page
stringlengths 23
146k
|
|---|
= Wins ; L =
Losses ; ERA |
= Earned run average ; G =
Games pitched ; GS |
= Games started ; SV =
Saves ; IP |
= Innings pitched ; R =
Runs allowed ; ER |
= Earned runs allowed ; BB =
Walks allowed ; K = Strikeouts
= = Broadcasting = =
Over @-@ the @-@ air television returned to WPHL @-@ TV ( My PHL 17 ) for a three @-@ year period after a ten @-@ year stint at WPSG @-@ TV ( CW 57 ) , when the Phillies and the Tribune Broadcasting station signed a three @-@ year contract on November 19 , 2008 . This marks the third time the station has become the territorial flagship station , the first being from 1971 to 1982 — as the successor to WFIL @-@ TV Channel 6 ( now WPVI @-@ TV ) — and again from 1993 to 1998 . Between those dates , games were telecast by WTXF @-@ TV Channel 29 ( known as WTAF @-@ TV from 1983 through 1987 and prior to becoming a Fox – owned @-@ and @-@ operated station ) .
Tom McCarthy , Chris Wheeler , and Gary Matthews are the current members of the television broadcast team . McCarthy took over full @-@ time play @-@ by @-@ play duties from Harry Kalas after his death in mid @-@ April 2009 . Wheeler is the color commentator for the first and last three innings of each game , while Matthews does color commentary in the middle three innings . On the radio , Scott Franzke and Larry Andersen are the play @-@ by @-@ play and color commentators , respectively , for the English language broadcasts on WPHT @-@ AM ( 1210 ) , while Danny Martinez and Bill Kulik provide the Spanish language commentary on WUBA ( 1480 AM ) .
The Phillies ' postseason radio duties were split between the TV crew and the regular radio crew , while the television broadcasts on TBS were covered by Brian Anderson , Joe Simpson , and David Aldridge for the Division Series , and Chip Caray , Ron Darling , and Buck Martinez for the League Championship Series . The World Series broadcasters were Joe Buck and Tim McCarver on the Fox telecasts , and Joe Morgan and Jon Miller on ESPN Radio for the national broadcast .
= = Farm system = =
LEAGUE CHAMPIONS : Lakewood
|
= American Idiot ( musical ) =
American Idiot is a sung @-@ through stage adaptation of punk rock band Green Day 's rock opera , American Idiot . After a run at the Berkeley Repertory Theatre in 2009 , the show moved to the St. James Theatre on Broadway . Previews began on March 24 , 2010 and the play officially opened on April 20 , 2010 . The show closed on April 24 , 2011 after 422 performances . While Green Day did not appear in the production , vocalist / guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong performed the role of " St. Jimmy " occasionally throughout the run .
The story , expanded from that of the concept album , centers on three disaffected young men , Johnny , Will , and Tunny . Johnny and Tunny flee a stifling suburban lifestyle and parental restrictions , while Will stays home to work out his relationship with his pregnant girlfriend , Heather . The former pair look for meaning in life and try out the freedom and excitement of the city . Tunny quickly gives up on life in the city , joins the military , and is shipped off to war . Johnny turns to drugs and finds a part of himself that he grows to dislike , has a relationship and experiences lost love .
The book was written by Armstrong and director Michael Mayer . The music was composed by Green Day and the lyrics were by Armstrong . The score included all the songs from the original American Idiot album , as well as additional Green Day songs from other sources , such as the album 21st Century Breakdown , and unreleased songs originally recorded for the American Idiot musical .
The musical won two 2010 Tony Awards : Best Scenic Design of a Musical for Christine Jones , and Best Lighting Design of a Musical for Kevin Adams . It also received a nomination for Best Musical . In 2011 , its Broadway cast recording won a Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album .
= = Plot = =
Set in the recent past , the musical opens on a group of suburban youths living unhappily in " Jingletown , USA " and saturated with TV . Fed up with the state of the union , the company explodes in frustration ( " American Idiot " ) . One of the youths , Johnny ( " Jesus of Suburbia " ) , goes to commiserate with his friend Will . A third friend , Tunny , joins the two and they party until they run out of beer , prompting them to pick up more at the local 7 @-@ Eleven . Tunny soon exposes the do @-@ nothing go @-@ nowhere quicksand of their lives ( " City of the Damned " ) . They get riled up , and Johnny challenges his friends to engage ( " I Don 't Care " ) . Will 's girlfriend , Heather , soon makes an appearance . She is pregnant and doesn 't know what to do ( " Dearly Beloved " ) . Johnny borrows money and buys bus tickets to the city for the three young men , eager to escape suburbia . Before the boys are able to leave , Heather tells Will of her pregnancy . With no other choice , he stays home ( " Tales of Another Broken Home " ) . Johnny and Tunny depart for the city with a group of other jaded youths ( " Holiday " ) .
While Johnny wanders the city and pines for a woman he sees in an apartment window ( " Boulevard of Broken Dreams " ) , Tunny finds it hard to adjust to urban life and is seduced by a television ad for the army ( " Favorite Son " ) . Tunny realizes that his generation has been so numbed and apathetic that nothing , not even the bright lights of the city , will excite him ( " Are We the Waiting " ) . He enlists in the army .
A frustrated Johnny manifests a rebellious drug @-@ dealing alter ego called St. Jimmy , and injects heroin for the first time ( " St. Jimmy " ) . His newfound courage thanks to St. Jimmy and the drugs allow Johnny to make a successful move on the girl in the window . Back in Jingletown , Will sits on the couch as his girlfriend 's pregnancy progresses . He drinks beer and begs for a release . Meanwhile , Tunny is deployed to a war zone , and is soon shot and wounded ( " Give Me Novacaine " ) .
Johnny spends the night with the girl he saw in the window , whom he calls " Whatsername " . Johnny is smitten with Whatsername and wants to celebrate , but St. Jimmy has other plans for them ( " Last of the American Girls / She 's a Rebel " ) . Johnny and Whatsername go to a club , take drugs together , and have passionate sex . By this time , Will and Heather 's baby girl has been born , and Will is increasingly oblivious as Heather tenderly commits herself to her baby 's future ( " Last Night on Earth " ) .
Heather has had enough of Will 's pot @-@ and @-@ alcohol @-@ fueled apathy . Despite Will 's protestations , she takes the baby and walks out ( " Too Much , Too Soon " ) . Around the same time , lying in a bed in an army hospital ( " Before the Lobotomy " ) , Tunny falls victim to the hopelessness he has seen during wartime and hallucinates . He and his nurse engage in a balletic aerial dance ( " Extraordinary Girl " ) . He quickly falls in love with her . His hallucination disappears , and he 's left with his fellow soldiers in agony ( " Before the Lobotomy ( Reprise ) " ) .
Back in the city , Johnny reveals the depth of his love for Whatsername as she sleeps ( " When It 's Time " ) . The temptation of drugs , however , is too great ; Jimmy forces Johnny to become increasingly erratic , and he eventually threatens Whatsername ( and then himself ) with a knife ( " Know Your Enemy " ) . Whatsername attempts to talk about Johnny 's behavior , while the Extraordinary Girl dresses Tunny 's wounds and Will sits on the couch , once again alone ( " 21 Guns " ) . Johnny leaves a note for Whatsername , saying he has chosen Jimmy and drugs over her . Frightened and fed up , Whatsername tells Johnny that he is not the " Jesus of Suburbia " and reveals that St. Jimmy is nothing more than " a figment of [ his ] father 's rage and [ his ] mother 's love " ( " Letterbomb " ) . She leaves him .
Hurt by Whatsername 's departure , Johnny longs for better days ahead , Tunny longs for home , and Will longs for all the things he 's lost ( " Wake Me Up When September Ends " ) . St. Jimmy appears and makes one last attempt to get Johnny 's attention , but that part of Johnny has died , resulting in the metaphorical suicide of St. Jimmy ( " The Death of St. Jimmy " ) . Johnny cleans up and gets a desk job but soon realizes there is no place for him in the city ( " East 12th Street " ) . Will , all alone with his television , bemoans his outcast state ( " Nobody Likes You " ) . As he finally gets up off the couch , Heather appears with her new show @-@ off rockstar boyfriend ( " Rock and Roll Girlfriend " ) . Will heads to the 7 @-@ Eleven to get away from them and , surprisingly , finds Johnny there . Johnny had sold his guitar for a bus ticket home . Tunny returns from the war zone ( as an amputee ) with the Extraordinary Girl . As Tunny introduces his friends to the Extraordinary Girl , Johnny becomes furious with him for leaving the group , but quickly forgives him and the three friends embrace . Heather and her boyfriend arrive . In an uneasy truce , she gives the baby to Will . Other friends show up to greet the three men they haven 't seen in a year ( " We 're Coming Home Again " ) . One year later , Johnny laments that he lost the love of his life , but he accepts that he can live inside the struggle between rage and love that has defined his life . With this acceptance comes the possibility of hope ( " Whatsername " ) .
After the cast takes their bows , the curtain rises to reveal the entire company with guitars , with which they perform the song " Good Riddance ( Time of Your Life ) " . Each performance of this song was recorded and given to the audience as a free digital download .
= = Characters and cast members = =
The principal cast members of the major productions of American Idiot .
= = Background = =
In 2000 , Green Day released the album Warning . Village Voice music critic Robert Christgau compared Warning to the band 's previous album ( Nimrod ) , and noted that " [ Billie Joe Armstrong is ] abandoning the first person . He 's assuming fictional personas . And he 's creating for himself the voice of a thinking left @-@ liberal . " Christgau also detected " a faint whiff " of the work of the theatrical composer / lyricist team of Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht . The trend of writing in the third person came to fruition with Green Day 's next studio album , American Idiot in 2004 . The first new song Green Day wrote was the single " American Idiot " .
One day , bassist Mike Dirnt was in the studio recording a 30 @-@ second song by himself . Armstrong decided that he wanted to do the same , and drummer Tré Cool followed suit . Armstrong recalled , " It started getting more serious as we tried to outdo one another . We kept connecting these little half @-@ minute bits until we had something . " This musical suite became " Homecoming " , and the group subsequently wrote another suite , " Jesus of Suburbia " .
Green Day made the record an album @-@ long conceptual piece which was a response to the realities of the post @-@ 9 / 11 era . The band took inspiration from the concept records by The Who , sources in the musical theater repertoire like The Rocky Horror Show and West Side Story , and the concept album @-@ cum @-@ stage musical Jesus Christ , Superstar . Armstrong also said the band intended " that it would be staged or we 'd create a film or something ... we were thinking in terms that it kind of felt like scoring a movie . "
Director Michael Mayer heard the album and expressed an interest in adapting it for the stage . When he approached the band regarding a collaboration , they agreed to work with him . The band also gave Mayer a wide latitude for his adaptation after seeing his earlier work in Spring Awakening . Though additional songs were included from the Green Day catalog , Mayer added very little dialogue to the show . He felt instead that the music and lyrics were expressive enough on their own , and even removed some of the dialogue that was part of the Berkeley production before the show moved to Broadway .
= = Production history = =
= = = Berkeley ( 2009 ) = = =
The musical premiered at the Berkeley Repertory Theatre . Previews began on September 4 , 2009 and the official opening was on September 15 , 2009 . After becoming the top @-@ grossing show in the theatre 's history , the producers extended the limited run twice to November 15 , 2009 . The cast included John Gallagher Jr. as Johnny , Matt Caplan as Tunny , Michael Esper as Will , Tony Vincent as St. Jimmy , Rebecca Naomi Jones as Whatsername , Mary Faber as Heather , and Christina Sajous as the Extraordinary Girl .
= = = Broadway ( 2010 – 2011 ) = = =
The musical transferred to the St. James Theatre on Broadway , with previews beginning on March 24 , 2010 . It officially opened on April 20 , 2010 . The cast for the Berkeley Repertory production was retained for the Broadway production , with the exception of Caplan , who was replaced by Stark Sands . It was rumored that the show cost between $ 8 million and $ 10 million to produce . After six months of performances , the show was " still a ways off from possibly turning a profit " according to a The New York Times report . As a part of the promotion for the show , the cast performed at the Grammy Awards on January 31 , 2010 with Green Day .
Tom Kitt was the music supervisor and orchestrator for both the Berkeley and Broadway productions . The lead producers for the show were Ira Pittelman and Tom Hulce . Vivek Tiwary was another producer . The creative team for the show was largely the same as for the musical adaptation of Spring Awakening : director Michael Mayer , scenic designer Christine Jones and lighting designer Kevin Adams . Steven Hoggett was the choreographer , Andrea Lauer was the costume designer and Brian Ronan was the sound designer .
Green Day 's Billie Joe Armstrong played the role of St. Jimmy from September 28 to October 3 , 2010 . Ticket sales for the week Armstrong performed were up 77 % , average ticket prices increased 22 % , and gross sales increased 127 % from the previous week 's totals . The singer @-@ songwriter filled in for Tony Vincent who took time off for personal matters . Armstrong made another 50 appearances as St. Jimmy between January 1 and February 27 , 2011.Melissa Etheridge played the part of St. Jimmy on Broadway from February 1 – 6 , 2011 , and Davey Havok took the role from March 1 – 15 , 2011 .
Following Armstrong 's departure from the cast , the show experienced weak sales . The Broadway production closed on April 24 , 2011 after 27 previews and 421 performances . Armstrong returned to the role of St. Jimmy for the final three weeks . The show 's cast recording won the 2011 Grammy Award for Best Musical Show Album .
= = = International Tour ( 2011 – 2014 ) = = =
American Idiot toured North America beginning on December 28 , 2011 , in Toronto , Canada . The original national tour cast included Van Hughes reprising his role as Johnny , Jake Epstein as Will , Scott J. Campbell as Tunny , Leslie McDonel as Heather , Gabrielle McClinton as Whatsername , Nicci Claspell as The Extraordinary Girl , and Broadway alumnus Joshua Kobak as St. Jimmy . A non @-@ Equity second U.S. tour launched in the late summer of 2012 .
A UK and Ireland tour visited Manchester , Southampton , Cardiff , Edinburgh , Glasgow , Dublin , Birmingham and London later in 2012 . The cast included Alex Nee as Johnny , Casey O 'Farrell as Will , Thomas Hettrick as Tunny , Kennedy Caughell as Heather , Alyssa DiPalma as Whatsername , Jenna Rubaii as The Extraordinary Girl , and Trent Saunders as St. Jimmy . It started on October 9 , 2012 in Southampton and ended on December 16 , 2012 at HMV Hammersmith Apollo in London . A second US tour began performances in Norfolk , Virginia on January 25 , 2013 with the UK touring cast . It ended Las Vegas , Nevada on June 16 , 2013 .
On August 7 , 2013 , American Idiot made its debut in Tokyo , Japan , and a few weeks later on September 5 , it made its South Korean debut in Seoul . Sean Michael Murray took over the role of Johnny , Mariah MacFarlane took over as Heather , and Daniel C. Jackson took over as St. Jimmy .
The third US national tour cast included Jared Nepute as Johnny , Casey O 'Farrell as Will , Dan Tracy as Tunny , Mariah MacFarlane as Heather , Olivia Puckett as Whatsername , Taylor Jones as Extraordinary Girl , and Daniel C. Jackson as St. Jimmy . On January 16 , 2014 , Carson Higgins , who had previously been a part of the non @-@ equity / UK tour , took over the role of St. Jimmy , after Daniel C. Jackson left the show . The tour ended on May 25 , 2014 .
= = = Malmö ( 2015 ) = = =
American Idiot 's Scandinavian premiere at the Malmö Opera from February to April 2015 was a new production of the musical . It was the first official production not to be directed by Michael Mayer . The songs were performed in English but the dialogue was spoken in Swedish .
= = = West End ( 2015 ) = = =
A production opened in 2015 at the Arts Theatre in the West End in 2015 . The cast includes Amelia Lily as Whatsername , Aaron Sidwell as Johnny , Alexis Gerred as Tunny , Steve Rushton as Will and Lucas Rush as St. Jimmy The show was produced by Sell a Door Theatre Company Directed and Choreographed by Racky Plews
It was announced in April 2016 that the production will return to the Arts Theatre for the Summer 2016 after a UK tour concluding in Belfast early July 2016 . For the tour , Newton Faulkner joined the cast as Johnny .
= = = Rio de Janeiro ( 2017 ) = = =
A production will open in Rio de Janeiro on January 2017 .
= = Musical numbers = =
The show features all of the songs from the album American Idiot , some B @-@ tracks and a few of the songs from Green Day 's 21st Century Breakdown . The show also features an onstage band .
" American Idiot " – Company
" Jesus of Suburbia "
" Jesus of Suburbia " – Johnny and Will
" City of the Damned " – Tunny , Johnny , Will , & Company
" I Don 't Care " – Johnny , Will , Tunny , & Company
" Dearly Beloved " – Heather & Men
" Tales of Another Broken Home " – Johnny , Will , Tunny , Heather , & Company
" Holiday " – Johnny , Tunny , Theo , & Company
" Boulevard of Broken Dreams " – Johnny , Whatsername , Tunny , & Men
" Favorite Son " – Favorite Son & Women
" Are We the Waiting " – Tunny , Favorite Son , & Company
" St. Jimmy " – Johnny , Miguel , Declan , Theo , St. Jimmy , & Company
" Give Me Novacaine " – Will , Tunny , & Company
" Last of the American Girls / She 's a Rebel " – Johnny , Whatsername , Gerard , Chase , St. Jimmy , & Company
" Last Night on Earth " – St. Jimmy , Whatsername , Heather , & Company
" Too Much Too Soon " – Theo , Alysha , Will , & Heather
" Before the Lobotomy " – Tunny , Joshua , Ben , & Chase
" Extraordinary Girl " – Extraordinary Girl , Tunny , & Company
" Before the Lobotomy ( Reprise ) " – Tunny , Joshua , Ben , & Chase
" When It 's Time " – Johnny
" Know Your Enemy " – St. Jimmy , Will , Johnny , & Company
" 21 Guns " – Whatsername , Extraordinary Girl , Heather , Tunny , Johnny , Will , & Company
" Letterbomb " – Whatsername & Women
" Wake Me Up When September Ends " – Johnny , Will , Tunny , & Company
" Homecoming "
" The Death of St. Jimmy " – St. Jimmy & Johnny
" East 12th St. " – Johnny , Theo , Gerard , & Company
" Nobody Likes You " – Will & Company
" Rock and Roll Girlfriend " – Miguel , Heather , Will , & Company
" We 're Coming Home Again " – Johnny , Tunny , Will , & Company
" Whatsername " – Johnny & Company
" Good Riddance ( Time of Your Life ) " – Company ( Curtain call )
Green Day re @-@ released the single " 21 Guns " with the musical cast on Spinner.com on December 3 , 2009 . This version features Billie Joe Armstrong , together with Christina Sajous , Rebecca Naomi Jones , Mary Faber and Stark Sands , with backup from the rest of American Idiot cast . Another version was released with John Gallagher , Jr . , Michael Esper , and Sands singing the parts that Armstrong had previously sung . Green Day and the cast of the musical also performed the song at the 2010 Grammy Awards on January 31 , 2010 .
The original cast recording of the musical was released on April 20 , 2010 . The cast album includes all the songs featured in the musical plus a brand new recording of " When It 's Time " by Green Day . The album won Best Musical Show Album at the 53rd Annual Grammy Awards .
= = Critical reception = =
Reviews for the Berkeley Repertory Theatre production were mixed . Charles McNulty of Los Angeles Times called the show " kinetically entertaining in a way that intentionally reflects the shallow , media @-@ saturated culture the album rails against " . Karen D 'Souza of San Jose Mercury News called the production " a thrashing collage of songs fused together with hypnotic movement and eye @-@ popping visuals " and thought the show " as compelling as it is abstract [ and ] channels the grungy spirit of punk while also plucking at the heartstrings . " However , Jim Harrington of the Oakland Tribune compared the show unfavorably to the original album , writing : " [ what ] once was a fine Gouda , has been prepackaged as Velveeta " , and continued sarcastically , " In other words , it should do big business on Broadway . " Charles Isherwood of The New York Times commented that the show contained " characters who lack much in the way of emotional depth or specificity , and plotlines that are simple to the point of crudity " but also felt that " the show possesses a stimulating energy and a vision of wasted youth that holds us in its grip . "
Isherwood 's review for the Broadway production was enthusiastic . He called the show " a pulsating portrait of wasted youth that invokes all the standard genre conventions ... only to transcend them through the power of its music and the artistry of its execution , the show is as invigorating and ultimately as moving as anything I ’ ve seen on Broadway this season . Or maybe for a few seasons past . " Jed Gottlieb of the Boston Herald enjoyed the premise of the show but found that " the music and message suffer in a setting where the audience is politely , soberly seated " . Michael Kuchwara of the Associated Press found the show to be " visually striking [ and ] musically adventurous " , but noted that " the show has the barest wisp of a story and minimal character development " . Paul Kolnik in USA Today enjoyed the contradiction that Green Day 's " massively popular , starkly disenchanted album ... would be the feel @-@ good musical of the season " . Time magazine 's Richard Zoglin opined that the score " is as pure a specimen of contemporary punk rock as Broadway has yet encountered [ yet ] there 's enough variety .... Where the show fall short is as a fully developed narrative . " He concluded that " American Idiot , despite its earnest huffing and puffing , remains little more than an annotated rock concert .... Still , [ it ] deserves at least two cheers – for its irresistible musical energy and for opening fresh vistas for that odd couple , rock and Broadway . " Peter Travers from Rolling Stone wrote , " Though American Idiot carries echoes of such rock musicals as Tommy , Hair , Rent and Spring Awakening , it cuts its own path to the heart . You won ’ t know what hit you . American Idiot knows no limits — it 's a global knockout . "
Reviews of the West End production were generally positive . Rachel Ward of The Telegraph gave it four out of five stars , calling " 90 minutes of uninterrupted chaos " . Kate Stanbury from Official London Theatre summarized , " Chaotic , intense and pulsating with legendary Green Day hits , a trip to this Tony Award @-@ winning musical may just give you the time of your life . " Paul Taylor of The Independent also gave four out of five stars , praising director and choreographer Racky Plews for making " a sharp @-@ witted version that throbs with some of the energy of a rock gig ( if minus the feeling of unpredictability ) while being shrewdly calibrated to suit the intimacy of the 350 @-@ seater Arts Theatre . "
= = Awards and nominations = =
American Idiot won a total of 5 awards . At a meeting of the Tony Administration Committee on April 30 , 2010 , the score of American Idiot was deemed ineligible for a Tony Award for Best Original Score nomination because less than 50 % of it was written for the stage production .
= = = Broadway production = = =
= = Broadway attendances , performances , and gross receipts = =
The following is a month @-@ by @-@ month breakdown of sales , attendance , and performance data for the production at the 1 @,@ 709 @-@ capacity St. James Theatre .
= = Film adaptation = =
In 2011 , Tom Hanks and his production company Playtone optioned the musical to create a film version , and Universal Pictures began initial negotiations to distribute . Michael Mayer , who directed the Broadway production , was named as director , with Green Day and Hanks as producers . Dustin Lance Black was initially hired to adapt the screenplay from the musical for the film . Billie Joe Armstrong was asked to star as St. Jimmy , and the film was proposed for a 2013 release . Armstrong later posted on his Twitter account that he hadn 't " totally committed " to the role but was interested in it .
In 2013 , at a screening of Broadway Idiot , Mayer confirmed that the film adaptation was still happening , but production was unknown due to " Hollywood bullshit " . In March 2014 , playwright Rolin Jones told the Hartford Courant that he was writing a new screenplay for the film . Comparing it to the musical , Jones said , " The idea is to get it a little dirtier and a little nastier and translate it into visual terms . There 's not going to be a lot of dialogue and it probably should be a little shorter , too . After that , it just takes its ' movie time ' in getting done " . He expected to finish it by the end of the month .
= = Broadway Idiot = =
On January 23 , 2013 , it was announced that a documentary showing Armstrong 's journey from punk rock to Broadway was to be released . Called Broadway Idiot and showing a lot of behind @-@ the @-@ scenes of the musical production , the movie was directed by Doug Hamilton , veteran television journalist for CBS News ' 60 Minutes and PBS documentaries such as Nova , Frontline and American Masters . A trailer was released on January 30 , 2013 . The documentary premiered at the South by Southwest Film Festival on March 15 , 2013 . On October 11 , 2013 , it was released in some theaters and on video on demand by FilmBuff .
Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 63 % of critics gave the film a positive review based on 19 reviews , with an average score of 5 @.@ 8 / 10 . On Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics , the film has a score of 51 ( citing " mixed or average reviews " ) based on 14 reviews .
|
= Boy Meets Curl =
" Boy Meets Curl " is the twelfth episode of The Simpsons ' twenty @-@ first season . It aired on the Fox network in the United States on February 14 , 2010 . In this episode , Homer and Marge Simpson form a mixed curling team with Agnes and Seymour Skinner , which is chosen to play in the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver . Meanwhile , Lisa begins collecting pins shaped like Olympic mascots , but her obsession soon turns to desperation .
With the Winter Olympics being held in Canada , the writers wanted an Olympic @-@ themed episode that could air during the Games . The script was written by Rob LaZebnik , who considered having the plot revolve around Homer competing in four @-@ man bobsled . However , he decided a curling episode would allow for the plot to revolve around Homer and Marge . In order to try to make the depiction of curling in the episode accurate , the writers visited a curling club and tried the sport themselves . They also consulted with a number of curlers . The episode was directed by Chuck Sheetz , while sportscaster Bob Costas guest @-@ starred in the episode .
Airing during the Olympics , the episode was watched by 5 @.@ 87 million viewers and had a Nielsen rating of 2 @.@ 6 . The episode received positive reviews from critics , and CTV Olympics reported that Olympic curlers largely enjoyed the episode .
= = Plot = =
Marge and Homer 's plans for a romantic date night fall through when Homer is forced to stay longer than expected at the Springfield Nuclear Power Plant to fix a leak in one of the plant 's nuclear processing pipes . Looking for a romantic activity after walking out of a movie starring Ben Affleck , they find an ice rink and decide to do some skating . However , they are unable to rent skates because it is curling night . They decide to try it and discover their innate talent for the sport — particularly Marge , who has years of experience sweeping floors . Agnes and Seymour Skinner notice and invite Marge and Homer to join their mixed @-@ doubles team . It is announced that mixed @-@ doubles has been added to the Winter Olympics as a demonstration sport , and the Skinner @-@ Simpson team qualifies for the United States curling trials . Agnes cautions Marge not to let emotions get in the way of winning , relating how a fetal kick by an unborn Seymour foiled her chances at winning gold in pole vault at the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki . At the trials , Marge 's talented sweeping earns the team a win and a trip to the Winter Olympics in Vancouver .
Meanwhile , at the trials , Lisa is given an Olympic mascot pin . Lisa puts it on her shirt and decides it " looks lonely " and buys another , but her interest in them quickly spirals out of control . The Simpsons arrive in Vancouver , where Agnes insists that Homer be cut from the team . Marge insists she can compensate for his weak throws , but she injures her right shoulder while sweeping to secure a win in the semifinals . She is told that she will never curl again and that the American team must forfeit the gold @-@ medal match to Sweden . Lisa 's pin collection grows , and when she runs out of money , she trades her pearl necklace to a vendor in exchange for a pin from the 1924 Winter Olympics in Chamonix , France . Bart discovers Lisa busking on a street corner , having relinquished her dress in favour of wearing her pins at all times , and offers to help her kick her pin @-@ collecting addiction . Cutting the lower portion of Homer 's face from his driver 's license and making it into a pin , Bart creates " Fatov " , a phony mascot for the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi , Russia . He trades the pin to the vendor in exchange for Lisa 's necklace .
As Marge prepares to leave Vancouver , she reveals to Homer that she is left @-@ handed , but has always used her right hand to avoid seeming unusual ( due to years of using her right hand , it renders her cross @-@ dominant ) . She has enough dexterity to change Maggie 's diaper and dress her one @-@ handed . They return to the rink just in time to stop Seymour from forfeiting the match and go on to defeat Sweden for the gold . Agnes softens her attitude of unyielding contempt toward her son after he breaks his broom and has to drop out , and Marge and Homer agree that they had a great date night .
= = Production = =
With the 2010 Winter Olympics occurring in Vancouver , the writers wanted an Olympics @-@ themed episode that could air during the Games . The script was written by Rob LaZebnik — his fourth writing credit — , who originally considered having the plot revolve around Homer competing in four @-@ man bobsled . However , he decided a curling episode would allow for the plot to revolve around Homer and Marge and explore the issues of spouses competing together . The writers used some artistic license , because although curling is an Olympic sport , mixed @-@ doubles , which is featured in the episode , is not an Olympic event . However , in the episode , it is explained that the event is being held as a demonstration sport . Curling had previously been shown in the season 13 episode " The Bart Wants What It Wants " , when the family visits Toronto . In order to try to make the depiction of curling in the episode accurate , the writers visited a curling club and tried the sport themselves . They also consulted with four @-@ time American mixed curling champions Brady and Cristin Clark , as well as Rick Patzke , the chief operating officer of the United States Curling Association , who felt that the writers took a " genuine interest " in the sport .
On the issue of whether competitive curlers would be offended by the episode , LaZebnik said " When you hear The Simpsons is going to do their take on your sport , you naturally get a little alarmed , But we ended up being respectful I would say , even , surprisingly respectful . Both Homer and Marge take it seriously . " Some curlers , including the Clarks and Patzke , felt that the exposure the sport received was beneficial . Cristin Clark said " Although Homer Simpson probably isn 't the ideal athlete I would want to see representing our sport , I just think it 's great exposure . " Canadian curler Randy Ferbey , a four @-@ time world champion , said " I 'm sure they 're going to somehow make a mockery of it like they do every other thing , but I think you need to take it with a grain of salt . It brings attention to our sport and I think it 's wonderful . The more curling on TV , whether it 's in an animated form or real form , the better . "
Sportscaster Bob Costas guest @-@ starred in the episode as a caricature of himself .
= = Cultural references = =
Homer 's speech before he and Marge begin curling is a parody of the St Crispin 's Day speech from Kenneth Branagh 's version of Henry V. Across the street from the Olympic curling trials are the " National Curly trials " , in reference to Curly Howard from The Three Stooges . The Medicine Woman who appeared in The Simpsons Movie appears in the streets of Vancouver , and Homer refers to her as his former therapist . The opening ceremonies in the episode are directed by Ivan Reitman , described by announcer Bob Costas as Canada 's " most famous director " . During the parade of athletes , nations are called to the tune of the theme song from Ghostbusters , which was directed by Reitman .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " Boy Meets Curl " was viewed by 5 @.@ 87 million viewers and got a Nielsen rating of 2 @.@ 6 , with a 7 % share of the audience . The episode came in third in its timeslot , but was the second @-@ most viewed show on the Animation Domination lineup after Family Guy .
The episode received positive reviews . Robert Canning of IGN gave the episode an 8 @.@ 4 / 10 saying it was " Impressive " and " With or without the timeliness of the story and setting , ' Boy Meets Curl ' was a fast and funny episode certain to be a highlight of the season " . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A , the best grade of the night , saying " Simpsons was one of their best episodes in a long time , and it continues a season that 's had some pretty good episodes overall . I wouldn 't put this on The Simpsons ' top tier , but I think it 's definitely on that next tier down , episodes that maybe don 't have the most original plots but do have solid jokes throughout . Even the Bart and Lisa B @-@ plot , involving Lisa getting a sudden addiction to Olympic pin collecting , starts out kind of bland and gets better and better as Lisa 's jones grows . " Jason Hughes of the TV Squad gave the episode a positive review as well saying " All in all , it was a weird time out of Springfield this week , with some highlight moments sprinkled throughout " . Steve Tilley of the Toronto Sun wrote " Sure , the episode was probably funnier for Canadians and curlers ( and maybe Harry Potter fans ) than anyone else , but it did prove Homer has got a bit of meteorological , psychic in him : ' Pack your winter coat , we 're going to Canada 's warmest city ! ' "
Bob Costas received praise for his appearance , particularly for his line " This is the sort of bittersweet melodrama Olympic coverage feeds on . I admit , we 're vampires who suck on shattered dreams . " Jason Hughes of TV Squad called the line " about as accurate a description [ of Olympic broadcasters ] as I 've ever seen . "
CTV Olympics reported that Olympic curlers largely enjoyed the episode . American men 's team coach Phill Drobnick said " The team watched it together and we gave it two thumbs up , they did a great job and it was reaching out to a new audience for our sport , so that 's always great for us too . " American team alternate Chris Plys said " They didn 't make a mockery of the sport , which is nice . Curling catches a lot of abuse . "
|
= Operation Postmaster =
Operation Postmaster was a British special operation conducted on the Spanish island of Fernando Po , now known as Bioko , off West Africa in the Gulf of Guinea , during the Second World War . The mission was carried out by the Small Scale Raiding Force ( SSRF ) and the Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) in January 1942 . Their objective was to board the Italian and German ships in the harbour and sail them to Lagos . The SSRF under the command of Major Gus March @-@ Phillipps left Britain in August 1941 and sailed the Brixham trawler , Maid Honor , to the Spanish colony .
The British authorities in the area refused to support the raid , which they considered a breach of Spanish neutrality . Permission for the operation to go ahead eventually came from the Foreign Office in London . On 14 January 1942 , while the ships ' officers were attending a party arranged by an SOE agent , the commandos entered the port aboard two tugs , overpowered the ships ' crews and sailed off with the ships , including the Italian merchant vessel Duchessa d 'Aosta . The raid boosted SOE 's reputation at a critical time and demonstrated its ability to plan and conduct secret operations no matter the political consequences .
= = Background = =
In 1941 the British Admiralty started receiving reports that German submarines were using the rivers in Vichy French parts of Africa as a base for refuelling . The unit selected to investigate the reports was the Small Scale Raiding Force ( SSRF ) also known as No. 62 Commando . The SSRF was formed in 1941 , and consisted of a small group of 55 commando @-@ trained personnel working with the Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) . While being under operational control of Combined Operations Headquarters , No. 62 Commando itself was under the command Major Gustavus Henry March @-@ Phillipps , usually called Gus March @-@ Phillipps .
Maid Honor , a 65 ton Brixham yacht trawler , left Poole harbour on 9 August 1941 , bound for West Africa . The five man crew were under the command of March @-@ Phillipps . The remainder of the SSRF under the command of Captain Geoffrey Appleyard had departed earlier aboard a troop transport ship . On 20 September 1941 after six weeks under sail Maid Honor arrived at Freetown , Sierra Leone . Freetown was the agreed rendezvous for both groups , Appleyard 's party having arrived at the end of August . After Maid Honor 's arrival in Freetown the search for the German submarine bases started . Sailing into the many rivers and deltas in the area , they failed to locate any submarines or evidence of a submarine base .
SOE maintained a presence in West Africa , where it could observe Vichy French , Spanish and Portuguese territories with the intention of identifying and hindering any activities that threatened Britain 's colonial possessions . While the commandos were searching for the German submarine bases SOE agents had become aware of three vessels in the port of Santa Isabel on the Spanish island of Fernando Po 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) off the coast of Africa near the borders of Nigeria and the Guinea .
The three ships were the Italian 8 @,@ 500 ton Merchant vessel Duchessa d 'Aosta , the second a large German tug Likomba , the third a diesel @-@ powered barge Bibundi . Duchessa d 'Aosta had a working radio which was considered a threat , with the potential to provide details of Allied naval movements . Her declared cargo was 3 million pounds of wool , 316 @,@ 610 pounds of hides and skins , 1 @.@ 3 million pounds of tanning materials , 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 pounds of copra , 544 @,@ 660 pounds of crude asbestos fibre and over 1 @.@ 1 million ingots of electrolytic copper . The first page of the ship 's cargo manifest , was not presented to the port authorities and the ship 's Captain refused to provide them with any details , which led to speculation it was also carrying arms or ammunition . In his visits to the island , SOE agent Leonard Guise kept the ships under observation , and in August 1941 submitted a plan to seize Likomba and disable Duchessa d 'Aosta . Approval for the military operation in a neutral port was given by the Admiralty on 20 November 1941 .
To transport the raiders to the island , two tugs , Vulcan and Nuneaton , were provided by the Governor of Nigeria , Sir Bernard Bourdillon . The raiding force would consist of 32 men , four SOE agents , 11 commandos from the SSRF and 17 men recruited from the local population to crew the two tugs . The mission suffered a blow when the British General Officer Commanding ( GOC ) West Africa Command , General Sir George Giffard refused to support the mission and would not release the 17 men required , stating it would compromise some unnamed plans he had in mind and the act of piracy would have repercussions . Responding to the concerns of the GOC West Africa , the Admiralty suspended the operation . The Foreign Office was also not in favour of the operation , and neither was the British Embassy in Madrid , which was concerned about the possible reactions of the Spanish government . The final go ahead , eventually supported by the Foreign Office , was not given until 6 January 1942 , on the grounds that suspicion of British involvement in the raid was inevitable ; what counted was the avoidance of any tangible proof . As a safeguard the Admiralty also dispatched HMS Violet , a Flower class corvette , to intercept the vessels at sea , which would provide the cover story that they had been intercepted while trying to make their way home to Europe .
= = Mission = =
SOE agent Richard Lippett had obtained employment with the shipping company John Holt & Co ( Liverpool ) , which had business offices on the island . Having taken up the post he started to make preparations for the raid . He became aware that the crew of Duchessa d 'Aosta were in the habit of accepting invitations to parties ashore and had held their own party aboard ship on 6 January 1942 . Under the guise of a party @-@ goer Lippett managed to gain information about the readiness of the ship for sea , crew numbers , and the watch arrangements .
The raiders left Lagos in their two tugs on the morning of 11 January 1942 , and while en route they practised lowering Folbots and boarding ships at sea under the command of Captain Graham Hayes . They approached Santa Isabel harbour and at 23 : 15 and 23 : 30 hours on 14 January 1942 ; both tugs were in position 180 metres ( 590 ft ) outside of the harbour . Onshore , Lippett had arranged for the officers from Duchessa d 'Aosta to be invited to a dinner party . Twelve Italian officers and two German officers from Likomba also attended .
The boarding parties assembled on the decks of the two tugs as they entered the harbour . Vulcan , with March @-@ Phillipps and his second in command Appleyard on board , headed for Duchessa d 'Aosta . As they approached , a few men could be seen on the after deck of the merchant vessel , but they seemed to take no notice of the tug other than to shine a torch in its direction . At the same time , Folbots under the command of Hayes from Nuneaton , were being paddled towards Likomba and Burundi , which were moored together . Challenged by a watchman on Burundi , they persuaded him with their reply that it was the ship 's captain coming back on board . The men from the canoes boarded Burundi and the two man crew on watch jumped overboard . After planting explosive charges on the anchor chain , the commandos guided Nuneaton alongside Likomba to take her and the Burundi in tow .
As soon as they were ready , the charges were blown and Nuneaton started to tow Likomba out of the harbour . Aboard Duchessa d 'Aosta , 11 men had managed to get aboard from Vulcan ; while one group planted charges on the anchor chains , another searched below decks collecting prisoners . Blowing the anchor chains , Vulcan started to tow Duchessa d 'Aosta out of the harbour . The explosions had alerted the population of the town , who started to gather on the pier , but no attempts were made to stop the ships from leaving . Several anti @-@ aircraft emplacements opened fire at imaginary targets , believing the explosions to have been caused by an aerial attack , but the six @-@ inch guns protecting the harbour itself remained silent . From entering the harbour to leaving with the ships under tow , the operation had taken 30 minutes , without any losses to the raiding party .
Out at sea on 15 January 1942 , March @-@ Phillipps established a routine of watches and placed guards on the 29 prisoners they had taken . During the evening they started to have trouble with the tugs ' engines and the tow ropes to the captured vessels . The next day Vulcan reached the location for the rendezvous and was " captured " at sea by HMS Violet . Nuneaton , suffering from engine trouble , managed to contact the Nigerian collier Ilorin by semaphore , which in turn contacted Lagos , and a ship was dispatched to tow them into port .
= = Aftermath = =
The Special Operations Executive had now demonstrated their ability to undertake operations , no matter the political consequences . Hugh Dalton , the government minister in charge of SOE , informed British Prime Minister Winston Churchill of the outcome of the raid . He also stated his belief that ... " other neutral governments would be impressed that Britain would if needed disregard the legal formalities of war in their efforts to succeed . " The agent in charge of SOE Africa station submitted a report to the head of SOE Colin Gubbins reflecting on the success of Postmaster : " perhaps next time it will not be necessary for prolonged negotiations before undertaking a 30 minute operation . "
The Spanish government was furious about the raid , which was seen as a breach of the country 's neutrality . The foreign minister Serrano Suner described the operation as an :
intolerable attack on our sovereignty , no Spaniard can fail to be roused by this act of piracy committed in defiance of every right and within water under our jurisdiction . Do not be surprised , if we return the answer which the case demands — that of arms .
In Germany radio stations reported that a ... " British destroyer had entered the harbour and dropped depth charges to blow up the anchor cables and the ship 's crew were shot " and the 21 January 1942 edition of Völkischer Beobachter published an article with the headline " British Denials – Admiralty Lies on Act of Piracy " . British Naval Intelligence , under advice from Commander Ian Fleming , issued their own communique :
In view of the German allegations that Allied naval forces have executed a cutting @-@ out operation against Axis ships in the Spanish port of Santa Isabel , Fernando Po , the British Admiralty considers it necessary to state that no British or Allied ship was in the vicinity ... As a result ... of the German Broadcast , the British Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief dispatched reconnaissance patrols to cover the area . A report has now been received that a large unidentified vessel has been sighted , and British naval vessels are proceeding to the spot to make investigations . "
The details of the raid were being kept secret even from the British Chiefs of Staff , who were only informed on 18 January 1942 , that Duchessa d 'Aosta had been intercepted 230 miles ( 370 km ) offshore and was being taken to Lagos .
On Fernando Po itself , Richard Lippett , who had remained on the island , was taken in for questioning by the Spanish authorities on 17 January 1942 . He managed to persuade them he had had nothing to do with the departure of the ships , nor had he spent any money on the party for the ships ' officers . He was released from custody on 27 January 1942 , but was refused permission to leave the island . He finally left secretly by canoe , arriving in British territory on 1 March 1942 . In the aftermath of the operation , Maid Honor was left in Lagos and eventually sold to the Sierra Leone government as a converted trawler . Duchess d 'Aosta was sailed to Greenock and then managed by Canadian Pacific as the Empire Yukon for the Ministry of War Transport . Limkomba was managed by the Elder Dempster Lines , who renamed it Malakel in 1947 and then sold it to Liberia in 1948 .
After the raid March @-@ Phillipps was awarded the Distinguished Service Order , Hayes was awarded the Military Cross , and Appleyard a Bar to his Military Cross ; Lippett and Guise were each appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire . Another commando , and the only professional sailor on the raid , Private Anders Lassen , was the first man to board Duchessa d 'Aosta . For conspicuous efficiency in getting the ship under way , Lassen was given a commission in the field , and the immediate award of the Military Cross .
March @-@ Phillipps was killed during Operation Aquatint in September 1942 . On the same mission , Hayes evaded capture and crossed the Spanish border , only to be handed over to the Germans who kept him in solitary confinement for nine months before he was executed by firing squad on 13 July 1943 . Appleyard later joined the Special Air Service , and on the same day that Hayes was executed Appleyard was reported missing when his plane failed to return from a mission . Lassen would also join the Special Air Service ; he was awarded two bars to his MC and promoted to major before receiving a posthumous Victoria Cross in Italy in 1945 .
|
= Zesh Rehman =
Zeshan " Zesh " Rehman ( Urdu : ذيشان رحمان ; born 14 October 1983 ) is a British @-@ Pakistani professional footballer who plays for Pahang FA now called Pahang FC in the Malaysia Super League as a defender .
He was the first British Asian to start a Premier League match and is the first to have played in all four divisions of professional football in England . He also plays for the Pakistan national football team and was the first Pakistani international footballer to play professional football in England , Thailand , Hong Kong and Malaysia , as well as the first Pakistani international to play in the AFC Cup . He started his career at Fulham and made a total of 30 appearances , having loan spells at Brighton & Hove Albion and Norwich City . A transfer to Queens Park Rangers followed and he went on to make 50 appearances for the club . During his three years there he went on loan to Brighton & Hove Albion , Blackpool and Bradford City , moving permanently to the latter on a free transfer in June 2009 . Having previously represented England at under @-@ 18 , under @-@ 19 and under @-@ 20 levels , in 2005 he made his debut for Pakistan .
Outside of his playing career , Rehman is known for being an ambassador for Kick It Out and the Show Racism the Red Card campaign , and his efforts to help British Asian players .
= = Early life = =
Rehman was born on 14 October 1983 in Birmingham . His father is Khalid Rehman . As a child in Birmingham he played for his local Sunday league team , Kingshurst . He was brought up in the Aston area of the city and often played football on the streets in addition to representing his school , his district and his county in football .
= = Club career = =
= = = Fulham = = =
When he was just twelve years old he was spotted by a scout and moved with his family to London where he joined the Fulham Academy . He progressed through the junior , youth and reserve teams at Fulham , which led him to sign his first professional contract . Although a centre back by trade , Rehman was used as a holding midfielder as well as right back in his career at Fulham .
In the 2003 – 04 season , Rehman made his professional debut on 23 September 2003 in a 1 – 0 defeat away to Wigan Athletic in the second round of the Football League Cup , coming on as a substitute for Junichi Inamoto after 57 minutes . Six days later , he was sent on loan to Brighton & Hove Albion of the Second Division , initially for one month until November . He scored on his debut for the club on 30 September , concluding a 3 – 1 away win at Rushden & Diamonds . On 11 October , he opened a 3 – 0 win against Grimsby Town at the Withdean Stadium , finishing a corner by Leon Knight in Bob Booker 's first match in charge . Rehman 's loan was extended to three months ending in January 2004 . He made eleven league appearances , scoring two goals .
He made his Premier League debut for Fulham in a goalless draw at Anfield against Liverpool on 17 April 2004 , replacing Bobby Petta for the final minute of the match . In doing so , he garnered media attention from British Asian groups by being the first British Asian player to play in the top division of English football . In June , Rehman signed a new contract , to keep him until 2006 .
On 21 September 2005 in the League Cup second round , Rehman scored his only goal for Fulham , opening a 5 – 4 extra @-@ time win over Lincoln City at Craven Cottage by heading in Heiðar Helguson 's cross . In January 2006 he signed for Championship club Norwich City on loan for the rest of the season as defensive cover for the club . He made five starts for them . Having made 30 appearances in all competitions for Fulham , 26 from the starting line @-@ up and four as a substitute , Rehman had to consider his options if he was to get regular football . Although he had two years remaining on his contract , he wanted to play regular first team football , and as a result , he decided to spend the next two seasons getting as much experience as possible .
= = = Queens Park Rangers = = =
After being released by QPR on 19 May 2009 , On 8 August 2006 , just prior to the start of the 2006 – 07 season , Rehman signed for Championship club Queens Park Rangers ( QPR ) from Fulham on a three @-@ year contract for an undisclosed fee . In his first season at QPR , Rehman made 27 appearances .
Towards the end of the season Rehman was sent on loan to former club Brighton & Hove Albion for a month where he gained more first team football experience . He made his debut on 24 March 2007 in a 0 – 0 draw against Huddersfield Town . He ended his loan stint by playing the full 90 minutes , and earning a yellow card in the process , for the final game of the League One season in a 1 – 1 draw at Cheltenham Town on 5 May 2007 , claiming an assist for the opening goal . He featured in eight full games during his loan spell .
Returning to QPR at the start of the new season , chances were limited . The 3 – 1 victory over Leicester City on New Years Day 2008 was Rehman 's 50th game in all competitions since leaving Fulham in 2006 . Rehman finished the 2007 – 08 season in the starting line for QPR against the Championship 's new champions , West Bromwich Albion .
= = = = Blackpool ( loan ) = = = =
Rehman joined Blackpool in a six @-@ month loan deal on 31 July 2008 , along with teammate Daniel Nardiello , who joined the club on a permanent basis , while Blackpool defender Kaspars Gorkss moved to QPR in exchange . He made his debut for Blackpool as a second @-@ half substitute for Jermaine Wright in a 2 – 0 defeat at League Two club Macclesfield Town in the first round of the 2008 – 09 Carling Cup on 12 August 2008 . He was used as an emergency striker due to injuries to three of the club 's strikers . He made his league debut the following Saturday , in a 1 – 1 draw at Norwich City , coming on early in the second half to replace defender Danny Coid .
Three months into his loan spell , in early October , Rehman said of his move to play for Blackpool : " I 'm quite glad to get away from all the hustle and bustle of London . I really like it up here in Blackpool ; it 's a good club with an ambitious young manager . Hopefully , over the next few months I can convince Simon Grayson I 'm worthy of a long @-@ term contract . " On 31 December he returned to QPR after having made three league appearances , all of which were as a substitute .
= = = = Bradford City ( loan ) = = = =
On 26 January 2009 , Rehman signed a loan deal with League Two club Bradford City , which was to last until the end of the 2008 – 09 season . Rehman had turned down a chance to move to Luton Town and team up with Mick Harford , who was previously the assistant manager at QPR , and said he was only prepared to drop down to League Two if he joined Bradford City . Rehman said of the move , " I was only prepared to drop down the leagues to play for this club . I spoke to the manager and chairmen and I know they want to get Bradford back up to where they belong . I ’ ve been involved in relegation battles in the past and it 's nice to be joining a club pushing for promotion – that 's a good pressure to have . " He made his debut the following day in a 1 – 0 defeat to Bury at Gigg Lane , and in doing so became the first British Asian to play in all four divisions of professional football in England . He made his home debut on 31 January , playing at right back , in a 2 – 0 home win over Grimsby Town at Valley Parade . In March he turned down the chance to play for Pakistan in the Asian Football Confederation Challenge Cup qualifiers in order to help Bradford 's push for promotion .
= = = Bradford City = = =
After being released by QPR on 19 May 2009 , Rehman signed a two @-@ year deal with Bradford City on 19 June , saying of the move , " My gut feeling told me to sign for Bradford and I 've absolutely no regrets . From day one I felt at home here . I 'm fortunate enough to have played in all the divisions and I see this as the next step of my journey . " The Bradford manager , Stuart McCall also revealed that Rehman had taken a large pay cut by joining the club , adding , " Zesh is certainly not signing for Bradford for money — he wants to be a success here , and it will be great to have him on board . " He scored his first goal for the club in a 2 – 2 draw with Barnet on 19 September 2009 .
Rehman was captained the club during the 2009 – 10 season and went on to play 42 games . He won the PFA Player in the Community awards on 25 March at The Football League Awards .
At the start of the following season new manager Peter Taylor kept Rehman as club captain hailing him a " supremely professional individual and a superb ambassador for the football club " . Struggling to get playing time , making only 12 appearances , Rehman in an interview to BBC Radio said that he was not pleased to sit in the substitute bench in the past few matches . He also added that being the skipper of the team , his experience would help the team to perform . For making these comments , he was stripped off his captainship and put in the transfer list .
= = = Muangthong United = = =
Rehman signed a two @-@ year deal with Thai Premier League side Muangthong United on 19 December 2010 . He made his debut on 30 January 2011 , in the King 's Trophy against Chonburi Sharks at the Suphachalasai Stadium ; his new side lost 2 – 1 . His appearance made him the first Pakistan international to play in Thailand . About his debut Rehman commented " I can honestly say I loved the experience . The passion from the 40 @,@ 000 fans in the crowd made it a day to remember " . During his stint in the club , it was managed by English striker Robbie Fowler . He made a total of thirty league appearances for the Thai club .
= = = Kitchee = = =
Rehman signed a deal with Hong Kong First Division League side Kitchee on 11 January 2012 . He made his debut in a 2 – 1 win over Sun Hei on 31 January . Rehman scored his first goal for his new club in the AFC Cup against Sông Lam Nghệ An of Vietnam . Rehman won his first piece of silverware of his Hong Kong career by playing a leading role in Kitchees 2 – 1 League Cup win over cloes rivals TSW Pegasus at the Mong Kok Stadium on 15 April 2012 . Rehman helped Kitchee retain the Hong Kong First Division League title with a 4 – 1 victory over Biu Chun Rangers in the last league game to clinch the title , it was his second trophy for the club and it put them in pole position to complete the domestic treble in Hong Kong Rehman and Kitchee finished the season in impressive fashion by overcoming Pegagus after penalties to win Hong Kong FA Cup Final at The Hong Kong Stadium . The victory was a historic moment for the club as Kitchee were crowned domestic treble winners , a feat that has never been matched by a Hong Kong club . Rehman made it into the Hong Kong BMA First Division League team of the season at The HKFA Annual Awards dinner . Rehman also achieved the feat of becoming the first Pakistani player to play in AFC Cup .
On 29 August 2012 Rehman played the full game in a pre @-@ season friendly against Premier League giants Arsenal in front of a 40 @,@ 000 crowd as the Hong Kong Champions drew 2 – 2 with the Gunners at The Hong Kong Stadium . On 11 May 2013 Rehman won the Hong Kong FA Cup through a 1 – 0 victory over last year finalist Sun Pegasus FC . On 26 May 2013 Rehman helped Kitchee beat Tuen Mun 3 – 0 in the final of the play off to ensure his teams passage into the AFC Cup 2014 . Rehman played fifteen league games for the club during the 2012 / 13 season , which was followed by six appearances in the next season .
= = = Pahang FA = = =
In December 2013 , Rehman signed for Malayasian club Pahang FA on a two @-@ year contract . His former club Kitchee 's president Ken Ng commented " Zesh has contributed hugely to Kitchee 's success over the last 2 years and he will be truly missed " . His new club 's manager Zainal Abidin Hassan said that they were " delighted " as he " has chosen to come to Pahang ahead of several other teams . " He justified his reason of joining the club as " his destiny " . In his first season with the club , he won three trophies – Malaysia Super League , Malaysia FA Cup and Malaysia Cup , thus winning qualification to the 2015 AFC Cup . In the cup , he played six times without scoring a goal . In 2015 Zesh helped Pahang to finish second in the Malaysia Super League , the highest finish for the club in over a decade and in doing so became the highest goalscoring defender in the league netting 6 times , he scored 8 goals in all competitions throughout the season . Pahang also created history by reaching the AFC Cup quarter final for the first time in their history . Zesh played the majority of the season in Midfield displaying his versatility to the team , performing admirably in the holding role . He played 45 from 46 games in all competitions his best career stats in a season to date . Throughout the year he also achieved some personal milestones such as playing over 300 career games across four nations and notching up 100 + games in Asia and completing five years of playing competitive football in the Asia region . He was handed the captain badge in the beginning of their season . On the 28th of June 2016 Zesh announce via his social media accounts he had amicably agreed to terminate with Pahang FC after a successful 3 @-@ year spell at the club . Zesh said : I would love a future return in a coaching role , something which was offered to me at the start of this season but was not the right moment for me . I will be back to visit my sons birth place of Kuantan . Pahang have the best fans in Malaysia & are by far the best I have played for . Leaving here on excellent terms with the hierarchy , fantastic memories & many formed friendships . Good luck to all the staff & team for the rest of the season . Thank you " . Pahang FC were equally pleased with his contribution . Club CEO and Vice President Datuk Akbar V V Abu was quoted as saying : " Zesh served as an excellent player for Pahang for 3 years in a successful trophy winning team . His example and leadership to the young and local players was outstanding . The door for a future return is open anytime . We would love to see him back in a coaching role one day "
= = International career = =
Rehman originally represented England , and played for them at under @-@ 18 , under @-@ 19 and under @-@ 20 levels . Becoming the first English @-@ born Pakistani to don an England senior football shirt seemed too far away , however , due to lack of first team opportunities at Fulham . Due to his Pakistani parentage , and because he possessed dual Pakistani and British nationality , Rehman also qualified to represent Pakistan , and he eventually opted to play for them , as he considered it to be a more realistic option . A lot of British Asian groups were against this and wanted him to fight more for an England place to set a standard for English @-@ Asian youth .
It was , however , an unrealistic aspiration . With that in mind , and with the blessings of his father , Rehman was approached by Malik Riaz Hai Naveed a young football manager and made his international debut for Pakistan in a 1 – 0 win over Sri Lanka in the 2005 South Asian Football Federation Championship on 7 December 2005 at the Peoples Football Stadium in Karachi . Rehman described his international debut as one of the best memories he has in football , adding , " The reception I received from the first moment till the last was unforgettable . I felt loved , appreciated , respected and wanted and most of all the interest in football really grew immensely . " Pakistan ultimately reached the semi @-@ finals before losing out to Bangladesh 1 – 0 .
Rehman was named in the Pakistan squad for the 2010 World Cup qualifying matches against Iraq in October 2007 , and played the match in Lahore but could not help contain Asian champions Iraq from winning 7 – 0 . In the second leg on 28 October he captained Pakistan to a 0 – 0 draw . However , he also had to withdraw from the squad for the SAFF Championship 2008 when he came down with food poisoning . After nearly four years out , Rehman returned to the Pakistan team for the 2012 AFC Challenge Cup qualifiers .
In September 2013 Rehman represented Pakistan at the SAFF Championship which was held in Nepal . He played all of the games for Pakistan who narrowly missed out on a semi @-@ final spot despite beating Bangladesh in the last group game . His commanding displays during the tournament earned him a place in the Team of the Tournament . In October 2013 , Rehman captained Pakistan in both of their games at The Peace Cup held in the Philippines , and scored the winning goal in the opener against Chinese Taipei .
= = = Controversy = = =
Rehman caused controversy in 2007 when in an interview with the British weekly newspaper the Eastern Eye he said that players of Asian descent should consider sticking to their roots rather than dreaming of playing for England . Rehman pointed to Michael Chopra , then with Cardiff City , who had been overlooked to play for England despite being the top scorer in the Championship , yet David Nugent , who was then at fellow Championship club Preston North End , was picked . Rehman claimed " Why wasn ’ t ( Chopra ) picked ahead of Dave Nugent ? He 's the top goal scorer in the Championship but he can ’ t get in ( the England set @-@ up ) . So he needs to maybe look at his decision and go play for India instead of hanging on to the dream of playing for England , because it 's not going to happen , end of discussion . "
= = Personal life = =
Rehman has said that , his " sole purpose in trying to be a success as a professional footballer is to inspire other Asian players to follow my lead and achieve their goals . " He is an ambassador for the Asian Football Network ( AFN ) , a grassroots community @-@ led initiative designed to support and facilitate the development of grassroots Asian football in the UK . He has also worked with the Professional Footballers ' Association ( PFA ) to try to increase the number of British Asians taking up a career in professional football , and has attended meetings with the PFA in order to achieve this goal . He has also been involved in the Show Racism the Red Card campaign and he has taken part in Chelsea 's " Search for an Asian Star " campaign . On 12 July 2008 , he took part in the Islam Expo event at the Olympia exhibition centre in West Kensington , London , a four @-@ day event whose primary purpose was to build bridges between Britain 's Muslim communities and the rest of society . Rehman took part in a panel giving feedback from his own experiences about the positive use of sport .
In April 2008 , Rehman appeared on the United States @-@ based Afghan satellite television network Noor TV and Bangladesh @-@ based Islamic TV discussing being a Muslim footballer and how it is possible to pursue a career in football while sticking to Islamic roots . On 20 April 2008 , he was a guest on the BBC Asian Network radio station show Breakdown revealing his favourite Desi music tunes . In May 2008 , Rehman was awarded the Community Commitment Award at QPR . In April 2008 , Rehman took part in a radio documentary on BBC Radio 1Xtra about British Asians in football which followed his " journey from playground to Premier League " .
In May 2010 , he launched The Zesh Rehman Foundation at Valley Parade to encourage children from all backgrounds to participate in football and sport to better themselves . He was named as one of the 50 World Cup Bid Ambassadors for The FA 's World Cup 2018 bid , entered the Show Racism Red Card Hall of Fame , and was invited onto the PFA management committee by Gordon Taylor .
In September 2011 , he launched his iPhone application aimed at helping players who move overseas with the language barrier . He said that he thought of developing the application while his stint with Muangthong United as he had difficulty in communicating with his teammates .
In 2014 , he was named as on the special South East Asia contributor for the ESPN South East Asia section by writing blogs and columns about football in the rapidly growing football region of Asia . Rehman wrote his second blog for the ESPN South East Asia section a few days after his side recorded victory in the Malaysia Cup quarter @-@ finals .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Club statistics = = =
As of match played on 13 February 2016
= = = International = = =
As of 5 September 2013 .
|
= Banknotes of Zimbabwe =
The paper money of Zimbabwe were physical forms of Zimbabwe 's four incarnations of the dollar ( $ or Z $ ) from 1980 to 2009 . The banknotes of the first dollar replaced those of the Rhodesian dollar at par in 1980 following the proclamation of independence . The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe issued most of the banknotes and other types of currency notes in its history , including the Bearer cheques and Agro cheques ( " Agro " being short for Agricultural ) that circulated between 15 September 2003 and 31 December 2008 : the Standard Chartered Bank also issued their own emergency cheques from 2003 to 2004 .
The Chiremba Balancing Rocks in Epworth , Harare is the main illustration on the obverse of regular banknotes of the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe : for the emergency Bearer and Agro cheques , the rocks became part of the Reserve Bank 's emblem that also appeared on the obverse . The reverse of dollar notes often illustrate the culture or landmarks of Zimbabwe .
The second dollar ( ZWN ) was replaced on 1 August 2008 by the third dollar ( ZWR ) , which was then phased out by fourth dollar ( ZWL ) with short notice on 2 February 2009 because it rapidly lost value . The economic and trade sanctions imposed against the Zimbabwean government and the Reserve Bank made it difficult to incorporate modern security features on most banknotes issued since September 2008 .
The Reserve Bank originally planned to demonetise banknotes of the third dollar on 30 June 2009 but the Zimbabwean dollar as a whole has been suspended since 12 April 2009 , implying that banknotes of both the third and fourth dollar are not de jure legal tender .
= = History = =
The first banknotes of Zimbabwe were issued by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe ( formerly Reserve Bank of Rhodesia ) for the first dollar ( ZWD ) in 1980 to coincide with the independence of Zimbabwe . These notes replaced the circulating banknotes of the Rhodesian Dollar at par . The first series of banknotes ranged from $ 2 to $ 20 , and carried the signature of Dr. Desmond Krogh , then the last Governor of the Reserve Bank of Rhodesia from 1973 . From 1994 to 1997 the Reserve Bank issued a new series of notes ranging from $ 2 to $ 100 , although the $ 2 banknote was withdrawn and replaced by a coin in 1997 . As rising inflation started to affect the purchasing power of the Zimbabwean Dollar , the $ 500 and $ 1 000 banknotes were issued from 2001 to 2005 with enhanced anti @-@ counterfeiting measures .
The RBZ also issued special traveller 's cheques in 2003 , with six denominations ranging from $ 1 000 to $ 100 000 . These were short @-@ lived due to unpopularity with the general public : identification was required both during issue and encashment of such cheques , which could only be used once by the bearer . As usual , banks levied a commission fee on all of the cheques .
On 15 September 2003 , the RBZ and Standard Chartered issued special Bearer cheques with denominations ranging from $ 5 000 to $ 20 000 . These , and subsequent issues of the first and second dollars were time limited and lacked sophisticated anti @-@ counterfeiting measures which were heavily used in many modern banknotes such as those of the Swiss Franc . In the first half of 2006 new denominations of $ 50 000 and $ 100 000 were issued , with the $ 1 million denomination being planned for September 2006 ; it was subsequently never issued .
The time limits were either ignored or extended by multiple decrees , meaning that all notes of these issues remained legal tender in practice until 21 August 2006 .
On 1 August 2006 the banknotes of the second dollar ( ZWN ) , with less elaborate designs , replaced those of the first dollar at the ratio of 1 000 to 1 . The redenomination ( codenamed Operation Sunrise ) was heavily publicised under the banner Zero to Hero , but was also rapid and disorganised which resulted in many people being unable to convert their old Bearer cheques to new issues before the lapse date , The Reserve Bank Governor Dr. Gideon Gono said that " 10 trillion ( first dollars ) were still out there and it had become manure " .
Further denominations ranging from $ 5 000 to $ 500 million were issued in the period between August 2006 and May 2008 as cent cheques quickly became outmoded . In the second quarter of 2008 , special Agro cheques ( Agricultural Cheques ) were issued in denominations ranging from $ 5 billion to $ 100 billion as the currency exchange rate was floated . Since the functions were similar to Bearer cheques , it was in regular use as prices continue to rise . These cheques also carried time limits and limited security features . In the final months of the second dollar , the $ 200 000 cheque was the lowest legal tender denomination by decree , despite having its expiry date extended twice . The $ 100 000 000 Bearer Cheque would have been the lowest legal tender denomination in circulation had the expiry dates of currency cheques been enforced without extension , with the $ 100 billion Agro Cheque being the highest whether or not the $ 200 000 note was legal tender .
Munich @-@ based security printers Giesecke & Devrient ceased providing banknote paper to the Reserve Bank on 1 July 2008 in response to an official request from the German government and widespread calls for sanctions ; The Jura JSP software end @-@ user licence , issued to the state @-@ owned Fidelity Printers & Refiners was also terminated on 24 July 2008 for similar reasons although the official press statement quoted that it was de facto impossible to prevent the printers from using the software .
On 1 August 2008 the banknotes of the third dollar ( ZWR ) , which were printed for the abandoned second phase of the 2006 redenomination , replaced the cheques of the second dollar at the ratio of 10 billion ( 1010 ) to 1 . The Bearer and Agro cheques of the second dollar were phased out along with the smaller denominations of the third dollar on 1 January 2009 . Despite the reform the Reserve Bank issued several high @-@ value denominations up to $ 100 trillion ( $ 1014 ) in the period between September 2008 to January 2009 , which merely kept in similar pace with the cash rate instead of the black market rates .
On 2 February 2009 , banknotes of the fourth dollar ( ZWL ) were introduced to replace those of the third dollar at the ratio of one trillion ( 1012 ) to 1 . It was originally envisaged that banknotes of the third dollar would remain legal tender until 30 June 2009 but all banknotes were withdrawn from circulation following the suspension of the Zimbabwe dollar on 12 April 2009 .
= = Paper money of the first dollar ( ZWD ) = =
The Chiremba Balancing Rocks near Harare is the main artwork used for obverse sides of the first two banknote designs of the first Zimbabwean dollar . Notes of these design also feature on either side major landmarks and landscapes such as the Kariba Dam and fauna . As hyperinflation took hold at the end of the 20th century the quality of the notes deteriorated as printing plates from previous issues were reconstituted for printing emergency notes . Although the notes of the first design were gradually phased out from 1997 , all remaining notes of the first dollar were forcibly demonetised on 22 August 2006 .
= = = Desmond Krogh series = = =
The Desmond Krogh series was the first series of banknotes for Zimbabwe , which carried the signature of Dr. Desmond C. Krogh , then the last governor of the Reserve Bank of Rhodesia . They are dated 1980 but issued in 1981 ( except for the $ 20 note , which was issued in 1982 ) . The notes bear Salisbury as the name of its capital rather than Harare , as the name was changed on 18 April 1982 . There are four denominations in this series : $ 2 , $ 5 , $ 10 and $ 20 ; its designs make extensive use of the Guilloché technique , heavily relied upon by banknotes of many currencies during the 1980s .
The 1982 @-@ dated issues banknotes differed little from the earlier , except that it took into account of the renaming of the country 's capital from Salisbury to Harare . However , there was an error with early runs of the $ 10 banknote ( Pick no . 3b ) , because it bears Salisbury as the name of the capital city instead of Harare . These type of issues are rare . Later runs of the $ 10 note ( Pick no . 3c ) corrected the error . There were no $ 2 banknotes dated 1982 : the second run of this denomination was taken in 1983 with K. Moyana as governor of the Reserve Bank .
= = = Kombo Moyana series = = =
The Kombo Moyana series refers to a series of banknotes which carried Kombo Moyana 's signature after being appointed governor of the Reserve Bank from 1983 to August 1993 . The series bears the new name of Zimbabwe 's capital ( Harare ) and is indifferent to the last two series except for the date and signature .
= = = Leonard Tsumba series = = =
In August 1993 , Leonard L. Tsumba replaced K. Moyana as governor of the Reserve Bank . The banknotes which carried his signature are referred to as the Leonard Tsumba series .
The first banknotes to be issued with his signature was the two last runs of the original designs , dated 1994 . The first run , which consisted of denominations from $ 2 to $ 20 , had the original watermark of the Zimbabwe Bird ( profile angle , short neck ) , whilst the second run consisted only of the $ 2 and $ 5 denominations , bearing the watermark of the bird with a longer neck and at ¾ profile angle .
In 1994 the general design of the banknotes was reviewed to keep up with advancing technologies against counterfeiting , which resulted in the release of two new denominations ( $ 50 and $ 100 ) between 1994 and 1995 , also to counter the effects of consumer price inflation , which peaked at 41 @.@ 6 % in 1992 . Although the Chiremba Balancing Rocks were retained , other features including latent imaging in which the letters RBZ can be seen when the banknote is tilted horizontally at the eye level and identification marks for the visually impaired were added to the design , and the neck of the Zimbabwe Bird watermark was longer . The $ 5 , $ 10 and $ 20 banknotes were also revised with the new designs in 1997 , whilst the $ 2 banknote was and replaced by a coin in the same year with the $ 5 denomination undergoing the same process in August 2001 .
The $ 500 denomination was first issued with red as the main colour in 2001 . The 2003 @-@ dated versions were brown . It was followed by the $ 1 000 denomination on 2 October 2003 , the sole difference between the two variants of the $ 1 000 notes ( Pick no . 12 ) only being the typeface of the serial number .
= = = Gideon Gono series = = =
The Gideon Gono series of 2004 carried the signature of the incumbent Reserve Bank governor , Dr. Gideon Gono and consisted of only one denomination of the first dollar ( $ 500 ) . This was the last series of regular banknotes of the first dollar , as hyperinflation forced all regular banknotes series out of use , although remaining legal tender theoretically until 21 August 2006 .
= = = Standard Chartered series = = =
The Standard Chartered series was a series of emergency bearer cheques issued by the Standard Chartered Bank ( hence the title on the top of these cheques ) and the Cargill Cotton Group . They were authorised by the Reserve Bank as legitimate issues and were valid for six months from the date of issue , the first currency notes of the Zimbabwean dollar to have a time limit . They carry the signature of the company 's finance director Priscilla Mutenbwa and operations director Stephen Newton @-@ Howes .
= = = 2003 bearer cheque series = = =
The 2003 bearer cheque series was a series of emergency currency notes of the first dollar which were in circulation between 15 September 2003 and the withdrawal of the first dollar on 21 August 2006 . The $ 5 000 , $ 10 000 and $ 20 000 denominations were issued from 15 September 2003 , whilst the $ 50 000 and $ 100 000 denominations , depicting Victoria Falls on reverse , were introduced on 1 October 2005 . Following the redenomination of August 2006 , bearer cheques that were originally scheduled to expire on 31 December 2006 were demonetised early .
Bearer cheques dated 15 September 2003 bear the signature of the acting governor Charles Chikaura . The remainder of the series bear the signature of Dr. Gideon Gono , who was appointed governor in November 2003 .
= = Paper money of the second dollar ( ZWN ) = =
The Zimbabwean dollar was first redenominated on 1 August 2006 under a currency reform campaign codenamed Operation Sunrise and involving the motto Zero to Hero . New @-@ style bearer cheques of the second dollar ( ISO 4217 : ZWN ) was introduced and replaced those of the first dollar ( ZWD ) at the ratio of 1 000 to 1 .
The change over process was given at short notice and was also rapid because all issues prior to the August 2006 series were to be demonetised and rendered worthless on 21 August 2006 . Poor communications meant that many civilians of Zimbabwe were unable to convert old bearer cheques to new ones before the deadline .
= = = 2006 , 2007 and 2008 Bearer cheque series = = =
The 2006 bearer cheque series was put into circulation on 1 August 2006 and initially consisted of 14 denominations , ranging from 1 ¢ to $ 100 000 . The cheques were signed by Dr. Gideon Gono and were set to expire on 31 July 2007 , except for the $ 100 and $ 500 cheques , which were initially due to expire on 31 December 2007 , but later extended to 31 July 2008 . The $ 5 denomination was also issued , despite not being widely publicised in the changeover campaign .
Two variations that were issued for the $ 10 000 and $ 100 000 denominations are recognised in the Standard Catalog of World Paper Money : the difference between them was the use of digit grouping . Cheques with the denomination expressed as ' 10000 ' or ' 100000 ' bear serial numbers with the ( scarce ) prefix AA , while notes with prefixes AB onwards is expressed as ' 10 000 ' or ' 100 000 ' .
The 2007 bearer cheque series was first issued on 2 March 2007 with the introduction of $ 5 000 and $ 50 000 cheques to act as intermediary denominations between the $ 1 000 , $ 10 000 and $ 100 000 cheques respectively . As inflation intensified , the $ 200 000 bearer cheque was also introduced on 1 August 2007 , followed by the joint introduction of the $ 250 000 , $ 500 000 , and $ 750 000 denominations on 20 December 2007 . The $ 200 000 bearer cheque had its date of lapse extended twice up to 31 December 2008 .
The $ 50 000 denomination was the first denomination to use the Optically Variable Ink technique , on the value positioned at the top right of the obverse . The $ 750 000 denomination of the December 2007 series was the only note out of all cheques of the second dollar to bear a holographic strip , as the cheque was printed on paper that was prepared for the 1 000 ZWD notes ( Pick No. 12 ) .
The circulation of the 2008 bearer cheque series commenced on 18 January 2008 with three denominations ranging from $ 1 million to $ 10 million , and concluded with the issue of the $ 500 million bearer cheque on 15 May 2008 . Three denominations of the 2008 series remained legal tender at the ratio of 1010 to 1 until being demonetised on 31 December 2008 .
There are two variants of the $ 10 million denomination , the primary difference being the typeface and size of the serial number . Those with slightly larger serial numbers bear the prefix DA . The $ 25 million banknote is larger in dimension out of the rest of the 2008 series .
= = = Agro cheque series = = =
The Reserve Bank issued Special Agro ( Agricultural ) cheques from 15 May to 31 July 2008 . Although of a different design and with the intention for use only by farmers , it had found its way into regular use because of the parallel functions with bearer Cheques and the exponential rise of food prices . Following the 2008 currency reform , Agro and bearer cheques were phased out on 1 January 2009 .
The four denominations in this series are not the same by dimensions as the $ 25 billion note used different paper from the 500 ZWD banknote of 2001 . The $ 100 billion ( $ 1011 ) Agro Cheque was the largest of the second dollar , sharing the record for the most number of zeroes depicted on a banknote with the Yugoslav 500 billion ( $ 5 × 1011 ) dinar note of 1993 , up until January 2009 .
= = Paper money of the third dollar ( ZWR ) = =
The 2007 banknote series was prepared by the Reserve Bank in October 2006 for the abandoned second phase of Operation Sunrise . The Chiremba Balancing Rocks was to be reinstated as the main feature on the obverse whilst use of the Zimbabwe Bird watermark continued . There were additional security features as opposed to previous issues , which included security threads , see @-@ through register marks and recognition marks for the partially sighted . Holographic security threads and Optically Variable Ink were used on the $ 100 , $ 500 and $ 1 000 notes . When the redenomination of 1 August 2008 occurred these notes were put into circulation as banknotes of the third dollar between 1 August 2008 to 31 December 2008 .
The 2008 banknote series circulated from 29 September 2008 to 12 April 2009 . The series demonstrated the intensity of hyperinflation during the period as the highest denomination increased from $ 1 000 to $ 100 trillion ( $ 1014 ) by January 2009 , the latter being the largest denomination issued by the Reserve Bank . The first issues of the series were the $ 10 000 and $ 20 000 denominations . These were followed by the following denominations :
The large number of denominations issued in late @-@ 2008 as well as the suspension of paper supply by Giesecke & Devrient affected the Reserve Bank 's ability to maintain the quality of the banknotes . Later denominations copied design features from the original 2007 banknote series and lacked many modern security features that banknotes of major currencies ( such as the Canadian Dollar ) relied on . The notes denominated from $ 20 000 to $ 500 000 and then from $ 10 million onwards used non @-@ watermarked paper , whilst the $ 500 million notes were printed on pure cotton . A silhouette of the Zimbabwe Bird in Optically Variable Ink was used in such notes to compensate for this , but the iridescent strip was dropped for higher denominations . The $ 10 000 and $ 1 000 000 notes reused paper for the $ 1 000 notes ( Pick no . 72 ) , thereby carrying the embedded holographic thread and watermark . Two types of paper ( regular and lined ) were used on $ 20 000 , $ 50 000 and $ 500 000 banknotes .
= = Paper money of the fourth dollar ( ZWL ) = =
The Zimbabwe dollar was again reformed on 2 February 2009 when the fourth dollar replaced the third dollar at the ratio of 1 000 000 000 000 ( 1012 ) to 1 with the original intention of phasing out the latter by 1 July 2009 . The 2009 banknote series was issued for the fourth dollar which circulated from 2 February 2009 until the suspension of the dollar on 12 April 2009 . The series consisted of denominations ranging from $ 1 to $ 500 . The notes had a revised design with chevrons as registration devices , the Zimbabwe Bird in Optically Variable Ink and an iridescent strip . Most parts of the design were recycled from designs of past issues and do not have a watermark although a plain space existed in the areas where it would normally be positioned .
= = Replacement banknotes = =
Special prefixes were allocated for Replacement banknotes of Zimbabwe . The prefixes used were as follows :
= = Valuation and collecting ability = =
Hyperinflationary Zimbabwean banknotes ( such as the $ 100 trillion denomination ) have gained considerable interest from the Numismatic community and buyers in general for its absurdity rather than the design . Some examples of such notes may be sold further in excess of their true face value .
The price and value of a Zimbabwean banknote depend on various factors : the rarity , based on factors such as the name of capital city , how long it was printed , or the type of watermark ; its condition , and the national situation at time of issue , such as shortages or hyperinflation . Common designs and variants such as the $ 100 note of 1995 ( Pick no . 9 ) are usually valued at about $ 1 apiece , while rare varieties such as the $ 10 Salisbury error note ( Pick no . 3b ) and the Standard Chartered issues are valued at around $ 100 or more . Zimbabwean banknotes are usually sold by banknote dealers over the counter or on the internet , although the most valued types theoretically qualify for inclusion in auction .
= = Other circulating banknotes = =
As in every fiscal emergency , hard currency , particularly the United States dollar , has long served as a parallel currency on the black market , and many prices in shops would be posted in US dollars , even during periods when it was illegal to possess foreign currency or to transact business in US dollars .
A unique form of circulating specie is the fuel ration coupon , which has been issued in 2005 , 2006 , 2007 and 2008 . Known denominations include 1 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 25 , & 50 litres of petrol ( gasoline ) , kerosene and / or diesel , and translate roughly into the local petrol price ( about 1 UK pound sterling per litre or US $ 1 @.@ 50 in late 2008 ) . Businesses , including Western Union , have been reported paying employees with these coupons , and even auctions have been transacted in this currency . As with much Zimbabwe currency , printing standards are crude and counterfeiting is rampant ; the RBZ has been dissuading this widespread use .
|
= Washington State Route 11 =
State Route 11 ( SR 11 ) is a 21 @.@ 28 @-@ mile ( 34 @.@ 25 km ) long state highway that serves Skagit and Whatcom counties in the U.S. state of Washington . SR 11 , known as Chuckanut Drive , begins at an interchange with Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) north of Burlington and continues northwest through several small towns and the Chuckanut Mountains to the Fairhaven district of Bellingham , where the highway turns east and ends again at I @-@ 5 .
A segment of what is now SR 11 was originally added to the state highway system in 1895 as a Blanchard – Whatcom County line road . The highway became State Road 6 in 1905 and was named Waterfront Road in 1907 . The road was incorporated into the Pacific Highway in 1913 and U.S. Route 99 ( US 99 ) in 1926 . After an inland bypass was designated by the state to become US 99 in 1931 , Chuckanut Drive became U.S. Route 99 Alternate . During the 1964 highway renumbering , the road became SR 11 . In 1987 , SR 11 was realigned through Bellingham , shifting its northern terminus south to Fairhaven .
= = Route description = =
SR 11 , named Chuckanut Drive for its whole route , begins at a partial cloverleaf interchange with I @-@ 5 north of Burlington . From the interchange , the highway travels northwest through farmland , closely paralleling a BNSF Railway route from Mount Vernon to Bellingham , also used by the Amtrak Cascades service . The road turns north to intersect Bow Hill Road , formerly SR 237 until 1991 , east of Edison . SR 11 continues north to Blanchard , where it begins to traverse a narrow strip of land between the Chuckanut Mountains and Samish Bay . Midway between Blanchard and the Skagit – Whatcom county line , the highway travels through a hairpin turn at Oyster Creek .
In Whatcom County , SR 11 travels generally northward through part of the oldest state park in Washington , the 2 @,@ 683 @-@ acre ( 10 @.@ 86 km2 ) Larrabee State Park .
Just past the park , the route travels through the Chuckanut Bay Community , situated on a small , fairly level peninsula separating Samish and Chuckanut bays . The steep mountainsides return north of the community , however , as SR 11 follows Chuckanut Bay to the southern outskirts of Bellingham . Here , the highway briefly parallels Bellingham Bay as it leaves the rural mountains for the city 's densely populated Fairhaven district .
The route initially heads northwest through Fairhaven , passing the district 's middle school and park before becoming 12th Street and crossing over the Interurban Trail . Two blocks north of the trail , SR 11 turns to travel east on Old Fairhaven Parkway , a wide two @-@ lane highway with a center left @-@ turn lane . The route continues past residential and commercial areas for about 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) to a diamond interchange with I @-@ 5 . While SR 11 ends here , Old Fairhaven Parkway continues east as Connelly Avenue .
= = History = =
Parts of modern SR 11 have been part of the state highway systems in Washington since 1895 , when a road from Blanchard to Whatcom County became a state @-@ maintained roadway . The road became State Road 6 in 1905 and was named Waterfront Road in 1907 . A survey of a north – south highway from Blaine to Vancouver was approved in 1909 , and the highway was built as the Pacific Highway in 1913 . In Skagit County , the Pacific Highway utilized the pre @-@ existing State Road 6 . Chuckanut Drive , a 20 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 32 km ) section of the Pacific Highway in the Chuckanut Mountains , was opened as a gravel road during the spring of 1916 and paved in 1921 . The Pacific Highway became State Road 1 in a 1923 restructuring of the highway system , at which time State Road 6 was completely replaced . When the U.S. route system was formed in 1926 , the Pacific Highway became US 99 . In 1931 , an inland bypass via Lake Samish was added to State Road 1 and US 99 . The former route of US 99 on Chuckanut Drive became US 99 Alternate .
US 99 became Primary State Highway 1 ( PSH 1 ) in 1937 and US 99 Alternate became the Chuckanut Drive branch of the main highway , running from Burlington to downtown Bellingham . A 1964 renumbering introduced a new system of sign routes that was scheduled to go into effect in 1970 . As originally planned , the Chuckanut Drive branch of PSH 1 — already US 99 Alternate — would be co @-@ signed as SR 11 . In 1967 , Secondary State Highway 1F ( SSH 1F ) was established , connecting US 99 Alternate to US 99 via Fairhaven . During the same year , I @-@ 5 replaced US 99 , leading to the removal of the US 99 Alternate designation from what would become SR 11 . In 1970 , the SR 11 designation went into effect , running from Burlington to Downtown Bellingham .
SR 11 originally continued northeast through Downtown Bellingham to a terminus at a partial cloverleaf interchange with I @-@ 5 just northeast of the downtown district . From Old Fairhaven Parkway , the route continued north on 12th Street in Fairhaven before turning northeast on Boulevard Street . The street split into a pair of one @-@ way streets , Forest Street and State Street , south of downtown . Forest Street merged into State Street in downtown Bellingham , and State Street subsequently merged into Iowa Street soon after . From here , Iowa Street carried SR 11 east for three blocks to a junction with I @-@ 5 . In 1987 , the northernmost portion of SR 11 was realigned to follow the route of former SSH 1F , then known as Old Fairhaven Parkway .
= = Major intersections = =
|
= Redback spider =
The redback spider ( Latrodectus hasseltii ) is a species of venomous spider indigenous to Australia . It is a member of the cosmopolitan genus Latrodectus , the widow spiders . The adult female is easily recognised by her spherical black body with a prominent red stripe on the upper side of her abdomen and an hourglass @-@ shaped red / orange streak on the underside . Females have a body length of about 10 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 4 in ) , while the male is much smaller , being only 3 – 4 mm ( 0 @.@ 12 – 0 @.@ 16 in ) long .
Mainly nocturnal , the female redback lives in an untidy web in a warm sheltered location , commonly near or inside human residences . It preys on insects , spiders and small vertebrates that become ensnared in its web . It kills its prey by injecting a complex venom through its two fangs when it bites , before wrapping them in silk and sucking out the liquefied insides . Male spiders and spiderlings often live on the periphery of the female spiders ' web and steal leftovers . Other species of spider and parasitoid wasps prey on this species . The redback is one of few arachnids which usually display sexual cannibalism while mating . The sperm is then stored in the spermathecae , organs of the female reproductive tract , and can be used up to two years later to fertilise several clutches of eggs . Each clutch averages 250 eggs and is housed in a round white silken egg sac . The redback spider has a widespread distribution in Australia , and inadvertent introductions have led to established colonies in New Zealand , Japan , and in greenhouses in Belgium .
The redback is one of the few spider species that can be seriously harmful to humans , and its preferred habitat has led it to being responsible for the large majority of serious spider bites in Australia . Predominantly neurotoxic to vertebrates , the venom gives rise to the syndrome of latrodectism in humans ; this starts with pain around the bite site , which typically becomes severe and progresses up the bitten limb and persists for over 24 hours . Sweating in localised patches of skin occasionally occurs and is highly indicative of latrodectism . Generalised symptoms of nausea , vomiting , headache , and agitation may also occur and indicate severe poisoning . An antivenom has been available since 1956 , and there have been no deaths directly due to redback bites since its introduction .
= = Taxonomy and naming = =
= = = Common names = = =
The common name " redback " is derived from the distinctive red stripe along the dorsal aspect of its abdomen . Other common names include red @-@ striped spider , red @-@ spot spider , jockey spider , Murra @-@ ngura spider , Kapara spider and the Kanna @-@ jeri spider .
= = = History = = =
Before DNA analysis , the taxonomy of the widow spider genus Latrodectus had been unclear — changes in the number of species reflect the difficulty of using morphology to determine subdivisions within the genus . Substantial interest in their systematics was most likely prompted by the medical importance of these venomous spiders . Swedish arachnologist Tamerlan Thorell described the redback spider in 1870 from specimens collected in Rockhampton and Bowen in central Queensland . He named it Latrodectus hasseltii in honour of colleague A.W.M. van Hasselt . In the same paper , he named a female from Cape York with an all @-@ black abdomen L. scelio , now regarded as the same species . These specimens are in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet in Stockholm .
