the stolen voices escape . Buffy screams until the heads of The Gentlemen and their minions explode .
The next day , Tara tells Willow she is special and has significant power . Riley comes to visit Buffy in her dorm room and they sit facing each other , saying nothing .
= = Production and writing = =
Joss Whedon 's impetus to create " Hush " was his reaction to hearing that the primary reason behind Buffy 's success was the dialogue . He felt that he was stagnating as a director , turning into a " hack " by making formulaic episodes . Whedon tended to concentrate so much on the visual aspects of the series ' production that he was chastised by Fox executives in earlier seasons . Thus , writing and producing " Hush " depended almost solely on visuals and not on dialogue , a prospect that Whedon found terrifying , worried that viewers would find the episode boring . Much like the fourth season finale " Restless " — which consisted almost entirely of dream sequences — and the sixth season musical " Once More , with Feeling " , Whedon was certain he would fail at attempting to present the show in such a novel way . Initially , this was to be the episode where Riley and Buffy have sex , and Whedon took comfort in that plan because he knew people would not mind the silence , but ultimately he decided it was too early for the characters to sleep together , and he scrapped the idea .
The Gentlemen , called the " creepiest villains we 've ever done " by series writer Doug Petrie , were inspired by a nightmare Whedon had as a child , specifically one in which he was in bed and approached by a floating monster . Whedon fashioned The Gentlemen as something from a Brothers Grimm fairy tale , intending them to be frightening to children — monsters who carve out people 's hearts , smiling as they do so . Nosferatu , Pinhead from Hellraiser , and Mr. Burns from The Simpsons all served as physical models for The Gentlemen . Elegantly Victorian in costume and demeanor , Whedon found their politeness and grace especially unsettling . Their metallic teeth were inspired by the intersection of Victorian culture with the height of the Industrial age , an era that Whedon considers " classically creepy " . For Buffy studies scholar Rhonda Wilcox , The Gentlemen and their straitjacket @-@ wearing minions , who clumsily flap , gyrate , and crouch as they move , are representative of class disparity and patriarchy : The Gentlemen , with their Victorian suits , move effortlessly to accomplish what they set out to do while their minions , whom Whedon called " footmen " , do the " dirty work " .
Doug Jones and the other actors who played The Gentlemen had previous experience performing as monsters and were professional mimes as well . This gave them an elegant grace , especially in their hand movements . Their floating effect was accomplished by suspending them from cranes with wires ( digitally removed in post @-@ production ) , or by pulling them on dollies . The cast found the actors in make @-@ up and costume to be terrifying in broad daylight , and Whedon was so impressed with the physical movements of The Gentlemen that he admitted on the DVD commentary that his mocking of mimes in general " went down about 40 % " after the episode was filmed .
As newcomers to the Scooby Gang , Tara Maclay and Giles ' girlfriend Olivia ( Phina Oruche ) are inexperienced with monsters , and were brought in to express " real childlike terror " . Willow had , after three seasons , grown considerably more confident , having found her intellectual and emotional niche at college , and therefore was no longer evincing the terror she once had ; Tara , shy , unsure of herself , and unaccustomed to such experiences , served to fill the gap that Willow 's maturing had created . According to Buffy essayist Patrick Shade , Tara 's and Olivia 's fear " heighten ( s ) our sense of vulnerability and so make these scenes more frightening " . Joss Whedon has said that one of his favorite shots in the episode is of Olivia 's frightened reaction to a Gentlemen floating by her window , leering in at her .
Tara became a regularly recurring character throughout the fourth , fifth and sixth seasons , eventually becoming Willow 's girlfriend in what would be the first long @-@ term lesbian relationship in U.S. television . The writers decided to replace Seth Green , who played Oz , Willow 's lycanthropic boyfriend , after he announced that he would be leaving early in the fourth season . They were unaware at the time that the relationship between Willow and Tara would become romantic , but Benson 's performance and demeanor " made up our minds for us " , according to Whedon . The writers wanted to make the scene in which Tara and Willow move the vending machine by working together " sensual and powerful " , and " a very empowering statement about love ; that two people together can accomplish more than when they 're alone " . Whedon considers the scene one of the " most romantic images we 've put on film " in the course of the series . Benson and Hannigan 's chemistry was impressive enough that two episodes into Tara and Willow 's friendship Whedon took the actors aside and informed them the relationship would be turning romantic .
The episode is a tribute to the silent films that were played in theaters with musical accompaniment , and 27 minutes of it are entirely dialogue @-@ free . Several types of music are used to express what is not being said ; music acts as the narrator . During Giles ' overhead presentation he plays a recorded version of Camille Saint @-@ Saëns ' Danse Macabre . Buffy and Riley 's love theme is presented for the first time when they kiss in this episode . This composition by Christophe Beck — who composed scores for Buffy regularly — pleased Joss Whedon more than the Buffy and Angel love theme . He considered the Buffy @-@ Riley theme more adult , but a bit more strange and blue than the Buffy @-@ Angel theme : a prediction of where the relationship between Buffy and Riley would go .
= = Themes = =
= = = Language = = =
" Hush " explores issues relating to the limits and benefits of language and communication . During the first act of the episode , the characters are presented as being overwhelmed by language that is misused , used as white noise , and employed as a means of avoiding truth . Many of the conversations between characters , even those that are seemingly insignificant to the episode 's plot or to the show 's overall history , deal in some way with various aspects or forms of communication . Whedon stated that he was unaware of how " inevitably coherent " this theme was until after the script was completed . Buffy and Riley are unable to act upon their attraction because they cannot stop babbling , primarily to keep their true identities concealed from each other , but also to avoid becoming closer emotionally . Xander is unable or unwilling to express what Anya means to him , and Anya , still new at interacting with humans , uses blunt , often rude language that distances herself from all the other characters . Giles desperately wants the others to stop talking . Willow considers the women in the Wicca group to be nonsensical , later complaining to Buffy " Talk , all talk . Blah blah Gaia . Blah blah moon , menstrual lifeforce power thingy . You know after a couple sessions I was hoping we would get into something real , but ... " These pseudo conversations are what Buffy essayists Alice Jenkins and Susan Stuart refer to as " locutionary acts " : language that is formed to have meaning but does not engage the listener .
When finally faced with the loss of speech , the characters readily express what they feel . Buffy and Riley , after a series of eyebrow movements and simply mouthed questions , are able to kiss spontaneously . Xander 's actions are very clearly directed toward protecting Anya and punishing Spike for harming her , and likewise , within a matter of moments Anya 's doubts about how Xander feels about her have disappeared and she becomes instantly affectionate towards him again . Tara , who was overcome with shyness while speaking during the Wicca meeting , easily expresses courage when touching Willow , and Willow realizes she has finally found someone who understands and shares what she is seeking .