German arachnologist Friedrich Dahl revised the genus in 1902 and named L. ancorifer from New Guinea , which was later regarded as a subspecies of the redback . Another subspecies , L. h. aruensis , was described by Norwegian entomologist Embrik Strand in 1911 . Subspecies indica ( of L. scelio ) had been described by Eugène Simon in 1897 , but its origin is unclear . Frederick Octavius Pickard @-@ Cambridge questioned Dahl 's separating species on what he considered minor anatomical details but Dahl dismissed Pickard @-@ Cambridge as an " ignoramus " . Pickard @-@ Cambridge was unsure whether L. hasseltii warranted species status , though he confirmed scelio and hasseltii as a single species , other researchers such as Ludwig Carl Christian Koch noting the differences to be inconsistent . The redback was also considered by some to be conspecific with the katipo ( L. katipo ) , which is native to New Zealand , though Koch regarded them as distinct .
Reviewing the genus Lactrodectus in 1959 , arachnologist Herbert Walter Levi concluded that the colour variations were largely continuous across the world and were not suitable for distinguishing the individual species . Instead , he focussed on differences in the morphology of the female sexual organs , and revised the number of recognised species from 22 to 6 . This included reclassifying the redback and several other species as subspecies of the best @-@ known member of the group , the black widow spider ( Latrodectus mactans ) , found in North America and other regions . He did not consider the subspecies L. h. ancorifer , L. h. aruensis and L. h. indicus distinct enough to warrant recognition . Subsequently , more reliable genetic studies have split the genus into about 30 species , and the redback has no recognised subspecies in modern classifications .
= = = Placement = = =
A member of the genus Latrodectus in the family Theridiidae , the redback belongs in a clade with the black widow spider , with the katipo as its closest relative . A 2004 molecular study supports the redback 's status as a distinct species , as does the unique abdomen @-@ presenting behaviour of the male during mating . The close relationship between the two species is shown when mating : the male redback is able to successfully mate with a female katipo producing hybrid offspring . However , the male katipo is too heavy to mate with the female redback , as it triggers a predatory response in the female when it approaches the web , causing the female to eat it . There is evidence of interbreeding between katipo and redbacks in the wild .
= = Description = =
The adult female redback has a body around 1 centimetre ( 0 @.@ 4 in ) long , with slender legs , the first pair of which are longer than the rest . The round abdomen is a deep black ( occasionally brownish ) , with a red ( sometimes orange ) longitudinal stripe on the upper surface and an hourglass @-@ shaped red / orange streak on the underside . Females with incomplete markings or all @-@ black abdomens occasionally occur . The cephalothorax is much smaller than the abdomen , and is black . Redback spiderlings are grey with dark spots , and become darker with each moult . Juvenile females have additional white markings on the abdomen . The bright red colours may serve as a warning to potential predators . Each spider has a pair of venom glands each attached to each of its chelicerae with very small fangs . Small compared to the female , the male redback is 3 – 4 mm ( 0 @.@ 12 – 0 @.@ 16 in ) long and is light brown , with white markings on the upper side of the abdomen and a pale hourglass marking on the underside .
Another species in Australia with a similar physique , Steatoda capensis , has been termed the " false redback spider " , but it is uniformly black ( or plum ) , and does not display the red stripe .
= = Behaviour = =
= = = Web = = =
The redback is mainly nocturnal ; the female remains concealed during the day , and spins her web during the night , usually remaining in the same location for most of her adult life . Classified as a gum @-@ footed tangle web , the web is an irregular @-@ looking tangle of fine but strong silk . Although the threads seem random , they are strategically placed for support and entrapment of prey . The rear portion of the web forms a funnel @-@ like retreat area where the spider and egg sacs are found . This area has vertical , sticky catching threads that run to ground attachments . The vertical strands act as trip wires to initially alert the spider to the presence of prey or threats . They also snare and haul prey into the air when weaker horizontal strands that hold them down , known as guy lines , break when prey thrash around . These webs are usually placed between two flat surfaces , one beneath the other . The female spends more time in the funnel and less time moving around during cooler weather .
= = = Prey = = =
Redbacks usually prey on insects , but can capture larger animals that become entangled in the web , including trapdoor spiders , small lizards , and even on rare occasion snakes . One web was recorded as containing a dead mouse . The woodlouse ( Porcellio scaber ) is a particularly common food item . Developing spiderlings need size @-@ appropriate prey , and laboratory studies show that they are willing to consume common fruit flies ( Drosophila melanogaster ) , mealworm larvae ( Tenebrio molitor ) , muscoid flies and early nymphs of cockroaches . Food scraps and lighting attract insect prey to areas of human activity , which brings the redbacks . Once alerted to a creature becoming ensnared in a trap line , the redback advances to around a leg 's length from its target , touching it and squirting a liquid glutinous silk over it to immobilise it . It then bites its victim repeatedly on the head , body and leg joints and wraps it in sticky and dry silk . Unlike other spiders , it does not rotate its prey while wrapping in silk , but like other spiders , it then injects a venom that liquefies its victim 's innards . Once it has trussed the prey , the redback takes it to its retreat and begins sucking out the liquefied insides , generally 5 to 20 minutes after first attacking it . Redback spiders do not usually drink , except when starved .
Commonly , prey @-@ stealing occurs where larger females take food items stored in other spiders ' webs . When they encounter other spiders of the same species , often including those of the opposite sex , they engage in battle , and the defeated spider is eaten . If a male redback is accepted by a female , it is permitted to feed on the victims snared in the female 's web . Baby spiders also steal food from their mother , which she tries to prevent . They also consume sticky silk as well as small midges and flies . Spiderlings are cannibalistic , more active ones sometimes eating their less active siblings .
= = = Life cycle = = =
Spiderlings hatch from their eggs after about 8 days and can emerge from the egg sac as early as 11 days after being laid , although cooler temperatures can significantly slow their development so that emergence does not occur for months . After hatching they spend about a week inside the egg sac , feeding on the yolk and molting once . Baby spiders appear from September to January ( spring to early summer ) . Male spiders mature through five instars in about 45 – 90 days . Females mature through seven – eight instars in about 75 – 120 days . Males live for up to six or seven months , while females may live between two and three years . Laboratory tests have shown that redbacks may survive for an average of 100 days , and sometimes over 300 days without any food , those starved at 10 ° C faring better than those kept without food at 25 ° C. Spiders are known to reduce their metabolic rates in response to starvation , and can distend their abdomens to store large amounts of food . Redbacks can survive temperatures from below freezing point to 40 ° C , though they do need relatively warm summers , with temperatures of 15 to 25 ° C for two to three months , to survive and breed .
Redback spiderlings cohabit on the maternal web for several days to a week , during which time sibling cannibalism is often observed . They then leave by being carried on the wind . They follow light and climb to the top of nearby logs or rocks before extending their abdomens high in the air and producing a droplet of silk . The liquid silk is drawn out into a long gossamer thread that , when long enough , carries the spider away . This behaviour is known as ballooning or kiting . Eventually , the silken thread will adhere to an object where the young spider will establish its own web . They sometimes work cooperatively , climbing , releasing silk and being carried off in clusters . Juvenile spiders build webs , sometimes with other spiders .
= = = Reproduction = = =
Before a juvenile male leaves its mother 's web , it builds a small sperm web on which it deposits its sperm from its gonads and then collects it back into each of its two palps ( copulatory organs ) , because the gonads and palps are not internally connected . After it moults into its last instar , it sets off wandering to seek a female . The male spider does not eat during this period . How males find females is unclear , and it is possible they may balloon like juveniles . A Western Australian field study found that most males took 6 to 8 weeks to travel around 3 to 3 @.@ 5 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 to 11 @.@ 5 ft ) with occasional journeys of over 8 m ( 26 ft ) , but that only around 11 – 13 % successfully found a mate . They are attracted by pheromones , which are secreted by unmated sexually @-@ mature female redback spiders onto their webs and include a serine derivative ( N @-@ 3 @-@ methylbutyryl @-@ O- ( S ) -2 @-@ methylbutyryl @-@ L @-@ serine ) . This is thought to be the sole method by which males assess a female 's reproductive status , and their courtship dismantles much of the pheremone @-@ marked web .
During mating , the male redback attempts to copulate by inserting one of its palps into the one of the female 's two spermathecae ( sperm storage organs ) , each of which has its own insemination orifice . It then tries and often succeeds in inserting the other palp into the female 's second orifice . The redback spider is one of only two animals known where the male has been found to actively assist the female in sexual cannibalism . In the process of mating , the much smaller male somersaults to place his abdomen over the female 's mouthparts . In about two of three cases , the female fully consumes the male while mating continues . Males which are not eaten die of their injuries soon after mating . Sacrifice during mating is thought to confer two advantages to the males . The first is the eating process allows for a longer period of copulation and thus fertilisation of more eggs . The second is females which have eaten a male are more likely to reject subsequent males . Although this prohibits future mating for the males , this is not a serious disadvantage , because the spiders are sufficiently sparse that less than 20 % of males ever find a potential mate during their lifetimes , and in any case , the male is functionally sterile if he has used the contents of both of his palps in the first mating .
Some redback males have been observed using an alternative tactic that also ensures more of their genetic material is passed on . Juvenile female redbacks nearing their final moulting and adulthood have fully formed reproductive organs , but lack openings in the exoskeleton that allow access to the organs . Males will bite through the exoskeleton and deliver sperm without performing the somersault seen in males mating with adult females . The females then moult within a few days and deliver a clutch of fertilised eggs .
Once the female has mated , the sperm is stored in one or both of her spermathecae . The sperm can be used to fertilise several batches of eggs , over a period of up to two years ( estimated from observations of closely related species ) , but typically restarts the female 's pheromone production advertising her sexual availability about three months after mating . A female spider may lay four to ten egg sacs , each of which is around 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 39 in ) in diameter and contains on average around 250 eggs , though can be as few as 40 or as many as 500 . She prepares a shallow concave disc around 3 mm ( 1 ⁄ 8 in ) in diameter before laying eggs into it over a period of around five minutes before laying more silk to complete the sac , which becomes spherical , the whole process taking around one and a quarter hours . She can produce a new egg sac as early as one to three weeks after her last .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The World Spider Catalog gives the distribution of the redback spider as Southeast Asia to Australia , and New Zealand . It is probably native to Australia ; however , it has been suggested that it may have been spread to Australia by human activities , because it was first found at seaports . Queensland researchers Robert Raven and Julie @-@ Ann Gallon also argued its preference for habitats altered by humans to be further evidence of this . Spider expert Barbara York Main queried that were it indeed introduced , it would be odd that Australia was missing from the worldwide distribution of Latrodectus species . The redback 's close relationship with the New Zealand katipo also supports the native status of both in their respective countries .
The species was known by 1850 in South Australia , only 14 years after European settlement there , but had not been reported in early spider collections in other colonies . Outside urban areas , the redback is more often found in drier habitats ranging from sclerophyll forest to desert , even as harsh as the Simpson Desert . It became much more common in urban areas in the early decades of the 20th century , and is now found in all but the most inhospitable environments in Australia and its cities . It is particularly common in Brisbane , Perth and Alice Springs . The redback spider is commonly found in close proximity to human residences . Webs are usually built in dry , dark , sheltered sites , such as among rocks , in logs , tree hollows , shrubs , old tyres , sheds , outhouses , empty tins and boxes , children 's toys or under rubbish or litter . Letterboxes and the undersurface of toilet seats are common sites . Populations can be controlled by clearing these habitats , squashing the spiders and their egg sacs , and using pesticide in outhouses . The CSIRO Division of Entomology recommends against the use of spider pesticides due to their toxicity , and because redbacks are rapid recolonists anyway .
Spiders in the French territory of New Caledonia in the Pacific were identified as L. hasselti in 1920 , based on morphology . Their behaviour differs from Australian redbacks , as they do not engage in sexual cannibalism and are less prone to biting humans . The first recorded envenomation in New Caledonia was in 2007 .
= = = Introductions = = =
The redback spider 's affinity for human @-@ modified habitat has enabled it to spread to several countries via international shipping and trade . Furthermore , its tolerance to cold means that it has the ability to colonise many temperate countries with a winter climate cooler than Australia . This is concerning due to the risks to people being bitten who are unaware of its venomous nature , and also to the conservation of local threatened insect species that the redback might prey upon .
Redback spiders are also found in small colonies in areas of New Zealand . They are frequently intercepted by quarantine authorities , often among steel or car shipments . They were introduced into New Zealand in the early 1980s and now are found around Central Otago ( including Alexandra , Bannockburn and near Wanaka ) in the South Island and New Plymouth in the North Island . Authorities in the United Arab Emirates warn residents and visitors of redback spiders , which have been present since 1990 . Colonies have also been established in greenhouses in Belgium , and isolated observations indicate possible presence in New Guinea , the Philippines , and India . Some redbacks were found in Preston , Lancashire , England , after a container of parts arrived from Australia ; some may have escaped into the countryside before pest controllers could destroy them . One redback was recently found in a back garden in Dartford in Kent . Two females were discovered in the Iranian port city of Bandar Abbas in 2010 .
There is an established population of redback spiders in Osaka , Japan , thought to have arrived in cargoes of wood chips . In 2008 , redback spiders were found in Fukuoka , Japan . Over 700 have been found near the container terminal in Hakata Bay , Fukuoka City . Dispersal mechanisms within Japan are unclear , but redbacks are thought to have spread by walking or by being carried on vehicles . In September 2012 , a woman was hospitalised after being bitten in the Higashi Ward of Fukuoka City . Signs warning about redback spiders have been posted in parks around the city , as Japan previously had no dangerous spiders .
= = Predators and parasitoids = =
The black house spider ( Badumna insignis ) , daddy @-@ long @-@ legs spider ( Pholcus phalangioides ) and the giant daddy @-@ long @-@ legs spider ( Artema atlanta ) are known to prey on the redback spider , and redbacks are often absent if these species are present in significant numbers . Agenioideus nigricornis , a spider wasp , is a parasitoid of the adult redback . Other wasps of the families Eurytomidae and Ichneumonidae parasitise redback eggs , and mantid lacewings ( Neuroptera and Mantispidae ) prey on redback eggs .
= = Bites to humans = =
= = = Incidence = = =
The redback spider is responsible for far more envenomations requiring antivenom than any other creature in Australia . Estimates of the number of people thought to be bitten by redback spiders each year across Australia range from 2 @,@ 000 to 10 @,@ 000 . The larger female spider is responsible for almost all cases of redback spider bites . The smaller male was thought to be unable to envenomate a human , although some cases have been reported ; their rarity is probably due to the male 's smaller size and proportionally smaller fangs , rather than the male being incapable of biting or lacking potent venom . The bite from both juvenile and mature females appear to have similar potency . The male bite usually only produces short @-@ lived , mild pain . Most bites occur in the warmer months between December and April , in the afternoon or evening . As the female redback is slow @-@ moving and rarely leaves her web , bites generally occur as a result of placing a hand or other body part too close to the web , such as when reaching into dark holes or wall cavities . Bites often also occur when a hidden spider is disturbed in objects such as clothes , shoes , gloves , building materials or garden tools .
A 2004 review reported 46 % of bites occurring on distal extremities of the limbs , 25 % on proximal areas of limbs ( upper arms and thighs ) , 21 % on the trunk , and 7 % on the head or neck . In some cases the same spider bites a victim multiple times . Historically , victims were often bitten on the genitalia , though this phenomenon disappeared as outhouses were superseded by plumbed indoor toilets . Conversely , bites on the head and neck have increased with use of safety helmets and ear muffs . Precautions to avoid being bitten include wearing gloves and shoes while gardening , not leaving clothes on the floor , and shaking out gloves or shoes before putting them on . Also , children can be educated not to touch spiders .
= = = Venom = = =
The redback and its relatives in the genus Lactrodectus are among the most dangerous spider genera , alongside funnel @-@ web spiders ( Atrax and Hadronyche ) , mouse spiders ( Missulena ) , banana spiders ( Phoneutria ) and recluse spiders ( Loxosceles ) . Venom is produced by holocrine glands in the spider 's chelicerae ( mouth parts ) . Venom accumulates in the lumen of the glands and passes through paired ducts into the spider 's two hollow fangs . The venom of the redback spider is thought to be similar to that of the other Latrodectus spiders . It contains a complex mixture of cellular constituents , enzymes and a number of high @-@ molecular @-@ weight toxins , including insect toxins and a vertebrate neurotoxin called alpha @-@ latrotoxin , which is active in humans .
In vertebrates , alpha @-@ latrotoxin produces its effect through destabilisation of cell membranes and degranulation of nerve terminals , resulting in excessive release of neurotransmitters , namely acetylcholine , norepinephrine and GABA . Excess neurotransmitter activity leads to the clinical manifestations of envenomation , although the precise mechanisms are not well @-@ understood . Female redbacks have an average of around 0 @.@ 08 – 0 @.@ 10 mg of venom , and experiments indicate that the median lethal dose ( LD50 ) for mice at room temperature is 10 – 20 % of this quantity ( 0 @.@ 27 – 0 @.@ 91 mg / kg based on the mass of the mice used ) , but that it is considerably more deadly for mice kept at lower or higher temperatures . Pure alpha @-@ latrotoxin has an LD50 in mice of 20 – 40 µg / kg .
The specific variant of the vertebrate toxin found in the redback was cloned and sequenced in 2012 , and was found to be a sequence of 1180 amino acids , with a strong similarity to the equivalent molecule across the Latrodectus mactans clade . The syndromes caused by bites from any spiders of the Latrodectus genus have similarities ; there is some evidence there is a higher incidence of sweating , and local and radiating pain with the redback , while black widow envenomation results in more back and abdominal pain , and abdominal rigidity is a feature common with bites from the west coast button spider ( Latrodectus indistinctus ) of South Africa .
One crustacean @-@ specific and two insect @-@ specific neurotoxins have been recovered from the Mediterranean black widow ( L. tredecimguttatus ) , as have small peptides that inhibit angiotensin @-@ 1 @-@ converting enzyme ; the venom of the redback , although little @-@ studied , likely has similar agents .
= = = Antivenom = = =
Redback antivenom was developed by Commonwealth Serum Laboratories , then a government body involved with discovering antivenoms for many venomous Australian creatures . Production involves the milking of venom from thousands of redbacks and repeatedly inoculating horses with non @-@ lethal doses of it . The horses ' immune systems make polyclonal antibodies . Blood plasma , containing the antibodies , is extracted by plasmapheresis . The plasma is treated with pepsin , and the active F ( ab ' ) 2 fragments are separated and purified . Each vial contains 500 units of redback antivenom in approximately 1 @.@ 5 ml , which is enough to inactivate 5 mg redback spider venom . The antivenom has been safely administered to women in various stages of pregnancy .
Redback antivenom has been widely used in Australia for decades , although evidence from controlled studies for its effectiveness has been lacking . Further studies are needed to confirm or refute its effectiveness . It appears clinically active against arachnidism caused by Steatoda spiders ; however , as these cases are often mild and the evidence of its effectiveness is limited , this treatment is not recommended . Similarly , the antivenom has been effective with those of L. katipo , and L. tredecimguttatus . Animal studies also support its use against envenomation from other widow spiders , having successfully been tested against venom from L. mactans , L. hesperus , and L. tredecimguttatus ( synonym L. lugubris ) .
= = = Signs and symptoms = = =
Envenomation from a redback spider bite produces a syndrome known as latrodectism ; a half to two @-@ thirds of people bitten develop significant pain or systemic symptoms . The diagnosis is made from the clinical condition , often based on the victim being aware of a bite and ideally with identification of the spider . Laboratory tests are rarely needed and there is no specific test for the venom or latrodectism .
The redback 's small size means that swelling or puncture marks at the bite site are uncommon . The bite may be painful from the start , but more often only feels like a pinprick or mild burning sensation . Within an hour , a more severe local pain may develop with local sweating and sometimes piloerection ( goosebumps ) — these three symptoms together are a classic presentation of redback spider envenomation . Pain , swelling and redness can spread proximally up a limb or away from the bite site and regional lymph nodes may become painful . Some subjects with delayed symptoms may present with a characteristic sweating and pain in the lower limbs , generally below the knees , or a burning sensation in the soles of the feet . This may eventuate even if the person was bitten somewhere else on their body .
Around one in three subjects develops systemic envenomation ; this may occur after a number of hours , or rarely , be delayed for more than 24 hours ; symptoms typically include nausea , vomiting , abdominal or chest pain , agitation , headache , generalised sweating and hypertension . Severe pain usually persists for over 24 hours after being bitten , and symptoms of envenomation may linger for weeks or even months . Rare complications include seizure , coma , pulmonary edema , respiratory failure or localised skin infection . Children , the elderly , or those with serious medical conditions are at much higher risk of severe effects and death resulting from a bite . Infants have died within hours of a bite , but adult fatalities have taken up to 30 days .
Children and infants may be unable to report being bitten , making it difficult to associate their symptoms with a spider bite . Symptoms seen in infants include inconsolable crying , refusing to feed and a general erythematous rash . Muscle aches and pains , and neck spasm are often seen in children over four years of age .
Unlike those of some other Australian spiders , redback bites do not necrose . Latrodectism has been misdiagnosed as various medical conditions including acute hepatitis , sepsis , testicular torsion or an acute abdomen .
= = = Treatment = = =
Treatment is based on the severity of poisoning from the bite ; the majority of cases do not require medical care , and patients with localised pain , swelling and redness usually only require local application of ice and simple oral analgesia such as paracetamol . Pressure immobilisation of the wound site is not recommended , as the venom spreads very slowly and is not affected . Keeping the victim still to reduce the spread of the venom is beneficial .
Hospital assessment is recommended if simple pain relief does not resolve local pain , or clinical features of systemic envenoming occur . Opioid analgesics may be necessary to relieve pain . Antivenom is generally given for adults suffering severe local pain or symptoms of systemic envenomation consistent with latrodectism , which include pain and swelling spreading proximally from site , distressing local or systemic pain refractory to simple analgesia , chest pain , abdominal pain , or excessive sweating ( diaphoresis ) . A significant proportion of bites will not result in envenomation or any symptoms developing ; around 2 – 20 % of bite victims require treatment with the antivenom . In an Australian study of 750 emergency hospital admissions for spider bites where the spider was definitively identified , 56 were from redbacks . Of these , 37 had significant pain lasting over 24 hours , but only six were treated with the antivenom .
The antivenom manufacturer 's product information recommends one vial , although this is often insufficient . Hence current guidelines indicate two vials , with a further two vials recommended if symptoms do not resolve within two hours . The antivenom can be given by injection intramuscularly ( IM ) or intravenously ( IV ) . The manufacturer recommends IM use , with IV administration reserved for life @-@ threatening cases . However , toxicologist Geoffrey Isbister has suggested IM antivenom is not as effective as IV antivenom , after finding that IM antivenom takes longer to reach the blood serum . These concerns have led two handbooks to recommend IV in preference to IM administration in Australian practice . Despite a long history of usage and anecdotal evidence of effectiveness , there is a lack of data from controlled studies confirming the antivenom 's benefits . Before the introduction of antivenom , benzodiazepines and intravenous calcium gluconate were used to relieve symptoms of pain and distress , although calcium is not recommended as its benefit has not been shown in clinical trials .
Studies support the safety of antivenom , with around a 5 % chance of an acute reaction , 1 – 2 % of anaphylaxis and 10 % chance of a delayed reaction due to serum sickness . Nevertheless , it is recommended that an injection of adrenaline be ready and available in case it is needed to treat a severe anaphylactic reaction , and also that the antivenom from the vial be administered diluted in a 100 ml bag of intravenous solution for infusion over 30 minutes . While it is rare that patients report symptoms of envenomation lasting weeks or months following a bite , there are case reports from the 1990s in which antivenom was reported to be effective in the relief of chronic symptoms when administered weeks or months after a bite , however , in the vast majority of cases , it is administered within 24 hours .
= = = Prognosis = = =
In almost all cases , symptoms resolve within a week . Fatalities are very unlikely ; no deaths have been reported since the introduction of antivenom in 1956 , but before this , redback spider bites had resulted in at least 14 deaths in Australia .
= = Bites to animals = =
Redback spider bites are difficult to diagnose in pets unless witnessed . Dogs appear to have some resistance . They are at serious risk only if bitten many times , and rarely need antivenom . Cats are likely to be more susceptible and require antivenom , which can reverse symptoms very quickly . Guinea pigs , horses and camels are very susceptible . As with humans , the symptoms are predominantly autonomic in nature alongside pain at the bite site . Dogs may also suffer vomiting and diarrhoea , muscle tremors or clonic contractions , and abdominal wall rigidity , while cats may salivate excessively , protrude their tongue or be overexcitable .
= = Historical treatment of bites = =
Most traditional or historical first @-@ aid treatments for redback spider bites are either useless or dangerous . These include making incisions and promoting bleeding , using ligatures , applying alkaline solutions , providing warmth , and sucking the venom out . In modern first aid , incising , sucking , applying bandages and tourniqueting are strongly discouraged . In 1893 , the Camperdown Chronicle reported that a doctor noticed that a severely ill benumbed victim got much better overnight following treatment using injections of strychnine and cocaine ; strychnine had been popular as a snake bite antidote , but it was not effective . As of 2011 , administration of magnesium sulphate was reported to have had some benefit though evidence of effectiveness is weak .
= = Cultural impact = =
Indigenous Australians in New South Wales mixed the venom with that of snakes and pine tree gum to form a broth used to coat spear tips . Slim Newton drew popular attention to redbacks with his song " The Redback on the Toilet Seat " , which won the Golden Guitar at the first Country Music Awards of Australia in 1973 . Newton recalled an occasion when a friend used his outside toilet where the light globe had blown and reported he was lucky there was not a redback spider on the toilet seat . The phrase inspired him to write the song . A sculpture of an impossibly large redback , one of Australia 's big things , was built in 1996 at Eight Mile Plains , Queensland . The Angels 1991 album Red Back Fever takes its name from the spider . Matilda Bay Brewing Company produces a wheat beer called Redback , with the distinctive red stripe as the logo . The redback appears in the name and emblem of the South Australia cricket team . The Airborne Redback , an Australian ultralight trike , was also named after the spider . Redback Boots is an Australian workboot manufacturing company , which uses the spider in its name and logo . In 2006 a redback spider stamp was designed as part of a " Dangerous Australians " stamp series , but was withheld from general circulation by Australia Post due to concerns that the realistic depiction would scare people opening their letter boxes .
|
= Richard Wright ( musician ) =
Richard William " Rick " Wright ( 28 July 1943 – 15 September 2008 ) was an English musician , composer , singer and songwriter . He was a founding member , keyboardist and vocalist of the progressive rock band Pink Floyd , performing on all of the group 's albums , except for The Final Cut , including The Piper at the Gates of Dawn , The Dark Side of the Moon , Wish You Were Here and The Division Bell , and playing on all of their tours .
Wright grew up in Hatch End , London and met future Pink Floyd bandmates Roger Waters and Nick Mason while studying at the Regent Street Polytechnic . The group found commercial success in 1967 with frontman Syd Barrett before Barrett 's instability led to him being replaced by David Gilmour , with Wright taking over songwriting duties with Waters . Initially a straightforward singer / songwriter , Wright later acted as an arranger to Waters and Gilmour 's compositions . He began to contribute less towards the end of the 1970s and left the band after touring The Wall in 1981 . He rejoined the band as a session player in 1987 for A Momentary Lapse of Reason , and became a full @-@ time member again for The Division Bell in 1994 . Sessions with Wright during this period were later released on the album The Endless River . Away from the Floyd , Wright recorded two solo albums , including a collaboration with Anthony Moore on Broken China , and briefly formed the duo Zee . After rejoining Waters , Mason and Gilmour as Pink Floyd for Live 8 in 2005 , he became part of Gilmour 's regular solo touring band , singing occasional lead on songs such as " Arnold Layne " , before his death in September 2008 .
Overshadowed by band mates Barrett , Waters and Gilmour and being the quietest and most reserved member of Pink Floyd , Wright 's contributions have been overlooked , but his death brought a reappraisal and recognition of his talents . His jazz and improvisation influences and keyboard performances were an important part of the Pink Floyd sound ; being a prominent player of the Farfisa and Hammond organs and the Kurzweil synthesizer . Wright sang regularly in the band , and occasionally took the lead vocal on Pink Floyd songs such as " Time " , " Remember a Day " and " Wearing the Inside Out " .
= = Early life = =
Wright , whose father was head biochemist at Unigate Dairies , grew up in Hatch End , north west London and was educated at the Haberdashers ' Aske 's School . He taught himself to play guitar , trumpet and piano at age 12 after he was recuperating from breaking a leg . His mother helped and encouraged him to play the piano . He took private lessons in musical theory and composition at the Eric Gilder School of Music and became influenced by the trad jazz revival , learning the trombone and saxophone as well as the piano . Uncertain about his future , he enrolled in 1962 at the Regent Street Polytechnic which was later incorporated into the University of Westminster . There he met fellow musicians Roger Waters and Nick Mason , and all three joined a band formed by classmate Clive Metcalf called Sigma 6 .
Wright 's position in the band was tenuous to begin with , as he did not choose a definitive instrument , playing piano if a pub had one , otherwise settling on the trombone or rhythm guitar . Wright moved in with Waters and Mason to a house in Stanhope Gardens , Highgate , and began serious rehearsals to become a professional group . Although Mason and Waters were competent students , Wright found architecture of little interest and after only a year of study moved to the London College of Music . He took a break from studies and travelled to Greece for a sabbatical . Their landlord , Mike Leonard , purchased a Farfisa organ , and briefly replaced Wright in the band . However , the organ ultimately became Wright 's main instrument . Through a friend , he arranged the fledgling group 's first recording session in a West Hampstead studio , just before Christmas 1964 . Guitarists Bob Klose and Syd Barrett joined the band , which became Pink Floyd .
= = Pink Floyd = =
Pink Floyd had stabilised around Barrett , Waters , Mason and Wright by mid @-@ 1965 , and after frequent gigging that year became regulars on the Underground live circuit in London . While Barrett was the dominant member , writing most material , singing most lead vocals and playing lead guitar , Wright played a supportive role , playing keyboards and singing , with occasional lead , and writing his own material . As the most qualified musician , Wright was responsible for tuning guitars , and would often tune Waters ' bass for him in concert . Later on , he had a Strobotuner to tune guitars silently during gigs . In the band 's early days , before acquiring a full @-@ time road crew , Wright was responsible for unloading the gear at the end of each gig .
While not credited for vocals on The Piper at the Gates of Dawn , he sang lead on Barrett @-@ penned songs like " Astronomy Domine " and " Matilda Mother " . Examples of his early compositions include " Remember a Day " , " See @-@ Saw " , " Paint Box " and " It Would Be So Nice " . Wright was close friends with Barrett , and at one point the pair shared a flat in Richmond . After Barrett left the group in 1968 due to mental health issues , Wright considered leaving and forming a group with Barrett , but realised it would not have been practical .
Following Barrett 's departure and replacement by David Gilmour , Wright took over writing duties with Waters but gradually became less involved as a singer and songwriter as the band 's career progressed . His organ playing remained an important part of the band 's live set , including " Interstellar Overdrive " , " Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun " and " Careful with That Axe , Eugene " and he contributed musical themes for film scores ( More , Zabriskie Point and Obscured by Clouds ) . He made significant contributions to Pink Floyd 's long , epic compositions such as " Atom Heart Mother " , " Echoes " ( on which he harmonised with Gilmour for the lead vocals ) and " Shine On You Crazy Diamond " . On 1973 's The Dark Side of the Moon he composed the music for " The Great Gig in the Sky " and " Us and Them " . He also contributed to other album tracks such as " Breathe " and " Time " , singing the lead vocals on the latter 's chorus .
Wright 's contributions to the band diminished in the late 1970s as Waters began to write more material , with Animals being the first album that he did not receive any songwriter credits . By the time the group was recording The Wall in 1979 , Waters had become frustrated that Wright was not contributing enough yet still claiming an equal share of production royalties . Wright refused to catch up on the recording backlog as his first marriage had deteriorated and he had not seen enough of his children , deciding family was more important . Waters considered suing Wright , but ultimately decided an easier thing to do would be for Wright to leave the band at the end of the project . As the band was in financial trouble at the time , Wright agreed to these terms . Several other musicians , including Waters , Gilmour , producer Bob Ezrin , composer Michael Kamen and session player Fred Mandel played keyboards on The Wall . Wright was retained as a salaried session musician during the live concerts to promote that album in 1980 – 81 , but ironically he became the only member of Pink Floyd to profit from the initial run of the costly Wall shows , since the net financial loss had to be borne by the three remaining " full @-@ time " members . Wright did not attend the 1982 premiere of the film version of Pink Floyd — The Wall . In 1983 , Pink Floyd released The Final Cut , the only album from the band on which Wright does not appear . His absence from the credits was the first time fans realised he had left the group , which was officially confirmed some years later .
After Waters ' departure in 1985 , Wright began to contribute to Pink Floyd again , beginning with sessions for the album A Momentary Lapse of Reason . However , he did not legally rejoin as an equal to Gilmour and Mason , and was a salaried musician for the resulting tour , as his contract said he could not rejoin as a full member . On the album credits , his name was listed after Mason and Gilmour and his photo did not appear on the cover .
By 1994 , he had rejoined the group full @-@ time as an equal partner with Gilmour and Mason . He co @-@ wrote five songs and sang lead vocals on one song ( " Wearing the Inside Out " ) for the next Pink Floyd album , The Division Bell . This was followed by the double live album and video release Pulse in 1995 . Wright , like Mason , performed on every Pink Floyd tour .
On 2 July 2005 , Wright , Gilmour and Mason were joined by Waters on stage for the first time since the Wall concerts for a short set at the Live 8 concert in London . This was the last time that all four ( post @-@ Barrett ) Pink Floyd members performed together . Wright underwent eye surgery for cataracts in November 2005 , preventing him from attending Pink Floyd 's induction into the UK Music Hall of Fame .
Wright 's last Floyd appearance , a posthumous one , was on 2014 's The Endless River . The album contained mostly instrumental music recorded during the Division Bell sessions in 1993 @-@ 1994 .
= = Other work = =
Wright rarely played live outside of Pink Floyd compared to the other members . Along with Gilmour , Wright played on Barrett 's second solo album , Barrett in 1970 and helped with production . He later recalled working on the album as a way of helping Barrett in any way possible . In 1974 , he guested at a concert by Sutherland Brothers & Quiver at Newcastle Polytechnic .
Wright recorded his first solo project , Wet Dream , in early 1978 in Super Bear Studios , France , which featured touring guitarist Snowy White and saxophonist Mel Collins . The album was released in September with minimal commercial success .
During 1984 , Wright formed a new musical duo with Dave Harris ( from the band Fashion ) called Zee . The pair had been introduced by a mutual friend , saxophonist Raphael Ravenscroft . They signed a record deal with EMI Records and released only one album , Identity , which was a commercial and critical flop . Wright later referred to Zee as " an experiment best forgotten " .
In 1996 , inspired by his successful input into The Division Bell , Wright released his second solo album , Broken China , which had been co @-@ written with lyricist Anthony Moore , who helped with production and engineering . The album covers the theme of depression and helped Wright come to terms with seeing friends affected by it . Musical contributions came from Pino Palladino on bass , Manu Katché on drums , Dominic Miller ( known from his guitar work with Sting ) and Tim Renwick , another Floyd associate , on electric guitar . Gilmour contributed a guitar part for " Breakthrough " but his performance didn 't make the final mix of the album . Wright considered taking the album on tour , but concluded it wouldn 't be financially viable . Sinéad O 'Connor sang lead vocal on two tracks , " Reaching for the Rail " and " Breakthrough " , with Wright covering the remainder .
In 1999 , touring Floyd keyboardist Jon Carin joined with Wright 's wife to bring Wright and Waters back together after some 18 years apart ; the two men met backstage after a tour date by Waters .
Wright played at several of Gilmour 's solo shows in 2002 , contributing keyboards and vocals , including his own composition " Breakthrough " . In 2006 , he became a regular member of Gilmour 's solo touring band along with former Floyd sidemen Jon Carin , Dick Parry and Guy Pratt . He contributed keyboards and background vocals to Gilmour 's solo album , On an Island , and performed live in Europe and North America that year . On stage with Gilmour he played keyboards , including a revival of the Farfisa for performing " Echoes " . Wright sang lead on " Arnold Layne " , which was released as a live single . He declined an offer to join Waters and Mason on the The Dark Side of the Moon Live tour to spend more time working on a solo project .
In 2006 , Wright joined Gilmour and Mason for the official screening of the P • U • L • S • E DVD . Inevitably , Live 8 surfaced as a subject in an interview . When asked about performing again , Wright replied he would be happy on stage anywhere . He explained that his plan was to " meander " along and play live whenever Gilmour required his services . The same year , he co @-@ wrote the Helen Boulding B @-@ side , " Hazel Eyes " , with Chris Difford .
Wright 's final vocal performance took place at " The Madcap 's Last Laugh " a tribute concert at The Barbican in London on 10 May 2007 . It was organised by Joe Boyd in the memory of Barrett who had died the previous July , and featured Waters solo before Wright performed as part of Pink Floyd , including a performance of " Arnold Layne " . His final live performance was as part of David Gilmour 's band at the premiere of Gilmour 's concert DVD Remember That Night on 6 September 2007 at the Odeon Leicester Square , London . After an edited version of the film had been shown , the band took to the stage to jam .
= = Personal life = =
Wright married his first wife , Juliette Gale , in 1964 . She had been a singer in one of the early bands that evolved into Pink Floyd . They had two children and divorced in 1982 . His second marriage to Franka lasted between 1984 and 1994 . Wright married his third wife Mildred " Millie " Hobbs in 1995 , with whom he had a son , Ben . They separated in 2007 . Wright 's daughter Gala is married to Floyd and Gilmour touring bassist Guy Pratt .
Wright had been fond of the Greek islands since a sabbatical visit in 1964 , before Pink Floyd were formed . He moved to Greece in 1984 after Zee , briefly retiring from music , and enjoyed sailing and yachting . In his later years , Wright lived in France and spent time on a yacht he owned in the Virgin Islands . He found sailing therapeutic , relieving him from the pressures of the music business . He was also a keen collector of Persian rugs .
= = Death = =
Wright died at home of lung cancer on 15 September 2008 , aged 65 . At the time of his death , he had been working on a new solo album , which was thought to comprise a series of instrumental pieces .
The surviving members of Pink Floyd paid Wright tribute . Waters said " it is hard to overstate the importance of his musical voice in the Pink Floyd of the ' 60s and ' 70s " and was happy that they had managed to reunite for Live 8 . Mason said Wright 's contributions to Floyd were under @-@ rated , and that his playing " was the sound that knitted it all together " , comparing his " quiet one " status in the band to George Harrison . Gilmour called him " my musical partner and my friend " , praised the ability of the two men 's voices to blend , such as on " Echoes " . Wright 's death brought Pink Floyd to a formal end , with Gilmour re @-@ iterating that it would be wrong to resume touring without him .
On the day of Wright 's death , Elton John , while playing a concert in Saskatoon , Saskatchewan , Canada dedicated the song " Believe " to him . On 23 September , Gilmour performed " Remember a Day " , a Wright composition from Pink Floyd 's second album , A Saucerful of Secrets , on a live broadcast of Later ... with Jools Holland on BBC Two as a tribute to Wright . In an interview later on in the show , Gilmour said that Wright had intended to perform with him that day , but that he had texted Gilmour a couple of weeks before his death to advise him that he would not be well enough to attend .
= = Musical style = =
Wright 's main influence was jazz , particularly Miles Davis and John Coltrane . He never considered himself a typical songwriter , preferring to create whole albums of music with a theme , later saying " if the words came out like the music , and we didn 't have anything else to do , then quite a few would be written " . A number of compositions credited to Wright came out of improvisation and randomly trying ideas , some of which were picked up enthusiastically by his band mates . Wright later said " I just play and don 't really think about what I 'm doing , I just let it happen " . Of all the Pink Floyd members , Wright was the most reserved , sitting down behind the keyboards and concentrating on the music .
In the 1970s , Wright listened to some contemporary progressive rock bands , and particularly liked early Peter Gabriel @-@ fronted Genesis . He later asked some of the musicians in Gabriel 's solo touring band to play on Broken China . Wright enjoyed playing the organ , and considered the style he used in Pink Floyd to be unique . He played solos in the early part of Floyd 's career , frequently using Egyptian scales , such as on " Matilda Mother " or " Set the Controls for the Heart of the Sun " . His jazz background led to him being interested in free form music , with adherence to tempo being less important . Later , he was more interested in complementing each piece with organ , electric piano or synthesizer as a backing instrument , while still featuring occasional solos .
= = = Equipment = = =
In the early days of the band , Wright dabbled with brass before settling on Farfisa electric organs as his main instrument onstage . He originally owned a single @-@ manual Combo Compact model , which was used for early recordings of " Interstellar Overdrive " , and later upgraded to a dual @-@ manual Compact Duo . During the 1960s , Wright relied heavily on his Farfisa fed through a Binson Echorec platter echo , as heard on the Ummagumma live album . On later tours , the instrument was fed through a joystick control allowing the signal to be sent through up to six speakers in an auditorium , which was called the " Azimuth Coordinator " . Wright stopped using the Farfisa after The Dark Side of the Moon , but revisited it in later years , playing it on Gilmour 's On An Island tour . It was recorded for the sessions that eventually became The Endless River .
Wright played the piano and Hammond organ in the studio from the start of Pink Floyd 's recording career ; using the Hammond 's bass pedals for the closing section of " A Saucerful of Secrets " . He used a Mellotron in the studio for some tracks , including Ummagumma 's " Sysyphus " and on the " Atom Heart Mother " suite . For a brief period in 1969 , Wright played vibraphone on several of the band 's songs and in some live shows , and reintroduced the trombone on " Biding My Time " . He started using a Hammond organ regularly on stage alongside the Farfisa around 1970 and a grand piano became part of his usual live concert setup when " Echoes " was added to Pink Floyd 's regular set list . All three keyboards are used in the concert film Pink Floyd : Live at Pompeii .
In the 1970s , Wright began using synthesizers such as the VCS 3 , ARP String Ensemble and Minimoog , which were featured on " Shine on You Crazy Diamond " . Wright wrote the closing part of the track alone , and included a brief extract of the band 's early single " See Emily Play " on the Minimoog towards the end . He used a number of electric pianos during the 1970s , including a Wurlitzer fed through a wah @-@ wah pedal on " Money " and an unaccompanied Rhodes introduction for " Sheep " on Animals .
From the 1987 Momentary Lapse of Reason tour onwards , Wright and touring keyboardist Jon Carin favoured Kurzweil digital synthesizers , including the K2000 keyboard and K2000S rack module for reproducing piano and electric piano sounds . Wright retained the Hammond along with a Leslie speaker , playing it onstage and using it during the Division Bell sessions .
= = Discography = =
= = = With Pink Floyd = = =
See Pink Floyd discography
= = = With Syd Barrett = = =
Barrett – 1970
= = = Solo albums = = =
Wet Dream – 1978
Broken China – 1996
= = = With Zee = = =
Identity – 1984
= = = With David Gilmour = = =
David Gilmour in Concert ( DVD ) – 2002 ( guest appearance )
On an Island – 2006
Appears on two tracks : " On an Island " ( Hammond organ ) & " The Blue " ( backing vocals )
Remember That Night ( DVD / Blu @-@ ray ) – 2007
Live in Gdańsk ( CD / DVD ) – 2008
|
= Hemiptera =
The Hemiptera / hɛˈmɪptərə / or true bugs are an order of insects comprising around 50 @,@ 000 – 80 @,@ 000 species of groups such as the cicadas , aphids , planthoppers , leafhoppers , and shield bugs . They range in size from 1 mm ( 0 @.@ 04 in ) to around 15 cm ( 6 in ) , and share a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts . The name " true bugs " is sometimes limited to the suborder Heteroptera . Many insects commonly known as " bugs " belong to other orders ; for example , the lovebug is a fly , while the May bug and ladybug are beetles .
Most hemipterans feed on plants , using their sucking and piercing mouthparts to extract plant sap . Some are parasitic while others are predators that feed on other insects or small invertebrates . They live in a wide variety of habitats , generally terrestrial , though some species are adapted to life in or on the surface of fresh water . Hemipterans are hemimetabolous , with young nymphs that somewhat resemble adults . Many aphids are capable of parthenogenesis , producing young from unfertilised eggs ; this helps them to reproduce extremely rapidly in favourable conditions .
Humans have interacted with the Hemiptera for millennia . Some species are important agricultural pests , damaging crops by the direct action of sucking sap , but also harming them indirectly by being the vectors of serious viral diseases . Other species have been used for biological control of insect pests . Hemipterans have been cultivated for the extraction of dyestuffs cochineal ( also known as carmine ) and for shellac . The bed bug is a persistent parasite of humans . Cicadas have been used as food , and have appeared in literature from the Iliad in Ancient Greece .
= = Diversity = =
Hemiptera is the largest order of hemimetabolous insects ( not undergoing complete metamorphosis ) containing over 75 @,@ 000 named species ; orders with more species all have a pupal stage , Coleoptera ( 370 @,@ 000 described species ) , Lepidoptera ( 160 @,@ 000 ) , Diptera ( 100 @,@ 000 ) and Hymenoptera ( 100 @,@ 000 ) . The group is very diverse . The majority of species are terrestrial , including a number of important agricultural pests , but some are found in freshwater habitats . These include the water boatmen , pond skaters , and giant water bugs .
= = Taxonomy and phylogeny = =
The present members of the order Hemiptera ( sometimes referred to as Rhynchota ) were historically placed into two orders , the so @-@ called Homoptera and Heteroptera / Hemiptera , based on differences in wing structure and the position of the rostrum . The order is now more often divided into four or more suborders , after the " Homoptera " were established as paraphyletic . Molecular phylogenetics analysis by Song et al . ( 2012 ) supports this cladogram :
The Peloridiidae ( Coleorrhyncha ) were not included in Song 's analysis . The suggestion that the Auchenorrhyncha are paraphyletic has been debated , and in 2012 , the phylogeny was described as " contentious " ; a multilocus molecular phylogenetic analysis suggested that the Auchenorrhyncha , like the Sternorrhyncha , Heteropterodea , Heteroptera , Fulgoroidea , Cicadomorpha , Membracoidea , Cercopoidea , and Cicadoidea , were all monophyletic .
The closest relatives of hemipterans are the thrips and lice , which collectively form the " hemipteroid assemblage " within the Exopterygota .
The fossil record of hemipterans goes back to the Carboniferous ( Moscovian ) . The oldest fossils are of the Archescytinidae from the Lower Permian and are thought to be basal to the Auchenorrhyncha . Fulguromorpha and Cicadomorpha appear in the Upper Permian , as do Sternorrhyncha of the Psylloidea and Aleurodoidea . Aphids and Coccoids appear in the Triassic . The Coleorrhyncha extend back to the Lower Jurassic . The Heteroptera first appeared in the Triassic .
= = Biology = =
= = = Mouthparts = = =
The defining feature of hemipterans is their " beak " in which the modified mandibles and maxillae form a " stylet " which is sheathed within a modified labium . The stylet is capable of piercing tissues and sucking liquids , while the labium supports it . The stylet contains a channel for the outward movement of saliva and another for the inward movement of liquid food . A salivary pump drives saliva into the prey ; a cibarial pump extracts liquid from the prey . Both pumps are powered by substantial dilator muscles in the head . The beak is usually folded under the body when not in use . The diet is typically plant sap , but some hemipterans such as assassin bugs are blood @-@ suckers , and a few are predators .
Both herbivorous and predatory hemipterans inject enzymes to begin digestion extraorally ( before the food is taken into the body ) . These enzymes include amylase to hydrolyse starch , polygalacturonase to weaken the tough cell walls of plants , and proteinases to break down proteins .
Although the Hemiptera vary widely in their overall form , their mouthparts form a distinctive " rostrum " . Other insect orders with mouthparts modified into anything like the rostrum and stylets of the Hemiptera include some Phthiraptera , but for other reasons they generally are easy to recognize as non @-@ hemipteran . Similarly , the mouthparts of Siphonaptera , some Diptera and Thysanoptera superficially resemble the rostrum of the Hemiptera , but on closer inspection the differences are considerable . Aside from the mouthparts , various other insects can be confused with Hemiptera , but they all have biting mandibles and maxillae instead of the rostrum . Examples include cockroaches and psocids , both of which have longer , many @-@ segmented antennae , and some beetles , but these have fully hardened forewings which do not overlap .
= = = Wing structure = = =
The forewings of Hemiptera are either entirely membranous , as in the Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha , or partially hardened , as in most Heteroptera . The name " Hemiptera " is from the Greek ἡμι- ( hemi ; " half " ) and πτερόν ( pteron ; " wing " ) , referring to the forewings of many heteropterans which are hardened near the base , but membranous at the ends . Wings modified in this manner are termed hemelytra ( singular : hemelytron ) , by analogy with the completely hardened elytra of beetles , and occur only in the suborder Heteroptera . In all suborders , the hindwings – if present at all – are entirely membranous and usually shorter than the forewings . The forewings may be held " roofwise " over the body ( typical of Sternorrhyncha and Auchenorrhyncha ) , or held flat on the back , with the ends overlapping ( typical of Heteroptera ) . The antennae in Hemiptera typically consist of four or five segments , although they can still be quite long , and the tarsi of the legs have two or three segments .
= = = Sound production = = =
Many hemipterans can produce sound for communication . The " song " of male cicadas , the loudest of any insect , is produced by tymbal organs on the underside of the abdomen , and is used to attract mates . The tymbals are drumlike disks of cuticle , which are clicked in and out repeatedly , making a sound in the same way as popping the metal lid of a jam jar in and out .
Stridulatory sounds are produced among the aquatic Corixidae and Notonectidae ( backswimmers ) using tibial combs rubbed across rostral ridges .
= = = Life cycle = = =
Hemipterans are hemimetabolous , meaning that they do not undergo metamorphosis , the complete change of form between a larval phase and an adult phase . Instead , their young are called nymphs , and resemble the adults to a greater or less degree . The nymphs moult several times as they grow , and each instar resembles the adult more than the previous one . Wing buds grow in later stage nymphs ; the final transformation involves little more than the development of functional wings ( if they are present at all ) and functioning sexual organs , with no intervening pupal stage as in holometabolous insects .
= = = = Parthenogenesis and vivipary = = = =
Many aphids are parthenogenetic during part of the life cycle , such that females can produce unfertilized eggs , which are clones of their mother . All such young are female ( thelytoky ) , so 100 % of the population at these times can produce more offspring . Many species of aphid are also viviparous : the young are born live rather than laid as eggs . These adaptations enable aphids to reproduce extremely rapidly when conditions are suitable .
= = Locomotion = =
Hemipterans make use of a variety of modes of locomotion including swimming , skating on a water surface and jumping , as well as walking and flying like other insects .
= = = Swimming and skating = = =
Several families of Heteroptera are water bugs , adapted to an aquatic lifestyle , such as the water boatmen ( Corixidae ) , water scorpions ( Nepidae ) , and backswimmers ( Notonectidae ) . They are mostly predatory , and have legs adapted as paddles to help the animal move through the water . The pondskaters or water striders ( Gerridae ) are also associated with water , but use the surface tension of standing water to keep them above the surface ; they include the sea skaters in the genus Halobates , the only truly marine group of insects .
= = = Marangoni propulsion = = =
Marangoni effect propulsion exploits the change in surface tension when a soap @-@ like surfactant is released on to a water surface , in the same way that a toy soap boat propels itself . Water bugs in the genus Microvelia ( Veliidae ) can travel at up to 17 cm / s , twice as fast as they can walk , by this means .
= = = Flight = = =
Flight is well developed in the Hemiptera although mostly used for short distance movement and dispersal . Wing development is sometimes related to environmental conditions . In aphids , both winged and wingless forms occur with winged forms produced in greater numbers when food resources are depleted . Aphids and whiteflies can sometimes be transported very long distances by atmospheric updrafts and high altitude winds .
= = = Jumping = = =
Many Auchenorrhyncha including representatives of the cicadas , leafhoppers , treehoppers , planthoppers , and froghoppers are adapted for jumping ( saltation ) . Treehoppers , for example , jump by rapidly depressing their hind legs . Before jumping , the hind legs are raised and the femora are pressed tightly into curved indentations in the coxae . Treehoppers can attain a take @-@ off velocity of up to 2 @.@ 7 metres per second and an acceleration of up to 250 g . The instantaneous power output is much greater than that of normal muscle , implying that energy is stored and released to catapult the insect into the air . Cicadas , which are much larger , extend their hind legs for a jump in under a millisecond , again implying elastic storage of energy for sudden release .
= = = Sedentary lifestyles = = =
In contrast , most Sternorrhyncha females are sedentary or completely sessile , attached to their host plants by their thin feeding stylets which cannot be taken out of the plant quickly .
= = Ecological roles = =
= = = Feeding modes = = =
= = = = Herbivores = = = =
Most hemipterans are phytophagous , using their sucking and piercing mouthparts to feed on plant sap . These include cicadas , leafhoppers , treehoppers , planthoppers , froghoppers , aphids , whiteflies , scale insects , and some other groups . Some are monophages , being host specific and only found on one plant taxon , others are oligophages , feeding on a few plant groups , while others again are less discriminating polyphages and feed on many species of plant . The relationship between hemipterans and plants appears to be ancient , with piercing and sucking of plants evident in the Early Devonian period .
Hemipterans can dramatically cut the mass of affected plants , especially in major outbreaks . They sometimes also change the mix of plants by predation on seeds or feeding on roots of certain species . Some sap @-@ suckers move from one host to another at different times of year . Many aphids spend the winter as eggs on a woody host plant and the summer as parthogenetically reproducing females on a herbaceous plant .
Phloem sap , which has a higher concentration of sugars and nitrogen , is under positive pressure unlike the more dilute xylem sap . Most of the Sternorrhyncha and a number of Auchenorrhynchan groups feed on phloem . Phloem feeding is common in the Fulgoromorpha , most Cicadellidae and in the Heteroptera . The Typhlocybine Cicadellids specialize in feeding on non @-@ vascular mesophyll tissue of leaves , which is more nutritious than the leaf epidermis . Most Heteroptera also feed on mesophyll tissue where they are more likely to encounter defensive secondary plant metabolites which often leads to the evolution of host specificity . Obligate xylem feeding is a special habit that is found in the Auchenorrhyncha among Cicadoidea , Cercopoidea and in Cicadelline Cicadellids . Some phloem feeders may take to xylem sap facultatively , especially when facing dehydration . Xylem feeders tend to be polyphagous ; to overcome the negative pressure of xylem requires a special cibarial pump . Phloem feeding hemiptera typically have symbiotic micro @-@ organisms in their gut that help to convert amino acids . Phloem feeders produce honeydew from their anus . A variety of organisms that feed on honeydew form symbiotic associations with phloem @-@ feeders . Phloem sap is a sugary liquid low in amino acids , so insects have to process large quantities to meet their nutritional requirements . Xylem sap is even lower in amino acids and contains monosaccharides rather than sucrose , as well as organic acids and minerals . No digestion is required ( except for the hydrolysis of sucrose ) and 90 % of the nutrients in the xylem sap can be utilised . Some phloem sap feeders selectively mix phloem and xylem sap to control the osmotic potential of the liquid consumed . A striking adaptation to a very dilute diet is found in many hemipterans : a filter chamber , a part of the gut looped back on itself as a countercurrent exchanger , which permits nutrients to be separated from excess water . The residue , mostly water with sugars and amino acids , is quickly excreted as sticky " honey dew " , notably from aphids but also from other Auchenorrhycha and Sternorrhyncha .
Some Sternorrhyncha including Psyllids and some aphids are gall formers . These sap @-@ sucking hemipterans inject fluids containing plant hormones into the plant tissues inducing the production of tissue that covers to protects the insect and also act as sinks for nutrition that they feed on . The hackleberry gall psyllid for example , causes a woody gall on the leaf petioles of the hackleberry tree it infests , and the nymph of another psyllid produces a protective lerp out of hardened honeydew .
= = = = Predators = = = =
Most other hemipterans are predatory , feeding on other insects , or even small vertebrates . This is true of many aquatic species which are predatory , either as nymphs or adults . The predatory shield bug for example stabs caterpillars with its beak and sucks out the body fluids . The saliva of predatory heteropterans contains digestive enzymes such as proteinase and phospholipase , and in some species also amylase . The mouthparts of these insects are adapted for predation . There are toothed stylets on the mandibles able to cut into and abrade tissues of their prey . There are further stylets on the maxillae , adapted as tubular canals to inject saliva and to extract the pre @-@ digested and liquified contents of the prey .
Some species attack pest insects and are used in biological control . One of these is the spined soldier bug ( Podisus maculiventris ) that sucks body fluids from larvae of the Colorado beetle and the Mexican bean beetle .
= = = = Haematophagic " parasites " = = = =
A few hemipterans are haematophagic ( often described as " parasites " ) , feeding on the blood of larger animals . These include bedbugs and the triatomine kissing bugs of the assassin bug family Reduviidae , which can transmit the dangerous Chagas disease . The first known hemipteran to feed in this way on vertebrates was the extinct assassin bug Triatoma dominicana found fossilized in amber and dating back about twenty million years . Faecal pellets fossilised beside it show that it transmitted a disease @-@ causing Trypanosoma and the amber included hairs of the likely host , a bat .
= = = As symbionts = = =
Some species of ant protect and farm aphids ( Sternorrhyncha ) and other sap @-@ sucking hemipterans , gathering and eating the honeydew that these hemipterans secrete . The relationship is symbiotic , as both ant and aphid benefit . Ants such as the yellow anthill ant , Lasius flavus , breed aphids of at least four species , Geoica utricularia , Tetraneura ulmi , Forda marginata and Forda formicaria , taking eggs with them when they found a new colony ; in return , these aphids are obligately associated with the ant , breeding mainly or wholly asexually inside anthills . Ants may also protect the plant bugs from their natural enemies , removing the eggs of predatory beetles and preventing access by parasitic wasps .
Some leafhoppers ( Auchenorrhyncha ) are similarly " milked " by ants . In the Corcovado rain forest of Costa Rica , wasps compete with ants to protect and milk leafhoppers ; the leafhoppers preferentially gave more honeydew , more often , to the wasps , which were larger and may have offered better protection .
= = = As prey : defences against predators and parasites = = =
Hemiptera form prey to predators including vertebrates , such as birds , and other invertebrates such as ladybirds . In response , hemipterans have evolved antipredator adaptations . Ranatra may feign death ( thanatosis ) . Others such as Carpocoris purpureipennis secrete toxic fluids to ward off arthropod predators ; some Pentatomidae such as Dolycoris are able to direct these fluids at an attacker . Toxic cardenolide compounds are accumulated by the heteropteran Oncopeltus fasciatus when it consumes milkweeds , while the coreid stinkbug Amorbus rubiginosus acquires 2 @-@ hexenal from its food plant , Eucalyptus . Some long @-@ legged bugs mimic twigs , rocking to and fro to simulate the motion of a plant part in the wind . The nymph of the Masked hunter bug camouflages itself with sand grains , using its hind legs and tarsal fan to form a double layer of grains , coarser on the outside . The Amazon rain forest cicada Hemisciera maculipennis display bright red deimatic flash coloration on their hindwings when threatened ; the sudden contrast helps to startle predators , giving the cicadas time to escape . The coloured patch on the hindwing is concealed at rest by an olive green patch of the same size on the forewing , enabling the insect to switch rapidly from cryptic to deimatic behaviour .
Some hemipterans such as firebugs have bold aposematic warning coloration , often red and black , which appear to deter passerine birds . Many hemipterans including aphids , scale insects and especially the planthoppers secrete wax to protect themselves from threats such as fungi , parasitoidal insects and predators , as well as abiotic factors like desiccation . Hard waxy coverings are especially important in the sedentary Sternorrhyncha such as scale insects , which have no means of escape from predators ; other Sternorrhyncha evade detection and attack by creating and living inside plant galls . Nymphal Cicadoidea and Cercopoidea have glands attached to the Malpighian tubules in their proximal segment that produce mucopolysaccharides , which form the froth around spittlebugs , offering a measure of protection .
Parental care is found in many species of Hemiptera especially in members of the Membracidae and numerous Heteroptera . In many species of shield bug , females stand guard over their egg clusters to protect them from egg parasitoids and predators . In the aquatic Belostomatidae , females lay their eggs on the back of the male which guards the eggs . Protection provided by ants is common in the Auchenorrhyncha .
= = Interaction with humans = =
= = = As pests = = =
Although many species of Hemiptera are significant pests of crops and garden plants , including many species of aphid and scale insects , other species are harmless . The damage done is often not so much the deprivation of the plant of its sap , but the fact that they transmit serious viral diseases between plants . They often produce copious amounts of honeydew which encourages the growth of sooty mould . Significant pests include the cottony cushion scale , a pest of citrus fruit trees , the green peach aphid and other aphids which attack crops worldwide and transmit diseases , and jumping plant lice which are often host plant @-@ specific and transmit diseases .
= = = For pest control = = =
Members of the families Reduviidae , Phymatidae and Nabidae are obligate predators . Some predatory species are used in biological pest control ; these include various nabids , and even some members of families that are primarily phytophagous , such as the genus Geocoris in the family Lygaeidae . Other hemipterans are omnivores , alternating between a plant @-@ based and an animal @-@ based diet . For example , Dicyphus hesperus is used to control whitefly on tomatoes but also sucks sap , and if deprived of plant tissues will die even if in the presence of whiteflies .
= = = Insect products = = =
Other hemipterans have positive uses for humans , such as in the production of the dyestuff carmine ( cochineal ) . The FDA has created guidelines for how to declare when it has been added to a product . The scale insect Dactylopius coccus produces the brilliant red @-@ coloured carminic acid to deter predators . Up to 100 @,@ 000 scale insects need to be collected and processed to make a kilogram ( 2 @.@ 2 lbs ) of cochineal dye . A similar number of lac bugs are needed to make a kilogram of shellac , a brush @-@ on colourant and wood finish . Additional uses of this traditional product include the waxing of citrus fruits to extend their shelf @-@ life , and the coating of pills to moisture @-@ proof them , provide slow @-@ release or mask the taste of bitter ingredients .
= = = As human parasites and disease vectors = = =
Chagas disease is a modern @-@ day tropical disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by kissing bugs , so @-@ called because they suck human blood from around the lips while a person sleeps .
The bed bug , Cimex lectularius , is an external parasite of humans . It lives in bedding and is mainly active at night , feeding on human blood , generally without being noticed . Bed bugs mate by traumatic insemination ; the male pierces the female 's abdomen and injects his sperm into a secondary genital structure , the spermalege . The sperm travel in the female 's blood ( haemolymph ) to sperm storage structures ( seminal conceptacles ) ; they are released from there to fertilise her eggs inside her ovaries .
= = = As food = = =
Some larger hemipterans such as cicadas are used as food in Asian countries such as China , and they are much esteemed in Malawi and other African countries . Insects have a high protein content and good food conversion ratios , but most hemipterans are too small to be a useful component of the human diet . At least nine species of Hemiptera are eaten worldwide .
= = = In art and literature = = =
Cicadas have featured in literature since the time of Homer 's Iliad , and as motifs in decorative art from the Chinese Shang dynasty ( 1766 @-@ 1122 B.C. ) . They are described by Aristotle in his History of Animals and by Pliny the Elder in his Natural History ; their mechanism of sound production is mentioned by Hesiod in his poem Works and Days " when the Skolymus flowers , and the tuneful Tettix sitting on his tree in the weary summer season pours forth from under his wings his shrill song " .
= = = In mythology and folklore = = =
Among the bugs , cicadas in particular have been used as money , in folk medicine , to forecast the weather , to provide song ( in China ) , and in folklore and myths around the world .
= = = Threats = = =
Large @-@ scale cultivation of the oil palm Elaeis guineensis in the Amazon basin damages freshwater habitats and reduces the diversity of aquatic and semi @-@ aquatic Heteroptera . Climate change may be affecting the global migration of hemipterans including the potato leafhopper , Empoasca fabae . Warming is correlated with the severity of potato leafhopper infestation , so increased warming may worsen infestations in future .
|
= Tech Tower =
The Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans Administration Building , commonly known as Tech Tower , is a historic building and focal point of the central campus of the Georgia Institute of Technology ( Georgia Tech ) in Atlanta , Georgia , US .
Located at 225 North Avenue NW in Midtown Atlanta , it was erected in 1888 as the Academic Building , with classrooms to complement the hands @-@ on training in the adjacent shop building . It was the second edifice completed on the Georgia Tech campus and it is the oldest surviving one .
Tech Tower has achieved local , cultural , and historical significance . Monuments and plaques commemorating philanthropy towards Georgia Tech adorn the building and surrounding landscape . The red brick , Victorian @-@ style building is the architectural anchor of the Georgia Institute of Technology Historic District , a landmark of tradition and school spirit , and the present @-@ day administrative hub of the Institute . It has been the site of many ceremonies and important events , including a visit by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt and its dedication in honor of Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans , " Tech 's greatest benefactor . "
Lighted signs spelling TECH hang on each of the four sides of the seven @-@ story central tower , dominating the building 's facade and visible from many parts of the Georgia Tech campus and surrounding area . Georgia Tech students have several times stolen the letter ' T ' from one of these signs , a prank once tolerated but now strictly forbidden .
= = History = =
In 1887 , the state of Georgia acquired 9 acres ( 3 @.@ 6 ha ) of land from Atlanta pioneer Richard Peters that would form the original campus of what was then called the Georgia School of Technology , as well as the site of its first two structures . The state hired the well @-@ known architectural firm Bruce & Morgan to design an Academic Building , containing " ample accommodations in halls , offices , apparatus rooms , recitation and lecture rooms , free hand and mechanical drawing rooms , library and chapel , " as well as a Shop Building , in which " boiler and engine rooms , wood shop , machine shop , forge room and foundry " were located .
Both buildings boasted towers and edifices of similar design . The complementary names and purposes of these buildings reflected the School 's founding principles of valuing both theory and practice , while their similar appearance emphasized the equal standing of these principles . Construction work , contracted by Angus McGilvray with his low bid of US $ 43 @,@ 250 ( $ 1 @.@ 14 million in 2016 ) , began with the Academic Building in June 1887 ; the building was completed in September 1888 . The Shop Building , completed shortly afterward , was destroyed by fire in 1892 and rebuilt more modestly without a tower . Following this , the Academic Building , later known as Tech Tower , became the oldest building on the Georgia Tech campus , a distinction it continues to hold more than a century later .
On October 20 , 1905 , U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt visited the Georgia Tech campus . On the steps of Tech Tower , Roosevelt presented a speech about the importance of engineering education . He then shook hands with each of the 500 students present .
Georgia Tech 's Class of 1922 installed the famous TECH signs on all four sides of Tech Tower in 1918 , giving rise to the building 's present nickname . Their purpose , as defined by the donors during their first year at Georgia Tech , was to " light the spirit of Tech to the four points of the compass . " The signs were originally made of wood and painted white and gold – the Institute colors . In the 1930s , lightbulbs were affixed to the signs to illuminate them more effectively than the earlier ground @-@ based spotlights . In 1949 , the TECH signs were supplemented by neon lighting in metal frames .
In 1978 , Tech Tower and the surrounding 9 acres ( 3 @.@ 6 ha ) of the original campus were added to the National Register of Historic Places as the Georgia Institute of Technology Historic District . Near the entrance to Tech Tower , a historical marker maintained by the Georgia Historical Society commemorates this listing as well as the early history of the Georgia Tech campus .
On May 22 , 1998 , Tech Tower was officially renamed the Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans Administration Building in a ceremony presided over by Tech president G. Wayne Clough . Although neither she nor her husbands attended Georgia Tech as a student , Lettie Pate Whitehead Evans was a longtime benefactor of the Institute , contributing over $ 340 million through her philanthropic organization , the Lettie Pate Evans Foundation .
Tech Tower 's continuous use since its completion in 1888 has required occasional maintenance and refurbishment . It underwent extensive renovations in 1965 with a focus on remodeling the building 's interior layout . During this time , the library and chapel were replaced with modern office space and furnishings . In contrast , efforts directed towards the exterior of the building have aimed to preserve its historic appearance . A restoration project called the " Tech Tower Renovation " began in 1987 , spearheaded by alumnus Eugene M. " Gene " Clary 's gift of new copper shingles with which to replace Tech Tower 's aging roof tiles . Clary first suggested gold @-@ colored shingles , but John Patrick Crecine , Georgia Tech 's president at the time , insisted on copper shingles to match the building 's original construction materials . One of these shingles and a small marker inside the Tech Tower entrance lobby commemorate Clary and his donation . Additional restoration of Tech Tower 's exterior and the Georgia Institute of Technology Historic District , funded by the Class of 1950 and Class of 1975 , began in 2000 . As part of Phase I of the Georgia Tech Master Plan of 1997 , the area was made " more pedestrian @-@ friendly " with the removal of access roads and the addition of landscaping improvements , benches , and other facilities .
= = Structure and appearance = =
Tech Tower is built in the Victorian style with Romanesque Revival influences . The building 's original specifications , according to Georgia Tech 's first Annual Catalogue Announcement published in 1889 , are listed as 130 feet ( 40 m ) wide and 120 feet ( 37 m ) deep . It is constructed primarily of red brick and trimmed with granite . The gabled roof , originally terra cotta , was later replaced by copper shingles . The main complex of the building stands four stories high plus a basement . The tower portion stands seven stories high and is topped with four lighted TECH signs ( one on each side ) and a high pitched roof . The main entrance to the building is accessed by ascending a small staircase and entering a small porch which forms the base of Tech Tower . Most of the building 's windows are simple rectangular frames , with the exception of those on the third floor , which are arched . The entire complex sits on the crest of a tree @-@ dotted hill , giving it the appearance of being larger than it actually is .
= = = Surroundings = = =
As the oldest building on the Georgia Tech campus , Tech Tower has accumulated a number of peripheral monuments and sites of interest over the years . Two walkways encircle the building , including the Tower Walk , donated by the Class of 1950 in 2000 . Georgia Tech 's first class memorial , a marble drinking fountain , was donated in 1911 by the Class of 1903 and is situated east of Tech Tower 's main entrance . Also near the main entrance to Tech Tower is a marbled pair of benches donated by the Class of 1925 in memory of those who died in World War I. A few feet away stands a marbled bench memorial to Paul Howes Norcross , a 1902 Georgia Tech alumnus and former ASCE president who perished in the Norman boat disaster of May 8 , 1925 . The headstone of Sideways the dog is located near Tech Tower 's rear entrance , as is an informational placard detailing Tech Tower 's early history , donated by the Class of 1932 . A staircase donated by the ANAK Society in 1921 connects Tech Tower to the adjacent D. P. Savant Building via a continuous sidewalk . Finally , a steam @-@ driven air compressor , colloquially known as the " steam engine , " sits prominently at the top of the hill near Tech Tower as a reminder of the school 's industrial roots .
= = Modern use = =
As its official name suggests , Tech Tower is primarily used for administrative purposes . It houses the Office of the Registrar , the Office of Capital Planning and Space Management ( CPSM ) , the Internal Auditing Department , and offices for the Center for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning ( CETL ) . In addition , the deans of the College of Engineering and the College of Sciences have offices in Tech Tower .
Tech Tower is considered an iconic representation of Georgia Tech and of higher education in Atlanta . It is often featured in marketing materials and merchandise for the Institute and its silhouette is recognized throughout the Atlanta metropolitan area . The Tower , Georgia Tech 's undergraduate research journal , is named after Tech Tower . Kessler Campanile , a stylized bell tower built on the Georgia Tech campus as part of an Institute @-@ wide branding campaign in the mid @-@ 1990s , was designed to look like a modernized version of Tech Tower . The campanile is now featured in all Georgia Tech logos , though some have argued that Tech Tower itself would be a more appropriate symbol .
= = Stealing the ' T ' = =
Students have stolen the huge , symbolic letter ' T ' on the Tech Tower 's TECH signs a number of times . The ' T ' is then returned at the halftime of the homecoming football game , and the students ' achievement celebrated . Tradition dictates that the first ' T ' to be stolen should be the one facing east , as this can most easily be seen from the Downtown Connector . The groups of students responsible for ' T ' thefts generally assume dramatic pseudonyms , such as the " Mystic Marauders " or the " Sneaky Four . " Pervasive rumors of a detailed plan held in the Institute 's archives to execute " the perfect T theft , " crafted by an unnamed Georgia Tech fraternity , are apparently spurious .
= = = Notable thefts = = =
The ' T ' was first stolen in April 1969 by a secret group of Georgia Tech fraternity brothers calling themselves the " Magnificent Seven " . Inspired by a similar prank that had taken place in 1968 at Harvard University , the students planned the theft as a means of commemorating Institute President Edwin D. Harrison 's retirement . The ' T ' was returned several days later via helicopter at the behest of Atlanta mayor Ivan Allen .
On the evening of November 6 , 1997 , the ' T 's were nearly stolen from the north , south and west sides of Tech Tower by five students wielding hacksaws , tin snips , and rappelling equipment . The students were caught by Georgia Tech police acting on a tip provided by an anonymous informant . The stolen north ' T ' was recovered in the back of a blue Ford Explorer that was parked at the Copper Kettle on Howell Mill Road , also in response to an anonymous tip . Each student was required to pay $ 2 @,@ 446 @.@ 75 in damages ( $ 3 @,@ 607 in 2016 ) although criminal charges were not filed . The Georgia Tech Office of Facilities reinstalled the ' T ' on January 31 , 1998 , 87 days after its attempted theft .
One of the most theatrical thefts of the ' T ' occurred over the summer of 1999 . The ' T ' on the north face of Tech Tower was stolen by a group of " six or seven people " on the morning of June 3 , 1999 . The perpetrators wrote a letter detailing the theft to the editorial staff of The Technique , Georgia Tech 's student newspaper . The letter , an abridged version of which was subsequently printed in the summer issue of The Technique , described the process of stealing the ' T ' by lowering it via a rope and moving it to a secret location . The letter also included a photograph of the ' T ' " on vacation " in Berkeley Springs , West Virginia . Finally , the perpetrators indicated plans to return the ' T ' during the Georgia Tech Homecoming Parade , according to tradition , as long as no criminal charges would be brought against them . The letter was signed by fictitious Georgia Tech alumnus George P. Burdell . However , the Institute released a notice that those who stole the ' T ' would be harshly punished , and therefore the ' T ' remains to this day at an undisclosed location .
The replacement ' T ' on the north face of Tech Tower was stolen on May 28 , 2001 by three students , two of whom were found guilty of numerous conduct code violations by the Undergraduate Judiciary Cabinet and subsequently suspended . The students had successfully removed the ' T ' from its mount but were caught in the act by authorities when the removal triggered an alarm . In October 2005 , a replica of the ' T ' was stolen from the Student Services Building and returned two days later .
Around midday on March 18 , 2014 , it was discovered that the north @-@ facing ' T ' had been stolen from Tech Tower . In this case , the thief admitted guilt after detectives approached him at his residence that afternoon , and was suspended through the following summer , while also having to pay a restitution fee and tuition to retake his nearly completed Spring 2014 classes . To handle this financial burden , the restitution fee alone totaling $ 14 @,@ 823 @.@ 98 , a GoFundMe was created by a friend of the thief that was well known on campus , to assure its legitimacy , without revealing the thief 's identity ( the friend 's name has since been removed from the post because of negative pressure from the GT administration ) .
The tradition of stealing the ' T ' from Tech Tower has inspired copycat crimes involving other signage . During a Georgia Tech – NC State football game on November 4 , 2006 , the second ' T ' from a large nc state university banner mysteriously vanished from the upper deck of Carter @-@ Finley Stadium where it had been hanging . It was widely assumed across the Tech campus that the prank was pulled off by a group of Georgia Tech students in an homage to the longstanding Tech Tower tradition ; however , it is possible that the T in the banner came loose and fell to the stands below . Another copy cat incident occurred some time after the 2012 football game with Virginia Tech when vandals , believed to be Yellow Jacket fans , pried a T off of the sign in front of Virginia Tech 's Lane Stadium . The ' T ' was later dropped off at night to the Georgia Tech Police Department . The Georgia Tech president returned it to the Virginia Tech president in September 2012 along with an apology .
Similar copycat crimes have occurred on the Georgia Tech campus . In late 2001 , a group of Georgia Tech students calling itself the " Caldwell Liberation Army " stole 32 ' T 's from signs on 16 campus buildings over a period of two nights . The students , who were not caught , vandalized the signs to express their bitterness at being displaced from Caldwell Residence Hall while renovations were taking place . In February 2006 , it was noticed that small vinyl ' T ' stickers were being stolen from informational signs located around the Georgia Tech campus , creating confusion for visitors and new students . According to the Georgia Tech Student Government Association ( SGA ) , ' T ' thefts across campus cost the Institute over $ 100 @,@ 000 from 2010 – 11 . The SGA discouraged these thefts , which they emphasized did not constitute a true Georgia Tech tradition : " The tradition is stealing the ' T ' from Tech Tower – no other ' T 's were ever a part of this tradition . " The campaign drew national press coverage .
= = = Institute reaction = = =
The Georgia Tech administration 's position on stealing the ' T ' from Tech Tower has varied over the years . When the ' T ' was first stolen in 1969 , interim Institute President Vernon Crawford was so upset he considered canceling classes until it was returned . Afterwards , subsequent presidents opted to turn a blind eye to the practice , with one president , John Patrick Crecine , going so far as to endorse it .
Today , stealing the ' T ' is prohibited and is officially punishable with expulsion , although this has not happened in practice . After a Georgia Tech visitor was accidentally killed while climbing the Alexander Memorial Coliseum in 1999 , Institute President G. Wayne Clough banned stealing of the ' T ' and the climbing of any Institute building , due to the risk of fatal falls and the potential for damage to the building . Clough also expressed concern over the " incredibly expensive liability litigation " Georgia Tech could face in the event of an accident . To discourage climbing , security features such as pressure @-@ sensitive roof tiling , fiber optic cabling running throughout the letters , and an audible alarm have been added to the ' T ' to help prevent its theft .
In 2011 , the Georgia Tech Student Government Association ( SGA ) launched a " Keep the ' T ' in Tech " campaign to discourage thefts of ' T 's from signage around the campus . The week @-@ long campaign took place from September 26 – 30 and included an online petition to be published in The Technique , an open forum for discussing the issue , an amnesty day for returning stolen ' T 's , and " Live the True Tradition , " an evening event focused on the tradition of stealing the ' T ' from Tech Tower .
|
= Dryandra Woodland =
The Dryandra Woodland is a nature conservation area in Western Australia within the Shires of Cuballing , Williams and Wandering , about 164 kilometres ( 102 mi ) south @-@ east of Perth and 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) north @-@ west of the town of Narrogin . It is a complex of 17 distinct blocks managed by the Western Australian Department of Environment and Conservation and spread over approximately 50 kilometres ( 30 mi ) separated by areas of agricultural land . The area is considered to be one of the state 's major conservation areas , and although it is far from pristine due to its history of logging operations , a number of species of threatened fauna are rebuilding populations through the removal of introduced predators such as foxes and feral cats .
The combined area of the woodland is 28 @,@ 066 hectares ( 108 @.@ 36 mi2 ) , with individual blocks ranging in size from 87 hectares ( 0 @.@ 34 mi2 ) to 12 @,@ 283 hectares ( 47 @.@ 43 mi2 ) . Part of Dryandra Woodland is listed on the Register of the National Estate by the Australian Heritage Council .
In addition to the area 's use as a wildlife refuge , it has anthropological significance with the indigenous Noongar people having strong cultural links there .
= = Description = =
The Dryandra Woodland is found within the south @-@ western province of the Yilgarn craton , " an ancient plateau composed mainly of granite , with intrusions of dolerite and capped with laterite . Past weathering of the plateau in the Dryandra area has produced a gently undulating countryside " .
The woodland lies close to the boundary between the Mallee and Avon Wheatbelt biogeographic regions of the Southwest Botanical Province . It is situated on the western edge of the state 's wheatbelt region : the area is a rare remnant of the open eucalypt woodlands which covered much of the wheatbelt prior to land clearing which started from the 1890s . Dryandra 's flora is transitional between that of the moister jarrah forest ( generally to the south ) and the semi @-@ arid wheatbelt ( to the east ) . It is known particularly for its extensive stands of wandoo ( Eucalyptus wandoo ) , powderbark wandoo ( E. accedens ) and salmon white gum ( E. lane @-@ poolei ) , and provides a haven for native flora and fauna while much of the surrounding country is badly affected by salinity . Stands of jarrah ( E. marginata ) and marri ( Corymbia calophylla ) provide additional top cover , and the understorey contains rock sheoak ( Allocasuarina huegeliana ) and extensive areas of Banksia ser . Dryandra . Until early 2007 this latter shrub was classified as a separate genus Dyrandra after which the woodland is named . Species include golden dryandra ( Banksia nobilis ) and prickly dryandra ( B. armata ) . An arboretum on Tomingley Road holds a range of Australian native plants .
The 17 lots are surrounded by a largely cleared and agricultural landscape . In some cases , road reserves and other linking corridors of uncleared vegetation remain between the woodland islands . Some neighbouring landowners have revegetated areas of previously cleared private land to form additional corridors between these remnants . For certain animals , movement between blocks is necessary on a daily , seasonal or intermittent basis , to provide access to food , shelter , breeding sites and partners .
Threatened fauna receive extra protection within the ' Barna Mia ' animal sanctuary , which is open to visitors by appointment for nocturnal tours on alternate evenings . Native marsupial fauna include the woylie ( Bettongia penicillata ) , bilby ( Macrotis lagotis ) , mala ( Lagorchestes hirsutus ) , boodie ( Bettongia lesueur ) , and marl ( or western barred bandicoot : Perameles bougainville ) . The quenda ( or southern brown bandicoot : Isoodon obesulus ) is locally extinct but may be reintroduced .
The woodland 's position on the transition zone between the wheatbelt and the jarrah forest determines amphibian populations , with several species existing at the eastern or western limits of their range . Herpetofauna includes the western marsh frog ( or golden flecked burrowing frog , Heleioporus barycragus ) which is generally restricted to the western Darling Range . There are at least 98 species of bird in the woodland , including the almost flightless malleefowl ( Leipoa ocellata ) .
Climatically , Dryandra is described as semi @-@ arid , with a warm , dry , Mediterranean climate . It has seven to eight dry months each year with an annual average rainfall of about 500 millimetres ( 20 in ) . Seasonal changes in temperature , rainfall and wind direction are marked and more extreme than coastal areas of the south @-@ west . The wettest months are May through September when about 70 % of the annual rainfall occurs . Meaning daily maximum temperatures are 30 @.@ 9 ° C ( 87 @.@ 6 ° F ) in January and the mean daily minimum of 5 @.@ 6 ° C ( 42 @.@ 1 ° F ) is in August .
= = Role in fauna and flora protection = =
The following fauna are known to be living in the woodland and have a conservation status of ' threatened ' as recorded in the IUCN Red List :
Major populations of three nationally endangered species exist in the woodlands : the woylie , the red tailed phascogale , and over 50 percent of the total known population of numbat .
Over 800 native flora have been identified within the Dryandra Woodland , including 15 that have been declared priority species under the Department of Environment and Conservation 's Declared Rare and Priority Flora List . The conservation codes of P2 thru P4 are for flora that are considered rare but have some populations in areas where they are thought not be under immediate threat ; higher numbers denote a lower threat level .
= = Mallet = =
In the early 1900s a significant industry established within the forest and surrounding region harvesting bark from brown mallet trees ( Eucalyptus astringens ) , a species of eucalypt which grows on and near laterite soils in parts of the southern wheatbelt . Bark sent to Germany for analysis was found to contain more than 40 % of high quality , water @-@ soluble tannins suitable for the production of quality leather by the process of tanning .
By the mid @-@ 1920s , concerns were being raised about the ability of the area to maintain the supply of naturally grown mallet and by 1929 , stands of the naturally grown mallet had almost disappeared . So , between 1925 and 1962 mallet plantations were established under the management of the Forestry Department which , during the Depression , provided employment for sustenance workers who planted some 4 @,@ 000 hectares ( 9 @,@ 900 acres ) of mallet , starting near ' Lol Gray ' lookout . In 1933 , 50 forestry workers were employed in the plantations . Seven steam trains and a sawmill supported the industry within the woodland . Two dams - ' Lol Gray ' and the ' Old Mill Dam ' provided good quality water to run the trains , as well as domestic water supplies which were carted by train to nearby towns including Narrogin .
Mallet bark was exported in ground form and was handled by a number of Fremantle exporters , notably Henry Will & Co . , Rosenstamms and Joyce Bros. Production after 1959 declined rapidly , coinciding with a world glut , increased royalty and production costs , and increased competition from synthetic tannins . The industry had effectively collapsed by the early 1960s .
Replanted forests now extend over approximately 30 % , or 8 @,@ 300 hectares ( 32 mi2 ) , of Dryandra . Harvesting from plantation areas for timber production continues today under the Department of Environment and Conservation 's management plan , which includes a vision for the area over the next 100 years . Conservation studies have shown that the managed harvesting will have no detrimental impact on the fauna habitat .
In 1960 , Arthur Hunter , a local farmer , started manufacturing tool handles from naturally fallen and low @-@ grade felled wandoo and mallet . This cottage industry has now expanded to produce over 100 @,@ 000 tool handles each year . As well as tool handles , fencing materials and cutting of firewood for domestic use provide local employment .
= = Noongar use = =
Indigenous peoples occupied the southwest of the state for at least the past 40 @,@ 000 years . In more recent times , thirteen different tribes lived in the region . Collectively , the clans were known as Noongars and the people of the Dryandra area were from the Wiilman tribe .
The Noongar people have strong cultural links with Dryandra which was known as Wilgadjny . Within the complex , five important archaeological sites have been identified to date , including an ochre pit which was used for body decoration and rock art . One Noongar born in 1910 described the ochre pit as being " a very spirity place " and somewhere to be avoided at night . Other known sites include artefact scatters , stone arrangements and a scarred tree , however the woodland has not yet been fully surveyed for significant Aboriginal sites .
Following requests from local Indigenous people , the Department of Environment and Conservation is considering the feasibility of permitting some cultural activities including hunting and camping within the woodland in order to pass on skills to younger members of that community . If permitted , such activities would need to be managed on a sustainable basis to ensure that the conservation goals of the woodland are not compromised .
= = Recent history = =
Almost all of the land within the complex today was classified as a state forest in 1903 as an area for the protection of water catchments and growing wandoo and mallet forests .
In 1962 , a sub @-@ committee of the Western Australian branch of the Australian Academy of Science made recommendations which were reviewed in 1972 and 1974 by the Environmental Protection Authority of Western Australia . In summary , the recommendations were :
" The Committee emphasises the outstanding value of the Dryandra area as wildlife habitat . This is due largely to the protection and management which the area has hitherto received from the Forests Department . The Committee recommends :
that state forests 51 ( ' Lol Gray ' ) and 53 ( ' Montague ' ) remain dedicated to that purpose ;
that no further portions of Dryandra Forest be planted with pines or other exotic species ;
that if any of the mallet plantations are felled they be regenerated to natural bush ; and
that the area be managed by the Forests Department as though it were a fauna and flora reserve and that if at any time the area is relinquished by the Forests Department it be made a Class ' A ' reserve for the Conservation of Flora and Fauna , vested in the WA Wildlife Authority . "
The recommendations were endorsed by the state cabinet in 1976 . Since that time , Dryandra has been managed principally as a nature reserve but also for limited commercial operations related to plantation timber .
In 1995 , a management plan was prepared by CALM ( now known as the Department of Environment and Conservation ) for the Lands and Forest Commission who hold tenure over the state forests which form the woodland . The plan recommended ( amongst other things ) that the entire area be referred to officially as ' Dryandra Woodland ' rather than as various state forests in recognition of its structural difference with the taller and denser forests of the Darling Range . Previously , a smaller section had been referred to as ' Dryandra ' , with other sections known by their various forestry names .
The principal objectives of the plan were :
to achieve conservation , recreation and timber production goals , and in the next 70 to 100 years for the timber production role to be one of research and development ;
to " maintain and restore the natural environment by promoting the appreciation and study of indigenous flora and fauna , and to preserve any feature of archaeological , historic or scientific interest . "
= = Accommodation and tourism = =
Dryandra Woodland attracts approximately 30 @,@ 000 visitors per annum , including 5 @,@ 000 overnight visits at the Dryandra campsite and settlement within the complex . Accommodation is available at the Congelin Camping Ground located near Congelin Dam and at the Lions Dryandra Village which uses restored cottages from the 1920s Forests Department settlement . Adjacent to the cottages is the Currawong Complex which has several Nissen huts acquired from an air force base and now used to accommodate up to 60 people in groups . The Lions Village was established by several Perth based Lions service clubs in 1972 with the intention of providing a holiday camp for disadvantaged children .
Two separate self @-@ drive tours of 20 km ( 12 mi ) and 25 km ( 16 mi ) operate within Dryandra where visitors can follow a marked trail in their own vehicles . On arrival at one of the five or six stop points , an approximate five @-@ minute broadcast through the car 's radio ( tuned to FM frequency 100 MHz ) provides a narrative commentary explaining interesting aspects of the surrounding area . The commentaries are pre @-@ recorded on microchips and broadcast using concealed low power transmitters charged by solar panels . Some of the broadcasts are staged conversations between characters describing day @-@ to @-@ day events in an early forestry worker 's life in Dryandra . Others give a more technical explanation of a particular subject applicable to flora or fauna within a short distance of the car . For example , one stop discusses the naturally occurring poison pea plant ( genus : Gastrolobium spp ) in the woodlands and the extraction and effect of the 1080 poison ( sodium fluoroacetate ) which occurs in the plant . Native mammalian herbivores have evolved with a high level of genetic tolerance to the toxin which is deadly to introduced species including foxes . Baiting programs including the highly successful Western Shield project use 1080 poison to help control foxes without harming native fauna .
In addition , various 30 minute to five @-@ hour bushwalks can be made along signposted trails through the woodlands , ranging in length from one to 12 @.@ 5 kilometres .
|
= Effects of Hurricane Dean in the Lesser Antilles =
The effects of Hurricane Dean in the Lesser Antilles were spread over five island countries and included 3 fatalities . Hurricane Dean of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season formed in the Atlantic Ocean west of Cape Verde on August 14 , 2007 . The National Hurricane Center 's first Forecast Advisory on the system anticipated that the Cape Verde @-@ type hurricane would pass into the Caribbean through the Lesser Antilles . The storm moved persistently towards the small island chain , strengthening until it passed through the islands three days later on August 17 as a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . It went on to brush the island of Jamaica and reached Category 5 strength before making landfall on Mexico 's Yucatán Peninsula .
While crossing the Lesser Antilles , Dean caused moderate damage in St. Lucia , Martinique , and Dominica , where it washed out roads , damaged houses , and killed 6 people . It also devastated the agriculture @-@ dependent economies of those three states , as well as that of Guadeloupe , destroying between 80 % and 100 % of the banana crops . Deaths were reported as far away as Trinidad .
= = Preparations = =
The National Hurricane Center consistently predicted that the storm would intensify and pass through the islands . As Hurricane Dean approached , the island nations began to prepare with a flurry of activity . On August 14 the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency ( CDERA ) placed its Regional Response Mechanism on standby and contacted the National Disaster Coordinators of all member states in the Lesser Antilles . On August 15 the U.S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) dispatched teams to Barbados , Dominica , and St. Kitts in advance of the hurricane to provide damage assessment should the hurricane affect those islands . At 11 p.m. AST August 15 ( 0300 UTC August 16 ) the respective governments of St. Lucia , Martinique , Saba , St. Eustatius , and Guadeloupe and its dependencies issued Hurricane watches and the government of the Netherlands Antilles issued a tropical storm watch for the island of St. Maarten , as then @-@ Tropical Storm Dean was expected to intensify to hurricane strength and reach the Windward Islands within 36 hours . Authorities in Martinique canceled a memorial to the victims of West Caribbean Airways Flight 708 and began to set up shelters .
At 5 a.m. AST ( 0900 UTC ) August 16 the respective governments of St. Lucia and Dominica issued hurricane warnings in anticipation of Hurricane Dean 's imminent approach . In Dominica , a dozen and a half tourists were evacuated to concrete shelters . The government of Dominica also canceled leave for emergency service personnel and evacuated Princess Margret Hospital , fearing that its roof might be vulnerable to the storm 's winds . At the same time the Meteorological Service of Barbados issued a tropical storm warning for Barbados and a tropical storm watch for St. Vincent . Three hours later , at 8 a.m. AST ( 1200 UTC ) , the Meteorological Service of Antigua issued a tropical storm watch for Montserrat , Antigua , St. Kitts , Nevis and Barbuda . Shortly thereafter the Trinidad and Tobago Meteorological Service issued a tropical storm watch for Grenada and its dependencies .
The Eastern Caribbean Donor Group convened a meeting on August 16 under the Chair of the Resident Representative United Nations Development Programme Barbados in anticipation of the hurricane causing significant damage and member states requiring international assistance . At 11 a.m. AST ( 1500 UTC ) the Barbados Meteorological Service issued tropical storm warnings for St. Vincent and the Grenadines , and the Government of the Netherlands Antilles discontinued the hurricane watch on Saba and St. Eustatius , replacing it with a tropical storm warning . At 5 p.m. AST ( 2100 UTC ) August 16 , roughly 15 hours before Hurricane Dean arrived , the Government of France issued hurricane warnings for Martinique and Guadeloupe and its dependencies , and the NHC issued a tropical storm watch for the U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico . At 8 p.m. AST ( 2100 UTC ) August 16 the Meteorological Service of Antigua issued a tropical storm warning for Anguilla . Martinique 's main airport and both of St. Lucia 's commercial airports closed that night when the last airplanes landed as the storm 's outer rainbands began to sweep over the island . At 11 p.m. AST August 16 ( 0300 UTC August 17 ) the NHC upgraded the tropical storm watch on U.S. Virgin Islands to a tropical storm warning . The next morning , August 17 , the center of Hurricane Dean passed between St. Lucia and Martinique . The Meteorological Service of Antigua issued a tropical storm warning for the British Virgin Islands that same morning , and the Eastern Caribbean Donor Group convened a second meeting to finalize the coordination of three Rapid Assessment Teams .
= = Impact = =
The storm entered the Caribbean through the Saint Lucia Channel between St. Lucia and Martinique on the morning of August 17 as a Category 2 storm with winds of 90 knots ( 100 mph , 165 km / h ) .
= = = St. Lucia = = =
Power outages began in some neighborhoods at 6 : 30 p.m. AST ( 2230 UTC ) August 16 , over 12 hours before the storm arrived , and quickly spread over the entire island . The night saw heavy rains , 4 cm ( 1 @.@ 58 inches ) at Hewanorra International Airport , and intense thunderstorms and by morning hurricane force winds peaked at 80 knots ( 90 mph , 145 km / h ) . The winds uprooted trees , downed electricity poles , disabled bridges , triggered landslides , and damaged several roofs . Hurricane Dean tore the corrugated metal roof off Victoria Hospital 's pediatric ward , but its patients had already been evacuated . St. Jude Hospital in Vieux Fort was also damaged when part of the roof blew off its medical ward and fell through the roof of the emergency room . A section of the cafeteria also lost its roof , but no one was injured in either incident .
The capital , Castries , was flooded by the storm surge and high seas deposited boulders and fishing boats on the streets . One person drowned in Sarrot after being swept away by a rain @-@ swollen river while trying to recover a cow . Flooding was also reported in the town of Dennery where a number of residents had to be evacuated . Nationwide , damage to housing and buildings totaled EC $ 800 @,@ 000 . In the worst hit areas of the north , closest to Hurricane Dean 's path , at least 15 roofs were blown off . Two small waterfront houses were completely destroyed in the town of Gros Islet . The heavy seas also sunk or damaged several boats and damaged coastal roads , in some places eroding the land itself . Coastal damage was estimated at $ 700 @,@ 000 .
Although the Ministry of Education reported that eleven schools had sustained a combined total of $ 300 @,@ 000 of damage , the Ministry of Communications , Works , Transport , and Public Utilities reported that most of the country 's other major infrastructure remained functional . They estimated that the cost to clean up all of the roads and drains was $ 900 @,@ 000 and the cost to repair the utilities and communications damage was another $ 505 @,@ 000 . Saint Lucia Air and Sea Ports Authority reported another $ 922 @,@ 000 of damage , but none of these sectors experienced prolonged disruptions to their functionality .
The island 's 5 @,@ 000 acres ( 20 km2 ) of banana farms in Mabouya Valley , Roseau Valley , and Marc Marc were severely damaged with many of the plantations waterlogged or outright destroyed . An average of 75 % of the crops were lost , with some fields in the Northern Farms losing up to 80 % and in the Roseau Valley losing up to 85 % . The cost to the agriculture industry was $ 13 @.@ 2 million , bringing Hurricane Dean 's total cost to $ 17 @.@ 3 million ( US $ 6 @.@ 4 million in 2007 ) or 0 @.@ 5 % of the nation 's GDP .
= = = Martinique = = =
Martinique experienced 160 km / h winds with gusts to 215 km / h . The torrential rainfall , which reached 332 mm ( 13 @.@ 07 inches ) caused flooding throughout the island , with the town of Rivière @-@ Pilote flooding completely . The majority of Martinique 's population were left without electricity , water , telephone , or food . The storm destroyed Martinique 's entire banana crop , and 70 % of the island 's sugar cane plantations .
Three people were killed , many more were injured , and 600 Martiniquans were left homeless . The banana fields were completely destroyed . Officials estimated the damage on the island at about € 250 million ( US $ 337 million ) .
= = = Dominica = = =
In Dominica , a mother and her seven @-@ year @-@ old son died when one of a dozen landslide caused by the heavy rains fell onto their house . Landslides also blocked several roads in the mountainous country . In another incident two people were injured when a tree fell on their house .
Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit initially estimated that 100 to 125 homes were damaged , but in actuality Hurricane Dean damaged many more : 183 houses lost their roofs completely , 205 houses sustained partial damage to their roofs , 43 houses were completely destroyed , 115 houses suffered significant structural damage to components other than their roofs , and 225 non @-@ dwelling buildings were damaged . In total , 771 buildings suffered significant damage .
Princes Margret Hospital , the island 's only hospital , suffered damage to the roofs of the psychiatric and intensive care units . This led to heavy water damage , which also spread into the maternity ward and damaged the electrical system . All of the patients had been evacuated before the storm arrived . Because most equipment and supplies had also been removed , the hurricane 's cost to the health sector was limited to the EC $ 3 million of structural damage .
The storm surge caused EC $ 15 @.@ 5 million of damage to sea walls and another EC $ 15 million of damage to coastal bridges . Floods and landslides contributed EC $ 17 @.@ 6 million of damage to the island 's road network , while river floods destroyed EC $ 45 @.@ 5 million of river walls . Flooding also devastated the agriculture sector and 95 % of the crops were lost . Replanting a rehabilitation of the banana trees , 99 % of which were destroyed , was expected to take several years .
= = = Guadeloupe = = =
Overall damage from Dean is fairly minor in Guadeloupe . However the south of Basse @-@ Terre Island suffered moderate damage and sustained wind gust up were between 74 and 78 mph ( 119 and 126 km / h ) in areas such as Marie Galante and Les Saintes , in the Southern section of the island and destroyed 80 % and cost € 150 million ( US $ 220 million ) in Guadeloupe of the banana crop . The country 's main exports .
= = = Elsewhere = = =
Although the winds and rain of the hurricane did not reach as far south as the islands of Trinidad and Tobago , sea swells on the east coast killed two people as they tried to secure a boat .
= = Aftermath = =
St. Lucia and Dominica activated their Caribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency ( CDERA ) response systems to help assess and correct the storm 's damages . CDERA acknowledged their requests and , based on preliminary damage assessments , initiated a Level Two response which allowed for the event to be managed at the country level with regional assistance limited to technical support and resources where required . Barbados , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , and Grenada also activated their CDERA response systems . Although they were not directly affected by the hurricane they used the opportunity to test the systems ' operating procedures . The other affected islands of the Lesser Antilles , Martinique and Guadeloupe , are not members of CDERA .
CDERA dispatched a technical support team of Bajans , Montserratians , and Grenadians to Dominica on August 22 to assist in developing a damage assessment . The Government of Venezuela sent 500 blankets , 500 sheets , 3 large tents , 120 units of tarpaulin , water , and medical supplies to Dominica . The Government of Canada pledged $ 2 million in immediate aid to the afflicted countries . The U.S. Government , through the U.S. Agency for International Development ( USAID ) , declared a disaster in Dominica and St. Lucia and provided $ 25 @,@ 000 and 75 rolls of plastic sheeting to Dominica for emergency shelter repairs and an additional 50 rolls of plastic sheeting to St. Lucia through its National Emergency Management Organization . CDERA petitioned the Caribbean Development Bank for a US $ 100 @,@ 000 relief grant to assist with relief efforts and damage repairs in St. Lucia and Dominica .
Although St. Lucia suffered significant damage to its residential structures and agricultural land , its airports and hotels were operational within days having needed only small @-@ scale repair work . Hospitals and other essential services kept running on standby power supplied by independent generators to assist in the cleanup and recovery efforts . Roads connecting the north and south of the island were quickly cleared . LUCELEC , the nation 's only electricity provider , worked around the clock to repair dozens of downed electrical poles and restored electricity by August 21 . The rest of the island 's infrastructure weathered the storm . Two shelters were opened for hurricane @-@ affected residence , and USAID / OFDA provided US $ 40 @,@ 432 of assistance to the island .
Dominican Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit declared August 19 , 2007 to be a national day of prayer and thanks @-@ giving . The destruction of 546 residences forced approximately 1 @,@ 000 people into 100 shelters . A USAID disaster specialist liaised with the Dominican Office of Disaster Management and arraigned for assistance to the order of US $ 60 @,@ 648 of relief supplies and $ 25 @,@ 000 of Emergency Shelter supplies .
In the days after to storm , some residents of Martinique , still without electricity , food , water , or telephones , took to looting stores and bakeries . Utility workers from Guadeloupe , French Guiana , and France arrived on August 19 to help restore electricity .
The Secretary of State for the French Overseas , Christian Estrosi , visited Martinique shortly after the hurricane to inspect the damage . He was joined by French Prime Minister , François Fillon on August 22 and the two surveyed the damaged to Guadeloupe and Martinique , the two hardest hit French colonies . A week after the storm hit 11 @,@ 000 people in Martinique were still without telephone and electricity and in the worst hit parts of southern Guadeloupe the water was still not drinkable . Banana crops in Guadeloupe , 80 % of which were destroyed by Dean , will not recover until March , 2008 .
|
= Slow Life =
Slow Life is an EP by the Welsh alternative rock band Super Furry Animals , released in 2004 . The EP was made available as a free download and also saw a limited CD release , bundled with remix album Phantom Phorce . Lead track " Slow Life " appeared on the 2003 album Phantom Power and was originally composed as a purely electronic song by keyboardist Cian Ciaran several years earlier . The band were keen to finish the track and Ciaran encouraged them to jam over his original version — this jam was then edited and made into the finished song . The track " Motherfokker " is a collaboration between the Super Furry Animals and rap group Goldie Lookin Chain .
The EP received mixed reviews although " Slow Life " itself was singled out for praise by many critics . A music video was made to accompany the track directed by Dylan Jones and Paps O 'Maoileoain . The Super Furries appeared in the 2004 film 9 Songs playing " Slow Life " live during a scene in which one of the characters attends a gig by the band at the Brixton Academy .
= = Recording and themes = =
" Slow Life " was written in two stages . According to bassist Guto Pryce the " electronic part " was composed by keyboard player Cian Ciaran " quite a few years " before its eventual release . The band had tried to fit this early , purely electronic , version on previous albums but had " never got ' round to it " . By the time the group came to record Phantom Power they were anxious to release the song , however Ciaran was reluctant to leave it in its original form and encouraged the rest of the band to jam over his original track . According to singer Gruff Rhys the instrumentation was recorded " pretty much live " after which lyrics were written and the band 's 10 @-@ minute jam session was " chopped ... up and made into a composed song " with the electronic section intact . Strings were later added by Sean O 'Hagan . Rhys has stated that renting their own studio in Cardiff has given the band the ability to work on tracks such as " Slow Life " over a period of years — the group visit the studio almost every day and play : " the best parts on any of our records , I think , come out of a couple of us being in our little room in Cardiff at three in the morning , just wigging out and being ecstatic in the music . "
According to guitarist Huw Bunford the track had the working title " Miami Vice " as it featured a drum roll similar to one used in the theme tune to the 80 's television show of the same name . The band decided not to keep this name as they were keen to avoid links with a particular place — Bunford gave the example of the song 's use on a travel documentary about Miami as something the group did not want to see . Some promotional copies of Phantom Power featured " Slow Life " as the first track although it eventually appeared as the last track on the officially released version of the album . Gruff Rhys has stated that the song had to go at either the beginning or the end of the record as it is the " most sonically impressive " track on the album . Rhys has described his lyrics as " regurgitating what we hear on the news , recycled , vomiting them all back " . The Guardian has interpreted the song as a " cutting critique of middle @-@ east colonialism " .
The track " Motherfokker " is a collaboration between the Super Furry Animals and Welsh rappers Goldie Lookin Chain with chorus vocals provided by Cian Ciaran . The two toured together in 2004 and Gruff Rhys has praised the group , stating that " their range of references are insane . They 're extremely bright . They 're crazy . " Rhys has explained that the song is about " an incredibly large aircraft from outer space . [ Goldie Lookin Chain ] are the aliens and it 's about the people of Earth coming together as one " . The two groups have performed the track together several times at Super Furry Animals ' concerts including the 2004 Reading Festival and a date at the Brixton Academy on 22 September 2005 .
= = Release and reception = =
The E.P. was released as a free download from the Placid Casual website on 12 April 2004 . Along with the three tracks that make up the E.P. the promotional music video for " Slow Life " was also available to download in QuickTime and Windows Media Video formats . Limited quantities of the E.P. were also issued on CD , bundled with initial copies of remix album Phantom Phorce on its release on 19 April 2004 . The CD version was housed in a floppy disk style picture sleeve .
Critical reaction was generally mixed with Cokemachineglow calling the EP " forgettable " , stating that , while " Slow Life " " slides perfectly off Phantom Power " , the other two tracks are weak : " Motherfokker " is a vulgar " Pez candy up the nose " with " shoddy guest rapping " from Goldie Lookin Chain and " Lost Control " is barely more than a remix of Phantom Power track " Out of Control " . PopMatters also dismissed " Motherfokker " and " Lost Control " as inessential b @-@ sides and , during their review of 2007 's Hey Venus ! , the NME suggested that " Motherfokker " is " best @-@ suppressed " .
" Slow Life " itself received generally positive reviews ; Pitchfork Media called it a " stunning closer " to Phantom Power , while PopMatters described the song as " the kind of schizophrenic fun we 've come to expect from the band but ... less showy and eager to please , as they control themselves enough to make the jarring , contradicting styles much easier to digest " . Stylus Magazine stated that the " great " track " achieves symbiosis between techno and guitar @-@ pop better than anything else they 've done before " . The BBC agreed calling " Slow Life " the band 's " most successful mindrattling techno attempt so far " . The song was placed at number 46 in the 2003 Festive Fifty on John Peel 's BBC Radio 1 show .
= = Use of " Slow Life " in 9 Songs = =
" Slow Life " is central to the 2004 Michael Winterbottom film 9 Songs , being one of the nine songs mentioned in the title . The movie charts the relationship of main characters Matt and Lisa from their initial meeting to the pair splitting up . Footage of the two attending a series of nine concerts at Brixton Academy , where they initially meet , is interspersed with scenes of the actors performing unsimulated sex . Matt and Lisa are already growing apart when Matt attends a Super Furry Animals concert at the Academy alone . Giving Lisa 's ticket away as she " didn 't want to go " the character comments : " 5000 people in a room and you can still feel alone " . The scene appears roughly forty minutes into the film and shows the band performing " Slow Life " live in its entirety as Matt looks on .
= = Music video = =
A promotional music video was made to accompany " Slow Life " directed by Dylan Jones and Paps O 'Maoileoain . The video features psychedelic , fluorescent images of the band 's faces in close up as they play and sing along with the track . Strobing and fractal images appear at several points throughout the video . As with the other tracks taken from Phantom Power , " Golden Retriever " and " Hello Sunshine " , the video for " Slow Life " does not appear on the Phantom Power DVD release but is included on the DVD version of greatest hits album Songbook : The Singles , Vol . 1 .
= = Track listing = =
All songs by Super Furry Animals unless otherwise stated .
" Slow Life " – 6 : 59
" Motherfokker " ( Super Furry Animals / Goldie Lookin Chain ) – 5 : 42
" Lost Control " – 4 : 41
= = Credits = =
|
= Music of Final Fantasy XIV =
The music for the MMORPG Final Fantasy XIV was composed by Nobuo Uematsu , a regular contributor to the music of the Final Fantasy series . Several other composers including Masayoshi Soken and Naoshi Mizuta contributed music for updates to the game . The music for the game 's reboot , Final Fantasy XIV : A Realm Reborn , was primarily composed by Soken , who was the sound director for both releases of the game . Music from both releases of the game has been released in several albums , though no album contains music from both XIV and A Realm Reborn . A pair of mini @-@ albums containing a handful of selected tracks from XIV , Final Fantasy XIV : Battle Tracks and Final Fantasy XIV : Field Tracks , were released by Square Enix in 2010 when XIV first launched . A soundtrack album titled Final Fantasy XIV - Eorzean Frontiers , containing most of the music that had been released by that point for XIV , was digitally released in 2012 . A final soundtrack album for the original release of the game , Before Meteor : Final Fantasy XIV Original Soundtrack , was released in 2013 just before the launch of A Realm Reborn , and contains all of the music that was composed for XIV throughout its lifetime . The latest soundtrack album , Final Fantasy XIV : A Realm Reborn Original Soundtrack , was released in 2014 , and contains all of the music for A Realm Reborn released up to that point .
The soundtracks for both releases of the game were well received by critics . Uematsu 's mix of orchestral and rock tracks for XIV were praised , though the delayed release of a full album drew criticism . Soken 's work on A Realm Reborn , including both his original tracks as well as themes carried over from XIV and previous Final Fantasy games , were heavily praised by reviewers for the game . Music from the initial release of the game has been played in the international Distant Worlds Final Fantasy concert series , and books of sheet music for piano arrangements of music from the game have been produced .
= = Creation and influence = =
The massively multiplayer online role @-@ playing game ( MMORPG ) Final Fantasy XIV was released in two versions : the original ( live between 2010 and 2012 ) , and its remake ( Final Fantasy XIV : A Realm Reborn , live since 2013 ) . The music for XIV was composed by Nobuo Uematsu , who was the lead composer for the first ten main Final Fantasy games and a contributor to the Final Fantasy XI and XII soundtracks . Over the two years that XIV was active , several updates were made to the game , which included additional music composed by Masayoshi Soken , Naoshi Mizuta , Tsuyoshi Sekito and Ryo Yamazaki . XIV was poorly received , and despite the updates , Square Enix decided to take the game offline for a time , and relaunch it with a new development team under a new name . Soken , the sound director for both releases , composed the soundtrack to A Realm Reborn .
Prior to agreeing to create XIV 's score , Uematsu had already planned to compose " Kimi ga Iru Kara " , the theme song for Final Fantasy XIII . Wanting him to fully focus on XIV , Square Enix asked XIII 's main composer Masashi Hamauzu to write the song instead . Thus , XIII was the first main @-@ series Final Fantasy game soundtrack to not include Uematsu 's work . Despite XIV being an MMO and thus a new genre for him , Uematsu treated it as any other video game project . Compared to his previous work within the series , Uematsu had considerable creative freedom while composing the soundtrack , because the rest of the production team did not fully envision beforehand how the soundtrack would sound or fit into the game . Uematsu created a mixture of orchestral and rock pieces for the game 's battle themes . There was a momentary crisis when he lost most of the data for his completed tracks and needed to hire a data recovery service . He worked as a freelance composer during the project for Square Enix , also composing the music for The Last Story , a game from Final Fantasy creator Hironobu Sakaguchi . The game 's theme song , " Answers " , was sung by Susan Calloway . She was chosen by Uematsu , who had worked with her during the first Distant Worlds concert and was impressed by her singing abilities .
For A Realm Reborn , Soken was the primary composer , in addition to reprising his XIV role as lead sound director . The primary goal given to the music team was to make the music true to the series . Naoki Yoshida , the game 's producer and director , told Soken to " give [ the team ] something straightforward that anyone could identify as Final Fantasy , with an easy @-@ to @-@ understand , expressive orchestral sound " . Soken focused primarily on creating the soundtrack rather than his sound director role . He often created new tracks due to requests from staff members . As the game was developed and released in a shorter timeframe than the original release , Soken and the sound team were given less than a year to create both the music and the various sound effects for the game world . According to Soken , it felt like " enough work for two full games in that time " . Unlike the freedom given Uematsu for XIV , most of the tracks for A Realm Reborn had specific guidelines , though Soken was allowed to " do what [ he liked ] " for Titan 's battle theme . Soken sang the vocal work for some tracks , such as the battle theme for Leviathan . Several themes and tracks from the original game were carried over both directly and as a part of new tracks in A Realm Reborn , including the original vocal theme . Soken also remixed pieces from earlier Final Fantasy games for use in special in @-@ game events .
= = Original release = =
= = = Mini @-@ albums = = =
The mini @-@ albums Final Fantasy XIV : Battle Tracks and Final Fantasy XIV : Field Tracks were the first releases of music from the game , and were published by Square Enix on September 29 , 2010 , a week after the game itself was released . They feature selected tracks from XIV . The music was composed by Uematsu and arranged by Tsutomu Narita . Kenichiro Fukui also helped arrange some of the pieces on the Field Tracks mini @-@ album . Battle Tracks has nine pieces , and includes the game 's opening theme , the boss theme " Nail of the Heavens " , and Final Fantasy XIV 's rendition of Uematsu 's " Victory Fanfare " . Field Tracks predominantly features the main themes for the game 's countries Ul 'dah , Gridania and Limsa Lominsa , along with other pieces of music heard during traveling , for a total of eight tracks . Each mini @-@ album was accompanied by special liner notes by Uematsu describing his experiences writing music for the series , with particular reference to the first game .
Patrick Gann of RPGFan termed the mini @-@ albums as a good return work from Uematsu despite some of the unexpected battle tracks , though he questioned whether the discs themselves would be worth purchasing once a full soundtrack album was released . Jayson Napolitano of Original Sound Version was generally positive , and cited the composition of the battle themes as " a cross between The Black Mages and Uematsu 's work on Lord of Vermilion " . The more orchestral field tracks were also praised . Chris Greening of Square Enix Music Online termed Field Tracks as " largely likeable " , and appreciated Uematsu 's use of rock music in Battle Tracks , though he disliked the strategy of releasing two incomplete mini @-@ albums rather than a full soundtrack album . Both mini @-@ albums sold well : Battle Tracks appeared at position # 73 on the Japanese Oricon album charts for a week , while Field Tracks appeared at position # 75 for that same week .
= = = Eorzean Frontiers = = =
Final Fantasy XIV - Eorzean Frontiers was the first full album of music from the game to be released . It was published by Square Enix on September 1 , 2012 as a digital album through iTunes . The tracks include most of the music that had been released for the game at that point , including pieces that were present at the game 's launch and some which were added later , including " Rise of the White Raven " , the theme for Nael Van Darnus , and the themes for the Grand Companies of Eorzea . All of the tracks from the album were additionally released on the same date in a set of smaller digital mini @-@ albums , also released through iTunes , titled Final Fantasy XIV Frontiers - Gridania , Ishgard , Limsa Lominsa , and Ul 'dah . The majority of the music was composed by Nobuo Uematsu , with additional pieces contributed by Masayoshi Soken , Naoshi Mizuta , Tsuyoshi Sekito , and Ryo Yamazaki . The 38 tracks of the album cover a duration of 3 : 14 : 24 .
Derek Heemsbergen of RPGFan reviewed the album as an " incredibly rich and diverse musical score " , and felt that regardless of the reception to the game itself , that the soundtrack was worthy of a Final Fantasy game . Jayson Napolitano of Destructoid , in his review of the album , found that while there were many interesting tracks in the album and that the total length of more than three hours made the album a " good deal " , that most of the tracks that he enjoyed the most were previously featured on the Final Fantasy XIV Battle Tracks and Field Tracks mini @-@ albums .
= = = Before Meteor = = =
On August 14 , 2013 , two weeks before the release of A Realm Reborn , Square Enix published Before Meteor : Final Fantasy XIV Original Soundtrack , a full soundtrack album with all of the music composed for the original release of the game , which had shut down a year prior . The 104 @-@ track album was released on a single Blu @-@ ray disc and included music lasting 6 : 05 : 51 , with both the original music by Uematsu as well as the additional tracks composed by Mizuta , Yamazaki , Sekito , Soken , and Ai Yamashita during the game 's run . The disc also included a remastered version of the " A New Beginning " trailer and a bonus download code for an in @-@ game Dalamud Minion . The Blu @-@ ray disc allowed purchasers to rip digital copies of the album on their Blu @-@ ray devices to play without the disc . Emily McMillan of Video Game Music Online generally praised the music , praising some of the newer tracks and Uematsu 's work on the more orchestral tracks . Her main criticisms were that some aspects seemed artificial and that the composers were playing safe with the themes and motifs used . Before Meteor appeared at position # 11 on the Japanese Oricon album charts for its release week and remained in the charts for three weeks .
= = A Realm Reborn = =
= = = Original Soundtrack = = =
Final Fantasy XIV : A Realm Reborn Original Soundtrack was released by Square Enix on March 21 , 2014 . It was released on a Blu @-@ ray disc and features 119 tracks lasting 6 : 48 : 00 , all composed by Masayoshi Soken . In addition to the tracks present in the initial launch of A Realm Reborn , the album also includes tracks used in the 2 @.@ 1 patch , A Realm Awoken . Initial copies of the soundtrack also came with a special " Wind @-@ up Bahamut " in @-@ game pet . Soken composed all of the music of the game , as well as sound effects , in only eight months . Emily McMillan of Video Game Music Online , in her review of the album , termed it a " truly fantastic score " , and said that it was superior to the music of the original version of the game . She felt that it was an excellent merging of the traditional Final Fantasy musical style with a modern orchestral score . Mike Salbato of RPGFan also praised the album saying that it was his favorite soundtrack album of 2014 , and that he " can 't recommend A Realm Reborn 's soundtrack highly enough " .
In addition to reviews of the album , within the context of the game the music has been well received . Kotaku 's Mike Fahey stated that the music was " wonderful , complex and satisfying " . He often paused to remove the ambient and interface noises so as to hear it better . GamesRadar 's Adam Harshberger called it " a standout even amongst Final Fantasy 's storied heritage " while Digital Spy 's Mark Langshaw called it " a sonic feast ... that pays appropriate homage to the long @-@ running RPG series " . The soundtrack won Video Game Music Online 's 2013 Annual Game Music Awards in the Eastern category . A Realm Reborn appeared at position # 10 on the Japanese Oricon album charts for its release week , and remained in the charts for eight weeks .
= = = From Astral to Umbral = = =
Final Fantasy XIV : From Astral to Umbral- Band & Piano Arrangement Album is a Blu @-@ ray album of rock and piano arrangements of music from A Realm Reborn . It features arrangements by Soken , GUNN , Keiko , and Nobuko Toda of pieces originally composed by Soken for the game , and was published by Square Enix on December 17 , 2014 . The first six tracks on the album are piano covers , performed by Keiko , of field and town themes from the game . The following six are rock covers by Soken 's band The Primals of the musical themes from the game of the primals , powerful elemental creatures . The Blu @-@ ray disc also features the original versions of the twelve tracks , videos of in @-@ game scenes where the original music plays , as well as one secret track that needs a password to unlock . Some of the original tracks had not yet been released on an official album when Astral to Umbral was produced .
Mike Salbato of RPGFan reviewed the album and described it as " a great , if perhaps disjointed experience " . He praised the high quality of the arrangements and performances , but questioned the grouping of the more gentle piano tracks alongside the heavy rock pieces .
= = = Before the Fall = = =
Final Fantasy XIV : Before the Fall Original Soundtrack is an album of music from four patches to Final Fantasy XIV : A Realm Reborn . These were patches 2 @.@ 2 through 2 @.@ 5 : Through the Maelstrom , Defenders of Eorzea , Dreams of Ice , and Before the Fall . The album was released by Square Enix on August 26 , 2015 on Blu @-@ ray , and includes all of the music that Soken composed for the updates , as well as several pieces for the updates written by Nobuo Uematsu , Naoshi Mizuta , and Ryo Yamazaki . Of the 61 tracks , 16 were previously released on other albums , primarily the Before Meteor album , and these tracks compose the majority of the non @-@ Soken tracks .
Christopher Huynh of Video Game Music Online held a mixed opinion of the album , which he criticized as " a rather mixed bag of tracks " . He said that while some of the tracks were excellent , there were several poor pieces as well , and was disappointed in the repeated material . He ascribed the uneven quality of the album to a lack of an overriding theme to the music , which left it as a collection of disparate material . He also criticized the sound quality , believing that the use of a real orchestra would have helped the orchestral pieces .
= = = Heavensward = = =
Heavensward : Final Fantasy XIV Original Soundtrack is an album of music for the Heavensward expansion pack to A Realm Reborn . The album was released by Square Enix on February 24 , 2016 on Blu @-@ ray , and includes all of the music that Soken composed for the expansion and the 3 @.@ 1 patch " As Goes Light , So Goes Darkness " . A few of the 58 tracks on the album were composed by Yukiko Takada or Nobuo Uematsu , and the majority by Soken . Unlike the prior Before the Fall album , all of the music was new to the album , though 16 of the tracks were previously released in September through November 2015 as Final Fantasy XIV : Heavensward -EP- Vol . 1 @.@ through 3 .
The album was well received by Emily McMillan of Video Game Music Online , who lauded the soundtrack 's " brilliant , varied , and extraordinarily fun to hear " themes . She praised the unique atmosphere of the new expansion 's music , as well as it 's integration into the overall game 's soundscape .
= = Legacy = =
Four tracks from Final Fantasy XIV ( " Navigator 's Glory " , " Twilight Over Thanalan " , " Primal Judgement " , and an orchestral rendition of " Answers " with vocals by Susan Calloway ) were included in the Distant Worlds : Music from Final Fantasy Returning Home concert on November 6 and 7 , 2010 in Tokyo , Japan , which was released as a CD @-@ DVD package in 2011 . Those four tracks along with " Beneath Bloodied Banners " were then added to the general setlist options for the international Distant Worlds : Music from Final Fantasy concert tour . Tracks from A Realm Reborn were included in the Nintendo 3DS rhythm game Theatrhythm Final Fantasy : Curtain Call . An 88 @-@ page book of sheet music for piano arrangements of songs from the soundtrack titled Final Fantasy XIV Piano Solo Sheet Music was published by Dream Music Factory in 2010 , containing the tracks featured in the mini @-@ albums . Dream Music Factory also published piano @-@ arranged sheet music for Before Meteor in 2013 titled Before Meteor : Final Fantasy XIV Piano Solo Sheet Music .
|
= University of Colorado Denver =
The University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus ( sic ) is a public research university in the U.S. state of Colorado . It is part of the University of Colorado system .
The university has two campuses — one in downtown Denver at the Auraria Campus , and the other at the Anschutz Medical Campus located in neighboring Aurora . The single university is the result of the 2004 consolidation of the University of Colorado Denver and the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center .
The University of Colorado Denver is located on Auraria Campus in Downtown Denver , Colorado while the CU Anschutz Medical Campus is located on the Anschutz Medical Campus in Aurora , Colorado , nearly 10 miles away . CU Anschutz shares the campus with the Children 's Hospital and University of Colorado Hospital . There are currently more than 18 @,@ 000 students at the school 's two physical campuses in downtown Denver and in Aurora . The school also offers classes via CU Online .
The University of Colorado Denver is the largest research institution in Colorado , attracting more than $ 375 million in research grants annually and granting more graduate degrees than any other institution in the state . CU Denver , along with University of Colorado Hospital and University Physicians , Inc . , employs more than 12 @,@ 200 Coloradans , making it one of the metro Denver area 's top employers . The university serves more than 500 @,@ 000 patients a year through its hospital and clinical services .
= = History = =
= = = University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus = = =
The University of Colorado created the Department of Medicine and Surgery in September 1883 in the Old Main building on the Boulder campus . The Department of Nursing opened in 1898 .
By 1892 , the last two years of classes were taught in Denver because the larger population afforded more practical experience . This practice triggered something of a turf battle with the University of Denver 's medical school and the subsequent legal battle went to the state Supreme Court . In 1897 , the court found that CU 's charter restricted them to Boulder . However , in 1910 , CU got an amendment to the state Constitution passed which allowed them to move back to Denver . In 1911 , the School of Medicine combined with the Denver and Gross Medical College to form a larger school with a more comprehensive program , paving the way for the school 's permanent move to Denver . In 1925 , the School of Medicine moved to the campus on Ninth Avenue and Colorado Boulevard in Denver . This would become the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center ( UCHSC ) .
In 1995 , the Fitzsimons Army Medical Center was officially put on the Base Realignment and Closure list , after which officials from the Health Sciences Center , University of Colorado Hospital and the City of Aurora presented a proposal to the Department of Defense in Washington , D.C. to repurpose the decommissioned base as an academic health center . In 1999 , the Army base was closed under the 1995 Base Realignment and Closure action . In 2004 , the first UCHSC labs moved from Denver to the research towers on the Fitzsimons campus . In 2006 , the Fitzsimons campus of UCHSC was renamed the Anschutz Medical Campus in recognition of philanthropic donations from Philip and Nancy Anschutz . By the end of 2008 , academic and research operations of all CU Denver health sciences schools and colleges relocated from the Ninth Avenue and Colorado Boulevard campus to the new Anschutz campus , joining the affiliated University of Colorado Hospital and Children 's Hospital . In 2011 , the Regents approved the name University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus .
= = = University of Colorado Denver = = =
The University of Colorado Denver began as the Extension Center of University of Colorado 's Department of Correspondence and Extension , which was established in 1912 . In 1938 , the Extension Center acquired permanent quarters in Denver in the C.A. Johnson Building at 509 17th Street , where a single , full @-@ time faculty member ran the school with the help of part @-@ time teachers . In 1947 , the Extension Center moved into the Fraternal Building at 1405 Glenarm Place . In 1956 , the University acquired the Denver Tramway Company Building at 14th and Arapahoe Streets ( now the Hotel Teatro and the Denver Center for the Performing Arts Tramway building ) . In 1964 , the Extension Center was renamed the University of Colorado – Denver Center . On January 11 , 1973 , lawmakers , upon proclamation of the governor , amended the state constitution to establish additional CU campuses , transforming the University of Colorado — Denver Center into the University of Colorado Denver ( CU Denver ) . Between 1973 and 1976 , the State of Colorado built the Auraria Higher Education Center ( AHEC ) on a 127 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 51 km2 ) downtown campus to be shared by the University of Colorado Denver , the Metropolitan State University of Denver and the Community College of Denver . In 1977 , the Denver campus expanded to the newly opened AHEC , and later to several buildings extending into downtown Denver .
= = = Merger and renaming = = =
In the summer of 2004 , the University of Colorado Denver and the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center merged to create the University of Colorado Denver and Health Sciences Center ( UCDHSC ) . As a result , the University of Colorado encompasses three institutions , down from four .
On October 29 , 2007 , the board of regents voted to rename UCDHSC as the University of Colorado Denver , consisting of the Anschutz Medical Campus and the Denver Campus .
In August 2011 , the regents approved a name change to the University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus ( including the vertical bar ) , while its legal name is University of Colorado Denver . The Anschutz Medical Campus is presently referred in official materials as CU Anschutz or CU Anschutz Medical Campus , making no reference to the University of Colorado Denver . The primary name of the Denver Campus ( previously Downtown Campus ) is University of Colorado Denver and it can be referred to as CU Denver but not UC Denver . The domain name for the whole institution is ucdenver.edu , while the previous domain name cudenver.edu was turned off in July 2010 .
= = Campuses = =
= = = Denver Campus = = =
CU Denver , part of the Auraria Campus , is located to the southwest of downtown Denver in the Auraria Neighborhood , on Speer Boulevard and Auraria Parkway . CU Denver shares the Auraria Campus with two additional institutes of higher education , making this campus one @-@ of @-@ a @-@ kind : Metropolitan State University of Denver and the Community College of Denver . Regional Transportation District 's ( RTD ) Light Rail has two stops on the Auraria Campus : Colfax at Auraria and Auraria West Campus .
CU Denver features both undergraduate and graduate courses , with more than 35 percent of the students graduate students . The campus is located in the heart of the central business district and is in close proximity to the Pepsi Center , Elitch Gardens , The Colorado Convention Center , The Denver Center for the Performing Arts , Larimer Square , and the 16th Street Mall . The reclaimed Tivoli brewery , which closed in 1969 , houses the student union .
= = = CU Anschutz Medical Campus = = =
The Health Sciences Campus previously had two sub @-@ campuses , the main campus at Ninth Avenue and Colorado Boulevard ( " Ninth and Colorado " ) in Denver , which has since been decommissioned , and a new campus in neighboring Aurora , where all activities of the former Health Sciences Center has since relocated . The latter campus , which is now called the Anschutz Medical Campus , is host to the Research Complex towers , The Barbara Davis Diabetes Center , the Nighthorse Campbell Native Health building , various centers of the University of Colorado Hospital , and the health sciences library . There are approximately 4000 students at the Anschutz Medical Campus with 1400 of these in the School of Medicine ( including medical and graduate students ) .
= = = = Architecture and Layout = = = =
The CU Anschutz Medical Campus is a 227 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 9 km2 ) campus for the University and two hospitals : University of Colorado Hospital. and Children 's Hospital Colorado . All of the facilities on the campus , with the exception of the former Fitzsimons Hospital ( referred to as 500 Main , or " Building 500 " ) , are new construction . A series of distinct quadrangular zones on the campus governs its architectural design : the research quadrangle , consisting of the three Research Complex towers , features a contemporary glass and metal design ; the education quadrangle is characterized by a brick aesthetic ; and the core quadrangle is located on the central axis of the campus , and anchored by Building 500 . The comprehensive 116 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 10 @,@ 800 m2 ) medical library is located along the center quadrangle of the campus .
The combined 578 @-@ acre ( 2 @.@ 3 km2 ) of the Anschutz Medical Campus and the Fitzsimons Life Science District is undergoing a $ 4 @.@ 3 billion renovation and transformation into the largest medical @-@ related redevelopment project in the United States . The 184 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 7 km2 ) Colorado Science + Technology Park in Aurora is being developed directly adjacent to the health sciences areas of campus , providing opportunities to collaborate with biotechnology companies and their resources . The remaining acres of the former military facility are dedicated to commercial , hospitality , retail , and residential development .
= = Institutional profile = =
University of Colorado Denver offers bachelor 's , master 's , doctoral , and first professional degrees . The university ( including University of Colorado Hospital and University Physicians , Inc . ) operates on a $ 1 @.@ 8 billion annual economy . The University of Colorado Hospital , which is the principal teaching hospital for the University of Colorado Denver , serves more than half a million patients every year . In the 2009 – 10 fiscal year , CU Denver 's two campuses received almost $ 385 million in combined research funding .
= = = Enrollment = = =
More than 18 @,@ 000 students are enrolled at CU Denver | Anschutz , plus an additional 11 @,@ 000 online students . Among CU Denver | Anschutz students , 57 % are undergraduates and 43 % are pursuing graduate studies . 76 % of the student population are full @-@ time students , 16 % are out @-@ of @-@ state residents , and international students make up 6 % of total enrollment . 14 @,@ 333 students are enrolled on the CU Denver Campus ( Fall 2015 ) . Of these , 70 % are undergraduates , and 30 % are graduate students . 41 % of undergraduate students and 55 % of new freshmen at CU Denver belong to an ethnic minority . The average entering ACT score for new freshmen at CU Denver is 22 @.@ 9 composite . The average entering SAT scores at CU Denver is 549 Math and 542 Verbal . The average high school GPA for new freshmen is 3 @.@ 37 . The most popular undergraduate majors at CU Denver are biology , psychology , pre @-@ engineering , music , and economics . International students on the campus arrive from 125 countries . There are 3 @,@ 901 students enrolled at University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus ( Fall 2014 ) . Of these , 446 are undergraduate students and 3 @,@ 435 are graduate students . 23 % of the student population at the CU Anschutz Medical Campus are an ethnic minority .
= = Academics and research = =
University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus is one of the largest universities in Colorado with more than 18 @,@ 000 students and awarding more than 4 @,@ 500 degrees in a year . It has the largest graduate business school and graduate school of education in Colorado , and its School of Medicine is the only allopathic ( M.D. granting ) medical school in the state . In 2013 , more than $ 400 million in sponsored research funding was awarded to University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus researchers . The vast majority of this research is dedicated to health sciences at the Anschutz Medical Campus . In 2011 , more than $ 179 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 was awarded by the National Institutes of Health to CU Denver researchers . The core laboratories in the research complex , at the Anschutz Medical Campus , include mass spectrometry , X @-@ ray crystallography , electron microscopy , a 900 mega @-@ hertz nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) spectrometer , DNA array and peptide protein chemistry . The university is considered by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education to have " very high research activity " with a basic classification of Research Universities ( RU / VH ) ( very high research activity ) .
= = = Libraries = = =
The University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus hosts two libraries , one on each of its two campuses . The Auraria library on the CU Denver campus downtown serves the three institutions that share the campus — CU Denver , Metropolitan State University of Denver and Community College of Denver . The library houses nearly 1 million print books , 130 @,@ 000 e @-@ books , 44 @,@ 000 e @-@ journals and 300 databases . The library on the Anschutz Medical Campus is the largest health sciences library in Colorado , with more than 32 @,@ 000 e @-@ journals . The health sciences library opened in late 2007 with two Information Commons , 30 group study rooms , and wireless internet connectivity throughout the library .
= = = Schools and colleges = = =
University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus offers more than 140 degree programs in 13 schools and colleges . The university offers degrees in a wide variety of academic fields such as engineering , business , culture , history , language , the natural sciences , the biomedical sciences and medicine . CU Denver hosts 8 schools and colleges : the College of Architecture and Planning , the College of Arts & Media , The Business School , the School of Education & Human Development , the College of Engineering and Applied Science , the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences , the School of Public Affairs and its Presidential Climate Action Project , and the Graduate School . The College of Liberal Arts and Sciences is CU Denver 's largest school on the Downtown Denver Campus , offering 23 baccalaureate degrees , 17 master 's degrees , and 4 PhD programs . CU Denver sponsors the only college of architecture and planning in Colorado . The School of Architecture and Planning is located on 14th street , offering graduate degrees in architecture , urban design , and landscape architecture . In the engineering areas , the downtown campus has worked with Lockheed Martin and Raytheon . On the Anschutz Medical Campus , the university houses the School of Dental Medicine , the School of Medicine , the College of Nursing , the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Colorado School of Public Health , and the Graduate School .
= = = = School of Medicine = = = =
The university 's School of Medicine offers a four @-@ year program leading to an MD degree , and houses various graduate programs leading to the PhD degree . The school also includes a Child Health Associate / Physician Assistant ( CHAPA ) degree and a doctor of Physical Therapy degree . Both are three @-@ year programs . The Medical Scientist Training Program ( MSTP ) awards both MD and PhD degrees . There are about 650 MD students at the school , plus 350 in the Physical Assistant and Physical Therapy programs and 400 in Graduate Medical Education .
= = = = School of Pharmacy = = = =
The University of Colorado 's School of Pharmacy ( SOP ) began in 1911 as a division of the School of Medicine in Boulder . It became an independent college in 1913 and a school in 1957 . It received its accreditation in 1938 – 1939 and awarded a B.S. in Pharmacy degree in 1995 – 1996 when it received a full accreditation status awarding the Doctor of Pharmacy ( PharmD ) degree by the ACPE . In 1986 , the School of Pharmacy was administratively transferred to the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center in Denver . The physical transfer from Boulder and final consolidation of faculty , staff and students was completed between August and November 1992 . In 2008 , the school moved to the Anschutz Medical Campus , and offers medical and graduate degrees in pharmacy , the pharmaceutical sciences , molecular toxicology , and pharmaceutical outcomes research . 30 % of its class is from out of state . In 2009 , the NIH awarded $ 7 @,@ 310 @,@ 389 and $ 19 @,@ 189 @,@ 543 in grants towards the SOP and Pharmacology department , respectively . In 2011 , the school will move into its new building , the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences which will also be located on the Anschutz Medical Campus .
= = = = Graduate School = = = =
The Graduate School at CU Denver | Anschutz awards more graduate degrees than any other institution in Colorado . The school consists of nearly 60 graduate programs . The departments running these programs are housed in the schools and colleges on both campuses of the university . These offerings include both department @-@ based and interdisciplinary programs in architecture and planning , arts and media , biomedical sciences , business , education and human development , engineering and applied sciences , humanities , applied mathematics , nursing , public affairs , public health , chemistry , and social sciences . Graduate programs at the Anschutz Medical Campus offer MS and PhD degrees focusing on basic , clinical and translational research in the biomedical sciences .
= = = = Business School = = = =
The University of Colorado Denver Business School is accredited by AACSB International . The school is accredited at both the undergraduate and graduate levels . The Business School is one of only a few schools in the US to have a separate accreditation for its Accounting program . Business is one of the school 's most popular majors since it is located in the heart of Downtown Denver . The Business School has worked with some of Colorado 's top businesses such as Molson Coors , Wells Fargo , First Bank , and Frontier Airlines , who provide feedback on the school 's Business curriculum .
= = = = School of Public Affairs = = = =
The School of Public Affairs at CU Denver is ranked 29th among schools of public affairs in the United States and is fully accredited by the Network of Schools of Public Policy , Affairs , and Administration ( NASPAA ) . The school offers a number of highly ranked programs , including environmental policy , nonprofit management and public management . The online Master of Criminal Justice program was recently ranked in the top 10 nationwide by U.S. News & World Report . Students can choose from a wide range of innovative Master of Public Affairs and Master of Criminal Justice concentrations . The school also offers a Ph.D. in Public Affairs and recently launched a highly successful Bachelor of Criminal Justice undergraduate degree . Through community events and the timely research of the Buechner Institute for Governance , the School of Public Affairs is committed to making a real impact in Colorado , the region and beyond .
= = = Rankings = = =
The Chronicle of Higher Education ranks the university as having the top 10 Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index in the United States in the fields of biomedical sciences , developmental biology , human and medical genetics , oncology and cancer biology , structural biology and toxicology . University of Colorado Denver | Anschutz Medical Campus features in a number of rankings in U.S. News & World Report 's America 's Best Graduate Schools . The university ranked 5th among American medical schools for primary care in 2010 , and 27th among medical schools for research . The graduate school ranked 68th in the biological sciences in 2010 . The School of Nursing ranked 15th in the nation in 2007 , while among Nurse Practitioner programs , the university is ranked 8th , 5th , and 3rd in the areas of Adult , Family , and Pediatric , respectively . The medical school is ranked 6th in the specialty of family medicine . The CU Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences is ranked 23rd in the nation , and the School of Public Affairs is ranked 32nd . The Princeton Review included CU Denver | Anschutz in its Best Western Colleges , Best in the West in 2008 . The university ranked 34th on the Forbes list of best public colleges . The Business School is the 5th Best Graduate School for Physician – Executives ( 2007 ) , according to Modern Healthcare . In 2010 , CU Denver | Anschutz ranked 7th in The Scientist 's Best Places to Work for Postdocs survey .
= = Student life = =
University of Colorado Denver has over 100 student organizations , honor societies , professional organizations and faith @-@ based groups , that offer social , service , and professional opportunities for their members within the university and community . First time freshmen and first time international students at the downtown campus are generally required to live on campus , in the Campus Village , a student housing complex at the Auraria Campus for students , faculty and staff from any of the three schools that share the campus . CU Denver provides a variety of sports and recreation activities to students , faculty and staff , including personal training , intramural basketball , volleyball , soccer , squash , and tennis , and sports equipment check out for on or off campus use .
The CU Denver student newspaper , the Advocate , comes out weekly during the school year . The Distinguished Lecture Series hosts an array of speakers , that have included David Horowitz and Malcolm @-@ Jamal Warner . The Tivoli Student Union serves as a student center for the Community College of Denver , Metropolitan State University of Denver and University of Colorado Denver .
= = Notable people = =
= = = Notable faculty = = =
Mark A. Heckler , founding dean of its College of Arts and Media
Nobel Laureate Tom Cech , of CU Boulder , is an affiliated faculty with CU Denver 's Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics .
Leo Franca from the Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences has developed stabilized finite elements , important in computational mechanics and engineering simulation .
Lawrence Hunter is the founder of the International Society for Computational Biology , the world 's oldest and largest professional organization for bioinformatics and computational biology .
Ted Puck , a biophysicist at the medical school , developed a classification system for the human chromosome , and has been referred to as " a pioneer in mammalian cell culture , somatic cell genetics , and the study of human genetic diseases . " He was also the first scientist to grow human tissue from a single cell .
Tom Starzl conducted the first liver transplant in the world at CU 's medical school , and is considered " the father of modern transplantation . "
Henry Swan revolutionized open heart surgery at the Department of Surgery , pioneering investigations and clinical application of hypothermia in cardiac surgery .
Nancy Zahniser , professor of pharmacology awarded for her contributions to the field of dopamine regulation in the brain
= = = Notable alumni = = =
Rick Alden , 1996 , Owner and CEO Skullcandy
Insook Bhushan , Olympic table tennis player
Michael Hancock , 1995 , Mayor , Denver
James Holmes , killer in the 2012 Aurora shooting ( incomplete Ph.D. program )
Frances McConnell @-@ Mills , 1918 , toxicologist
John Morse , 2001 , Majority Leader , Colorado State Senator
Isaac Slade , 2005 , Lead Singer , The Fray
Don Southerton , American writer
Gloria Tanner , 1976 , first African American woman Colorado state senator
Ed Tauer , 1991 , Mayor , Aurora , Colorado
Araceli Cortez , 2012 , Pseudoscientist , Olathe , Colorado
|
= No. 78 Squadron RAAF =
No. 78 Squadron was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) fighter squadron of World War II . It was formed in July 1943 as part of expansion of the RAAF 's fighter force , and was assigned to mobile striking forces for the duration of the war .
After completing training , No. 78 Squadron was deployed to the combat zone north of Australia in October 1943 . From November that year until September 1944 the squadron supported the advance of the Allied ground forces through western New Britain and the north coast of New Guinea by attacking Japanese positions , providing fighter protection for recently established beachheads , and escorting Australian and United States bombers . From late 1944 until mid @-@ 1945 it operated against Japanese positions and shipping in the eastern Netherlands East Indies . The squadron took part in the Borneo campaign during the final weeks of the war . No. 78 Squadron was reduced to a cadre after it returned to Australia in December 1945 , but received new aircraft in 1946 and undertook training exercises until being disbanded in April 1948 .
= = History = =
= = = Operations during 1943 = = =
During 1943 the RAAF received 399 P @-@ 40 Kittyhawk fighter aircraft . Their arrival allowed the service to expand its combat force by forming five new Kittyhawk @-@ equipped squadrons to join the three squadrons that had operated the type in the South West Pacific area since 1942 .
No. 78 Squadron was formed at Camden , New South Wales , on 20 July 1943 . It was the fourth of the new Kittyhawk squadrons to be established , following No. 84 Squadron in February , No. 86 Squadron in March and No. 82 Squadron in June ; the final unit , No. 80 Squadron , was formed in September . No. 78 Squadron began to receive its P @-@ 40N Kittyhawk fighters from 2 August 1943 , and conducted training with these aircraft until early October . The squadron began moving from Camden to Woodlark Island in the war zone off New Guinea on 12 October 1943 . However , its destination was changed to Kiriwina island , and the squadron became operational there as part of No. 73 Wing on 27 November . This wing was controlled by No. 10 ( Operational ) Group , a mobile formation established on 13 November to support the planned Allied advance along the north coast of New Guinea .
During late November and December 1944 , No. 78 Squadron participated in attacks against Japanese positions in New Britain alongside No. 76 and No. 77 Squadrons , which were also equipped with Kittyhawks . These operations were undertaken to support the landings conducted by American forces at Arawe on 15 December and Cape Gloucester on the 26th of the month . In addition to bombing and strafing Japanese positions , No. 78 Squadron also escorted RAAF and United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) bombers on several occasions .
= = = Operations during 1944 = = =
No. 78 Squadron moved to Nadzab on the mainland of New Guinea in January 1944 . This redeployment was completed on the 12th of the month , and the squadron began operations as part of No. 78 Wing the next day . Many of the ground attack and escort sorties undertaken by No. 78 Squadron during January supported the Australian Army forces engaged in the Finisterre Range campaign . The squadron was mainly used to escort Australian and USAAF bomber and transport aircraft in February and early March , but it also conducted a small number of ground attack sorties . These escort duties were unpopular among No. 78 Wing 's fighter pilots , who believed that the American officers in charge of the air effort in New Guinea were assigning Australian units to unimportant tasks . In reality , all Allied fighter units recently arrived in New Guinea were initially tasked with escort missions as part of a ' probationary ' period . In March 1944 , No. 78 Wing moved to Cape Gloucester in New Britain to replace the USAAF 's 8th Fighter Group , which was being transferred to Nadzab . No. 78 Squadron 's advance echelon departed Nadzab on 12 March , and the entire squadron became operational in New Britain late in the month . During the last week of March , No. 78 Squadron and the other units of No. 78 Wing struck Japanese positions in New Britain and nearby Garove island in co @-@ operation with United States Navy PT boats . On 27 March four No. 78 Squadron Kittyhawks attacked and sank two American patrol boats , killing seven sailors and wounding five more . The inquiry conducted after this incident found that the pilots had not been informed that friendly ships were in the area .
During April 1944 , No. 78 Wing received orders to move again , this time to support Operation Reckless , the American landing at Hollandia in western New Guinea . The main party of the squadron departed Cape Gloucester on 17 April bound for Tadji airstrip on the mainland of New Guinea , and its Kitthawks arrived there on the 24th of the month . No. 78 Squadron began flying patrols over the American beachhead at Hollandia the next day . The squadron continued to provide air defence for Hollandia and Tadji throughout early May . From 7 to 10 May a detachment of 16 Kittyhawks from No. 78 Squadron operated from the Hollandia beachhead ; owing to food shortages in the area the pilots arrived with rations for four days loaded in their aircraft . On 15 May the unit moved permanently to an airfield near Hollandia , from which it escorted USAAF bombers and formed part of the force protecting the US Army landings at Wakde on 17 May and Biak on the 27th . Overall , the squadron flew 601 sorties during May . Its operations over Biak included its only air @-@ to @-@ air combat of the war . On 3 June , 16 Kittyhawks from No. 78 Squadron intercepted a group of 12 Nakajima Ki @-@ 43 fighters and two Nakajima B5N bombers near Biak . The Australian airmen downed five Ki @-@ 43s and two B5Ns for the loss of one Kittyhawk and its pilot . This was the last major air battle fought by the RAAF during the Pacific War . On 10 June , eight No. 78 Squadron Kittyhawks were escorting a convoy when they sighted a Japanese Kawasaki Ki @-@ 61 fighter . Two of the Australian aircraft attacked the Ki @-@ 61 and shot it down near Japen Island . This was the final aerial victory achieved by the RAAF during the New Guinea campaign . No. 78 Squadron continued to fly defensive patrols over Hollandia until 20 July , when it was redeployed to Noemfoor island . This was the squadron 's sixth move in nine months , and the intensive effort needed to pack and unpack stores on each occasion caused widespread fatigue among airmen and ground crew .
From 21 July 1944 , No. 78 Squadron supported the US military 's offensive through western New Guinea . The squadron again operated with US Navy PT boats during strikes on Japanese positions in the Vogelkop Peninsula and shipping in Geelvink Bay during July ; these operations were undertaken to support the US Army landing at Sansapor on 30 July . Many of No. 78 Wing 's pilots completed their nine @-@ month operational tour during July and were replaced by inexperienced pilots . During the first three weeks of August the squadron flew patrols over the beachhead at Sansapor . The intensive operations over Sansapor were trying , with the official history stating that No. 78 Wing was " pushed almost to the limit of its operational capacity " ; two No. 78 Squadron aircraft were lost during this period . No. 78 Wing attacked Japanese airfields in the Vogelkop Peninsula throughout September , and No. 78 Squadron flew 363 sorties against these targets . The squadron also struck airfields on the Bomberai Peninsula as well as Japanese shipping in the easternmost islands of the Netherlands East Indies ( NEI ) during the last months of 1944 . These operations were undertaken to support the American landings in the Philippines , which began in October , and often involved lengthy flights . No. 10 ( Operational ) Group was redesignated the First Tactical Air Force on 25 October ; at this time No. 78 Squadron remained part of No. 78 Wing alongside No. 75 and No. 80 Squadrons . No. 78 Squadron aircraft began staging through airfields on Morotai from early December , and moved to the island between 21 December and January 1945 . During November , Len Waters , the only known Aboriginal Australian fighter pilot of World War II , was posted to No. 78 Squadron . He remained with the unit until the end of the war and completed 95 combat sorties .
= = = Operations from 1945 to 1948 = = =
No. 78 Squadron continued to attack Japanese positions in the eastern NEI from Morotai in early 1945 . The squadron flew 267 sorties in January during which its aircraft fired 77 @,@ 000 rounds of machine @-@ gun ammunition and dropped 153 @,@ 630 pounds ( 69 @,@ 690 kg ) of bombs . Fewer sorties were flown during February and March , and on 10 April No. 78 Squadron ceased operations from Morotai to prepare to take part in the invasion of Tarakan , an island off the east coast of Borneo . While No. 81 Wing had originally been intended to land at Tarakan , due to delays in moving the unit from Australia No. 78 Wing was substituted shortly before the assault convoys departed Morotai . As a result , the wing had only ten days to pack its stores and prepare for its role in the landing . The main echelon of No. 78 Squadron disembarked at Tarakan on 6 May , but it took much longer than had been anticipated to repair the island 's airfield and the unit was unable to recommence flying operations until 18 July . During this period the squadron 's ground crew worked with Australian Army engineers to build roads , and some personnel spent time on the front line .
From 20 July 1945 until the end of the war , No. 78 Squadron operated over Borneo to support the invasion of Balikpapan . Its first strike from Tarakan was flown against Japanese positions in the Sandakan area , and on 24 July aircraft from No. 75 , No. 78 and No. 80 Squadrons attacked airfields near Banjarmasin . The squadron conducted its final combat operation on 9 August , and was still based at Tarakan at the time the Japanese Government 's intention to surrender was announced on the 15th of the month . No. 78 Squadron had suffered 12 fatalities during the war . Following the armistice the squadron undertook leaflet dropping and reconnaissance sorties until November , when the Kittyhawks were flown to Australia . The remainder of the unit 's personnel arrived at Sydney on 12 December 1945 on board the British aircraft carrier HMS Glory .
After returning to Australia , No. 78 Squadron moved to Deniliquin in New South Wales on 17 December and most of its personnel were sent on leave until 16 January . The squadron was rapidly reduced to a cadre , and comprised only 17 personnel in July 1946 . The unit was located at RAAF Station Schofields near Sydney from May to August 1946 , and then moved to RAAF Station Williamtown outside of Newcastle . On 4 August 1946 it received four P @-@ 51D Mustang fighters and a single CAC Wirraway trainer . No. 78 Squadron undertook training during 1947 , including exercises with Australian and British warships in March and July . During April 1947 two of the squadron 's Mustangs took part in a Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation cloud seeding experiment ; in this role the aircraft sprayed silver iodide onto clouds from tanks beneath their wings with the goal of generating rain . No. 78 Squadron was disbanded on 1 April 1948 .
|
= Dookudu =
Dookudu ( English : Aggression ) is a 2011 Indian Telugu @-@ language action comedy film directed by Srinu Vaitla , featuring Mahesh Babu and Samantha Ruth Prabhu in the lead roles . It was produced by Ram Achanta , Gopi Achanta and Anil Sunkara under the banner 14 Reels Entertainment . It was written by Srinu Vaitla along with Kona Venkat and Gopimohan . S. Thaman composed the music while K. V. Guhan handled the cinematography after Prasad Murella left the project in mid @-@ way . The film is partially inspired from the 2003 German tragicomedy film Good Bye , Lenin ! .
Production began on 28 June 2010 at Hyderabad . Shooting began on 22 October 2010 at Turkey and lasted till mid @-@ September 2011 . The film was predominantly shot in Hyderabad , with portions shot in Mumbai , Gujarat , Istanbul , Dubai and Switzerland . The film released on 23 September 2011 in 1600 screens worldwide .
Upon release , Dookudu received positive reviews and was commercially successful . The film was cited as " The biggest hit you 've never heard of " by The Los Angeles Times . The film collected a distributor share of ₹ 567 million in its lifetime and grossed more than ₹ 1 billion in its lifetime making it one of the highest grossers of 2011 in Telugu cinema . The film won seven Nandi Awards , six Filmfare Awards , eight SIIMA Awards and eight CineMAA Awards .
It was dubbed into Tamil as Athiradi Vettai , into Malayalam as Choodan and into Hindi as The Real Tiger . The film was remade into Bengali as Challenge 2 starring Dev and Pooja Bose in 2012 , and into Kannada as Power in 2014 starring Puneeth Rajkumar and Trisha .
= = Plot = =
During the political realm of N. T. Rama Rao , Shankar Narayana is an independent MLA of the constituency of Shankar Nagar , which is named after him , in Hyderabad , and is regarded as a champion for the poor . When a truck collides with the car his brother Satyam and he are in , Shankar goes into a coma . Except his family , everyone else presumes that he is killed in the accident . His son Ajay is a police officer in Mumbai who fights against the mafia and is on a mission to apprehend Mafia don Nayak who is involved in illegal drug trade , extortion and arms trafficking .
When he heads to Turkey in an undercover operation , he meets Prashanthi , the daughter of Ajay 's senior police officer and soon falls in love with her . She initially rejects his advances which makes him give up . However , he is successful in the undercover operation and arrests Nayak 's brother Bunty . After returning to India , he again meets Prashanthi and , to his surprise , she reciprocates his feelings . In an attempt to arrest Nayak , Bunty and the police commissioner is killed and Shankar 's loyal follower Sivayya reveals to Ajay that Nayak , along with Shankar 's rival , Mallesh Goud , and Shankar 's other followers Meka Narsingh Rao and Ambarpet Ganesh , were behind Shankar 's accident , which makes Ajay plot to kill all of them .
When Shankar comes out of the coma , the doctors who treated him advise his family that his life is at risk if he encounters or hears anything upsetting , disturbing or shocking . Ajay hides the events surrounding the accident and shifts his family to his previously abandoned mansion which is now being used for film making . Ajay creates a dummy political set @-@ up at this mansion . In the guise of a reality television program , Ajay tricks an aspiring but unsuccessful film actor Padmasri by making him believe that the television show is being sponsored by actor Akkineni Nagarjuna 's television channel , and that Nagarjuna wants to offer Padmasri very high remuneration for his realistic performance in the show . On the other hand , an aspiring actor Bokka Venkata Rao and Mallesh Goud are tricked by Ajay with a real estate business deal to exploit his criminal nexus .
Ajay keeps this drama under wraps from Shankar by making him believe that Ajay is also an MLA revered by people fulfilling his dad 's wishes . He marries Prashanthi after gaining her family 's consent much to Shankar 's delight . Meanwhile , Ajay manages to kill Ganesh and Mallesh without the knowledge of anybody while Shankar believes that they died due to ailments . Nayak reaches Hyderabad to kill Ajay and Ajay 's drama is exposed before everybody except Shankar . Meka Narsingh Rao is killed by Nayak while the latter 's henchmen is killed by Ajay and others in an encounter . Nayak is later killed in a Ramlila event . Shankar too comes to know about Ajay 's drama and is happy for the affection his son showed on him .
= = Cast = =
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
Ram Achanta , Gopi Achanta and Anil Sunkara under the banner 14 Reels Entertainment agreed to bankroll a film directed by Srinu Vaitla starring Mahesh Babu in the lead role after completing their debut venture Namo Venkatesa ( 2010 ) . Regarding the same , Vaitla said that it would be a romance action film and a majority would be shot in North India using a Super 35 . Mahesh 's brother Ramesh Babu was a co @-@ producer . Vaitla worked on the script for more than a year and shelved it temporarily for further modification as he felt it became monotonous and resembles his previous work . The film was officially launched on 28 June 2010 in Ramanaidu Studios at Hyderabad .
Kona Venkat wrote the dialogues and Gopimohan penned the screenplay . S. Thaman was selected as the music director marking his first collaboration with Vaitla as the latter 's regular music composer Devi Sri Prasad had shortage of dates to accommodate . The film was titled Dookudu in mid September 2010 despite initial reports stating that it may be titled Power . Prasad Murella was selected as the cinematographer who walked out after having an argument on the film 's sets with Vaitla because of differences . K. V. Guhan was selected to finish the remaining part . Regarding the same , Vaitla said " I had made family dramas with Prasad before but in Dookudu , the demand increased from my side and we couldn 't get in sync with each other . I liked the photography in Athadu done by Guhan . We gelled and he has done a fantastic job . "
= = = Casting = = =
Samantha Ruth Prabhu was selected as the female lead while Sonia Deepti was selected to play the role of her best friend . Srihari was selected for a crucial role but was replaced by Prakash Raj later . Mahesh Babu was reported to be seen as a police officer in the film . Sonu Sood was cast as the antagonist . Kajal Aggarwal was rumoured to be the second female lead while Daggubati Venkatesh was rumoured to provide a voice @-@ over . Gopimohan denied the latter 's inclusion as a rumour while the former 's inclusion remained unconfirmed .
Ravi Prakash was selected for a crucial supporting role . Brahmanandam and M. S. Narayana were selected for crucial supporting roles . Parvati Melton was selected for an item number . Meenakshi Dixit was selected for performing the title song . Regarding the limited role of Samantha , Vaitla clarified that a lot depended on the film 's subject and it was done mainly to develop the chemistry between the lead pair .
= = = Filming = = =
Principal photography began on 22 October 2010 in Turkey where a few action sequences and a song on Mahesh and Samantha were shot . The schedule lasted till November 2010 and the team returned to India on 10 November 2010 . The second schedule was conducted in Dubai . After returning from Dubai , the next schedule began at Hyderabad on 27 November 2010 . In mid January 2011 , filming then moved to Ramanaidu Studios in Hyderabad . Scenes featuring Mahesh , Samantha and Sonia were shot at Levis showroom in Banjara Hills of Hyderabad and the schedule ended on 29 January 2011 .
Filming continued in Gujarat where a song on Mahesh and Samantha was shot at the Little Rann of Kutch . On its completion on 11 February 2011 , the next schedule was planned to be shot in Hyderabad from 15 February 2011 to 3 March 2011 . The film 's unit planned to leave to Chennai on 24 February 2011 for filming a song but the makers opted to shoot the same along with few scenes at Chiran Fort Club in Hyderabad from the next day . Few chase sequences were shot in Old city area of Hyderabad in mid March 2011 . Filming continued at Mumbai from 20 March 2011 after a few action sequences in Ramoji Film City . The film was shot at Padmalaya Studios in late April 2011 after which filming was planned at Switzerland where a song and few scenes were shot .
Some scenes were shot in a central jail set erected in Ramoji Film City with which the Hyderabad schedule was completed in mid May 2011 . Some comedy and action scenes were shot in the set which was earlier erected for Dhee ( 2007 ) , Old City and other areas apart from Ramoji Film City . A long schedule was shot in Switzerland later and Mahesh stayed back for taking rest on the schedule 's completion and returned on 30 May 2011 to participate in the shoot from the next day . Due to unforeseen circumstances , the film 's shoot was delayed multiple times and by late June 2011 , 40 days of shoot was pending .
Key scenes featuring Mahesh Babu , Brahmanandam , M. S. Narayana and others were shot in a private apartment in Somajiguda in mid July 2011 . Few scenes were shot in Jayabheri House in late July 2011 . The song " Adara Adara " was shot at Chiran Fort club in late August 2011 under the choreography of Dinesh . The film 's climax sequences were shot in early September 2011 at Tolichowki in Hyderabad . A special set was erected at Ramoji Film City for the shoot of the item number on Mahesh and Parvati Melton which began on 6 September 2011 . On its completion , the filming came to an end .
= = Themes and influences = =
Many critics have stated that the film 's story is inspired by the German tragicomedy Good Bye , Lenin ! ( 2003 ) . Regarding the same , Vaitla said " I saw Good Bye , Lenin ! when the scripting of Dookudu was 50 per cent complete . It was a coincidence . I had the idea of showing Mahesh in a new way as a young MLA . I also had the idea of the father . Then , Gopimohan came in , and we worked on the script for seven months . It 's a multi @-@ layered film and writing the screenplay for it was tough . " He added that the idea of how lies are told and you get people to believe them was already shown in his earlier film Ready ( 2008 ) .
He chose father @-@ son relationship in the film as he wanted to show the emotions between them . Apart from that , Vaitla was inspired by other small things from Good Bye , Lenin ! . One such inspired sequence is where the protagonist and his team create fake news broadcasts and newspapers for showing them to his father to make the drama believable which includes making N. T. Rama Rao the president of India in 2011 . And , the scene where the protagonist lies to his father about few things without knowing that the latter is aware of the drama is inspired from the climax of Good Bye , Lenin ! .
A reviewer from Sify felt that some of the scenes and characters are inspired by Mahesh 's previous films Athadu ( 2005 ) and Pokiri ( 2006 ) apart from the Hindi Patiala House ( 2011 ) . In one of the comedy scenes , M. S. Narayana is seen performing spoofs of Yamadonga ( 2007 ) , Magadheera ( 2009 ) , Simha ( 2010 ) and Enthiran ( 2010 ) . According to K. Moti Gokulsing and Wimal Dissanayake , authors of the book Routledge Handbook of Indian Cinemas , the parodies too received positive response .
= = Music = =
S. Thaman composed the soundtrack which consists of six songs . Viswa and Bhaskarabhatla penned lyrics of one song each while Ramajogayya Sastry penned lyrics for the remaining songs . In mid June 2011 , Thaman planned to record two songs in China and one more song in Czech Republic during the re @-@ recording as some special instruments were not available in India and were exclusively available there . Aditya Music acquired the audio rights . The soundtrack was unveiled by hosting a promotional event at Shilpakala Vedika on 18 August 2011 . The event was aired live on MAA TV and on the film 's official website from 7 : 30 PM . The album cover depicts a promotional still of Mahesh Babu from the film 's title song .
The soundtrack was successful in its collections . However , it received mixed response from critics . Suresh Kavirayani of The Times of India called the film 's music impressive . A reviewer from IANS felt that " Nee Dookudu " and " Guruvaram " were well shot and composed while the overall music could have been better . Sify wrote " Thaman`s music sounded average in the theatres , though a couple of numbers – `Guruvaram` and `Dethadi` – could enliven the mood of the spectators . The background score and the music during some romantic moments are dull . " IndiaGlitz termed it the first passable album of Thaman and called it a forgettable one .
= = Release = =
The distribution rights for Ceded , Nellore , Nizam , Guntur and Karnataka regions were sold for an amount of ₹ 220 million ( US $ 3 @.@ 3 million ) while the Uttarandhra region distribution rights were sold to Gayathri Films for an amount of ₹ 29 million ( US $ 430 @,@ 000 ) . FICUS Inc. acquired the overseas distribution rights . The film was announced to be released on 23 September 2011 by the producers in the end of August 2011 after the release of the soundtrack .
The first copy was submitted to Central Board of Film Certification on 19 September 2011 for censoring . The board awarded an U / A certificate on 21 September 2011 after a few cuts were done . To prevent illegal streaming , the makers approached the High Court for a John Doe order . The film released in 15 screens in Chennai . The film released in 71 screens in Hyderabad surpassing the record set by Magadheera which released in 68 screens .
The film released in 1600 screens worldwide and 89 theatres in North America . It was released in 21 countries including Canada , Trinidad , South Africa , Netherlands and Finland making it the first Telugu film to be released there . It became the first Telugu film to be released in 21 cities in North India . The film released in 79 theatres in the United States . It became the first Telugu film to be released in Botswana . The Telugu Association of Botswana screened it in Village Cinema at 10 : 30 AM on 9 October 2011 with each ticket costing 40 pula . Apart from them , the film released in countries like Singapore , Dubai , Malaysia and United Kingdom while the producers received calls from Nairobi for distribution rights .
= = = Promotion = = =
The first @-@ look poster featuring Mahesh Babu with a teaser was unveiled on 31 May 2011 on the eve of the birthday of Mahesh 's father , actor Krishna . The second teaser was unveiled on 9 August 2011 on the eve of Mahesh 's birthday , and it received positive response from viewers . Parvati Melton 's look in the item number was unveiled after the completion of the film 's shoot and those stills received positive response . In an interview to Karthik Pasupulate of The Times of India , Anil Sunkara said " When the pre @-@ release hype was hitting a fever pitch , we ( producers ) toured all over the state , meeting fan associations and telling them that it was a family entertainer , and distributing merchandise like stickers , badges and ribbons " .
A thanksgiving tour began in Vijayawada where Vaitla , Anil and comedian Siva Reddy promoted the film at Hotel Mid City after which they went to Eluru . The film 's success meet was held at Hotel Novotel in Hyderabad on 11 October 2011 . Another event was planned at Vijayawada for celebrating the completion of the film 's 50 day run . The event was held at Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha Engineering College grounds on 12 November 2011 . Udaya Bhanu hosted the event .
= = = Legal issues = = =
The film was shot at Vikarabad Railway Station on 31 July 2011 after seeking necessary permission to shoot till 5 : 00 PM with police security . The shoot was called off because of rain and Mahesh left the premises at 4 : 30 PM . Shortly , seven Telangana Students JAC activists landed at the railway station raising slogans against Samaikhyandra supporters . On seeing them , the crew started preparing to vacate the spot . While they were leaving , the activists started pelting stones at them . Police later dispered the mob and production manager Rambabu and Ramesh filed a complaint against them .
The activists disrupted the screening of the film in six theatres in Ranga Reddy district and accused the unit members for registering false cases against them during the film 's shoot at railway station . They entered theatres at Vikarabad , Parigi , Tandoor , Chevella and Shamshabad and asked the managements not to screen the film but were dispersed by the police . Later Rambabu and Ramesh met them and assured them that the cases would be withdrawn immediately . Police protection was given to the theatres screening the film in Hyderabad while the screening was much delayed in many centres in Telangana . The shows began from 6 : 00 AM in all other regions , particularly in the Ceded area .
= = = Home media = = =
The television broadcast rights were purchased by MAA TV for ₹ 54 million . Illegally copied versions of the film 's DVDs were seized by the Vijayawada city police on 11 October 2011 . Volga Videos released the film 's DVD and VCD on 1 January 2012 . FICUS Inc . , released the overseas DVD on 16 March 2012 .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
Suresh Kavirayani of The Times of India rated it 4 out of 5 and wrote " Dookudu is a typical Srinu Vytla film with a generous sprinkling of comedy . His narrative manages to keep the audience engaged until the end of the movie . This movie comes as a blessing for not just Mahesh Babu , but also for Tollywood , which is badly in need of a hit , after the recent spate of box office debacles . Srinu Vytla and Mahesh Babu have come out with a winner in Dookudu " . Bollywood Life stated " Dookudu has all the elements of a potboiler – the unholy nexus between underworld and politicos , passionate romance , shrill revenge and the glory of father @-@ son relationship . The movie is almost certain to make a box office splash , but if fans are expecting the lofty fizz of Pokkiri , perhaps there is some disappointment in store " . Sify called the film " entertaining " and wrote " Despite the drawbacks , Dookudu holds the power to lure the crowds , with its commercial values . It is a bonanza to Mahesh Babu`s fans and it will not disappoint the family crowds either . " IANS rated it 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 and stated " Dookudu is a treat for Mahesh 's fans . But others can also enjoy this film for its comedy elements and Mahesh 's powerful presence . " Vanshika Devuni of Upperstall.com wrote " The best thing about the movie is that it comes across as a mass entertainer and makes no attempts to come across as a intellectual movie or a movie that tries to pretend it is ' hatke ' . "
In contrast , B. V. S. Prakash of Deccan Chronicle rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote " Although , it is a tale of a honest cop who is on the trail of a dreaded don , director Sinu Vaitla relies on a band of comedians like Brahmanandam and M.S. Narayana to sustain audience interests , before his protagonist accomplishes his mission . Audiences have to leave behind their thinking caps at home to enjoy this comic @-@ caper since the screenplay has few gaping holes and is repetitive as well . " Pavithra Srinivasan of Rediff gave it 2 @.@ 5 out of 5 and criticised the film 's screenplay and logic @-@ defying sequences , but praised Mahesh Babu 's performance , calling his role a " cakewalk " and recommending the film for his fans in particular . Ramchander of Oneindia Entertainment wrote " To sum up , Dookudu is just another average entertainer and not in the same league as Mahesh Babu " s earlier blockbusters like Athadu and Pokiri " .
= = = Box office = = =
Dookudu had the largest opening for a Telugu film , and collected a share of ₹ 101 @.@ 1 million and a gross of ₹ 125 @.@ 8 million on the first day of its release . The film grossed nearly ₹ 45 million on its first day at the Overseas Box office . The film crossed the $ 1 million mark in the United States and grossed ₹ 15 million in two days , in United Kingdom , Australia , Dubai and Canada . The film 's three @-@ day worldwide total became ₹ 212 @.@ 2 million and in three days , the film surpassed the records set by Magadheera and Simha in terms of first weekend collections . It collected a share of ₹ 350 @.@ 1 million and grossed ₹ 500 @.@ 7 million in its first week . The film collected ₹ 5 @.@ 1 million in its first week at Chennai Box office .
By the end of its second week , Dookudu grossed ₹ 700 million at the worldwide box office . The film grossed ₹ 1 @.@ 01 billion by the end of its 50 @-@ day run at the worldwide Box office . It grossed ₹ 800 million in India and ₹ 210 million in Overseas by the end of its 50 @-@ day run . The film completed 50 days in 312 centres and 100 days in 63 centres . The film earned a share of ₹ 567 million at the worldwide Box office in its lifetime .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
= = Legacy = =
Dookudu became one of the biggest hits in the history of Telugu cinema and was the biggest hit in Mahesh Babu 's career by the end of its lifetime run . The film ended the five @-@ year career slump of Mahesh Babu and marked his image makeover . The Times of India called it one of the top ten must watch Telugu films of 2011 . The Los Angeles Times wrote a special article about Mahesh and the film 's massive collections in United States and called the film " The biggest hit you 've never heard of " . After the film 's gross crossed ₹ 1 billion , Income Tax Department officials conducted a raid on the Jubilee Hills residence of Mahesh as he was rumoured to get a remuneration of more than ₹ 1 @.@ 2 million for his next projects .
The film 's success made Samantha Ruth Prabhu one of the most sought heroines in Telugu cinema . Parvati Melton received more offers for performing item numbers post the film 's release . Dasari Narayana Rao said the film arrived at the right time and had provided a good amount of relief to the Telugu film industry , which was under a huge loss at that point of time . Samantha auctioned the costumes used by Mahesh in the film for raising funds for the charity organisation " Pratyusha " . Vaitla 's next film with Mahesh namely Aagadu ( 2014 ) , which too was produced by 14 Reels Entertainment and had the same technical crew of this film , was a failure at the box office . The Hindu cited similarities with Dookudu as one of the reasons of the film 's failure .
= = Remakes = =
Dookudu was dubbed by 14 Reels Entertainment into Tamil as Athiradi Vettai in 2013 . The film was also dubbed into Hindi as The Real Tiger and into Malayalam as Choodan . The film was remade into Bengali as Challenge 2 ( 2012 ) by Raja Chanda starring Dev and Pooja Bose in the lead roles . The film was also remade into Kannada as Power ( 2014 ) by K. Madesh starring Puneeth Rajkumar and Trisha in the lead roles . It marked the latter 's debut in Kannada and was also the first Kannada film of 14 Reels Entertainment .
|
= Iwo Jima ( video game ) =
Iwo Jima is a turn @-@ based strategy video game developed and published by Personal Software Services for the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum in 1986 . It is the second instalment to the Strategic Wargames series . The game is set during the Battle of Iwo Jima in the Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II and revolves around the United States Marine Corps ' objective to secure the island of Iwo Jima from the Imperial Japanese Army .
The game is a turn @-@ based strategy and focuses on the player using their units to attack Japanese forces in order to capture the island . The player assumes control of the Marine Corps and must eliminate all Japanese forces by ground , air , or naval combat . The game received mixed reviews upon release . Critics praised the game 's value for money and easy difficulty for novice gamers ; however , many criticised the graphics and mechanics .
= = Gameplay = =
The game is a turn @-@ based strategy focuses on the invasion and land battles of Iwo Jima . The player commands the United States Marine Corps against the Imperial Japanese Army , who are occupying the islands as part of the Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II . The game is menu @-@ based and only allows the player to use four command functions ; move , attack , land and pass . Depending on the difficulty set , the game lasts 32 to 36 turns and can only be won by eliminating all Japanese forces from the island before the final turn ends . During the game , the enemy may fortify their positions , launch air strikes against the United States Navy fleet or may perform suicide attacks if their unit is about to be wiped out . The player also has the ability to order air strikes against the enemy , if weather permits .
At the beginning of the game , the player has to allocate a number of American troops in order to establish a beachhead on one of the six beaches of the island . However , many of the beaches are scattered with land mines and may provide an initial disadvantage to the assault . Throughout the game , the player may call in air strikes and other assaults , however they are only available after the American forces are attacked or if the enemy retreats to an inaccessible location . At any time in the game , the player is also able to request troop reinforcements from the fleet . Furthermore , Japanese air forces may sink American battleships throughout the game , although the player will be given the opportunity to shoot them down . In addition , a Japanese submarine will sink American gunboats at random intervals , and cannot be destroyed in any way . There is no save function in the game .