Without speech , the Scoobies resort to gestures or writing . Humorous misperceptions arise from this gesturing when , for example , Buffy mimes driving in a stake — as though killing a vampire — too close to her pelvis , causing the Scoobies to think she is suggesting masturbating to rid the town of The Gentlemen . In the belfry , while Buffy and Riley are fighting The Gentlemen , Buffy indicates that Riley should smash the box from her dream . He misunderstands and breaks a jar beside it , looks up and grins , awaiting Buffy 's approval . The clumsiness of the characters ' gesturing is in direct contrast to the grace of The Gentlemen , who communicate easily through gestures and other visual signals . Their communication is simple and direct ; nods , head tilts , and hand movements , achieve exactly what they want it to . The Scoobies , however , are confused and accomplish the opposite of what they intend . When they are rendered silent they are also rendered useless , unsure of how to fight The Gentlemen . According to two Buffy essayists , part of the horror stemming from the arrival of The Gentlemen is the silence that makes the people of Sunnydale helpless , easy victims .
Jenkins and Stuart assert that through the loss of speech , the communication in " Hush " is transformed from the senseless locutionary to the perlocutionary : acts upon which ideas are conveyed into instant meaning and action . The scream uttered by Buffy to destroy The Gentlemen has severe implications for them although it has no real meaning . Even Tara 's writing down Willow 's room number before going to her dorm communicates that she has been thinking of Willow and wishes to find her . This act confirms to both Tara and the audience that she is interested in Willow .
= = = Community = = =
Although Sunnydale has long been familiar with demons and monsters who have inhabited the town and fed off its residents , in this episode the conventions by which societal functions are so disrupted by the unexplained silence that significant chaos results , enough to warrant both Riley and Buffy going on patrol to keep order . Buffy and Willow walk down a familiar street , arm @-@ in @-@ arm and easily startled , and see a bank closed and patrons running into a liquor store that is obviously open . The breakdown of order also causes sudden religious fervor ; a group of people have gathered on the street to read the Bible ( Revelation 15 : 1 is written on a signboard — an allusion to the seven angels with seven plagues as there are seven Gentlemen , according to author Nikki Stafford ) . Opportunistic capitalist fervor results in a man selling overpriced dry erase boards . Community , notes Patrick Shade ( citing sociologist George Herbert Mead ) , consists of institutions such as language , religion , and economics . When one institution disappears , Sunnydale residents begin to depend more heavily on the others . Mostly , however , individuals are isolated from one another during the silence . Even the Scoobies find their bonds shaken , as they are unable to use the witty banter that has marked them as a group thus far . ( This awkwardness extended even to the actors : the first silent scene the entire cast attempted was the Scoobies gathering in Giles ' apartment following the discovery that all of Sunnydale 's denizens had lost their voices . It took several rehearsals as the scene came out mistimed , with all of the actors having trouble playing off one another without the use of verbal cues , or all pantomiming over one another . ) Without a common language to fall back upon the Scoobies are forced to depend on their shared history to help them recover well enough to be able to take action .
The resolution to this isolation and ineffectiveness is speaking out : restoring the voices of the people of Sunnydale . Shade states that this facet of the episode gives it a political overtone . Noel Murray from The A.V. Club writes that the silence imposed by The Gentlemen is a metaphor for how evil spreads : " When dissent is stifled , or people fail to tell the truth , or when we ’ re just distracted by other concerns , things can get out of hand . " Authority figures in the series , such as the school principal , the mayor 's office , and the Sunnydale Police Department , repeatedly either abet the town 's endemic evil or choose not to hear about it . During " Hush " , at Giles ' apartment the Scoobies listen to a newscaster reporting that authorities in the town attribute the silence to a flu vaccine gone awry , causing mass laryngitis . Wilcox writes , " [ H ] ow many times will we see those in power maintain such a silence while evil proceeds ? It is not surprising that [ The Gentlemen 's ] attendants wear straitjackets ; their garb suggests the insanity of such behavior — the pretense of civilized politeness while killing is accepted is a matter of course . "
= = = Fairy tales = = =
Two other episodes in the Buffy canon are also based on , or have elements of , fairy tales : " Killed by Death " , where only sick children can see a demon who sucks away their lives , and " Gingerbread " , where a demon takes on the forms of Hansel and Gretel to create a moral panic in Sunnydale . " Hush " is often compared to these episodes because they contain similar elements . Whedon intended The Gentlemen to be Brothers Grimm @-@ like monsters , with Giles playing the role of the wise man , Buffy the princess , and Tara the " little girl wandering through the woods " . In this incarnation , however , Buffy is a swashbuckling princess whose scream saves the town . Instead of being the damsel in distress she is the hero , breaking through a boarded @-@ up window in the belfry , then grabbing a rope and swinging across the room to kill one of The Gentlemen 's footmen by smashing her feet into his chest .
In many Buffy episodes , understanding why evil has appeared is important in knowing how to fight it , but the reasons for The Gentlemen 's arrival and their need to take seven human hearts are never made explicit ; they are simply there . According to Giles ' overhead transparencies , they can appear in any town . Several Buffy scholars assert that a sexual element similar to what is presented in classic fairy tales is evident in " Hush " . Buffy often has prophetic dreams , and it is in a dream that she first sees one of The Gentlemen ; she sees a flash of his face just as Riley touches her shoulder . Buffy has only been sexually intimate twice before : with the vampire Angel , whose lovemaking cost him his soul , and with the womanizing Parker Abrams . Riley is notably different from both and Buffy 's anxiety about becoming intimate with him , according to scholars , either calls The Gentlemen to Sunnydale or is represented by them . The Gentlemen murder by cutting chests open and removing hearts , penetrative acts . In Buffy 's dream Riley says , " If I kiss you , it 'll make the sun go down " and when he does so , it instantly becomes night , as if Buffy has crossed over a threshold . Riley 's kiss creates physical and emotional intimacy , but initiates mental , intuitive knowledge as well : in this episode Buffy learns of Riley 's secret role as a member of The Initiative . Threshold imagery is again used when Tara and Willow block the door with their combined efforts , shutting The Gentlemen out .
= = Reception = =
When the episode was originally broadcast in the United States on December 14 , 1999 , it received a Nielsen rating of 4 @.@ 1 and a share of 7 , meaning that roughly 4 @.@ 1 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 7 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . The episode placed fifth in its timeslot and 93rd among broadcast television for the week of December 13 – 19 , 2001 . It was the most watched program on WB that night , and the second most watched program that week , trailing 7th Heaven .