= = Background = =
Personal Software Services was founded in Coventry , England , by Gary Mays and Richard Cockayne in 1981 . The company were known for creating games that revolved around historic war battles and conflicts , such as Theatre Europe , Bismark and Falklands ' 82 . The company had a partnership with French video game developer ERE Informatique , and published localised versions of their products to the United Kingdom . In 1986 , Cockayne took a decision to alter their products for release on 16 @-@ bit consoles , as he found that smaller 8 @-@ bit consoles such as the ZX Spectrum lacked the processing power for larger strategy games . The decision was falsely interpreted as " pulling out " from the Spectrum market by video game journalist Phillipa Irving . Following years of successful sales throughout the mid 1980s , Personal Software Services experienced financial difficulties , in what Cockayne admitted in a retrospective interview that " he took his eye off the ball " . The company was acquired by Mirrorsoft in February 1987 , and was later dispossessed by the company due to strains of debt .
= = Reception = =
The game received mixed reviews form critics upon release . Both Gwyn Hughes of Your Sinclair and a reviewer of ZX Computing praised the game 's value for money and heralded it as a " good introduction " to the wargaming genre , although Hughes believed that Iwo Jima was unlikely to provide established tacticians with a " major challenge " and the reviewer of ZX Computing was concerned that the game was " too easy " . Sean Masterson of Crash criticised the graphics , stating that it was " let down by poor unit markers and terrain features " . Gary Rook of Sinclair User asserted that the game was overall " competent " , however he summarised it as " failing to excite " . Rook also added that the game was well implemented and " inspiring " .
A reviewer of Computer and Video Games criticised the game for having an " awkward mechanism " due to the lack of a save feature and neglecting historic realism . However , he compared the historical accuracy of the Battle of Iwo Jima for being more accurate than Falklands ' 82 's interpretation of the Falklands War . Mark Reed of Computer Gamer stated that the game is " ideal " for novice players and also praised the simplicity of the controls , despite suggesting that experienced gamers of the genre would prefer " something more complex " . Masterson similarly criticised the game 's suitability for experienced gamers , suggesting that any appeal for a more experienced player is likely to be " very limited " .
|
= 1998 – 99 Manchester United F.C. season =
The 1998 – 99 season was the most successful season in the history of Manchester United Football Club . After finishing the previous season without winning any titles , United won a treble of trophies ( the Premier League , FA Cup and UEFA Champions League ) , the first side in English football to achieve such a feat . During the campaign United lost only five times , including a one @-@ off Charity Shield fixture , in the League Cup against eventual winners Tottenham Hotspur and their only home defeat , a league match against Middlesbrough in December 1998 . A run of 33 games unbeaten in all competitions began on 26 December at home to Nottingham Forest .
Veteran players Brian McClair and Gary Pallister , along with a host of younger and less experienced players such as goalkeeper Kevin Pilkington and striker Graeme Tomlinson , had left the club before the season began . The big news of the pre @-@ season was the arrival of Dutch defender Jaap Stam for a club record fee of £ 10 @.@ 75 million . Other additions included striker Dwight Yorke and Swedish winger Jesper Blomqvist . Goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel announced his intention to leave the club after eight years at Old Trafford , joining Sporting Clube de Portugal at the end of the season .
The team 's never @-@ say @-@ die attitude , instilled in previous seasons , was key to their success as the players often thrived in difficult situations . The highlight was United 's dramatic comeback in the Champions League final , when Teddy Sheringham and Ole Gunnar Solskjær each scored in injury time to overturn Bayern Munich 's first @-@ half lead . David Beckham was runner up to Rivaldo for 1999 's European Footballer of the Year and FIFA World Player of the Year awards .
Fans and writers regard the treble haul as manager Alex Ferguson 's finest hour , although he dismissed that assertion in later years . Tens of thousands of fans lined the streets of Manchester to welcome the team as the season drew to a close . In recognition of his achievements Ferguson was awarded a knighthood , and handed the Freedom of the City of Glasgow in November 1999 .
By the end of the season Manchester United had become the world ’ s richest football club , and the most valuable sporting brand worldwide . The club was also at the centre of a takeover bid by BSkyB , which was blocked by the Monopolies and Mergers Commission in March 1999 .
= = Friendlies = =
In their pre @-@ season travels United lost and drew their first two matches , before winning three . A testimonial for Teddy Scott at Pittodrie against Aberdeen was scheduled in January ; United lost 7 – 6 on penalties after a 1 – 1 draw in 90 minutes .
Colours : Green |
= Manchester United win ; Yellow =
draw ; Red = opponents win .
= = FA Charity Shield = =
The opening game of the season was the Charity Shield on 9 August 1998 at Wembley Stadium in front of 67 @,@ 342 people , which United lost 3 – 0 to the previous season 's double winners Arsenal . Roy Keane made his comeback after almost a year out injured , and Jaap Stam debuted in central defence .
= = FA Premier League = =
= = = August = = =
In the opening weekend of the season Manchester United faced Leicester City at Old Trafford , and went a goal down within seven minutes ; Muzzy Izzet ’ s cross was met by Emile Heskey to scuff the ball into the net before Tony Cottee – the scorer in the previous season ’ s corresponding fixture – added a second with fifteen minutes remaining . Teddy Sheringham ’ s intervention and a last gasp free kick by David Beckham helped the home side salvage a point , setting a precedent for things to come . The team 's first away game at West Ham followed , but despite the debut of striker Dwight Yorke , United were held to a goalless draw . Beckham , who had become a national hate figure after his dismissal in the World Cup , received a torrid reception by the home supporters , with every touch of the ball made by him jeered at . Bottles and stones were directed at the team coach prior to kick @-@ off . After the game Ferguson , his players , and the Manchester United staff refused to be interviewed by the press or television .
= = = September = = =
Manchester United recorded their first win of the season on 9 September , beating newly promoted Charlton Athletic 4 – 1 . Yorke and Ole Gunnar Solskjær each scored a brace to overturn the visitor 's early lead . The match was marred with demonstrations in and around Old Trafford against the proposed takeover of the club by BSkyB . Obscene chants were directed at chairman Martin Edwards , who had given his support to the merger . A 2 – 0 victory against Coventry City the following week put United in perfect stead for the clash at home to Barcelona , but a comprehensive defeat to champions Arsenal left the team in 10th position . This was Arsène Wenger 's third straight victory over Ferguson ( four in all competitions ) ; goals from Tony Adams , Nicolas Anelka and Freddie Ljungberg condemned Manchester United to their heaviest away defeat in more than two years . To compound the misery midfielder Nicky Butt , who had been sent off in the Champions League match earlier in the week , was handed a second red card in the space of four days after a lunge on French international Patrick Vieira . United ended the month with a win , beating rivals Liverpool 2 – 0 to move into fifth spot .
= = = October = = =
A trip to The Dell on 3 October was taken with caution given United 's return from Munich in the Champions League and winless record at the ground . The team lost to Southampton in each of their last three visits , including a 6 – 3 mauling in 1996 . Despite dominating possession and clear @-@ cut chances in the previous season ’ s fixture , United lost by a single goal leaving Ferguson to question when , not if he would eventually break the jinx . Andy Cole was paired with Yorke for only the second time this season , a tactic that paid off as both got on the score sheet . Substitute Jordi Cruyff added a third in the 75th minute to move United into second place in the table , four points behind leaders Aston Villa going into the international break . Raimond van der Gouw who deputised for injured goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel at Southampton featured again at home to Wimbledon , a match that Manchester United won 5 – 1 , the biggest win of the season at Old Trafford . Ryan Giggs , Beckham , Yorke and Cole ( twice ) all scored ; Ferguson in particular hailed the contribution of 19 @-@ year @-@ old defender Wes Brown . United earned a point away at Derby County on 24 October , and deservedly beat Everton 4 – 1 at Goodison Park on Halloween to cut the gap at the top to just a point .
= = = November = = =
Manchester United drew their first and only home blank of the season against Newcastle United , but made amends with a 3 – 2 victory over bottom team Blackburn Rovers . Defensive frailties , most notably from Schmeichel , were on show away to Sheffield Wednesday as the team missed the chance to go top of the table . A brace from winger Jens Niclas Alexandersson and a debut goal scored by Wim Jonk consigned Ferguson to his second defeat in the league and extended a barren run at Hillsborough ; United had won only a single game in their last eight visits . On 29 November , Manchester United hosted Leeds United and a valiant performance by the visitors looked to have gained them a draw , after going two goals down in the first half . A moment of brilliance from Butt however secured the three points for the Red Devils and kept up the pressure on the challengers .
= = = December = = =
Three straight draws followed in December , the first away to league leaders Aston Villa . United were fortunate to pick up a point given their opponents dominance in the second half , and were careless at Tottenham Hotspur , throwing away a 2 – 0 lead . Solskjær put United two goals ahead , but in the 39th minute Gary Neville received a red card for a second bookable offence , tugging on David Ginola 's shirt . Spurs captain Sol Campbell brought his team back into the match with 20 minutes remaining and on the cusp of stoppage time powered a header in the top left @-@ hand corner , sparking jubilant scenes at White Hart Lane . Chelsea grabbed a creditable draw at Old Trafford to stake their championship credentials four days later and United , who were without their manager Ferguson for the Middlesbrough game were beaten 3 – 2 ; their last defeat of the season . On Boxing Day the team collected three points against Nottingham Forest and merited a point at Stamford Bridge in the last match of 1998 to solidify their position in the top four .
= = = January = = =
A power cut at Old Trafford delayed proceedings against West Ham on 10 January , a match that ended 4 – 1 to Manchester United . The partnership of Yorke and Cole was starting to click , evident in the 6 – 2 win at Leicester City . Five goals were scored in the second half including a hat @-@ trick for the former , cutting Chelsea 's lead at the top to two points . On 31 January , Manchester United moved a point clear at the Premiership summit for the first time in the season . Yorke 's late header in the 89th minute made the 1 – 0 victory at Charlton Athletic their third consecutive league win ( fifth in the month ) . Ferguson praised the team 's resolve , adding , " It 's a good result for us , because there are games where you have to dig in and find a result . "
= = = February = = =
Manchester United beat Derby County 1 – 0 at home on 3 February to move four points ahead of Chelsea . Three days later the team set a new record at the City Ground , racking up the biggest away Premier League win ( 8 – 1 ) . Substitute Ole Gunnar Solskjaer scored four times in the space of ten minutes , adding to an already commanding scoreline . Ron Atkinson , the manager of Nottingham Forest , declared Manchester United to be the best team in the league by " a country mile " , and Ferguson was now handed a selection dilemma ahead of the clash against Arsenal on 17 February . The Gunners were without Dennis Bergkamp , Emmanuel Petit and Martin Keown , and conceded an early penalty when Ray Parlour brought down Johnsen . Yorke missed , chipping the ball wide of the right @-@ hand post , and was made to pay early in the second half as Nwankwo Kanu 's through ball found striker Anelka , who put his team into the lead . Given Arsenal ’ s defensive record , another clean sheet looked to be on the cards until a header by Cole in the 60th minute drew the game level . United from then on had several chances to win the game , but a point each left the title race finely balanced . Back to back wins starting with a 1 – 0 win at Coventry on 20 February , and a 2 – 1 win at home to Southampton a week later , maintained United 's grip on first position .
= = = March and April = = =
Cup duties were the main priority in March as United played only two league fixtures : away to Newcastle and at home to Everton . Two wins out of two , including two goals by Cole against his former club , Newcastle , helped the team to become the first to reach 60 points in the season .
Manchester United could only manage a 1 – 1 draw at Wimbledon on 3 April as Beckham ’ s well @-@ drilled shot cancelled out Jason Euell 's opener in the fifth minute . Despite several of the first @-@ team members being rested for the Juventus tie , United won 3 – 0 at Old Trafford against Sheffield Wednesday and battled well to earn a point against Leeds at Elland Road after the midweek tie at Juventus . But the result allowed Arsenal to move to the top of the Premiership for the first time this season , albeit having played one game more , after scoring six against Middlesbrough at the Riverside .
= = = May = = =
Another versatile performance by Beckham dragged United back to the summit , but Arsenal ’ s win at Derby the following Sunday restored the champion 's slender advantage . Against Liverpool at Anfield , Ferguson restored the Cole – Yorke partnership , and within 23 minutes the latter scored the opener from a Beckham cross . In the second half United were awarded a penalty for a challenge on Jesper Blomqvist by Jamie Carragher , which Irwin successfully converted . But Irwin was sent off in the 75th minute for a second bookable offence just after Jamie Redknapp scored through a penalty to give Liverpool hope . Paul Ince , scrambled the equaliser two minutes from time . The United manager did not hide his discomfort , adding he thought " the referee handed it to them . " On the same night , Arsenal convincingly beat rivals Tottenham to move three points clear , having still played a game more . Wenger was adamant that United were marginal favourites , but it was clear the title race would be decided on the final day , akin to 1995 .
With two games remaining , Yorke scored his 29th goal of the season at Middlesbrough to help his team return to the top of the table . Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink 's late winner against Arsenal two days later all but ended Wenger ’ s chances of retaining the league championship . United now needed only four points , one of them gained at Ewood Park , relegating Blackburn Rovers in the process . Manchester United eventually secured the championship on the final day , coming back from a goal down against Tottenham to win 2 – 1 . The achievement was all the more special for Ferguson , who lifted his fifth domestic championship in seven seasons .
Colours : Green |
= Manchester United win ; Yellow =
draw ; Red = opponents win .
Points allocation : Three points awarded for a win ; one for a drawn match ; none for a loss .
= = FA Cup = =
Despite receiving a home draw in each of their first four rounds ( Third to Sixth ) , United were paired against difficult opponents throughout the competition . On their route to the final they defeated five Premier League teams : Middlesbrough , Liverpool , Chelsea , Arsenal and Newcastle United . The only non @-@ Premier League team that United played in the competition was Fulham , who at the time played in the Second Division , the third tier of English football , but even they were not considered pushovers , having claimed shock wins over Southampton and Aston Villa in the previous rounds .
In the third round , United were drawn against Middlesbrough , who had recently beaten them in the league . Andy Townsend gave Middlesbrough the lead at half time , but goals from Cole , Irwin and Giggs gave United a 3 – 1 victory .
United faced Liverpool at home in the following round , where the visitors took the lead from a Michael Owen header inside three minutes . In spite of creating plenty of goalscoring chances , the team failed to equalise until the 86th minute , when Yorke scored off a Beckham free kick . In the second minute of stoppage time , Ole Gunnar Solskjær hit a shot that sent Liverpool goalkeeper David James the wrong way to give United the win .
Cole scored the winner against Fulham on Valentine 's Day to set up a quarter @-@ final clash at home to Chelsea . Although there were no goals , Paul Scholes and Roberto Di Matteo were both sent off and missed the replay , three days later at Stamford Bridge . Yorke kept up his ever @-@ improving goalscoring record , scoring two goals against the Blues on 10 March .
United played cup holders Arsenal in the semi @-@ final at Villa Park on 11 April . Neither team was able to score even after extra time had been played , therefore the match was decided in a replay four days later . Beckham opened the scoring for United with a long range effort , but Dennis Bergkamp drew Arsenal level with a shot that deflected off United 's centre back Jaap Stam . Arsenal then thought they had taken the lead when Nicolas Anelka put the ball in the back of United 's net , but the goal was ruled out for offside . United 's captain Roy Keane was red @-@ carded for two bookable offences and United played the last thirty minutes of normal time with ten men . In injury time at the end of the second half , Phil Neville fouled Ray Parlour in the penalty area . Peter Schmeichel parried away Bergkamp 's resultant spot kick and the game went into extra time .
Giggs scored partway through the second half of extra time . Picking up possession on the halfway line after a loose pass from Patrick Vieira , he dribbled past the entire Arsenal back line before shooting just under goalkeeper David Seaman 's bar . Giggs ran celebrating towards the United fans , and United held on to beat the Gunners 2 – 1 . The goal was the last ever scored in a FA Cup semi @-@ final replay , as they were abolished the following season .
United met Newcastle United in the FA Cup final at Wembley Stadium , the penultimate FA Cup final to be held there before it was closed for rebuilding . Less than 10 minutes into the match , Keane was injured and replaced by Sheringham . He and Scholes both finished with a goal apiece in the 2 – 0 win that sealed the double .
Colours : Green |
= Manchester United win ; Yellow =
draw ; Red = opponents win .
= = League Cup = =
As in the previous four seasons United rested many of their first @-@ team players in the League Cup , instead using the competition to provide first team experience to their younger players and reserves . In the third round of the competition United required extra @-@ time to defeat Bury , eventually winning 2 – 0 with goals from Erik Nevland and Ole Gunnar Solskjær . In the fourth round , two more goals from Solskjær gave United a 2 – 1 victory over Nottingham Forest , earning them a place in the quarter @-@ finals for the first time since they reached the final in 1994 . United were beaten in the quarter @-@ finals by eventual winners Tottenham Hotspur ; two goals from Chris Armstrong and one from David Ginola gave Spurs a 3 – 1 victory , with ex @-@ Spurs striker Teddy Sheringham scoring the consolation for United on his return to White Hart Lane .
Colours : Green |
= Manchester United win ; Yellow =
draw ; Red = opponents win .
= = UEFA Champions League = =
= = = Second qualifying round = = =
Manchester United began their UEFA Champions League campaign against Polish champions ŁKS Łódź in the qualifying round . Goals from Giggs and Cole in the home leg gave them a 2 – 0 win , and a goalless second leg ensured their qualification for the group stage . This gave Łódź the distinction of being the only side to keep a clean sheet against the eventual champions as well as being the only opponents failing to score against them .
Colours : Green |
= Manchester United win ; Yellow =
draw ; Red = opponents win .
= = = Group stage = = =
United were drawn in Group D , quickly labelled the competition 's " group of death " , along with Spanish club Barcelona , German champions Bayern Munich and Danish side Brøndby .
Both games against Barcelona ended in draws . Despite Giggs , Scholes and Beckham putting the team into a 3 — 2 lead at Old Trafford , the visitors were awarded a late penalty after Butt was sent off for handling the ball . Luis Enrique converted the ball into the net to leave both teams with a point on Matchday One . In the return game on 25 November at the Camp Nou , a fixture that Barça needed to win to avoid elimination , Dwight Yorke 's goals put United ahead 3 – 2 , but Barça star Rivaldo equalized and nearly scored again but his effort hit the crossbar .
United were denied victory by Bayern Munich twice , home and away . In Munich , the home side equalised with two minutes to go with United leading 2 – 1 , after Schmeichel uncharacteristically went for and missed Bixente Lizarazu 's throw @-@ in , allowing Giovane Élber to tap in from a few yards out and score his second of the match . The return leg ended in a stalemate ; Roy Keane scored just before half @-@ time via a low header before Hasan Salihamidžić equalised for the visitors .
United inflicted two heavy defeats on Brøndby , beating them 6 – 2 in Copenhagen and 5 – 0 at Old Trafford .
Results in the other groups meant that a second @-@ place finish was enough for United to progress into the quarter @-@ finals , joining group leaders Bayern Munich .
Colours : Green |
= Manchester United win ; Yellow =
draw ; Red = opponents win .
Points allocation : Three points awarded for a win ; one for a drawn match ; none for a loss .
= = = Knockout phase = = =
In the knockout stage United played two Italian sides in the quarter and semi @-@ finals , Internazionale and Juventus respectively ; United had never won on an Italian pitch .
In the quarter @-@ finals , Beckham faced Diego Simeone for the first time since the 1998 World Cup . In the first leg at Old Trafford , United beat Inter 2 – 0 with two almost identical goals from Yorke , both from crosses by Beckham ; Simeone 's second @-@ half goal was disallowed for pushing . In the San Siro , Scholes scored a late away goal to level the game at 1 – 1 as United advanced 3 – 1 on aggregate .
In the semi @-@ finals , Juve 's captain Antonio Conte met Edgar Davids ' pass to give Juventus an away goal . United equalised in injury @-@ time through Giggs , who converted a Beckham cross : a Teddy Sheringham goal a few minutes earlier had been disallowed . A draw meant that United either needed to win in Italy , or get a score @-@ draw of 2 – 2 or greater .
At the Stadio delle Alpi , Filippo Inzaghi scored twice in the first 11 minutes to give Juve a 3 – 1 aggregate lead . However , team captain Roy Keane , who was shown a yellow card preventing him from playing the final , headed in a Beckham cross . Dwight Yorke added a second to level the match just before the break . In the second half , Cole put United ahead for the first time in the match and the tie . Yorke was brought down by the Juve keeper in the area as he went round him , but the referee played the advantage and Cole tapped in from an acute angle . United held on for their first victory in Italy and booked their place in the Camp Nou for the final , against group opponents Bayern Munich .
Colours : Green |
= Manchester United win ; Yellow =
draw ; Red = opponents win .
= = = Final = = =
United were without first @-@ choice central midfielders Keane and Scholes , as both were suspended after receiving a second yellow card in the competition . Ferguson reorganised the team , with Blomqvist and Butt replacing Keane and Scholes , Beckham moving from right @-@ wing to centre @-@ midfield and Giggs moving from the left to the right wing . United lined up in their normal 4 – 4 – 2 formation . This was the final match for Peter Schmeichel , who captained the team .
Mario Basler 's free kick after six minutes opened the scoring for Bayern Munich . Bayern then had the chance to extend their lead with Mehmet Scholl hitting the post and Carsten Jancker the crossbar , forcing Peter Schmeichel to make numerous saves . In reaction to going a goal down , Ferguson substituted in Solskjær and Sheringham . As the game went to injury time , referee Pierluigi Collina indicated that three minutes would be played . In almost the last attack of the game , United won a corner , which Beckham took and goalkeeper Schmeichel went up front for . The ball was partially cleared by the Bayern defence before being played back to Giggs , who sent a low volley into the path of Sheringham , whose scuffed shot squeezed low inside the post .
Almost immediately after the equaliser United won another corner , again taken by Beckham . He landed the ball on the head of Sheringham who nodded it to Solskjær who in turn toe @-@ poked it into the roof of the net . Oliver Kahn , the Bayern goalkeeper , was motionless on the line . United had completed the come @-@ back . Bayern barely had time to restart the game , which referee Collina brought to a close just a few seconds later .
During the celebrations United 's captain Peter Schmeichel and manager Alex Ferguson lifted the trophy together to the crowd . Despite their suspensions , both Keane and Scholes received winners ' medals on the rostrum . Keane claims that to date he has not looked at the medal , feeling that his absence had tainted the accomplishment to the extent that he " didn 't deserve the medal " . Substituted Bayern legend Lothar Matthäus removed his runner @-@ up medal as soon as he received it , and later remarked that United were " lucky " to win the final .
Manchester United became the first English team to win the European Cup ( first in its Champions League format ) , since Liverpool took the title in 1984 defeating Roma on penalties . The club also fittingly won on the date of Sir Matt Busby 's 90th birthday .
= = Legacy = =
Almost 24 hours after the dramatics in Barcelona , a crowd of 500 @,@ 000 people turned up on the streets of Manchester to greet the United players , who paraded through the city in an open @-@ top bus . As champions of Europe , Manchester United were invited to play in the Intercontinental Cup against Brazilian side Palmeiras in Tokyo . Roy Keane scored the winner , ensuring the team became the first and last British side to win the trophy , which was abolished in 2004 .
To help England with its World Cup host bid , United controversially withdrew from the 1999 – 2000 FA Cup , the first time the holders had done so in order to play in the inaugural Club World Championship . They did not progress past the group stages , and Ferguson has since admitted his regrets in how they handled the situation .
Along with the Busby Babes , the 1999 treble @-@ winning team is regarded by supporters as the benchmark of Manchester United teams . In 2007 The Daily Telegraph in association with World Soccer Magazine published a list of the twenty greatest football teams of all time : United were ranked in last position , behind Liverpool 's double winners of 1977 . Two years later , the Daily Mail compiled their list of the Greatest Teams Of All Time , ranking Ferguson 's achievements at number two , losing out to the 1970 Brazilian national team . The extra @-@ time winner scored by Ryan Giggs in the FA Cup semi @-@ final against Arsenal topped a poll for the best goal in the competition and Channel 4 viewers rated the team 's comeback in the Champions League final at number four on the list of 100 Greatest Sporting Moments .
= = Attempted takeover by BSkyB = =
In September 1998 Manchester United were the target of a proposed takeover by British Sky Broadcasting , a subsidiary of Rupert Murdoch 's News Corporation . Negotiations between both sides had begun during the summer , but had stalled after disagreements over the asking price . The satellite group ’ s original bid of £ 575 million – initially thought to be their final offer – was deemed too low by two members of United ’ s board ( chairman Martin Edwards and Professor Sir Roland Smith ) , who pressed for a higher figure . Two days of talks followed and in an attempt to close the deal , BSkyB made a final bid of £ 623 @.@ 4 million .
A year earlier , Murdoch 's Fox Entertainment Group purchased the Los Angeles Dodgers for $ 311m . Fox also held exclusive rights to Major League Baseball which meant from a strategic point of view , Murdoch ’ s acquisition looked more appealing . He was now able to control both programming content on his network and distribution rights to the Dodgers . For the very same reason BSkyB replicated Fox ’ s formula and went ahead with a takeover of a Premier League club . Manchester United thus was the unanimous choice of Murdoch and board members . The club was the most valuable in English football , making £ 30 @.@ 1 million from gate receipts and programmes in 1997 alone . At the same time , more than 200 supporters ’ groups were established worldwide and the club 's fanbase exceeded 100 million , despite only a million having been to Old Trafford to watch the first team play . As a means of capitalising on this growing market , MUTV , a television station operated by the club was launched in August 1998 . In co @-@ operation with Granada Media Group and BSkyB it was the world ’ s first channel dedicated to a football club , funded entirely through subscriptions . On the pitch United 's success was largely down to the nurturing talents of manager Ferguson , who assembled a team capable of dominating in the long haul .
= = = Formation of Shareholders United = = =
When BSkyB publicised their intentions to take over Manchester United , supporters reacted furiously to the news . The majority felt the club ’ s traditions , built on a loyal fan base and great teams including the Busby Babes and currently Fergie 's Fledglings would just be tarnished forever . United were no longer an independent entity , and major decisions affecting the club looked increasingly likely to be taken on the other side of the globe .
As a means of rallying supporters to get behind their cause , awareness campaigns against the takeover were launched . Red Issue issued pamphlets to fans and demonstrations in and around Old Trafford took place before the match against Charlton Athletic on 9 September . Football fans across the United Kingdom also lent support by lobbying their local MPs into passing a legislation , preventing further sport takeovers in the future .
Perhaps the significance of the protests was the formation of Shareholders United Against Murdoch , more commonly known as Manchester United Supporters ' Trust today , by journalist Michael Crick . Working alongside IMUSA ( Independent Manchester United Supporters Association ) , their joint aim was to seek a reference of the merger by the Secretary of State for Trade and Industry to the Monopolies and Mergers Commission . Both groups therefore submitted papers to the Office of Fair Trading , stressing the importance of why the merger shouldn ’ t be carried out . IMUSA in particular argued that BSkyB ’ s main intention was not that of United ’ s but their already dominant position . Sky Television ’ s relevant market was premium subscription channels and by buying an established Premier League team when they already had rights to the division was purely for financial gain . Moreover , Manchester United ’ s market was on the pitch and an acquisition by a media organisation – particularly one run by Murdoch – may create detrimental damage to the sport in the long term .
Bowing down to public pressure , the trade secretary Peter Mandelson referred the deal to the Mergers Commission in October 1998 . The report , finalised in April 1999 , found that BSkyB acted selfishly and blocked the broadcaster 's bid .
= = Squad statistics = =
= = Transfers = =
Manchester United 's first departure of the 1998 – 99 season was Ben Thornley , who joined Huddersfield Town for £ 175 @,@ 000 on 3 July 1998 . A day later , Leon Mills signed for Wigan Athletic for an undisclosed fee , and Adam Sadler was released . Two of the club 's longest @-@ serving players , Brian McClair and Gary Pallister , also left . McClair had been at United since 1987 , and opted for a return to Motherwell in the Scottish Premier League ; he had played at Fir Park in the early 1980s . Pallister agreed to return to Middlesbrough in a £ 2 @.@ 5 million deal , nine years after he had left them for a £ 2 @.@ 3 million transfer to Old Trafford . On 4 November 1998 , Chris Casper signed for Reading for a fee of £ 300 @,@ 000 .
Addressing the loss of Pallister , Ferguson signed Jaap Stam from PSV Eindhoven , becoming the world 's most expensive defender in a £ 10 million deal . Swedish winger Jesper Blomqvist soon followed , completing a £ 4 @.@ 4 million transfer in July before Dwight Yorke was controversially drafted in from Aston Villa to become the club 's record signing . Dutch striker Patrick Kluivert , who impressed during the World Cup , was on the verge of finalising a £ 9 million move from Milan , only for talks to fall through . A £ 5 @.@ 5 million offer for Ole Gunnar Solskjær from Tottenham Hotspur was accepted , but Solskjær himself turned down the transfer after a meeting with Alex Ferguson .
On 24 March , Michael Ryan signed for Wrexham for an undisclosed fee . A day later , Paul Gibson signed for Notts County , and on the same day , Philip Mulryne signed for Norwich City . On 16 April , Terry Cooke signed for United 's cross @-@ town rivals , Manchester City . On 30 June , United released Gerard Gaff and Jason Hickson , the same day that Peter Schmeichel signed for Sporting CP , John Thorrington joined Bayer Leverkusen , and Lee Whiteley departed for Salford City .
United 's only winter arrival was Bojan Djordjic , who signed for an undisclosed fee on 17 February .
= = = In = = =
= = = Out = = =
= = = Loan out = = =
|
= Teddy Riner =
Teddy Pierre @-@ Marie Riner ( French : [ tɛ.di / te.di ʁi.nœʁ ] ; born 7 April 1989 ) is a French judoka . He has won eight World Championships gold medals , the first and only judoka ( male or female ) to do so , and an Olympic gold medal . He has also won five gold medals at the European Championships . He is a member of the Levallois Sporting Club in Levallois @-@ Perret , France .
= = Personal life = =
Riner was born on 7 April 1989 in Les Abymes near Pointe @-@ à @-@ Pitre , on the island of Guadeloupe , during a family holiday . He was raised in Paris , France . He was enrolled at a local sports club by his parents and played football , tennis and basketball , but says he preferred judo " because it is an individual sport and it 's me , only me . "
He is 2 @.@ 04 metres ( 6 ft 8 in ) tall and weighs 136 kilograms ( 300 lb ) . He is nicknamed " Teddy Bear " , or " Big Ted " .
= = Judo career = =
Riner is a member of the Levallois Sporting Club in Levallois @-@ Perret , France and is coached by Christian Chaumont and Benoit Campargue . He won the World and European junior titles in 2006 . In 2007 , he won a gold medal at the European Judo Championships in Belgrade , Serbia , on the day after his eighteenth birthday . At the 2007 World Judo Championships in Rio de Janeiro , Brazil , he became the youngest ever senior world champion when he won the heavyweight ( + 100 kg ) event , defeating the 2000 Olympic gold medallist , Kosei Inoue of Japan , in the semi @-@ final .
At the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China , Riner competed in the men 's heavyweight event . He received a bye into the second round of the competition before beating Anis Chedli of Tunisia and Kazakhstan 's Yeldos Ikhsangaliyev to advance to the semi @-@ finals . In the semis he was beaten by Uzbek judoka Abdullo Tangriev on the golden score , meaning Riner had to enter the repechage rounds . In the repechage he defeated Andreas Tölzer and João Schlittler to reach a bronze medal final against Lasha Gujejiani of Georgia ; Riner took the bronze medal by a score of one ippon , one yuko and one koka to nil . In December 2008 he won his second World Championship gold medal at the Open weight Championships held in Levallois @-@ Perret , France , by beating Alexander Mikhaylin of Russia in the final .
Riner won his third world title at the 2009 World Championships in Rotterdam , the Netherlands . He won bouts against Daniel McCormick , Vladimirs Osnachs , Ivan Iliev and Martin Padar in the pool stage before beating Marius Paškevičius in the semi @-@ finals and Oscar Bryson in the final to take the gold medal .
In 2010 , he won two medals , a gold and a silver , at the World Championships in Tokyo . After winning the + 100 competition Riner was defeated by Daiki Kamikawa of Japan in the final of open weight class by a 2 – 1 judge 's decision . After the bout , Riner refused to bow or to shake Kamikawa 's hand , claiming that he " was robbed " .
Riner won his second European gold medal at the 2011 Championships in Istanbul , Turkey . He defeated Nodor Metreveli , Emil Tahirov and Zohar Asaf to win Pool A of the + 100 kg competition before defeating Estonian Martin Padar in the semi @-@ finals and Barna Bor of Hungary in the final to win the title . At the 2011 World Judo Championships in Paris Riner won the gold medal in men 's + 100 kg division , beating Germany 's Tölzer in the final . The result meant that Riner became the first ever male Judoka to win five world titles . He won his sixth World Championship gold medal as part of the French side that won the team event .
Riner was selected to compete for France at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , England in the men 's heavyweight event . The event took place at ExCeL London on 3 August . Riner won the gold medal by defeating Russia 's Alexander Mikhaylin in the final .
Teddy Riner registered during his career only eight defeats in international championship elite : He lost to Brayson and Toelzer in 2006 , to Bianchessi and Rybak in 2007 and to Muneta and Vuijsters in 2008 . The last two defeats he had in the 3rd round of the competition ( heavyweight ) of the Olympics of 2008 in front of Abdullo Tangriev before obtaining the bronze medal , and on 13 September 2010 for the title " any categories " of the world of Tokyo in front of Daiki Kamikawa , his last defeat in date , followed by a series of 103 victories ( the last won in Grand Prix Jeju , on 28 November 2015 ) .
= = Awards = =
2008 Chevalier de l 'ordre national du Mérite
2011 RTL Champion of Champions – This annual sports award was inaugurated in 2008 and is awarded by RTL , a French commercial radio network . The previous winners were Alain Bernard ( 2008 ) , Sébastien Loeb ( 2009 ) and Christophe Lemaitre ( 2010 ) .
2012 L 'Équipe Champion of Champions ( France male category )
2013 Chevalier de la Légion d 'honneur
|
= William Windsor ( goat ) =
William " Billy " Windsor I is a cashmere goat who served as a lance corporal in the 1st Battalion , the Royal Welsh , an infantry battalion of the British Army . He served as a lance corporal from 2001 until 2009 , except for a three @-@ month period in 2006 when he was demoted to fusilier , after inappropriate behaviour during the Queen 's Official Birthday celebrations while deployed on active duty with the battalion on Cyprus . He retired to Whipsnade Zoo in May 2009 .
His young replacement is known as William Windsor II .
= = History = =
The tradition of having goats in the military originated in 1775 , when a wild goat walked onto the battlefield in Boston during the American Revolutionary War and led the Welsh regimental colours at the end of the Battle of Bunker Hill . Another Welsh military goat , Taffy IV , served in the First World War . Taffy , of 2nd Battalion , Welsh Regiment , is officially recorded as " The Regimental Goat " . He embarked for the war on 13 August 1914 and saw action in the Retreat from Mons , the First Battle of Ypres ( including the Battle of Gheluvelt ) and the Battles of Festubert and Givenchy , before dying on 20 January 1915 . He was posthumously awarded the 1914 Star , British War Medal and the Victory Medal .
The royal goat herd was originally obtained from Mohammad Shah Qajar , Shah of Persia from 1834 to 1848 , when he presented them to Queen Victoria as a gift in 1837 upon her accession to the throne .
The herd thrived on Llandudno 's Great Orme ; by 2001 they reached a population of 250 , and were in danger of running out of food . Following complaints about goats wandering into people 's gardens , the council rejected proposals for a cull , deciding to use a combination of rehoming and birth control . RSPCA marksmen tranquilised nannies and inserted contraceptive progesterone implants to control the numbers of the genetically unique breed . By 2007 , 85 goats had been relocated to areas including Kent , Yorkshire , the Brecon Beacons and Somerset , but further efforts were interrupted by an outbreak of foot @-@ and @-@ mouth disease .
= = William Windsor I = =
Billy , a Kashmir goat , is descended from the same royal bloodline as the original herd , but was not selected from the wild population ; he was born in Whipsnade Zoo . He was presented to the regiment by Queen Elizabeth II in 2001 . The tradition is not new : since 1844 , the British monarchy has presented an unbroken series of Kashmir goats to the Royal Welch Fusiliers from the Crown 's own royal herd .
Billy — Army number 25232301 — is " not a mascot , but a ranking member of the regiment " , according to the BBC . Since joining in 2001 , he has performed duties overseas , and has paraded before royalty . His primary duty was to march at the head of the battalion on all ceremonial duties . He was present for every parade in which the regiment participated . Billy 's full @-@ time handler was Lance Corporal Ryan Arthur , who carried the title of " Goat Major " .
= = = Temporary demotion = = =
On 16 June 2006 , a parade was held to celebrate Queen Elizabeth II 's 80th birthday , at the Episkopi base near Limassol , Cyprus on the Mediterranean island 's south coast . Invited dignitaries included the ambassadors of Spain , the Netherlands and Sweden and the Argentine commander of United Nations ' forces on Cyprus .
The deployment to Cyprus with the 1st Battalion was Billy 's first overseas posting , and despite being ordered to keep in line , he refused to obey . He failed to keep in step , and tried to headbutt a drummer . The goat major , Lance Corporal Dai Davies , 22 , from Neath , South Wales , was unable to keep him under control .
Billy was charged with " unacceptable behaviour " , " lack of decorum " and " disobeying a direct order " , and had to appear before his commanding officer , Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Huw James . Following a disciplinary hearing , he was demoted to fusilier . The change meant that other fusiliers in the regiment no longer had to stand to attention when Billy walked past , as they had to when he was a lance corporal .
A Canadian animal rights group protested to the British Army , stating that he was merely " acting the goat " , and should be reinstated . Three months later , on 20 September at the same parade ground , Billy regained his rank during the Alma Day parade which celebrates the Royal Welsh victory in the Crimean War . Captain Simon Clarke said , " Billy performed exceptionally well , he has had all summer to reflect on his behaviour at the Queen 's birthday and clearly earned the rank he deserves " .
Billy received his promotion from the colonel of the Royal Welsh Regiment , Brigadier Roderick Porter . As a result of regaining his rank , he also regained his membership of the corporals ' mess .
Billy is not the first goat in the army to have troubles . At one time a royal goat was " prostituted " by being offered for stud services by the regiment 's serving goat major to a Wrexham goat breeder . First charged with lèse majesté , the goat major was ultimately court @-@ martialled under the lesser charge of " disrespect to an officer " and reduced in rank . The goat major claimed he did it out of compassion for the goat , but this failed to impress the court . Another royal fusilier goat earned the nickname " the rebel " , after he butted a colonel while he was stooped over fixing his uniform 's trouser @-@ strap . The incident was described as a " disgraceful act of insubordination . "
= = = Retirement = = =
On 20 May 2009 , following 8 years of distinguished service , Billy retired due to his age . Soldiers from the battalion lined the route from his pen to the trailer as he left the camp for the last time , in ceremonial dress that included a silver headdress which was a gift from the queen in 1955 . Billy was taken to Whipsnade Zoo in Bedfordshire where keepers say he had an easy life at the Children 's Farm .
= = William Windsor II = =
In order to replace Billy , thirty members of 1st Battalion set off to Great Orme in Llandudno on 15 June 2009 at 03 : 00 , hoping to catch the feral goats in a docile state . A team led by Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Nick Lock ( Commanding Officer ) included the goat major and several veterinarians . Army spokesman Gavin O ’ Connor said , " We are looking for a goat which is calm under pressure and a team player " . During the selection of a replacement goat , the battalion helped to start an alternative vaccine method of birth control among the herd , since hormone implants that were previously employed to control numbers are no longer available .
With some difficulty , a five @-@ month @-@ old was chosen , and assigned army number 25142301 — which represents regiment number 2514 , 23rd Regiment of Foot ( the original name of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers ) , and 01 denoting the 1st Battalion . The new goat will also be called William Windsor , beginning as a fusilier while being trained for military life . He will receive a ration of two cigarettes per day , which he eats , but will not be permitted Guinness until he is older .
|
= Streptococcus iniae =
Streptococcus iniae is a species of Gram @-@ positive , sphere @-@ shaped bacterium belonging to the genus Streptococcus . Since its isolation from an Amazon freshwater dolphin in the 1970s , S. iniae has emerged as a leading fish pathogen in aquaculture operations worldwide , resulting in over US $ 100M in annual losses . Since its discovery , S. iniae infections have been reported in at least 27 species of cultured or wild fish from around the world . Freshwater and saltwater fish including tilapia , red drum , hybrid striped bass , and rainbow trout are among those susceptible to infection by S. iniae . Infections in fish manifest as meningoencephalitis , skin lesions , and septicemia .
S. iniae has occasionally produced infection in humans , especially fish handlers of Asian descent . Human infections include sepsis , toxic shock syndrome , and inflammation of the skin , intervertebral discs , or inner layer of the heart . Identifying S. iniae in the laboratory can be difficult , since the conventional methods used to identify streptococci yield insufficient results . It cannot be grouped by the Lancefield antigen method typically used to categorize Streptococcus species . The two known serotypes can be distinguished biochemically by differences in enzyme activity . Several antibiotics have been used to treat S. iniae infections .
= = History = =
Streptococcus iniae was first isolated in 1972 , from subcutaneous abscesses in a captive specimen of Amazon river dolphin ( Inia geoffrensis ) suffering from an infection known as " golf ball disease " . The bacterium was found to be sensitive to beta @-@ lactam antibiotics , and the dolphin was treated successfully with penicillin and tylosin . The causative organism was recognized to be a new species of Streptococcus , and was given the name Streptococcus iniae in 1976 . Around this time , other streptococcal outbreaks occurred in Asia , and the US ; some strains associated with the Japanese outbreaks were later suggested to be S. iniae .
In the 1980s , a purported new species of Streptococcus , named S. shiloi , was identified as one of the causes of an epidemic of meningoencephalitis ( an inflammation of the brain and its surrounding membranes ) affecting farmed rainbow trout and tilapia in Israel since 1986 . Since S. shiloi was alpha @-@ hemolytic , had a G + C % content of 37 % and did not ferment sugar galactose , it was not classified as S. iniae , which is beta @-@ hemolytic , has a G + C % content of 32 % , and ferments galactose . In 1995 , S. shiloi was found in fact to be beta @-@ hemolytic , and after DNA @-@ DNA hybridization techniques with the ATCC type S. iniae and recalculation of the G + C % content , was reclassified by the same group as a junior synonym of S. iniae .
Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S ribosomal DNA suggest that S. iniae is closely related to other streptococcal pathogens of humans and animals . Specifically , it is clustered in the pyogenic group , along with other pathogenic streptococci such as S. pyogenes , S. agalactiae , S. uberis , S. canis , S. porcinus , S. phocae , and S. intestinalis . Of these related species , it is most closely related to S. porcinus . Genomic restriction fragment analysis of diverse host and geographical panels of S. iniae isolates has shown common profiles between virulent fish and human strains , though multiple pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns have been identified among human isolates .
= = Identification = =
S. iniae may be easily misidentified ( or not identified at all ) by conventional automated microbiology systems . Molecular genetics methods , such as DNA sequencing and DNA @-@ DNA hybridization , can be useful for correct identification , although work by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has suggested they are unnecessary in most cases . Several groups have used 16S rDNA sequencing to identify S. iniae isolates , and while it can differentiate this species from other related species , such as S. porcinus and S. uberis , 16S sequencing cannot be used to differentiate between strains of S. iniae . Ribotyping is a similar method , by which 16S and 23S rRNA genes are digested with restriction endonucleases and Southern blotted using species @-@ specific oligonucleotide probes . This method is more sensitive than 16S rDNA sequencing , as in addition to species differentiation , it can be used to differentiate between strains . Ribotyping was used in 1997 to differentiate between Israeli and American strains , thus ruling out the possibility of an epidemiological link between outbreaks in the two countries .
S. iniae is beta @-@ hemolytic when incubated in anaerobic conditions , although it may be misidentified as alpha @-@ hemolytic because , in some strains , zones of beta @-@ hemolysis ( complete destruction of red blood cells in the blood agar culture medium ) are surrounded by large zones of alpha @-@ hemolysis ( incomplete destruction of red blood cells with a greenish discoloration due to breakdown of hemoglobin ) . The bacterium is catalase @-@ negative and LAP @-@ positive ( like all streptococci ) , PYR @-@ test and CAMP @-@ test @-@ positive , does not hydrolyze sodium hippurate , and does not grow in bile esculin agar . It does not express any of the known Lancefield antigens .
= = = Serotypes = = =
Two serotypes of S. iniae are established . The ATCC 29178 type strain first characterized in 1976 by Pier and Madin is representative of serotype I isolates . Serotype II was first identified as the type strain ( ATCC 29177 ) isolated from another dolphin case of " golf ball disease " . A biochemical assay measuring arginine dihydrolase activity has been used to distinguish between serotypes ( serotype I is positive ) , though proposed hyperencapsulation of serotype II may represent the most significant functional difference between the two types .
= = Role in disease = =
= = = In fish = = =
S. iniae is highly pathogenic in freshwater , marine , and euryhaline fish , and is highly lethal : outbreaks may be associated with 30 – 50 % mortality . It is , therefore , one of the foremost economically important pathogens in intensive aquaculture . In 1997 , the global economic impact of S. iniae infection to the aquaculture industry was estimated at US $ 100 million ( one @-@ tenth of which in the United States ) . As of 2007 , infection had been reported in 27 species of fish , including tilapia ( genus Oreochromis and Tilapia ) , rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) , coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch ) , Japanese amberjack ( Seriola quinqueradiata ) , red drum ( Sciaenops ocellatus ) , and barramundi ( Lates calcarifer , which can be an asymptomatic carrier ) . Common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) , channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) , and goldfish ( Carassius auratus ) appear to be resistant . Fish raised in intensive aquaculture operations and subject to environmental stressors ( i.e. suboptimal temperature , poor water quality , crowding , handling , etc . ) are most prone to S. iniae infection . Wild fish populations located both near and far from aquaculture operations have also proven susceptible to S. iniae infection .
The site of S. iniae infection and its clinical presentation vary from species to species . In tilapia , S. iniae causes meningoencephalitis , with symptoms including lethargy , dorsal rigidity , and erratic swimming behavior ; death follows in a matter of days . In rainbow trout , it is typically associated with septicemia and central nervous system damage . Symptoms are consistent with septicemia , and include lethargy and loss of orientation ( as in tilapia ) , exophthalmia , corneal opacity , and external and internal bleeding .
= = = In humans = = =
S. iniae can cause opportunistic infections in weakened or immunocompromised humans . It is most commonly associated with bacteremic cellulitis , but has been known to cause endocarditis , meningitis , osteomyelitis , and septic arthritis . The first recognized cases of human infection occurred in Texas in 1991 and in Ottawa in 1994 , but the sources of infection were not determined . Human infection with S. iniae was also identified in Toronto between 15 and 20 December 1995 , when three Asian patients were admitted to a hospital with cellulitis of the hand after injuring themselves while handling raw fish . All three were found to have bacteremia , initially attributed to Streptococcus uberis , but later correctly identified as S. iniae . In February 1996 , a Chinese man was admitted to the same hospital with sepsis one week after preparing a fresh whole tilapia , and was also diagnosed with S. iniae bacteremia . A subsequent epidemiological investigation found other cases in the Toronto area , for a total of nine patients ; all were of Asian descent and all had handled raw fish ( mostly tilapia ) before developing infection . Other cases were later identified in the United States and elsewhere in Canada , and have since been reported in Asia ( Hong Kong , Taiwan , and Singapore ) . Asian descent is a common trend in the majority of invasive human cases , but it is unknown whether this is due to inherent differences in immunity or because of cultural differences in the fish preparation which lend themselves to a higher incidence of infection .
= = = Control and treatment = = =
Several measures can be taken to control infection in aquaculture once an S. iniae outbreak has been confirmed . Decreasing the quantity of feed given to fish has been shown to reduce mortality rates , as the uptake of bacteria in water is expedited by feeding . Decreasing the density of the fish stock increases survival by reducing injury to fish and lowering the general stress level in the population . Lowering the water temperature and keeping optimal oxygen levels has also been shown to reduce stress to fish and inhibit bacterial growth .
A 2005 study showed the potential for using probiotics for controlling S. iniae infection in trout . This study used the gastrointestinal contents of rainbow trout to scan for bacteria that inhibited growth of S. iniae and Lactococcus garvieae . They identified Aeromonas sobria as a potential candidate for control of S. iniae and L. garvieae infections in aquaculture . A. sobria , given live in the feed , protected the trout when challenged with S. iniae or L. garvieae .
Several antibiotics have been used successfully to treat S. iniae infection in fish . Enrofloxacin , a quinolone antibiotic , has been used to great effect in hybrid striped bass ( Morone chrysops × M. saxatilis ) , although evidence suggested the development of a resistant strain . Amoxicillin , erythromycin , furazolidone , and oxytetracycline have also been used ( the last with varying success , only in barramundi ) . Vaccination against S. iniae has been attempted with limited success as it only provides up to 6 months ' immunity .
Penicillin has been suggested as the drug of choice for the treatment of S. iniae infection in mammals , including humans . In the 1995 – 1996 cluster of human cases , all clinical isolates were susceptible to penicillin , several cephalosporins , clindamycin , erythromycin , and co @-@ trimoxazole ( MICs 0 @.@ 25 µg / ml ) ; all nine patients were treated with parenteral beta @-@ lactam antibiotics and recovered uneventfully . A study of isolates submitted to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention between 2000 and 2004 found all to be sensitive to beta @-@ lactams , macrolides , quinolones , and vancomycin .
|
= Drax power station =
Drax is a large coal @-@ fired power station in North Yorkshire , England , capable of co @-@ firing biomass and petcoke , and its name comes from the nearby village of Drax . It is situated on the River Ouse between Selby and Goole . Its generating capacity of 3 @,@ 960 megawatts is the highest of any power station in the United Kingdom ( and second @-@ highest in Western Europe , after 4 @,@ 400 MW Neurath Power Station in Germany ) , providing about 7 % of the United Kingdom 's electricity supply .
Opened in 1974 and extended in the mid @-@ 1980s , the station was initially operated by the Central Electricity Generating Board . Since privatisation in 1990 ownership has changed several times , and it is operated by Drax Group plc . Completed in 1986 , it is the newest coal @-@ fired power station in England , flue gas desulphurisation equipment was fitted between 1988 and 1995 ; high and low pressure turbines were replaced between 2007 and 2012 . Because of its large size , the station is the UK 's single largest emitter of carbon dioxide .
The station was c . 2010 co @-@ firing biomass ; in 2012 the company announced plans to convert up to three generating units to solely biomass , burning 7 @.@ 5 million tonnes imported from the United States and Canada .
= = History = =
After the Selby Coalfield was discovered in 1967 the Central Electricity Generating Board built three large power stations to use its coal . These were an expansion of the station at Ferrybridge , a new station at Eggborough , and the station at Drax was constructed on the site of Wood House .
= = = Construction = = =
The station was constructed in three similar phases , each of three generating units . The first phase began in 1973 . Costain constructed the foundations and cable tunnels ; Sir Robert McAlpine laid the roads and built the ancillary buildings ; Mowlem laid the deep foundations ; Alfred McAlpine built the administration and control buildings ; Balfour Beatty undertook general building works ; and James Scott installed cabling . Although the first phase was not completed until 1975 , the station 's first generating set began generating electricity in 1974 .
The second phase began in 1985 . Tarmac Construction undertook the civil engineering works ; Holst Civil Engineers built the chimney ; N.G. Bailey installed cabling ; Reyrolle , English Electric and South Wales Switchgear produced and installed the switchgear ; English Electric manufactured the generator cooling water pumps ; T.W. Broadbent maintained the temporary electrical supplies ; and Sulzer Brothers manufactured the boiler feed pumps . The second phase was completed in 1986 . In both stages the boilers were made by Babcock Power Ltd and the generators by C. A. Parsons and Company . Mitsui Babcock fitted flue @-@ gas desulphurisation ( FGD ) equipment between 1988 and 1995 .
= = = Post @-@ privatisation = = =
On privatisation of the Central Electricity Generating Board in 1990 , the station was transferred from the Central Electricity Generating Board to the privatised generating company National Power , which sold it to the AES Corporation in November 1999 for £ 1 @.@ 87 billion ( US $ 3 billion ) . AES relinquished ownership in August 2003 , after falling into £ 1 @.@ 3 billion of debt . Independent directors continued the operation to ensure security of supply . In December 2005 , after refinancing , ownership passed to the Drax Group .
Separate acquisition offers from International Power , private equity group Texas Pacific , and a private equity backed bid from Constellation Energy were rejected for undervaluing the company . The company 's valuation subsequently increased to 2005 as a result of rising electricity prices , and on 15 December 2005 Drax Group plc floated its shares on the London Stock Exchange , issuing £ 400 million worth of shares , on a valuation of £ 2 @.@ 3 billion .
In 2009 , Drax Group submitted a planning application for the 300 MW biomass Ouse Renewable Energy Plant next to the power station . Government approval was obtained in mid 2011 . In February 2012 the company ceased planning development of the plant , citing logistics costs , and uncertainty concerning government financial support for biomass .
= = = Future = = =
= = = = Carbon capture and storage = = = =
In 2006 Drax Power Limited , in response to a government consultation , stated they were sponsoring development studies into carbon capture and storage ( CCS ) , but noted that it was not then commercially viable , with costs comparable with nuclear or offshore wind power . On 17 June 2009 , Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change Ed Miliband announced plans to require all UK coal @-@ fired power stations should be fitted with CCS technology by the early 2020s or face closure .
In 2012 a CCS project at Drax was shortlisted for government funding . In 2013 the White Rose CCS project ( formerly the UK OXY CCS project ) was shortlisted for the UK government 's CCS scheme and in late 2013 was awarded a two @-@ year FEED contract ( Front End Engineering Design ) for the CCS project . As of June 2014 , Drax is engaged in a joint venture with Alstom and BOC to build a 626 MW oxygen @-@ fuelled combustion power plant adjacent to the existing Drax site . National Grid would simultaneously construct a pipeline to transport CO2 40 miles ( 64 km ) to the Yorkshire coast for sequestration .
In July 2014 the project was awarded € 300 million funding from the European Commission .
In September 2015 Drax announced it would not be making any further investments into the CCS scheme after completion of the feasibility study because negative changes to government support for renewable energy had made the project too financially risky , plus drops in the company 's share price due to the same uncertainty had reduced Drax 's ability to raise funds . Front End Engineering Design was expected to continue under Alstom and BOC with the project still being hosted at Drax . In late 2015 the UK Government withdrew its potential financial support for CCS projects - up to £ 1billion of funding , reversing support promised in the governing party 's 2015 election manifesto . As a result , Leigh Hackett , CEO of Capture Power stated that " [ I ] t is difficult to imagine its continuation in the absence of crucial government support " .
= = Design and specification = =
The main buildings are of steel frame and metal clad construction . The main features are a turbine hall , a boiler house , a chimney and 12 cooling towers . The boiler house is 76 m ( 249 ft ) high , and the turbine hall is 400 m ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) long . The reinforced concrete chimney stands 259 metres ( 850 ft ) high , with a diameter of 9 @.@ 1 metres ( 30 ft ) , and weighs 44 @,@ 000 tonnes . It consists of three flues , each serving two of the six boilers . When finished , the chimney was the largest industrial chimney in the world , and is still the tallest in the United Kingdom . The twelve 114 metres ( 374 ft ) high natural draft cooling towers stand in two groups of six to the north and south of the station . They are made of reinforced concrete , in the typical hyperboloid design , and each have a base diameter of 92 m ( 302 ft ) . Other facilities include a coal storage area , flue gas desulphurisation plant and gypsum handling facilities .
The station is the second largest coal @-@ fired power station in Europe , after Bełchatów Power Station in Poland . It produces around 24 terawatt @-@ hours ( TWh ) ( 86 @.@ 4 petajoules ) of electricity annually . Although it generates around 1 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 tonnes of ash and 22 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 tonnes of carbon dioxide each year , it is the most carbon @-@ efficient coal @-@ fired power plant in the United Kingdom .
= = = Ouse jetty = = =
The power station also has a jetty on the River Ouse , with a loading capacity of 200 tonnes- historically the jetty was built and used for the construction of the power station in the 1960s / 70s - such as the delivery of equipment . In 2015 a planning application was submitted for the improvement of the jetty 's load capacity to 500 tonnes by White Rose CCS developer Capture Power Limited ( Drax / Alstom / BOC joint venture ) , for the construction of the CCS project .
= = Fuel supply = =
The main transport route to the power station for fuel ( originally coal ) is train via a 4 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 7 @.@ 2 km ) -long freight @-@ only section of the former Hull and Barnsley Railway , from the Pontefract Line at Hensall Junction . A balloon loop rail layout is used so that wagons of coal do not need to be shunted after being unloaded . Merry @-@ go @-@ round trains are used , so that wagons can be unloaded without the train stopping as it passes through an unloading house . On average , there are 35 deliveries a day , 6 days a week .
The power station also has a jetty ( see § Jetty ) - imports via the jetty ended c.1980 - in 2004 the jetty was trialled for the import of Tall Oil by barge .
= = = Coal supply = = =
The station has a maximum potential consumption of 36 @,@ 000 tonnes of coal a day . In 2011 , it consumed 9 @.@ 1 million tonnes of coal . This coal comes from a mixture of both domestic and international sources , with domestic coal coming from mines in Yorkshire , the Midlands and Scotland , and foreign supplies coming from Australia , Colombia , Poland , Russia and South Africa .
When the station opened , the majority of the coal burned was from local collieries in Yorkshire , including Kellingley Colliery , Prince of Wales , Ackton Hall , Sharlston Colliery , Fryston Colliery , Askern Colliery and Bentley Colliery . Following the miners ' strike in the mid @-@ 1980s , by 2006 , all but Kellingley have closed . ( Kellingley closed at the end of 2015 . ) UK Coal had a five @-@ year contract to supply coal , which ended at the end of 2009 , from Kellingley , Maltby and , until its closure in 2007 , Rossington . Coal was also brought from Harworth Colliery until it was mothballed , and was supplied by Daw Mill in Warwickshire .
The foreign coal is brought via various ports by rail . In c.2007 GB Railfreight won a contract to move coal brought from the Port of Tyne , celebrated by the company naming one of their locomotives Drax Power Station in 2007 . DB Schenker Rail ( UK ) haul coal from the nearby ports of Hull and Immingham , and from Hunterston Terminal on the west coast of Scotland . Freightliner Group move coal imported through Redcar .
In addition to burning coal , the station also co @-@ fires coal with biomass and petroleum coke ( ' petcoke ' ) .
= = = Biomass = = =
= = = = Co @-@ firing = = = =
The station tested co @-@ firing biomass in the summer of 2004 , and in doing so was the first power station in the UK to be fuelled by wood . The initial trial of 14 @,@ 100 tonnes of willow was locally sourced from nearby Eggborough . Since the trial , the station 's use of biomass has continued . It uses direct injection for firing the biomass , whereby it bypasses the pulverising mills and is either injected directly into the boiler or the fuel line , for greater throughput . In 2009 a target was set for 12 @.@ 5 % of the station 's energy to be sourced from biomass , and the shift to biomass was intended to contribute to the aim of cutting CO2 emissions by 15 % . The station burns a large range of biomass , mostly wood pellets , sunflower pellets , olive , peanut shell husk and rape meal . The majority comes from overseas . A 100 @,@ 000 tonne pa capacity straw pelletization facility was constructed at Capitol Park , Goole in 2008 , opened 2009 . Construction of specialised biomass handling facilities began in 2009 at the Port of Tyne and at Drax .
= = = = Proposed new build biomass plants = = = =
In the 2000s Drax Group applied for planning permission to build a new 300 MW power station , fuelled entirely by biomass , to the north of the station ; the Ouse Renewable Energy Plant was expected to burn 1 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 tonnes of biomass each year , saving 1 @,@ 850 @,@ 000 tonnes of CO2 emissions , and expected to create 850 construction jobs and 150 permanent jobs created once opened , through direct and contract employment . Plans were submitted to the Department of Energy and Climate Change in July 2009 for review ; if permission was granted , construction was scheduled begin in late 2010 and to take up to three and a half years . Two other 300 MW biomass plants were planned by Drax at the ports of Hull and Immingham .
In 2012 Drax group abandoned plans for the discrete biomass plant development , due to changes in government subsidies for biomass energy production favouring plant conversion over new build plant . It switched to a project to convert half of the units at its existing plant to biomass firing .
= = = = Full firing with biomass = = = =
In September 2012 Drax Group announced the conversion to full firing with biomass of three of its six units . The first unit was scheduled to be online by June 2013 , the second unit in 2014 , and the third by 2017 ; initially a biomass supply had been secured for the first unit . The cost was estimated at £ 700 million ( $ 1 @.@ 13 billion ) , including modifications to fuel mills and boilers and the construction of storage structures and conveyors for the wood pellet fuel . Each unit will consume about 2 @.@ 3 million tonnes of biomass yearly , requiring an estimated annual total of 7 @.@ 5 million tonnes in 2017 . This is equivalent to two @-@ thirds of Europe 's entire energy biomass consumption in 2010 , and requires 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 000 ha ( 4 @,@ 600 sq mi ; 12 @,@ 000 km2 ) of forest to supply on a continuous basis . North America was expected to be the source of the vast majority of the biomass , although some would be domestically sourced willow and elephant grass .
Drax Group 's decision was enabled by a new UK government policy , effective in April 2013 , to award 1 @.@ 0 tradable ROCs ( renewable obligation certificates ) per megawatt of power generation from coal power plants that are fully converted to burn biomass ; CEO Dorothy Thompson stated the company intended to become a predominately biomass @-@ fuelled energy producer . By April 2013 financing for the scheme include £ 190 million through sale of shares , £ 100 million from Prudential / M & G UK Companies Financing Fund , £ 50 million from the UK Green Investment Bank , and £ 75 million Friends Life ( underwritten by HM Treasury ) , as well as a £ 400 million credit facility .
As of 2013 there were plans to install 1 million tonne per year wood pellets pelletizing plants at Morehouse Parish , Louisiana , and Gloster , Mississippi , which would be shipped by road and rail to the port of Baton Rouge , Louisiana then shipped in 50 @,@ 000 @-@ tonne cargo ships to UK . In the financial report for 2013 , Drax announced that an additional 2 million tons pelletisation capacity was being considered , likely to be built in the US .
In 2013 the company signed an agreement with ABP to develop handling facilities at the Port of Hull , Immingham and Grimsby ; construction of automated facilities began in 2013 , creating capacities of 3 and 1 million tonnes per year at the ports of Immingham and Hull respectively , adding to the 1 @.@ 4 million tonne per year Port of Tyne biomass facility built in 2009 . In the same year a new design covered rail wagon with high volumetric capacity for transporting the low density biomass pellets was unveiled for use by Drax in the UK ; 200 wagons of the type were ordered . At Drax pellets would be stored in domes , and transferred by a pneumatic conveyor system before grinding to dust for use .
The Shepherd Building Group was contracted to construct the biomass handling and storage facilities at Drax , with RPS Group as the civil engineer . The design included automated rail to storage handling , screening and storage facilities consisting of four 50 by 63 m ( 164 by 207 ft ) high by wide storage domes with a capacity of 110 @,@ 000 m3 ( 3 @,@ 900 @,@ 000 cu ft ) . The concrete dome technology was supplied by E & D Company , PLLC ( trading as Engineering System Solutons , ES2 ) and Dome Technology LLC .
By July 2013 one firing unit had been converted , and was reported to be functioning correctly ; by 2013 the conversion of the second and third units was scheduled for 2014 and during or before 2016 respectively . The second unit was converted by May 2014 , initially co @-@ firing an 85 % biomass / coal mix due to limited biomass supply .
In April 2014 Drax was awarded a renewable contract for difference ( CFD ) subsidy for biomass based power generation on another converted coal firing unit , but a third unit , which had been previously marked as eligible for CFD funding was excluded ; Drax Group then legally challenged the decision , initially obtaining a ruling in its favour , which was overturned in the Court of Appeal . In July 2014 the High Court ruled in Drax 's favour .
Biomass conversion at Drax led to it requiring 82 % of UK biomass imports from the USA in 2014 ( 60 % overall of all US wood pellet export ) , a large factor in a 40 % yearly increase in biomass export from that country ; USA sourced imports represented 58 % of Drax 's biomass use in 2014 , with 22 % from Canada .
The Baton Rouge port facility was completed by April 2015 . In mid 2015 Drax reached an agreement with Peel Ports ) to construct a 3million ton per year biomass importation facility at the Port of Liverpool , estimated cost £ 100 million . The rail connected facility was to include 100 @,@ 000 tonnes storage , and be constructed by Graham Construction .
In September 2015 Drax Group and Infinis began a legal action against the UK government due to claimed insufficient notice being given about the withdrawal of a climate related tax exemption ( see Climate Change Levy ) - Drax claimed the change would reduce its earnings by £ 30 million . The claim was rejected by the High Court in February 2016 .
= = = Petcoke = = =
The station started to trial the co @-@ firing of petcoke in one of its boilers in June 2005 , ending in June 2007 , burning 15 % petcoke and 85 % coal . Petcoke was burned to make the electricity more competitive as the price of running the FGD equipment was making the electricity more expensive . The Environment Agency ( EA ) granted permission for the trial in June 2004 , despite the plans being opposed by Friends of the Earth and Selby Council . To meet their concerns , emissions were constantly monitored through the trial , and they were not allowed to burn petcoke without operating the FGD plant to remove the high sulphur content of the emissions . The trial proved that there were no significant negative effects on the environment , and so in late 2007 Drax Group applied to move from trial conditions to commercial burn . The EA granted permission in early 2008 after agreeing with Drax 's findings that the fuel had no significant negative effects on the environment . The station can now burn up to 300 @,@ 000 tonnes of the fuel a year , and stock up to 6 @,@ 000 tonnes on site .
= = Electricity generation = =
Coal is fed into one of 30 coal bunkers , each with a capacity of 1 @,@ 000 tonnes . Each bunker feeds two of the 60 pulverisers , each of which can crush 36 tonnes of coal an hour . The station has six Babcock Power boilers , each weighing 4 @,@ 000 tonnes . The powdered coal from ten pulverisers is blasted into each boiler through burners , which are ignited by propane . In 2003 the original burners were replaced by low nitrogen oxide burners . Each of the six boilers feed steam to a steam turbine set , consisting of one high pressure ( HP ) turbine , one intermediate pressure ( IP ) turbine and three low pressure ( LP ) turbines . The HP turbines generate at 140 megawatts ( MW ) . Exhaust steam from them is fed back to the boiler and reheated , then fed to the 250 MW IP turbines and finally passes through the 90 MW LP turbines . This gives each generating set a generating capacity of 660 MW : with six generating sets , the station has a total capacity of 3 @,@ 960 MW . Each of the generating units is equipped with the Advanced Plant Management System ( APMS ) , a system developed by RWE npower and Thales , and implemented by Capula .
The station also has six gas turbines providing backup for breakdowns , or shut downs in the National Grid . Their annual output is generally low , generating 75 MW and three of the units have been mothballed and are out of operation , but they could be refurbished . Emissions from these units are released through the station 's second , smaller chimney , to the south of the main stack .
Between 2007 and 2012 the high and low pressure turbines were replaced by Siemens in a £ 100 million programme .
= = = Cooling system = = =
Water is essential to a thermal power station , heated to create steam to turn the steam turbines . Water used in the boilers is taken from two licensed boreholes on site . Once this water has been through the turbines it is cooled by condensers using water taken from the nearby River Ouse . Water is pumped from the river by a pumphouse on the river , north of the station . Once it has been through the condenser , the water is cooled by one of the natural draft cooling towers , with two towers serving each generating set . Once cooled , the water is discharged back into the river .
= = Waste products = =
= = = Flue gas desulphurisation = = =
All six units are served by an independent wet limestone @-@ gypsum flue gas desulphurisation ( FGD ) plant , which was installed between 1988 and 1996 . This diverts gases from the boilers and passes them through a limestone slurry , which removes at least 90 % of the sulphur dioxide ( SO2 ) . This is equivalent to removing over 250 @,@ 000 tonnes of SO2 each year . The process requires 10 @,@ 000 tonnes of limestone a week , sourced from Tunstead Quarry in Derbyshire . A byproduct of the process is gypsum , with 15 @,@ 000 tonnes produced each week . This goes to be used in the manufacture of plasterboard . The gypsum is sold exclusively to British Gypsum , and it is transported by rail to their plants at Kirkby Thore ( on the Settle @-@ Carlisle Line ) , East Leake ( on the former Great Central Main Line ) and occasionally to Robertsbridge ( on the Hastings Line ) . DB Schenker transport the gypsum .
= = = Ash use and disposal = = =
Pulverised fuel ash ( PFA ) and furnace bottom ash ( FBA ) are two byproducts from the burning of coal . Each year , the station produces about 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 tonnes of PFA and around 220 @,@ 000 tonnes of FBA : all FBA and 85 % of PFA is sold . Under the trade name Drax Ash Products , the ash is sold to the local building industry , where it is used in the manufacture of blocks , cement products , grouting and the laying of roads . The ash is also used in other parts of the country . Between 2005 and 2007 , PFA was used as an infill at four disused salt mines in Northwich in Cheshire . 1 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 tonnes was used in the project , which was to avoid a future risk of subsidence in the town . Ash was delivered by DB Schenker in ten trains a week , each carrying 1 @,@ 100 tonnes . Following a trial in January 2010 , PFA is also transported to Waterford in Ireland by boat . One ship a month will transport 1 @,@ 200 tonnes for the manufacture of construction materials . This will replace 480 lorry journeys annually and is deemed more environmentally friendly .
The unsold PFA is sent by conveyor belt to the Barlow ash mound , which is used for disposal and temporary stockpile . Three conveyors feed the mound , with a total capacity of 750 tonnes an hour . FGD gypsum is disposed of on the mound if it is not of a high enough grade to be sold . The mound has won a number of awards for its nature conservation work .
= = Environmental effects = =
The environmental effects of coal burning are well documented , the most significant of which is global warming caused by the release of carbon dioxide ( CO2 ) into the Earth 's atmosphere . Coal is considered to be " easily the most carbon @-@ intensive and polluting form of energy generation available " . In 2007 the station produced 22 @,@ 160 @,@ 000 tonnes of CO2 , making it the largest single source of CO2 in the UK . Between 2000 and 2007 , there has been a net increase in carbon dioxide CO2 of over 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 tonnes . The station also has the highest estimated emissions of nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) in the European Union .
In 2007 , in a move to try to lower CO2 emissions , Drax Group signed a £ 100 million contract with Siemens Power Generation to re @-@ blade the steam turbines over four years . This is the largest steam turbine modernisation ever undertaken in the UK , and will increase efficiency . Coupled with the co @-@ firing of biomass , this is part of a target to reduce CO2 emissions by 15 % by 2011 .
Drax 's annual report for 2013 reported that Drax 's annual emissions were at 20 @,@ 612 @,@ 000 tonnes of CO2 . This was a slight decrease from 2007 levels due to the burning of biomass . Drax still remains the UK 's largest single source of emissions .
Drax has opted in to the Large Combustion Plant Directive ( LCPD ) and thus is permitted to continue operating beyond 2015 . The use of flue gas desulfurisation ensures that the limits on sulphur dioxide emissions are not exceeded .
= = Protests , industrial action and incidents = =
= = = Climate Camp ( 2006 ) = = =
On 31 August 2006 , over 600 people attended a protest against the high carbon emissions . It was coordinated by the Camp for Climate Action group . At least 3 @,@ 000 police officers from 12 forces were reported to have been drafted in for the duration of the protest , to safeguard electricity supplies and prevent the protesters from shutting the station down . Thirty @-@ nine people were arrested after trying illegally to gain access to the plant .
= = = Train protest ( 2008 ) = = =
At 8 : 00 am on 13 June 2008 , more than 30 climate change campaigners halted an EWS coal train en route to the station by disguising themselves as rail workers by wearing high @-@ visibility clothing and waving red flags . Stopping the train on a bridge across the River Aire , they scaled the wagons with the aid of the bridge 's girders . They then mounted a banner reading " Leave it in the ground " on the side of the wagon and tied the train to the bridge , preventing it moving . They then shovelled more than 20 tonnes of coal on to the railway line . The protest lasted the whole day , until several protesters were removed from the train by police that night . The station 's management said that the protest had no effect on output . The action was coordinated by Camp for Climate Action .
= = = Worker strike ( 2009 ) = = =
On 18 June 2009 , fewer than 200 contractors walked out of or failed to show up in a wildcat strike , showing solidarity with workers at the Lindsey Oil Refinery in Lincolnshire where 51 workers had been laid off while another employer on the site was employing . A spokeswoman said the strike did not affect electricity output .
= = = Biomass fires ( 2011 , 2013 ) = = =
In October 2011 a fire started by spontaneous combustion in a stockpile at the Port of Tyne biomass facility . Another fire occurred at the same facility in a conveyor transfer tower in October 2013 .
|
= Katrina Kaif =
Katrina Kaif ( pronounced [ kəˈʈriːnaː ˈkɛːf ] , born Katrina Turquotte ; 16 July 1983 ) is a British film actress and model . Primarily known for her work in Hindi films , Kaif has also appeared in Telugu and Malayalam films . In addition to being one of Bollywood 's highest @-@ paid actresses , she is considered one of India 's most attractive celebrities by the media .
Born in British Hong Kong , Kaif and her family lived in several countries before she moved to India . She received her first modelling assignment as a teenager and later pursued a career as a fashion model . At a fashion show in London , filmmaker Kaizad Gustad spotted Kaif and decided to cast her in Boom ( 2003 ) , a critical and commercial failure . While filming in India , Kaif received modelling assignments and established a successful modelling career . However , filmmakers were hesitant to cast her due to her poor command of Hindi . After appearing in the Telugu film , Malliswari ( 2004 ) , Kaif earned commercial success in Bollywood with the romantic comedies Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya ? ( 2005 ) and Namastey London ( 2007 ) . She followed with a series of box @-@ office hits , but was criticised for her acting , repetitive roles and inclination to male @-@ dominated films .
Kaif 's performance in the 2009 terrorism drama New York was better received , earning her a Filmfare Award for Best Actress nomination . After roles in Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani ( 2009 ) , Raajneeti ( 2010 ) and Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara ( 2011 ) , she received her second Filmfare nomination for her performance in Mere Brother Ki Dulhan ( 2011 ) . Kaif featured in the thrillers Ek Tha Tiger ( 2012 ) and Dhoom 3 ( 2013 ) , both of which rank among the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood films of all time . Despite receiving mixed reviews from critics for her acting prowess , she has established herself as a commercially successful actress of Hindi cinema .
In addition to acting , Kaif is involved with her mother 's charity and participates in stage shows . She is guarded about her personal life , which is a subject of media scrutiny . Her background has also been a topic of discussion , with some sources accusing her of fabricating her history .
= = Early life and background = =
Katrina Kaif was born in Hong Kong with her mother 's surname Turquotte ( also spelt Turcotte ) , on 16 July 1983 . According to the actress , her father ( Mohammed Kaif ) is a British businessman of Kashmiri Indian descent and her mother ( Suzanne , also spelt Susanna ) is an English lawyer and charity worker . She has seven siblings : three elder sisters ( Stephanie , Christine and Natasha ) , three younger sisters ( Melissa , Sonia , Isabel ) and an elder brother , Michael . Isabel Kaif is also a model and actress . Kaif 's parents divorced when she was a child , and her father moved to the United States . She said her father had no influence on Kaif or her siblings while they were growing up , and they were raised by their mother . On her father 's absence in her life , Kaif stated : " When I see friends who have wonderful fathers who are like pillars of support for their families , I say , if only I had that . But instead of complaining , I should be grateful for all the other things I have " . In a 2009 interview with The Indian Express , she said she was not in touch with her father .
Kaif says that her mother decided to " dedicate her life to social causes " , which led to the family 's relocation to a number of countries for varying lengths of time :
Our transitions in growing up were — from Hong Kong where I was born , to China , then to Japan , and from Japan by boat to France ... After France , Switzerland — and I 'm cutting out many East European countries where we were for only a few months each — then Poland in Kraków ... After that we went to Belgium , then to Hawaii , which was a short time , and then came to London .
Due to their frequent relocation , Kaif and her siblings were home @-@ schooled by a series of tutors . Although she is thought to have grown up in London , she lived there for only three years before moving to India . According to Kaif , she then changed her surname to her father 's because she thought it would be easier to pronounce .
Kaif 's paternal parentage has been questioned by some members of the film industry . In a 2011 interview with Mumbai Mirror , Boom producer Ayesha Shroff accused Kaif of fabricating her history : " We created an identity for her . She was this pretty young English girl , and we gave her the Kashmiri father and thought of calling her Katrina Kazi . We thought we 'd give her some kind of Indian ancestry , to connect with the audience ... But then we thought that Kazi sounded too ... religious ? ... Mohammad Kaif was at the top , and so we said , Katrina Kaif sounds really great " . Kaif called Shroff 's comments " hurtful " .
= = Career = =
= = = Modelling and film debut ( to 2003 ) = = =
At the age of fourteen , Kaif won a beauty contest in Hawaii , and received her first modelling assignment in a jewellery campaign . She subsequently modelled professionally in London , working for freelance agencies and appearing regularly at London Fashion Week . At a fashion show Kaif attracted the attention of London @-@ based filmmaker Kaizad Gustad . He selected her for a role in the English @-@ Hindi erotic heist film Boom as part of an ensemble cast that included Amitabh Bachchan , Gulshan Grover , Jackie Shroff , Madhu Sapre and Padma Lakshmi . While filming in India , Kaif received other offers and decided to stay in the country . In 2003 , she received notice as a model after walking the ramp for Rohit Bal at the India Fashion Week and appeared in the first Kingfisher Calendar . Kaif soon established a successful modelling career in India after endorsing brands such as Coca @-@ Cola , LG , Fevicol and Samsung .
Kaif 's career as a model led to anticipation surrounding her Bollywood debut . Boom ( 2003 ) had its first screening at the Cannes Film Festival , and was heavily promoted at the event . Boom was a commercial and critical failure . Kaif 's enactment of a supermodel ensnared in the Mumbai underworld was poorly received , with Ziya U. Salam of The Hindu attributing the weak performances of the film 's leading ladies to " the vacuity of their expressions " . Hindustan Times reported that after Boom 's release , Kaif was written off due to her poor Hindi and thick British accent . She later dismissed the film : " I don 't count Boom among important happenings in my life . When I signed this film , I didn 't know much about India and its film audience " . Although Kaif was offered a number of modelling assignments , filmmakers were hesitant to cast her because of her poor command of Hindi . In one instance , Mahesh Bhatt replaced her with Tara Sharma in Saaya ( 2003 ) as he found her an " inconsistent performer " . Subsequently , Kaif began working on her diction through Hindi classes .
= = = Early film work ( 2004 – 06 ) = = =
After the failure of her first Bollywood project , Kaif appeared in the Telugu film Malliswari ( 2004 ) . With Daggubati Venkatesh , she played the title role of a princess forced to flee from her murderous caretaker . Kaif received a reported ₹ 7 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 110 @,@ 000 ) for the film , the highest salary for a South Indian film actress at the time . Despite negative reviews for her acting , Malliswari was a profitable venture .
The following year , Kaif appeared briefly as Abhishek Bachchan 's girlfriend in Ram Gopal Varma 's political thriller Sarkar . She next featured alongside Salman Khan , Sushmita Sen and Sohail Khan in Maine Pyaar Kyun Kiya ? , a film she considered her " first real step into Bollywood " . Directed by David Dhawan , the film was a successful remake of the romantic comedy Cactus Flower . For her role as a suicidal model , Kaif received the Stardust Award for Breakthrough Performance – Female . According to Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com , " Katrina 's Disney princess @-@ like charm adds to her adorable screen presence " . Kaif followed with a small part in her second Telugu film , Allari Pidugu .
In 2006 , she appeared with Akshay Kumar for the first of many films in Raj Kanwar 's unsuccessful Humko Deewana Kar Gaye , a story of two like @-@ minded strangers who fall in love despite being engaged to others . Sify wrote that Kaif was " passably competent in a tailor @-@ made role , giving a mild emotional spin to a couple of scenes " but was overshadowed by her supporting actresses . Kaif also appeared with Mammootty in the Malayalam crime thriller Balram vs. Tharadas , in which Rishi Raj Singh of The Hindu called her performance " marvellous " .
= = = Commercial success ( 2007 – 08 ) = = =
Kaif 's career prospects changed in 2007 , when she appeared in four Bollywood hits . In an interview with The Indian Express , she called Vipul Amrutlal Shah 's romantic comedy Namastey London a milestone , saying that " for the first time , [ she ] had a dominating role " . Kaif used her life in London as a reference for her role as a spoilt British Indian girl intent on marrying her self @-@ centred British boyfriend , despite her parents ' disapproval . Although critics expressed mixed views on the film , Sukanya Verma wrote that Kaif " suits the role to the T " and " brings the zingy mix of her character alive with style and substance " . Kaif 's chemistry with co @-@ star Akshay Kumar was particularly well received , with Nikhat Kazmi of The Times of India calling their casting " refreshing " .
She had a supporting role as a doctor in the sports drama Apne . The film was highly anticipated as it marked the first appearance of Dharmendra with his sons , Sunny Deol and Bobby Deol . After Apne she rejoined director David Dhawan and Salman Khan for the comedy Partner , a remake of Hitch which also starred Govinda and Lara Dutta . With a worldwide revenue of ₹ 1 @.@ 03 billion ( US $ 15 million ) , the film was a major financial success . Kaif 's final film of the year was Anees Bazmee 's comedy Welcome , alongside Akshay Kumar , Nana Patekar , Mallika Sherawat and Anil Kapoor . Although the film generated mostly negative reviews , it proved to be the second highest @-@ grossing Bollywood film of 2007 . The similarity of Kaif 's roles was noted by Shoma Chaudhury of Tehelka , who called her " unabashed eye @-@ candy " , adding that she was " a pretty prop in Welcome " and " more of the same in Partner and Apne " .
In 2008 , the actress had three releases , the first of which was Abbas @-@ Mustan 's action thriller Race , a story about two stepbrothers @-@ turned @-@ rivals who are in contention for their father 's insurance money . Kaif played Saif Ali Khan 's secretary , who is his stepbrother 's ( Akshaye Khanna ) lover . Nikhat Kazmi was appreciative of the film , praising its " super cool look [ and ] testosterone @-@ high action sequences " but found Kaif " too pale " in her role . After Race , Kaif rejoined Akshay Kumar in Anees Bazmee 's action comedy Singh Is Kinng . The film earned ₹ 1 @.@ 25 billion ( US $ 19 million ) worldwide , making it Kaif 's sixth consecutive box @-@ office success . However , she received mixed reviews for her performance . Rajeev Masand of CNN @-@ IBN reviewed : " Katrina Kaif is an eyesore ... her acting so weak you want to urge her to watch everyone from Madhubala to Madhuri so she might pick up a few tricks " .
Kaif 's final film of the year — Subhash Ghai 's drama Yuvvraaj — was a major box @-@ office failure . In preparation for her role as a cellist she practised her playing with orchestra members . Her portrayal of a girl forbidden by her father from marrying her poor lover was well received by Sify 's Sonia Chopra : " Katrina is wonderful , plays the cello convincingly , and looks ethereal " . Despite the film 's mixed critical reception , its screenplay was added to the library of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for its artistic merit .
Before New York , Kaif 's voice was dubbed over by voice artists in most of her films due to her lack of fluency in Hindi and other Indian languages . Although she appeared in a series of successful films , critics noted that she had little to do in them as they were generally male @-@ dominated . Her performances were also largely criticised . About her series of glamorous roles , Kaif said that her " first few films were really a process of learning ... There was no target " .
= = = New York and other roles ( 2009 – 11 ) = = =
After a string of films in which she was cast to add glamour , Kaif appeared in Kabir Khan 's terrorism drama New York ( 2009 ) . Featuring John Abraham and Neil Nitin Mukesh in lead roles , the film tells the story of how three friends ' lives are changed when the former is wrongly detained after 9 / 11 . Kaif played Maya , a college student who later marries a terrorist . The actress said that she identified with Maya , since she experienced similar isolation because of her skin colour when she was growing up in London . Kaif also remarked that she was tired of " arm candy " roles and was looking for more substantial parts . New York did well at the box office and received favourable reviews . According to Subhash K. Jha , Kaif " comes into her own as an actress of substance ... From the carefree effervescent campus girl to the anguished wife , Katrina makes the journey look plausible all the way " . New York brought Kaif her first Filmfare Award nomination for Best Actress . She then appeared in a cameo for India 's first underwater thriller Blue .
Kaif starred with Ranbir Kapoor in Rajkumar Santoshi 's hit comedy , Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani ( 2009 ) , as an orphan forced to marry a rich man . Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama wrote , " Katrina Kaif continues to surprise ... She scores in both emotional and light scenes " and called her chemistry with Kapoor " electrifying " . Her final film of the year was Priyadarshan 's comedy De Dana Dan .
In 2010 , Kaif appeared in Prakash Jha 's political thriller Raajneeti as part of an ensemble cast which included Ranbir Kapoor , Ajay Devgan , Arjun Rampal , Nana Patekar , Manoj Bajpai and Sarah Thompson . The film took inspiration from The Mahabharata and Mario Puzo 's 1969 novel The Godfather . Set in Bhopal , the film described a fiercely @-@ fought election campaign by two parties attempting to seize power with manipulation , corruption and treachery . Although there was media speculation before the film 's release that Kaif 's character was based on Sonia Gandhi , the actress denied this . In preparation for her role as Indu ( a politician loosely based on Draupadi ) , she watched Priyanka Gandhi 's election campaign videos to study the body language and interaction of politicians . The film received mainly positive reviews from critics . Rajeev Masand found Raajneeti " thrilling and gripping " , though Namrata Joshi was more critical and expressed her disappointment over the film 's depiction of women . Nikhat Kazmi considered Kaif 's performance to be " carefree and camera @-@ unconscious " and wrote that she " seems to slip into the high @-@ powered shoes easily " . The film was highly successful at the box office , receiving a total collection of ₹ 1 @.@ 4 billion ( US $ 21 million ) .
Kaif collaborated with Akshay Kumar for the sixth time in the slapstick comedy Tees Maar Khan ( 2010 ) . For her role as an aspiring actress , Kaif appeared in a popular item number titled " Sheila Ki Jawani " . The song was choreographed by the film 's director Farah Khan and for the belly dancing portion of the song , Kaif was trained by expert Veronica D 'Souza . " Sheila Ki Jawani " was often compared to another item number released the same year " Munni Badnaam Hui " from Dabangg . Despite the song 's popularity , Tees Maar Khan was panned by critics and underperformed at the box office . Kaif 's portrayal was not well received ; Renuka Rao of Daily News and Analysis said that her " drama queen act is performed ... poorly " , but noted that she " does full justice " to the item number .
The following year , Kaif was paired with Hrithik Roshan in Zoya Akhtar 's coming @-@ of @-@ age dramedy Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara . The film narrates the story of three friends on a bachelor trip , and how the workaholism of one was overcome with the help of Laila ( Kaif ) . The film was a critical and commercial success . Richard Kuipers of Variety commented that she is " delightful as the sweet @-@ natured girl who inspires everyone to look in the mirror and do something about it " . Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara was one of the most awarded films of the year and received numerous Best Film accolades .