" Hush " was highly praised when it aired , not only for its riskiness in presenting viewers with extended silence , but for the frightening qualities of The Gentlemen . Robert Bianco from USA Today comments , " ( i ) n a medium in which producers tend to grow bored with their own creations , either trashing them or taking them in increasingly bizarre directions , Whedon continues to find new ways to make his fabulously entertaining series richer and more compelling . With or without words , he 's a TV treasure . " In the Ottawa Citizen , Chuck Barney writes , " I wondered if this enormously entertaining cult favourite would lose some starch once our favourite little slayer moved on to college . But happily , it continues to win us over with the way it deftly bounces between the genres of comedy , horror and romance . The recent silent episode ( Hush ) was brilliant . " Alan Sepinwall in The Star @-@ Ledger calls it a " magnificently daring episode " , explaining " ( w ) hat makes it particularly brave is that , even when Buffy has been failing to click dramatically this year , the show has still been able to get by on the witty dialogue , which is all but absent after the first few scenes . Whedon finds ways to get around that , with several cast members — particularly Anthony Head as the scholarly Giles and Alyson Hannigan as nervous witch Willow — proving to be wonderfully expressive silent comedians . "
Likewise , in the New York Daily News , David Bianculli states that the episode is " a true tour de force , and another inventive triumph for this vastly underrated series " Brian Courtis in Australia 's Sunday Age agrees , and writes that " Hush " is " ( c ) lever , well @-@ written and brightly directed ... Buffy at its best . " Robert Hanks from The Independent in the UK writes that " Buffy the Vampire Slayer , in most weeks the funniest and cleverest programme on TV , reached new heights " with " Hush " . Noel Murray in The A.V. Club calls it an " episode unlike any other , with a lusher score and some of the most genuinely disturbing imagery I 've yet seen on Buffy . " The episode was included among 13 of the scariest films or television shows by Salon.com , and justified by Stephanie Zacharek , who states it " scans just like one of those listless dreams in which you try to scream , and can 't . Everybody 's had ' em — and yet the way the eerie quiet of ' Hush ' sucks you in , you feel as if the experience is privately , and unequivocally , your own . "
" Hush " was the only episode of the entire Buffy series to be nominated for an Emmy Award in the Writing in a Drama Series category . It also received a Writers Guild of America Award nomination . Following the series finale in 2003 , " Hush " continued to receive praise . Lisa Rosen in the Los Angeles Times states that the episode is " one of TV 's most terrifying hours " . Smashing Magazine counted " Hush " as one of the top ten television episodes that inspire creativity . Keith McDuffee of TV Squad named it the best Buffy episode in the series , writing " ( i ) f someone who had never seen Buffy ( blasphemy ! ) asked me to show them just one episode of the show to get them hooked , this would be it " . TV.com named it as the fourth most frightening episode in television history .
Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post listed the scene in which Buffy mimes staking The Gentlemen and its humorous misunderstandings by the other characters among the top five best Buffy moments , especially praising Sarah Michelle Gellar 's ( Buffy ) comedic acting . Nikki Stafford , author of Bite Me ! The Unofficial Guide to Buffy the Vampire Slayer writes " Hush " is " mind @-@ blowing " and " one of the best hours of television ever " . For Buffy studies scholar Roz Kaveney , the primary reason " Hush " was successful was the acting strengths of the central cast . " Hush " is Alyson Hannigan 's ( Willow ) favorite episode of the Buffy series , and the one Nicholas Brendon ( Xander ) considers the most frightening . Series writer Jane Espenson stated the episode " redefined what an episode of television could do " .
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= SM UB @-@ 14 =
SM UB @-@ 14 was a German Type UB I submarine or U @-@ boat in the German Imperial Navy ( German : Kaiserliche Marine ) during World War I. The submarine was also known by the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy designation of SM U @-@ 26 .
UB @-@ 14 was ordered in October 1914 and was laid down at the AG Weser shipyard in Bremen in November . UB @-@ 14 was a little under 28 metres ( 92 ft ) in length and displaced between 127 and 141 tonnes ( 125 and 139 long tons ) , depending on whether surfaced or submerged . She carried two torpedoes for her two bow torpedo tubes and was also armed with a deck @-@ mounted machine gun . UB @-@ 14 was broken into sections and shipped by rail to the Austrian port Pola for reassembly . She was launched and commissioned in March 1915 as SM UB @-@ 14 in the German Imperial Navy under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Heino von Heimburg .
Because Germany and Italy were not yet at war when UB @-@ 14 entered service , she was transferred in name only to the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy . The submarine retained her German captain and crew , and remained under German command as a part of the Kaiserliche Marine 's Pola Flotilla . During her first patrol in the Adriatic , UB @-@ 14 torpedoed and sank the Italian armored cruiser Amalfi . While traveling to Constantinople ( present @-@ day Istanbul ) to join the Constantinople Flotilla , UB @-@ 14 attacked two British troopships , sinking Royal Edward with heavy loss of life , and seriously damaging Southland . All three of UB @-@ 14 's first victims were among the largest ships attacked by U @-@ boats during the war .
Although UB @-@ 14 sank the British submarine E20 in the Sea of Marmara in November 1915 , she spent most of the rest of her career patrolling in the Black Sea . The U @-@ boat had only limited success there , sinking only three ships through the end of the war . After the war ended , the submarine was disarmed at Sevastopol and surrendered at Malta in November 1918 . UB @-@ 14 was broken up in 1920 .
= = Design and construction = =
After the German Army 's rapid advance along the North Sea coast in the earliest stages of World War I , the German Imperial Navy found itself without suitable submarines that could be operated in the narrow and shallow seas off Flanders . Project 34 , a design effort begun in mid @-@ August 1914 , produced the Type UB I design : a small submarine that could be shipped by rail to a port of operations and quickly assembled . Constrained by railroad size limitations , the UB I design called for a boat about 28 metres ( 92 ft ) long and displacing about 125 tonnes ( 123 long tons ) with two torpedo tubes .
UB @-@ 14 was part of the initial allotment of seven submarines — numbered UB @-@ 9 to UB @-@ 15 — ordered on 15 October from AG Weser of Bremen , just shy of two months after planning for the class began . UB @-@ 14 was laid down by Weser in Bremen on 9 November . As built , UB @-@ 14 was 27 @.@ 88 metres ( 91 ft 6 in ) long , 3 @.@ 15 metres ( 10 ft 4 in ) abeam , and had a draft of 3 @.@ 03 metres ( 9 ft 11 in ) . She had a single 59 @-@ brake @-@ horsepower ( 44 kW ) Körting 4 @-@ cylinder diesel engine for surface travel , and a single 119 @-@ shaft @-@ horsepower ( 89 kW ) Siemens @-@ Schuckert electric motor for underwater travel , both attached to a single propeller shaft . Her top speeds were 7 @.@ 45 knots ( 13 @.@ 80 km / h ; 8 @.@ 57 mph ) , surfaced , and 6 @.@ 24 knots ( 11 @.@ 56 km / h ; 7 @.@ 18 mph ) , submerged . At more moderate speeds , she could sail up to 1 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 2 @,@ 800 km ; 1 @,@ 700 mi ) on the surface before refueling , and up to 45 nautical miles ( 83 km ; 52 mi ) submerged before recharging her batteries . Like all boats of the class , UB @-@ 14 was rated to a diving depth of 50 metres ( 160 ft ) , and could completely submerge in 33 seconds .