Kaif then featured in Yash Raj Films ' romantic comedy Mere Brother Ki Dulhan ( 2011 ) with Imran Khan and Ali Zafar , She was cast as Dimple Dixit , a " talkative " , " unpredictable " girl , a role she described as challenging as the character 's personality contrasted with her own . While the film earned mixed reviews , Kaif was generally praised for her portrayal . The book Mother Maiden Mistress called Dimple one of the more interesting female characters of the year and Gaurav Malani of The Economic Times said the film was watchable because of " Katrina 's live @-@ wire energy wherein she never goes overboard and keeps bustling with vivacity through the runtime " . For this performance , Kaif received her second Filmfare nomination in the Best Actress category .
= = = Recent work ( 2012 – present ) = = =
In 2012 , Kaif appeared in " Chikni Chameli " , an item number in Agneepath that incorporated dance steps from the Lavani genre ( a Maharashtrian folk dance ) . The song was filmed over a ten @-@ day period and , according to the actress , " It was hard work . It was very fast and it was not a style I was used to , but I took it as a challenge " . Kaif appeared next in Kabir Khan 's espionage thriller Ek Tha Tiger as a Pakistani ISI agent who falls in love with an Indian RAW agent . Shubhra Gupta of The Indian Express wrote about her performance : " Katrina is an able , animated foil to Salman , her long legs making her leaps and kicks credible " . The film received predominantly positive reviews , with Aniruddha Guha of Daily News and Analysis calling it " smart and stylish " . With worldwide earnings of ₹ 3 @.@ 1 billion ( US $ 46 million ) , Ek Tha Tiger was the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood film of the year .
That year Kaif also appeared with Shah Rukh Khan and Anushka Sharma in Yash Chopra 's swan song , the romance Jab Tak Hai Jaan . About working with Chopra , she remarked that he " undoubtedly is the king of romance and I have always admired the way he presents his heroines . It was always a dream to work with him and the reality is even better " . She played Meera , a woman who promises God to end her affair with her comatose lover if he survives . Although the film received mostly positive reviews , Kaif 's performance had a mixed reception . CNN @-@ IBN wrote : " Meera 's role was a difficult one and Katrina falls short in emotional scenes . It seems Katrina still doesn 't feel very easy in front of the camera and has difficulty with complex expressions " . Commercially , the film proved a box @-@ office hit with revenues of ₹ 2 @.@ 11 billion ( US $ 31 million ) worldwide .
In 2013 , she appeared briefly with Aamir Khan in Vijay Krishna Acharya 's action thriller Dhoom 3 . To prepare for her role as a circus performer , she undertook a year @-@ long regimen of Pilates , functional training and aerial straps . The film received ambivalent reviews and Kaif was criticised for taking on an insubstantial part . Earning ₹ 5 @.@ 42 billion ( US $ 81 million ) in box @-@ office receipts , Dhoom 3 went on to become the highest @-@ grossing Bollywood film of all time until it was surpassed by PK in 2014 .
Kaif 's next appearance was in Siddharth Anand 's Bang Bang ! ( 2014 ) , a remake of the 2010 action comedy Knight and Day . She played a bank receptionist who unwittingly gets caught up with a secret agent ( Hrithik Roshan ) . Raja Sen of Rediff.com was disappointed with her performance , describing it as " insufferable " . Although the film was commercially successful , financial analysts observed that it failed to meet box @-@ office expectations . In 2015 , Kaif 's sole appearance was with Saif Ali Khan in Kabir Khan 's post 26 / 11 counter @-@ terrorism drama Phantom .
As of April 2016 , Kaif appeared in Abhishek Kapoor 's adaptation of Charles Dickens ' Great Expectations , entitled Fitoor in which she played a role based on Estella Havisham alongwith Aditya Roy Kapur and Tabu . She is filming for Anurag Basu 's comedy @-@ mystery film Jagga Jasoos with Ranbir Kapoor and wrapped up Nitya Mehra 's love story Baar Baar Dekho with Sidharth Malhotra .
= = Personal life and off @-@ screen work = =
Kaif 's personal life has been the subject of extensive media attention . She is reluctant to discuss her romantic life : " I have always believed that there is life before marriage and after marriage . Before marriage ... you are termed a single woman and I choose to conduct that part of my life with absolute dignity and discretion " . Although rumours of a relationship with Salman Khan first emerged in 2003 , it was not until after their 2010 break @-@ up that Kaif spoke of the affair , calling it her first serious relationship . They have remained friends , and the actress credits Khan with giving her confidence and guidance :
He ’ s had a huge role in my career . There ’ s no doubt about that . I value his opinion . But as a person , Salman has had the biggest impact on my life . I became friends with him when I was young . And his persona is very strong . If I were to look back and see his impact on my life , it ’ s been tremendous .
Although Kaif does not own a house in India , she has bought property in London . As a British citizen , she works in India on a visa . Kaif has a close relationship with her family , and the lack of a father figure in her life has given her a sense of responsibility towards them . While Kaif 's mother is Christian and her father is Muslim , Kaif was brought up to practise all faiths and says she is a " firm believer in God " and wears a Tawiz for her protection . The Times of India reported in 2009 that she visits Sufi shrine Dargah Sharif before her films are released .
Kaif is involved with Relief Projects India , a charitable trust run by her mother which rescues abandoned baby girls and works to prevent female infanticide . Kaif 's winnings from the game shows 10 Ka Dum and Kaun Banega Crorepati were donated to her mother 's Mercy Home orphanage . In 2009 and 2010 , Kaif also walked the ramp for charity as part of Salman Khan 's " Being Human " show . To raise funds for a new school in Madurai she recorded Rhyme Skool , an album of nursery rhymes composed by A. R. Rahman . In 2011 , Kaif visited sepoys in Jammu as part of NDTV 's reality program Jai Jawan . The following year she visited the Cancer Patients Aid Association to gift cancer survivors and increase public awareness of breast and cervical cancer .
Kaif has also performed onstage , participating in Shah Rukh Khan 's " Temptations Reloaded " world concert tour in 2008 . Also featuring Kareena Kapoor and Arjun Rampal , the tour began in Amsterdam in June and ended four months later in Dubai 's Festival City Arena before an audience of 15 @,@ 000 . Kaif rejoined Shah Rukh Khan for his 2013 " Temptations Reloaded " concert in Muscat , performing to an audience of over 18 @,@ 000 .
She performed with Akon at the closing ceremony of the 2009 Indian Premier League at the Wanderers Stadium in Johannesburg , and joined Shah Rukh Khan , Deepika Padukone and Pitbull in Kolkata for the opening ceremony of the 2013 IPL season . Kaif has also performed at awards ceremonies . In 2006 Kaif performed at the Global Indian Film Awards and danced to songs from Race at the 2008 IIFA Awards in Bangkok . She also performed at the 55th Filmfare Awards in 2010 and the 2013 Zee Cine Awards , both in Mumbai .
= = In the media = =
According to an India Today article , despite her dissimilarity to a conventional Bollywood heroine , Kaif " turned every adversity into opportunity and climbed the slippery pole of stardom " . Although she is one of the most commercially successful actresses in contemporary Bollywood , she has received mixed reviews for her acting prowess . Writing for Firstpost , Anuya Jakatdar wrote that Kaif needed to " take on role [ s ] that actually challenge her " instead of " coasting on her co @-@ star ’ s box office appeal " and criticised her inclination towards glamorous roles . Kaif 's dancing ability is better appreciated , with Meena Iyer of The Times of India calling her " one of Bollywood 's best dancers " . Kaif 's Bollywood success has sparked an influx of foreign talent hoping to establish themselves in the industry .
Kaif is cited in the media as one of India 's most beautiful celebrities , and has ranked highly in polls choosing the most attractive Indian celebrities . Kaif was named the " World 's Sexiest Woman " by FHM India five times from 2008 to 2013 , and appeared on Verve 's list of most powerful women in 2009 and 2010 . The UK magazine Eastern Eye called her the " Sexiest Asian Woman " from 2008 to 2010 , and again in 2013 . Kaif was named The Times of India 's " Most Desirable Woman " in 2010 , and was later ranked second from 2011 to 2013 . The Indian edition of People described her as " India 's Most Beautiful Woman " in 2011 and three years later she topped Maxim India 's " Hot 100 " poll .
Kaif is a celebrity spokesperson for a number of brands including Slice , Nakshatra , Lux , Panasonic , Lakmé and L 'Oréal . The Economic Times ranked Kaif India 's second most prominent endorser in 2012 . Hindustan Times reported in 2014 that she received ₹ 50 million ( US $ 740 @,@ 000 ) to ₹ 60 million ( US $ 890 @,@ 000 ) for each endorsement , making her one of India 's highest @-@ paid celebrity endorsers . In 2013 , Kaif was ranked ninth on Forbes ' list of India 's best @-@ known entertainers with an estimated annual income of ₹ 637 @.@ 5 million ( US $ 9 @.@ 5 million ) . In 2010 and 2011 , Mattel released two sets of Barbie dolls inspired by Kaif . In 2015 , a wax figure of Kaif was installed at Madame Tussauds in London .
|
= State Route 1002 ( Lehigh County , Pennsylvania ) =
State Route 1002 ( SR 1002 ) , locally known as Tilghman Street and Union Boulevard , is a major 13 @.@ 8 mi ( 22 @.@ 2 km ) long east – west road in the Allentown @-@ Bethlehem @-@ Easton metropolitan area of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania . The majority of the roadway is the former alignment of U.S. Route 22 , maintained by the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation as a Quadrant Route , and is not signed except on small white segment markers .
Tilghman Street begins at Pennsylvania Route 100 in Fogelsville , though SR 1002 continues west on Main Street ( also old US 22 ) to the intersection of Church Street ( SR 3014 ) . It becomes Union Boulevard just east of the bridge over the Lehigh River in Allentown ; SR 1002 ends at the interchange with Pennsylvania Route 378 in Bethlehem . Union Boulevard continues over Monocacy Creek , which forms the border between Lehigh and Northampton Counties , and ends in downtown Bethlehem .
The highway attracts more than the average traffic for roads in the Lehigh Valley . An average of 21 @,@ 018 vehicles use it in South Whitehall Township and 21 @,@ 706 in Allentown each day .
= = History = =
When the state began taking over state highways through the Sproul Road Bill , signed May 31 , 1911 , this system did not include the direct Allentown @-@ Harrisburg route that Interstate 78 and the parallel Tilghman Street now form part of . The main route to Harrisburg , which would soon become the William Penn Highway , left Allentown further south , on Hamilton Boulevard ( now Pennsylvania Route 222 and U.S. Route 222 ) ; the portion near Allentown was Legislative Route 157 ( LR 157 ) . Another route west from Allentown ( LR 163 , later U.S. Route 309 ) ran northwest from Allentown via Walbert Avenue to Schnecksville . Travelers could continue via New Tripoli to Lenhartsville , and then along a route approximating the present I @-@ 78 to Harrisburg . From Allentown east to downtown Bethlehem , LR 159 used Hanover Avenue and Broad Street . No state highways existed within the city limits of Allentown .
The William Penn Highway was organized as an alternative to the Lincoln Highway being parallel to the Pennsylvania Railroad west of Harrisburg . The route 's New York Extension , adopted in 1916 , passed through Allentown . The state assigned the Pennsylvania Route 3 designation to this road in 1924 , and in 1926 it became part of U.S. Route 22 . The road west from Allentown , now College Heights Boulevard , Broadway , Tilghman Street , and Main Street , was designated LR 443 in 1925 , and soon the entire shortcut between Allentown and Harrisburg was designated Pennsylvania Route 43 . The New York Times was recommending use of this cutoff by early 1931 and the American Association of State Highway Officials officially moved US 22 to PA 43 on June 8 , 1931 . The Pennsylvania Department of Highways moved the William Penn Highway name to match . Tilghman Street and Union Boulevard ( then Union Street ) were once local streets in Allentown and Bethlehem , with no bridge over the Lehigh River connecting them ; Allentown built that bridge in 1929 .
Prior to 1931 , there were no state highways in Allentown or a number of other major cities in the state . However , the state did define paths through these cities for the public ; in Allentown , US 22 used Hamilton Street , and PA 43 entered on Liberty Street and turned south on 17th Street to reach Hamilton Street . The Pennsylvania General Assembly passed , on June 22 , 1931 , a law defining state highways through these cities and changing routes in other cities . LR 443 was defined to use College Heights Boulevard and Tilghman Street to 15th Street , where LR 157 continued along Tilghman Street and Union Boulevard to the Allentown @-@ Bethlehem line . LR 159 was redefined to begin at the same point , continuing on Union Boulevard to Main Street in downtown Bethlehem ( and beyond to Easton ) . The newest part of Tilghman Street includes the bridge over Little Cedar Creek in Trexler Park west of Cedar Crest Boulevard , which dates to 1936 , and bypasses the older route via Broadway and College Heights Boulevard . Tilghman Street and Union Boulevard became a major long @-@ distance traffic route , and as of 1999 had eight diners as a reminder of this past importance .
In addition to US 22 , Tilghman Street also carried U.S. Route 309 and Pennsylvania Route 29 between 19th Street and Seventh Street . They were moved from Hamilton Street with US 22 in 1931 , and to a freeway bypass of Allentown in the late 1950s . The Lehigh Valley Thruway , a freeway taking US 22 around Allentown and Bethlehem to the north , was opened on September 21 , 1954 . With the opening of these two highways , and the western extension of the Thruway in the late 1950s , no signed Traffic Routes remained on Tilghman Street and Union Boulevard , yet the road was still state maintained . It still carried LR 443 , LR 157 , and LR 159 through the cities , since the Thruway was assigned a new number — LR 772 — but west of the crossing at Kuhnsville , LR 443 was moved to the freeway , and the old route became LR Old 443 , later LR 443 Parallel .
The road west of Church Street in Fogelsville , which was also a state highway ( LR 39084 ) , was removed from the state highway system in the late 1970s . A gap in LR 159 through downtown Bethlehem was created in 1971 , at the same time as Washington Avenue and Stefko Boulevard were added to the system as a bypass , with Union Boulevard east of Pennsylvania Route 378 becoming a city street . Thus in 1987 , when the new Location Referencing System was adopted , only the portion of Tilghman Street and Union Boulevard between Church Street and PA 378 was assigned a new number : State Route 1002 .
In late October 2012 , the Tilghman Street Bridge over the Lehigh River was repaved in order to accommodate construction vehicles for the long @-@ awaited beginning of the American Parkway Bridge project .
= = Route description = =
= = = Tilghman Street = = =
SR 1002 begins at an intersection with Church and Main Streets ( State Route 3014 ) in Fogelsville . It then proceeds east for three @-@ tenths of a mile ( 0 @.@ 5 km ) as Main Street to an intersection with Pennsylvania Route 100 . Upon crossing SR 100 , SR 1002 becomes Tilghman Street . As Tilghman Street approaches the limited @-@ access U.S. Route 22 , the road splits into two carriageways in preparation for an interchange with US 22 , northeast of where US 22 separates from Interstate 78 . Past the interchange with US 22 , Tilghman Street returns to an undivided roadway and enters the village of Cetronia .
At an intersection with Werley Road , SR 1002 connects to Interstate 476 ( the Northeast Extension of the Pennsylvania Turnpike ) via a ramp leading to the toll plaza for the nearby I @-@ 476 / US 22 interchange . SR 1002 continues to the southeast , passing over the turnpike . After turning to the northeast , Tilghman Street has a cloverleaf interchange with Pennsylvania Route 309 . SR 1002 enters Allentown one quarter mile west of this interchange just before its intersection with 40th Street . Tilghman Street then re @-@ enters South Whitehall for about one block as it crosses Cedar Crest Boulevard , a local north – south arterial , before entering into the city 's incorporated limits for a second time .
In Allentown , Tilghman Street ( SR 1002 ) crosses more than 30 major streets in the city . In the more populated part of the city , SR 1002 intersects the 6th and 7th street one @-@ way couplet forming Pennsylvania Route 145 . East of 4th Street , the road uses the Tilghman Street Bridge to cross Jordan Creek and American Parkway . After intersecting Front Street , SR 1002 crosses the Lehigh River on the Tilghman Street Viaduct and becomes Union Boulevard . Tilghman Street is still found in east @-@ side Allentown , but it is not connected to SR 1002 in west @-@ side , center city , and upper east @-@ side Allentown .
= = = Union Boulevard = = =
East of the Tilghman Street Viaduct , SR 1002 traverses numerous streets in the eastern section of Allentown . After the intersection with Fenwick Street , SR 1002 has a solid west – east routing . East of the Irving Street intersection , SR 1002 intersects Airport Road , the main road to Lehigh Valley International Airport . Briefly east of Airport Road , Union Boulevard traverses the other streets of east Allentown . SR 1002 enters the city of Bethlehem from the west as West Union Boulevard .
Approximately 1 @,@ 500 feet east of the Allentown @-@ Bethlehem boundary , Eaton Avenue is concurrent with SR 1002 for one @-@ tenth of a mile . The route turns to the south near the junction with Pennsylvania Avenue before taking an increasingly eastern alignment . Third Avenue provides access to and from PA 378 south . SR 1002 terminates at an interchange with Pennsylvania Route 378 . The highway only has access to PA 378 north . The designation continues as W. Union Boulevard upon entering the eastern sections of Bethlehem in Northampton County .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Lehigh County .
|
= Meteorological history of Hurricane Georges =
The meteorological history of Hurricane Georges spanned seventeen days from September 15 to October 1 , 1998 . Hurricane Georges began as a tropical wave that moved off the coast of Africa during mid @-@ September 1998 . Tracking westward , the wave spawned an area of low pressure two days later , which quickly strengthened into a tropical depression . On September 16 , the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Georges , and to Hurricane Georges the next day . Over the next few days , an eye developed and deep Atmospheric convection persisted around it . Strong outflow and warm sea surface temperatures allowed the storm to intensify as it tracked towards the west @-@ northwest . The storm reached its peak intensity on September 20 with winds of 155 mph ( 250 km / h ) , just below Category 5 status on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale , and a barometric pressure of 937 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 68 inHg ) .
Over the following five days , the hurricane tracked through the Greater Antilles , making five landfalls , four as a Category 3 hurricane and one as a Category 1 . Shortly after entering the Caribbean , the Georges weakened slightly ; however , shortly before crossing Puerto Rico , the storm re @-@ attained major hurricane status . After weakening slightly once more , the storm rapidly organized near the Dominican Republic . A well @-@ defined eye formed and outflow re @-@ established , allowing the storm to reach an intensity of 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) just prior to landfall . During its passage of Hispaniola the circulation was severely disrupted , but Georges maintained hurricane @-@ intensity . On September 23 , the storm made landfall in southeastern Cuba as a minimal hurricane .
By September 25 , Georges entered the Gulf of Mexico and intensified into a Category 2 hurricane . The storm re @-@ organized over the gulf , with the eye fully reforming and deep convection persisting around the center of circulation . By September 27 , Georges reached an intensity of 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) . Several hours prior to landfall the next day , the hurricane weakened slightly and tracked inland near Biloxi , Mississippi with winds of 105 mph ( 165 km / h ) . Upon landfall , the hurricane 's forward motion slowed , executing a brief clockwise loop before maintaining an eastward drift . Gradually weakening , the hurricane was only a tropical depression by the afternoon of September 29 . Two days later , Georges fully dissipated near the Atlantic coast of Florida .
= = Formation and intensification = =
Late on September 13 , 1998 , a tropical wave exited the west coast of Africa . The following day the system featured a large area of organized deep convection and the dvorak technique was initiated . By September 15 , ships within the vicinity of the wave reported that a surface circulation had developed and by 1200 UTC , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) estimated that a tropical depression , the seventh of the season , while situated about 345 miles ( 555 kilometres ) south @-@ southwest of the Cape Verde Islands . The depression tracked roughly due west in response to a mid @-@ level ridge , building westward , to the north of the cyclone . Throughout the day , banding features developed around the system and deep convection consolidated around the center of circulation . Roughly 24 hours after being declared a depression , the NHC upgraded the system to a tropical storm and gave it the name Georges .
For the following ten days , Georges maintained a general west @-@ northwest track for ten days due to a persistent mid to upper @-@ level tropospheric ridge . Gradual intensification took place as the system developed strong outflow and warm sea surface temperatures aided in fueling further development . Easterly wind shear caused disruption of the storms ' outflow ; however , the center , previously surrounded by two deep areas of convection , was situated underneath one area of thunderstorm activity . By the late morning hours of September 17 , an eyewall developed within the circulation , indicating that Georges was nearing hurricane @-@ status .
= = Peak intensity and Lesser Antilles = =
Later on September 17 , a banding @-@ eye feature appeared on satellite imagery , leading the NHC to upgrade Georges into a hurricane at 1800 UTC that day . The next day , an anticyclone began to develop over the hurricane , enhancing the storms ' outflow . Several hours later , Georges attained Category 2 status as sustained winds around the eye increased to 100 mph ( 155 km / h ) . Ahead of the storm , the NHC reported that there were no factors inhibiting further intensification and anticipated Georges to strengthen into a Category 4 hurricane before reaching the Lesser Antilles . A concentric eyewall began to develop late on September 18 , briefly stalling the strengthening of the storm . This resulted from an eyewall replacement cycle that led to the formation of a larger eye .
On September 19 and 20 , Georges underwent a period of rapid intensification , in which winds increased by 45 mph ( 85 km / h ) in a 24 @-@ hour span . At the end of this phase , Georges attained its peak intensity with winds of 155 mph ( 250 km / h ) and a barometric pressure of 937 mbar ( hPa ; 27 @.@ 68 inHg ) , just below Category 5 status . At the time of peak intensity , a Hurricane Hunter mission into the storm recorded flight @-@ level winds up to 168 mph ( 270 km / h ) while dropsondes measured surface winds up to 175 mph ( 280 km / h ) . One of the readings from a dropsonde , that was disregarded , recorded winds of 191 mph ( 307 km / h ) in the lower @-@ levels of the eyewall . This reading was disregarded by the hurricane hunters as it seemed too high and not representative of the actual intensity of Georges . The Hurricane Hunters also noted a large increase in the radius of tropical storm @-@ force winds , prompting the issuance of tropical storm warnings in the Lesser Antilles . Around the time of peak intensity , the eye of Georges was roughly 35 mi ( 55 km ) in diameter .
Shortly after attaining peak intensity on September 20 , Georges began to weaken , as upper @-@ level vertical wind shear caused the eye to become cloud @-@ filled and was no longer visible on satellite imagery . Convection associated with the storm also became less symmetric in nature . In spite of these factors , Georges remained a major hurricane through September 21 . Continued weakening took place as the shear restricted a portion of the hurricane 's outflow . At 0430 UTC on September 21 , Georges made its initial landfall on Antigua with winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) . Several hours later , the storm passed directly over St. Kitts . Shortly after passing over the island , the storm weakened to Category 2 status and winds decreased to 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) .
= = Caribbean islands = =
As the storm approached Puerto Rico late on September 21 , the wind shear began to relent , allowing Georges to re @-@ organize ; however , its outflow was unable to fully redevelop due to its proximity to land . Around 2200 UTC , the storm reattained Category 3 intensity and made landfall in Puerto Rico with winds of 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) before weakening again . Hours later , the storm entered the Mona Passage and began to once again reorganize . As Georges approached the Dominican Republic , it unexpectedly developed a well @-@ defined eye and began to intensify , attaining winds of 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) ; satellite imagery suggested that Georges re @-@ attained Category 4 intensity . It made landfall on the Dominican Republic at 1230 UTC on September 22 as a Category 3 hurricane .
Hispaniola 's mountainous terrain was a large factor in the expected weakening of the storm ; however , by six hours after landfall , the storm 's eye maintained its structure , outflow remained strong , and banding features were still organized . By September 23 , however , the center became ill @-@ defined and Hurricane Hunters were unable to fly into the storm until it moved back over water . The hurricane 's core was severely disrupted by the 10 @,@ 000 ft ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) mountains of Hispaniola . Although Georges was exceptionally disorganized , it retained minimal hurricane intensity throughout its passage of the island .
Later on September 23 , the storm entered the Windward Passage , maintaining a broad circulation with well @-@ defined banding and an eye @-@ like feature . Little change occurred during the day ; the storm made its fifth landfall near Guantanamo Bay , Cuba with winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) . The storm began to take a more northwesterly track in response to a mid- to upper @-@ level high pressure area to the northeast and a mid- to upper @-@ level low over the Yucatán Peninsula . Throughout its passage across Cuba , Georges maintained a well @-@ defined outflow pattern despite having an ill @-@ defined center . By September 24 , the storm moved over water north of Cuba , and the eyewall quickly began to redevelop .
= = Gulf of Mexico and dissipation = =
As the hurricane neared the Florida Keys on September 25 , its eye reformed and became more pronounced on satellite imagery . The reorganization led to an increase in intensity , and at about 1530 UTC , Georges made landfall near Key West with winds of 105 mph ( 160 km / h ) . The hurricane 's forward motion shifted to west @-@ northwest , and forecast models indicated that Georges would re @-@ attain Category 3 status before making landfall along the northern Gulf Coast . The slow motion of the storm led to an erratic track , mainly caused by westward wobbles of the eye . Vertical wind shear was estimated at up to 35 mph ( 55 km / h ) , restricting outflow within the hurricane and confining the most intense convection to the eastern side of the circulation .
Between September 26 and 27 , the storm continued to slow while turning northwestward . Its wind field became asymmetric during the afternoon of September 26 , with hurricane @-@ force winds present only in the eastern side . Later in the day , winds around the center increased to 110 mph ( 175 km / h ) , just short of major hurricane status . The possibility of rapid intensification at the time was low .
The central barometric pressure continued to decrease through September 28 , bottoming out at 961 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 39 inHg ) . By that time , the storm had become visible on New Orleans , Louisiana , radar imagery , which depicted an incomplete eyewall . The storm continued to slow as it neared its final landfall , and winds around the eyewall slightly decreased . Around 1130 UTC , Georges made landfall near Biloxi , Mississippi with winds of 105 mph ( 160 km / h ) . Several hours after moving ashore , Georges weakened to Category 1 status and became quasi @-@ stationary . The storm 's slow movement led to extreme amounts of rainfall throughout the southeastern United States , peaking at 38 @.@ 46 in ( 977 mm ) in Munson , Florida .
By September 29 , Georges had weakened to a tropical storm and completed a small clockwise loop over southern Mississippi . Subsequently , the storm began tracking west @-@ northwestward at a faster pace . Around 1200 UTC , Georges weakened to a tropical depression , and the NHC issued their final advisory on the system . At this time , the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center ( HPC ) initiated public advisories . The depression maintained a well @-@ defined circulation as it tracked close to the Gulf of Mexico ; however , the center of circulation remained inland . Large quantities of tropical moisture fed the storm , allowing it to produce torrential rainfall . By September 30 , the low @-@ level circulation began to detach from the upper @-@ level circulation . The HPC issued their final advisory on the depression early on October 1 as it neared the Atlantic Ocean , and it fully dissipated several hours later .
|
= Cyclone Jokwe =
Cyclone Jokwe of March 2008 was the first tropical cyclone to make landfall in Mozambique since Cyclone Favio struck in the previous year . The tenth named storm of the 2007 – 08 South @-@ West Indian Ocean cyclone season , Jokwe was first classified as a tropical depression on March 2 over the open Southwest Indian Ocean . It tracked west @-@ southwest , crossing northern Madagascar as a tropical storm on March 5 before intensifying into a tropical cyclone on March 6 . Jokwe rapidly intensified to reach peak winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) , before weakening slightly and striking Nampula Province in northeastern Mozambique . It quickly weakened while paralleling the coastline , though the storm restrengthened as it turned southward in the Mozambique Channel . Late in its duration , it remained nearly stationary for several days , and steadily weakened due to wind shear before dissipating on March 16 .
The storm caused minor damage in northern Madagascar . In Mozambique , the cyclone affected 200 @,@ 000 people , and left at least sixteen fatalities . Cyclone Jokwe destroyed over 9 @,@ 000 houses and damaged over 3 @,@ 000 more , with the heaviest damage in Angoche and the Island of Mozambique in Nampula Province . The storm also caused widespread power outages and crop damages . The name Jokwe was submitted to the World Meteorological Organization by Botswana .
= = Meteorological history = =
In the beginning of the month , an area of convection persisted in association with a broad low @-@ level circulation about 565 km ( 350 mi ) west @-@ southwest of Diego Garcia . The disturbance tracked west @-@ southwestward , and on March 2 the Météo @-@ France ( MFR ) declared it as a weak depression . Initially in an area of moderate wind shear , the system at first failed to maintain deep convection . Early on March 4 , convection increased and organized around the center of circulation , and the MFR classified it as Tropical Depression Twelve , about 270 km ( 170 mi ) southwest of the Agaléga Islands . Initially the MFR forecast that the depression would intensify further before striking Madagascar .
The cyclone tracked generally westward along the northern periphery of a ridge . The circulation became better defined , though convection was displaced to the west of the center due to persistent wind shear . Intensification was favored , though , due to warm water temperatures and good outflow . Early on March 5 , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) classified the system as Tropical Cyclone 22S . Shortly thereafter , the MFR upgraded the depression to Moderate Tropical Storm Jokwe about 675 km ( 420 mi ) southwest of the Agalega Islands , or about 230 km ( 140 mi ) northeast of the northern tip of Madagascar . At first , the storm was smaller than usual , with gale force winds extending 37 km ( 23 mi ) from the center . Jokwe turned to the west @-@ southwest in response to the development of a trough of low pressure in the Mozambique Channel , and late on March 5 the storm crossed over northern Madagascar . The low @-@ level circulation became disorganized due to land interaction , though its mid and upper @-@ level circulation remained well @-@ organized . Subsequently , the storm encountered more favorable conditions , and an eye developed ; Jokwe underwent rapid deepening and intensified to tropical cyclone status , or the equivalence of a minimal hurricane , midday on March 6 off the northwest coast of Madagascar .
Shortly after attaining tropical cyclone status , Jokwe began weakening as its eye disappeared , and it weakened to tropical storm status . The weakening trend was short @-@ lived , and after turning westward the storm re @-@ developed a 13 km ( 8 mi ) eye . Jokwe again underwent rapid intensification as it approached the coast of Mozambique , becoming an intense " midget cyclone " with winds of 175 km / h ( 110 mph ) late on March 7 ; the MFR explained its rapid intensity changes due to its small size . Excellent upper @-@ level outflow and warm waters contributed to the intensification . At 0000 UTC on March 8 , Jokwe attained peak winds of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) about 75 km ( 45 mi ) east of the Island of Mozambique in Nampula Province ; at the same time , its gusts reached about 275 km / h ( 170 mph ) . It weakened slightly while paralleling the coastline just offshore , and at 1015 UTC Jokwe made landfall between the Island of Mozambique and Angoche .
Cyclone Jokwe remained over land for about 18 hours before emerging into the Mozambique Channel , weakening quickly to tropical storm status . Upon reaching open waters , convection increased over the center , and late on March 9 Jokwe re @-@ intensified to a tropical cyclone as an eye reappeared on satellite imagery . The cyclone turned to the south @-@ southeast , around the periphery of a ridge to its east . An upper @-@ level low to its south produced good outflow which , in combination with warm waters , allowed Jokwe to re @-@ intensify . Late on March 10 , the storm passed about 35 km ( 21 mi ) east of Europa Island , and shortly thereafter the MFR upgraded Jokwe to intense tropical cyclone status with winds of 170 km / h ( 105 mph ) . Subsequently , an increase in wind shear caused a steady weakening trend , and by March 12 Jokwe weakened to tropical storm status as its center became partially exposed from the deep convection ; at the same time , the storm turned to the southwest .
Later on March 12 , thunderstorms reformed over the center , as its movement became nearly stationary due to a ridge to its south and northwest . Early on March 13 , it began a steady movement to the northwest , and its organization increased with an eye re @-@ appearing ; after briefly re @-@ attaining tropical cyclone status , Jokwe again weakened to tropical storm status due to persistent wind shear . Convection continued to diminish , and on March 14 Jokwe weakened to tropical depression status as the center became almost fully exposed . Early on March 15 , the MFR issued its last advisory on the system . The remnants accelerated southeastward and dissipated on March 16 to the southwest of Madagascar .
= = Impact = =
Crossing northern Madagascar as a tropical storm , Jokwe damaged or destroyed 44 buildings in Nosy Be , leaving 400 homeless . Satellite @-@ based rainfall estimates reached over 200 mm ( 8 inches ) in northwestern Madagascar .
On March 7 , the National Emergency Operational Centre of Mozambique warned for coastal residents in Nampula and Zambezia provinces to be on alert . A day later , the agency issued a Red Alert for northern Nampula Province , advising potentially affected residents to seek shelter . Subsequently , the alert was extended southwestward along the coastline . Strong winds and heavy rains from the storm left the island of Mozambique without power , as well as water . There winds knocked down several poorly constructed houses , and also destroyed the roofs of two schools . Satellite @-@ based rainfall estimates reached over 300 mm ( 12 inches ) in northwestern Madagascar . Across Nampula Province , heavy agricultural damage was reported ; a total of 508 animals on farms were killed , and about 2 million cashew trees were destroyed . Widespread power outages were reported , with 75 % of power transmission lines damaged or destroyed . The cyclone destroyed at least 200 boats and the roofs of at least 80 schools . The storm destroyed a bridge across the Mogincual River , which left the town of Namige isolated . Across Nampula Province , Jokwe destroyed 9 @,@ 316 houses and damaged 3 @,@ 220 more , most of which in Angoche . In Pebane District in neighboring Zambezia Province , the cyclone destroyed nine houses . Rainfall was reported throughout the province , though damage was not as heavy due to lack of strong winds . Throughout Mozambique , the cyclone affected 200 @,@ 000 people , with a total of 55 @,@ 000 people left homeless . Ten people were killed in Nampula Province , and six more were killed in coastal districts of Zambezia Province .
On March 10 , a station on Europa Island in the Mozambique Channel reported a pressure of 985 @.@ 5 mbar .
= = Aftermath = =
Shortly after the cyclone moved ashore along Mozambique , officials distributed tents and food to the affected citizens . The government activated the National Civil Protection Unit to clear fallen trees from roadways , as well as assist in rebuilding damaged or destroyed homes . A few days after the storm , the Mozambique Red Cross began delivering mosquito nets , blankets , plastic buckets , and sleeping mats . The government of Nampula estimated it would require $ 8 million ( USD ) to repair storm damage in the province .
Two weeks after the storm , the World Food Programme announced it would provide food for 60 @,@ 000 people in the impacted areas of Mozambique . On March 27 , the government of Portugal donated $ 700 @,@ 000 ( USD ) to the Mozambique National Disasters Management Institute ; over half of the total was aid for flood victims affected by Jokwe and flooding earlier in the year .
|
= Sprang =
Sprang is an ancient method of constructing fabric that has a natural elasticity . Its appearance is similar to netting , but unlike netting sprang is constructed entirely from warp threads . Archaeological evidence indicates that sprang predates knitting ; the two needlework forms bear a visible resemblance and serve similar functions but require different production techniques .
Although examples of sprang have been unearthed from as early as the bronze age , sprang was almost entirely undocumented in written records until the late nineteenth century when archaeological finds generated interest in Europe . Museum examples of sprang had been misidentified as knitting or lace until discoveries of ancient examples prompted reexamination of newer pieces . Subsequently , sprang has been identified in a variety of cultures and traditions across several continents . Its practice as a folk art waned during the twentieth century and sprang traditions have disappeared in most locales . Knitting has largely supplanted sprang .
= = Technique = =
In principle , sprang may be regarded as a practical application of the fiber manipulation techniques used in the children 's game known as cat 's cradle . Sprang is made by preparing a set of warp threads either on a rectangular frame or between a pair of beams . The craftsperson then generates a fabric by interlinking the warp threads . Unlike most textile production techniques that add new rows at the end of completed rows , sprang works upon the center of a group of fibers and the material grows inward from both ends with symmetrical top and bottom halves . The craftsperson must maintain control of the center area or the structure unravels : most sprang worked upon has too many fibers to keep in hand , so rods or sticks maintain the appropriate fiber positions . The fiber manipulation itself is done by the craftsperson 's fingers . Decorative patterns may be generated by regular variations in the fiber crossings . As crossings accumulate the craftsperson beats the material flat with a stick . Work continues with the material growing from both edges toward the middle until the center band becomes too tight to continue work . The completed fabric is either separated into two identical items or permanently secured at the middle to stabilize the contrary twists . In traditions where two halves of sprang are not severed by cutting , this center seam is a telltale sign of sprang manufacture .
= = History and uses = =
The English word sprang is of Swedish origin . It may have spread southward toward the Mediterranean during the iron age or possibly the late bronze age . The earliest surviving example of sprang is a hair net , c . 1400 B.C. , that was recovered from a bog in Denmark . Most archaeological finds of sprang fabric come from the later classical era and early Dark Ages : locations include Norway ( third to fifth centuries A.D. ) , Switzerland , Egypt ( possibly twenty @-@ second dynasty , also early Coptic ) , and various Roman sites . Use of sprang has also been conjectured from archaeological recoveries of ancient looms and from depictions in period artwork .
Sprang is also an indigenous needlework technique among the peoples of South America , with the earliest known examples dating from before 900 A.D. among the Paracas culture and Nazca culture in present @-@ day Peru . Sprang has also been noted in the Middle East , Central Asia , the Indian Subcontinent , and North America . Indigenous North American sprang includes woolen scarves by the Ho @-@ Chunk of Wisconsin , and Hopi wedding sashes . The natural elasticity of sprang makes it suitable for stockings , hair nets , sleeves , bags , scarves , and other purposes where pliant material is required . Most sprang needlework is utilitarian and hence was overlooked by scholars until late in its history , according to needlework historian Catherine Amoroso Leslie .
In fact , it was not until the nineteenth century and the discovery of sprang at archaeological sites that it was recognized as a separate and distinct form of needlework . Many museum objects that were wrongly classified as knitting or lace have now been correctly identified as sprang .
Following nearly simultaneous archaeological finds in Denmark and Egypt during the 1870s , an example of Coptic sprang brought to Austria in 1882 inspired the management of a factory near Vienna to manufacture sprang hammocks . The Paris World 's Fair of 1889 included an exhibit that duplicated ancient sprang , which led to renewed interest in the technique . Traditionally , cultures that practiced sprang had not produced written records of its manufacture or use . Shortly after the Paris exhibition , living traditions of sprang began to be documented . During the 1890s Ukrainian villagers were identified as practicing sprang in the manufacture of women 's caps . Soon afterward , local sprang production for various garments was also documented in parts of Eastern Europe and in Denmark . Local European traditions generally endured until the mid @-@ twentieth century . Sprang is , however , largely a historical technique that has been supplanted for most purposes by the later invention of knitting , whose earliest known example dates from the third century A.D.
During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries a military fashion of decorative sprang sashes in silk known as faja in Spain gained international popularity among generals as a distinguishing ornament of rank . The fashion spread to northern Europe and to North America . George Washington wore a sash made of red silk sprang around the year 1779 .
= = Contemporary sprang = =
In a study of folk textiles of Anatolia , Greece , Linda Welters identifies the zonari as a long fringed belt constructed of sprang . The zonari is a rounded material of indeterminate length around 2 or 3 meters long and is wrapped multiple times when worn . From interviews conducted during the 1980s , Welters found that the technique was practiced by elderly women and regarded as a specialized skill which they worked on pairs of beams . Their vocabulary had no special term to correspond with sprang , so they referred to it with descriptive phrases such as knitting with sticks , plaiting , and weaving without passing through . The zonari are made from sheep 's wool hand spun with a drop spindle and dyed red , blue , or black depending on local custom . Zonari belts are a custom in much of Argolida and Corinthia where they are traditional dowry items worn by women from marriage onward and associated with fertility and donned on ritual occasions . Welters observes that these were mostly owned and worn by older women .
The sprang technique also survives as a traditional method for making hammocks in Guatemala , Mexico , and Colombia , and also in Colombia for making a shopping bag known as mechita . The work in these locations is generally performed on a backstrap loom . Handmade Mesoamerican sprang hammocks continue to be produced for export to a variety of international markets . Additionally , sprang remains in use for making silk trouser drawstrings for male and female attire in Punjab in India & Pakistan . There village women still use the technique to create colourful check / stipped / zigzag designs that have been handed down the generations . They finish the ends of the work using a weaving technique to make a hard 2inch 'harar ' with bunched twisted threads & knot . These sprang drawstrings are also used for the ' ghugrai ' [ full long skirts worn traditionally by Punjabi women : -it has been fashionable at times to have the drawstring ends on show , hanging with the ' harar ' having colourful pom @-@ poms or jewellery added on . The sprang technique is also used to make the black ' doria ' traditionally plaited into women 's hair- they also have a colourful ' harar 'ending fixed at the end.These can be found on sale in Punjab even now . Hairnets , baby cradles , hanging baskets for fruit were also made . In attempts to retain traditional Punjabi culture , there are cultural craft centres in and around Jullunder where sprang technique is one of several old textile arts being passed on to young craftspeople . Contemporary art textiles sometimes employ sprang in wall hangings .
|
= I Dream of Jesus =
" I Dream of Jesus " is the second episode of the seventh season of Family Guy . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on October 5 , 2008 . In the episode , Peter finds Jesus Christ ( voiced by Alec Sulkin ) working at a record shop , and convinces Jesus to make his second coming .
Directed by Mike Kim and written by Brian Scully , the title of the episode refers to the television series I Dream of Jeannie . The episode makes a prominent use of the song " Surfin ' Bird " by The Trashmen . The episode guest starred Chris Cox , Ike Barinholtz , Amanda MacDonald , Niecy Nash , Sulkin and Paris and Perez Hilton . The episode received divided reviews from critics , with the more negative reviews going to the portrayal of Jesus , while the positive reviews went to the " Surfing Bird " plot . According to Nielsen Media Research , " I Dream of Jesus " was Fox 's most @-@ watched program the evening it first aired , with 8 @.@ 4 million views . Seth MacFarlane was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice @-@ Over Performance and an Annie Award for his role as Peter Griffin in this episode . This was one of three episodes ( along with " Road to Germany " and " Family Gay " ) submitted the year Family Guy was nominated for the " Outstanding Comedy Series " .
= = Plot = =
The family goes to Nifty Fifties Diner , a 1950s @-@ themed restaurant , and they see waiters dressed up as celebrities from the 1950s , including James Dean , Marilyn Monroe and Elvis Presley . Peter obtains a record of his favorite song , The Trashmen 's " Surfin ' Bird " from the restaurant ( which was about to be thrown away because it was released in 1963 ) . Peter repeats the song over and over on the way home in bed and even when waking up Lois , annoying his family . However the final straw of the family 's hatred of Surfin ' Bird is when Peter spends over $ 6 @,@ 000 of the family fortune to buy himself a two @-@ minute clip on TV saying that " I dream of an America where everybody knows that the bird is the word " and singing the song again .
Stewie and Brian steal the record while Peter is asleep one night and destroy it . In a fit of rage , Peter accuses the others , saying they had a motive as he changed his will and left everything to the record . Oblivious to the fact that Lois , Chris and Meg have evidence to prove they did not take it he accuses them of conspiring to destroy his record , and suspects his kids for possible motives . He then furiously goes to the town 's only record shop the next morning to buy another copy , but it turns out the stores had already been visited by " a dog " and " a baby " ( Brian and Stewie ) who bought all the copies . Peter is frustrated , but gets distracted as he recognizes the record sales clerk to be Jesus Christ .
Jesus reveals he goes to Earth every 100 years or so to check on the world , and since his father had become highly irritable after giving up smoking , he needed some time away . He and Peter become friends , and Peter invites him to dinner , along with Brian . Brian asks Jesus for proof he is Jesus Christ , so Jesus proves he is , by turning everyone 's dinner into sundaes and , on Peter 's request , makes Lois ' breasts enlarge to massive proportions . Peter convinces him to make his second coming public . Jesus walks on water to retrieve a dollar bill that blew out of Peter 's hand . Consequently , he becomes famous and makes celebrity appearances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and the MTV Movie Awards . He begins to neglect his friendship with Peter , due to him now being popular . The next day , Peter watches the news , where Tom Tucker reports that Jesus was found in Mary @-@ Kate Olsen 's apartment that morning face down and unconscious . Tom reports that police have revived and arrested the disoriented Jesus , who quoted " Jews are responsible for all the world 's wars " . Jesus is arrested for his illegal prank and is sent to jail . Peter is asked by Jesus to bail him out . Now in disrepute , Jesus decides that maybe he was not mature enough to return to the world yet and bids farewell to the family . Before he leaves this world , Jesus gives Peter a present , another record of " Surfin ' Bird " , and it ends with Stewie and Brian groaning in genuine rage when Peter begins annoying his family with the song again .
Surfin ' Bird then plays as the credits roll .
= = Production = =
The episode was written by one of this season 's co @-@ executive producers Brian Scully , on his first writing job for the show . It was directed by Mike Kim , who had been with the show since its fifth season when he directed the episode " Stewie Loves Lois " . Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdum served as supervising directors for the episode . The episode 's music was composed by Walter Murphy . Actors Chris Cox , Ike Barinholtz , Amanda MacDonald , Niecy Nash , Paris Hilton and Perez Hilton guest starred . Recurring voice actors for the show , including Patrick Warburton , Adam West , Johnny Brennan , writer Alec Sulkin , writer John Viener , writer Kirker Butler , co @-@ executive producer Steve Callaghan , co @-@ executive producer Mark Hentemann and executive producer Danny Smith also made minor appearances .
" I Dream of Jesus " , along with the first eight episodes of the seventh season were released on DVD by 20th Century Fox in the United States and Canada on June 16 , 2009 , one month after it had completed broadcast on television . The " Volume 7 " DVD release features bonus material including deleted scenes , animatics , and commentaries for every episode .
= = Cultural references = =
The episode 's name is a play of the title of the NBC sitcom , I Dream of Jeannie . The scene in which Stewie and Brian destroy the record is nearly identical to a scene in the movie Office Space in which the characters destroy a printer , including use of the same song . Peter makes Jesus admit that he is the messiah by threatening to urinate over albums of Christian artist Amy Grant . Peter attempts to top Jesus ' story about his crucifixion during a dinner conversation with a story about how he and his friends " got wrecked on Southern Comfort " before going to see The Chronicles of Riddick . George W. Bush explains to the American people that going to war was correct because he answers to Jesus Christ , then Peter and Jesus interrupt him to disagree with him like in Woody Allen 's Annie Hall . Jesus is invited to the Tonight Show , hosted by Jay Leno .
Jesus assists the MTV Movie Awards , which is being hosted by Dane Cook , to present an award alongside The Pussycat Dolls . Jesus is found in Mary @-@ Kate Olsen 's apartment . While at the MTV Movie Awards , Jesus says " I used to hang around with only one whore " . When Jesus is arrested , he rants saying that " Jews are responsible for all the world 's wars " , a reference to a similar outburst during Mel Gibson 's DUI arrest . Lindsay Lohan is lampooned in the episode . In the record store Peter meets Jesus , some of the posters featured on the wall include the cover artwork for Pink Floyd 's The Dark Side of the Moon , Nirvana 's In Utero and R.E.M. ' s Automatic for the People .
= = Reception = =
According to Nielsen ratings , " I Dream of Jesus " was the most @-@ watched program on Fox the night it originally aired . It was watched by 8 @.@ 4 million viewers , and earned a 4 @.@ 3 / 10 ratings share in the 18 – 49 demographic . Richard Keller of TV Squad praised the " Surfing Bird " and Office Space parody segments . Ahsan Haque of IGN rated the episode a 7 / 10 , claiming the episode had entertaining moments , but was not one of the show 's strongest efforts . Haque wrote , " Jesus on Family Guy should have been a big deal and featured far more laughs than it did . " Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club praised the " Surfin Bird " plot , but stated that the Jesus story was abrupt , adding , " There was a lot of ground Family Guy didn 't tread that they wanted to " . L. Brent Bozell III of the Parents Television Council , a common critic of the show , took offense at this episode 's portrayal of Jesus . Bozell said " this lying , slacker Jesus is even dumber than Peter , the greatest idiot on animated television today . "
Seth MacFarlane was nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice @-@ Over Performance for his role as Peter Griffin in this episode , MacFarlane was also nominated for an Annie Award for Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production or Short Form for his work in I Dream of Jesus but lost to Ahmed Best for his role as Jar Jar Binks in Robot Chicken : Star Wars Episode II . According to Seth MacFarlane , " I Dream of Jesus " was one of three episodes ( along with " Road to Germany " and " Family Gay " ) submitted for consideration for " Outstanding Comedy Series " in the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards in 2009 . He explained , " We picked three of our edgier shows as a choice . We figured if we are going to be damned , let 's be damned for what we really are . " The series was ultimately nominated for the award , the first time an animated series was nominated for the same category since the ABC sitcom The Flintstones in 1961 .
|
= William de Braose , 3rd Lord of Bramber =
William de Braose , 3rd Lord of Bramber ( fl . 1135 – 1179 ) was a 12th @-@ century Marcher lord who secured a foundation for the dominant position later held by the Braose family in the Welsh Marches . In addition to the family 's English holdings in Sussex and Devon , William had inherited Radnor and Builth , in Wales , from his father Philip . By his marriage he increased the Braose Welsh holdings to include Brecon and Abergavenny .
William remained loyal to King Stephen during the 12th @-@ century period of civil war . He became a trusted royal servant during the subsequent reign of Henry II , accompanying the king on campaigns in France and Ireland . He served as sheriff of Herefordshire from 1173 until 1175 . The family 's power reached its peak under his son William during the reigns of King Richard I and King John .
= = Lands and family = =
William was the eldest son of Philip de Braose , lord of Bramber . His mother was Aenor , daughter of Juhel of Totnes . He was the third in the line of the Anglo @-@ Norman Braose family founded by his grandfather , the first William de Braose . After his father died in the 1130s William inherited lordships , land and castles in Sussex , with his caput at Bramber . He also held Totnes in Devon and Radnor and Builth in the Welsh Marches . He confirmed the grants of his father and grandfather to the abbey of St Florent in Anjou and made further grants to the abbey 's dependent priory at Sele in Sussex . In about 1155 , he also inherited through his mother 's family one half of the honour of Barnstaple in Devon , paying a fee of 1000 marks for the privilege . William became an internationally recognised figure . When Archbishop Theobald of Canterbury was asked by Pope Adrian IV to inquire into the background of a certain Walter , canon of St Ruf , his reply , dated to 1154 / 9 read :
The facts which you demand need but little enquiry ; for they shine so brightly in themselves that they cannot be hid ; so great is the brilliance of his noble birth and the glory of all his kin . For Walter , as we know for a fact , was the son of a distinguished knight and born of a noble mother in lawful wedlock , and he is closely related by blood to the noble William de Braose .
William had married Bertha , daughter of Miles of Gloucester and Sibyl de Neufmarché , by 1150 . When each of Bertha 's four brothers died leaving no issue , William 's marriage became unexpectedly valuable . He gained control of the lordships of Brecon and Abergavenny after 1166 when the last brother died . These additional land holdings greatly expanded the territorial power and income of the Braose family . They now held a vast block of territory in the Welsh Marches as well as their extensive interests in Sussex and Devon . William 's daughters were able to make good marriages , notably Sibyl to William de Ferrers , Earl of Derby . Maud was married to John de Brompton of Shropshire . William 's son and heir , another William de Braose , became a major player in national politics under King John .
= = Royal service = =
Empress Maud , the only legitimate living child of Henry I , landed in England in 1139 in an attempt to press her claim to the monarchy . She was soon besieged by King Stephen 's forces at Arundel castle . Stephen allowed Maud a safe conduct to Bristol and provided her with an escort , which included William de Braose , suggesting that he was an adherent of King Stephen . William was present as a witness when three charters were issued by Stephen at Lewes dated to the years 1148 – 53 , therefore it appears that he remained loyal to the king until the Treaty of Wallingford ended the hostilities .
William was in Sussex in 1153 , but he followed Duke Henry , soon to become King Henry II , to Normandy in 1154 . William was frequently with the new king . He was one of the military leaders who supported Henry at Rhuddlan in 1157 . He witnessed one of the king 's charters at Romsey in 1158 , and he is recorded at the king 's court in Wiltshire in 1164 when the Constitutions of Clarendon were enacted . He accompanied the king on expedition to France , witnessing at Leons in 1161 and Chinon in 1162 . William is also documented on the Irish campaign at Dublin in 1171 and Wexford 1172 . William 's younger brother , Philip , also accompanied the king to Ireland , and remained with the garrison at Wexford . In 1177 Philip was granted the kingdom of Limerick by Henry but failed to take possession after the citizens set fire to the town .
When Henry was facing war with his sons in 1173 , William was appointed as sheriff of Herefordshire at Easter . He maintained the King 's interests in Herefordshire until 1175 .
= = Later life and death = =
King Henry withdrew his favour from the family after William 's son organised the murder of Seisyll ap Dyfnwal and other Welsh princes at Abergavenny in 1176 . There is little subsequent record of William in public life , and it is likely that he retired to his estates in Sussex . William died after 1179 and was succeeded by his son , William de Braose , 4th Lord of Bramber , who gained the favour of both King Richard I and King John and became a dominant force in the Welsh Marches during their reigns .
|
= Ontario Highway 148 =
King 's Highway 148 , commonly referred to as Highway 148 , is a provincially maintained highway in Ontario , Canada . The highway acts as an extension of Route 148 in Quebec , once connecting it with Highway 17 , the Trans @-@ Canada Highway , near Pembroke . It was shortened to its present terminus in 1997 , and now connects downtown Pembroke to the provincial border . Highway 148 follows a route that was once part of Highway 17 and Highway 62 until the Pembroke Bypass opened in 1982 .
The 7 @.@ 0 @-@ kilometre ( 4 @.@ 3 mi ) route of Highway 148 takes it along the Ontario shoreline of the Ottawa River from the outskirts of Pembroke to the opposite shore as L 'Isle @-@ aux @-@ Allumettes , where it crosses the river into Quebec . The section of the highway within Pembroke is locally maintained under a Connecting Link agreement .
= = Route description = =
Highway 148 connects Pembroke to the Quebec border at L 'Isle @-@ aux @-@ Allumettes , a distance of 5 km ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) . It originally connected to Highway 17 west of Pembroke , and was 15 @.@ 1 km ( 9 @.@ 4 mi ) long . However , its length was truncated on April 1 , 1997 when the province downloaded responsibility for the portion from Highway 17 to Boundary Street . At that time , the connecting link status of Highway 148 through Pembroke itself was revised , and the current signed terminus of the highway is now Mackay Street , which was formerly Highway 41 . Approximately 11 @,@ 400 vehicles drive along Highway 148 on an average day , with just under half that many crossing from or into Quebec .
Provincial control of Highway 148 begins at the Pembroke boundary , approximately 60 m ( 200 ft ) northwest of Angus Campbell Drive . From there , the route travels southeast through the urban @-@ rural fringe of the city , passing east of two large shopping complexes . After passing west of the community of Pleasant View , the route enters a rural area and curves south alongside farmland .
At a four @-@ way stop with channelized right turn lanes , drivers must turn to remain on the highway . To the south is Renfrew County Road 40 , which continues to Highway 17 at the southern end of the Pembroke Bypass . Highway 148 continues east , crossing the Ottawa Valley Railway and the entrance to Hazley Bay before entering the community of Cotnam Island . The highway curves northeast and crosses the Ottawa River , entering Quebec midspan .
= = History = =
Highway 148 follows the route of what was the northernmost section of Highway 62 , prior to the opening of the Pembroke Bypass . Highway 17 was also signed concurrently with Highway 62 between Round Lake Road and Renfrew County Road 40 , as it followed the Ottawa River in the Pembroke area at that time . On September 10 , 1982 , the Pembroke Bypass was ceremoniously opened to traffic , diverting Highway 17 to the west . In the process , Highway 62 was truncated at the new bypass ; the removed section was redesignated Highway 148 , giving it the same number as the route in Quebec that it served to connect with the Trans @-@ Canada Highway . Highway 148 was 14 @.@ 4 km ( 8 @.@ 9 mi ) long . However , its length was truncated on April 1 , 1997 when the province downloaded responsibility for the portions between Highway 17 and Highway 41 to the Town of Pembroke and County of Renfrew . The Pembroke Connecting Link agreement shares the responsibility for Highway 41 northeast of Highway 17 and for Highway 148 from Highway 41 to Cedar Lane between the province and the town .
= = Major intersections = =
The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 148 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . The entire route is located in Renfrew County .
|
= The Boat Race 1887 =
The 44th Boat Race took place on 26 March 1887 . The Boat Race is an annual side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Umpired by Robert Lewis @-@ Lloyd , Cambridge won the race by two and a half lengths after one of the Oxford crew snapping his oar in half . The winning time for the race was 20 minutes 52 seconds , and Cambridge 's victory took the overall record to 23 – 20 in Oxford 's favour .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . First held in 1829 , the race takes place on the 4 @.@ 2 miles ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities ; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide.Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions having won the previous year 's race by two @-@ thirds of a length , while Oxford held the overall lead , with 23 victories to Cambridge 's 19 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) .
The coaches for Cambridge were Donaldson , Charles William Moore ( who represented Cambridge in the 1881 , 1882 , 1883 and 1884 races ) and Herbert Edward Rhodes ( who rowed in the 1873 , 1874 , 1875 and 1876 races ) . Oxford 's coaches were Tom Cottingham Edwards @-@ Moss ( who rowed for the Dark Blues four times between the 1875 and the 1878 races ) , R. S. Kindersley ( who rowed three times for Oxford between 1880 and 1882 ) and A. R. Paterson ( four @-@ time Blue for Oxford between 1881 and 1884 ) .
The umpire for the race was Robert Lewis @-@ Lloyd ( who had rowed for Cambridge four times between 1856 and 1859 ) .
= = Crews = =
The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 3 @.@ 5 lb ( 77 @.@ 6 kg ) , 4 @.@ 25 pounds ( 1 @.@ 9 kg ) more than their opponents . Oxford initially had just two Blues available to them in the Oxford University Boat Club president F. O. Wethered and Hector McLean , yet the latter 's brother Douglas was persuaded to return for his fifth Boat Race appearance , three weeks before the race following his return from India . Five of Cambridge 's crew had Boat Race experience , including the only non @-@ British participant , Australian Steve Fairbairn in his fourth race .
= = Race = =
The weather for the race was good , as was the tide , but a strong breeze made for some rough water . Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . Making the better start of the two crews , Cambridge were a length ahead by Walden 's Wharf and had extended that by another half @-@ length by the time they passed the Crab Tree pub . Oxford came back into contention and by the time the crews shot Hammersmith Bridge there was " little or no daylight between the boats . " The other side of the bridge the crews hit rough water and as Cambridge had the advantage of shelter on their side of the river , they pulled away quickly to be three lengths clear by Chiswick . As the bend of the river began to favour the Dark Blues , they drew up once again and were almost level by Barnes Bridge when their number seven Douglas McLean broke his oar in two , effectively ending his participation in the race . Cambridge pulled away again and won by two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half lengths in a time of 20 minutes 52 seconds . It was their second consecutive victory and their fastest time since the 1876 race . The win took the overall record to 23 – 20 in Oxford 's favour .
|
= Battle of Labuan =
The Battle of Labuan was an engagement fought between Allied and Japanese forces on the island of Labuan off Borneo during June 1945 . It formed part of the Australian invasion of North Borneo , and was initiated by the Allied forces as part of a plan to capture the Brunei Bay area and develop it into a base to support future offensives .
Following several weeks of air attacks and a short naval bombardment , soldiers of the Australian 24th Brigade were landed on Labuan from American and Australian ships on 10 June . The Australians quickly captured the island 's harbour and main airfield . The greatly outnumbered Japanese garrison was mainly concentrated in a fortified position in the interior of Labuan , and offered little resistance to the landing . The initial Australian attempts to penetrate the Japanese position in the days after the invasion were not successful , and the area was subjected to a heavy bombardment . A Japanese raiding force also attempted to attack Allied positions on 21 June , but was defeated . Later that day , Australian forces assaulted the Japanese position . In the following days , Australian patrols killed or captured the remaining Japanese troops on the island . A total of 389 Japanese personnel were killed on Labuan and 11 were captured . Australian casualties included 34 killed .
After securing the island , the Allied forces developed Labuan into a significant base . The 24th Brigade left from the island to capture the eastern shore of Brunei Bay in late June , and the island 's airfield was repaired and expanded to host Royal Australian Air Force units . While occupying Labuan , the Allies had to reconstruct the island 's infrastructure and provide assistance to thousands of civilians who had been rendered homeless by the pre @-@ invasion bombardment . Following the war , a major Commonwealth War Graves Commission cemetery was established on Labuan .
= = Background = =
Labuan is a small island in the mouth of Brunei Bay with an area of 35 square miles ( 91 km2 ) . Before the Pacific War , it formed part of the British @-@ administered Straits Settlements and had a population of 8 @,@ 960 . The island had a town , Victoria , on its south coast which fronted onto Victoria Harbour , with a population of 8 @,@ 500 and limited port facilities . Aside from a 1 @,@ 500 @-@ yard ( 1 @,@ 400 m ) beach just to the east of Victoria , the coast was ringed by coral .
On 3 January 1942 , Japanese forces captured Labuan unopposed during the Battle of Borneo . The Japanese developed two airfields ( Labuan and Timbalai ) on the island , which were built by labourers who had been conscripted from the Lawas and Terusan regions of mainland Borneo . The island population was also subjected to harsh occupation policies . After Japanese forces suppressed a revolt at the town of Jesselton in late 1943 , which was led by Chinese @-@ ethnic civilians , 131 of the rebels were held on Labuan . Only nine rebels survived to be liberated by Australian forces in 1944 . Until mid @-@ 1944 , few Japanese combat units were stationed in Borneo .
In March 1945 the Australian Army 's I Corps , whose main combat elements were the veteran 7th and 9th Divisions , was assigned responsibility for liberating Borneo . Planning for the offensive was undertaken over the following weeks . While invading the Brunei Bay area did not form part of the initial iteration of the plans , it was added in early April after a proposed landing on Java was cancelled . The main purpose of attacking Brunei Bay was to secure it as a base for the British Pacific Fleet ( BPF ) , and gain control of oil fields and rubber plantations in the area . Labuan was to be developed as an air base and form part of a string of strategic positions which would allow the Allies to control the seas off the Japanese @-@ occupied coast between Singapore and Shanghai .
While the liberation of the Brunei area had been authorised by the United States Joint Chiefs of Staff , it was not supported by the British Chiefs of Staff Committee . The British leadership did not want the BPF to be diverted from the main theatre of operations off Japan and preferred to establish a base for the fleet in the Philippines . In response to a suggestion from the Joint Chiefs of Staff that Brunei Bay could support future operations in south @-@ east Asia , the Chiefs of Staff Committee judged that it would take too long to establish facilities there , especially as Singapore might have been recaptured by the time they were complete .
= = Preparations = =
= = = Allied planning = = =
The plans for the invasion of Borneo evolved considerably during April . Initially , the offensive was to commence on 23 April with the landing of a brigade from the 6th Division on the island of Tarakan , off the east coast of Borneo . The 9th Division would then assault Balikpapan followed by Banjarmasin in south @-@ east Borneo . These positions would be used to support the invasion of Java by the remainder of I Corps . After the attack on Java was cancelled , it was decided to employ two brigades of the 7th Division at Brunei Bay , and I Corps conducted further preparations on this basis . However , on 17 April General Douglas MacArthur 's General Headquarters ( to which I Corps reported ) swapped the roles of the 7th and 9th Divisions . Accordingly , the final plan for the attack against Borneo specified that one of the 9th Division 's brigades would land on Tarakan island on 29 April ( later postponed to 1 May ) , with the remainder of the division to invade the Brunei Bay area on 23 May . The 7th Division was scheduled to assault Balikpapan on 1 July . The Borneo campaign was designated the " Oboe " phase of the Allied offensive through the southern Philippines towards the Netherlands East Indies , and the landings at Tarakan , Brunei Bay and Balikpapan were designated Operations Oboe One , Six and Two respectively .
The 9th Division began to move from Australia to the island of Morotai in the Netherlands East Indies , where the Borneo campaign would be staged , in March 1945 . The division had seen extensive combat in North Africa and New Guinea , and its officers and enlisted men were well trained for amphibious operations and jungle warfare . However , the 9th Division had been out of action since early 1944 , leading to poor morale among its combat units . A large number of support , logistics and Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) units were assigned to the division for the operations at Brunei Bay , taking its strength to over 29 @,@ 000 personnel ( including 1 @,@ 097 in United States and British units ) .
Final preparations for the landings in the Brunei Bay area took place in May 1945 . After shortages of shipping delayed I Corps ' movement from Australia to Morotai , General Headquarters agreed on 8 May to reschedule the operation from 23 May to 10 June . The 9th Division 's staff completed their plans for operations in the Brunei Bay area on 16 May . The 24th Brigade Group was assigned responsibility for capturing Labuan , and the 20th Brigade Group was tasked with securing Brunei and Muara Island . Both brigades were to land simultaneously on the morning of 10 June . The invasion of the Brunei Bay region was to be preceded by attacks on Japanese bases and transport infrastructure across western and northern Borneo by United States and Australian air units , as well as three days of minesweeping operations in the bay itself .
The 24th Brigade Group was commanded by Brigadier Selwyn Porter . His main combat units for operations on Labuan were the 2 / 28th and 2 / 43rd Battalions , the 2 / 11th Commando Squadron and the 2 / 12th Field Regiment . In addition , a squadron from the 2 / 9th Armoured Regiment ( equipped with Matilda II tanks ) , a company of the 2 / 2nd Machine Gun Battalion and a range of engineer , signals and logistics units formed part of the brigade group . A party of 13 officers from the British Borneo Civil Affairs Unit ( BBCAU ) was also attached to the 24th Brigade and were tasked with restoring the colonial government on the island and distributing supplies to its civilian population . The 24th Brigade 's third infantry battalion , the 2 / 32nd Battalion , was assigned to the 9th Division 's reserve force . Porter and the 2 / 28th Battalion 's commander , Lieutenant Colonel Hugh Norman , had a difficult relationship which generated ill @-@ feeling between the two men and their respective headquarters . Porter considered relieving Norman of command before the landing on Labuan in the belief that he was exhausted and not capable of effectively leading his battalion , but decided against doing so after Norman made an emotional appeal to remain in his position .
The plans for the capture of Labuan specified that the 24th Brigade Group 's two infantry battalions were to land simultaneously on the beach near Victoria ( designated Brown Beach ) at 9 : 15 am , with the 2 / 28th Battalion coming ashore on the western side of the beach and the 2 / 43rd to the east . The 2 / 11th Commando Squadron was to be initially held in reserve on board the invasion fleet . The brigade group 's objectives were to secure a beachhead , capture the main airfield ( located north of Victoria and designated " No. 1 Strip " by the Australians ) , destroy the Japanese garrison , and prepare for further operations on the eastern shore of Brunei Bay . Priority was given to rapidly opening the port and airfield so that they could be used to support other operations .
Porter expected that fighting for the main objectives would begin soon after the landing , and decided to begin landing his artillery and heavy mortars with the assault waves of infantrymen , just before the tanks came ashore . The 2 / 28th Battalion was initially assigned responsibility for securing Victoria and Flagstaff Hill to its north , while the 2 / 43rd Battalion was tasked with capturing the airfield . Once these areas were in Australian hands , the 2 / 28th Battalion would secure the western part of the island while the 2 / 11th Commando Squadron captured the western shore of Victoria Harbour . Due to the Australian Army 's manpower shortages , all elements of the 9th Division were under orders to minimise their casualties during the Borneo Campaign and unit commanders would rely heavily upon the available air and artillery support during operations . The Australians estimated that the Japanese garrison on Labuan comprised 650 personnel , made up of 400 airfield troops , 100 naval troops and 150 other lines @-@ of @-@ communications personnel .
= = = Japanese preparations = = =
As the Allies advanced towards Borneo , additional units were dispatched from Japan during the second half of 1944 and the 37th Army was established in September to coordinate the island 's defence . In December 1944 , Japanese staff officers deduced that it was likely that Australian troops would be landed at strategic points on the east and west coasts of Borneo in about March the next year ( by which time they also expected United States forces to have liberated the Philippines ) . Accordingly , several Japanese units stationed in north @-@ east Borneo were ordered to march to the western side of Borneo . This movement proceeded slowly , owing to the distances involved and disruptions caused by Allied air attacks .
By June 1945 around 550 Japanese military personnel were stationed on Labuan . The main unit on the island was the 371st Independent Infantry Battalion ( almost in its entirety , save for one company located elsewhere ) with a strength of around 350 . This battalion formed part of the 56th Independent Mixed Brigade , which had arrived at Tawao in north @-@ east Borneo from Japan in July 1944 with six infantry battalions . During early 1945 the brigade headquarters , 371st Independent Infantry Battalion and three other battalions marched across the island to assume responsibility for defending the Brunei Bay area . Many of the 56th Independent Mixed Brigade 's soldiers fell sick during the march , and all four combat battalions were considerably below their authorised strength by the time they arrived at Brunei Bay . In June 1945 the 371st Independent Infantry Battalion was commanded by Captain Shichiro Okuyama . A detachment of about 50 men from the 111th Airfield Battalion was also on Labuan , along with around 150 men assigned to other small units . In line with Japanese doctrine , the Labuan garrison did not make preparations to contest the Allied landing force as it came ashore . Instead , it constructed defensive positions inland from the island 's beaches . Documents captured by Australian soldiers during the fighting on Labuan indicated that Okuyama had instructions to attempt to withdraw his force from the island if the battle went against him .
= = Battle = =
= = = Pre @-@ invasion operations = = =
Australian and United States air units began their pre @-@ invasion attacks on north Borneo in late May . The first attack on the Brunei Bay area took place on 3 May , and included a raid targeting the town of Victoria on Labuan . A large number of further attacks were conducted to suppress Japanese airfields and other facilities throughout north @-@ western and north @-@ eastern Borneo . The plans for the invasion of Brunei Bay had specified that the landings would be supported by aircraft based at Tarakan , but delays in rebuilding the airfield there rendered this impossible and reduced the scale of the pre @-@ invasion bombardment .
United States Navy minesweepers commenced operations in Brunei Bay on 7 June , and a flotilla of four cruisers and seven destroyers ( including an Australian light cruiser and destroyer ) served as a covering force . The minesweeping operation was successful , though USS Salute struck a mine on 8 June and sank with the loss of four lives . Underwater demolition teams investigated all of the landing beaches on 9 June searching for obstacles which could impede the landing craft . The teams assigned to clear obstacles off Labuan were endangered by an unauthorised attack on the island conducted by a force of American B @-@ 24 Liberator heavy bombers . Following the landings on 10 June , American Thirteenth Air Force aircraft flying from a base on Palawan Island in the Philippines provided close air support for the forces on Labuan until RAAF units based on the island were ready to take over .
The Australian Services Reconnaissance Department ( SRD ) also collected intelligence on Labuan and other parts of the Brunei Bay area during May . On the first of the month several RAAF PBY Catalina aircraft carrying SRD personnel overflew Labuan . These aircraft later landed near two native prahu and questioned their crews ; two sailors were flown back to an Allied base for further questioning . On 15 May two Malays working for the SRD were landed in Brunei Bay by a Catalina , and sailed to Labuan on board a prahu . These agents recruited a local civilian from Labuan , and the party was extracted by a Catalina near the mainland village of Kampong Mengalong on 19 May . The intelligence gained from these operations provided the Australians with a good understanding of Labuan 's geography and infrastructure . In addition , civilians who had been recruited by the SRD 's SEMUT 2 team ( which had been parachuted into Borneo during April ) provided intelligence on the size and movements of Labuan 's garrison force .
During the last days of May the 9th Division embarked at Morotai onto the ships which would transport it to Brunei Bay , and undertook rehearsals for the landing . Due to a shortage of shipping , the available vessels were heavily loaded and many soldiers were forced to endure cramped and hot conditions during the ten days before the landing . Australian official historian Gavin Long later wrote that for many troops these conditions " were as uncomfortable as any of the experiences that followed " during the campaign . The 24th Brigade Group was carried by a variety of landing ships : the two large Australian LSIs HMAS Manoora and Westralia , as well the attack cargo ship USS Titania , LSD USS Carter Hall , ten LSTs , five LCIs and seven LSMs from the United States Navy . A total of 38 small LCVPs and 26 LCMs were also assigned to land the brigade once it arrived off Labuan . Due to the coral reefs surrounding the island , the assault waves landed in LVTs of the US Army 's 727th Amphibious Tractor Battalion . The convoy carrying the 9th Division left Morotai on 4 June and arrived in Brunei Bay before dawn on 10 June . The main body of the convoy anchored off Labuan , and the remainder proceeded to the Brunei area . A Japanese aircraft dropped a bomb near two of the transport ships off Labuan at 6 : 51 am , but caused no damage .
= = = Landing = = =
The landing of the assault troops at Labuan went well . The Allied fleet began bombarding the landing area from 8 : 15 am , and seven Australian B @-@ 24 Liberators dropped anti @-@ personnel bombs in the area behind the intended beachhead . No Japanese forces opposed the two battalions ' assault forces as they came ashore in LVTs , and the landing of later waves of infantry and tanks went smoothly . The 2 / 43rd Battalion rapidly advanced north and captured No. 1 Strip in the evening of 10 June . Some Japanese soldiers attempted to defend the airfield area , and the 2 / 43rd Battalion claimed to have killed 23 Japanese for the loss of four Australians wounded .
A company from the 2 / 28th Battalion captured Victoria shortly after coming ashore , and the battalion first met opposition at Flagstaff Hill at 10 : 45 am . One of the battalion 's companies subsequently captured the hill , while its other companies continued to advance . The 2 / 28th Battalion encountered increasing opposition as the day progressed , particularly to the west of its area of responsibility . During the afternoon of 10 June the battalion engaged Japanese troops in the area west of Flagstaff Hill ( at the junction of Callaghan and MacArthur Roads ) , with the infantrymen being supported by tanks and mortars ; the Australians counted 18 Japanese dead by the end of the day , and suffered several fatalities and men wounded in this fighting . After civilians reported that no Japanese were stationed on the Hamilton peninsula which formed the western side of Victoria Harbour , a troop from the 2 / 11th Commando Squadron was landed in the area during 10 June and secured it without opposition .
During the afternoon of 10 June a group of senior officers , including General Douglas MacArthur , his air commander General George Kenney , and Australians Lieutenant General Morshead and Air Vice Marshal William Bostock ( head of RAAF Command ) , made an inspection tour of the Labuan beachhead . MacArthur insisted on seeing Australian soldiers in action , and the party visited a group of front line infantrymen before departing . The process of unloading supplies from the invasion fleet during 10 June proceeded quickly , and the ships began to depart for Morotai during the afternoon of 11 June .
The 24th Brigade 's goal for 11 June was to secure the airfield area . The 2 / 43rd Battalion patrolled to the north and west of the airfield during the day , meeting only light opposition . In contrast , the 2 / 28th Battalion ( which was tasked with advancing into Labuan 's interior ) encountered entrenched Japanese forces , and it became clear that it was facing the main body of the island 's garrison . Norman manoeuvred his companies to push the Japanese back , but the rate of advance was slow . The airfield engineers of No. 62 Wing RAAF were also landed during 11 June to begin work on returning No. 1 Strip to service ; reconstruction of the airfield began the next day .
On the basis of the fighting on 11 June , Porter judged that the Japanese were withdrawing into a stronghold position located to the north of Victoria and about 1 kilometre ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) to the west of the airfield . On 12 June he directed the two battalions to patrol around the stronghold area . The 2 / 43rd Battalion patrolled the interior of Labuan to the west of No. 1 Strip , but located only a single Japanese position . This position was attacked and destroyed that day by the 2 / 43rd Battalion 's C Company supported by three tanks . The 2 / 28th Battalion sent patrols towards the stronghold area , with a company supported by a tank troop meeting heavy resistance as it pushed westwards along a track towards MacArthur Road . The 2 / 11th Commando Squadron also advanced north , and linked up with elements of the 2 / 43rd Battalion near the centre of Labuan during the late afternoon . The 371st Independent Infantry Battalion 's main radio was destroyed during an air attack on 12 June , cutting the unit off from the 37th Army 's headquarters . As a result of the patrolling , by the end of 12 June the location of the Japanese position was fairly well known to the Australian force . The 24th Brigade 's casualties to this point in the battle were 18 killed and 42 wounded , and the Australians believed that at least 110 Japanese had been killed . The 2 / 32nd Battalion was also landed on Labuan during 12 June , but remained in divisional reserve .
On 13 and 14 June the 24th Brigade Group continued operations aimed at forcing the Japanese garrison into the stronghold — dubbed " the Pocket " by the Australians . The 2 / 43rd Battalion secured the emergency airstrip at Timbalai on Labuan 's west coast on 13 June , and elements of the 2 / 28th Battalion continued to push west into the Pocket along MacArthur Road . A company from the 2 / 28th Battalion made another attack into the Pocket the next day after the 2 / 12th Field Regiment had fired 250 rounds into the area , but was forced to withdraw after being unable to overcome heavy resistance . By the conclusion of 14 June the Australians judged that , aside from the Pocket , the island was now secure . Porter assessed that an attack on this position would need to be made in strength using well @-@ coordinated forces .
Following the landing the BBCAU detachment and 24th Brigade were faced with a significant humanitarian challenge . The Allied air and naval attacks had destroyed almost all of the buildings on Labuan , rendering large numbers of civilians homeless . Within days of the invasion , about 3 @,@ 000 civilians were housed in a compound within the beachhead . The BBCAU party were unable to assist so many civilians , and the 24th Brigade needed to assign soldiers to support them and transport supplies .
= = = Destruction of the Japanese garrison = = =
The Japanese stronghold position was about 1 @,@ 200 yards ( 1 @,@ 100 m ) long from north to south , and 600 yards ( 550 m ) wide . The terrain within this area comprised a series of small jungle @-@ covered ridges , and the position was bordered on the western and southern sides by swamps . The main terrain features within the Pocket were three areas of high ground named Lushington Ridge , Norman Ridge and Lyon Ridge by the Australians . There were only two feasible routes into the area . The first was a track which led south into the position along Lyon Ridge and Norman Ridge ; this was passable by tanks but heavily mined . The other route was a track which ran into the eastern side of the Pocket from MacArthur Road along Lushington Ridge and joined the other track at Norman Ridge . It is likely that around 250 Japanese personnel were initially stationed within the Pocket .
In order to minimise the casualties to his brigade , Porter decided to isolate the Pocket with two infantry companies while a heavy artillery barrage was fired into the area over several days . An attempt to capture the Pocket would only be made once it was judged that the Japanese were no longer capable of resisting effectively . As part of this plan , the 2 / 12th Field Regiment eventually fired 140 tons of shells into the Pocket between 15 and 20 June .
The 2 / 28th Battalion probed into the Pocket on 16 June . The previous day a 2 / 11th Commando Squadron patrol had reported that the track along Lyon Ridge would be passable by tanks if a bomb crater was filled , and on the morning of the 16th A Company from the 2 / 28th Battalion accompanied by a troop of three tanks and a bulldozer began to move south along it . After the bulldozer filled the crater , the force continued along Lyon Ridge but became pinned down by heavy fire from Japanese troops on Eastman Spur to the south @-@ east of the ridge . One of the Australian tanks was damaged . A subsequent attempt by a section from the 2 / 11th Commando Squadron to advance towards Eastman Spur to the east of A Company was also beaten back , with two Australians killed and another wounded . A Company resumed its advance during the afternoon , supported by a new troop of tanks . The three tanks moved ahead of the infantry , and killed eight or ten Japanese personnel , but one was damaged by a bomb and another became bogged . By the end of the day , A Company had suffered five men killed and 23 wounded . Overall , 150 patients were admitted by the 24th Brigade 's attached medical units during 16 June , which stretched their capacity .
Due to the losses his brigade suffered on 16 June , Porter decided to continue the bombardment before undertaking further attacks . On 18 and 19 June the bombardment of the Pocket was intensified when the heavy cruiser HMAS Shropshire fired into the area . Infantrymen supported by tanks conducted another probe into the Pocket on 19 June , and killed 10 Japanese ; three Australians were wounded . On 20 June the 2 / 12th Field Regiment fired a particularly heavy bombardment and six Allied bombers attacked the Pocket . Porter judged that this would be sufficient to suppress the Japanese defenders , and ordered that the Pocket be attacked by two companies from the 2 / 28th Battalion supported by tanks ( including " Frog " flamethrower variants of the Matilda II ) the next day .
In the early hours of 21 June a force of about 50 Japanese troops slipped out of the Pocket and attempted to attack Australian positions on Labuan . Different groups of Japanese troops attacked a prisoner of war enclosure , dock facilities and No. 1 Strip , but all were defeated by Australian and American logistics personnel and engineers . A total of 32 Japanese personnel were killed around Victoria , and another 11 were killed at the airfield . Three Americans and two Australians were killed in these engagements .
The Japanese attack did not delay the Australian assault on the Pocket . At 10 am on 21 June , C Company of the 2 / 28th Battalion began to advance to the west along Lushington Ridge , and D Company moved south from Eastman Spur . D Company was supported by a troop of three conventional Matilda tanks and two Frog flamethrowers . C Company advanced about half of the way into the Pocket before being halted by Norman who was concerned that they might be accidentally attacked by D Company , which was also making good progress . The force built around D Company subsequently completed the occupation of the Pocket , with the flamethrower tanks playing a key role . The Japanese soldiers who had survived the artillery bombardment offered little resistance to the Australian forces . The 24th Brigade assessed that 60 Japanese personnel were killed in the final assault on the Pocket , with 117 being killed by the artillery bombardment which had preceded it .
From 21 June , the 2 / 12th Commando Squadron conducted patrols of the outlying areas of Labuan to clear them of any Japanese forces ; up to this point the squadron had formed part of the 9th Division 's reserve . Each troop of the squadron was assigned a different sector of Labuan , and by mid @-@ July had completed its task . During these patrols the squadron killed 27 Japanese soldiers , mainly as part of repelling a raid on the BBCAU compound on 24 June , and captured a single prisoner . The 2 / 12th Commando Squadron was subsequently directed to undertake topographic work in order to improve the quality of maps of the island . The 24th Brigade 's total combat casualties in its operations on Labuan were 34 killed and 93 wounded . The Australian soldiers counted 389 Japanese dead and took 11 prisoners .
= = Aftermath = =
The process of bringing No. 1 Strip back into service went well . Nos 4 and 5 Airfield Construction Squadrons were assigned the task . A 4 @,@ 000 @-@ by @-@ 100 @-@ foot ( 1 @,@ 220 by 30 m ) unsurfaced temporary runway was constructed at a 5 ° angle to the existing strip . The first RAAF aircraft , two P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks from No. 76 Squadron , landed on the strip on 17 June , and commenced operations from this base the next day . No. 457 Squadron , which was equipped with Spitfires , arrived on 18 June though two of its aircraft crashed on the still @-@ unfinished runway and had to be written off . The units based at the airfield took over responsibility for providing air support for the Army units on Labuan that day , and flew their first close air support sorties over the island on 19 June . No. 86 Wing 's two flying squadrons — No. 1 and No. 93 — also arrived on Labuan in late July , but conducted few operations from this base before the end of the war . The wing had originally been scheduled to move to Labuan in late June , but it took longer than expected to extend No. 1 Strip 's runway to the length needed by No. 1 Squadron 's Mosquito light bombers .
To reconstruct No. 1 's existing runway as an all @-@ weather strip , the bomb craters had to have the water pumped out of them and then be filled in . Sandstone from a quarry on northern Labuan was placed over the clay and sand subbase , and the runway was topped with crushed coral from the west coast of the island , and sealed with bitumen . The 5 @,@ 000 @-@ foot ( 1 @,@ 500 m ) runway had 70 hardstandings for aircraft . With 70 also on the dry weather strip , the air base could accommodate 140 aircraft . The 9th Division 's engineers also undertook a wide range of construction projects on Labuan . These included building 356 @,@ 000 square feet ( 33 @,@ 100 m2 ) of storage , new port facilities , bridges and oil tanks as well as surfacing 29 miles ( 47 km ) of roads . A wharf for Liberty ships was begun on 18 June , allowing the first ship to berth on 10 July . A fuel jetty was in operation by 20 June , and a fuel tank farm with seven 2 @,@ 300 @-@ US @-@ barrel ( 270 @,@ 000 l ; 72 @,@ 000 US gal ; 60 @,@ 000 imp gal ) tanks was completed on 12 July , as was a 600 @-@ bed hospital . Work then began on a 1 @,@ 200 @-@ bed general hospital . The 2 / 4th and 2 / 6th Australian General Hospitals were transferred from Morotai to Labuan during July , though the later unit 's hospital facilities were not completed until 17 September .
Once Labuan was secured , the 24th Brigade was ordered to capture the eastern shore of Brunei Bay . On 16 June , the 2 / 32nd Battalion was transported from Labuan to Padas Bay . The battalion captured the town of Weston the next day . The remainder of the 24th Brigade was transported across the bay during the last week of June , and the force advanced inland to capture the town of Beaufort which was defended by between 800 and 1 @,@ 000 Japanese personnel . Following some heavy fighting , the town was secured on 28 June . The brigade then advanced further inland to Papar in early July . Later that month the 9th Division 's commander , Major General George Wootten , relieved Norman from command over an incident in which he had lost control of the 2 / 28th Battalion during the fighting on Labuan . Following the announcement of the surrender of Japan on 15 August 1945 and the formal ceremony held in Tokyo Bay on 2 September , the commander of the 37th Army , Major General Masao Baba , surrendered to Wootten on 10 September at a ceremony conducted at the 9th Division 's headquarters on Labuan .
After the war , Labuan was one of several locations at which the Australian military conducted trials to prosecute suspected Japanese war criminals . A total of 16 trials were held on the island between 3 December 1945 and 31 January 1946 , during which 128 men were convicted and 17 acquitted . Labuan War Cemetery was also established as the burial place for all of the Commonwealth personnel killed on or near Borneo . It includes 3 @,@ 900 graves , most of which are for prisoners of war who died while being held by the Japanese .
Memorials have also been erected on Labuan to mark its wartime history . These include the Australian Battle Exploit Memorial at Brown Beach , a plaque marking the location of the 37th Army 's surrender ceremony and a Japanese peace park .
= = = Works consulted = = =
24th Brigade ( 1945 ) . " AWM52 8 / 2 / 24 / 36 – June 1945 , Appendices " ( PDF ) . AWM52 8 / 2 / 24 – 24 Infantry Brigade . Australian War Memorial . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . ( page numbers cited are those of the PDF document on the AWM website )
Casey , Hugh J. , ed . ( 1951 ) . Airfield and Base Development . Engineers of the Southwest Pacific . Washington , D.C. : United States Government Printing Office . OCLC 220327037 .
Converse , Allan ( 2011 ) . Armies of Empire : The 9th Australian and 50th British Divisions in Battle 1939 – 1945 . Port Melbourne , Victoria : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 19480 @-@ 8 .
Coombes , David ( 2001 ) . Morshead : Victor of Tobruk and El Alamein . South Melbourne : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 19 @-@ 551398 @-@ 3 .
Coulthard @-@ Clark , Chris ( 2001 ) . The Encyclopaedia of Australia 's Battles . Sydney : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 @-@ 86508 @-@ 634 @-@ 7 .
Dredge , A.C.L. ( 1998 ) . " Order of Battle : Intelligence Bulletin No. 237 , 15 June 1946 " . In Gin , Ooi Keat . Japanese Empire in the Tropics : Selected Documents and Reports of the Japanese Period in Sarawak Northwest Borneo 1941 – 1945 . Volume 2 . Athens , Ohio : Ohio University Press. pp. 572 – 598 . ISBN 0 @-@ 89680 @-@ 199 @-@ 3 .
Gill , G Herman ( 1968 ) . Royal Australian Navy , 1942 – 1945 . Australia in the War of 1939 – 1945 . Series 2 – Navy . Volume II . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 65475 .
Gin , Ooi Keat ( 1999 ) . Rising Sun Over Borneo : The Japanese Occupation of Sarawak , 1941 – 1945 . Basingstoke , Hampshire : Macmillan Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 333 @-@ 71260 @-@ 9 .
Gin , Ooi Keat ( 2002 ) . " Prelude to invasion : covert operations before the re @-@ occupation of Northwest Borneo , 1944 – 45 " . Journal of the Australian War Memorial 37 . ISSN 1327 @-@ 0141 . Retrieved 18 April 2015 .
Gin , Ooi Keat ( 2013 ) . Post @-@ War Borneo , 1945 – 1950 : Nationalism , Empire and State @-@ Building . London : Routledge . ISBN 0 @-@ 415 @-@ 55959 @-@ 6 .
Hutchinson , Garrie ( 2006 ) . Pilgrimage : A Traveller 's Guide to Australia 's Battlefields . Melbourne : Black Inc . ISBN 1 @-@ 86395 @-@ 387 @-@ 6 .
Johnston , Mark ( 2002 ) . That Magnificent 9th : An Illustrated History of the 9th Australian Division 1940 – 46 . Sydney : Allen & Unwin . ISBN 1 @-@ 86508 @-@ 654 @-@ 1 .
Long , Gavin ( 1963 ) . The Final Campaigns . Australia in the War of 1939 – 1945 . Series 1 – Army . Volume VII . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 1297619 .
Morison , Samuel Eliot ( 2002 ) [ 1957 ] . The Liberation of the Philippines – Luzon , Mindanao , the Visayas , 1944 – 1945 . History of United States Naval Operations in World War II . Volume 13 . Champaign , Illinois : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 252 @-@ 07064 @-@ X.
Odgers , George ( 1968 ) [ 1957 ] . Air War Against Japan , 1943 – 1945 . Australia in the War of 1939 – 1945 . Series 3 – Air . Volume II . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 1990609 .
Pratten , Garth ( 2009 ) . Australian Battalion Commanders in the Second World War . Port Melbourne , Victoria : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 76345 @-@ 2 .
Rottman , Gordon L. ( 2002 ) . World War II Pacific Island Guide . A Geo @-@ Military Study . Westport : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 313 @-@ 31395 @-@ 4 .
Walker , Allan Seymour ( 1957 ) . The Island Campaigns . Australia in the War of 1939 – 1945 . Series 5 – Medical . Volume III . Canberra : Australian War Memorial . OCLC 249848614 .
Waters , Gary ( 1995 ) . " The Labuan Island and Brunei Bay Operations " . In Wahlert , Glenn . Australian Army Amphibious Operations in the South @-@ West Pacific : 1942 – 45 ( PDF ) . Canberra : Australian Army Doctrine Centre. pp. 42 – 59 . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 642 @-@ 22667 @-@ 9 .
Wilson , David ( 1998 ) . Always First : The RAAF Airfield Construction Squadrons 1942 – 1974 . Canberra : Air Power Studies Centre . ISBN 0 @-@ 642 @-@ 26525 @-@ 9 .
|
= From Russia , with Love ( novel ) =
From Russia , with Love is the fifth novel by the English author Ian Fleming to feature his fictional British Secret Service agent James Bond . Fleming wrote the story in early 1956 at his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica ; at the time he thought it may be his final Bond book . The novel was first published in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape on 8 April 1957 .
The story centres on a plot by SMERSH , the Soviet counter @-@ intelligence agency , to assassinate Bond in such a way as to discredit both him and his organisation . As bait , the Russians use a beautiful cipher clerk and the Spektor , a Soviet decoding machine . Much of the action takes place in Istanbul and on the Orient Express . The book was inspired by Fleming 's visit to Turkey on behalf of The Sunday Times to report on an Interpol conference ; he returned to Britain by the Orient Express . From Russia , with Love deals with the East – West tensions of the Cold War , and the decline of British power and influence in the post @-@ Second World War era .
From Russia , with Love received broadly positive reviews at the time of publication . The book 's sales were boosted by an advertising campaign that played upon a visit by the British Prime Minister Anthony Eden to Fleming 's Goldeneye estate , and the publication of an article in Life , which listed From Russia , with Love as one of US President John F. Kennedy 's ten favourite books . The story was serialised in the Daily Express newspaper , first in an abridged , multi @-@ part form and then as a comic strip . In 1963 it was adapted into the second film in the Bond series , starring Sean Connery .
= = Plot = =
SMERSH , the Soviet counterintelligence agency , plans to commit a grand act of terrorism in the intelligence field . For this , it targets the British secret service agent James Bond . Due in part to his role in the defeat of the SMERSH agents Le Chiffre , Mr Big and Hugo Drax , Bond has been listed as an enemy of the Soviet state and a " death warrant " has been issued for him . His death is planned to precipitate a major sex scandal , which will run in the world press for months and leave his and his service 's reputations in tatters . Bond 's killer is to be the SMERSH executioner Red Grant , a psychopath whose homicidal urges coincide with the full moon . Kronsteen , SMERSH 's chess @-@ playing master planner , and Colonel Rosa Klebb , the head of Operations and Executions , devise the operation . They instruct an attractive young cipher clerk , Corporal Tatiana Romanova , to falsely defect from her post in Istanbul having , she would claim , fallen in love with Bond after seeing a photograph on his file . As an added lure for Bond , Romanova will provide the British with a Spektor , a Russian decoding device much coveted by MI6 . She is not told the details of the plan .
The offer of defection is received by MI6 in London , ostensibly from Romanova , but is conditional that Bond collects her and the Spektor from Istanbul . MI6 is unsure of Romanova 's motive , but the prize of the Spektor is too tempting to ignore ; Bond 's superior , M , orders him to go to Turkey . Once there , Bond forms a comradeship with Darko Kerim , head of the British service 's station in Turkey . Bond meets Romanova and they plan their route out of Turkey with the Spektor . He and Kerim believe her story and the three board the Orient Express . Bond and Kerim quickly discover three Russian MGB agents on board , travelling incognito . Kerim uses bribes and trickery to have two of them taken off the train , but he is later found dead in his compartment with the body of the third agent , both — unbeknown to Bond — having been killed by Grant .
At Trieste a fellow MI6 agent , " Captain Nash " , introduces himself and Bond presumes he has been sent by M as added protection for the rest of the trip . Romanova is suspicious of Nash , but Bond reassures her that the man is from his own service . After dinner , at which Nash has drugged Romanova , they rest ; Bond wakes up to find a gun pointing at him and Nash reveals himself to be the killer Grant . Instead of killing Bond immediately , Grant reveals SMERSH 's plan , including the detail that he is to shoot Bond through the heart and that the Spektor is booby @-@ trapped to explode when examined . As Grant talks , Bond places his metal cigarette case between the pages of a magazine he holds in front of him , positioning it in front of his heart to stop the bullet . After Grant fires , Bond pretends to be wounded ; when Grant steps over him , Bond attacks and Grant is killed . Bond and Romanova escape .
Later , in Paris , after successfully delivering Romanova and the booby @-@ trapped Spektor to his superiors , Bond meets Rosa Klebb . She is captured but manages to kick Bond with a poisoned blade concealed in her shoe ; the story ends with Bond fighting for breath and falling to the floor .
= = Background and writing history = =
By January 1956 the author Ian Fleming had published three novels — Casino Royale in 1953 , Live and Let Die in 1954 and Moonraker in 1955 . A fourth , Diamonds Are Forever , was being edited and prepared for production . That month Fleming travelled to his Goldeneye estate in Jamaica to write From Russia , with Love . He followed his usual practice , which he later outlined in Books and Bookmen magazine : " I write for about three hours in the morning ... and I do another hour 's work between six and seven in the evening . I never correct anything and I never go back to see what I have written ... By following my formula , you write 2 @,@ 000 words a day . " He returned to London in March that year with a 228 @-@ page first @-@ draft manuscript that he subsequently altered more heavily than any of his other works . One of the significant re @-@ writes changed Bond 's fate ; Fleming had become disenchanted with his books and wrote to his friend , the American author Raymond Chandler : " My muse is in a very bad way ... I am getting fed up with Bond and it has been very difficult to make him go through his tawdry tricks . " Fleming re @-@ wrote the end of the novel in April 1956 to make Klebb poison Bond , which allowed him to finish the series with the death of the character if he wanted . Fleming 's first draft ended with Bond and Romanova enjoying a romance . By January 1957 Fleming had decided he would write another story , and began work on Dr. No in which Bond recovers from his poisoning and is sent to Jamaica .
Fleming 's trip to Istanbul in June 1955 to cover an Interpol conference for The Sunday Times was a source of much of the background information in the story . While there he met the Oxford @-@ educated ship owner Nazim Kalkavan , who became the model for Darko Kerim ; Fleming took down many of Kalkavan 's conversations in a notebook , and used them verbatim in the novel .
Although Fleming did not date the event within his novels , John Griswold and Henry Chancellor — both of whom wrote books for Ian Fleming Publications — have identified different timelines based on events and situations within the novel series as a whole . Chancellor put the events of From Russia , with Love in 1955 ; Griswold is more precise , and considers the story to have taken place between June and August 1954 .
In August 1956 , for fifty guineas , Fleming commissioned Richard Chopping to provide the art for the cover , based on Fleming 's design ; the result won a number of prizes . After Diamonds Are Forever had been published in March 1956 , Fleming received a letter from a thirty @-@ one @-@ year @-@ old Bond enthusiast and gun expert , Geoffrey Boothroyd , criticising the author 's choice of firearm for Bond . Boothroyd 's suggestions came too late to be included in From Russia , with Love , but one of his guns — a .38 Smith & Wesson snub @-@ nosed revolver modified with one third of the trigger guard removed — was used as the model for Chopping 's image . Fleming later thanked Boothroyd by naming the armourer in Dr. No Major Boothroyd .
= = Development = =
= = = Plot inspirations = = =
As with several of his works , Fleming appropriated the names or backgrounds of people he knew or had heard of for the story 's characters : Red Grant , a Jamaican river guide — whom Fleming 's biographer Andrew Lycett described as " a cheerful , voluble giant of villainous aspect " — was used for the half @-@ German , half @-@ Irish assassin . Rosa Klebb was partly based on Colonel Rybkin — a real @-@ life member of the Lenin Military @-@ Political Academy about whom Fleming had written an article for The Sunday Times . The Spektor machine used as the bait for Bond was not a Cold War device , but had its roots in the Second World War Enigma machine , which Fleming had tried to obtain while serving in the Naval Intelligence Division .
The idea of the Orient Express came from two sources : Fleming had returned from the Istanbul conference in 1955 by the train , but found the experience drab , partly because the restaurant car was closed . He also knew of the story of Eugene Karp and his journey on the Orient Express : Karp was a US naval attaché and intelligence agent based in Budapest who , in February 1950 , took the Orient Express from Budapest to Paris , carrying a number of papers about blown US spy networks in the Eastern Bloc . Soviet assassins were already on the train . The conductor was drugged and Karp 's body was found shortly afterwards in a railway tunnel south of Salzburg . Fleming had a long @-@ standing interest in trains and , following his involvement in a near @-@ fatal crash in 1927 , associated them with danger ; they also feature in Live and Let Die , Diamonds Are Forever and The Man with the Golden Gun .
The cultural historian Jeremy Black points out that From Russia , with Love was written and published at a time when tensions between East and West were on the rise and public awareness of the Cold War was high . A joint British and American operation to tap into landline communication of the Soviet Army headquarters in Berlin using a tunnel into the Soviet @-@ occupied zone had been publicly uncovered by the Soviets in April 1956 . The same month the diver Lionel Crabb had gone missing on a mission to photograph the propeller of the Soviet cruiser Ordzhonikidze while the ship was moored in Portsmouth Harbour , an incident that was much reported and discussed in British newspapers . In October and November that year a popular uprising in Hungary was repressed by Soviet forces .
= = = Characters = = =
To make Bond a more rounded character , Fleming put further aspects of his personality into his creation . The journalist and writer Matthew Parker observes that Bond 's " physical and mental ennui " is a reflection of Fleming 's poor health and low spirits when he wrote the book . Following on from the character development of Bond in his previous four novels , Fleming adds further background to Bond 's private life , largely around his home life and personal habits , with Bond 's introduction to the story seeing him at breakfast with his housekeeper , May . The novelist Raymond Benson — who later wrote a series of Bond novels — sees aspects of self @-@ doubt entering Bond 's mind with the " soft " life he has been leading when he is introduced in the book . Benson identifies Bond 's fear when the flight to Istanbul encounters severe turbulence from a storm , and notes Bond 's apparent nervousness when he first meets Romanova ; he seems concerned and guilty about his mission . The other characters in the book are also well developed , according to Benson . He considers that the head of the Turkish office , Darko Kerim Bey , is " one of Fleming 's more colourful characters " ; Kerim is a similar type of dependable and appealing ally that Fleming also created with Quarrel ( in Live and Let Die ) and Colombo ( in the short story " Risico " ) . Parker considers that Kerim is " an antidote " to Bond 's lethargy , while the essayist Umberto Eco sees the character as having some of the moral qualities of the villains in the series , but that those qualities are used in support of Bond .
From Russia , with Love is one of the few stories by Fleming in which the Soviets are the main enemy , although Eco considers Bond 's Russian opponents " so monstrous , so improbably evil that it seems impossible to take them seriously " . Fleming introduced what was a new development for him , a female opponent for Bond , although much like the former adversaries in the series , Rosa Klebb is described as being physically repulsive , with poor hygiene and gross tastes . Eco — and Anthony Synnott , in his examination of aesthetics in the Bond novels — consider that despite Klebb being female , the character is more akin to a " sexually neuter " individual . Red Grant was Fleming 's first " psychotic opponent " for Bond , according to Benson . Charlie Higson — who later wrote the Young Bond series — finds Grant to be " a very modern villain : the relentless , remorseless psycho with the cold dead eyes of a ' drowned man ' . "
= = Style = =
According to Higson , Fleming spent the first four novels changing the style of his books , and his approach to his characters , but in From Russia , with Love the author " finally hits on the classic Bond formula , and he happily moved into his most creative phase " . The literary analyst LeRoy L. Panek observes that the previous novels were , in essence , episodic detective stories , while From Russia , with Love is structured differently , with an " extended opening picture " that describes Grant , the Russians and Romanova before moving onto the main story and then bringing back some of the elements when least expected . The extensive prose that describes the Soviet opponents and the background to the mission takes up the first ten chapters of the book , and Bond is only introduced into the story in chapter eleven . Eco identifies that the opening passage introducing Red Grant is a " cleverly presented " beginning , similar to the opening of a film . Eco remarks that " Fleming abounds in such passages of high technical skill " .
Benson describes the " Fleming Sweep " as taking the reader from one chapter to another using " hooks " at the end of chapters to heighten tension and pull the reader onto the next . He feels that the " Fleming Sweep steadily propels the plot " of From Russia , with Love and , though it was the longest of Fleming 's novels , " the Sweep makes it seem half as long " . Kingsley Amis , who later wrote a Bond novel , considers that the story is " full of pace and conviction " , while Parker identifies " cracks " in the plot of the novel , but believes that " the action mov [ es ] fast enough for the reader to skim over them " .
Fleming used known brand names and everyday details to produce a sense of realism , which Amis calls " the Fleming effect " . Amis describes " the imaginative use of information , whereby the pervading fantastic nature of Bond 's world ... [ is ] bolted down to some sort of reality , or at least counter @-@ balanced . "
= = Themes = =
The cultural historians Janet Woollacott and Tony Bennett consider that Fleming 's preface note — in which he informs readers that " a great deal of the background to this story is accurate " — indicates that in this novel " cold war tensions are most massively present , saturating the narrative from beginning to end " . As in Casino Royale , the concept of the loss of British power and influence during the post @-@ Second World War and Cold War period was also present in the novel . The journalist William Cook observes that , with the British Empire in decline " Bond pandered to Britain 's inflated and increasingly insecure self @-@ image , flattering us with the fantasy that Britannia could still punch above her weight . " Woollacott and Bennett agree , and maintain that " Bond embodied the imaginary possibility that England might once again be placed at the centre of world affairs during a period when its world power status was visibly and rapidly declining . " In From Russia , with Love , this acknowledgement of decline manifested itself in Bond 's conversations with Darko Kerim when he admits that in England " we don 't show teeth any more — only gums . "
Woollacott and Bennett argue that in selecting Bond as the target for the Russians , he is " deemed the most consummate embodiment of the myth of England " . The literary critic Meir Sternberg sees the theme of Saint George and the Dragon running through several of the Bond stories , including From Russia , with Love . He sees Bond as Saint George — the patron saint of England — in the story , and notes that the opening chapter begins with an examination of a dragonfly as it flies over the supine body of Grant .
= = Publication and reception = =
= = = Publication history = = =
From Russia , with Love was released in the UK as a hardback on 8 April 1957 , by the publishers Jonathan Cape . The American edition was published a few weeks later by Macmillan . In November 1956 the Prime Minister , Sir Anthony Eden , had visited Fleming 's Jamaican Goldeneye estate , to recuperate from a breakdown in his health . This was much reported in the British press , and the publication of From Russia , with Love was accompanied by a promotional campaign that capitalised on Fleming 's raised public profile . The serialisation of the story in The Daily Express in 1957 provided a boost to the sales of the book ; a bigger rise in sales was to follow four years later . In an article in Life on 17 March 1961 , the US President John F. Kennedy listed From Russia , with Love as one of his ten favourite books . This accolade , and its associated publicity , led to a surge in sales that made Fleming the biggest @-@ selling crime writer in the US . There was a further boost to sales following the release of the film of the same name in 1963 , which saw the sales of the Pan paperback rise from 145 @,@ 000 in 1962 to 642 @,@ 000 in 1963 and 600 @,@ 000 in 1964 .
= = = Reception = = =
From Russia , with Love received mainly positive reviews from critics . Julian Symons , in The Times Literary Supplement , considered that it was Fleming 's " tautest , most exciting and most brilliant tale " , that the author " brings the thriller in line with modern emotional needs " , and that Bond " is the intellectual 's Mike Hammer : a killer with a keen eye and a soft heart for a woman " . The critic for The Times was less persuaded by the story , suggesting that " the general tautness and brutality of the story leave the reader uneasily hovering between fact and fiction " . Although the review compared Fleming in unflattering terms to Peter Cheyney , a crime fiction writer of the 1930s and 1940s , it concluded that From Russia , with Love was " exciting enough of its kind " .
The Observer 's critic , Maurice Richardson , thought that From Russia , with Love was a " stupendous plot to trap ... Bond , our deluxe cad @-@ clubman agent " and wondered " Is this the end of Bond ? " The reviewer for the Oxford Mail declared that " Ian Fleming is in a class by himself " , while the critic for The Sunday Times argued that " If a psychiatrist and a thoroughly efficient copywriter got together to produce a fictional character who would be the mid @-@ twentieth century subconscious male ambition , the result would inevitably be James Bond . "
Writing in The New York Times , Anthony Boucher — described by a Fleming biographer , John Pearson , as " throughout an avid anti @-@ Bond and an anti @-@ Fleming man " — was damning in his review , saying that From Russia , with Love was Fleming 's " longest and poorest book " . Boucher further wrote that the novel contained " as usual , sex @-@ cum @-@ sadism with a veneer of literacy but without the occasional brilliant setpieces " . The critic for the New York Herald Tribune , conversely , wrote that " Mr Fleming is intensely observant , acutely literate and can turn a cliché into a silk purse with astute alchemy " . Robert R Kirsch , writing in the Los Angeles Times , also disagreed with Boucher , saying that " the espionage novel has been brought up to date by a superb practitioner of that nearly lost art : Ian Fleming . " In Kirsch 's opinion , From Russia , with Love " has everything of the traditional plus the most modern refinements in the sinister arts of spying " .
= = Adaptations = =
From Russia , with Love was serialised in The Daily Express from 1 April 1957 ; it was the first Bond novel the paper had adapted . In 1960 the novel was also adapted as a daily comic strip in the paper and was syndicated worldwide . The series , which ran from 3 February to 21 May 1960 , was written by Henry Gammidge and illustrated by John McLusky . The comic strip was reprinted in 2005 by Titan Books in the Dr. No anthology , which also included Diamonds Are Forever and Casino Royale .
The film From Russia with Love was released in 1963 , produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman , and directed by Terence Young . It was the second Bond film in the Eon Productions series and starred Sean Connery as Bond . The film version contained some changes to the novel , with the leading villains switching from SMERSH to SPECTRE , a fictional terrorist organisation . In the main it was a faithful adaptation of the novel ; the ending was changed to make clear Bond 's survival . Benson declares that " many fans consider it the best Bond film , simply because it is close to Fleming 's original story " .
In 2012 the novel was dramatised for radio by Archie Scottney , directed by Martin Jarvis and produced by Rosalind Ayres ; it featured a full cast starring Toby Stephens as James Bond and was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 . It continued the series of Bond radio adaptations featuring Jarvis and Stephens following Dr. No in 2008 and Goldfinger in 2010 .
|
= Who 's That Chick ? =
" Who 's That Chick ? " is a song by French DJ David Guetta from the reissue of his fourth studio album One Love ( 2009 ) , entitled One More Love ( 2010 ) . The song features guest vocals by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna and was written by Kinda " Kee " Hamid , David Guetta , Giorgio Tuinfort and Frédéric Riesterer , with production helmed by Guetta , Tuinfort and Riesterer . It was released internationally as the second single on 22 November 2010 as a digital single , and was also released as a CD single and an Extended play ( EP ) , the latter of which was released in the United States and contained remixes of the song .
Guetta was asked to produce songs for Rihanna 's fifth studio album , Loud ( 2010 ) . After he brainstormed ideas , Guetta conceptualised " Who 's That Chick ? " and played the demo recording to Rihanna backstage at one of her Last Girl on Earth concerts . In an interview with MTV News , Guetta revealed that he thought Rihanna did not like the song on first impressions , but was honoured when she agreed to record it . It was confirmed at a later date by Rihanna that the song would not appear on Loud 's final track list , and that it would instead be included on the re @-@ release of Guetta 's One Love , in which Rihanna appeared as a featured artist . " Who 's That Chick ? " is a dance @-@ pop song and instrumentation consists of synthesizers .
" Who 's That Chick ? " received positive reviews from music critics , the majority of whom praised the collaboration between Guetta and Rihanna as well as its composition . It was described as one of the more interesting songs to be released in 2010 , due to how the song was connection to multiple projects , including a promotional campaign with Doritos and both artist 's albums . The song achieved moderate chart success ; it peaked at number one on the Wallonia singles chart in Belgium , Slovakia , the UK Dance Chart and the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart . It attained top five positions on the singles charts in Austria , Finland , France , Ireland , Norway , Spain and Switzerland . It was less successful on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , where it peaked at number 51 . Two accompanying music videos were directed by Jonas Åkerlund . A bright and colourful daytime version was shot and used to promote the Doritos campaign , whilst a more dark and sinister nighttime version was shot as the song 's official music video .
= = Background = =
" Who 's That Chick ? " was written by David Guetta , Frédéric Riesterer , Giorgio Tuinfort and Kinda " Kee " Hamid . Production of the song was helmed by Guetta , Riesterer and Tuinfort . In an interview with Akshay Bhansali for MTV News , Guetta explained that the song was originally intended for inclusion on Rihanna 's fifth studio album , Loud ( 2010 ) , but that he decided to include it on the re @-@ release of his own album , One Love ( 2009 ) , when it did not make Loud 's final cut . Guetta revealed that he was asked to produce tracks for Loud , but did not have anything which he felt would compliment Rihanna . He stated that although two artists want to collaborate and are fans of each other , it does not always come to fruition . However , after brainstorming ideas for what he could produce for the singer , Guetta came up with an idea for a song called " Who 's That Chick ? " , and decided that it was " perfect " for Rihanna .
After he completed the demo , he pre @-@ viewed the song 's instrumental on a French radio station , but did not confirm which artist would contribute vocals . Guetta played the song to Rihanna whilst backstage at one of her Last Girl on Earth Tour ( 2010 – 11 ) concerts , to which Rihanna said " Yeah , I like it . " Guetta confessed that he felt as though the singer did not like it on first impressions and doubted it , but stated that after the concert , the singer told Guetta that she could not stop thinking about the song 's beat whilst she performed , and asked to record it . The final cut of the song was included on One More Love ( 2010 ) and Rihanna appeared as a featured artist . Guetta concluded the interview by saying that he felt " honored " to have worked with Rihanna . Prior to the release of Loud , Rihanna clarified via Twitter that " Who 's That Chick ? " was not linked to Loud and that it would not appear on the album .
= = Composition = =
" Who 's That Chick ? " is a dance @-@ pop song , which lasts for 2 : 47 ( 2 minutes , 47 seconds ) . Instrumentation consists of pounding synthesizers . Rihanna 's vocals on the song are technologically processed using the Auto @-@ Tune effect . For the first verse , she " hollers " the lyrics " Feel the adrenaline / Moving under my skin / It 's an addiction " over the heavy synth beat . During the chorus , Rihanna sings " She 's been a crazy dita / Disco diva , and you wonder / Who 's that chick ? Who 's that chick ? / Too cold for you to keep her / Too hot for you to leave her / Who 's that chick ? Who 's that chick ? " , which incorporates heavy usage of Auto @-@ Tune . Robert Copsey for Digital Spy described Rihanna 's vocal performance as " nonchalant vocals feeling colder than an ice pop on a snowy day . "
= = Release = =
" Who 's That Chick " was made available to download digitally in Australia , certain territories in Europe and the United States on 22 November 2010 . In Germany , it was also released as a CD single on 26 November 2010 ; it included the original version of " Who 's That Chick ? " as well as an FMIF ! remix of the song . In the United Kingdom , the song was released as a CD single on 28 November 2010 . In the US , an extended play ( EP ) was released on 7 January 2011 ; it included a radio edit of the song , a remix by Adam F. , as well as extended and instrumental versions .
In February 2011 , Virgin / EMI label executives asked European radio stations to remove " Who 's That Chick ? " from their playlists because Rihanna had multiple songs on the chart . Due to how Rihanna 's Loud was released at the same time as Guetta 's album , label executives asked radio stations to favor her work instead . In an interview for the Daily Star , Guetta addressed the song being removed from European radio stations playlists , saying " My record label sent letters to all the radio stations asking them to stop playing Who 's That Chick as Rihanna 's album was out at the same time . It was strange because normally record labels ask radio stations to play your music . "
= = Critical reception = =
Robert Copsey of Digital Spy described the collaboration as one of the more confusing releases of 2010 , due to how the song was connected to three different projects , including the Dorito 's campaign and both Guetta 's and Rihanna 's albums . Copsey praised Guetta 's ability to provide a " proper dance @-@ pop stonker " and was complimentary of the its composition . He concluded his reviewing with " It 's a good job , then , that bopping along to this – and warming yourself up in the process – is pretty much impossible to resist . " A reviewer for Popjustice was divided on the song 's lyrics ; though he found the line " beating like a disco drum " fantastic , he remained unconvinced by the line , " who 's that chick " , which he labelled as being stupid . Becky Bain for Idolator praised the song for not sounding as " generic " as Katy Perry 's releases " California Gurls " and " Teenage Dream " ( 2010 ) . Tom Byron for The Vine compared the song to Australian singer Guy Sebastian 's " Who 's That Girl " and Madonna 's 1987 smash hit " Who 's That Girl " . Madonna and Patrick Leonard , the writers of " Who 's That Girl " , received co @-@ writing credit for " Who 's That Chick " .
= = Chart performance = =
" Who 's That Chick ? " achieved moderate chart success around the world . In Australia , it debuted at number 36 on 5 December 2010 . It peaked at number seven in its eighth week on the singles chart . It was certified double platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) , denoting shipments of 140 @,@ 000 units . In New Zealand , the song debuted at 28 on 28 November 2010 , and peaked at number eight for two consecutive weeks 10 January 2011 . The song was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand ( RIANZ ) , denoting sales of 15 @,@ 000 copies .
In Europe , " Who 's That Chick ? " debuted at number nine on the singles chart in the Wallonia region of Belgium on 12 December 2010 . It was certified gold by the Belgian Entertainment Association ( BEA ) , denoting sales of 10 @,@ 000 copies . It peaked at number on the singles chart in its seventh week on 15 January 2011 . The song peaked at number four in Austria on 12 December 2010 . It debuted at number 11 in Finland on 29 November 2010 , and peaked at number five two weeks later . In France , " Who 's That Chick ? " debuted at number six on 29 November 2010 , where it remained in its second week . The song peaked at number five in its third week , where it remained for a further two weeks . The song debuted and peaked at number five in Norway on 29 November 2010 , and remained in the top ten for three more weeks . In Spain , the song debuted at number 11 on 28 November 2010 , and peaked at number five in its tenth week after fluctuating within in the top twenty . The song was certified by the Productores de Música de España ( PROMUSICAE ) , denoting sales of 20 @,@ 000 copies . " Who 's That Chick ? " peaked at number six in the Flanders region of Belgium on 18 December 2010 , for three consecutive weeks , and number eight in Switzerland . The song was certified gold by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( BVMI ) , denoting shipments of 150 @,@ 000 copies . The song was less successful in Sweden and The Netherlands , where it peaked at numbers 14 and 16 , respectively .
In the United Kingdom , " Who 's That Chick ? " debuted at number nine on the UK Singles Chart on 11 December 2010 . In the same chart issue , two other songs by Rihanna were also in the top ten , " Only Girl ( In the World ) " and " What 's My Name " , which charted at numbers seven and eight , respectively . With this feat , Rihanna became the fourth act in UK chart history to have at least three songs in the top ten of the UK Singles Chart . " Who 's That Chick ? " peaked at number six on 22 January 2011 . It debuted on the UK Dance Chart at number two on 11 December 2010 . The song spent six weeks at number two , barred by The Black Eyed Peas " The Time ( Dirty Bit ) " , before it peaked at number one on 22 January 2011 , for two consecutive weeks . The song was certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) denoting shipments of 200 @,@ 000 units . " Who 's That Chick ? " peaked at number 51 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart on 29 January 2011 , and remained on the chart for seven weeks . It peaked at number one on the Hot Dance Club Songs chart and number 33 on the Pop Songs chart . The song peaked at number 48 on the Hot Digital Songs chart . Who 's That Chick ? " ranked at number four on the top 50 best @-@ selling Dance / Clubs Songs of 2011 .
= = Music videos = =
= = = Background = = =
Although " Who 's That Chick ? " was originally intended for inclusion on Rihanna 's fifth studio album Loud , the song 's accompanying daytime video was used as part of Doritos Late Night Campaign . Jonas Åkerlund directed both daytime and nighttime versions for the song , which featured different colors and styles . The daytime video leaked onto the internet on 17 September 2010 , before it was given official release . In a press statement given by Rihanna , the singer revealed how she was exited to work with Doritos on the project , saying : " I 'm really excited about ' Who 's That Chick ? ' and wanted to find a fresh and unique way to share it with my fans ... When I saw how cool the augmented reality performance Doritos created was , I knew this was it . This was the way I wanted to make ' Who 's That Chick ? ' available to the world , and I can 't wait to see how my fans get engaged in this innovative experience . "
In an interview for Just Jared , Rihanna explained how the bright and colorful was more representational of her persona , saying " I 've started to incorporate a lot of different colors into my wardrobe now . I 'm loving that direction . Right now , it feels good and right . It was a cool concept too because it was kind of one side of me and now , it 's evolving into the new colorful stuff that we 've been doing . " In an interview for MTV News , Guetta explained his role in the music video , saying " I 'm DJing from a spaceship . It 's actually really funny , because we shot that in Los Angeles in a place where the used to shoot Star Trek , but like the old ones . And so it 's kind of retro futuristic , you know ? It 's like how people were seeing the future back in the 80s . It has a sense of humor in the video . " The nighttime version was released as the song 's official music video to download digitally on 1 February 2011 .
= = = Synopsis and reception = = =
Both the daytime and nighttime videos for " Who 's That Chick ? " are the same , however , the former features Rihanna in a " bright and bubbly " setting while the latter depicts a darker scenario . Before the song 's audio begins to play , the video begins with a view of outer space before it cuts to what appears to be the interior of a spaceship . Guetta is then shown to step out of an airlock where smoke surrounds him . Different shots of television screens and other spaceship hardware are shown before Guetta puts a CD into a CD player . At this moment , the song 's audio begins to play . Various video stills of Rihanna sitting down on a chair and surrounded by extras are intermittently shown one after the other . The majority of the video revolves around Rihanna and the extras dancing in a room , while various special effects are incorporated ; Guetta continues to observe the singer 's actions from a control room . In the daytime video , Rihanna wears a colorful outfit , and she wears a black outfit in the nighttime video .
Rap @-@ Up commented that by having the two different videos , it shows that " every good girl has a bad side . " Becky Bain for Idolator described the daytime video as " the super @-@ colorful cheery vid " and the nighttime video as a " macabre Halloween makeover . " In another review of the video , Bain wrote that the daytime version presented Rihanna as " having the most fun she 's had in ages . " Bain continued to praise the creative direction for the video , writing " It 's so refreshing to see RiRi smiling and ready to party after her gun @-@ weilding [ sic ] , lake @-@ drowning , loving @-@ the @-@ way @-@ you @-@ lie humorless somber phase . " Amy Lee for Metro compared the daytime video 's colorful stylization to Katy Perry 's video for " California Gurls " . Nicole James for MTV Buzzworthy compared the nighttime video 's dark persona to that of Rihanna 's own for " Disturbia " . Chris Ryan for the same publication noted that the daytime video was reminiscent of Rihanna 's video for " SOS " . Ryan also noted that the video bore similarities to Perry 's videos .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Songwriting – Kinda " Kee " Hamid , David Guetta , Giorgio Tuinfort , Frédéric Riesterer , Madonna , Patrick Leonard .
Production – David Guetta , Giorgio Tuinfort , Frédéric Riesterer
Mixing – Véronica Ferraro
Mastering – Bruno Gruel
Source :
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
|
= Stoicism =
Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC . The Stoics taught that destructive emotions resulted from errors in judgment , of the active relationship between cosmic determinism and human freedom , and the belief that it is virtuous to maintain a will ( called prohairesis ) that is in accord with nature . Because of this , the Stoics presented their philosophy as a way of life ( lex devina ) , and they thought that the best indication of an individual 's philosophy was not what a person said but how that person behaved . To live a good life , one had to understand the rules of the natural order since they taught that everything was rooted in nature .
Later Stoics — such as Seneca and Epictetus — emphasized that , because " virtue is sufficient for happiness " , a sage was immune to misfortune . This belief is similar to the meaning of the phrase " stoic calm " , though the phrase does not include the " radical ethical " Stoic views that only a sage can be considered truly free , and that all moral corruptions are equally vicious .
From its founding , Stoic doctrine was popular with a following in Roman Greece and throughout the Roman Empire — including the Emperor Marcus Aurelius — until the closing of all pagan philosophy schools in AD 529 by order of the Emperor Justinian I , who perceived them as being at odds with Christian faith . Neostoicism was a syncretic philosophical movement , joining Stoicism and Christianity , influenced by Justus Lipsius .
= = Basic tenets = =
The Stoics provided a unified account of the world , consisting of formal logic , monistic physics and naturalistic ethics . Of these , they emphasized ethics as the main focus of human knowledge , though their logical theories were of more interest for later philosophers .
Stoicism teaches the development of self @-@ control and fortitude as a means of overcoming destructive emotions ; the philosophy holds that becoming a clear and unbiased thinker allows one to understand the universal reason ( logos ) . A primary aspect of Stoicism involves improving the individual 's ethical and moral well @-@ being : " Virtue consists in a will that is in agreement with Nature . " This principle also applies to the realm of interpersonal relationships ; " to be free from anger , envy , and jealousy , " and to accept even slaves as " equals of other men , because all men alike are products of nature . "
The Stoic ethic espouses a deterministic perspective ; in regard to those who lack Stoic virtue , Cleanthes once opined that the wicked man is " like a dog tied to a cart , and compelled to go wherever it goes . " A Stoic of virtue , by contrast , would amend his will to suit the world and remain , in the words of Epictetus , " sick and yet happy , in peril and yet happy , dying and yet happy , in exile and happy , in disgrace and happy , " thus positing a " completely autonomous " individual will , and at the same time a universe that is " a rigidly deterministic single whole " . This viewpoint was later described as " Classical Pantheism " ( and was adopted by Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza ) .
Stoicism became the foremost popular philosophy among the educated elite in the Hellenistic world and the Roman Empire , to the point where , in the words of Gilbert Murray " nearly all the successors of Alexander [ ... ] professed themselves Stoics . "
= = History = =
Beginning at around 301 BC , Zeno taught philosophy at the Stoa Poikile ( i.e. , " the painted porch " ) , from which his philosophy got its name . Unlike the other schools of philosophy , such as the Epicureans , Zeno chose to teach his philosophy in a public space , which was a colonnade overlooking the central gathering place of Athens , the Agora .
Zeno 's ideas developed from those of the Cynics , whose founding father , Antisthenes , had been a disciple of Socrates . Zeno 's most influential follower was Chrysippus , who was responsible for the molding of what is now called Stoicism . Later Roman Stoics focused on promoting a life in harmony within the universe , over which one has no direct control .
Scholars usually divide the history of Stoicism into three phases :
Early Stoa , from the founding of the school by Zeno to Antipater .
Middle Stoa , including Panaetius and Posidonius .
Late Stoa , including Musonius Rufus , Seneca , Epictetus , and Marcus Aurelius .
No complete work by any Stoic philosopher survives from the first two phases of Stoicism . Only Roman texts from the Late Stoa survive .
= = Logic = =
= = = Propositional logic = = =
Diodorus Cronus , who was one of Zeno 's teachers , is considered the philosopher who first introduced and developed an approach to logic now known as propositional logic . This is an approach to logic based on statements or propositions , rather than terms , making it very different from Aristotle 's term logic . Later , Chrysippus developed a system that became known as Stoic logic and included a deductive system , Stoic Syllogistic , which was considered a rival to Aristotle 's Syllogistic ( see Syllogism ) . New interest in Stoic logic came in the 20th century , when important developments in logic were based on propositional logic . Susanne Bobzien wrote , " The many close similarities between Chrysippus ' philosophical logic and that of Gottlob Frege are especially striking . "
Bobzien also notes that " Chrysippus wrote over 300 books on logic , on virtually any topic logic today concerns itself with , including speech act theory , sentence analysis , singular and plural expressions , types of predicates , indexicals , existential propositions , sentential connectives , negations , disjunctions , conditionals , logical consequence , valid argument forms , theory of deduction , propositional logic , modal logic , tense logic , epistemic logic , logic of suppositions , logic of imperatives , ambiguity and logical paradoxes . "
= = = Categories = = =
The Stoics held that all being ( ὄντα ) – though not all things ( τινά ) – is corporeal . They accepted the distinction between concrete bodies and abstract ones , but rejected Aristotle 's belief that purely incorporeal being exists . Thus , they accepted Anaxagoras ' idea ( as did Aristotle ) that if an object is hot , it is because some part of a universal heat body had entered the object . But , unlike Aristotle , they extended the idea to cover all accidents . Thus if an object is red , it would be because some part of a universal red body had entered the object .
They held that there were four categories .
substance ( ὑποκείμενον )
The primary matter , formless substance , ( ousia ) that things are made of
quality ( ποιόν )
The way matter is organized to form an individual object ; in Stoic physics , a physical ingredient ( pneuma : air or breath ) , which informs the matter
somehow disposed ( πως ἔχον )
Particular characteristics , not present within the object , such as size , shape , action , and posture
Somehow disposed in relation to something ( πρός τί πως ἔχον )
Characteristics related to other phenomena , such as the position of an object within time and space relative to other objects
= = = Epistemology = = =
The Stoics propounded that knowledge can be attained through the use of reason . Truth can be distinguished from fallacy — even if , in practice , only an approximation can be made . According to the Stoics , the senses constantly receive sensations : pulsations that pass from objects through the senses to the mind , where they leave an impression in the imagination ( phantasia ) ( an impression arising from the mind was called a phantasma ) .
The mind has the ability to judge ( συγκατάθεσις , synkatathesis ) — approve or reject — an impression , enabling it to distinguish a true representation of reality from one that is false . Some impressions can be assented to immediately , but others can only achieve varying degrees of hesitant approval , which can be labeled belief or opinion ( doxa ) . It is only through reason that we achieve clear comprehension and conviction ( katalepsis ) . Certain and true knowledge ( episteme ) , achievable by the Stoic sage , can be attained only by verifying the conviction with the expertise of one 's peers and the collective judgment of humankind .
= = Physics and cosmology = =
According to the Stoics , the universe is a material , reasoning substance , known as God or Nature , which the Stoics divided into two classes , the active and the passive . The passive substance is matter , which " lies sluggish , a substance ready for any use , but sure to remain unemployed if no one sets it in motion . " The active substance , which can be called Fate , or Universal Reason ( Logos ) , is an intelligent aether or primordial fire , which acts on the passive matter :
The universe itself is god and the universal outpouring of its soul ; it is this same world 's guiding principle , operating in mind and reason , together with the common nature of things and the totality that embraces all existence ; then the foreordained might and necessity of the future ; then fire and the principle of aether ; then those elements whose natural state is one of flux and transition , such as water , earth , and air ; then the sun , the moon , the stars ; and the universal existence in which all things are contained .
Everything is subject to the laws of Fate , for the Universe acts according to its own nature , and the nature of the passive matter it governs . The souls of people and animals are emanations from this primordial fire , and are , likewise , subject to Fate :
Constantly regard the universe as one living being , having one substance and one soul ; and observe how all things have reference to one perception , the perception of this one living being ; and how all things act with one movement ; and how all things are the cooperating causes of all things that exist ; observe too the continuous spinning of the thread and the structure of the web .
Individual souls are perishable by nature , and can be " transmuted and diffused , assuming a fiery nature by being received into the Seminal Reason ( logos spermatikos ) of the Universe . " Since right Reason is the foundation of both humanity and the universe , it follows that the goal of life is to live according to Reason , that is , to live a life according to Nature .
= = Ethics and virtues = =
The ancient Stoics are often misunderstood because the terms they used pertained to different concepts in the past than they do today . The word " stoic " has come to mean " unemotional " or indifferent to pain , because Stoic ethics taught freedom from " passion " by following " reason " . The Stoics did not seek to extinguish emotions ; rather , they sought to transform them by a resolute " askēsis " that enables a person to develop clear judgment and inner calm . Logic , reflection , and concentration were the methods of such self @-@ discipline .
Borrowing from the Cynics , the foundation of Stoic ethics is that good lies in the state of the soul itself ; in wisdom and self @-@ control . Stoic ethics stressed the rule : " Follow where reason leads . " One must therefore strive to be free of the passions , bearing in mind that the ancient meaning of " passion " was " anguish " or " suffering " , that is , " passively " reacting to external events , which is somewhat different from the modern use of the word . A distinction was made between pathos ( plural pathe ) which is normally translated as passion , propathos or instinctive reaction ( e.g. , turning pale and trembling when confronted by physical danger ) and eupathos , which is the mark of the Stoic sage ( sophos ) . The eupatheia are feelings that result from correct judgment in the same way as passions result from incorrect judgment .
The idea was to be free of suffering through apatheia ( Greek : ἀπάθεια ) or peace of mind ( literally , " without passion " ) , where peace of mind was understood in the ancient sense — being objective or having " clear judgment " and the maintenance of equanimity in the face of life 's highs and lows .
For the Stoics , reason meant not only using logic , but also understanding the processes of nature — the logos , or universal reason , inherent in all things . Living according to reason and virtue , they held , is to live in harmony with the divine order of the universe , in recognition of the common reason and essential value of all people .
The four cardinal virtues of the Stoic philosophy is a classification derived from the teachings of Plato :
wisdom ( Sophia )
courage ( Andreia )
justice ( Dikaiosyne )
temperance ( Sophrosyne ) .
Following Socrates , the Stoics held that unhappiness and evil are the results of human ignorance of the reason in nature . If someone is unkind , it is because they are unaware of their own universal reason , which leads to the conclusion of kindness . The solution to evil and unhappiness then , is the practice of Stoic philosophy : to examine one 's own judgments and behavior and determine where they diverge from the universal reason of nature .
The Stoics accepted that suicide was permissible for the wise person in circumstances that might prevent them from living a virtuous life . Plutarch held that accepting life under tyranny would have compromised Cato 's self @-@ consistency ( constantia ) as a Stoic and impaired his freedom to make the honorable moral choices . Suicide could be justified if one fell victim to severe pain or disease , but otherwise suicide would usually be seen as a rejection of one 's social duty .
= = = The doctrine of " things indifferent " = = =
In philosophical terms , things that are indifferent are outside the application of moral law , that is without tendency to either promote or obstruct moral ends . Actions neither required nor forbidden by the moral law , or that do not affect morality , are called morally indifferent . The doctrine of things indifferent ( ἀδιάφορα , adiaphora ) arose in the Stoic school as a corollary of its diametric opposition of virtue and vice ( καθήκοντα kathekon and ἁμαρτήματα hamartemata , respectively " convenient actions , " or actions in accordance with nature , and mistakes ) . As a result of this dichotomy , a large class of objects were left unassigned and thus regarded as indifferent .
Eventually three sub @-@ classes of " things indifferent " developed : things to prefer because they assist life according to nature ; things to avoid because they hinder it ; and things indifferent in the narrower sense . The principle of adiaphora was also common to the Cynics and Sceptics . The doctrine of things indifferent was revived during the Renaissance by Philipp Melanchthon .
= = = Spiritual exercise = = =
Philosophy for a Stoic is not just a set of beliefs or ethical claims , it is a way of life involving constant practice and training ( or askesis , see asceticism ) . Stoic philosophical and spiritual practices included logic , Socratic dialogue and self @-@ dialogue , contemplation of death , training attention to remain in the present moment ( similar to some forms of Eastern meditation ) , and daily reflection on everyday problems and possible solutions . Philosophy for a Stoic is an active process of constant practice and self @-@ reminder .
In his Meditations , Marcus Aurelius defines several such practices . For example , in Book II.I :
Say to yourself in the early morning : I shall meet today ungrateful , violent , treacherous , envious , uncharitable men . All of the ignorance of real good and ill ... I can neither be harmed by any of them , for no man will involve me in wrong , nor can I be angry with my kinsman or hate him ; for we have come into the world to work together ...
Prior to Aurelius , Epictetus in his Discourses , distinguished between three types of act : judgment , desire , and inclination . According to French philosopher Pierre Hadot , Epictetus identifies these three acts with logic , physics , and ethics respectively . Hadot writes that in the Meditations , " Each maxim develops either one of these very characteristic topoi [ i.e. , acts ] , or two of them or three of them . "
The practices of spiritual exercises have been described as influencing those of reflective practice by Seamus Mac Suibhne . Parallels between Stoic spiritual exercises and modern cognitive @-@ behavioral therapy have been detailed at length in Robertson 's The Philosophy of Cognitive @-@ Behavioral Therapy .
= = Social philosophy = =
A distinctive feature of Stoicism is its cosmopolitanism : All people are manifestations of the one universal spirit and should , according to the Stoics , live in brotherly love and readily help one another . In the Discourses , Epictetus comments on man 's relationship with the world : " Each human being is primarily a citizen of his own commonwealth ; but he is also a member of the great city of gods and men , whereof the city political is only a copy . " This sentiment echoes that of Diogenes of Sinope , who said " I am not an Athenian or a Corinthian , but a citizen of the world . "
They held that external differences such as rank and wealth are of no importance in social relationships . Instead they advocated the brotherhood of humanity and the natural equality of all human beings . Stoicism became the most influential school of the Greco @-@ Roman world , and produced a number of remarkable writers and personalities , such as Cato the Younger and Epictetus .
In particular , they were noted for their urging of clemency toward slaves . Seneca exhorted , " Kindly remember that he whom you call your slave sprang from the same stock , is smiled upon by the same skies , and on equal terms with yourself breathes , lives , and dies . "
= = Christianity = =
The major difference between the two philosophies ( social and spiritual ) is Stoicism 's pantheism , in which God is never fully transcendent but always immanent . God as the world @-@ creating entity is personalized in Christian thought , but Stoicism equates God with the totality of the universe , which was deeply contrary to Christianity . The only incarnation in Stoicism is that each person has part of the logos within . Stoicism , unlike Christianity , does not posit a beginning or end to the universe .
Stoicism was later regarded by the Fathers of the Church as a " pagan philosophy " ; nonetheless , some of the central philosophical concepts of Stoicism were employed by the early Christian writers . Examples include the terms " logos " , " virtue " , " Spirit " , and " conscience " . But the parallels go well beyond the sharing and borrowing of terminology . Both Stoicism and Christianity assert an inner freedom in the face of the external world , a belief in human kinship with Nature or God , a sense of the innate depravity — or " persistent evil " — of humankind , and the futility and temporarity of worldly possessions and attachments . Both encourage Ascesis with respect to the passions and inferior emotions such as lust , and envy , so that the higher possibilities of one 's humanity can be awakened and developed .
Stoic writings such as the Meditations of Marcus Aurelius have been highly regarded by many Christians throughout the centuries . The Stoic ideal of dispassion is accepted to this day as the perfect moral state by the Eastern Orthodox Church . Saint Ambrose of Milan was known for applying Stoic philosophy to his theology .
= = = Influences = = =
The apostle Paul met with Stoics during his stay in Athens , reported in Acts 17 : 16 @-@ 18 . In his letters , Paul reflected heavily from his knowledge of Stoic philosophy , using Stoic terms and metaphors to assist his new Gentile converts in their understanding of the revealed word of God .
Stoic influence can also be seen in the works of St. Ambrose , Marcus Minucius Felix , and Tertullian .
Admiral James Stockdale , who was shot down over North Vietnam , held as a prisoner and repeatedly tortured was deeply influenced by Epictetus after being introduced to his works while at Stanford University . As he parachuted down from his plane , he reportedly said to himself " I 'm leaving the world of technology and entering the world of Epictetus ! "
= = Modern usage = =
The word " stoic " commonly refers to someone indifferent to pain , pleasure , grief , or joy . The modern usage as " person who represses feelings or endures patiently " was first cited in 1579 as a noun , and 1596 as an adjective . In contrast to the term " Epicurean " , the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 's entry on Stoicism notes , " the sense of the English adjective ' stoical ' is not utterly misleading with regard to its philosophical origins . "
= = Philosophers = =
Zeno of Citium ( 332 – 262 BC ) , founder of Stoicism and the Stoic Academy ( Stoa ) in Athens
Aristo of Chios ( fl . 260 BC ) , pupil of Zeno ;
Herillus of Carthage ( fl . 3rd century BC )
Cleanthes ( of Assos ) ( 330 – 232 BC ) , second head of Stoic Academy
Chrysippus ( 280 – 204 BC ) , third head of the academy
Diogenes of Babylon ( 230 – 150 BC )
Antipater of Tarsus ( 210 – 129 BC )
Panaetius of Rhodes ( 185 – 109 BC )
Posidonius of Apameia ( c . 135 BC – 51 BC )
Diodotus ( c . 120 BC – 59 BC ) , teacher of Cicero
Cato the Younger ( 94 – 46 BC )
Seneca ( 4 BC – AD 65 )
Gaius Musonius Rufus ( 1st century AD )
Rubellius Plautus ( AD 33 – 62 )
Publius Clodius Thrasea Paetus ( 1st century AD )
Lucius Annaeus Cornutus ( 1st century AD )
Epictetus ( AD 55 – 135 )
Hierocles ( 2nd century AD )
Marcus Aurelius ( AD 121 – 180 )
= = = Studies = = =
Bakalis , Nikolaos , Handbook of Greek Philosophy : From Thales to the Stoics . Analysis and Fragments , Trafford Publishing , May 2005 , ISBN 1 @-@ 4120 @-@ 4843 @-@ 5
Becker , Lawrence C. , A New Stoicism ( Princeton : Princeton Univ . Press , 1998 ) ISBN 0 @-@ 691 @-@ 01660 @-@ 7
Brennan , Tad , The Stoic Life ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 2005 ; paperback 2006 )
Brooke , Christopher . Philosophic Pride : Stoicism and Political Thought from Lipsius to Rousseau ( Princeton UP , 2012 ) excerpts
Inwood , Brad ( ed . ) , The Cambridge Companion to The Stoics ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2003 )
Lachs , John , Stoic Pragmatism ( Indiana University Press , 2012 ) ISBN 0 @-@ 253 @-@ 22376 @-@ 8
Long , A. A. , Stoic Studies ( Cambridge University Press , 1996 ; repr . University of California Press , 2001 ) ISBN 0 @-@ 520 @-@ 22974 @-@ 6
Robertson , Donald , The Philosophy of Cognitive @-@ Behavioral Therapy : Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy ( London : Karnac , 2010 ) ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 85575 @-@ 756 @-@ 1
Sellars , John , Stoicism ( Berkeley : University of California Press , 2006 ) ISBN 1 @-@ 84465 @-@ 053 @-@ 7
Stephens , William O. , Stoic Ethics : Epictetus and Happiness as Freedom ( London : Continuum , 2007 ) ISBN 0 @-@ 8264 @-@ 9608 @-@ 3
Strange , Steven ( ed . ) , Stoicism : Traditions and Transformations ( Cambridge : Cambridge Univ . Press , 2004 ) ISBN 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 82709 @-@ 4
Zeller , Eduard ; Reichel , Oswald J. , The Stoics , Epicureans and Sceptics , Longmans , Green , and Co . , 1892
|
= Kikuuiki =
Kikuuiki ( English : Mixing Airspace ; stylized as kikUUiki , Japanese pronunciation : [ kikɯ : iki ] ) is the fourth studio album by Japanese band Sakanaction . It was released on March 17 , 2010 , through Victor Entertainment . In January , the album was preceded by the single " Aruku Around " , which was met with the greatest commercial success for the band since their debut , reaching number three on Oricon 's singles chart . The album was nominated as one of the finalists for the CD Shop Awards , and was lauded by critics for its cohesive sound and literary lyrics . At the time of release , it was their most commercially successful release since their debut , reaching number three in Japan .
Sakanaction spent most of 2009 experimenting on the album 's single " Aruku Around " , followed by two months of recording in January and February 2010 . Most of the final recording stages were spent on the song " Me ga Aku Aiiro " , a seven @-@ minute rock opera used as a promotional single during its release . The album saw a new recording approach for the band , where the members worked more spontaneously and synchronized . The album was influenced by the commercial success of " Aruku Around " , and was written as a response to the song .
= = Background and development = =
After recording two studio albums in Sapporo , the band moved to Tokyo in spring 2009 to further their musical potential . Their first album produced in Tokyo , Shin @-@ shiro ( 2009 ) , saw a new approach for the band , where vocalist Ichiro Yamaguchi asked the other members of Sakanaction to arrange songs individually , instead of together . Led by the singles " Sen to Rei " and " Native Dancer " , the album became their most commercially successful in their career , peaking at number eight on Oricon 's album chart . Despite this , Yamaguchi was disappointed with the sales , and was not sure why the album stalled at 30 @,@ 000 copies sold .
After the release of the album in January 2009 , Sakanaction performed a two @-@ month tour of Japan , Sakanaquarium 2009 : Shinshiro . This was followed by appearances at many summer music festivals , including Sweet Love Shower , Nano @-@ Mugen Fes , Rock in Japan and Rising Sun Rock Festival . On June 13 , 2009 , Sakanaction performed at Version 21 @.@ 1 , a newly created rock event by Sakanaction and the rock bands Ogre You Asshole and the Telephones to showcase rock music of the 2010s . On October 10 , Sakanaction performed their first overseas concert , the Gentra X Ssamzie Sound Festival in Paju , South Korea .
Yamaguchi had started collecting ideas for Kikuuiki in February 2009 , less than a month after the release of Shin @-@ shiro . The band spent most of 2009 experimenting on the song " Aruku Around " , and performed the song at their summer festival appearances at Rock in Japan and Rising Sun Rock Festival , to see how the audience would react to the song 's different approach . After " Aruku Around " was released as a single in January 2010 , it became a commercial and critical success . It reached number three on Oricon 's single charts , and was praised for its strong arrangement and Yamaguchi 's poetic lyrics . The single 's success surprised the band , who never considered it could become as popular as it did .
= = Writing and production = =
The album was primarily recorded at Freedom Studio in Shinjuku , Tokyo , with secondary recording sessions held at Sound Arts , Avaco Creative Studio and Galva Studio , all in Tokyo , as well as Studio Wakefield in Tama @-@ ku , Kawasaki . Recording sessions for " Aruku Around " were held in 2009 , while the bulk of the album was recorded in January and February 2010 . The recording sessions finished on February 16 , a month before the album 's release date . The writing process took longer than expected and the band had to postpone the album four times from their intended finishing date , mostly due to the complexities of recording the seven minute long song " Me ga Aku Aiiro " .
The Kikuuiki album sessions were influenced by the commercial success of " Aruku Around " , where the band considered what sorts of songs they wanted to make , and what sort of music they should present to their new audience for the audience to understand what songs Sakanaction create other than " Aruku Around " -style ones . The band did not want to make an album full of songs identical to " Aruku Around " , and instead wanted to express to their listeners the breadth of musical inspirations that they could mix together . Yamaguchi felt that it was important to not release a second similar song immediately after " Aruku Around " , as he saw that music consumers in the 2010s were acting as critics on their own Mixi or Twitter accounts . For these people , he believed it was important to exhibit different aspects of the band . He felt this was important for growing Sakanaction as a band , to break the cycle of a musical act becoming popular , then continuing to release the same style of music that made them popular until people grew tired of them . Even before the single 's success , the band planned to feature songs on the album that would go against listeners expectations of what Sakanaction was as a band . On the other hand , the band attempted to keep a commercial sound , the same goal of Shin @-@ shiro , or else they felt that their efforts would have been wasted . This led the band trying to create pop art music , blending art with commercialism .
The creation process for Kikuuiki was different to that of Shin @-@ shiro , where each member worked alongside Yamaguchi in a two @-@ person meeting , and later working on the songs together as a band . For Kikuuiki , Yamaguchi recorded each song 's demo , then in a meeting the band would discuss the song 's feel and emotions , listing everything on a white board . Yamaguchi would then leave the other four band members to work on the song together , while he worked on their next song . Afterwards , he would return to the studio and make suggestions on their progress on the first song . This meant that Yamaguchi had less input on Kikuuiki than on the band 's previous albums , which made him feel more like the band 's producer . The lessened input made Yamaguchi feel that he had come to trust each member 's musical abilities much more than before . On previous albums , the members needed to compromise or give up on ideas that they had , however on Kikuuiki they found that they understood each other much better . This led to the members expressing themselves more , such as drummer Keiichi Ejima , who showcased his taste in rock music strongly in the sound he created for the album . Many songs were still being created when they were recording , unlike previous albums where songs were entirely finished before recording the final take . This meant that many spontaneous ideas were included on the album . An example of this was the band wanted to add a chorus , they collected together all the people who happened to be in the studio at the time , including their musical director . The spontaneous process led to the song " Klee " , written about the paintings of Swiss @-@ German painter Paul Klee , to be recorded in a single take . Similarly , the song " Coelacanth to Boku " was inspired by the atmosphere of Yamaguchi 's room as the album was being created . Instead of featuring repeating sounds on the album , Sakanaction decided to carefully consider how each sound @-@ effect effected the song , and included very few repeating sounds .
The album 's title Kikuuiki ( 汽空域 , Kikūiki ) is a word coined by Yamaguchi . It is related to the term kisui 'iki ( 汽水域 ) , a term describing the brackish water around river heads , where fresh water and salt water mix together . Yamaguchi replaced the character referring to water with the character referring to sky , applying the concept to mixing air instead . This phrase is used to represent the album 's theme : mixing the unmixable . This idea related to how each member had completely different music tastes , but somehow were able to create music together . Similarly , it related to the idea of how Sakanaction as a band mixed rock , club and folk music , but were able to blend different tastes to find an equilibrium that a wide range of people would like . The band created the song " Me ga Aku Aiiro " as a song that would represent the album 's theme in a single song . The album 's introduction , a mix of recordings taken by Yamaguchi on his iPhone at the recording studio , was similarly created to match this theme .
The album was influenced by the changing mediums people listen to music in the 2000s and 2010s : how people used their cellphones or YouTube to discover new music . Yamaguchi wanted to create songs that were difficult to evaluate by listening to just a sample of the song . The seven minute long " Me ga Aku Aiiro " in particular was written with such music consumers in mind . The band also felt influenced by the city of Tokyo , after living in the city for a year and a half and deciding to call it their permanent home . Retrospectively , Yamaguchi saw Shin @-@ shiro as depicting the band as they had arrived in Tokyo , while Kikuuiki showed the versions of themselves that they had discovered by living in Tokyo .
After recording Shin @-@ shiro , the band had many opportunities to meet other bands that performed similar music to them , because they were now based in Tokyo . In particular , Yamaguchi felt influenced by Yūsuke Koide of Base Ball Bear , impressed that Koide 's lyrics managed to express himself as himself , despite their fictional nature . Yamaguchi wrote his first fiction song because of this , " Omotesandō Nijūroku @-@ ji " , as a challenge for himself , and to match the mixing theme of Kikuuiki . Yamaguchi took further inspiration from the Shōwa period in Japan during its asset price bubble when writing " Omotesandō Nijūroku @-@ ji " . The song " Ushio " was one of the first compositions written for the album . Yamaguchi decided to place it as the first song on the album , as he felt it was similar to the material found on Shin @-@ shiro , as a way to show off what sort of band Sakanaction were up until the release of " Aruku Around " . The song mixed a heavy lyrical theme of whether personal philosophies arise from a person 's community or from within themselves , with a psychedelic , avant garde pop sound .
Yamaguchi found the Kikuuiki recording sessions exhausting , as if he had used all of his energy in the writing process . In an interview with Rockin ' On Japan in 2011 , Yamaguchi felt that the people who became fans during this period became Sakaction 's core fanbase . Because of this , many of Sakanaction 's concert set @-@ lists continue to feature songs from Kikuuiki for these people .
= = Cover artwork = =
The album 's artwork was created by Kamikene and Daisuke Ishizaka of Hatos . It features two overlapping circles colored deep blue and bright blue , in order to create aiiro ( 藍色 ) , a color close to indigo . The bright blue was chosen as it was a synthetic ink that regularly occurs in Japanese printing , while the deep blue was taken naturally , isolating a color taken from a photo of the sky just before dawn . The center of the artwork features the Kikuuiki typography , as well as a logo of two overlapping circles . The mix of natural and artificial blue circles was used to represent Kikuuiki 's theme of mixing points .
= = Promotion and release = =
Kikuuiki 's release was announced in mid @-@ January 2010 , after the release of the single " Aruku Around " . On March 10 , the song " Me ga Aku Aiiro " was released as a digital download to cellphones in Japan , as well as ringtones of all of the tracks on the standard edition of the album . The song was the lead promotional track on the album , and received enough radio airplay to reach number 92 on the Billboard Japan Hot 100 chart .
To promote the album , the band made the album 's songs available for listening on their website between February 24 and 28 . The songs were only available from 4 : 00 @-@ 5 : 30am Japan Standard Time , during what they dubbed kikuuiki time . Each listener could randomly listen four or five songs . The whole album was made available for listening on March 1 . The band held a listening party at Liquid Loft in Shibuya , Tokyo on March 13 , which was simulcast on the video streaming website Ustream . The album was released in two editions – limited and standard . The limited edition features a bonus track , " Paradise of Sunny " , which is a dub remix of the song " Yes No " , remixed by recording engineer Sachio " Sunny " Sasaki .
The band performed a thirteen @-@ date national tour of Japan in April and May , dubbed the Sakanaquarium 2010 Kikuuiki . The final two dates were held at the 2 @,@ 000 capacity Zepp Sapporo concert hall on May 8 , followed by the 2 @,@ 400 capacity Shinkiba Studio Coast in Koto , Tokyo . Footage of seven songs performed at Shinkiba Studio Coast on May 15 were made available as iTunes downloads in August 2010 . The band followed up this tour with their first concert at the Nippon Budokan stadium . The Shinkiba Studio Coast and Nippon Budokan concerts were released on DVD in 2011 . The album was re @-@ released on March 25 , 2015 , as a lossless digital download . This was followed by an LP record edition on August 5 , 2015 , to coincide with the release of the band 's compilation album Natsukashii Tsuki wa Atarashii Tsuki : Coupling & Remix Works .
= = Reception = =
= = = Commercial reception = = =
On Oricon 's physical albums charts , the album debuted at number three with 29 @,@ 000 copies sold , behind One Piece Memorial Best , an album compiling theme songs from the anime One Piece , and pop / jazz singer Juju 's third album Juju . SoundScan Japan , another sales tracking agency , found that most copies were of the album 's limited edition , with 27 @,@ 000 copies sold in the first week . The album spent an additional three weeks in the top 50 , and left the top 300 after thirteen weeks . After the release of the band 's " Identity " single in August , the album charted for an additional six weeks . In 2011 , the album had two more chart runs in the top 300 : one in April after the release of their single " Rookie " , and one in August after the release of " Bach no Senritsu o Yoru ni Kiita Sei Desu . " . These four chart runs resulted in the album selling a total of 59 @,@ 000 copies in two years . Despite the album being the band 's most successful release up to that moment , Yamaguchi was disappointed with the album sales , as he expected it to sell over 100 @,@ 000 copies .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The album was well received by Japanese music critics , and was chosen as one of the eleven finalists for the 2011 CD Shop Awards . Toshitomo Doumei of Skream ! named the album his third favorite of 2011 , feeling that the album had simultaneously created new genres of alternative rock and pop music . He felt the album 's music was catchy , and that its success was expected due to its high quality . Entertainment Media Kulture called Kikuuiki the album that established Sakanaction 's current style . Yuji Tanaka of CDJournal felt the album was more cohesive than their previous works , praising the band 's skill progression and Yamaguchi 's lyrics , which he described as " literary @-@ style " and " cynical " . He was struck by the " heroic march " after the album 's introduction in the song " Ushio " , which made him feel " suddenly intoxicated ... like being in the ocean " . Takayuki Endoh of Skream ! similarly believed the album showed growth in the band . Although their previous releases incorporated dance and rock music , Endoh felt that the music on Kikuuiki had struck a better harmony between the two , and had simultaneously become more rock and dance – oriented . He praised the album 's " poppy floating feeling , highly literary lyrics , and romantic electro sound " , feeling that the band was unique in the music industry .
Koji Dejima of Bounce felt that the album was ingenious in the way that it created a feeling of being out of place due to the its arrangements , melodies and lyrics . He praised the album 's varied sound , and the fact that the band always " spoke with their own words " despite this variety of sound . He noted " Aruku Around " ' s strong dance music sound , and likened " Klee " to the songs of The Police , and " Omotesandō Nijūroku @-@ ji " to the music of the 1970s American band Television . Rolling Stone Japan gave the album four stars out of five , praising the Yamaguchi 's " literary and original " lyrics , and how human the music sounded despite its electronic sound . Kaori Komatsu of Rockin ' On Japan felt that Yamaguchi 's lyrics created an " interesting feeling of unease " and had a " deep flavor " . She noted that Yamaguchi 's lyrics often described everyday life and his mental space , layered on top of each other in impressionist scenes . She felt that the band 's sound had become more ambitious in their genre crossovers , especially the inclusions of ambient music and dub elements , and that the songs had a " sense of city " , much stronger since they had moved to Tokyo . Tanaka of CDJournal noted similar qualities in the songs " Yes No " and " Ashita kara " , which to him expressed the loneliness of city life .
The album 's lead single " Aruku Around " was well received by music critics . CDJournal reviewers gave the single its star of recommendation , calling it a " killer tune " where the " pleasure of living in the moment " and " prudence " is balanced . They noted the song 's retro sound , like nostalgic dance music , and felt that the band 's decision to move to Tokyo two years ago was reflected in the song . Kenji Sasaki of Skream ! felt that the song had a " gentle electronica feel " , praising the 1980s @-@ style synths , aggressive sound and " unique poetic sentiment " of Yamaguchi 's . He also praised the emotions the song gave him , mixing pain and exhilaration . Tomoki Takahashi of Rockin ' On Japan felt the greatest strength of the song was how its lyrical content jarred with its " high @-@ spirited words " and " explosive hybrid beat " . He noted that instead of talking about the pleasures of the dance floor , Yamaguchi 's lyrics were introspective , discussing loneliness , pain and longing . Takahashi praised the brave fanfare @-@ like synth based leading melody , and the " tight " and " earth @-@ shaking " four on the floor beat .
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by Ichiro Yamaguchi .
= = Personnel = =
Personnel details were sourced from Kikuuiki 's liner notes booklet .
Sakanaction
Personnel and imagery
= = Charts = =
= = = Sales = = =
= = Release history = =
|
= EastEnders Live =
" EastEnders Live " is a live episode of the British television soap opera EastEnders , broadcast on BBC One on 19 February 2010 . The episode was commissioned as part of the show 's 25th anniversary celebrations , and was the first EastEnders episode to be broadcast live . It was the series ' 3952nd episode , and was written by Simon Ashdown , directed by Clive Arnold and produced by Diederick Santer . The episode concludes a " whodunnit " storyline about the murder of Archie Mitchell ( Larry Lamb ) , revealing his killer to be Stacey Slater ( Lacey Turner ) . It also sees the exit of Charlie Clements as Bradley Branning , who dies after falling from the roof of The Queen Victoria public house .
Turner only learned that Stacey was Archie 's killer half an hour before the episode aired , in a bid by the production team to maintain the storyline 's secrecy . 51 EastEnders cast members appeared in the episode , with several expressing trepidation about performing live prior to the broadcast . Cast members had two weeks to rehearse the episode , with one rehearsal filmed in case of any serious problems during transmission . When Turner fell ill with the flu on the day of broadcast , it was feared the producers may have needed to use the pre @-@ recorded tape , but in the event she recovered enough to appear .
" EastEnders Live " was Santer 's final episode as EastEnders ' executive producer . He expressed his pleasure with the episode , despite several errors during transmission , including mis @-@ delivered lines and some problems with sound and camera shots . Viewers gambled on the identity of the killer , with bookmakers Ladbrokes experiencing record levels of gambling on a television series , and William Hill taking £ 500 @,@ 000 , surpassing the amount placed on the outcome of Dallas ' Who shot J.R. ? storyline in 1980 . The episode was watched by 19 @.@ 9 million cumulative viewers , becoming the most watched show of the year to date . EastEnders Live : The Aftermath , a documentary which followed the episode on BBC Three , was seen by 11 @.@ 6 million viewers , drawing the station 's highest ever ratings . " EastEnders Live " received mixed reviews from critics . It was described as " a triumph " by Shane Donaghey of The Belfast Telegraph , praised by Tom Sutcliffe of The Independent for including stunt work , and commended for Clements and Turner 's acting by Tim Teeman of The Times . In contrast , however , The Guardian 's Nancy Banks @-@ Smith felt that viewers would be " incredulous " with the episode 's outcome , and Cate Devine of The Herald criticised problems with lighting and sound effects .
= = Plot = =
In the wake of his wedding to Stacey Slater ( Lacey Turner ) , Bradley Branning ( Charlie Clements ) is urged to flee Walford by his father and uncle after becoming the prime suspect in the investigation of the murder of local landlord Archie Mitchell . Bradley 's father Max ( Jake Wood ) distracts the police while Bradley and Stacey attempt to escape from Albert Square . Elsewhere , Archie 's youngest daughter Roxy ( Rita Simons ) suspects that her sister Ronnie ( Samantha Womack ) is the murderer . She accuses Ronnie , who tells her that their father raped Stacey , and confesses that he did the same to her when she was a child . Ronnie and Roxy 's cousin Phil ( Steve McFadden ) ransacks the home of Ian Beale ( Adam Woodyatt ) , believing that Ian has in his possession a cufflink which would implicate him in Archie 's murder . He exits without finding it , leaving Ian and Dot Branning ( June Brown ) to watch an old videotape of their family and friends from the past 25 years , reminiscing about the past .
Phil 's mother Peggy ( Barbara Windsor ) is accused by Janine Butcher ( Charlie Brooks ) of attempting to frame her for the murder . As Janine prepares to flee Walford , Peggy finds Roxy and Ronnie fighting . She tells the girls that she too was present the night Archie was killed , arriving to find him injured but alive , however left without calling for medical help . Outside , Bradley and Stacey are about to take a taxi to St Pancras railway station when Bradley realises he has forgotten their passports . He tells Stacey to wait and hurries back home to collect them , but is spotted by the police . A chase ensues , and Bradley climbs onto the roof of The Queen Victoria public house in an attempt to escape . He shouts for Stacey to run before losing his footing and falling from the roof . He dies from his injuries as a distressed Stacey reaches him and the residents look on in horror . Stacey is comforted by Max , and confesses that she is the one who killed Archie .
= = Cast = =
= = Production = =
= = = Origins = = =
On 15 September 2009 , the BBC announced plans to broadcast the first ever live episode of EastEnders , to celebrate the show 's 25th anniversary . The air date was set for 19 February 2010 , with the episode to be broadcast from the BBC 's Elstree Studios in Borehamwood . EastEnders ' executive producer Diederick Santer initially refrained from discussing the episode 's plot , but commented that it would resolve a " big storyline " which would " keep the audience ( as well as the cast and crew ) guessing until the very last moment . " EastEnders storylines saw Archie Mitchell , landlord of The Queen Victoria public house murdered on Christmas Day 2009 , with many characters considered potential suspects in the crime . Santer confirmed that the killer would be revealed in the live episode , and that their identity would be kept secret until the night of broadcast , even from the cast member playing them . Another aspect of the episode is the remarriage of characters Bianca Jackson ( Patsy Palmer ) and Ricky Butcher ( Sid Owen ) . Santer deemed it the " soap wedding of the year — and perhaps the soap wedding of the decade " , commenting that playing the romance against the " thriller " of the " whodunnit " storyline provided a balance he hoped audiences would be " gripped by and satisfied with . "
= = = Cast = = =
In November 2009 , actor Charlie Clements , announced that he would be leaving the soap in 2010 . It was rumoured that Bradley would be seen to commit suicide during the live episode , but this was refuted by an EastEnders spokesperson . It was later revealed that Bradley would make his last appearance in the live episode , urged to flee Walford by his father Max and uncle Jack ( Scott Maslen ) after becoming the prime suspect in the investigation into Archie 's murder . Bradley 's motive for murder came from the discovery that Archie raped his partner Stacey . In an interview with daytime television show This Morning , Clements stated it was possible that Bradley was responsible , but was unsure whether he " [ had ] it in him " , though felt that it would be " quite historical to go down as the one who killed Archie Mitchell " . In the event , Bradley exited the soap by falling to his death from the roof of The Queen Victoria public house during the live episode . Immediately after filming , Clements stated that he was " drained " , referring to his character 's death as " a big way to go out . "
In total , 51 EastEnders cast members were involved in the live broadcast . Several cast members expressed trepidation at the prospect of the live episode . Before details of the episode 's plot were confirmed , Turner hoped that she would not be involved in it , deeming herself " awful " at performing live , unable to even deliver speeches . Neil McDermott feared that he would lose his composure and laugh during the broadcast , while Palmer hoped that the episode would not turn into a pantomime , commenting : " I hope we 're a bit more professional than that . " Simons stated that she was looking forward to the challenge the episode presented , though she would be happier once she had seen the script . Clements denied any apprehension , likening the performance to acting in theatre , and Nina Wadia stated that she was " really looking forward to it " , enjoying experiences with an " adrenaline rush . " Once the script was released , Wadia was " disappointed yet relieved " to learn she did not have a speaking role , explaining : " You want to be in it , but not to mess it up . " She expected to feel " uncomfortable " during the broadcast , as the episode is set the day before her character Zainab Masood gives birth , necessitating the wearing of a body suit with a large " baby bump " sewn in .
= = = Rehearsals = = =
The EastEnders cast and crew had two weeks to rehearse the episode prior to its live transmission . The script was issued on the afternoon of 5 February 2010 , written by series consultant and lead show writer Simon Ashdown . The first read @-@ through took place on 8 February 2010 , though producers held back the part of the script revealing Archie 's true killer . Eight different possible endings were rehearsed , with Santer reiterating that the actor playing the killer would only be told so on the night of broadcast . He revealed that the actor playing the killer would be informed of their actions at 7 : 30 pm on 19 February , 30 minutes before the episode 's transmission , with their reaction filmed for the documentary EastEnders Live : The Aftermath , which aired on BBC Three immediately after " EastEnders Live " was broadcast , narrated by Lamb 's son George .
Santer explained that the killer " may be revealed to the audience rather than the Square " , preserving secrecy as the crew began filming episodes to be transmitted after the live broadcast . Actress Charlie Brooks , who plays Archie 's former lover Janine Butcher , found the secrecy difficult to work with , explaining : " In the episodes to be shown afterwards , you ’ re being told to look or speak a certain way , but not why . " Santer confirmed that the cast found the episode challenging , stating : " They are as desperate to know who did it as the viewers " , though believed they were all capable of coping with the pressure of the live episode . He explained that the cast typically film scenes in one take anyway , and observed that several EastEnders actors had formerly appeared in live broadcasts for other series . Cast members had just two dress rehearsals in advance of the live episode , and only one read @-@ through of the entire episode .
= = = Directing = = =
Arnold was initially sceptical when approached about directing " EastEnders Live " , but agreed once it was explained that the impetus for the episode was motivated by the " whodunnit " storyline . He explained : " We pre @-@ record TV drama for lots of very good reasons and doing a live episode can sometimes come across a little gimmicky , so for me , story is the one and only reason a drama should go live . " Direction of the episode differed from typical episodes of EastEnders , whereby actors briefly run through their lines , block the scene to be filmed , then begin shooting with the director on the studio floor . For " EastEnders Live " , cast and crew had two weeks to work on the episode , rehearsing , blocking scenes and discussing the characters ' journeys at length .
Once technical rehearsals began and cameras were added in , Ashdown moved from the studio floor to an outside broadcast truck . All cameras on set were cabled to the truck , allowing Ashdown to oversee the entire episode remotely . Ashdown approached the episode as though it were a theatrical performance , explaining : " We can work on performance and blocking early on , discussing issues and discovering the text as we go . Actors know to save their energy when technical rehearsals are taking place and then it 's quite magical when all elements are combined close to the first performance . Of course , our theatre company will have it 's [ sic ] opening and closing night on Friday , February 19 ! "
= = = Filming = = =
In case of any serious problems during transmission , a rehearsal for the episode was filmed , including each version of the reveal scene . Santer explained that the tape would not be used for minor problems such as cast members forgetting their lines , in which instance : " we 'll power on using our improvisational skills . It 's really just for technical backup in case of a proper crisis . " The live broadcast took 400 camera shots to film , and 36 camera operators . Typical episodes of EastEnders utilise just four camera operators . Two outside broadcast trucks were hired to remotely direct and monitor the episode from , and three golf buggies were used to transport cast between sets , as the minimum length of time actors had to move from one set to another was just 131 seconds .
Ashdown explained that filming " EastEnders Live " to look like a typical episode of EastEnders was difficult , giving the example of a scene involving a ringing mobile phone . In a usual EastEnders episode , the viewer would see a shot of the phone and know who was calling . In the live episode , the caller would have to be visually or audibly obvious , as a result of the camera set @-@ up and inability to edit scenes . He described the episode 's biggest limitation as the weather , explaining that " EastEnders Live " begins with a direct pickup from the previous episode of EastEnders , with the same characters in the same outside location , leaving the crew hoping for a dry night . Sound was also a problem , as sound quality is better using boom rods than radio microphones , but booms often dip into shot during the filming of EastEnders . Ashdown commented that the production crew would be using booms where possible , but that all cast members with dialogue would be given a radio microphone as backup .
= = = Broadcast = = =
On the day of broadcast , The Mirror reported that EastEnders producers may have to re @-@ write the episode or run a pre @-@ recorded rehearsal tape rather than go ahead with the live transmission , as Turner was suffering from the flu and was unable to speak . In the event , Turner recovered enough to appear , though was given permission to whisper her lines if necessary . She was able to deliver her dialogue as planned , however was too ill to appear on EastEnders Live : The Aftermath following the episode . Turner commented that nothing could have stopped her from appearing in the episode , as the cast had worked so hard on it , and it was " such a big part of TV history " . Several errors were made during the transmission . Barbara Windsor as Peggy incorrectly called Janine " June " and Maslen stumbled over several of his lines . During the final scene , a camera was visibly jostled , sound became muffled and some zoom shots " misfired " . Following Bradley 's fall , Wood was observed inserting his fingers into his throat to help him retch . The script called for Wood to be sick , though there was not enough time for him to put the liquid into his mouth , and he stated that a person would put their fingers into their throat anyway , " to get it all out " . During a scene in which Roxy and Ronnie argued in the Minute Mart , Womack took a bottle of paint stripper from the shelves , but forgot to stop at the counter to pay for it before exiting .
Santer , who stood down as executive producer after the episode 's transmission , succeeded by Bryan Kirkwood , commented that he was happy , relieved and proud with the broadcast . Santer stated : " I just think everyone did brilliantly tonight — the cast , the crew , everyone . It 's everything I wished for and more . I 'm thrilled with how it went . It was quite remarkable . Everything went to plan . I spotted a couple of little wobbles but what I was proudest of was the recovery . The technical crew , the cast — every time we maybe veered slightly off course , they pulled it back round . " Santer explained that he had always intended for Stacey to be revealed as Archie 's killer , and was never tempted to air a different conclusion , despite at least ten characters having strong motives . Turner was surprised to learn that Stacey was the killer , and hoped that viewers would sympathise with her character , observing : " She not only has to deal with the guilt of what she did but she also knows that she 's inadvertently responsible for Bradley 's death . I think that 's going to hurt her more than anything . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Pre @-@ broadcast commentary = = =
In the weeks preceding the transmission of " EastEnders Live " , the episode prompted a series of retrospective articles in the British print media , examining EastEnders ' development over its 25 years of broadcast . Critical commentary was mixed . The Guardian 's Dan Sabbagh observed that the storylines which will culminate in " EastEnders Live " — Ricky and Bianca 's remarriage and the Archie Mitchell " whodunnit " — have seen the show undergo a revival , overtaking rival soap opera Coronation Street in the ratings for the first time in over three years . Tim Teeman of The Times highlighted the Archie storyline as representative of male characters in EastEnders offering an " essential foil " to their female counterparts , who he appraised as being " key " to the show 's success , using the example of Archie 's relationship with his wife Peggy and daughter Ronnie . He felt that the episode deserved high viewership , deeming EastEnders " a brilliant drama " .
Conversely , Alison Rowat of The Herald felt that the current storylines indicated " the best days of EE are over " , commenting : " Contrast it with the ever sprightly Coronation Street , where the scenes featuring Gail “ Black Widow ” McIntyre and her lucky white heather husband have been perfect soap fare . What does EastEnders have ? Another murder investigation in a place that has a higher homicide rate than The Wire 's Baltimore . Andrew Billen of The Times refuted claims by the BBC that " EastEnders Live " was not a " gimmick " but in fact proof of the soap 's " innovative vigour " . Billen deemed the live episode a " reactionary move " , observing that Coronation Street had aired a live episode for its 40th anniversary in 2000 . He reminded readers : " live television drama is nothing new but rather harks back to the earliest days of television and , beyond them , to theatre itself . " The Mirror 's Jane Simon hoped for multiple errors during the transmission of " EastEnders Live " , commenting : " It 's time EastEnders gave us a laugh . "
= = = Gambling = = =
In a world first , online gambling company Bodog offered live odds during the episode , allowing viewers to continue to bet on the identity of Archie 's killer as events unfolded . Although " in @-@ running " betting is common during sports events , it had never before been offered for a soap opera . Odds on the killer 's identity changed frequently in the fortnight preceding the transmission of " EastEnders Live " . On 5 February , the clear favourite was Stacey , with odds at Bodog of 2 / 1 . By 9 February , Stacey 's odds had shortened to 6 / 4 , though the character dropped into third place by 12 February , usurped by her brother Sean Slater ( Robert Kazinsky ) at odds of 9 / 4 , and Ben Mitchell ( Charlie Jones ) at 7 / 2 . On 14 February , the unlikely favourite became Tracey the barmaid ( Jane Slaughter ) , a background character whose odds shortened considerably from 40 / 1 to 11 / 4 . Sean moved back into first place on 16 February , with odds of 2 / 1 , and remained there until the eve of broadcast .
Bookmakers estimated that over £ 1 million would be spent gambling on the outcome of the storyline . Ladbrokes experienced its busiest ever 24 hours of gambling on a television series ahead of the episode 's transmission , taking £ 100 @,@ 000 in bets on 30 different characters , while William Hill took £ 500 @,@ 000 , surpassing the amount placed on Dallas ' Who shot J.R. ? storyline in 1980 . Spokesman Rupert Adams commented : " The BBC were amazing keeping this quiet . We have broken even which in a market like this is amazing . We have had a roller @-@ coaster but have enjoyed every minute . "
= = = Ratings = = =
" EastEnders Live " was watched by a cumulative audience of 19 @.@ 9 million viewers . Its original screening averaged 16 @.@ 41 million viewers , attaining a 57 % audience share . Three repeats on BBC Two and BBC Three in the week of broadcast lifted the televised total to 18 @.@ 8 million viewers , with a further 1 @.@ 1 million watching the episode on BBC iPlayer . The episode became the most watched show of the year to date . EastEnders Live : The Aftermath drew a total of 11 @.@ 6 million viewers . It was watched by 4 @.@ 54 million people on its initial airing , attaining a 15 @.@ 9 % audience share and becoming BBC Three 's highest rated programme ever , as well as the most @-@ watched multichannel programme of the day . The documentary drew a further 6 @.@ 6 million viewers over four repeat broadcasts , and 0 @.@ 5 million viewers via iPlayer . The original broadcast was the third highest rated television episode of 2010 in the UK , beaten by a 2010 FIFA World Cup match between England and Germany , and the final of the seventh series of The X Factor .