UB @-@ 14 was armed with two 45 @-@ centimeter ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedoes in two bow torpedo tubes . She was also outfitted for a single 8 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 31 in ) machine gun on deck . UB @-@ 14 's standard complement consisted of one officer and thirteen enlisted men .
= = Launching and commissioning = =
Most of the UB I boats were shipped to their port of operations by rail , where they were assembled , launched , tested , and commissioned . Information on UB @-@ 14 suggests that she may not have followed that pattern as closely as most other boats . According to several sources , UB @-@ 14 was launched on 23 March 1915 , and commissioned into the German Imperial Navy as SM UB @-@ 14 on 25 March under the command of Oberleutnant zur See Heino von Heimburg a 25 @-@ year @-@ old first @-@ time U @-@ boat commander . Those same sources are silent on UB @-@ 14 's whereabouts at the time , but information on UB @-@ 14 ' later shipment and arrival in the Mediterranean suggest that her initial launch and commissioning may have occurred in Germany .
UB @-@ 14 was shipped by rail in June to the main Austrian naval base at Pola , with an arrival date on the 12th . The process of shipping a UB I boat involved breaking the submarine down into what was essentially a knock down kit . Each boat was broken into approximately fifteen pieces and loaded on to eight railway flatcars . German engineers and technicians that accompanied earlier UB I boats to Pola worked under the supervision of Kapitänleutnant Hans Adam , head of the U @-@ boat special command ( German : Sonderkommando ) . Typically , the UB I assembly process took about two to three weeks .
While UB @-@ 14 made her way to Austria @-@ Hungary , von Heimburg and his German crew were assigned to UB @-@ 15 at Pola . The submarine was temporarily commissioned into the German Imperial Navy before a subsequent transfer to the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy as its U @-@ 11 . Von Heimburg and his German crew , with one Austrian officer aboard , gained valuable experience in UB @-@ 15 / U @-@ 11 , sinking the Italian submarine Medusa on that U @-@ boat 's first patrol . UB @-@ 15 / U @-@ 11 was handed over to the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy on 16 June , and von Heimburg and his crew were transferred intact on 21 June to UB @-@ 14 , which was still a few days from completion .
At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , Italy had declined to join its Triple Alliance partners — Germany and Austria @-@ Hungary — in declaring war against the Entente Powers , and opted to remain neutral . Pressure from the United Kingdom and France swayed Italy to sign the secret 1915 Treaty of London on 26 April , in which Italy promised to leave the Triple Alliance and declare war against its former allies within a month in return for territorial gains after the end of the war . Because Italy initially declared war only on Austria @-@ Hungary , Germany and Italy were not officially at war . As a consequence , German submarines operating in the Adriatic and the Mediterranean were all assigned Austrian numbers and flew the flag of Austria @-@ Hungary when making attacks on Italian vessels ; UB @-@ 14 was assigned the designation of U @-@ 26 and entered onto the rolls of the Austro @-@ Hungarian Navy , despite the fact that she remained completely under German control . According to historian Lawrence Sondhaus , this dual numbering system reflected the close submarine cooperation between the two countries and still makes it difficult to distinguish between submarines of the two navies .
On 1 July , UB @-@ 14 joined the Pola Flotilla ( German : Deutsche U @-@ Halbflotille Pola ) , and departed soon thereafter on her first patrol . On the night of 6 / 7 July , Italian armored cruisers that had recently been deployed at Venice undertook a " reconnaissance in force " off Pola in an attempt to discourage future Austrian sorties against the Italian coast . When the Italian ships retired in the early morning hours of the 7th , UB @-@ 14 was about 20 nautical miles ( 37 km ; 23 mi ) off Venice . At dawn , the armored cruiser Amalfi crossed paths with UB @-@ 14 and was torpedoed . Amalfi quickly began listing to port and sank within 30 minutes with the loss of 67 men . At 10 @,@ 118 tonnes ( 9 @,@ 958 long tons ) displacement , Amalfi was one of the largest ships sunk by U @-@ boats during the war . UB @-@ 14 escaped the scene without damage .
= = Aegean Sea = =
Enver Pasha and other Turkish leaders had been pleading with their German and Austrian allies to send submarines to the Dardanelles to help attack the British and French fleet pounding Turkish positions . As part of the German response , UB @-@ 14 was ordered to Constantinople ( present @-@ day Istanbul ) to join U @-@ 21 ; sister boats UB @-@ 7 and UB @-@ 8 ; and the UC I boats UC @-@ 14 and UC @-@ 15 in the Constantinople Flotilla ( German : U @-@ boote der Mittelmeer division in Konstantinopel ) . Since her intermediate refueling stop at Bodrum was beyond her limited range , UB @-@ 14 departed Pola under tow from an Austrian destroyer on 15 July 1915 . UB @-@ 14 's engine and gyrocompass broke down while off Crete , leaving the boat dead in the water for a time , but temporary repairs by the crew enabled the boat to make Bodrum on the 24th . A repair crew from Constantinople was dispatched — having to travel by train and camel just to reach UB @-@ 14 — and the ship was ready to resume her journey on 13 August .
Shortly after departing Bodrum , UB @-@ 14 had just cleared the Greek island of Kos and was off the nearby island of Kandeloussa when von Heimburg sighted several potential victims . The first ship seen was the British hospital ship Soudan , headed to Alexandria from the Dardanelles . Von Heimburg , seeing the properly identified hospital ship , allowed Soudan to pass unmolested . The next ship was not so lucky , however . It was the unescorted Royal Edward , a Canadian ocean liner pressed into troopship duties . Royal Edward was headed in the opposite direction from Soudan : from Alexandria to the Dardanelles with reinforcements for the British 29th Infantry and a small group with the Royal Army Medical Corps , all of whom were destined for Gallipoli . Von Heimburg launched one of his two torpedoes from about a mile ( 2 km ) away and hit Royal Edward in the stern ; the ship sank stern @-@ first in six minutes , with a large loss of life . Soudan and several other ships were able to rescue nearly 700 men , but over 900 died . Royal Edward , at 11 @,@ 117 gross register tons ( GRT ) , was also among the largest ships hit by U @-@ boats during the war . While evading the rescue ships , which included two French destroyers , UB @-@ 14 's compass broke down again , forcing a return to Bodrum on the morning of the 15th .