Santer was delighted by the viewing figures , stating : " To get this incredible response from the audience is truly remarkable — these numbers go far beyond what we ever hoped for . I am so proud of our cast and crew for their incredible performance last night . This rating is the icing on our silver anniversary cake . " Jay Hunt , controller of BBC One commented : " [ The ] extraordinary live episode was a fitting celebration of 25 magnificent years for EastEnders . The audience were clearly gripped by one of the greatest soap whodunnits ever . " Discussing the ratings for EastEnders Live : The Aftermath , controller of BBC Three Danny Cohen appraised : " It is an amazing testament to the EastEnders team and the brave and brilliant drama they provided . " Yorke responded to the high consolidated ratings with the statement : " The best birthday present EastEnders could possibly have is to know that 25 years in it can still grab the biggest audience in the UK . It 's a real tribute to the show 's creators that a quarter of a century on , everybody 's still talking about it . "
= = = Critical response = = =
The episode won in the " Best Single Episode " category at the 2010 British Soap Awards , and was nominated in the " Best Live Event Coverage " category of the Broadcast Digital Awards 2010 . It received mixed reviews from critics . Tom Sutcliffe of The Independent rated " EastEnders Live " 4 out of 5 , noting that there were " a couple of moments where the seams showed " , but that " half the fun in watching was seeing if you could spot them " . He praised EastEnders for not " playing safe " by including stunt work , and commented that Ian Beale 's line : " I wish we could go back and do it all again . Do it right this time . " could potentially have been " a horrible hostage to fortune " , however felt that : " in the end they more than got away with it . " Tim Teeman of The Times also rated the episode 4 out of 5 , calling the revelation of Stacey as Archie 's killer a " genuine surprise " , and commenting that " EastEnders Live " : " sometimes creaked under the weight of its own ambitions – but who cares , gold stars for effort . " Teeman praised Clements and Turner , feeling that they " excelled themselves despite the odd strained pause " , though noted that in the aftermath of Bradley 's fall , " the perils of live TV became apparent " , commenting that : " The direction slackened at just the wrong moment , and you were left hoping someone would get to a bit of script to ward off any more bizarre shots of Jack and Max fighting to free themselves from a policeman 's soft grip . "
Mike Higgins of The Independent deemed the episode " a technical triumph " , praising the " smooth , almost flawless " and " fluent " production . Shane Donaghey of The Belfast Telegraph also called the episode a " triumph " , opining that it could not possibly have lived up to the hype surrounding the storyline , but that transmitting live gave EastEnders " an energy it normally lacks , with great violence , excellent direction " . He summarised : " the story gripped so well you forgot to look for the cock @-@ ups , before a genuinely shocking denouement that you never saw coming amid all of the hype . " Pat Stacey of the Evening Herald felt that revealing Stacey as Archie 's killer was " a slight let @-@ down " and " a little bit predictable " , calling the episode " a triumph of logistics over logic " . However , Stacey wrote that aside from the " damp @-@ squib " ending , " EastEnders Live " was " surprisingly enjoyable [ ... ] even for a committed ' Endersphobe like [ her ] self . " She felt that transmitting live " added a tangible layer of tension " to proceedings , lamenting : " If only EastEnders was this exciting all the time . " The Guardian 's Nancy Banks @-@ Smith similarly felt that transmitting live made for " tension , not clarity " , commenting that bookmakers would be " absolutely delighted " with the outcome , but that viewers would be " incredulous " . Cate Devine of The Herald was similarly critical , describing the episode as " 30 minutes of cheesy dramatic counterpoint " , and highlighting the " ropey lighting and poor sound effects . "
Bradley 's death was voted the third most emotional moment in television entertainment in a 2010 poll of 3 @,@ 000 British people conducted by Freeview HD .
|
= Ibrox Stadium =
Ibrox Stadium is a football stadium located on the south side of the River Clyde in the Ibrox district of Glasgow . The home of Rangers F.C. , Ibrox is one of the largest football stadiums in the UK , and the third largest football stadium in Scotland , having an all @-@ seated capacity of 50 @,@ 947 .
It was opened as Ibrox Park in 1899 , but suffered a disaster in 1902 when a wooden terrace collapsed . Vast earthen terraces were built in its place , while a main stand , which is now a listed building , was built in 1928 . A British record crowd of 118 @,@ 567 gathered in January 1939 for a league match with Celtic . After the Ibrox disaster of 1971 , the stadium was largely rebuilt . The vast bowl @-@ shaped terracing was removed and replaced by three rectangular , all @-@ seated stands by 1981 . After renovations were completed in 1997 , the ground was renamed Ibrox Stadium .
Ibrox has also hosted the Scotland national football team , particularly when the national stadium Hampden Park was redeveloped in the 1990s . Ibrox also hosted three Scottish domestic cup finals in the same period . It has also been the venue for concerts by major performers , including Frank Sinatra .
= = History = =
Rangers played its first match in May 1872 , on Glasgow Green . The club then played home matches on public pitches across Glasgow , first moving to a regular home ground at Burnbank in 1875 . A year later , Rangers played at the Clydesdale cricket ground in Kinning Park . This ground was improved to give a capacity of 7 @,@ 000 , but it was not owned by Rangers . After hints by the landlords that they wished to develop the site , Rangers left in February 1887 . The club shared Cathkin Park with Third Lanark for the remainder of the 1886 – 87 season .
Rangers first moved to the Ibrox area later in 1887 , playing on a site immediately to the east of the current stadium . The first match at this stadium was an 8 – 1 defeat to English side Preston North End on 20 August 1887 , watched by a capacity crowd of over 15 @,@ 000 . This inaugural match had to be abandoned after 70 minutes due to a pitch invasion . The first Ibrox Park was a success in the short term , as three Scotland international matches and the 1890 Scottish Cup Final were played at the ground . Celtic Park , built in 1892 , was more advanced , however . Rangers opted to construct a new stadium , raising funds by forming a limited company . The last match at the old ground was played on 9 December 1899 . The new Ibrox Park was formally opened with a 3 – 1 victory over Hearts on 30 December .
= = = Ibrox Park = = =
Ibrox Park , as it was known between 1899 and 1997 , is almost completely different from the Ibrox Stadium of today . It followed the model of most Scottish stadiums of the time , comprising an oval track around the pitch , with a pavilion and one stand along one side . The ground had a capacity of 40 @,@ 000 . Celtic Park , Ibrox and Hampden Park all competed with each other to host Scottish Cup Finals and Scotland matches , one of which could generate up to £ 1 @,@ 000 in revenue for the host club . To aid their chances of gaining that revenue , Rangers constructed a large terracing , holding 36 @,@ 000 people , behind the western goalmouth . The terracing , designed by Archibald Leitch , was formed by wooden planks bolted onto a framework made of iron . A similar wooden terracing was constructed at the eastern end , giving a total capacity of 75 @,@ 000 .
The structure was passed by the Govan Burgh Surveyor in March 1902 , but there were newspaper reports that it was unstable . A crowd of 68 @,@ 114 assembled for a Scotland v England match on 5 April 1902 , but shortly after the kick @-@ off one section of the terracing " collapsed like a trap door " . A gap of 20 square yards appeared , causing about 125 people to fall to the ground 50 feet below the terracing . Most survived due to the fact they fell on top of other bodies , but 25 people were killed . 517 people were injured , some due to being crushed in the panic caused by the collapse .
Most people in the stadium were unaware that the ( first ) Ibrox disaster had happened . People even re @-@ occupied the damaged area , despite the danger of further collapse . A definite reason for the disaster was not agreed upon , partly because there was no public inquiry held . Some experts blamed the quality of wood and the supplier was tried for culpable homicide , but was acquitted . The design was also cited as a possible cause . Generally , wooden structures of that size were not trusted . Rangers removed the wooden terraces , reducing capacity to 25 @,@ 000 . The criticism of the design did not deter Rangers from hiring Leitch in the future . He designed an expansion of Ibrox to a 63 @,@ 000 capacity by 1910 , using slopes made of earth . By this point , the city of Glasgow had the three largest purpose @-@ built football grounds in the world .
The next major redevelopment occurred in 1928 , after Rangers had won their first double . A new Main Stand , to the south side of the ground , was opened on 1 January 1929 . The Main Stand , which has the familiar Leitch style criss @-@ cross balcony and a red @-@ brick facade , seated 10 @,@ 000 people and provided standing accommodation in an enclosure . Simon Inglis , a writer on football stadia , commented in 2005 that the Main Stand is Leitch 's " greatest work " and is " still resplendent today in its red brick glory under a modern mantle of glass and steel " . The architectural significance of the Main Stand was reflected when it became a Category B listed building in 1987 . Original seats in the Main Stand were made of cast iron and oak . When one was auctioned in 2011 , it raised a sale price of £ 1 @,@ 080 .
The banking of the terracing continued to increase in the 1930s . On 2 January 1939 , the Old Firm game against Celtic attracted a crowd of 118 @,@ 567 , the record attendance for any league match played in Britain . At this point , Ibrox was the second @-@ largest stadium in Britain . Floodlights were first used at Ibrox in December 1953 , for a friendly match against Arsenal . The first floodlit Scottish league match was played at Ibrox , in March 1956 . Covers were built over the north and east terracing during the 1960s . No structural changes were made to Ibrox , but capacity was cut to approximately 80 @,@ 000 by safety legislation .
Ibrox Park had the worst fan safety record in Britain before its complete redesign and renaming in 1997 . Two fans died in September 1961 when a barrier collapsed on Stairway 13 , resulting in a crush . Stairway 13 was a popular , often overcrowded , and very steep exit from the East Terracing due to its proximity to Copland Road subway station and parking areas for the Rangers supporters ' coaches . After this incident , Rangers installed safety measures , but further injuries were sustained in crushes on Stairway 13 in both 1967 and 1969 . On 23 October 1968 , the main stand at Ibrox was hit by fire . Just seven months later there was another fire , which destroyed more than 200 seats behind the directors box . The worst disaster to yet affect football in Britain happened on Stairway 13 after the Old Firm game on 2 January 1971 , when 66 people died of asphyxiation due to another crush on Stairway 13 . The game itself ended in a 1 – 1 draw , with Colin Stein scoring a late equalising goal for Rangers . This led to a widespread belief that the crush had been caused by fans who had left the game early , but had turned back when they heard the roar that greeted the Rangers goal . A public inquiry discounted this initial story . It established that the crowd had been travelling in the same direction when the crush happened , with it perhaps being precipitated by some bending over to pick up items that had been discarded during the goal celebrations . The downward force of the crowd leaving the stadium meant that when people started to fall there was no means of preventing a crush .
The inquiry and subsequent compensation cases found that Rangers had been inept in their administration and complacent after the incidents in the 1960s . The disaster also highlighted , however , the fact that there were no established safety standards that should be adhered to , let alone any means of enforcing such standards . This had been first recommended nearly 50 years earlier , after the 1923 FA Cup Final . The Guide to Safety at Sports Grounds was published in 1973 , and legislation was enacted with the Safety of Sports Grounds Act 1975 . This law cut the capacity of Ibrox to 65 @,@ 000 . In the short term , Rangers took the stopgap measure of installing benches in the North Stand , which was renamed the Centenary Stand .
= = = Ibrox Stadium = = =
The 1971 Ibrox disaster led to the club developing a modern , safe stadium . Willie Waddell visited modern grounds in West Germany during the 1974 World Cup and believed that steep terracing and exits , such as Stairway 13 , had to be replaced . The cut in capacity and boardroom changes led to radical plans by architects Miller Partnership , which were published in November 1977 . The plans were modelled on the Westfalenstadion , home ground of Borussia Dortmund . They involved a radical reshaping of the stadium , with the old bowl @-@ shaped terracing to be replaced by three new all @-@ seated structures . Only the old Main Stand would remain , with its enclosure providing the only standing room in the ground .
Although later events , such as the Hillsborough disaster and the subsequent Taylor Report , vindicated this plan , Rangers were taking a significant risk . The whole plan was estimated to cost £ 6 million , which no other club could have afforded in a short period of time . The development was funded by the Rangers football pools operation , which was the largest club @-@ based scheme in Britain . The first phase of the plan , which began in 1978 , was the removal of the east terracing and its replacement with the Copland Road stand . The same process was repeated on the west side of the ground a year later , with the two identical stands each holding 7 @,@ 500 seats . The redevelopment was completed in 1981 with the replacement of the Centenary Stand by the 10 @,@ 300 capacity Govan Stand .
The new Ibrox had a capacity of 44 @,@ 000 and was opened with an Old Firm game played on 19 September 1981 . By this time , however , the development cost had risen to £ 10 million , which depleted the club financially . This resulted in a difficult period in the history of Rangers , as the average attendance fell to 17 @,@ 500 in the 1981 – 82 season , including a crowd of only 4 @,@ 500 for a game against St Mirren . The redeveloped stadium was partly blamed for this , as some fans felt that the new ground lacked atmosphere due to the spaces between the stands . This was during a period of low attendances in Scottish football in general . Despite the relatively low attendance at Ibrox , Rangers had the highest average home attendances in the Premier Division in both 1983 – 84 and 1984 – 85 .
This all changed when a new regime , chaired by David Holmes , took control of Rangers in 1986 . Graeme Souness was appointed player – manager , while several English stars , including Terry Butcher and Chris Woods , were signed . Season ticket sales rose from 7 @,@ 000 in 1986 to over 30 @,@ 000 in the 1990s , while commercial income increased from £ 239 @,@ 000 in 1986 to over £ 2 million in 1989 . The introduction of computerised ticketing , zonal public address systems and closed @-@ circuit television for monitoring turnstile areas meant that Ibrox was at the forefront of stadium management . Rangers also adopted the American technique of analysing the types of fans in each area of the stadium and adjusted their food stalls accordingly . Greater success on the pitch meant that Ibrox demonstrated that seated stadiums would be welcomed by most fans , if designed and fitted well .
David Murray acquired control of Rangers in November 1988 . Argyle House , a £ 4 million extension behind the Govan Stand , was opened in 1990 . This added executive boxes , office space and hospitality suites . A further series of developments was started in the early 1990s to increase capacity to over 50 @,@ 000 . Murray commissioned architect Gareth Hutchison to find a way of adding a third tier to the Main Stand . This was a highly complex process , as the Main Stand facade had become a listed building and Murray wanted the existing structure to remain open during construction . The contractors removed the original roof and added a temporary cover while the work carried on above . The Club Deck , which cost approximately £ 20 million , was opened with a league match against Dundee United in December 1991 . The redevelopment of the Main Stand was partially financed by a Football Trust grant of £ 2 million and a debenture issue that raised £ 8 @.@ 5 million . Ordinary fans bought debentures for between £ 1 @,@ 000 and £ 1 @,@ 650 each , which guaranteed the right to buy season tickets for at least 30 years , along with some other minor benefits .
Four columns were built through the existing Main Stand to support the Club Deck , which resulted in approximately 1 @,@ 000 seats having a restricted view . After opening the Club Deck , Ibrox had a capacity of 44 @,@ 500 . When a new playing surface was installed in 1992 , Rangers were able to add a further 1 @,@ 300 seats to the front of three stands by lowering the pitch slightly . The only standing area of the ground , the enclosure of the Main Stand , was seated in 1994 to comply with the Taylor Report and UEFA regulations . The multi @-@ coloured seats were replaced in 1995 with uniform blue seats . A further 1 @,@ 200 seats was added in this process by reconfiguring passageways , giving a total capacity of 47 @,@ 998 .
The two spaces between the Govan , Copland and Broomloan Stands were filled in with seats and Jumbotron screens . The ground was officially renamed Ibrox Stadium after renovations were completed in 1997 , when Ibrox had a capacity of just over 50 @,@ 000 . Three rows of seating were added to the front of the Govan Stand upper tier in 2006 , linked to a new ' Bar 72 ' area , increasing the capacity to its present figure of 50 @,@ 947 . The Main Stand was renamed the Bill Struth Main Stand in September 2006 , to commemorate the 50th anniversary of his death . The Jumbotron screens were replaced in 2011 .
Rangers became insolvent in February 2012 and was unable to reach a company voluntary arrangement with its creditors , principally HM Revenue and Customs . Ibrox Stadium , along with the business and other assets of Rangers , was sold in June 2012 to a new company run by Charles Green . The new company obtained the SFA membership of the old Rangers FC company and gained entry to the Scottish Football League Third Division .
On 16 July 2014 the club paid a lasting tribute to Sandy Jardine by renaming the Govan Stand in his honour .
= = Structure and facilities = =
The Ibrox pitch is surrounded by four covered all @-@ seater stands , officially known as the Bill Struth Main ( south ) , Broomloan Road ( west ) , Sandy Jardine ( north ) and Copland Road ( east ) Stands . Each stand has two tiers , with the exception of the Bill Struth Main Stand , which has had three tiers since the Club Deck was added in 1991 . The two corner areas , known as the West and East areas of the Sandy Jardine Stand , have one tier of seating below a JumboTron screen .
The Bill Struth Main Stand , formerly known as the Main Stand , faces onto Edmiston Drive ( A8 road ) . The red @-@ brick facade , designed by Archibald Leitch , is a Category B listed building . Simon Inglis , writing in 1996 , described it as an " imposing red @-@ brick facade , with its mock neo @-@ classical arched , square and pedimented windows , exudes prestige and power . " On each end wall the club crest is depicted in a blue and gold mosaic . Stairtowers leading to the Club Deck ( third tier ) stand at each end of the Main Stand . These towers are also framed in red @-@ brick , but deliberately contrast with the main body of the stand . The two stairtowers also support a 146 @-@ metre ( 479 ft ) long and 540 @-@ tonne ( 530 @-@ long @-@ ton ; 600 @-@ short @-@ ton ) truss , which claimed to be the longest and heaviest clear span girder in the world .
Through the main doors of the Main Stand is a wood @-@ panelled hallway . A staircase leads to the boardroom and trophy room . Inglis compared Ibrox to Highbury , in that it combined corporate power with a sense of tradition and solidity . It was originally constructed as a 10 @,@ 000 @-@ seat stand above a standing enclosure . It was redeveloped in the early 1990s with the addition of the Club Deck and seating in the enclosure . It is now a three @-@ tier all @-@ seated structure , accommodating approximately 21 @,@ 000 spectators . The front wall of the middle tier is one of the last surviving examples of the Leitch style of criss @-@ cross detailing . The middle tier is split into front and rear sections , while the enclosure is split into east and west sections , either side of the retractable tunnel cover .
Opposite the Bill Struth Main Stand is the Sandy Jardine Stand formerly known as the Govan Stand . It is a two @-@ tier stand , similar in style to the two end stands , which was completed in 1981 . To the rear of the Govan Stand is the Argyle House extension , completed in 1990 , which provides executive boxes , hospitality areas and office space . The Bar 72 area was added to the rear section of the Govan Stand in 2006 . The Copland Road Stand , at the east end of the stadium , was completed in 1979 and now accommodates just over 8 @,@ 000 fans . It is traditionally the ' Rangers end ' of the ground and the team normally chooses to attack that end in the second half of matches . The western Broomloan Road Stand , which was completed in 1980 , is identical to the opposite end . Although constructed as separate structures , the three stands have been linked since the mid @-@ 1990s , when two additional areas of seating were added to the corner areas . All of the stands are designed using the ' goalpost ' structure , in which a large portal frame supports perpendicular beams on which roof cladding is secured . A Rangers Megastore is located in the corner between the Copland Road and Govan Stands .
Away fans are normally accommodated in the corner of the ground between the Broomloan and Govan Stands . For bigger games , such as the Old Firm derbies , the whole of the Broomloan Stand can be used by the away support . Ibrox is seen as being an intimidating ground for visiting supporters . Rangers banned Celtic fans in 1994 from attending games at Ibrox , citing the damage caused to the Broomloan Stand by the visitors in previous derbies . The ban was lifted after one game , as the Scottish Football League passed a resolution preventing clubs from taking that action . Before the corners were filled in , away fans were accommodated in the lower tier of the Broomloan Stand . Rangers had to take action in 1996 to prevent their fans in the upper deck from throwing items at visitors .
= = Future developments = =
Since the redevelopments to Celtic Park and Hampden Park were completed in the late 1990s , Ibrox has had the smallest capacity of the three major stadiums in Glasgow . Rangers have since explored options to increase capacity . After opening the Bar 72 area in 2006 , chief executive Martin Bain said that the scheme could be replicated in the Copland Stand . A report in the Daily Record in April 2007 claimed that Rangers were planning to increase capacity to 57 @,@ 000 , principally by removing the JumboTron screens and lowering the pitch to accommodate more seating . These plans were said to be dependent for finance upon improved performance by the team . In January 2008 , Rangers announced that they were investigating three options to further develop Ibrox . One of the proposals would have resulted in a capacity of 70 @,@ 000 , by replacing three of the stands with a bowl @-@ type structure . These plans were shelved by October 2008 , however , due to the late @-@ 2000s financial crisis .
Alongside changes to the stadium itself , Rangers have also sought to develop land around Ibrox . In partnership with the Las Vegas Sands corporation , the club received outline planning permission from Glasgow City Council for the development of land adjoining Ibrox as the home of a super casino . The casino was planned to be accompanied by a Rangers @-@ themed leisure complex . Britain 's Casino Advisory Panel reviewed bids from eight short @-@ listed cities , including Glasgow , and in 2007 awarded the first licence to Manchester . There is no immediate prospect of the Ibrox proposal being resurrected , as Gordon Brown dropped the plans for super casinos soon after becoming Prime Minister . Rangers were given approval by Glasgow City Council in October 2008 to purchase land around Ibrox and redevelop the area with hotel and retail outlets . This scheme stalled , however , as regulations constrained what could be built in the area .
= = Other uses = =
= = = Football = = =
Ibrox has been a home venue for the Scotland national football team 18 times , the third most of any ground . The first Ibrox Park ( 1887 – 99 ) hosted three internationals , giving an overall Ibrox total of 21 . The ground most recently hosted a Scotland game in October 2014 , when Hampden Park was unavailable due to its temporary conversion to hold athletics in the 2014 Commonwealth Games . Ibrox hosted several internationals during the 1990s , particularly when Hampden was being redeveloped . Hampden was redeveloped in two phases . Ibrox hosted four Scotland games in the first phase , starting with a 1994 World Cup qualifier against Portugal in October 1992 . It was not a happy interlude for Scotland fans , however , as the team failed to qualify for the World Cup for the first time since 1970 . Although the attendances at Ibrox were higher than at Hampden , some fans resented the fact that they were helping the finances of Rangers . Fans also complained that the ticket prices were too high . During the second period of redevelopment , however , Scotland won an important 1998 World Cup qualifier against Sweden at Ibrox .
During these periods of redevelopment to Hampden , Ibrox also hosted the 1997 Scottish Cup Final and the 1994 and 1997 Scottish League Cup Finals . Ibrox was on the approved UEFA list to host major European finals in the 1990s , but it lost out in a bid to host the 1996 UEFA Cup Winners ' Cup Final because a convention threatened a shortage of hotel rooms in Glasgow . Ibrox continues to hold the top UEFA rating , but the Scottish Football Association put forward the redeveloped Hampden for European finals in the 2000s .
= = = Non @-@ football = = =
King George V visited Ibrox Park in 1917 , to thank Rangers for its efforts in the First World War . His son , King George VI , opened the 1938 Empire Exhibition with a speech at Ibrox . This was used as source material by Colin Firth for his performance in The King 's Speech movie . Ibrox has been used for concerts , including performances by Simple Minds ( 1986 x2 ) , Frank Sinatra ( 1990 ) , Rod Stewart ( 1995 ) , Elton John and Billy Joel ( 1998 ) .
In June 1980 , Ibrox hosted a world championship boxing match between Jim Watt and Howard Davis . Ibrox hosted the rugby sevens event at the 2014 Commonwealth Games , won by South Africa . There was a total attendance of 171 @,@ 000 for the four sessions of play , which set a new record for a rugby sevens tournament .
The stadium has also hosted the 1983 Centenary Celebrations of The Boys ' Brigade .
= = Transport = =
The main railway stations in Glasgow , Central and Queen Street , are both approximately two miles from Ibrox . The Ibrox and Cessnock stations on the Glasgow Subway both serve Ibrox . It is also served by First Glasgow buses on Paisley Road West . Ibrox sits near to the M8 motorway , with junction 23 being the closest exit , but the roads around Ibrox become congested on matchdays .
|
= Eliurus petteri =
Eliurus petteri is a rodent in the genus Eliurus found in lowland eastern Madagascar . First described in 1994 , it is most closely related to the smaller Eliurus grandidieri . Virtually nothing is known of its natural history , except that it occurs in rainforest and is nocturnal and solitary . It is threatened by destruction and fragmentation of its habitat and is listed as " Vulnerable " on the IUCN Red List .
With a head and body length of 130 to 136 mm ( 5 @.@ 1 to 5 @.@ 4 in ) , Eliurus petteri is a moderately large species of Eliurus . Its upperparts are gray @-@ brown to gray and contrast sharply with the white underparts . The tail tuft , a characteristic feature of Eliurus , is weakly developed . The skull is delicate and the incisive foramina ( openings in the front part of the palate ) are short and narrow . The incisors are weak .
= = Taxonomy = =
Eliurus petteri was first described in 1994 by American zoologist Michael Carleton as part of a revision of the genus Eliurus . Carleton had only three specimens of the new species , which had been collected in 1929 , 1956 , and 1963 in close proximity in an area of eastern Madagascar . The specific name honors French biologist François Petter , who has contributed to the scientific study of the nesomyines . In 1998 , Carleton and Steven Goodman described a related species , Eliurus grandidieri , from the Northern Highlands of Madagascar . Surprisingly , DNA sequence data suggest that this species is more closely related to Voalavo gymnocaudus than to other species of Eliurus ; however , E. petteri has not been studied genetically . Carleton and Goodman reported additional occurrences of E. petteri ( though within the same general area ) in 2007 , and formally recognized the " Eliurus petteri group " ( including E. grandidieri and E. petteri ) as one of five species groups within the genus .
The common names " Petter 's Tuft @-@ tailed Rat " and " Petter 's Tufted @-@ tailed Rat " have been used for this species . It is now one of twelve species recognized within Eliurus , the most diverse and widespread genus of the native Malagasy rodents ( subfamily Nesomyinae ) .
= = Description = =
Eliurus petteri is a fairly large , long @-@ tailed species of Eliurus that resembles a smaller version of Eliurus webbi . It is larger than the closely related E. grandidieri . The fur is soft and fine . The upperparts appear gray @-@ brown to gray in overall color ; individual hairs are light gray for most of their length , then pale buff , and dark brown to black at the tip . Dark guard hairs — longer hairs projecting above the main fur — are present , but relatively short . The underparts are entirely white , a feature unique for the genus ; even E. grandidieri has dark gray underparts . The transition between the coloration of the upper- and underparts is sharp . The mystacial vibrissae ( whiskers on the upper lip ) are 50 to 60 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 to 2 @.@ 4 in ) long and extend beyond the ears when pressed against the head . In some specimens , the eyes are surrounded by a dark ring . The pinnae ( external ears ) are dark and appear naked , but are covered by fine brown fur on the outer and by white hairs on the inner surface . The forefeet are entirely white above , but a narrow dark streak is present on the hindfeet . The skin of the tail is dark , sometimes with some white spots on the lower side . Although the tail appears mostly naked , it is covered with inconspicuous hairs . The tail tuft — characteristic of the genus Eliurus — is weakly developed and consists of light brown to grayish brown hairs along the 25 to 30 % of the tail closest to the tip .
The skull looks delicate . The interorbital region ( between the eyes ) is narrow and hourglass @-@ shaped , and the braincase is smooth ; both lack conspicuously developed ridges and shelves . The zygomatic arches ( cheekbones ) are poorly developed . The incisive foramina ( openings in the front part of the palate ) are short and narrow . The bony palate ends at the level of the back of the third upper molars . The alisphenoid strut ( a piece of bone at the back of the skull separating two foramina , or openings ) is absent . The strut is present in most Eliurus , but absent in some specimens of E. grandidieri . The subsquamosal fenestrae ( openings in the squamosal bone ) are fairly large . The auditory bullae are small . The incisors are weak and the enamel on the upper incisors is yellow to light orange . The root of the lower incisor does not project into a distinct capsular process at the back of the mandible ( lower jaw ) , a feature shared only with E. grandidieri among species of Eliurus .
= = Distribution and ecology = =
Eliurus petteri is known only from a limited area in the foothills of eastern Madagascar ( Toamasina Province ) , where it occurs from 450 to 1 @,@ 145 m ( 1 @,@ 476 to 3 @,@ 757 ft ) above sea level . It occurs in close proximity with E. minor , E. tanala , and E. webbi , and is probably sympatric with them . Information on the natural history of E. petteri is extremely limited . It occurs in lowland rainforest and is probably arboreal or scansorial ( climbing in vegetation ) . It is nocturnal and solitary and may eat fruits , seeds , and insects . The weak incisors suggest to Carleton that it eats more " indurate " fruits and insects than other Eliurus .
= = Conservation status = =
Destruction and fragmentation of its habitat are major threats to Eliurus petteri , which is not known to occur in any protected area . Furthermore , it may be vulnerable to plague transmitted by introduced rodents . Accordingly , it is classified as " Vulnerable " on the IUCN Red List .
|
= 1985 – 86 Calgary Flames season =
The 1985 – 86 Calgary Flames season was the sixth season in Calgary and 14th for the Flames franchise in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) . It was a banner season for the Flames , who overcame a franchise record eleven game losing streak to finish 2nd in the Smythe Division and captured the franchise 's first Clarence S. Campbell Bowl as Campbell Conference champions . In doing so , they became the first Calgary team to reach the Stanley Cup Finals since the Calgary Tigers in 1923 – 24 . The Flames season ended at the hands of the Montreal Canadiens , who defeated Calgary in five games in the final .
The season began with the departure of franchise leading scorer Kent Nilsson who was sent to the Minnesota North Stars in a trade . Rookie goaltender Mike Vernon emerged as the team 's top goaltender and Joe Mullen was acquired in a major trade midway through the season . Gary Suter captured the Calder Memorial Trophy as the league 's top rookie while also being named to the NHL All @-@ Rookie Team . Additionally , Suter was the team 's lone representative at the 1986 All @-@ Star Game . Håkan Loob captured the Molson Cup .
The Flames upset the heavily favoured Edmonton Oilers in the Smythe Division final to end the Oilers ' hopes of winning a third consecutive championship . The series winning goal was scored into his own net by Oilers rookie Steve Smith . As Smith collapsed to the ice , Flames players celebrated the difference maker in what would finish as a 3 – 2 Calgary win . Smith 's error remains one of the most legendary blunders in hockey history .
= = Regular season = =
The Flames began the year with a similar roster as finished the 1984 – 85 season , with one major exception . Kent Nilsson , the franchise 's all @-@ time leading scorer , was dealt to the Minnesota North Stars for two draft picks . Nilsson was viewed as a player with immense talent who ended each season as a perennial disappointment in the playoffs . Though he scored 99 points the season before , the Flames received few offers before agreeing to send him to Minnesota . As the deal provided no immediate help for the team , co @-@ captain Doug Risebrough anticipated that 1985 – 86 would be a transitional year for the Flames and the loss of Nilsson might force the team to play a more defensive style when compared to the team that finished second in league scoring the year previous .
The season opened in Calgary with a game against the Winnipeg Jets , the team that eliminated the Flames in the first round of the previous spring 's playoffs . It ended with an 8 – 3 victory for the Flames , but not before a bench @-@ clearing brawl resulted in the ejection of five players . Calgary was one of the top teams in the league in the early going , standing third overall on December 10 with a 15 – 8 – 3 record .
Four nights later , they were defeated by the Vancouver Canucks , 4 – 3 , and continued losing for nearly a month . After the Hartford Whalers handily defeated the Flames 9 – 1 on January 7 , 1986 , to send Calgary to its 11th consecutive defeat , a franchise record , coach Bob Johnson promised changes . Among them was the recall of goaltender Mike Vernon from the Moncton Golden Flames , who was given the start ahead of Rejean Lemelin in their next game , against Vancouver . He held the Flames in the game long enough for Jim Peplinski to score in the first minute of overtime for a 5 – 4 victory that ended the eighth @-@ longest losing streak in NHL history .
During the losing streak , on December 29 , the Flames hosted Soviet team Dynamo Moscow in an exhibition game as part of the 1986 Super Series . Vernon was given the start for the game to let Lemelin rest and led Calgary to a 4 – 3 victory over Dynamo . It was the Flames ' second victory in three years against a Soviet league club , and came despite what the team considered biased officiating by the Russian referee working the game .
The team enjoyed greater success in the second half of the season , finishing the final 40 games with a record of 22 – 12 – 5 . Vernon established himself as the starting goaltender by mid February and finished the regular season with only three losses in 15 decisions . The Flames ended the season in second place in the Smythe Division , sixth overall in the NHL , with 89 points . Seeking to upgrade the team 's offence as the playoffs approached , General Manager Cliff Fletcher completed a six @-@ player trade with the St. Louis Blues that brought Joe Mullen , a player who had scored at least 40 goals each of his previous two seasons , to Calgary . A second deal in March had the Flames acquire four @-@ time Stanley Cup champion John Tonelli from the New York Islanders and initiated a war of words with Edmonton Oilers general manager and coach Glen Sather , who accused Islanders general manager Bill Torrey of trying to help Fletcher eliminate the Oilers in the upcoming playoffs .
Note : GP |
= Games played , W =
Wins , L |
= Losses , T =
Ties , Pts |
= Points , GF =
Goals for , GA = Goals against
Note : Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold .
= = Schedule and results = =
= = Playoffs = =
The Flames began the 1986 Stanley Cup playoffs with a Smythe semi @-@ final match @-@ up against the Winnipeg Jets , the team that eliminated them in the first round the previous season . Calgary won the best @-@ of @-@ five series in three consecutive games , eliminating the Jets on a Lanny McDonald overtime goal in the third game . The victory set up a best @-@ of @-@ seven Smythe Division final against the two @-@ time defending champion Edmonton Oilers who swept the Vancouver Canucks in the opening round . The Flames opened the series in Edmonton with a 4 – 1 victory , the first loss the Oilers had suffered on home ice in 18 playoff games .
The two teams traded victories through the first six games , leading to a deciding seventh game in Edmonton . The Flames stepped out to an early 2 – 0 lead before the Oilers tied it . Disaster then struck Edmonton at the 5 : 14 mark of the third period . Oilers ' rookie defenceman Steve Smith , attempting to play the puck from behind his own goal line , accidentally shot the puck off Oilers goaltender Grant Fuhr 's skate and into his own net . As Smith collapsed to the ice in shock , the Flames celebrated the goal that was ultimately credited to Perry Berezan . He was the last Flame to touch the puck , though he was no longer on the ice when it went in . The Oilers were unable to come back , losing the game , 3 – 2 , series , 4 – 3 , and ending their hopes of winning a third consecutive Stanley Cup . Smith 's blunder remains one of the most legendary errors in NHL history .
The Campbell Conference Final against the St. Louis Blues was also a back and forth affair in which the Flames take a 3 – 2 series lead into the sixth game in St. Louis . Calgary led the sixth game 5 – 2 with 12 minutes to play before three quick goals by the Blues sent the game into overtime . Doug Wickenheiser scored to win the game for the Blues . The comeback came to be known as the Monday Night Miracle in St. Louis . The Flames rebounded in game seven , winning 2 – 1 to claim the first Clarence S. Campbell Bowl in franchise history as Campbell Conference champions . The victory also sent the Flames to their first Stanley Cup final . It was the first time a team representing the city played in the final since the Calgary Tigers lost to the Montreal Canadiens in the 1924 Stanley Cup Finals .
Their opponent in 1986 was also the Canadiens in what constituted the first all @-@ Canadian final since 1967 . Calgary opened the series with a 5 – 2 victory at home in the battle of rookie goaltenders : Vernon against Patrick Roy . Montreal evened the series with a 3 – 2 overtime victory in game two in which Brian Skrudland set an NHL record for the fastest overtime goal in playoff history when he scored nine seconds into the extra frame . Already missing three key players in Carey Wilson , Colin Patterson and Nick Fotiu due to injury , the Flames lost their top scorer in Joe Mullen to a neck injury during a game two loss . The Canadiens also won the third game as the series shifted to Montreal , and 1 – 0 Calgary loss in game four pushed the Flames to the brink of elimination . Montreal broke out to a 4 – 1 lead in the fifth game , at Calgary , before the Flames made a comeback attempt . They scored with less than four minutes remaining , and then moved within one goal when Mullen – who returned for game five wearing a neck brace – scored with 46 seconds remaining . A desperate push for the tying goal fell short when Roy made several key saves as time expired . Montreal celebrated the 23rd Stanley Cup championship in their franchise history as the fans loudly chanted " thank you Flames , thank you Flames " in appreciation of their team 's efforts .
= = Battle of Alberta = =
The Battle of Alberta dominated the Flames ' focus late in the season as they continued to struggle against their provincial rival . The two @-@ time defending champion Oilers were nearly unbeatable against Calgary , losing just five of 31 matchups over three years . Calgary 's frustration against Edmonton was highlighted by a mid @-@ season game where , after a large brawl that resulted in the ejection of five players from the game , Calgary 's Doug Risebrough ended up in the penalty box with Marty McSorley 's Oilers jersey . Risebrough shredded the jersey with his skates before tossing it back onto the ice . Oilers ' coach Glen Sather , enraged by the act , called Risebrough " childish " and threatened to send him a $ 1000 bill to replace the sweater .
Realizing Calgary 's path to the Stanley Cup would go through Edmonton , coach Bob Johnson devised a seven @-@ point plan for beating the Oilers that focused on limiting Wayne Gretzky , Paul Coffey and Jari Kurri 's creativity , limiting access to the left side of the ice where the Oilers ' top stars liked to skate , leaving their physical players on the ice by not engaging them and utilizing Neil Sheehy and Colin Patterson in roles designed to frustrate the Oiler players . Johnson first utilized the strategy in a late season game that ended in a 4 – 4 tie . The Flames then defeated the Oilers 9 – 3 in their final regular season meeting , a game that ended with another brawl and accusations by both teams that the other was sending their goons out after talented players .
The rivalry extended into the stands in the second game of the Smythe Division final in Edmonton . During the game , trainer Bearcat Murray went into the stands to rescue his son Al , also a trainer for the Flames , and tore ligaments in his leg in the process . Al had gone into the stands in an attempt to retrieve Gary Suter 's stick , which had been knocked into the crowd and was being hidden by Oiler fans . Fearing for his son 's safety , Bearcat jumped into the fray himself , suffering the injury . While being wheeled into an ambulance , Murray blew kisses for the cameras . The incident caught the attention of a group of fans in Boston , who formed the " Bearcat Murray Fan Club " , and began showing up at the Boston Garden wearing skull caps and oversized moustaches mimicking Murray 's looks when the Flames played there . The Flames lost players on the ice during the physical series as well , as Carey Wilson required surgery to remove his spleen after he was " skewered " by Steve Smith , according to Johnson . Suter had his season ended after suffering torn ligaments in his knee following a low hit by Mark Messier .
When the seventh game ended in victory , Flames fans in both Calgary and at Northlands Coliseum in Edmonton spilled onto the streets in celebration . The " C of Red " was born in that playoff series as fans responded to a promotion to wear the colour with such enthusiasm that many stores across the city sold out of red clothing . The effect was most pronounced during games , where nearly every fan in the Saddledome was in red . The C of Red inspired the Winnipeg Jets to create their White Out the following year .
= = Player statistics = =
= = = Skaters = = =
Note : GP |
= Games played ; G =
Goals ; A |
= Assists ; Pts =
Points ; PIM = Penalty minutes
A Mullen scored 44 goals and 90 points combined between St. Louis and Calgary , both totals led the Flames over a full season.B Eaves came out of retirement May 4 , 1986 , to replace Carey Wilson , who was injured in the Stanley Cup playoffs . † Denotes player spent time with another team before joining Calgary . Stats reflect time with the Flames only . ‡ Traded mid @-@ season .
= = = Goaltenders = = =
Note : GP |
= Games played ; TOI =
Time on ice ( minutes ) ; W |
= Wins ; L =
Losses ; OT |
= Overtime / shootout losses ; GA =
Goals against ; SO |
= Shutouts ; GAA =
Goals against average
= = Awards and honours = =
Listed at five feet , nine inches tall by NHL Central Scouting , defenceman Gary Suter was considered too small for the NHL and went unselected at both the 1982 and 1983 NHL Entry Drafts . Suter moved on to the University of Wisconsin where Flames scouts noted that he had grown two inches and was a leading player for his team . Calgary selected him with their 9th round selection in 1984 . He joined the Flames in 1985 – 86 and quickly established himself as the team 's top defenceman in the eyes of his coaches and teammates . Suter finished the season with 18 goals and 68 points and was awarded the Calder Trophy as the NHL 's top rookie in addition to being named to the All @-@ Rookie Team . Additionally , Suter was the Flames ' lone representative at the 1986 All @-@ Star Game . Suter 's 68 points was the second highest total by a rookie defenceman in league history , behind Larry Murphy 's 76 .
= = Transactions = =
The draft @-@ day trade that sent franchise scoring leader Kent Nilsson to Minnesota , along with a third round selection , for second round draft picks in 1985 and 1987 was immediately controversial in Calgary as players and fans were divided on the merit of dealing Nilsson . While some players felt the trade was inevitable , others expressed their disappointment at the move , including co @-@ captain Lanny McDonald , who wondered how the team would replace Nilsson 's offensive production . Former teammate Willi Plett supported the trade , noting Nilsson 's inconsistency : " Maybe I shouldn 't be saying this , but trading a player like him , it never hurts you . "
The Flames completed a second significant trade in February , acquiring scoring forward Joe Mullen along with defencemen Terry Johnson and Rik Wilson from the St. Louis Blues in exchange for Ed Beers , Charlie Bourgeois and Gino Cavallini . The Flames had targeted Mullen , who had scored 40 + goals each of his previous two seasons and had 28 for the Blues at the time of the deal , believing he could be a game breaker for them heading into the playoffs .
= = = Trades = = =
= = = Free agents = = =
= = Draft picks = =
The 1985 NHL Entry Draft was held in Toronto , Ontario on June 15 . The Flames used their first round pick , 17th overall , on American defenceman Chris Biotti . The team was surprised that he had fallen to them , believing Biotti to be the best defenceman available and expressing confidence he would be a star in the NHL . Their predictions ultimately proved unfounded . After spending two seasons at Harvard University , Biotti played three seasons for their minor league team in Salt Lake and another two in Europe before retiring . He never appeared in a National Hockey League game .
With the second round pick acquired from Minnesota in the Nilsson trade , Calgary selected East Coast Athletic Conference rookie of the year Joe Nieuwendyk from Cornell University . Labeled " Joe who ? " by media and fans unsure of his potential , Nieuwendyk ultimately had the longest NHL career of any Flames ' selection in this draft . He appeared in 1 @,@ 257 games , scoring 1 @,@ 126 points and won the Stanley Cup with Calgary in 1989 , the Dallas Stars in 1999 and the New Jersey Devils in 2003 , in addition to a gold medal at the 2002 Winter Olympics . He was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2011 .
|
= Give Peace a Chance ( Grey 's Anatomy ) =
" Give Peace a Chance " is the seventh episode of the sixth season of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the show 's 109th episode overall . Written by Peter Nowalk and directed by Chandra Wilson , the episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in the United States on October 29 , 2009 . Grey 's Anatomy centers on a group of young doctors in training . In this episode , Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) performs an operation on a hospital technician 's " inoperable " tumor , despite the objections of the chief of surgery , Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) .
The episode was designed to revolve around Dempsey 's character . Katherine Heigl ( Dr. Izzie Stevens ) was absent from the episode , as she was filming the 2010 blockbuster Life as We Know It . Mark Saul , Jesse Williams , and Nora Zehetner returned as guest stars , while Faran Tahir made his only appearance . " Give Peace a Chance " won Wilson an NAACP Image Award , and was generally well received among critics , with Tahir 's character particularly praised . The initial airing was viewed by 13 @.@ 74 million people , garnered a 5 @.@ 2 / 13 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , and achieved the fourth highest viewership on the night .
= = Plot = =
" Give Peace a Chance " opens with Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital 's chief of surgery , Dr. Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) implementing a new computerized surgical scheduling system , which is disliked by many of the hospital 's staff . Thereafter , Isaac ( Faran Tahir ) , a hospital lab technician , brings Dr. Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) a scan of his tumor , which has been declared inoperable by several other physicians due to its complexity . Isaac asks Shepherd to remove it . Shepherd agrees , but Webber refuses permission for the procedure because of the high risk involved . Shepherd ignores the chief 's directions and schedules the surgery . The interns and residents all want the chance to assist due to the rarity of such a tumor , so Shepherd hosts a competition in which the winner gets to join him in the operating room . After seeing Dr. Steve Mostow ( Mark Saul ) make a mistake , Dr. Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) is confident that she will win the competition , but loses to Dr. Jackson Avery ( Jesse Williams ) . Dr. Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) is not invited to compete because Shepherd wants her to be his caregiver in what would be a long surgery . Knowing that she will not be able to use the bathroom for the entire procedure , Lexie decides to wear a diaper into the operating room ; her courage and dedication impresses Yang .
Dr. Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) is scheduled for an interleukin 2 ( IL @-@ 2 ) treatment but is absent from the hospital . Dr. Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) calls her , but she does not answer or come , so Karev cries to fellow resident Dr. Reed Adamson ( Nora Zehetner ) . Shepherd spends ten hours in the operating room contemplating what to do about the tumor , with the motivational support of fellow surgeons Dr. Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) , Dr. Miranda Bailey ( Chandra Wilson ) , and Dr. Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) . Webber orders Shepherd to end the surgery because he is wasting hospital resources . Shortly thereafter , Isaac awakens to Shepherd explaining that the surgery would not have been possible without paralyzing him . Isaac convinces Shepherd to operate again in secret the next day , and the latter maps out a diagram of the surgery on his bedroom wall while discussing it with his wife Dr. Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) , who is home on bed rest after donating part of her liver to her father in the episode " Tainted Obligation " . Backed by his fellow attendings , Shepherd obtains Webber 's permission to cut the chord but tells Avery and Lexie that they were not cutting the chord and playing by ear instead . He removes all but a tiny section of the tumor . Webber discovers that Shepherd is operating and is about to put an end to it , but Dr. Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) tells him to go away . Shepherd has to cut a nerve to remove the rest of the tumor , but does not know which will result in paralysis . He decides with a game of " Eeny , meeny , miny , moe " , ultimately cutting the correct nerve and eliminating the entirety of the tumor . Despite the successful surgery , Webber is enraged and verbally fires Shepherd . Shepherd dismisses this in a light tone and goes home to drink champagne with his wife .
= = Production = =
Running for 43 minutes , the episode was written by Peter Nowalk and directed by Wilson ; the latter portrays Bailey . Jenny Barak edited the music and Donald Lee Harris served as the production designer . Heigl was absent from the episode , as she was filming the romantic comedy Life as We Know It ( 2010 ) . The song featured in the episode was Bat for Lashes ' " Moon and Moon " , featured on their second album Two Suns . Saul , Zehetner , and Williams returned to the episode as Mostow , Adamson , and Avery , respectively , while Tahir made his first and only appearance as Isaac . The scenes in the operating room were filmed at the Prospect Studios in Los Feliz , Los Angeles ; Nowalk said the scenes were difficult to shoot , due to the technicality involved . Pompeo 's appearances in the episode were scarce , as she was eight and a half months pregnant during shooting .
According to Nowalk , the idea to have Lexie wear a diaper to get through the operation was inspired by an episode of The Oprah Winfrey Show . He added : " It wasn 't that big of a leap for us to go diaper . Our doctors are hardcore by nature . " Nowalk said that this episode was primarily focused around Shepherd , which he considered an " experiment " . He commented that the idea of Isaac 's storyline came from Dr. Robert Bray , a neurosurgeon in Los Angeles . Nowalk intended the nature of the episode to be " different " , attributing it to the fact that Heigl 's character was absent . He also praised Wilson for directing the episode , commenting that " she acts , she sings , and now she directs " . The majority of the episode involved Shepherd staring at his patient 's tumor , contemplating what to do . Nowalk offered his insight on this :
" It 's quieter than a typical episode . More single @-@ minded . Derek is our sole focus . And really , what an amazing character to spend an entire episode with . Watch Patrick Dempsey on your screen and you can 't help but be struck by how much he says without saying anything . The guy can pretty much give you an entire soliloquy with just one look . That 's a rare talent , and we really wanted to use that to our advantage in an episode about stillness and peace . "
= = Reception = =
" Give Peace a Chance " was originally broadcast on October 29 , 2009 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) . The episode underperformed the previous installment , " I Saw What I Saw " , in terms of viewership . It was viewed by a total of 13 @.@ 74 million people , down 1 @.@ 66 percent from the previous episode , which garnered 15 @.@ 04 million viewers . In terms of viewership , " Give Peace a Chance " ranked fourth for the night , behind game two of the 2009 World Series , and CBS 's CSI and The Mentalist . The installment did not rank high for viewership , but its 5 @.@ 2 / 13 Nielsen rating ranked second in its 9 : 00 Eastern time @-@ slot and the entire night for both the rating and share percentages of the 18 – 49 demographic , losing to the 2009 World Series but beating CSI , The Mentalist , and Private Practice . Although its rating was in the top rankings for the night , it was a decrease from the previous episode , which garnered a 5 @.@ 6 / 14 rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic .
Critics were largely positive in their reviews of the episode . The Huffington Post 's Michael Pascua called " Give Peace a Chance " a " hit and miss " episode , criticizing the slang dialogue by saying it " sounded like it came from an MTV drama " , but praising the installment 's " character driven development " . Pascua was positive on the development of Tahir 's character , writing : " I hope he comes back in a later episode just to remind these people about patience and hope . " TV Fanatic 's Steve Marsi gave a positive review of the episode , saying it " won [ him ] over " , and also praising Tahir 's character . Marsi applauded the development of Dempsey 's character , calling him " the best [ doctor ] " , and noted that Wilson 's directing may " net her an Emmy nomination " .
Writing for Entertainment Weekly , Jennifer Armstrong had mixed feedback on the episode , writing : " The all @-@ medical , all @-@ the @-@ time episodes need to stop . " However , she found it " fantastic " when Shepherd drew on the wall , and enjoyed Tahir 's character , calling him " lovely " . Armstrong also said that " Give Peace a Chance " was in " ER territory " , adding : " I do not watch Grey 's Anatomy to get my ER fix . " Adam Bryant of TV Guide enjoyed this episode compared to the previous one , but disliked the possible romantic development between Karev and Adamson . In his review , he concluded that the installment " proves that Meredith Grey doesn 't have to do all the heavy lifting on this show " .
People 's Carrie Bell enjoyed the episode , praising the balance of cast members . She called Isaac " beloved " , and found that the teamwork in the episode proved " there 's no ' I ' in team " . Former Star @-@ Ledger editor Alan Sepinwall gave a positive review of the entry , applauding the shift in themes and Shepherd 's character development . Writing for BuddyTV , Glenn Diaz found the episode comical , calling the scene in which Robbins stands up to Webber " hilarious " , and naming Yang the installment 's " comic relief " . Referring to Shepherd and Webber 's constant arguments , an AfterEllen senior editor said : " Seriously , these two need to drop their pants and get it over with . " Peter Nowalk 's writing of the episode was nominated for a Humanitas Prize in the 60 Minute Category . The episode also earned Wilson an NAACP Image Award under the Outstanding Directing in a Dramatic Series category .
|
= Cross @-@ country skiing ( sport ) =
The sport of cross @-@ country skiing encompasses a variety of formats for cross @-@ country skiing races over courses of varying lengths according to rules sanctioned by the International Ski Federation and by various national organizations , such as the U.S. Ski and Snowboard Association ( USSA ) and Cross Country Ski Canada . International competitions include the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships , the FIS Cross @-@ Country World Cup , and at the Winter Olympic Games . Such races occur over homologated , groomed courses designed to support classic ( in @-@ track ) and freestyle events , where the skiers may employ skate skiing . It also encompasses cross @-@ country ski marathon events , sanctioned by the Worldloppet Ski Federation , and cross @-@ country ski orienteering events , sanctioned by the International Orienteering Federation . Related forms of competition are biathlon , where competitors race on cross @-@ country skis and stop to shoot at targets with rifles , and paralympic cross @-@ country skiing that allows athletes with disabilities to compete at cross @-@ country skiing with adaptive equipment .
Norwegian army units were skiing for sport ( and prizes ) in the 18th century . Starting in the latter part of the 20th century , technique evolved from the striding in @-@ track classic technique to include skate @-@ skiing , which occurs on courses that have been groomed with wide lanes for those using the technique . At the same time , equipment evolved from skis and poles that were made of wood and other natural materials to comprising such man @-@ made materials as fiberglass , carbon fiber , and polyethylene plastics .
Athletes train to achieve endurance , strength , speed , skill and flexibility at different levels of intensity . Offseason training often occurs on dry land , sometimes on roller skis . The organization of cross @-@ country ski competitions aims to make those events accessible both to spectators and television audiences . As with other sports that require endurance , strength and speed , some athletes have chosen to use banned performance @-@ enhancing drugs .
= = History = =
In 1767 Danish @-@ Norwegian general , Carl Schack Rantzau , codified four classes of military skiing contests and established prizes for each :
Shooting at prescribed targets at 40 @-@ 50 paces while skiing downhill at " top speed " ( precursor to biathlon ) .
" Hurling " themselves while racing downhill among trees " without falling or breaking skis " ( precursor to slalom ) .
Downhill racing on large slopes without " riding or resting on their stick " or falling ( precursor to downhill racing ) .
" Long racing " with full military kit and a gun on the shoulder over ca . 2 @.@ 5 km of " flat ground " within 15 minutes ( precursor to modern cross @-@ country skiing ) .
An early record of a public ski competition was for an 1843 event in Tromsø . The announcement called the event a " wagering race on skis " . A distinct alpine technique emerged around 1900 from how skiing was practiced up until then when Mathias Zdarsky advocated the " Lilienfelder Ski Method " as an alternative to the Norwegian technique . In Norwegian , langrenn refers to " competitive skiing where the goal is to complete a specific distance in pre @-@ set tracks in the shortest possible time " . Alpine skiing competitions ( known as hill races ) existed in Norway during the 18th and 19th centuries , but were discontinued when the main ski festival in Oslo focused on long races ( competitive cross @-@ country skiing ) and ski jumping ( now known as the Nordic disciplines ) . The alpine disciplines reemerged in Central Europe around 1920 . Ski touring competitions ( Norwegian : turrenn ) are long @-@ distance cross @-@ country competitions open to the public , competition is usually within age categories .
In the 1800s racers used a single , wooden pole , which was longer and stronger than modern poles , and could be used for braking downhill , as well . In Norway , racing with two poles ( " Finland style " ) met with resistance , starting in the 1880s , when some race rules forbade them ; objections included issues of aesthetics — how they made skiers " [ waddle ] like geese " . As the use of pairs of pole became the norm , materials favored lightness and strength , starting with bamboo , which gave way to fiberglass , used at the 1968 Winter Olympics , aluminum , used at the 1972 Winter Olympics , and ultimately carbon fiber , introduced in 1975 .
= = = Skate skiing = = =
Skate skiing was introduced to competition in the 20th Century . At the first German ski championship , held at the Feldberg in the Black Forest in 1900 , the Norwegian Bjarne Nilssen won the 23 km cross @-@ country race and was observed using a skating motion while skiing — a technique unknown to the spectators . Johan Grøttumsbråten used the skating technique at the 1931 World Championship in Oberhof , one of the earliest recorded use of skating in competitive cross @-@ country skiing . This technique was later used in ski orienteering in the 1960s on roads and other firm surfaces . Finnish skier Pauli Siitonen developed a variant of the style for marathon or other endurance events in the 1970s by leaving one ski in the track while skating outwards to the side with the other ski ( one @-@ sided skating ) ; this became known as the " marathon skate " . Bill Koch ( USA ) further developed the marathon skate technique in the late 1970s . Skate @-@ skiing became widespread during the 1980s after Koch 's success with it in the 1982 Cross @-@ country Skiing Championships drew more attention to the technique . Norwegian skier , Ove Aunli , started using the technique in 1984 , when he found it to be much faster than classic style . Skating is most effective on wide , smooth , groomed trails , using fiberglass skis that glide well ; it also benefits a stronger athlete — which , according to Olav Bø , are the reasons that the technique made a breakthrough in the early 1980s . Athletes widely adopted skating to both sides by the time of the 1985 world championship and it was formally adopted by the FIS in 1986 — despite initial opposition from Norway , the Soviet Union and Finland — while preserving events using only classic technique .
= = Events = =
= = = Winter Olympic Games = = =
The Winter Olympic Games are a major international sporting event that occurs once every four years . The first Winter Olympics , the 1924 Winter Olympics , was held in Chamonix , France and included Nordic skiing ( which includes cross @-@ country skiing ) among the five principal disciplines . Cross @-@ country events have evolved in the Winter Olympics since 1924 , as seen in the following timeline :
1924 Winter Olympics : Cross @-@ country skiing debuts .
1952 Winter Olympics . : Women 's Nordic skiing debuts
1956 Winter Olympics : men 's 30 km and the women 's 3x5km added .
1964 Winter Olympics : Women 's 5 km added .
1976 Winter Paralympics : Paralympic cross @-@ country skiing added .
1980 Winter Olympics : Women 's 20 km added .
2002 Winter Olympics : Appearance of sprint and mass start events in Salt Lake City .
= = = FIS events = = =
The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships have been held in various numbers and types of events since 1925 for men and since 1954 for women . From 1924 to 1939 , the World Championships were held annually , including years with Winter Olympic Games . After World War II , the World Championships were held every four years from 1950 to 1982 . Since 1985 , the World Championships have been held in odd @-@ numbered years .
FIS events include :
The FIS Nordic World Ski Championships
FIS Cross @-@ Country World Cup : each year medalists are announced who have the highest total scores at the end of the World Cup season .
The FIS Nordic Combined World Cup
The Tour de Ski : held annually since 2006 , modeled on the Tour de France , held in the Czech Republic , Germany , Italy , and Switzerland .
= = = Ski marathon = = =
A ski marathon is a long @-@ distance , usually point @-@ to @-@ point race , of more than 40 kilometers ; some are held concurrent with shorter races and participation is usually open to the public . In Norwegian , such a race is called turrenn ( " ski touring race " ) . Major events have more than 10 @,@ 000 participants where mass starts often have a modified starting order by groupings of participants — who have been judged to be of similar ability , beginning with the elite skiers group and ending with a group of the least experienced skiers . Skiers can use either classic or skate @-@ skiing techniques , depending on the rules of the race . Awards are usually based on overall placement , placement by sex of athlete , and by age category . There are two major series in this category , the Ski Classics and the Worldloppet .
= = = = Ski Classics series = = = =
Ski Classics is a commercially sponsored international long @-@ distance cross @-@ country skiing cup competition , held in Europe . It originated in January 2011 . As of the winter of 2015 @-@ 6 , the tour consisted of eight long @-@ distance events , preceded by a prologue of 15 km and La Sgambeda of 24 km :
= = = = Worldloppet series = = = =
The Worldloppet Ski Federation recognizes twenty ski marathons including those in the Ski Classics series ( except La Diagonala and Årefjällslopet ) . They recognize those athletes who complete Worldloppet races in 10 different countries , at least one of which has to be on another continent , to qualify as a " Worldloppet Master " . The organization , sanctioned by FIS , seeks to attract elite racers to its events with the FIS Worldloppet Cup and aims thereby to " increase media and spectator interest in long distance racing " . Notable races , other than the Ski Classics series include :
= = = Ski orienteering = = =
Ski orienteering is an orienteering discipline recognized by the International Orienteering Federation . The World Ski Orienteering Championships is organized every odd year and includes sprint , middle and long distance competitions , and a Relay for both men and women . The World Cup is organized every even year . Junior World Ski Orienteering Championships and World Masters Ski Orienteering Championships are organized annually .
= = = Biathlon = = =
Biathlon combines cross @-@ country skiing and rifle shooting . Depending on the shooting performance , extra distance or time is added to the contestant 's total running distance / time . For each shooting round , the biathlete must hit five targets ; the skier receives a penalty for each missed target , which varies according to the competition rules ; in any given competition one of the following penalties would apply :
Skiing around a 150 @-@ metre ( 490 ft ) penalty loop , which , depending on conditions , takes 20 – 30 seconds for elite athletes to complete .
Adding one minute to the skier 's total time .
Use of an extra cartridge ( placed at the shooting range ) to hit the target ; only three such extras are available for each round , and a penalty loop must be made for each target left standing .
= = = Paralympic = = =
Paralympic cross @-@ country skiing is an adaptation of cross @-@ country skiing for athletes with disabilities . Paralympic cross @-@ country skiing is one of two Nordic skiing disciplines in the Winter Paralympic Games ; the other is biathlon . Competition is governed by the International Paralympic Committee ( IPC ) . Paralympic cross @-@ country skiing includes standing events , sitting events ( for wheelchair users ) , and events for visually impaired athletes under the rules of the International Paralympic Committee . These are divided into several categories for people who are missing limbs , have amputations , are blind , or have any other physical disability , to continue their sport . The classifications are for :
Standing skiers with arm impairments , leg impairments or with both arm and leg impairments .
Sit @-@ Skiers , all with leg impairments , but with varying degrees of torso control .
Skiers with visual impairment including blindness , low visual acuity , and limited field of vision .
= = Technique and equipment = =
Cross @-@ country ski competitors employ one of two techniques , according to the event : classic and skating ( in freestyle races , where all techniques are allowed ) . Skiathlon combines the two techniques in one race .
Skis are lighter , narrower and designed to be faster than those used in recreational cross @-@ country skiing and made of composite materials . For classic events , typical ski lengths are between 195 to 210 centimetres , while ski lengths for skating are 170 to 200 cm . Skis for skating are also more rigid than skis for classical . Skis are waxed for speed and , in the case of classic skis , traction when striding forward . Racing ski boots are also lighter than recreational ones and are attached at the toe only to bindings that are specialized for classic or skate skiing .
Racing ski poles are usually made from carbon fiber and feature smaller , lighter baskets than recreational poles . Poles designed for skating are longer than those designed for classic skiing .
= = = Classic = = =
In classic cross @-@ country skiing the skis remain parallel , as the skier strides straight ahead . The undersides of the skis have a grip section in the middle treated with a special ski wax that provides friction when the foot is still , yet glides when the foot is in motion , while the rest of the ski bottom has a glide wax . Classic events occur on courses with tracks set by a grooming machine at precise intervals and with carefully planned curvature . Both poles may be used simultaneously ( " double @-@ poling " ) or with alternating foot and arm extended ( as with running or walking ) with the pole pushing on the side opposite of the extended , sliding ski . In classic skiing the alternating technique is used for the " diagonal stride " — the predominant classic sub @-@ technique . In diagonal @-@ stride legs move like in ordinary walking , but with longer and more powerful steps . Diagonal is useful on level ground and on gentle uphill slopes . Uphill steps are shorter and more frequent . With double @-@ poling both poles are used simultaneously for thrust , which may be augmented with striding . Double @-@ poling is useful on level ground and on gentle downhill slopes . On steep uphills fishbone technique can be used .
= = = Skating = = =
While skate skiing , the skier provides propulsion on a firm snow surface by pushing alternating skis away from one another at an angle , in a manner similar to ice skating . Skis are waxed with a glide wax over their entire length , making them faster than classic skis . Freestyle events take place on smooth , wide specially groomed courses . With the skating technique double @-@ poling is usually employed with alternating skating strides or with every skate stride . The following table puts these poling sequences into order according to the speed achieved as a progression of " gears " . In the lowest gear ( rarely used in racing ) , one is poling on the side of the sliding ski , similar to diagonal stride . In the highest gear , the athlete skates without poles . There are equivalent terms in other languages ; for example in Norwegian , skating is likened to paddling or dancing , depending on the tempo .
The primary turns used for racing , are the parallel turn , which is used while descending and can provide braking , and the step turn , which is used for maintaining speed during descents or out of track on flats . The wedge turn ( or " snowplow turn " ) , is sometimes used for braking and turning .
= = Skier training and development = =
Countries with cross @-@ country ski teams usually have a strategy for developing promising athletes and programs to encourage participation in the sport , starting at a young age . One example is Cross @-@ Country Ski Canada 's " Long @-@ Term Athlete Development " program . The program encompasses youth development , training , introduction to competition and improvement of promising athletes with an emphasis on " stamina ( endurance ) , strength , speed , skill and suppleness ( flexibility ) " . It covers age groups from toddlers to mature adults , who are able to enjoy and participate in the sport . Similarly , the USSA has an outline of " Cross Country Athlete Competencies " that has four phases beginning at 12 years old and under and addressing the 21 and older phase at the top . The program encompasses six " domains : "
Technical skills specific to cross @-@ country ski racing .
Physiological and motor skills addressing physical fitness , strength , power , and endurance .
Psychological and sociological skills , emphasizing sound relationships and the mental skills required for competition .
Training and competition performance , addressing goal @-@ directed training to achieve favorable competition results .
Equipment selection , use , and maintenance of the athlete 's skis , boots , bindings , wax , clothing , and poles necessary to success .
Education that eventually allows the athlete to become his or her own coach .
Ski training for the athlete depends on whether the desired specialty emphasizes endurance ( marathon ) or intensity ( mid @-@ distance events ) . The " intensity " theory of ski training uses stress to break down muscles and recovery and recovery to build them up stronger than before . In this theory , there are five levels of intensity for training :
Aerobic : Low @-@ intensity , aerobic training ( at 60 @-@ 70 % of an athlete 's maximum intensity ) should consume most of the training hours for endurance athletes .
Strength : Strength training improves flexibility and joint motion to minimize injury and to improve overall strength , not addressed by sport @-@ specific training .
Lactate Threshold : This level builds an efficient base speed by training the body to convert blood lactate into energy , rather than creating a sensation of tired muscles .
VO2 max : This level uses interval training to build the athlete 's VO2 max — volume of oxygen that the lungs pass into the musculature via the cardiovascular system .
Speed : This level of training addresses the athlete 's ability to sprint and is neuromuscular , essentially training the muscles to move quickly .
Athletes train for each level on a seasonal schedule designed for the targeted events : marathon or mid @-@ distance . Additional aspects of training address aerobic ( low @-@ intensity ) exercise — especially for endurance — and strength to improve joint flexibility and to minimize the risk of injury . Cross @-@ country ski training occurs throughout the year , including on dry land where athletes engage in roller skiing and ski striding to maintain ski @-@ specific muscle fitness .
= = Race management = =
In its " Organizing committee handbook , " the FIS covers aspects of race management , including the layout of the competition venue , organization of the events ( including scheduling , officiating , and awards ) , and addressing ancillary factors , such as the role of the media . National handbooks , such as the " USSA Cross @-@ Country Technical Handbook " and the " Cross Country Canada officials manual , " provide further guidance , sometimes specific to their venues .
An important aspect of race preparation is grooming the course to provide a surface for skate @-@ skiing and setting tracks for classic events . This takes into account snow physics , methods for packing snow and surface shaping , and the equipment used for these functions . Also key is the layout of grooming and track setting in the stadium with various formats for starts , finishes and intermediate functions for relays and pursuits .
= = Design of racing venues = =
In its " Cross @-@ country homologation manual , " the FIS recognizes that fans of the sport wish to follow it on television . With this in mind , the manual addresses how to design the race course and the stadium in a manner that not only enhances the experience of spectators , but of viewers , as well — not just to show the athletes in action , but to show the ways in which fans enjoy the action . The manual includes considerations of :
Course design criteria
Requirements for different race formats
Course layouts
Courses for skiers with disabilities
Stadium layout
Waxing rooms with ski test areas
Warm up course
A course is expected to test the skier 's technical and physical abilities , to be laid out in a manner that takes advantage of the natural terrain , and to provide smooth transitions among uphills , downhills and " undulating " terrain — distributed approximately evenly among the three . The manual advocates that courses present a variety of uphills , varying in lengths and gradients between 6 % and 12 % , which are arrayed efficiently within the venue . It cites two types of stadium , the horseshoe ( preferred for television ) and the " ski in , ski out " layout . It emphasizes the importance of accommodating television coverage at the start , finish , and exchange zones for equipment or relays . In addition , television coverage requires a variety of facilities to support the activities of the press .
= = Doping = =
As with other sports , some competitors in cross @-@ country skiing have chosen to enhance their performance through doping . Anti @-@ doping tests at the 2001 World Nordic skiing championships in Lahti , Finland revealed that Jari Isometsä , Janne Immonen and two other skiers from Finland 's gold @-@ medal relay team , Mika Myllylä and Harri Kirvesniemi , and two female skiers tested positive for hydroxyethyl starch ( HES ) , a blood plasma expander usually used to cover up the use of erythropoietin ( EPO ) . EPO boosts the oxygen @-@ carrying capability of hemoglobin . In addition , the team head coach left needles and drip bags at a public location near the Helsinki airport . At the Sochi Winter Olympic Games , Austrian cross @-@ country skier Johannes Duerr was ejected from competition after testing positive for the blood booster EPO . In 2007 , The International Olympic Committee banned biathletes , Wolfgang Perner and Wolfgang Rottmann , and the cross @-@ country skiers , Martin Tauber , Jürgen Pinter , Johannes Eder , Roland Diethart and Christian Hoffmann , from all future Olympic competition .
Skiers , who have tested positive for EPO or other performance @-@ enhancing drugs , include ( date of sanction ) :
|
= Homotopy groups of spheres =
In the mathematical field of algebraic topology , the homotopy groups of spheres describe how spheres of various dimensions can wrap around each other . They are examples of topological invariants , which reflect , in algebraic terms , the structure of spheres viewed as topological spaces , forgetting about their precise geometry . Unlike homology groups , which are also topological invariants , the homotopy groups are surprisingly complex and difficult to compute .
The n @-@ dimensional unit sphere — called the n @-@ sphere for brevity , and denoted as Sn — generalizes the familiar circle ( S1 ) and the ordinary sphere ( S2 ) . The n @-@ sphere may be defined geometrically as the set of points in a Euclidean space of dimension n + 1 located at a unit distance from the origin . The i @-@ th homotopy group πi ( Sn ) summarizes the different ways in which the i @-@ dimensional sphere Si can be mapped continuously into the n @-@ dimensional sphere Sn . This summary does not distinguish between two mappings if one can be continuously deformed to the other ; thus , only equivalence classes of mappings are summarized . An " addition " operation defined on these equivalence classes makes the set of equivalence classes into an abelian group .
The problem of determining πi ( Sn ) falls into three regimes , depending on whether i is less than , equal to , or greater than n . For 0 < i < n , any mapping from Si to Sn is homotopic ( i.e. , continuously deformable ) to a constant mapping , i.e. , a mapping that maps all of Si to a single point of Sn . When i = n , every map from Sn to itself has a degree that measures how many times the sphere is wrapped around itself . This degree identifies πn ( Sn ) with the group of integers under addition . For example , every point on a circle can be mapped continuously onto a point of another circle ; as the first point is moved around the first circle , the second point may cycle several times around the second circle , depending on the particular mapping . However , the most interesting and surprising results occur when i > n . The first such surprise was the discovery of a mapping called the Hopf fibration , which wraps the 3 @-@ sphere S3 around the usual sphere S2 in a non @-@ trivial fashion , and so is not equivalent to a one @-@ point mapping .
The question of computing the homotopy group πn + k ( Sn ) for positive k turned out to be a central question in algebraic topology that has contributed to development of many of its fundamental techniques and has served as a stimulating focus of research . One of the main discoveries is that the homotopy groups πn + k ( Sn ) are independent of n for n ≥ k + 2 . These are called the stable homotopy groups of spheres and have been computed for values of k up to 64 . The stable homotopy groups form the coefficient ring of an extraordinary cohomology theory , called stable cohomotopy theory . The unstable homotopy groups ( for n < k + 2 ) are more erratic ; nevertheless , they have been tabulated for k < 20 . Most modern computations use spectral sequences , a technique first applied to homotopy groups of spheres by Jean @-@ Pierre Serre . Several important patterns have been established , yet much remains unknown and unexplained .
= = Background = =
The study of homotopy groups of spheres builds on a great deal of background material , here briefly reviewed . Algebraic topology provides the larger context , itself built on topology and abstract algebra , with homotopy groups as a basic example .
= = = n @-@ sphere = = =
An ordinary sphere in three @-@ dimensional space — the surface , not the solid ball — is just one example of what a sphere means in topology . Geometry defines a sphere rigidly , as a shape . Here are some alternatives .
Implicit surface : x02 + x12 + x22
= 1
This is the set of points in 3 @-@ dimensional Euclidean space found exactly one unit away from the origin . It is called the 2 @-@ sphere , S2 , for reasons given below . The same idea applies for any dimension n ; the equation x02 + x12 + ⋯ + xn2 =
1 produces the n @-@ sphere as a geometric object in ( n + 1 ) -dimensional space . For example , the 1 @-@ sphere S1 is a circle .
Disk with collapsed rim : written in topology as D2 / S1
This construction moves from geometry to pure topology . The disk D2 is the region contained by a circle , described by the inequality x02 + x12 ≤ 1 , and its rim ( or " boundary " ) is the circle S1 , described by the equality x02 + x12
= 1 . If a balloon is punctured and spread flat it produces a disk ; this construction repairs the puncture , like pulling a drawstring . The slash , pronounced " modulo " , means to take the topological space on the left ( the disk ) and in it join together as one all the points on the right ( the circle ) . The region is 2 @-@ dimensional , which is why topology calls the resulting topological space a 2 @-@ sphere . Generalized , Dn / Sn − 1 produces Sn . For example , D1 is a line segment , and the construction joins its ends to make a circle . An equivalent description is that the boundary of an n @-@ dimensional disk is glued to a point , producing a CW complex .
Suspension of equator : written in topology as ΣS1
This construction , though simple , is of great theoretical importance . Take the circle S1 to be the equator , and sweep each point on it to one point above ( the North Pole ) , producing the northern hemisphere , and to one point below ( the South Pole ) , producing the southern hemisphere . For each positive integer n , the n @-@ sphere x02 + x12 + ⋯ + xn2 =
1 has as equator the ( n − 1 ) -sphere x02 + x12 + ⋯ + xn − 12 = 1 , and the suspension ΣSn − 1 produces Sn .
Some theory requires selecting a fixed point on the sphere , calling the pair ( sphere , point ) a pointed sphere . For some spaces the choice matters , but for a sphere all points are equivalent so the choice is a matter of convenience . The point ( 1 , 0 , 0 , … , 0 ) , which is on the equator of all the spheres , works well for geometric spheres ; the ( collapsed ) rim of the disk is another obvious choice .
= = = Homotopy group = = =
The distinguishing feature of a topological space is its continuity structure , formalized in terms of open sets or neighborhoods . A continuous map is a function between spaces that preserves continuity . A homotopy is a continuous path between continuous maps ; two maps connected by a homotopy are said to be homotopic . The idea common to all these concepts is to discard variations that do not affect outcomes of interest . An important practical example is the residue theorem of complex analysis , where " closed curves " are continuous maps from the circle into the complex plane , and where two closed curves produce the same integral result if they are homotopic in the topological space consisting of the plane minus the points of singularity .
The first homotopy group , or fundamental group , π1 ( X ) of a ( path connected ) topological space X thus begins with continuous maps from a pointed circle ( S1 , s ) to the pointed space ( X , x ) , where maps from one pair to another map s into x . These maps ( or equivalently , closed curves ) are grouped together into equivalence classes based on homotopy ( keeping the " base point " x fixed ) , so that two maps are in the same class if they are homotopic . Just as one point is distinguished , so one class is distinguished : all maps ( or curves ) homotopic to the constant map S1 ↦ x are called null homotopic . The classes become an abstract algebraic group with the introduction of addition , defined via an " equator pinch " . This pinch maps the equator of a pointed sphere ( here a circle ) to the distinguished point , producing a " bouquet of spheres " — two pointed spheres joined at their distinguished point . The two maps to be added map the upper and lower spheres separately , agreeing on the distinguished point , and composition with the pinch gives the sum map .
More generally , the i @-@ th homotopy group , πi ( X ) begins with the pointed i @-@ sphere ( Si , s ) , and otherwise follows the same procedure . The null homotopic class acts as the identity of the group addition , and for X equal to Sn ( for positive n ) — the homotopy groups of spheres — the groups are abelian and finitely generated . If for some i all maps are null homotopic , then the group πi consists of one element , and is called the trivial group .
A continuous map between two topological spaces induces a group homomorphism between the associated homotopy groups . In particular , if the map is a continuous bijection ( a homeomorphism ) , so that the two spaces have the same topology , then their i @-@ th homotopy groups are isomorphic for all i . However , the real plane has exactly the same homotopy groups as a solitary point ( as does a Euclidean space of any dimension ) , and the real plane with a point removed has the same groups as a circle , so groups alone are not enough to distinguish spaces . Although the loss of discrimination power is unfortunate , it can also make certain computations easier .
= = Low @-@ dimensional examples = =
The low @-@ dimensional examples of homotopy groups of spheres provide a sense of the subject , because these special cases can be visualized in ordinary 3 @-@ dimensional space ( Hatcher 2002 ) . However , such visualizations are not mathematical proofs , and do not capture the possible complexity of maps between spheres .
= = = π1 ( S1 ) =
Z = = =
The simplest case concerns the ways that a circle ( 1 @-@ sphere ) can be wrapped around another circle . This can be visualized by wrapping a rubber band around one 's finger : it can be wrapped once , twice , three times and so on . The wrapping can be in either of two directions , and wrappings in opposite directions will cancel out after a deformation . The homotopy group π1 ( S1 ) is therefore an infinite cyclic group , and is isomorphic to the group Z of integers under addition : a homotopy class is identified with an integer by counting the number of times a mapping in the homotopy class wraps around the circle . This integer can also be thought of as the winding number of a loop around the origin in the plane .
The identification ( a group isomorphism ) of the homotopy group with the integers is often written as an equality : thus π1 ( S1 ) = Z.
= = = π2 ( S2 ) =
Z = = =
Mappings from a 2 @-@ sphere to a 2 @-@ sphere can be visualized as wrapping a plastic bag around a ball and then sealing it . The sealed bag is topologically equivalent to a 2 @-@ sphere , as is the surface of the ball . The bag can be wrapped more than once by twisting it and wrapping it back over the ball . ( There is no requirement for the continuous map to be injective and so the bag is allowed to pass through itself . ) The twist can be in one of two directions and opposite twists can cancel out by deformation . The total number of twists after cancellation is an integer , called the degree of the mapping . As in the case mappings from the circle to the circle , this degree identifies the homotopy group with the group of integers , Z.
These two results generalize : for all n > 0 , πn ( Sn ) = Z ( see below ) .
= = = π1 ( S2 ) =
0 = = =
Any continuous mapping from a circle to an ordinary sphere can be continuously deformed to a one @-@ point mapping , and so its homotopy class is trivial . One way to visualize this is to imagine a rubber @-@ band wrapped around a frictionless ball : the band can always be slid off the ball . The homotopy group is therefore a trivial group , with only one element , the identity element , and so it can be identified with the subgroup of Z consisting only of the number zero . This group is often denoted by 0 .
This result generalises to higher dimensions . All mappings from a lower @-@ dimensional sphere into a sphere of higher dimension are similarly trivial : if i < n , then πi ( Sn ) = 0 .
= = = π2 ( S1 ) =
0 = = =
All the interesting cases of homotopy groups of spheres involve mappings from a higher @-@ dimensional sphere onto one of lower dimension . Unfortunately , the only example which can easily be visualized is not interesting : there are no nontrivial mappings from the ordinary sphere to the circle . Hence , π2 ( S1 ) = 0 . This is because S1 has the real line as its universal cover which is contractible ( it has the homotopy type of a point ) . In addition , because S2 is simply connected , by the lifting criterion , any map from S2 to S1 can be lifted to a map into the real line and the nullhomotopy descends to the downstairs space .
= = = π3 ( S2 ) =
Z = = =
The first nontrivial example with i > n concerns mappings from the 3 @-@ sphere to the ordinary 2 @-@ sphere , and was discovered by Heinz Hopf , who constructed a nontrivial map from S3 to S2 , now known as the Hopf fibration ( Hopf 1931 ) . This map generates the homotopy group π3 ( S2 ) = Z.
= = History = =
In the late 19th century Camille Jordan introduced the notion of homotopy and used the notion of a homotopy group , without using the language of group theory ( O 'Connor & Robertson 2001 ) . A more rigorous approach was adopted by Henri Poincaré in his 1895 set of papers Analysis situs where the related concepts of homology and the fundamental group were also introduced ( O 'Connor & Robertson 1996 ) .
Higher homotopy groups were first defined by Eduard Čech in 1932 ( Čech 1932 , p . 203 ) . ( His first paper was withdrawn on the advice of Pavel Sergeyevich Alexandrov and Heinz Hopf , on the grounds that the groups were commutative so could not be the right generalizations of the fundamental group . ) Witold Hurewicz is also credited with the introduction of homotopy groups in his 1935 paper and also for the Hurewicz theorem which can be used to calculate some of the groups ( May 1999a ) . An important method for calculating the various groups is the concept of stable algebraic topology , which finds properties that are independent of the dimensions . Typically these only hold for larger dimensions . The first such result was Hans Freudenthal 's suspension theorem , published in 1937 . Stable algebraic topology flourished between 1945 and 1966 with many important results ( May 1999a ) . In 1953 George W. Whitehead showed that there is a metastable range for the homotopy groups of spheres . Jean @-@ Pierre Serre used spectral sequences to show that most of these groups are finite , the exceptions being πn ( Sn ) and π4n − 1 ( S2n ) . Others who worked in this area included José Ádem , Hiroshi Toda , Frank Adams and J. Peter May . The stable homotopy groups πn + k ( Sn ) are known for k up to 64 , and , as of 2007 , unknown for larger k ( Hatcher 2002 , Stable homotopy groups , pp. 385 – 393 ) .
= = General theory = =
As noted already , when i is less than n , πi ( Sn )
= 0 , the trivial group ( Hatcher 2002 ) . The reason is that a continuous mapping from an i @-@ sphere to an n @-@ sphere with i < n can always be deformed so that it is not surjective . Consequently , its image is contained in Sn with a point removed ; this is a contractible space , and any mapping to such a space can be deformed into a one @-@ point mapping .
The case i =
n has also been noted already , and is an easy consequence of the Hurewicz theorem : this theorem links homotopy groups with homology groups , which are generally easier to calculate ; in particular , it shows that for a simply @-@ connected space X , the first nonzero homotopy group πk ( X ) , with k > 0 , is isomorphic to the first nonzero homology group Hk ( X ) . For the n @-@ sphere , this immediately implies that for n > 0 , πn ( Sn ) |
= Hn ( Sn ) =
Z.
The homology groups Hi ( Sn ) , with i > n , are all trivial . It therefore came as a great surprise historically that the corresponding homotopy groups are not trivial in general . This is the case that is of real importance : the higher homotopy groups πi ( Sn ) , for i > n , are surprisingly complex and difficult to compute , and the effort to compute them has generated a significant amount of new mathematics .
= = = Table = = =
The following table gives an idea of the complexity of the higher homotopy groups even for spheres of dimension 8 or less . In this table , the entries are either the trivial group 0 , the infinite cyclic group Z , finite cyclic groups of order n ( written as Zn ) , or direct products of such groups ( written , for example , as Z24 × Z3 or Z22
= Z2 × Z2 ) . Extended tables of homotopy groups of spheres are given at the end of the article .
The first two rows of this table are straightforward . The homotopy groups πi ( S0 ) of the 0 @-@ dimensional sphere are trivial for i > 0 , because any base point preserving map from an i @-@ sphere to a 0 @-@ sphere is a one @-@ point mapping . Similarly , the homotopy groups πi ( S1 ) of the 1 @-@ sphere are trivial for i > 1 , because the universal covering space , R , which has the same higher homotopy groups , is contractible .
Beyond these two rows , the higher homotopy groups ( i > n ) appear to be chaotic , but in fact there are many patterns , some obvious and some very subtle .
The groups below the jagged black line are constant along the diagonals ( as indicated by the red , green and blue coloring ) .
Most of the groups are finite . The only unstable groups which are not are either on the main diagonal or immediately above the jagged line ( highlighted in yellow ) .
The third and fourth rows of the table are the same starting in the third column ( i.e. , πi ( S2 ) =
πi ( S3 ) for i ≥ 3 ) . This isomorphism is induced by the Hopf fibration S3 → S2 .
These patterns follow from many different theoretical results .
= = = Stable and unstable groups = = =
The fact that the groups below the jagged line in the table above are constant along the diagonals is explained by the suspension theorem of Hans Freudenthal , which implies that the suspension homomorphism from πn + k ( Sn ) to πn + k + 1 ( Sn + 1 ) is an isomorphism for n > k + 1 . The groups πn + k ( Sn ) with n > k + 1 are called the stable homotopy groups of spheres , and are denoted πkS : they are finite abelian groups for k ≠ 0 , and have been computed in numerous cases , although the general pattern is still elusive . ( Hatcher 2002 , Stable homotopy groups , pp. 385 – 393 ) . For n ≤ k + 1 , the groups are called the unstable homotopy groups of spheres .
= = = Hopf fibrations = = =
The classical Hopf fibration is a fiber bundle :
<formula>
The general theory of fiber bundles F → E → B shows that there is a long exact sequence of homotopy groups
<formula>
For this specific bundle , each group homomorphism πi ( S1 ) → πi ( S3 ) , induced by the inclusion S1 → S3 , maps all of πi ( S1 ) to zero , since the lower @-@ dimensional sphere S1 can be deformed to a point inside the higher @-@ dimensional one S3 . This corresponds to the vanishing of π1 ( S3 ) . Thus the long exact sequence breaks into short exact sequences ,
<formula>
Since Sn + 1 is a suspension of Sn , these sequences are split by the suspension homomorphism πi − 1 ( S1 ) → πi ( S2 ) , giving isomorphisms
<formula>
Since πi − 1 ( S1 ) vanishes for i at least 3 , the first row shows that πi ( S2 ) and πi ( S3 ) are isomorphic whenever i is at least 3 , as observed above .
The Hopf fibration may be constructed as follows : pairs of complex numbers ( z0 , z1 ) with | z0 | 2 + | z1 | 2
= 1 form a 3 @-@ sphere , and their ratios z0 / z1 cover the complex plane plus infinity , a 2 @-@ sphere . The Hopf map S3 → S2 sends any such pair to its ratio .
Similarly , there are generalized Hopf fibrations
<formula>
<formula>
constructed using pairs of quaternions or octonions instead of complex numbers ( Hatcher 2002 ) . Here , too , π3 ( S7 ) and π7 ( S15 ) are zero . Thus the long exact sequences again break into families of split short exact sequences , implying two families of relations .
<formula>
<formula>
The three fibrations have base space Sn with n =
2m , for m |
= 1 , 2 , 3 . A fibration does exist for S1 ( m =
0 ) , but not for S16 ( m = 4 ) and beyond . Although generalizations of the relations to S16 are often true , they sometimes fail ; for example ,
<formula>
Thus there can be no fibration
<formula>
the first non @-@ trivial case of the Hopf invariant one problem , because such a fibration would imply that the failed relation is true .