After repairs were completed at Bodrum , UB @-@ 14 continued on her way with a passenger , Prince Heinrich XXXVII Reuss of Köstritz ( of the Reuss Junior Line ) who needed passage to Constantinople . During the journey north , UB @-@ 14 came upon another fully loaded troopship near the island of Efstratis , about 30 nautical miles ( 56 km ; 35 mi ) from Lemnos . At 09 : 51 on 2 September , von Heimburg launched a single torpedo at the British troopship Southland , which was carrying mostly Australian troops headed for Gallipoli . The torpedo scored a hit on the starboard bow of the liner , which immediately began to list in that direction . As the men boarded lifeboats to abandon ship , another torpedo narrowly missed the stricken ship . The British seaplane carrier Ben @-@ my @-@ Chree sped to the scene of the attack , and rescued nearly 700 men from the water . The hospital ship Neuralia was also on the scene and rescued a sizable number . A group of about 40 volunteers stayed on board Southland to help the crew , and with some towing assistance from Ben @-@ my @-@ Chree , were able to beach the ship on Lemnos . In all , fewer than 40 men died in the attack ; among Southland 's survivors was James Martin , who , upon his death less than two months later , became the youngest Australian known to have died in the war . The stricken ship had received serious damage , but was later repaired and returned to service . As with UB @-@ 14 's first two targets , Southland was also the largest ships hit by U @-@ boats , giving von Heimburg and UB @-@ 14 three victims from the list of the largest in their first three attacks .
After the attack on Southland , UB @-@ 14 broke down again and put in at Chanak to await repairs . While there on 4 September , word came of the British submarine E7 entangled in Turkish antisubmarine nets off Nagara Point . Von Heimburg , Prince Heinrich , and UB @-@ 14 's cook , a man by the name of Herzig , set out in a rowboat to observe the Turkish attempts to destroy E7 . After several mines that formed part of the net had been detonated to no avail , von Heimburg and his group rowed out and repeatedly dropped a plumb line until it contacted metal . Then , von Heimburg dropped a Turkish sinker mine with a shortened fuse right on top of E7 . After the hand @-@ dropped mine detonated too close for the British submarine 's captain 's comfort , he ordered his boat surfaced , abandoned , and scuttled . Between shellfire from the Turkish shore batteries and E7 's scuttling charges , von Heimburg and company narrowly escaped harm . While most sources credit E7 's sinking to the Turkish efforts , author Robert Stern contends that von Heimburg and UB @-@ 14 deserve partial credit for the demise of E7 .
= = Gallery = =
= = Black Sea = =
After UB @-@ 14 's repairs were completed , she continued on to Constantinople and , from there , began a patrol in the Black Sea on 3 October . During this patrol , von Heimburg torpedoed the 474 @-@ ton Russian steamer Katja about 15 nautical miles ( 28 km ; 17 mi ) northwest of Sevastopol on the 7th , and Apscheron , a Belgian steamer expropriated by the Imperial Russian Navy , 24 nautical miles ( 44 km ; 28 mi ) south of Cape Chersonesos on the 8th . After her return to Constantinople on the 19th , UB @-@ 14 was prepared for another patrol in the Black Sea . Just before her scheduled departure , however , the U @-@ boat 's destination was changed from the Black Sea to the Sea of Marmara and von Heimburg and UB @-@ 14 headed south on 5 November . While UB @-@ 14 had been in port on 30 November , Turkish forces had captured the French submarine Turquoise before the submarine or any of the confidential papers on board could be destroyed . When Turquoise was caught , her commander had not signaled her predicament to anyone , so a scheduled rendezvous with the British submarine E20 — as far as anyone other than Turquoise or the Germans and Turks knew — was still on . UB @-@ 14 had been sent to keep the rendezvous , reportedly going so far as to radio messages in the latest British code . Upon arriving at the designated location , UB @-@ 14 surfaced and fired a torpedo at E20 from a distance of 500 metres ( 550 yd ) . Only when E20 's crew saw the torpedo did they realize something was amiss , but it was too late to avoid the weapon . The torpedo hit E20 's conning tower and sank the submarine with the loss of 21 men . UB @-@ 14 rescued nine men , including E20 's captain who , reportedly , had been brushing his teeth at the time of the attack .
In December , von Heimburg was replaced as UB @-@ 14 's commander by Kapitänleutnant Albrecht von Dewitz , but in early February 1916 , von Heimburg resumed command . UB @-@ 14 's activities between November and May are not reported in sources , but Paul Halpern reports that UB @-@ 14 patrolled in the Black Sea off Trebizond from late May to early June , returning to Constantinople without success .
On 17 June , von Heimburg was recalled to Germany to command the soon @-@ to @-@ be @-@ commissioned UC @-@ 22 , and was replaced on UB @-@ 14 by Kapitänleutnant Kurt Schwarz , a first time U @-@ boat commander . Soon after Schwarz assumed command , UB @-@ 14 was in the Black Sea in support of a July sortie by the German battlecruiser Goeben and the light cruiser Breslau in the eastern Black Sea . Because the Russian fleet , headquartered at Sevastopol , might have an opportunity to cut off the German warships on the mission , UB @-@ 14 was sent on station off Sevastopol . When the Russian fleet did sortie , Schwarz attempted to torpedo the Imperatritsa Mariya , but was seen and driven off by Russian dreadnought 's screen of destroyers .
After Romania joined the war on the side of the Triple Entente in August and was quickly overrun by the Central Powers , the Russian efforts in the Black Sea in the second half of 1916 were focused in the west . Because German submarines never really accomplished all that much in the Black Sea , the February 1917 resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare led the Germans to temporarily abandon the Black Sea in lieu of the more target @-@ rich Mediterranean . UB @-@ 14 's whereabouts and activities during the latter half of 1916 and the first few months of 1917 are unreported in sources .
On 28 May 1917 , Oberleutnant zur See Ernst Ulrich replaced Schwarz , and , soon after , UB @-@ 14 sailed on the first German patrol of the year in the Black Sea . On 5 June , UB @-@ 14 sank the 155 @-@ ton Russian sailing vessel Karasunda north of Poti ; Karasunda was the last ship credited to UB @-@ 14 . Other than to note that Oberleutnant zur See Bodo Elleke succeeded Ulrich in March 1918 , there is no mention in sources of UB @-@ 14 's activities between June 1917 and November 1918 .
After the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic signed the Treaty of Brest @-@ Litovsk with the Central Powers on 3 March 1918 , exiting the war , forces of the Central Powers surrounded and later seized the port of Sevastopol . UB @-@ 14 was at Sevastopol after the Germany signed the armistice treaty that ended all fighting on 11 November . UB @-@ 14 and the three other surviving Constantinople Flotilla boats were disarmed on 25 November . UB @-@ 14 was scuttled in the Black Sea off Sevastopol in the early months of 1919 .
= = Ships sunk or damaged = =
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= Ryan Leaf =
Ryan David Leaf ( born May 15 , 1976 ) is a former American football player who was a quarterback in the National Football League ( NFL ) for four seasons . He played for the San Diego Chargers and the Dallas Cowboys between 1998 and 2001 , and also spent time with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and the Seattle Seahawks .
Leaf had a successful college career for the Washington State Cougars of Washington State University , where he was a finalist for the Heisman Trophy after his junior year . He was selected as the second overall pick in the 1998 NFL Draft , but his career was short and interrupted by poor play , bad behavior , and injuries . He struggled to stay focused . An episode of NFL Top 10 ranked him as the No. 1 " draft bust " in NFL history .
After his NFL career ended , Leaf completed his degree at Washington State . He would later have legal troubles involving drugs beginning in 2010 , after a Texas judge sentenced him to 10 years ' probation . Two years later , Leaf pleaded guilty to felony burglary and drug possession in Montana . After a suspended sentence with a stint in drug rehabilitation , Leaf began serving a seven @-@ year sentence in state prison in December 2012 . In 2014 , Leaf was sentenced to five years in prison for breaking into a home in Montana to steal prescription drugs , which violated his Texas probation . He was released from prison on December 3 , 2014 .
= = College career = =
After leading Charles M. Russell High School in Great Falls , Montana to the 1992 Montana state title , he considered playing college football as a linebacker at the University of Miami . He chose to be a quarterback for the Washington State Cougars instead after head coach Mike Price , who had coached longtime New England Patriots starting quarterback Drew Bledsoe , called him on the phone while Leaf was watching the Rose Bowl , and told him " If you come here , we 're going there " even though Washington State had not reached the Rose Bowl since 1931 . Leaf told Sports Illustrated that he immediately knew he wanted to accept a scholarship and play for Price .
He played in 32 games for Washington State , starting 24 of them . In his junior year , he averaged 330 @.@ 6 yards passing per game and threw for a then Pacific @-@ 10 Conference ( Pac @-@ 10 ) record 33 touchdowns . He also led the Cougars to their first Pac @-@ 10 championship in school history . Despite his strong early showing in the 1998 Rose Bowl , Washington State was defeated 21 – 16 by the eventual Associated Press national champion Michigan Wolverines .
Leaf was a finalist in balloting for the Heisman Trophy that year , which is given annually to the " most outstanding " player in American college football voted in by media figures and former players . He finished third behind the winner , defensive back Charles Woodson of Michigan , and fellow quarterback Peyton Manning of Tennessee . He was named Pac @-@ 10 Offensive Player of the Year , was named first @-@ team All @-@ American by The Sporting News , and finished second in the nation in passer rating . The Rose Bowl helped make him a possible first overall selection in the NFL Draft , and Leaf decided to forgo his senior year at Washington State and enter the 1998 draft .
= = NFL career = =
= = = 1998 Draft = = =
Peyton Manning and Leaf were widely considered the two best players available in the 1998 draft , and scouts and analysts debated who should be selected first . Many favored Leaf 's stronger arm and greater potential , while others deemed Manning the more mature player and the safer pick . Most observers , however , believed that it would not greatly matter whether Manning or Leaf was drafted first because either would greatly benefit his team .
The Indianapolis Colts owned the first draft pick that year . Team scouts favored Leaf , but Colts president Bill Polian and coaching staff preferred Manning , especially after discovering during individual workouts that he could throw harder than Leaf . Manning also impressed the team during his interview , while Leaf missed his . Leaf 's draft prospect profile described the player as " self @-@ confident to the point where some people view him as being arrogant and almost obnoxious " . Leaf gained about 20 pounds between the end of his junior season and the NFL Combine in February , which Jerry Angelo , one of six experts Sports Illustrated consulted on the choice , described as " a [ negative ] signal " about his self @-@ discipline . All six believed that Manning was the better choice , but the magazine concluded " What does seem reasonably certain is that ... both Manning and Leaf should develop into at least good NFL starters " .
The San Diego Chargers needed a new quarterback after having scored the fewest touchdowns in the league in the previous season . To obtain the second draft pick , the team traded its third overall pick , a future first round pick , a second round pick , and three @-@ time Pro Bowler Eric Metcalf to the Arizona Cardinals , guaranteeing the Chargers the right to draft whichever of the two quarterbacks Indianapolis did not take first . Manning was drafted first by the Colts and Leaf second by the Chargers , who signed him to a four @-@ year contract worth $ 31 @.@ 25 million , including a guaranteed $ 11 @.@ 25 million signing bonus , the largest ever paid to a rookie at the time . Leaf said , " I 'm looking forward to a 15 @-@ year career , a couple of trips to the Super Bowl , and a parade through downtown San Diego . " The night after the draft , Leaf flew to Las Vegas , Nevada on the jet of Chargers owner Alex Spanos and partied all night ; the following day Leaf yawned during his first news conference .
= = = San Diego Chargers ( 1998 – 2000 ) = = =
= = = = 1998 season = = = =
San Diego 's high hopes for Leaf were soon dashed , as his rookie season was marred by poor behavior . Before the season started , he skipped the final day of a symposium mandatory for all NFL draftees and was fined $ 10 @,@ 000 .
Leaf did well in the preseason and led the Chargers to victory in the first two regular @-@ season games . The Chargers won the season opener on September 6 , 1998 , 16 – 14 over the Buffalo Bills despite mistakes from Leaf such as fumbling his first snap and throwing two interceptions ; Buffalo penalties voided two would @-@ be interceptions from Leaf . In the game , Leaf 's 6 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Bryan Still that followed a 67 @-@ yard pass to Still gave San Diego a 10 – 0 lead . However , late in the game , San Diego fell behind 14 – 13 after a Leaf interception . Leaf completed 16 of 31 passes for 192 yards in the opener and 13 of 24 passes for 179 yards ( with 31 rushing yards in 7 carries ) in the second game , a 13 – 7 win over the Tennessee Oilers . In the third game of the season on September 20 , Leaf completed only one of 15 passes for four yards , threw two interceptions and fumbled four times ( losing three ) in a loss to the Kansas City Chiefs . The Thursday before that game , Leaf was hospitalized for a viral infection . Leaf later said that infected turf fibers entered his skin and lymph glands .
After Leaf threw four interceptions in the first half against the New York Giants in the Week 4 game ( September 28 ) , coach Kevin Gilbride benched Leaf in favor of Craig Whelihan . The following game on October 4 against the Indianapolis Colts matched Leaf against the number one 1998 draft pick Peyton Manning . Indianapolis won 17 – 12 , as both quarterbacks completed 12 of 23 passes with an interception each , but Leaf threw for 160 yards ( 23 more than Manning ) , and only Manning threw a touchdown . Manning was never sacked ; Leaf was sacked four times . Inside the final two minutes and San Diego down 14 – 6 , Leaf 's 56 @-@ yard pass to Charlie Jones set up a one @-@ yard Natrone Means touchdown run , but Leaf 's potential tying two @-@ point conversion pass to Webster Slaughter was incomplete .
Whelihan replaced Leaf on November 8 after Leaf completed only 4 of 15 passes and became starter on a permanent basis afterwards . Leaf finished the season having played 10 games with 1 @,@ 289 passing yards , 45 @.@ 3 % completed passes , 2 touchdowns , and 15 interceptions , with an abysmally poor quarterback rating of 39 @.@ 0 .
Leaf related poorly to both the media and his teammates , whom he tended to blame for his poor play . In a locker @-@ room incident during Leaf 's rookie year , he was caught on camera screaming at San Diego Union Tribune reporter Jay Posner , and was physically restrained by Junior Seau . He soon developed a reputation for a poor work ethic to the point of occasionally being found on the golf course while the other quarterbacks were studying film . After Leaf 's rookie season ended , Charger safety Rodney Harrison described it as " a nightmare you can 't even imagine , " adding : " If I had to go through another year like that , I 'd probably quit playing . "
= = = = 1999 season = = = =
Leaf missed his second season due to a shoulder injury suffered 20 minutes into the Chargers ' first training camp workout on July 23 , 1999 . Leaf had surgery to fix a labral tear in his throwing shoulder . During an August training camp , a fan heckled Leaf : " Hey , Ryan , you 're the worst draft choice in NFL history . You make Heath Shuler look like an All @-@ Star . " Leaf , accompanied by a coach and security guards , walked towards the fan and asked a question . The fan began walking closer to Leaf , and two coaches restrained Leaf , with another Chargers employee saying " No , don 't do it , Ryan . Don 't do it . " Leaf later explained the incident : " ... what I wanted to do was say , ' Hey , look , I 've grown up , I 'm calm about it , I would like to understand why you would say that about me . ' "
He was placed on injured reserve but made headlines in early November when he got into a shouting match with GM Bobby Beathard and one of the coaches , resulting in a fine , a suspension without pay and an apology by Leaf ( four weeks later ) . During his suspension , he was caught on video playing flag football at a San Diego park , a violation of his contract according to Charger management .
= = = = 2000 season = = = =
In the final game of the 2000 preseason , Leaf completed a pass to Trevor Gaylor to seal a 24 – 20 win over the Arizona Cardinals . After the game , he appeared on the cover of the September 4 , 2000 issue of Sports Illustrated along with headline " Back from the Brink " . The cover story characterized his comeback as " an ascent from pariah to possible standout pro passer " . He started the first two games of the 2000 season but completed less than half of his pass attempts and threw five interceptions but only one touchdown . In the season opener on September 4 , a 9 – 6 loss to the Oakland Raiders , Leaf completed 17 of 39 passes for 180 yards and threw three interceptions , including one on a 4th @-@ and @-@ inches play with 1 : 37 left and sealing the Raiders victory . After the game , Leaf 's left hand was swollen , and a late hit from Regan Upshaw gave Leaf a chin gash that required seven or eight stitches . The following game , a 28 – 27 loss to the New Orleans Saints , Leaf completed 12 of 24 passes for 134 yards and threw his first touchdown pass since his rookie season , a 20 @-@ yard pass to Curtis Conway ; however , Leaf threw two interceptions , including one that ended the Chargers ' final drive .
Coach Mike Riley started Moses Moreno for the Week 3 game , but Leaf took over after Moreno went down with a shoulder injury . Leaf injured his wrist when he threw an interception in the Week 4 game and next played in Week 11 . By October , Leaf speculated that the Chargers would release him after the season . Late that month , reports suggested that Leaf lied about a hand injury to get out of practice and play golf instead .
In the Week 11 game on November 12 against the Miami Dolphins , Leaf replaced Moreno mid @-@ game . Leaf threw an interception on his fourth snap , led a touchdown drive in the Chargers ' next series , and left the game with nearly a minute to go after straining a hamstring on a scramble . This game was the first since 1993 where three quarterbacks for a team - in this case Leaf , Moreno , and Jim Harbaugh - threw interceptions in one game . On November 19 against the Denver Broncos , Leaf completed 13 of 27 passes and reached career single @-@ game highs in quarterback rating ( 111 @.@ 8 ) , passing yards ( 311 ) , and passing touchdowns ( 3 ) , but the Chargers lost the game 38 – 37 . After a 0 – 11 start , the Chargers got their first win on November 26 , 17 – 16 over the Kansas City Chiefs . San Diego took a 14 – 3 lead early in the second quarter after Leaf made two touchdown passes to Freddie Jones , but the offense struggled later in the game , and Leaf threw two interceptions , one of which was returned for a touchdown .
Leaf would again play poorly , as he threw four interceptions on December 3 against the San Francisco 49ers and completed only 9 of 23 passes on December 10 against the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens . He improved on December 17 , completing 23 of 43 passes for 259 yards , 2 touchdowns , and 1 interception , but San Diego lost to the Carolina Panthers 30 – 22 . In the Chargers ' final drive , with nearly two minutes remaining in the game , Leaf completed a 10 @-@ yard pass to Curtis Conway that referees ruled was six inches short of the end zone . On first down , however , miscommunication between Leaf and running back Jermaine Fazande resulted in a fumble and 8 @-@ yard loss , and the next two plays followed by a penalty forced a fourth down and goal 10 yards from the end zone , and Leaf 's fourth down pass was incomplete . On the final game of the season on December 24 , Leaf made a 71 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Jeff Graham on the first play from scrimmage , but San Diego lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers 34 – 21 . In the game , Leaf completed 15 of 29 passes for 171 yards , 1 touchdown , and 1 interception and fumbled his final snap . After finishing the season 1 – 15 , the Chargers released Leaf on February 28 , 2001 . In three years with San Diego , Leaf had only four wins as a starter . For the 2000 season , Leaf completed 50 % ( 161 of 322 ) of his passes for 1 @,@ 883 yards , 11 touchdowns , and 18 interceptions .
= = = Tampa Bay Buccaneers ( 2001 ) = = =
On March 2 , 2001 , two days after the Chargers released him , Leaf was claimed by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , who were intrigued by his physical talent and planned to develop him more slowly , giving him time to watch and learn . Leaf 's wrist had still not healed , and doctors recommended surgery . After mediocre preseason performances , he was asked to accept demotion to fourth quarterback status on the team and accept a lower salary . He refused , and was released on September 3 , five days before the start of the 2001 season .
= = = Dallas Cowboys ( 2001 ) = = =
His next attempt at a comeback was with the Dallas Cowboys , who signed him after the Buccaneers released him , but he failed his first physical and was let go on September 5 . After regular starter Quincy Carter suffered an injury , the Cowboys signed Leaf again on October 12 . The Cowboys released him in May 2002 after he had appeared in only four games — all losses — throwing for a four @-@ game total of 494 yards with only one touchdown and three interceptions .
= = = Retirement and legacy = = =
Days later , he got still another chance when the Seattle Seahawks signed him to a one @-@ year contract , planning to let him develop slowly ( as the Buccaneers had done ) to allow his still @-@ injured wrist time to heal . He attended the team 's spring minicamps and seemed upbeat about his new team , but then abruptly retired at the age of 26 just before the start of the Seahawks ' 2002 training camp , offering no explanation at first . Seahawk coach and general manager Mike Holmgren told the media Leaf 's wrist didn 't bother him with either the Cowboys or the Seahawks .
During his brief career in the NFL , Leaf appeared in 25 games and made 21 starts . He completed 317 of 655 ( 48 @.@ 4 % ) passes for 3 @,@ 666 yards , with 14 touchdowns and 36 interceptions and a career quarterback rating of only 50 @.@ 0 . After hearing of Leaf 's retirement , Rodney Harrison , one of his most outspoken critics on the Chargers , said , " He took the money and ran . Personally , I could never rest good at night knowing my career ended like that . Normally in this game , you get back what you put into it , and he pretty much got back what he put into it . "
The ESPN sports network put Leaf first on its list of 25 biggest sports flops between 1979 and 2004 . NBC Sports commentator Michael Ventre called him " the biggest bust in the history of professional sports " . Since Leaf 's retirement , sportswriters and commentators have characterized subsequent drafted potential NFL quarterback flops as " the next Ryan Leaf " . In 2010 , the NFL Network listed Leaf as the number one NFL quarterback bust of all time , adding that the only good that came out of drafting Leaf for the Chargers is that it put the team in position to draft LaDainian Tomlinson , Drew Brees , and eventually ( after it initially appeared Brees himself would be a draft bust ) Philip Rivers . In lists of " Worst NFL Draft Picks Ever " compiled since 2010 , Leaf is always listed in either 1st or 2nd place , directly ahead of or only trailing JaMarcus Russell as the worst NFL draft pick of all time .
Deadspin ranked Leaf as the 6th worst NFL player of all time in 2011 , opining " To call Leaf a bust is unfair to the Blair Thomases and David Carrs of the world . "
More recently , Dish Network included Leaf in their " Biggest NFL Bust Bracket " where he was a " 1 Seed " along with fellow busts Jamarcus Russell , Tony Mandarich , and David Carr .
On February 4 , 2016 in an interview with Yahoo ! Sports , Leaf himself compared the problems of Cleveland Browns quarterback Johnny Manziel to his own , saying it was like " looking in the mirror " and that the only difference was that Leaf 's substance abuse problems happened after he retired . Leaf went on to state that Manziel is able to get the help he needs .
= = Life after football = =
After retiring from professional football , Leaf returned to San Diego and became a financial consultant . In 2004 , Leaf resumed his education at Washington State University and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in humanities in May 2005 . The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune reported that among his classes in the spring 2005 was a sports management course titled Media Relations .
He then joined Don Carthel 's West Texas A & M University staff as a volunteer quarterbacks coach in 2006 , commenting , " About a year after I retired from playing , I decided that I wanted to get back to college , where I had the greatest time of my life , and to get involved with college football . " He also admitted that he was unprepared for the NFL when he was drafted back in 1998 . In April 2008 , ESPN described Leaf as having come to terms with his past . He said at the time , " When playing football became a job , it lost its luster for me . I kind of got out of the spotlight , and life 's never been this good . "
But in November 2008 he was put on indefinite leave , and resigned the next day , from his coaching position at West Texas A & M for allegedly asking one of his players for a pill to help him deal with pain in his wrist from past injuries .
In October 2009 , he went to work in Vancouver , British Columbia as business @-@ development manager for a travel company .
In September 2010 , he began writing a regular column about Washington State University football for the website Cougfan.com. He wrote nine columns that football season and his work attracted a strong following among Washington State fans . In December 2010 , he signed a contract with Pullman , Washington @-@ based Crimson Oak Publishing to write no fewer than three memoirs . Crimson Oak describes its mission as publishing books with themes of " hope , possibility , and determination . " Crimson Oak released Leaf 's first book 596 Switch : The Improbable Journey from The Palouse to Pasadena in October 2011 . The book focuses on the 1997 Washington State football team that made the 1998 Rose Bowl .
= = Personal life = =
In 2001 , Leaf married Nicole Lucia , a Charger cheerleader and daughter of financial radio host Ray Lucia . They separated in November 2003 and eventually divorced .
His younger brother Brady was a backup quarterback and cornerback for the Oregon Ducks football team from 2003 to 2006 .
In September 2010 , the Associated Press reported that Leaf was spending time with his family in Montana .
In June 2011 , he had a benign tumor from his brainstem surgically removed .
= = = Legal troubles = = =
In May 2009 , Leaf was indicted on burglary and controlled @-@ substance charges in Texas . He was in a drug @-@ rehabilitation program in British Columbia at the time of the indictment , and was arrested by customs agents at the border on his return to the U.S as he was intending to fly to Texas to surrender on the indictment . However , his attorney Jeffrey A. Lustick successfully blocked the fugitive warrant extradition process , therefore legally allowing Leaf to go to Texas on his own . Lustick later successfully got the Washington fugitive action against Leaf dismissed with prejudice . On June 17 , he posted a $ 45 @,@ 000 bond in Washington state for the criminal charges in Texas . In April 2010 , he pleaded guilty in Amarillo , Texas to seven counts of obtaining a controlled substance by fraud and one count of delivery of a simulated controlled substance , all felonies . State District Judge John B. Board sentenced him to ten years of probation and fined him $ 20 @,@ 000 .
On March 30 , 2012 , he was arrested on burglary , theft and drug charges in his home town of Great Falls , Montana . Four days later he was arrested again on burglary , theft , and two counts of criminal possession of dangerous drugs . As part of a plea bargain on May 8 , 2012 , he pleaded guilty to one count of felony burglary and one count of criminal possession of a dangerous drug .
In late April 2012 , Texas authorities issued two arrest warrants for him and set his bond at $ 126 @,@ 000 .
On June 19 , 2012 , Leaf was sentenced to seven years in custody of the Montana Department of Corrections , with two years suspended if he abided by the conditions imposed by District Judge Kenneth Neil in Montana . He was to spend the first nine months of his sentence in a lockdown addiction treatment facility , Nexus Treatment Center in Lewistown , Montana . But on January 17 , 2013 , Leaf was remanded to Montana State Prison in Deer Lodge after being found guilty of " behavior that violated conditions of his drug treatment placement . " He was also accused of threatening a program staff member .
In May 2014 , Leaf was incarcerated at Crossroads Correctional Facility in Shelby , Montana .
On September 9 , 2014 , a Texas judge sentenced Leaf to five years ' imprisonment , giving credit for time spent in prison in Montana . According to ESPN , Leaf would not see further time in jail , but would also not be released from Montana prison . On December 3 , 2014 , Leaf was released from prison and placed under the supervision of Great Falls Probation and Parole .
= = Writing = =
Leaf , Ryan D. ( 2011 ) . 596 Switch : The Improbable Journey from The Palouse to Pasadena . Pullman , Washington : Crimson Oak Publishing . ISBN 0982950535 .
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