= = = Framed cobordism = = =
Homotopy groups of spheres are closely related to cobordism classes of manifolds . In 1938 Lev Pontryagin established an isomorphism between the homotopy group πn + k ( Sn ) and the group Ωkframed ( Sn + k ) of cobordism classes of differentiable k @-@ submanifolds of Sn + k which are `framed ' , i.e. have a trivialized normal bundle . Every map ƒ : Sn + k → Sn is homotopic to a differentiable map with <formula> a framed k @-@ dimensional submanifold . For example , πn ( Sn ) = Z is the cobordism group of framed 0 @-@ dimensional submanifolds of Sn , computed by the algebraic sum of their points , corresponding to the degree of maps <formula> . The projection of the Hopf fibration <formula> represents a generator of π3 ( S2 ) = Ω1framed ( S3 ) = Z which corresponds to the framed 1 @-@ dimensional submanifold of S3 defined by the standard embedding <formula> with a nonstandard trivialization of the normal 2 @-@ plane bundle . Until the advent of more sophisticated algebraic methods in the early 1950s ( Serre ) the Pontrjagin isomorphism was the main tool for computing the homotopy groups of spheres . In 1954 the Pontrjagin isomorphism was generalized by René Thom to an isomorphism expressing other groups of cobordism classes ( e.g. of all manifolds ) as homotopy groups of spaces and spectra . In more recent work the argument is usually reversed , with cobordism groups computed in terms of homotopy groups ( Scorpan 2005 ) .
= = = Finiteness and torsion = = =
In 1951 , Jean @-@ Pierre Serre showed that homotopy groups of spheres are all finite except for those of the form πn ( Sn ) or π4n − 1 ( S2n ) ( for positive n ) , when the group is the product of the infinite cyclic group with a finite abelian group ( Serre 1951 ) . In particular the homotopy groups are determined by their p @-@ components for all primes p . The 2 @-@ components are hardest to calculate , and in several ways behave differently from the p @-@ components for odd primes .
In the same paper , Serre found the first place that p @-@ torsion occurs in the homotopy groups of n dimensional spheres , by showing that πn + k ( Sn ) has no p @-@ torsion if k < 2p − 3 , and has a unique subgroup of order p if n ≥ 3 and k |
= 2p − 3 . The case of 2 @-@ dimensional spheres is slightly different : the first p @-@ torsion occurs for k =
2p − 3 + 1 . In the case of odd torsion there are more precise results ; in this case there is a big difference between odd and even dimensional spheres . If p is an odd prime and n = 2i + 1 , then elements of the p @-@ component of πn + k ( Sn ) have order at most pi ( Cohen , Moore & Neisendorfer 1979 ) . This is in some sense the best possible result , as these groups are known to have elements of this order for some values of k ( Ravenel 2003 , p . 4 ) . Furthermore , the stable range can be extended in this case : if n is odd then the double suspension from πk ( Sn ) to πk + 2 ( Sn + 2 ) is an isomorphism of p @-@ components if k < p ( n + 1 ) − 3 , and an epimorphism if equality holds ( Serre 1952 ) . The p @-@ torsion of the intermediate group πk + 1 ( Sn + 1 ) can be strictly larger .
The results above about odd torsion only hold for odd @-@ dimensional spheres : for even @-@ dimensional spheres , the James fibration gives the torsion at odd primes p in terms of that of odd @-@ dimensional spheres ,
<formula>
( where ( p ) means take the p @-@ component ) ( Ravenel 2003 , p . 25 ) . This exact sequence is similar to the ones coming from the Hopf fibration ; the difference is that it works for all even @-@ dimensional spheres , albeit at the expense of ignoring 2 @-@ torsion . Combining the results for odd and even dimensional spheres shows that much of the odd torsion of unstable homotopy groups is determined by the odd torsion of the stable homotopy groups .
For stable homotopy groups there are more precise results about p @-@ torsion . For example , if k < 2p ( p − 1 ) − 2 for a prime p then the p @-@ primary component of the stable homotopy group πkS vanishes unless k + 1 is divisible by 2 ( p − 1 ) , in which case it is cyclic of order p ( Fuks 2001 ) .
= = = The J @-@ homomorphism = = =
An important subgroup of πn + k ( Sn ) , for k ≥ 2 , is the image of the J @-@ homomorphism J : πk ( SO ( n ) ) → πn + k ( Sn ) , where SO ( n ) denotes the special orthogonal group ( Adams 1966 ) . In the stable range n ≥ k + 2 , the homotopy groups πk ( SO ( n ) ) only depend on k modulo 8 . This period 8 pattern is known as Bott periodicity , and it is reflected in the stable homotopy groups of spheres via the image of the J @-@ homomorphism which is :
a cyclic group of order 2 if k is congruent to 0 or 1 modulo 8 ;
trivial if k is congruent to 2 , 4 , 5 , or 6 modulo 8 ; and
a cyclic group of order equal to the denominator of B2n / 4n , where B2n is a Bernoulli number , if k ≡ 3 ( mod 4 ) .
This last case accounts for the elements of unusually large finite order in πn + k ( Sn ) for such values of k . For example , the stable groups πn + 11 ( Sn ) have a cyclic subgroup of order 504 , the denominator of B6 / 12
= 1 ⁄ 504 .
The stable homotopy groups of spheres are the direct sum of the image of the J @-@ homomorphism , and the kernel of the Adams e @-@ invariant , a homomorphism from these groups to Q / Z. Roughly speaking , the image of the J @-@ homomorphism is the subgroup of " well understood " or " easy " elements of the stable homotopy groups . These well understood elements account for most elements of the stable homotopy groups of spheres in small dimensions . The quotient of πnS by the image of the J @-@ homomorphism is considered to be the " hard " part of the stable homotopy groups of spheres ( Adams 1966 ) . ( Adams also introduced certain order 2 elements μn of πnS for n =
1 or 2 mod 8 , and these are also considered to be " well understood " . ) Tables of homotopy groups of spheres sometimes omit the " easy " part Im ( J ) to save space .
= = = Ring structure = = =
The direct sum
<formula>
of the stable homotopy groups of spheres is a supercommutative graded ring , where multiplication is given by composition of representing maps , and any element of non @-@ zero degree is nilpotent ( Nishida 1973 ) ; the nilpotence theorem on complex cobordism implies Nishida 's theorem .
Example : If η is the generator of π1S ( of order 2 ) , then η2 is nonzero and generates π2S , and η3 is nonzero and 12 times a generator of π3S , while η4 is zero because the group π4S is trivial .
If f and g and h are elements of π ∗ S with f ⋅ g |
= 0 and g ⋅ h =
0 , there is a Toda bracket 〈 f , g , h 〉 of these elements ( Toda 1962 ) . The Toda bracket is not quite an element of a stable homotopy group , because it is only defined up to addition of products of certain other elements . Hiroshi Toda used the composition product and Toda brackets to label many of the elements of homotopy groups . There are also higher Toda brackets of several elements , defined when suitable lower Toda brackets vanish . This parallels the theory of Massey products in cohomology . Every element of the stable homotopy groups of spheres can be expressed using composition products and higher Toda brackets in terms of certain well known elements , called Hopf elements ( Cohen 1968 ) .
= = Computational methods = =
If X is any finite simplicial complex with finite fundamental group , in particular if X is a sphere of dimension at least 2 , then its homotopy groups are all finitely generated abelian groups . To compute these groups , they are often factored into their p @-@ components for each prime p , and calculating each of these p @-@ groups separately . The first few homotopy groups of spheres can be computed using ad hoc variations of the ideas above ; beyond this point , most methods for computing homotopy groups of spheres are based on spectral sequences ( Ravenel 2003 ) . This is usually done by constructing suitable fibrations and taking the associated long exact sequences of homotopy groups ; spectral sequences are a systematic way of organizing the complicated information that this process generates .
" The method of killing homotopy groups " , due to Cartan and Serre ( 1952a , 1952b ) involves repeatedly using the Hurewicz theorem to compute the first non @-@ trivial homotopy group and then killing ( eliminating ) it with a fibration involving an Eilenberg @-@ MacLane space . In principle this gives an effective algorithm for computing all homotopy groups of any finite simply connected simplicial complex , but in practice it is too cumbersome to use for computing anything other than the first few nontrivial homotopy groups as the simplicial complex becomes much more complicated every time one kills a homotopy group .
The Serre spectral sequence was used by Serre to prove some of the results mentioned previously . He used the fact that taking the loop space of a well behaved space shifts all the homotopy groups down by 1 , so the nth homotopy group of a space X is the first homotopy group of its ( n − 1 ) -fold repeated loop space , which is equal to the first homology group of the ( n − 1 ) -fold loop space by the Hurewicz theorem . This reduces the calculation of homotopy groups of X to the calculation of homology groups of its repeated loop spaces . The Serre spectral sequence relates the homology of a space to that of its loop space , so can sometimes be used to calculate the homology of loop spaces . The Serre spectral sequence tends to have many non @-@ zero differentials , which are hard to control , and too many ambiguities appear for higher homotopy groups . Consequently , it has been superseded by more powerful spectral sequences with fewer non @-@ zero differentials , which give more information .
The EHP spectral sequence can be used to compute many homotopy groups of spheres ; it is based on some fibrations used by Toda in his calculations of homotopy groups ( Mahowald 2001 , Toda 1962 ) .
The classical Adams spectral sequence has E2 term given by the Ext groups ExtA ( p ) ∗ , ∗ ( Zp , Zp ) over the mod p Steenrod algebra A ( p ) , and converges to something closely related to the p @-@ component of the stable homotopy groups . The initial terms of the Adams spectral sequence are themselves quite hard to compute : this is sometimes done using an auxiliary spectral sequence called the May spectral sequence ( Ravenel 2003 , pp. 67 – 74 ) .
The Adams – Novikov spectral sequence is a more powerful version of the Adams spectral sequence replacing ordinary cohomology mod p with a generalized cohomology theory , such as complex cobordism or , more usually , a piece of it called Brown – Peterson cohomology . The initial term is again quite hard to calculate ; to do this one can use the chromatic spectral sequence ( Ravenel 2003 , Chapter 5 ) .
A variation of this last approach uses a backwards version of the Adams – Novikov spectral sequence for Brown – Peterson cohomology : the limit is known , and the initial terms involve unknown stable homotopy groups of spheres that one is trying to find . Kochman ( 1990 ) used this approach to calculate the 2 @-@ components of the first 64 stable homotopy groups ; unfortunately there was a mistake in his calculations for the 54th stem and beyond , which was corrected by Kochman & Mahowald ( 1995 ) .
The computation of the homotopy groups of S2 has been reduced to a combinatorial group theory question . Berrick et al . ( 2006 ) identify these homotopy groups as certain quotients of the Brunnian braid groups of S2 . Under this correspondence , every nontrivial element in πn ( S2 ) for n > 2 may be represented by a Brunnian braid over S2 that is not Brunnian over the disk D2 . For example , the Hopf map S3 → S2 corresponds to the Borromean rings .
= = Applications = =
The winding number ( corresponding to an integer of π1 ( S1 )
= Z ) can be used to prove the fundamental theorem of algebra , which states that every non @-@ constant complex polynomial has a zero .
The fact that πn − 1 ( Sn − 1 ) =
Z implies the Brouwer fixed point theorem that every continuous map from the n @-@ dimensional ball to itself has a fixed point .
The stable homotopy groups of spheres are important in singularity theory , which studies the structure of singular points of smooth maps or algebraic varieties . Such singularities arise as critical points of smooth maps from Rm to Rn . The geometry near a critical point of such a map can be described by an element of πm − 1 ( Sn − 1 ) , by considering the way in which a small m − 1 sphere around the critical point maps into a topological n − 1 sphere around the critical value .
The fact that the third stable homotopy group of spheres is cyclic of order 24 , first proved by Vladimir Rokhlin , implies Rokhlin 's theorem that the signature of a compact smooth spin 4 @-@ manifold is divisible by 16 ( Scorpan 2005 ) .
Stable homotopy groups of spheres are used to describe the group Θn of h @-@ cobordism classes of oriented homotopy n @-@ spheres ( for n ≠ 4 , this is the group of smooth structures on n @-@ spheres , up to orientation @-@ preserving diffeomorphism ; the non @-@ trivial elements of this group are represented by exotic spheres ) . More precisely , there is an injective map
<formula>
where bPn + 1 is the cyclic subgroup represented by homotopy spheres that bound a parallelizable manifold , πnS is the nth stable homotopy group of spheres , and J is the image of the J @-@ homomorphism . This is an isomorphism unless n is of the form 2k − 2 , in which case the image has index 1 or 2 ( Kervaire & Milnor 1963 ) .
The groups Θn above , and therefore the stable homotopy groups of spheres , are used in the classification of possible smooth structures on a topological or piecewise linear manifold ( Scorpan 2005 ) .
The Kervaire invariant problem , about the existence of manifolds of Kervaire invariant 1 in dimensions 2k − 2 can be reduced to a question about stable homotopy groups of spheres . For example , knowledge of stable homotopy groups of degree up to 48 has been used to settle the Kervaire invariant problem in dimension 26 − 2 = 62 ( Barratt , Jones & Mahowald 1984 ) . ( This was the smallest value of k for which the question was open at the time . )
The Barratt – Priddy theorem says that the stable homotopy groups of the spheres can be expressed in terms of the plus construction applied to the classifying space of the symmetric group , leading to an identification of K @-@ theory of the field with one element with stable homotopy groups ( Deitmar 2006 ) .
= = Table of homotopy groups = =
Tables of homotopy groups of spheres are most conveniently organized by showing πn + k ( Sn ) .
The following table shows many of the groups πn + k ( Sn ) . ( These tables are based on the table of homotopy groups of spheres in Toda ( 1962 ) . ) The stable homotopy groups are highlighted in blue , the unstable ones in red . Each homotopy group is the product of the cyclic groups of the orders given in the table , using the following conventions :
The entry " ⋅ " denotes the trivial group .
Where the entry is an integer , m , the homotopy group is the cyclic group of that order ( generally written Zm ) .
Where the entry is ∞ , the homotopy group is the infinite cyclic group , Z.
Where entry is a product , the homotopy group is the cartesian product ( equivalently , direct sum ) of the cyclic groups of those orders . Powers indicate repeated products . ( Note that when a and b have no common factor , Za × Zb is isomorphic to Zab . )
Example : π19 ( S10 ) |
= π9 + 10 ( S10 ) =
Z × Z2 × Z2 × Z2 , which is denoted by ∞ ⋅ 23 in the table .
= = Table of stable homotopy groups = =
The stable homotopy groups πk are the product of cyclic groups of the infinite or prime power orders shown in the table . ( For largely historical reasons , stable homotopy groups are usually given as products of cyclic groups of prime power order , while tables of unstable homotopy groups often give them as products of the smallest number of cyclic groups . ) The main complexity is in the 2- , 3- , and 5 @-@ components : for p > 5 , the p @-@ components in the range of the table are accounted for by the J @-@ homomorphism and are cyclic of order p if 2 ( p − 1 ) divides k + 1 and 0 otherwise ( Fuks 2001 ) . ( The 2 @-@ components can be found in Kochman ( 1990 ) , though there were some errors for k ≥ 54 that were corrected by Kochman & Mahowald ( 1995 ) , and the 3- and 5 @-@ components in Ravenel ( 2003 ) . ) The mod 8 behavior of the table comes from Bott periodicity via the J @-@ homomorphism , whose image is underlined .
= = = General algebraic topology references = = =
Hatcher , Allen ( 2002 ) , Algebraic Topology , Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 521 @-@ 79540 @-@ 1 , MR 1867354 .
May , J. Peter ( 1999b ) , A Concise Course in Algebraic Topology , Chicago lectures in mathematics ( revised ed . ) , University of Chicago Press , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 226 @-@ 51183 @-@ 2 , MR 1702278 .
= = = Historical papers = = =
Čech , Eduard ( 1932 ) , " Höherdimensionale Homotopiegruppen " , Verhandlungen des Internationalen Mathematikerkongress , Zürich ( Orell Füssli ) .
Hopf , Heinz ( 1931 ) , " Über die Abbildungen der dreidimensionalen Sphäre auf die Kugelfläche " , Mathematische Annalen ( Berlin : Springer ) 104 ( 1 ) : 637 – 665 , doi : 10 @.@ 1007 / BF01457962 .
May , J. Peter ( 1999a ) , " Stable Algebraic Topology 1945 – 1966 " , in I. M. James , History of Topology , Elsevier Science , pp. 665 – 723 , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 444 @-@ 82375 @-@ 5 .
|
= Missing My Baby =
" Missing My Baby " is a song released by American singer Selena on her third studio album Entre a Mi Mundo ( 1992 ) . It was composed by A.B. Quintanilla — her brother and principal record producer , whose intention was to showcase Selena 's diverse musical abilities . Selena included it on the album to help her cross over into the English @-@ speaking market . Critics praised her emotive enunciation in the song . After Selena was murdered in 1995 , a posthumous music video made for VH1 was released to promote the triple box @-@ set Anthology ( 1998 ) .
" Missing My Baby " is a mid @-@ tempo R & B ballad influenced by urban and soul music . The lyrics describe the love felt by the narrator , who reminisces of rhapsodic events she has shared with her lover . In some parts of the song , the narrator experiences loneliness and anguish because of the absence of her boyfriend . Although never intended to be released as a single , the track peaked at number 22 on the US Rhythmic Top 40 chart in 1995 .
= = Background and development = =
" Missing My Baby " was written by Selena 's brother and the song 's principal record producer A.B. Quintanilla . It was created for Selena 's 1992 album Entre a Mi Mundo , to showcase her diverse musical abilities and to add to the album 's variety of musical styles , which include Mexican pop and traditional Mexican songs , whereas " Missing My Baby " is in the style of contemporary R & B.
After the release of Selena 's full @-@ length Spanish albums Selena ( 1989 ) and Ven Conmigo ( 1990 ) , which included Tejano and other Mexican pop styles , she decided that her next recording would feature an English @-@ language song . She believed that such a song would convince EMI Records ' chairman Charles Koppelman that she was ready to release a crossover album . EMI had wanted her to acquire a larger fan base before launching her crossover career . In spite of this , Selena included the song on Entre a Mi Mundo .
Quintanilla III wrote " Missing My Baby " in a week , and three weeks later , in late 1991 , it was recorded at Sun Valley , Los Angeles . EMI Latin wanted R & B duo Full Force to perform a remixed version of the recording . Quintanilla III and Selena met with the group at their Brooklyn recording studio , and Full Force agreed to add backing vocals , which they recorded in two days . EMI Latin , the record label Selena belongs to , chose Full Force 's version of " Missing My Baby " instead of Selena 's solo version of the song .
= = Composition = =
" Missing My Baby " is a mid @-@ tempo R & B ballad with influences of urban and soul music . It is in the key of B minor , at 144 beats per minute in common time . The recording incorporates melisma , with sung poetry during the downtempo part of the song . The melody is accompanied by backing vocals , and instrumentation is provided by an electric piano , drums , a keyboard , a synthesizer and strings . Contemporary music critics praised Selena 's emotive enunciation , which emphasized the song 's title and central theme . R & B duo Full Force were the backing vocalists for the original and remix versions of " Missing My Baby " .
J.R. Reynolds , formerly of Billboard , called " Missing My Baby " a " dreamy ballad " with an " R & B @-@ styled melody under Selena 's pop vocals " . Ramiro Burr of the Austin American @-@ Statesman described it as a soul ballad . Jerry Johnston of the Deseret News thought that Selena displayed a " Leslie Gore [ sic ] baby @-@ voice " in " Missing My Baby " and that she " displays a wonderful suppleness in her voice " . The Virginian @-@ Pilot said that the song was built on hooks that recall Diana Ross 's " Missing You " , which is a tribute to Marvin Gaye , and the Beach Boys ' " Good to My Baby " .
The song begins with a drum solo before the other instruments enter to form the musical foundation . Selena sings to her absent lover about how much she misses him , saying that he is " always on [ her ] mind " and that she feels lonely when he is not with her . Three times she sings , " I often think of the happy times we spent together / And I just can 't wait to tell you that I love you " . In the chorus , she sings of wanting to hold him tight and feel his heartbeat .
= = Critical reception and legacy = =
" Missing My Baby " received positive reviews from critics . Vibe magazine reported that Full Force was awarded gold and platinum discs for " Missing My Baby " and " Techno Cumbia " , and described " Missing My Baby " as giving a " hint of her aspirations " . After it was remixed by Quintanilla III and later produced for the 1995 album Dreaming of You , the Hi XD said that it was the best English @-@ language song on the album . Chris Riemenschneider and John T. Davis of the Austin American @-@ Statesman wrote that " Missing My Baby can sound as fluffy as the Big M 's " Crazy for You " . Cary Clack of the San Antonio Express @-@ News wrote that " Missing My Baby " was played on non @-@ Tejano radio stations and that he thought it might become a posthumous hit , while commenting that the recording " displays [ Selena 's ] wonderful vocal and emotional range " . However , Mario Tarradell of The Dallas Morning News believed that " Missing My Baby " and other tracks were added to Entre a Mi Mundo " for good measure " .
" Missing My Baby " was one of the first Selena songs to be played on radio stations after she was murdered by Yolanda Saldívar , her friend and former manager of her Selena Etc. boutiques . A music video of the song , incorporating footage from Selena 's personal home videos , was released for VH1 in 1998 to promote the triple box @-@ set Anthology . Billboard reported that the video was the 47th most played music video for that channel in the week ending 5 April 1998 .
= = Chart performance = =
= = Personnel = =
Credits from the album 's liner notes :
Selena – vocals
Full Force – backing vocalists
Ricky Vela – keyboards
Suzette Quintanilla – drums
A.B. Quintanilla – writer
|
= The Problem Solvers =
" The Problem Solvers " is the fifth episode of the fourth season of the American television comedy series 30 Rock , and the 63rd overall episode of the series . It was written by co @-@ executive producer Ron Weiner and directed by co @-@ executive producer John Riggi . It originally aired on the National Broadcasting Company ( NBC ) network in the United States on November 12 , 2009 . Guest stars in the episode include Josh Fadem , Cheyenne Jackson , Padma Lakshmi , and Shawn Levy .
In the episode , the new cast member for the fictional sketch comedy show The Girlie Show with Tracy Jordan ( TGS ) , Jack " Danny " Baker ( Jackson ) arrives on set and learns the intricacies of the show . Meanwhile , Jack Donaghy ( Alec Baldwin ) offers Liz Lemon ( Tina Fey ) a chance to create a television pilot based on her " Dealbreakers " sketch but Liz decides to search for other offers . In addition , after offering some advice Tracy Jordan ( Tracy Morgan ) and Jenna Maroney ( Jane Krakowski ) decide to solve other problems of the cast and crew . Finally , NBC page Kenneth Parcell ( Jack McBrayer ) grows annoyed as the cast members begin to ask less of him .
" The Problem Solvers " received generally positive reception from television critics , although some expressed disappointment in the tone . According to the Nielsen ratings system , the episode was watched by 5 @.@ 8 million households during its original broadcast , and received a 2 @.@ 9 rating / 7 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic .
= = Plot = =
This episode opens with Liz Lemon , Jack Donaghy , and the rest of the TGS with Tracy Jordan staff welcoming Jack Baker , the new cast member , to the show . After realizing that Baker has the same first name as him , Jack quickly decides to rename him Danny . In the previous episode , Danny was hired by Jack from his work as a street performer who dressed up like a robot and had very limited recent experience with " real acting " .
Meanwhile , Jack offers Liz the chance to star in a new television pilot based on her " Dealbreakers " sketch . She is initially excited , but Tracy Jordan and Jenna Maroney convince her to test the market and search for other offers before agreeing to work with Jack . Liz signs with a talent agent ( Josh Fadem ) to explore other options , but later learns he is a low @-@ level agent . Jack cannot stand Liz 's dismissal of him , and as a result , he announces through the media that NBC is moving forward with the pilot 's production and calls in Padma Lakshmi as a potential new host in place of Liz . Liz threatens to sue Jack and NBC for the rights to " Dealbreakers " , but Jack informs her that NBC owns the rights to it . Liz takes a meeting with Sports Shouting producer , Scottie Shofar ( Shawn Levy ) , and Jack meets with Padma . During their respective meetings , however , the two realize that they should work with one another . They shake hands at the end of the episode , agreeing to create the pilot together .
After giving advice to Liz , Tracy and Jenna spend the episode calling themselves " The Problem Solvers " giving the TGS crew advice on their lives . From the moment he arrives , Danny treats NBC page Kenneth Parcell politely and does not ask him to run any errands for him , a break from how Tracy and Jenna treat him . Danny explains to the two that lower @-@ level people such as pages often rise up to positions where they would be the boss of actors such as themselves , and as a result , he is polite to avoid building bad relationships with potential future bosses . Danny even speculates that Kenneth could be running the network someday . Jenna initially dismisses the idea out @-@ of @-@ hand , but Tracy becomes concerned , and tells Kenneth that he doesn 't want him to perform any more menial tasks for him ; Jenna soon joins him . Meanwhile , Kenneth lets slip that he may have been alive forever . Kenneth becomes upset that he is losing his responsibilities and confronts Danny , driving him to yell at Kenneth . Danny , who is Canadian , has had a hard time pronouncing the word " about " , but after yelling at Kenneth , and saying " about " without his Canadian accent , thanks Kenneth for helping him .
= = Production = =
" The Problem Solvers " was written by Ron Weiner and directed by John Riggi , both co @-@ executive producers on 30 Rock . This episode was Weiner 's fifth writing credit , having penned " Secrets and Lies " , " Señor Macho Solo " , " Goodbye , My Friend " , and " Mamma Mia " , and was Riggi 's second directed episode , having helmed " Goodbye My Friend " in the show 's third season . " The Problem Solvers " originally aired in the United States on November 12 , 2009 , on NBC as the fifth episode of the show 's fourth season and the 63rd overall episode of the series .
" The Problem Solvers " was filmed on October 23 , October 28 , and October 29 , 2009 . Jack Donaghy hiring the robot street performer in the previous episode , " Audition Day " , was first introduced in the fourth season premiere episode " Season 4 " , in which Jack explains that the TGS staff have become too elitist and need to change to survive in tough economic times , and informs Liz Lemon — the head writer on TGS — to begin searching for a new cast member to help lessen this elitist image . In this episode , the robot street performer is introduced to the TGS crew as Danny Baker , and was played by actor Cheyenne Jackson , who made his 30 Rock debut with this episode . Series creator , executive producer and lead actress Tina Fey had seen Jackson in the Broadway musicals Xanadu and Damn Yankees , the latter that starred Jane Krakowski , who plays Jenna Maroney on the show . According to Jackson in a November 2009 interview , Fey set up a meeting to interest him in a role on the program . In an interview with the Los Angeles Times , it was revealed that it was Krakowski who brought Jackson to the attention of the 30 Rock producers . In " Audition Day " , Jackson did not play the robot , instead actor Daniel Genalo played the character .
The actor Josh Fadem played an inexperienced agent that Liz signs with in the episode . In a November 2009 interview with Tulsa World , Fadem admitted to " [ flubbing ] a couple lines " during filming , but that no one on the set " made me feel bad . " Director Shawn Levy guest starred in the episode as Scottie Shofar , a producer for the show Sports Shouting , and who Liz has a meeting with in regards to her " Dealbreakers " talk show . Levy directed Fey in the 2010 comedy film Date Night . Padma Lakshmi , the host of the reality show Top Chef , played herself in this 30 Rock episode in which she is a potential new host for the " Dealbreakers " talk show .
= = Cultural references = =
During Danny 's rallying speech in a football movie flashback , he makes several references to Canadian culture such as Boxing day and the different rules used between Canadian and American football ( e.g. 3 downs instead of 4 , 12 men per side instead of 11 , though incorrectly uses meters while Canadian football uses yards ) . The episode twice refers to a fictional show Sports Shouting which features four panelists yelling at each other about sports . Some reviewers noted the similarity to the real show Around the Horn , an ESPN program which also features four panelists discussing sports in a competitive setting . J. A. Adande , a frequent panelist on Around the Horn , said through his Twitter page " Sports Shouting now tops ' Werewolf Bar Mitzvah ' as my favorite 30 Rock gag . "
When Jack tells Liz that Padma Lakshmi is coming in for the pilot she says " Then who 's going to host Top Chef ? You 're ruining my life ! " referring to a cooking reality television show Lakshmi hosts which Liz had previously shown a taste for in the season two episode " Cougars " . Tracy reveals that early in his career he signed a very badly structured contract which requires he publicize " Wade Boggs Carpet World " five times whenever he appears on camera , a reference to the baseball player Wade Boggs . Later , Jenna reveals that Scottie Shofar was her assistant in Trivial Pursuit : The Movie . The latter is a board game in which progress is determined by a player 's ability to answer general knowledge and popular culture questions . As Danny grew angry he described Kenneth as having a " weird Don Knotts face " and a " Hitler Youth haircut . "
This was the fourth time the show referenced Liz 's " Dealbreakers " story arc . This first began in the third season episode " Mamma Mia " , in which Liz had written a comedy sketch titled " Dealbreakers " , and in the sketch , Jenna doled out comedic catchphrases as relationship advice to other women such as " If he wears an Atlanta Falcons jersey to your sister 's wedding ? That 's a Dealbreaker , ladies ! " Liz tried gaining attention for writing the sketch , but Jenna took all the credit for it , thus making Liz jealous . Liz dispensed more " Dealbreaker " -style romantic advice in a talk show appearance in the episode " Kidney Now ! " and at the end of the episode Liz told Jack that she had signed a book deal based on the sketch . In the episode " Into the Crevasse " , Liz 's book is published , but receives backlash from men close to her , as they believe her advice damaged their relationships . In this 30 Rock episode , Jack offers Liz a chance to create a television pilot based on her " Dealbreakers " sketch and although Liz decides to search for other offers she ultimately decides to work on the pilot with Jack .
= = Reception = =
In its original American broadcast , " The Problem Solvers " was watched by 5 @.@ 8 million households , according to the Nielsen ratings system . It received a 2 @.@ 9 rating / 7 share among viewers in the 18 – 49 demographic , that is 2 @.@ 9 percent of all people in that group , and 7 percent of all people from that group watching television at the time , watched the episode . This was a decrease from the previous episode , " Audition Day " , which was watched by 5 @.@ 9 million American viewers .
" The Problem Solvers " received generally positive reviews . Robert Canning of IGN reviewed the episode , giving it a 7 @.@ 4 out of 10 rating and opining the episode had " a few audible chuckles and several silent smiles " , and that the tone of it " was just off . " He cited that the Liz and Jack characters on opposing sides " was not as much fun as seeing them working together " , and that Jenna and Tracy 's antics throughout the series have been " funny most of the time " , though " very little clicked in this episode . " Television columnist Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger said that the Tracy and Jenna team " often seems too far out of the realm of reality ... to enjoy them . " Sepinwall was positive about Cheyenne Jackson 's debut , noting he " fit in well his first time out . " Sean Gandert of Paste magazine called the episode the " best so far in the season " but admitted he was " disappointed in it " for not coming " close to greatness and we all know [ 30 Rock 's ] done it before and can do it again . " Gandert , who has not been a fan of Liz 's " Dealbreakers " storyline , commented her plot here was " somewhat annoying , generally not that interesting " , and concluded " it 's hard to really care " that Liz get her talk show .
Bob Sassone of AOL 's TV Squad noted that he liked how Jack and Liz interacted throughout the episode , and enjoyed their meeting at the Rockefeller Center at the end . The A.V. Club 's Nathan Rabin was complimentary towards " The Problem Solvers " , reporting it was better than the past four episodes , and writing it had " alternating currents of competition and collaboration , hostility and affection and love and hate " that , according to Rabin , define Jack and Liz 's relationship . Rabin was positive towards Padma Lakshmi 's guest appearance , and gave this episode a B grade rating . Entertainment Weekly contributor Margaret Lyons deemed this 30 Rock episode as the best work from Jack McBrayer 's Kenneth . " If there 's been a better episode for Kenneth in 30 Rock history , I 'd love to know : From the backwards @-@ talking to the bizarre fury , this was Jack McBrayer 's finest ( half ) hour . " Nick Catucci of New York magazine wrote that this was a " fine " episode " with Jenna and Tracy in classic dopey @-@ duo form and a couple of great fantasy bits ... But the Jack , Liz , and Jenna triangle felt like the funniest @-@ ever Three 's Company episode squeezed into a couple of minutes . " Meredith Blake , a contributor for the Los Angeles Times , said that she was looking forward to Lakshmi 's cameo , but after the airing , " her scene fell a little flat . " In regards to the episode , itself , Blake said it was " a solid if not mind @-@ blowing episode , even with the presence of [ Lakshmi ] . "
|
= The Land of Lost Content =
The Land of Lost Content : the Biography of Anthony Chenevix @-@ Trench is a biographical book about the life of British headmaster Anthony Chenevix @-@ Trench , written by Mark Peel . Chenevix @-@ Trench had been a widely acclaimed teacher at Shrewsbury School , and subsequently headmaster at Bradfield College , Eton College and Fettes College , but was later criticised for his approach to corporal punishment . Published by Pentland Press in 1996 , the book received mixed reviews , with questions over its neutrality and writing style , but plaudits for its insights into British culture and education .
= = Background = =
Chenevix @-@ Trench was known for his substantial tenures as headmaster of Bradfield College , Eton College and Fettes College ; he had also taught at Shrewsbury School . He died in 1979 . In 1994 , a book by Tim Card , a former Vice @-@ Provost of Eton , revealed for the first time that Chenevix @-@ Trench had not left his position as headmaster of Eton of his own accord . There followed some newspaper articles critical of Chenevix @-@ Trench 's use of corporal punishment , and numerous letters to the editor in response , most of which were positive about Chenevix @-@ Trench 's legacy . Peel , a teacher at Fettes College at the time , published The Land of Lost Content two years later .
= = Content = =
The book is divided into seven chapters , respectively covering Chenevix @-@ Trench 's ancestry and early childhood , his education at Shrewsbury School and Christ Church , Oxford , his military service in the Malayan Campaign during the Second World War , and his successive spells of teaching at Shrewsbury , Bradfield , Eton and Fettes . A five @-@ page postscript entitled merely " Tony Chenevix @-@ Trench " draws conclusions . There is also a five @-@ page introduction , and a three @-@ page foreword by Sir William Gladstone . The Land of Lost Content is the title of a poem from A.E. Housman 's 1896 cycle A Shropshire Lad , which Chenevix @-@ Trench translated into Latin while a prisoner of the Japanese during the Second World War .
In Peel 's view , Bradfield , Eton and Fettes all saw Chenevix @-@ Trench become headmaster at " critical points in their history " , and he was " a headmaster whose personality met many of their priorities , breathing fresh life into creaking limbs " . The book argues that , despite Chenevix @-@ Trench 's shortcomings being " too readily obvious " , " overshadowing the flaws stands his passionate concern for the individual , a vital quality for any leader to possess " .
The book ends with a quotation from Chenevix @-@ Trench about the importance of education :
What is a boy ? He is a person who is going to carry on what you have started , to sit where you are sitting and , when you are gone , attend to those things you think are so important . You can adopt all the policies you please , but how they will be carried on depends on him . Even if you make leagues and treaties , he will have to manage them . He will assume control of your cities and nations . He is going to move on and take over your prisons , churches , schools , universities and corporations .
All your work is going to be judged by him . Your reputation and the future are in his hands . All your work is for him , and the fate of nations and humanity is also in his hands .
So it might be well to pay him some attention now .
= = Reception = =
The book received a mixed reception from critics . Writing in the Daily Telegraph , Ludovic Kennedy said that the book describes Chenevix @-@ Trench 's career with considerable " affection " , while not shying away from revealing " many uncomfortable home truths " . Kennedy has a few " quibbles " with the book , particularly its over @-@ use of clichés , but concludes that Chenevix @-@ Trench , who he said " never bore a grudge " , would have approved despite the flaws . Kennedy also titles his review with the words of Chenevix @-@ Trench , who joked of his own tenure at Eton — " endearingly " , according to Kennedy — " In some ways I 'm too small a man in too big a job . "
Another positive voice was Lorn Macintyre , writing in the Herald , who said that the book gives " an honest insight into the public school system with all its imperfections " . He further comments that although Peel reveals some things that are " disturbing " , he also shows Chenevix @-@ Trench 's " dedication to high academic standards , to the all @-@ round development of a young person despite his use of the rod " .
Simon Heffer , writing in the Daily Mail , said that Peel " does not write with sufficient detachment " or rigorously enough , but that the book will be of great interest to those who want to know " what is really wrong with the British Establishment " — Heffer made it clear that he felt Chenevix @-@ Trench should never have been Headmaster of Eton in the first place , and that other people 's appointments in the " British Establishment " were equally flawed . Paul Foot wrote a personal recollection for the Diary section of the London Review of Books , reprinted in the Guardian , in which he described the book as " a wretched hagiography , full of clichés and bad jokes " , and objected to its portrayal of Chenevix @-@ Trench as " a heroic figure " .
|
= Lazer Beam =
" Lazer Beam " is a single by Super Furry Animals . It was the only single to be released from the Love Kraft album and reached # 28 in the UK Singles Chart . The song is " about making your own reality " and tells the story of aliens coming down to earth to shoot humans with laser beams which " make them intelligent rather than being jerks " . Some of singer Gruff Rhys 's lyrics were lifted from a speech made by Tony Blair at the Labour Party Conference in 2004 .
Although critical response to the track was mostly positive , with some journalists hailing " Lazer Beam " as a " return to form " , some reviews were scathing with the NME even going so far as to call it " the worst Furries song ever " in their review of 2007 's Hey Venus !
Two music videos were produced to accompany the song 's release as a single . The first , directed by Palumbo & Coch , features a fluorescent cityscape with the band and a monster with their ' SFA ' logo , appearing between the translucent buildings while the second , directed by Aurelien and Florian Marrel , features a fictional sideways @-@ scrolling arcade beat ' em up in the style of Metal Slug and Michael Jackson 's Moonwalker .
= = Recording and themes = =
In a 2005 interview with The Big Issue Gruff Rhys claimed that some of the lyrics to the song are based on Tony Blair 's speech at the Labour Party Conference in 2004 , in particular his opening line ' a radical new vision is needed ' : " I 've nicked that wholesale , but I am offering a radical new vision whereas he wasn 't . He was offering a 19th century imperialist vision and " Lazer Beam " offers an end to Hollywood romantic comedies and imperial colonialist bastards " . According to guitarist Huw Bunford the song is " about making your own reality " : " Today 's reality is insane so we may as well make our own . It 's about aliens coming down from space and zapping humans with amazing lazer beams that make them intelligent rather than being jerks . It 's obviously a highly unlikely scenario " .
" Lazer Beam " was recorded in Figueres , Spain , and mixed in a suburb of Rio de Janeiro along with the rest of the Love Kraft album . According to Bunford , the band recorded " three versions of the song " before deciding to release the version that appears on Love Kraft .
= = Musical structure = =
The album version of " Lazer Beam " is 4 minutes 55 seconds long and is in the key of A major . This version appeared on all commercially released singles containing the track .
The track starts with 24 seconds of heavily effected guitar , drums and " bizarre sound effects " before the first verse begins , rising in volume as a looping bass line joins the mix and Gruff Rhys speaks the lines " This song is daunted by a radical new vision , no more imperial colonial bastards , no more romantic comedies , this is a fanfare introduction to a high @-@ powered , purposeful theme . "
A string section join on the chorus as Rhys 's voice is augmented by falsetto harmony backing vocals . The chords for the chorus remain the same as those used in the verse , namely A and G. The song then breaks down to a lead guitar melody line at 1 minute and 8 seconds before another verse with Rhys this time singing his lyrics . Another chorus , verse and chorus follow in this fashion until " Lazer Beam " breaks down completely at 2 : 55 to keyboard swells with Debi McLean providing a " space vocal " , speaking the lines " we will conquer utopia in space chariots " . The song builds back up to a double chorus before the outro . The string section returns once Rhys has sung a final verse using a vocoder . " Lazer Beam " then breaks down for the last time to handclaps and keyboard swells and ends with a few seconds of isolated keyboard noise .
= = = Radio edit = = =
A radio edit of " Lazer Beam " was included on promotional cds sent to radio stations and was also used in both music videos . This version of the track is 3 minutes and 36 seconds long and omits both the 24 second introduction , first , spoken word verse and the first chorus , starting instead with the guitar melody line that occurs in the album version at 1 minute and 8 seconds . The rest of song is identical to the album version although it does not include the brief keyboard noises at the very end .
= = Critical response = =
Reaction to the track was generally positive with several critics hailing " Lazer Beam " as a " return to form " including BBC Wales who claimed the track was " SFA 's best single release since 2001 's " Juxtapozed with U " " . musicOMH thought " Lazer Beam " to be an " absolute powerhouse of a song " and the Sunday Herald saw the track as one of the few " great moments on Love Kraft " .
However , Cokemachineglow described the song as " one of [ the band 's ] weakest singles to date " :
Two years after the song 's release the NME described " Lazer Beam " as " the worst Furries song ever " in their review of the band 's eighth album Hey Venus ! .
The " psychedelic " nature of the track was commented on by several reviewers with Mojo describing it as " acid @-@ carnivalesque " , The Times stating that it is a " kids TV theme heard through an acid @-@ pop filter " , The Observer claiming it sounded like " a Jesus Christ Superstar outtake gone delightfully right " , and BBC Wales calling it " cosmic funk " .
= = Music videos = =
Two music videos were produced to accompany the release of " Lazer Beam " as a single . Both feature the radio edit of the track .
= = = Palumbo & Coch video = = =
The " Tron @-@ inspired " Palumbo & Coch directed video starts with the camera rushing across a fluorescent blue sea , then a road towards " a cityscape which looks like something between downtown Tokyo and a graphic equalizer " . Gruff Rhys appears on a floating electronic billboard singing the first verse and is joined by other members of the band playing along with the track .
At 33 seconds a neon monster , with the ' SFA ' logo on his chest , appears amongst the translucent buildings . More shots of the band and the computer generated city follow before the monster reappears during the second chorus , this time with electric bolts shooting from his body . As the track reaches its middle 8 a multicoloured neon spacecraft appears .
More shots of the band , cityscape and ' SFA ' monster follow until the final verse , when the view returns to the road from the beginning of the video . The camera then flies up inside a skyscraper made entirely of small images of a mouth singing the along with the track . As the song finishes the view again returns to the road . Small spaceships ( similar to the one from the middle 8 ) gather at either side as the city is left behind and the road gradually disappears .
= = = Aurelien and Florian Marrel video = = =
The Aurelien and Florian Marrel directed video begins with a shot of the band reflected in a television screen then cuts to the start screen of a fictional video game called ' Lazer Beam ' which claims to have been made by the Kocakatpiece Corporation in 2005 . ' Arcade mode ' is selected then two characters are chosen from a menu featuring four Super Furry Animals band member lookalikes before a brief ' How to play ' screen is shown .
An introduction screen is then shown featuring a villain with folded arms towering over several skyscrapers with the legend " Evil is reigning over this city " before panning down to see the four men from the character selection screen with the subtitle " A band is here to change things " . Next a " Final Fight style overlay map " appears with the ' City ' ( ' Stage 01 ' ) section flashing .
On 33 seconds the ' game ' itself begins with the two player characters walking from left to right down a deserted street . As the first chorus begins several zombies enter from the right and are shot by the player characters . After 53 seconds the villain from the introduction appears and laughs before disappearing as the playing area is filled with zombies . The view changes to a cut scene showing close @-@ ups of the two players sunglasses then pans out to show a spaceship illuminating the area with yellow light .
The video then cuts to a shot of the band playing the game before returning to the map screen as ' Docks ' or ' Stage 02 ' flashes . The second level begins in much the same way as the first with the two characters shooting zombies who appear from the right . The villain again stands in front of the players , laughing before disappearing . A boat / submarine then enters from the right and begins firing bombs at the players who destroy it with laser beams . Another cut scene follows in which the crippled boat returns to a hangar in the sea with ' Evil ' written above the entrance . The hangar explodes and disappears before flying out of the water , now with mechanical claws attached , and the video returns again to live action footage of the Super Furries playing the game .
The map is shown for the last time showing the third level , ' ? ? ? ' , flashing . The villain attacks the characters from above with his flying vehicle and is hit several times by lasers as he tries to hit the players with the machine 's claws . A further cut scene then begins as one of the characters is seen activating a handset which calls the spaceship seen at the end of ' Stage 01 ' . The spaceship fires at the villain who flees his exploding vehicle stating " I 'll be back " as he flies away .
The ' zombies ' from levels 1 and 2 , now looking perfectly fine , are shown lining the banks of a river , singing along to the tracks final verse . Balloons and rainbows are shown behind them and a whale jumps out of the water before the screen goes black and the words ' Game over ' appear . More live action footage of the band follows with Huw Bunford raising his hands in triumph at completing the game and Guto Pryce being zapped by a laser . The final screen features the legend " F.B.I. winners don 't use drugs ! "
= = Track listing = =
All songs by Super Furry Animals .
Digipak CD ( 6760111 )
" Lazer Beam " – 4 : 55
" Sunny Seville " – 3 : 25
" Colonise the Moon " – 4 : 33
7 " ( 6760117 )
" Lazer Beam " – 4 : 55
" Sunny Seville " – 3 : 25
Promo CD ( SFALOVE2 )
" Lazer Beam ( Album version ) " – 4 : 55
" Lazer Beam ( Radio edit ) " – 3 : 36
Promo 12 " ( SFALOVE3 )
" Lazer Beam ( Album version ) " – 4 : 55
" Lazer Beam ( DJ Marlboro mix ) " – 3 : 52
" Lazer Beam ( LFO mix ) " – 5 : 10
A Danger Mouse remix of the track was also made available as a free download from the Love Kraft album website .
Free download
" Lazer Beam ( Danger Mouse remix ) " – 3 : 55
= = Personnel = =
Gruff Rhys – Vocals
Huw Bunford – Guitar
Guto Pryce – Bass guitar
Cian Ciaran – keyboards
Dafydd Ieuan – Drums
Debi McClean – Space vocal
Clare Raybould - Violin
Brian Wright – Violin
Elspeth Cowey – Violin
Ellen Blair – Violin
Amanda Britton – Violin
Sally Herbert – Violin
Laura Melhuish – Violin
Gill Morley – Violin
Jacqueline Norrie – Violin
Jordi & Jordi – Handclaps
= = Chart positions = =
|
= Cheers ( Drink to That ) =
" Cheers ( Drink to That ) " is a song recorded by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna , from her fifth studio album , Loud ( 2010 ) . The song impacted US mainstream and rhythmic radio on August 2 , 2011 , as the seventh and final single released from Loud . The song was written by Andrew Harr , Jermaine Jackson , Stacy Barthe , LP , Corey Gibson , Chris Ivery , Lauren Christy , Graham Edwards , Avril Lavigne and Scott Spock , while production of the song was completed by Harr and Jackson under their stage name , The Runners . The song also contains samples from Lavigne 's song " I 'm with You " , which is featured on her debut album Let Go ( 2002 ) . Lyrically , " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " is a party @-@ drinking song , with multiple references to drinking alcohol , including Jameson Irish Whiskey .
The song has received positive reviews from music critics , who praised the interpolation of Lavigne 's " I 'm with You " and also commented that it would be a successful club song due to its lyrical content . " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " peaked inside the top ten in New Zealand and Australia , and charted at numbers 5 and 6 , respectively . The song also peaked at number 7 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , becoming the singer 's nineteenth top ten song on the chart . The music video for the song , directed by Evan Rogers and Ciara Pardo , shows footage of Rihanna on tour and different activities during her homecoming trip to Barbados . " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " was included on the set list of the Loud Tour ( 2011 ) .
= = Background and composition = =
Rihanna first announced that " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " would be the next single to be released from Loud via her official Twitter account , when she tweeted to celebrity internet blogger Perez Hilton that his " favourite song " from the album would become the next single . The song was sent to mainstream and rhythmic radio in the United States on August 2 , 2011 . " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " was written by hip hop production duo Andrew Harr and Jermaine Jackson , Stacey Barthe , Laura Pergolizzi , Corey Gibson , Chris Ivery , Lauren Christy , Graham Edwards , Avril Lavigne and Scott Spock , and the main vocal track ( s ) were produced by Makeba Riddick , while it 's instrumental & backing vocal track ( s ) was produced by Harr and Jackson under their stage name , The Runners .
In an interview with MTV News in late 2010 , Rihanna spoke of how " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " was one of her favorite songs on the album , saying " I love that song [ ' Cheers ' ] . That is one of my favorite songs on the album . It makes you feel like celebrating ... It gives you a great feeling inside , like you want to go out and have a drink ... People can 't wait for the weekend . " Also in an interview with MTV News in late 2010 , Avril Lavigne spoke about being included on the song , saying , " It was really exciting because ' I 'm With You ' is one of my favorite songs that I 've done , I always love performing it . "
" Cheers ( Drink to That ) " is a pop rock , reggaetón and R & B song . It contains samples of Lavigne 's song " I 'm with You " , which is featured on her album Let Go ( 2002 ) . According to the digital music sheet published at musicnotes.com , the song is written in the key of E major and is set in simple time with a moderated hip @-@ hop groove . Rihanna 's vocal range in the song spans from the low note of E3 to the high note of B4 . Lyrically , " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " is a party @-@ drinking song , which is exemplified by the verse " Life 's too short to be sittin ' around miserable / People are gonna talk whether you 're doin ' bad or good / Don 't let the bastards get you down / Turn it around with another round " . According to Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork , the lyrics sum up the general sentiment of Loud and there 's no tabloid back story , as it was in most cases on her previous release Rated R ( 2009 ) .
= = Critical reception = =
Upon its release as a single , " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " received positive reviews from music critics . Mark Savage of BBC Music described the song as " a funky , loping guitar groove for to a night out on the town , " which Rihanna dedicated to " all the semi @-@ alcoholics in the world " . Robert Copsey of Digital Spy praised the use of the interpolation of Lavigne 's song , calling it " unbelievably catchy " , as well as commenting that it will be a success in bars and clubs , due to the references of alcohol and going out of a weekend in the lyrics . Jon Pareles of The New York Times commented that " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " is written for " barroom singalongs " . According to Leah Greenblatt from Entertainment Weekly , " the Jameson @-@ swilling , TGIF @-@ toasting ' Cheers ( Drink to That ) ' , folds a left @-@ field Avril Lavigne sample into a crunked party anthem " .
Amy Sciarretto of PopCrush also commended " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " and its musical style , saying " The song is infused with the tropical , island groove that she has explored on ' Loud ' and which harks back to her upbringing in Barbados . " Sciarretto also noted that " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " would be very popular in bars and clubs because of the lyrical content . Andy Gill of The Independent called the song an anthem with which the weekend can start . Thomas Conner of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times said that " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " is the best song on the album , saying " [ the song is ] a wise , world @-@ weary paean from a gal at the bar who 's seen some stuff , has moved on and wants to buy everybody a round of fruity shots " . However , Chris Richards of The Washington Post stated that " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " did not meet his expectations and commented that the song is a lowlight in Rihanna 's career , stating " ' Turn it around with another round ' , Rihanna bellows over the mid slog , as if setting ad copy to music " .
= = Chart performance = =
In the issue dated August 3 , 2011 , " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " debuted on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart at number 91 , and leaped to a new peak of 50 on August 10 , 2011 . The following week , the song rose to number 25 and by its fourth week , " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " rose again to number 17 , giving Rihanna her twenty @-@ second top @-@ twenty single on the chart . In its fifth week , the song rose to number 11 , where it remained in its sixth week . On its seven @-@ week , the song charted at number 10 , its current peak . " Cheers " ( Drink To That ) also debuted on the US Pop Songs chart at number 35 in the issue dated August 3 , 2011 . The following week , the song climbed ten positions to a new peak of 25 , and became that week 's " Greatest Gainer " on the chart and Rihanna 's 26th song to reach the top 40 . In its third week , the song reached a new peak of 16 , and rose to number 11 the following week , where it remained for another week . The song has peaked at number seven , making " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " the singers fourth top ten Hot 100 hit from Loud and nineteenth overall top ten song in the US . On December 13 , 2011 , " S & M " was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , denoting shipments of over two million copies . " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " ranked at number 77 on Billboard magazine 's Hot 100 songs of 2011 . In Canada , the song debuted at number 89 on August 17 , 2011 , and advanced to 37 the following week , ultimately peaking at number 6 in its third week on the charts .
In Australia , the song debuted at number 46 on the Australian Singles Chart on August 14 , 2011 , and peaked at number eighteen the following week . In its seventh week on the chart , the song reached a new peak of number 6 . The song has been certified Gold by the Australian Recording Industry Association , denoting shipments of over 35 @,@ 000 units . In New Zealand , the song debuted at number fourteen on the New Zealand Singles Chart on August 8 , 2011 and reached a peak of number 5 the following week , however it fell to number 8 in its third week . In the United Kingdom , the song also debuted inside the top 40 of the UK R & B Chart at number 38 on August 27 , 2011 , after having charted at number 47 the week before . The following week , the song rose to number twenty @-@ one , sitting one position lower than Rihanna 's previous single , " California King Bed " . In its sixth week , the song climbed to number 4 . The song has so far peaked at number fifteen on the UK Singles Chart . In Ireland , the song debuted at number 30 on the Irish Singles Chart on September 8 , 2011 , and has peaked at number sixteen . In France , the song debuted at number eighty @-@ eight on September 3 , 2011 , rose to eighty @-@ two the following week and peaked at 67 in its subsequent week .
= = Music video = =
= = = Background = = =
During the Loud Tour concert in Kensington Oval , Barbados , on August 5 , 2011 , Rihanna announced that a taping of " Cheers ( Drink to That ) " had been recorded during the show for the song 's music video . It was later announced that the video would be expected to feature footage of her homecoming , as well as clips of her performing during the North American leg of the tour . Via Rihanna 's official Twitter account , she replied to a fan 's tweet , announcing that the video would premiere on August 24 , 2011 , on iTunes . However , it was later announced that the video would premiere the following day on August 25 , 2011 . The video premiered officially via iTunes and VEVO on August 26 , 2011 . A 15 @-@ second teaser video was released the day before it officially premiered , and featured Rihanna applying make @-@ up before taking to the stage , as well as fans screaming her name while fireworks were launched into the night sky . The video was directed and edited by New York based director Evan Rogers and Ciara Pardo .
= = = Synopsis = = =
The video begins with Rihanna 's fans screaming and cheering her name before a concert is about to start , while Rihanna is shown walking to her dressing room , preparing to perform by doing her make @-@ up and changing outfits . As a firework explodes in the sky , scenes of Rihanna driving through her hometown and having a drink at the bar are intercut . As the song starts to play , Rihanna is seen in a variety of different outfits from various parts of the concert , whilst also showing clips of the audience dancing and singing . Rihanna is also seen holding a handheld camera , which she uses to film herself and other people , as well as goings @-@ on backstage . Avril Lavigne , who makes a cameo appearance in the video , is seen raising her glass to the camera before being pushed fully clothed into a swimming pool while on a skateboard . Jay @-@ Z , Kanye West and CeeLo Green are also featured in the various clips of the video , as the former two were special guests at Rihanna 's tour on certain dates , while the latter was an opening act on selected dates during the North American leg of the tour . Shots of Rihanna flying on a private jet , avoiding paparazzi and participating in the Barbados Kadooment Day are also intercut throughout the video . Other scenes include her taking pictures together with her mother and grandmother , swimming , relaxing , partying with her brother , and spending time with her friends and family . The video ends with Rihanna on a boat shouting " Rihanna Navy ! " , referring to her fan group .
= = = Reception = = =
Upon its release , the video received general acclaim from critics . Iona Kirby of Daily Mail praised the documentary @-@ style video , which gives fans an opportunity to see the life of Rihanna and insight into what she likes to do . A reviewer from Rap @-@ Up praised the video , commenting that it is a " real blast in a glass ! " . According to PopDash 's Giovanna Falcone , the video shows " Rihanna goofing around with friends and family , on stage and loving life , you can 't help but smile throughout " . Robbie Daw of Idolator commented that the music video looks " like one big , drunken night out " . A reviewer from Rolling Stone magazine also commented that the video " finds Rihanna in an appropriately celebratory mood ..... it 's mostly a lot of shots of her partying backstage with friends and celebrities " . Sarah Maloy of Billboard magazine commented " there are no special effects , storylines – and no chance of lawsuits , " referring to one of Rihanna 's previous music videos , " S & M " , which was faced with two lawsuits . Maloy also noted that the video presents Rihanna 's ordinary life just as it is .
A reviewer of OK ! commented that " Rihanna gets buddy Avril Lavigne on board in the video for the track ' which will be our anthem for the Bank Holiday weekend . ' " Brad Wete of Entertainment Weekly simply commented that " It 's party time , folks ! And that 's exactly what the video makes apparent " . With regard to the cameo appearance of several celebrities and Rihanna 's colleagues , Leah Collins of The Vancouver Sun stated " Rihanna shows that she has more celebrity friends than hairstyles ( which is saying something considering she manages to change her weave approximately every 5 seconds in the clip ) " . According to William Goodman from Spin magazine " Barbadian pop queen Rihanna leads a charmed life . But at heart , she 's just a hometown party girl , and her new video for ' Cheers ( Drink to That ) ' proves it " . In reference to raising glasses in the video , Rebeca Ford from The Hollywood Reporter commented " the singer can also be seen raising a [ glass ] to her audience , probably thanking them for their support with her own personal ' cheers . ' "
= = Live performances = =
" Cheers ( Drink to That ) " was included on the set list of the Loud Tour ( 2011 ) . Rihanna also performed the song at V Festival in the United Kingdom on August 20 and 21 , 2011 .
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Loud .
Songwriting – Andrew Harr , Jermaine Jackson , Stacy Barthe , Laura Pergolizzi , Corey Gibson , Chris Ivery , Lauren Christy , Graham Edwards , Avril Lavigne , Scott Spock
Production – The Runners
Vocal production – Makeba Riddick
Vocal recording and mixing – Marcos Tovar
Assistant vocal recording – Antonio Resendiz , Inaam Haq , Dane Liska , Brad Shea
Recording – Jeff " Supa Jeff " Villanueva
Recording assistant – Ben O 'Neill
Assistant mixing – Bobby Campbell
Backing vocals – Stacy Barthe , Laura Pergolizzi , Avril Lavigne
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
|
= Dylan and Cole Sprouse =
Dylan Thomas Sprouse and Cole Mitchell Sprouse ( born August 4 , 1992 ) are American actors . They are twins and are referred to as the Sprouse brothers or Sprouse Bros. Their first major theatrical film role was in Big Daddy , in which they co @-@ starred with Adam Sandler . They later appeared in several television sitcoms and starred in the straight @-@ to @-@ DVD films I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus and Just for Kicks .
From 2005 until 2008 , they starred in the Disney Channel sitcom The Suite Life of Zack & Cody . As a result of the series ' success , the media has termed them " heartthrobs " and " overwhelming draws " among preteen and teen audiences . The following year , the brothers launched a franchise known as the Sprouse Bros brand , which included a clothing line , book series and magazine . The majority of the Sprouses ' franchise ended in 2008 , except for their clothing line . The Suite Life of Zack & Cody was retooled in 2008 as The Suite Life on Deck , in which the brothers reprised their roles as Zack and Cody . The Suite Life on Deck went on to become the most @-@ watched tween / children 's television show in 2008 and 2009 . The show ended in May 2011 . They also starred in the The Suite Life Movie , which aired in March of the same year . They began cultivating an adult image by starring in the independent theatrical suspense film The Kings of Appletown in 2009 .
Dylan and Cole were two of the wealthiest children alive in 2007 , and in 2010 , the Sprouse brothers were the highest @-@ paid teenage Disney television actors , earning $ 40 @,@ 000 per episode combined . MSN reported by the end of the 2000s that the twin brothers became the richest teenage twins in the world . In 2010 , the brothers were accepted to New York University . They deferred admission for one year , and attended the university from 2011 to 2015 . Both Cole and Dylan have confirmed they wish to pursue acting post @-@ university .
= = Early lives = =
The Sprouses were born at a small hospital called Clinica Tanganelli in Arezzo , Italy , to American parents Matthew Sprouse and Melanie Wright , while they were teaching at an English language school in Tuscany . Dylan was named after British poet Dylan Thomas , and Cole is named after jazz singer and pianist Nat King Cole . Dylan is 15 minutes older than Cole . They have German ancestry . The boys moved back to the United States four months after their birth to their parents ' native Long Beach , California . Some of the money Dylan and Cole earned by acting was used to buy a house in Calabasas , California , where their family still lives as of summer 2012 .
= = Acting = =
The Sprouses began acting at the age of eight months following a suggestion from their grandmother , Jonine Booth Wright , who was a drama teacher and actress . The twins first appeared in a commercial for diapers , switching on @-@ screen time every few seconds . As with many twins , the two have often played the same role , due to child labor laws in California restricting the amount of time children can be filmed in a day . Casting twins in a single role thus allows more time for the character to be filmed . Beginning at eight months old , the two played a single character , Patrick Kelly , on the ABC series Grace Under Fire .
In 1999 , the boys appeared in their first major feature film , Big Daddy , in which they shared the role of a five @-@ year @-@ old boy named Julian who is adopted by Adam Sandler 's character , Sonny Koufax . Though the film received mixed reviews , the two were nominated for multiple awards for their role in the movie . However , they did not win any . The same year , the boys also had a minor role in the thriller The Astronaut 's Wife . The Sprouses have noted that after Big Daddy 's release , they entered a slow period in their careers and were not cast in any major roles for a time . During the early 2000s , the twins appeared in episodes of The Nightmare Room and That ' 70s Show , as well as in MADtv and portrayed roles in the feature films The Master of Disguise and Adam Sandler 's Eight Crazy Nights . Cole began appearing in episodes of the television show Friends , as Ross Geller 's son Ben in 2001 ; this role was not shared with Dylan .
They both appeared in I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus and Just for Kicks , both of which were family films that received a direct @-@ to @-@ video release . David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews said of their acting in Just for Kicks that the brothers " aren 't the worst child actors I 've ever seen , ... but they certainly leave a lot to be desired . " Dylan and Cole were later cast in the Disney Channel original series The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , where they portrayed identical twins Zack and Cody Martin , respectively . The series , which debuted in March 2005 , became a ratings success . As part of their involvement with Disney , the brothers also became part of the 11 @-@ member group , the Disney Channel Circle of Stars , and sang the song " A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes " along with the members of the circle , for a video that was released as bonus material in the special edition version of the Disney film Cinderella . They also participated in the Disney Channel Games .
The Sprouses played one character , Jeremiah , in the independent film The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things . The film was produced in 2004 but not given a theatrical release until March 2006 , when it played at three theatres in the United States , ultimately grossing $ 29 @,@ 000 domestically . Harvey Karten praised their acting , stating that " acting is superlative all around " , and Tamara Straus of the San Francisco Chronicle called them " the movie 's only saving grace " . In 2007 , the two filmed A Modern Twain Story : The Prince and the Pauper . Carrie R. Wheadon of Common Sense Media said the film was a " slow story for Zack and Cody fans only " . The Sprouse brothers both had voice roles in the animated film Holidaze : The Christmas That Almost Didn 't Happen alongside Brenda Song and Emily Osment . Dylan played the voice of Shasta in Disney 's " Snow Buddies . " The brothers both starred in the theatrical film The Kings of Appletown , which is based on the book The Adventures of Tom Sawyer . The film was directed by Bobby Moresco and written by Amanda Moresco . Shot in New Braunfels , Texas , the movie was originally estimated to be released in the winter of 2008 . Kings of Appletown had a limited theatrical release on December 12 , 2009 and was officially released at the Newport Beach Film Festival in April 2010 .
They appeared on the cover of the May 2009 issue People Magazine , in an eighty @-@ page special edition issue devoted to The Suite Life on Deck . The twin brothers began filming another Modern Twain Story film in the summer of 2009 . The film was tentatively titled " Sivilized " and was a modern version of Huckleberry Finn . However , in mid @-@ 2010 , Dylan stated that they would not be doing the movie , in part because they " outgrew " the movie . They became the new face of the children 's yogurt , Dannon Danimals , in 2009 ; their endorsement deal was renewed in 2010 . The twin brothers signed an endorsement deal with Nintendo DS in August 2010 .
As of early to mid @-@ 2011 , Dylan and Cole are not in any acting projects and are focusing instead on college as well as art and photography , respectively . However , Dylan has stated that they would both like to continue acting while in college . Dylan and Cole are represented by William Morris Endeavor as of 2011 .
= = Sprouse Bros brand = =
In 2005 , the Sprouse brothers signed a licensing agreement with Dualstar Entertainment to produce Sprouse Bros branded merchandise for the preteen and teenage market , the Sprouse Bros brand included a clothing line , comics series and a magazine , as well as personal hygiene line and a line of sportswear . Dylan said of the brand that they wanted to " reach out to the nerd group and the cool group " and " appeal to everybody " . A magazine targeting boys was launched by Dualstar and Leisure Publishing LLC in 2006 called Sprouse Bros. Code . Simon & Schuster Inc. published two volumes of a book series titled Sprouse Bros. 47 R.O.N.I.N. , which was described as featuring the Sprouse twins as " young James Bonds or undercover agents " ; the book series continued . In 2008 , the brothers ended their association with the Olsens ' Dualstar , but they continued to sell their clothing line . The items in their clothing lines were sold exclusively online until mid @-@ March 2012 , when the online store could no longer be accessed .
= = Personal lives = =
Dylan Sprouse has stated that the experience of coming to fame after the success of The Suite Life of Zack & Cody is " kind of scary , how fast everything is moving " and that a year prior " none of this was happening , it was just doing Suite Life , " and that he was excited for the future . While filming The Suite Life of Zack & Cody , the both of them received on @-@ set tutoring for three hours each day for school , and said they were getting " straight A 's and honors . " In their last year of high school , the brothers both took Advanced Placement classes . Dylan took AP Psychology and AP Spanish , and Cole took AP Psychology and AP Government .
The twins ' family has three dogs : Bubba , which belongs to Dylan and Cole ; Pinky , who is their father 's ; and Curry , their stepmother 's . Their favorite actor and co @-@ star is Adam Sandler . Dylan has said that Adam is " a role model in acting " and that they learned a lot about comedy from him . In mid @-@ 2010 , Dylan launched a site for his art called Sprouse Arts , and in mid @-@ 2011 , Cole launched a site for his photography called Cole Sprouse Photography .
In 2010 , the brothers were both accepted to New York University . They had initial plans to attend the university in the fall of 2010 ; however , they deferred for one year . Dylan initially planned on majoring in fine / studio arts and minoring in economics while Cole planned on majoring in film and television production and minoring in drama . Instead , they both enrolled in the Gallatin School of Individualized Study , which allows students to plan their own curriculum . Cole focused his curriculum on the humanities and archaeology while Dylan focused on video game design . In 2011 , Dylan was elected president of the Third Avenue North residence hall at New York University .
In 2012 , Dylan and Cole were officially appointed as the International Ambassadors of the Koyamada Foundation . They traveled to Japan with Shin Koyamada to empower the youth of Japan to better themselves and rebuild Japan as a society as well as to deepen the friendly relations and brotherhood between the youth of Japan and America in August 2013 .
As of 2013 , Dylan was working as a host at a New York City restaurant , which he explained was a result of his desire to try a new experience , as he said , " working somewhat below the means I 'm used to , as well as a way to socialize and get out of the house . "
Since 2014 , Dylan has commentated a few Super Smash Bros. tournaments .
In May 2015 , both Dylan and Cole Sprouse graduated from the Gallatin School of Individualized Study of NYU . Cole devoted his time studying archeology while Dylan studied video game design . Interestingly enough , they disclosed to Entertainment magazine that they managed to walk away with each other 's diplomas at their graduation ceremony .
Following their graduation , the two have disclosed they will possibly get back to their acting careers and take time to pursue their other interests such as photography and modeling .
= = Filmography = =
= = Awards and nominations = =
= = Discography = =
2005 – " A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes " in DisneyMania 4
2008 – " A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes " in Princess DisneyMania
|
= Operation Ring =
Operation Ring ( Russian : Операция « Кольцо » , Operatsia Koltso ; Armenian : « Օղակ » գործողություն , Oghak gortsoğut 'yun ) , known in Azerbaijan as the Chaykend Operation ( Azerbaijani : Çaykənd əməliyyatı ) was the codename for the May 1991 military operation conducted by Soviet Internal Security Forces and OMON units in the northern regions ( Shahumyan , Shusha , Martakert and Hadrut ) of Nagorno @-@ Karabakh Autonomous Oblast of the Azerbaijan SSR and in a number of bordering regions of the Armenian SSR ( Noyemberyan , Goris and Tavush ) . Officially dubbed a " passport checking operation , " the ostensible goal launched by the Soviet Union 's internal and defense ministries was to disarm Armenian militia detachments that had been organized in " [ illegally ] armed formations . " The operation involved the use of ground troops who accompanied a complement of military vehicles , artillery and helicopter gunships to be used to root out the self @-@ described Armenian fedayeen .
However , contrary to their stated objectives , Soviet troops and the predominantly Azerbaijani soldiers in the AzSSR OMON and army forcibly uprooted Armenians living in the 24 villages strewn across Shahumyan to leave their homes and settle elsewhere in Nagorno @-@ Karabakh or in the neighboring Armenian SSR . British journalist Thomas de Waal has described Ring as the Soviet Union 's first and only civil war . Some authors have also described the actions of the joint Soviet and Azerbaijani force as ethnic cleansing . The military operation was accompanied by systematic and gross human rights abuses .
= = Background = =
The Nagorno @-@ Karabakh movement that had originally begun in Armenia during the late 1980s called for the Karabakh enclave to be united with that country , despite it being behind the borders of Azerbaijan . With a population that was 75 percent Armenian , official petitions were sent by Armenian leaders to the Soviet government in Moscow in order to address the issue but were rejected by General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev . The demands to annex the region came in the middle of Gorbachev 's reform policies , Glasnost and Perestroika . First implemented in 1985 , when Gorbachev came into power , the liberalization of political and economical constraints in the Soviet Union gave birth to numerous nationalist groups in the different Soviet republics who insisted that they be given the right to secede and form their own independent countries .
By late 1989 , the Communist Parties of the republics of Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia , Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania had largely been weakened in power . In Nagorno @-@ Karabakh , the intercommunal relations between Armenians and Azerbaijanis had worsened due to violence and pogroms . Gorbachev 's policies hastened the collapse of the Soviet system and many Armenians and Azerbaijanis sought protection by arming themselves with Soviet military weaponry . His preoccupation in dealing with the numerous demands by the other republics saw the disappearance of vast amounts of assault rifles , rocket @-@ propelled grenades , and other small arms munitions stored in caches throughout Armenia and Azerbaijan .
Foreseeing the inevitable conflict that would unfold after the Soviet Union disintegrated , Armenian volunteers from both the Republic and the Armenian diaspora flocked to the enclave and formed detachments of several dozen men . Gorbachev deemed these detachments and others in Karabakh as illegal entities and banned them in a decree in July 1990 . Despite this promulgation , these groups continued to exist and actively fought against Azerbaijani " special @-@ purpose " militia brigades . The volatility of the attacks led the Soviet government to position military units in the Armenian capital of Yerevan and along the five @-@ kilometer gap between the Armenian border and Nagorno @-@ Karabakh .
Shahumyan had a population of about 20 @,@ 000 , of whom 85 percent were ethnic Armenian . While the Armenian volunteers pledged to defend and protect civilians living in Shahumyan from Azerbaijani incursions , many of them were told to stay away by the inhabitants themselves to save the villages and the entire district from violence .
= = Origins of planning = =
It is widely believed that Operation Ring was conceived by Soviet authorities in order to intimidate the Armenians . The Armenian SSR had boycotted the All @-@ Union referendum , though Armenian sources allege that Baku had planned measures against the Armenians long before the referendum . Although the execution of Operation Ring was not proposed to Soviet officials until mid @-@ April 1991 , Mutalibov insisted in an interview that such plans had originally been formulated as early as 1989 .
Viktor Krivopuskov , who visited Karabakh in 1990 , writes :
Early in November 1990 our fact @-@ finding group got hold of secret materials of the authorities of the Azerbaijan SSR on the total deportation of the Armenian population from the villages of Khanlar and of former Shahumyan regions . At the session of the Supreme Council of Azerbaijan SSR , which took place in February 1991 , the plan of deportations of the Armenian population from Azerbaijan was actually approved .
The Russian human rights organization Memorial reports the expulsion of civilians in this region as early as 1989 @-@ 90 , when the inhabitants of the Kushi @-@ Armavir , Azat , and Kamo were forced to abandon their homes . The Azerbaijani OMON , a special paramilitary unit known as the " black berets " , had similarly been engaged in various " acts of harassment against Armenian villages in the enclave , including raids on collective farms and the destruction of ... communal facilities . "
In 1991 , Gorbachev set 17 March as the date of the All @-@ Union referendum that the republics would take part in to decide the fate of the Soviet Union . Offering to grant greater autonomy to the individual republics , Armenia , Georgia , along with several other republics , vowed not to take part in the referendum and instead seek independence from Moscow . Meanwhile , Azerbaijan 's Communist Party head , Ayaz Mutalibov , continued to support Gorbachev 's attempts to keep the Union together and took part in the referendum ; with 92 percent of voters agreeing to remain a part of the Soviet Union . Mutalibov 's staunch loyalty to Gorbachev allowed him to garner backing from Moscow and , in effect , he now had the support to discourage the aspirations of Armenians desiring to unite with Armenia or to force them to leave the region altogether .
The operation 's codename , Ring , referred to the encirclement of the towns of Getashen and Martunashen by the Soviet MVD and armed forces . A date in late April was chosen for the commencement of the operation , which called for Soviet troops to surround the towns and search the villages for both illegally procured weapons and Armenian guerrilla fighters . Reacting to the growing violence , Gorbachev had also assigned units of the Soviet 4th Army 's predominantly Azerbaijani 23rd Motorized Rifle Division , stationed along the Armenian @-@ Azerbaijani border , to serve as a buffer force . The 23rd Division and other elements of the Fourth Army were selected along with the Azerbaijani OMON to take part in Ring .
= = Implementation = =
= = = First operation = = =
On 30 April , the Soviet troops and OMON converged toward Getashen and Martunashen , which were approximately twenty @-@ five kilometers north of Karabakh , meeting little , if any , resistance on the way . Accompanying the normal ground troops were an assortment of tanks , armored personnel carriers , artillery and attack helicopters . While approaching the villages in Shahumyan , the military would announce their intended actions with a loudspeaker and called for the inhabitants to display proof of their citizenship ( known as a " passport @-@ regime " check ) in an effort to root out the fedayeen groups led by Tatul Krpeyan , a local schoolteacher . The following ultimatum was issued to residents in a village in Shahumyan :
Within one hour , all citizens of this village will be required to go through a passport regime . Comrade citizens , we implore you to show no resistance to the MVD . Should you choose to ignore this warning , the MVD will take the strictest measures to defend itself . I repeat , we will use the strictest measures to defend ourselves , the strictest measures . We will be waiting for you at the location of this loudspeaker one hour from now .
However , this served only as a pretext as civilians were subjected to grueling interrogations and many were taken out of their homes and beaten . The troops also arrested several adult males , often without any conclusive evidence , who they accused of being members of the militia . Additionally , if there was no response by the villagers to the ultimatum issued by the troops , an artillery barrage was launched above and over the village itself to further intimidate the civilians .
After Soviet units completed the operation in the towns , they ordered a full @-@ scale deportation of all resident Armenians in the two towns , helicoptering them to Nagorno @-@ Karabakh 's capital , Stepanakert , and later to Armenia proper . Supplanting the previous occupants were Azerbaijani refugees who had fled from Armenia to Azerbaijan during the previous three years of fighting . Initial public outcry denounced the launching of the operation as the Soviet and Azerbaijani governments went on to defend it , stating that the villagers of Shahumyan were providing aid and harboring the militias in their homes . The Armenian government , along with the Soviet media , including Pravda and the Moskovskiye Novosti , condemned the operation and described the acts of violence carried out by the army and OMON as excessive and unnecessary ; the operation continued until the first week of May .
= = = Second operation = = =
On 7 May , a second operation was conducted by the same units , this time in a town in the northern Armenian town of Voskepar . Under the same pretext as the previous operation , the joint forces entered Armenia with tanks and other armored vehicles , claiming that militia units were staging attacks from that area into Azerbaijan . The operation was conducted in a similar manner but with deadlier results . In addition to the arbitrary arrests of twenty men in towns surrounding Voskepar , a bus carrying thirty Armenian policemen was attacked by elements of the 23rd Division , killing eleven of the officers and arresting the rest . The OMON units also took part in razing and looting the outlying villages around Voskepar . Residents were similarly forced to leave their homes and thus ceded them after signing a form which stated that they were leaving their homes at their own volition .
The second operation provoked further anger from the Armenian government , which saw the operation as an encroachment against its sovereignty . Armenia 's president , Levon Ter @-@ Petrosyan claimed that the Soviet government was exacting retribution against his country for not taking part in the All @-@ Union referendum by depopulating the towns . Reacting to media reports of unprovoked atrocities by the OMON , four members of the Russian parliament intervened on behalf of the Armenians , arriving in Voskepar on 15 May . Anatoly Shabad , the leading parliamentary member , secured the return of the captured Armenian policemen as the Soviet forces desisted from continuing out the rest of the operation . In total , five thousand Armenians were deported from Getashen and Martunashen , with an estimated 20 or 30 of them killed . Krpeyan was killed in fighting with Soviet troops in Getashen .
= = Human rights abuses and legality = =
Human rights organizations documented a wide number of human rights violations and abuses committed by Soviet and Azerbaijani forces . These included forced deportations of civilians , unlawful killings , torture , kidnapping harassment , rape and the wanton seizure or destruction of property . Despite fierce protests , no measures were taken either to prevent the human rights abuses or to punish the perpetrators . Approximately 17 @,@ 000 Armenians living in twenty @-@ three of Shahumyan 's villages were deported out of the region .
Despite fierce protests , no measures were taken either to prevent the human rights abuses or to punish the perpetrators . Approximately 17 @,@ 000 Armenians living in twenty @-@ three of Shahumyan 's villages were deported out of the region .
Professor Richard Wilson of Harvard University , who presented a report to the First International Andrei Sakharov Conference , noted that his fact @-@ finding group did not find any " evidence , in spite of diligent enquiry , that anyone recently deported from the village of Getashen left it voluntarily . " The delegation of the International Andrei Sakharov Conference concluded that :
Azerbaijani officials , including President of Azerbaijan Ayaz Mualibov and the second secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan Victor Polyanichko , keep on approving these deportations , presenting them as a voluntary resetting of the inhabitants of NKAO . However , we have irrefutable evidence proving that these actions were carried out with a brutal use of force and weaponry , which led to murders , mutilations and the loss of personal property .
The final report of the Committee on Human Rights of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR also concluded that the documents signed under the use of force cannot serve as evidence of voluntary departure of residents . The United States Congress ( 17 May 1991 ) and the European Parliament ( 14 March 1991 ) likewise passed resolutions condemning the Operation Ring .
= = Aftermath = =
On 4 July , Gorbachev declared that the region was stabilizing , and announced an end to the operation . In both military and strategic terms , Operation Ring was a failure . The aim of disarming the Armenian volunteer groups was never achieved . Despite the presence of the helicopter gunships and armored vehicles , the militiamen managed to elude and evade capture . Ring , however , managed to reinforce the ethnic divide between Armenians and Azerbaijanis , " virtually precluding , according to Michael Croissant " the possibility of further coexistence between the peoples within " Azerbaijan 's borders . Gorbachev and other Soviet officials maintained that Ring was necessary to prevent the region from further deteriorating into chaos and as the militias ' presence contravened the July 1990 presidential decree . According to Shabad , however , the operation 's objectives were impractical and Gorbachev had been misled on the general situation in Karabakh :
Evidently Mutalibov had persuaded Gorbachev that there was a powerful partisan army of fedayeen there and that its actions would lead to the secession of Armenian populated territories from Azerbaijan , that they were bandits and that they had to be liquidated . And Gorbachev – it was a great stupidity on his part of course – agreed to this operation . He probably understands now that an operation of that sort was doomed , it was impossible . We see in Chechnya that a war against partisans is an empty undertaking .
Armenia fiercely contested the legality of the operation and within two months declared its independence and seceded from the Soviet Union . Within several months , the fighting between Azerbaijan and Armenia worsened and precipitated the open @-@ phased segment of the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh War .
= = In popular culture = =
A series of documentary films titled " Wounds of Karabakh " ( 1994 ) were shot by Bulgarian journalist Tsvetana Paskaleva . The documentaries , shot during different phases of the operation Ring , give a detailed account of the events .
In June 2006 , the film Destiny ( Armenian : Ճակատագիր ; Tchakatagir ) premiered in Yerevan and Stepanakert . The film stars and is written by Gor Vardanyan and is a fictional account of the events revolving around Operation Ring . It cost $ 3 @.@ 8 million to make , the most expensive film ever before in the country , and is the first such film made about the Nagorno @-@ Karabakh War .
|
= McLaren M2B =
The McLaren M2B was the McLaren team 's first Formula One racing car , used during the 1966 season . It was conceived in 1965 and preceded by the M2A development car . Designed by Robin Herd , the innovative but problematic Mallite material was used in its construction . The car was powered by Ford and Serenissima engines but both lacked power and suffered from reliability issues .
Driven by team founder Bruce McLaren , the M2B had a short Grand Prix career , entering six races and starting only four . It scored the team 's first point at the British Grand Prix and two more points at the United States Grand Prix .
= = Background and development = =
Bruce McLaren Motor Racing was founded in 1964 ; Bruce McLaren was a factory driver for the Cooper motor racing team which competed in Formula One , the highest level of international single @-@ seater competition . For two years the McLaren team had raced in the Tasman Series , a competition for single @-@ seaters that ran during the Formula One world championship off @-@ season , and in various sports car races . Bruce McLaren continued to race in Grands Prix ( i.e. Formula One championship races ) for Cooper , but by 1965 the team 's performances were worsening and so he decided to build his own Formula One car to race the following year . Despite being a skilled engineer himself , McLaren enlisted Robin Herd to design the car . Herd was an aerospace engineer who had previously worked at the National Gas Turbine Establishment ( NGTE ) where he had been involved with the Concorde project . In September 1965 the M2A development car was completed . Powered by a 4 @.@ 5 litre Oldsmobile V8 engine , it was used to test Herd 's design ideas and Firestone 's tyres . With McLaren still employed by Cooper , the McLaren team initially denied that they were building a Formula One competitor , claiming that the M2A was purely a tyre test bed .
At the factory in Colnbrook , construction started on at least two M2B chassis , whilst a third was possibly started but not completed . By December 1965 the M2A had completed over 2 @,@ 000 miles ( 3 @,@ 200 km ) of testing and two race engines were ready to be installed in the M2B , Bruce McLaren testing the car at Goodwood Circuit . Also that month , the design team was joined by Herd 's former NGTE colleague Gordon Coppuck ; Coppuck later became chief designer at McLaren . In February 1966 further testing was carried out in California , United States in anticipation of the start of the world championship season in May .
= = Design = =
The M2B was a mid @-@ engined rear @-@ wheel drive monocoque design , monocoques having been popularised by Lotus 's 25 of 1962 . Influenced by his aerospace experience , Herd built the chassis with Mallite , a material that had originally been designed for internal panelling in aircraft . Mallite is a composite of balsa wood bonded between two sheets of aluminium alloy that is much stiffer than ordinary aluminium alloy , a useful characteristic for a racing car . However , the material proved to be difficult to bend into the curved shapes needed and so , whilst the M2A prototype was made entirely of Mallite except for the steel bulkheads , on the M2B it was utilised only for the inner and upper skins , the remainder being aluminium alloy . Mallite was also complicated to repair after crash damage . Its use did mean though that the chassis was the stiffest then built for an open @-@ cockpit car , with torsional rigidity of nearly 10 @,@ 000 lb · ft ( 13 @,@ 600 N · m ) per degree . Glass @-@ reinforced plastic bodywork covered the nose , cockpit and engine . Fuel was stored in rubber bag tanks situated within the moncoque .
Herd 's knowledge of aerodynamics and Bruce McLaren 's experience with Ford 's sports car racing programme combined to spur the team into experimenting with aerodynamic bodywork . The M2A was fitted with a rear wing that produced downforce – downwards pressure on the car and tyres which allows faster cornering – and reduced lap times by three seconds at a test at Zandvoort circuit in November 1965 , two and a half years before the Brabham and Ferrari teams eventually debuted wings in a Grand Prix . The team intended to use the wing on the M2B , but the engine problems that occurred prevented this .
The suspension was a conventional wishbone @-@ based arrangement with inboard coilover springs and dampers at the front and outboard coilover springs and dampers at the rear . Braking was provided by Girling discs within 13 inches ( 330 mm ) diameter magnesium alloy wheels . The wheelbase measured exactly 8 feet ( 2438 mm ) , and front and rear track was 4 feet 10 inches ( 1473 mm ) and 4 feet 10 @.@ 75 inches ( 1492 mm ) , respectively .
For 1966 the Formula One engine capacity limit was increased to 3 @.@ 0 litres from the 1 @.@ 5 litres of the previous five seasons . McLaren considered and discounted British Racing Motors ( BRM ) , Maserati , Coventry Climax and Oldsmobile engines before opting for a Ford V8 engine . This engine was originally designed for the Indianapolis 500 , the premier single @-@ seater oval track race in the United States , and had to be reduced in capacity from 4 @.@ 2 litres to the 3 @.@ 0 litre limit . This choice was partly motivated by the belief that it might bring financial support from Ford , although this never materialised . Ex BMW and Daimler @-@ Benz engineer Klaus von Rucker was initially appointed to carry out the conversion of the engine in England . However , progress was slow so the project was transferred to Traco Engineering in California , United States , where extensive modifications were made to the internals under the oversight of McLaren 's Gary Knutson . In its 4 @.@ 2 litre form the Ford engine produced 470 bhp and McLaren expected the reduced capacity version to produce about 335 bhp . In fact , it produced 300 bhp in a narrow power band and was further handicapped by its large size and weight ; combined with the gearbox it weighed nearly as much as rival team Brabham 's entire car . In order to allow time to further develop the Ford , McLaren also used a Serenissima M166 3 @.@ 0 litre V8 engine for some of the races . This engine produced about 260 bhp and required modifications to be made to the monocoque but was at least relatively light and compact . Four- and five @-@ speed ZF transaxle gearboxes and a Borg & Beck clutch were employed .
The M2B was originally intended to be raced in a green and silver colour scheme designed by Michael Turner . However , short on money , the McLaren team made a financial deal with the makers of the film Grand Prix – a drama that included actual race footage – which involved the car being painted white with a green stripe in order to represent the film 's fictional Japanese " Yamura " team .
= = Racing history = =
The Ford @-@ powered M2B made its debut driven by McLaren at the world championship season @-@ opening Monaco Grand Prix . There he qualified 10th on the grid and ran as high as sixth but retired after nine laps due to an oil leak . After Monaco McLaren decided " it looks as though we 're going to have to make some fairly drastic moves in the engine room " , and so for the next race in Belgium the Serenissima engine was used . The replacement unit did not provide an immediate solution though , terminally damaging its bearings in practice . With no spare , McLaren was unable to start the race . The team missed the next race in France , but at the British Grand Prix at Brands Hatch the M2B finished sixth to score McLaren 's first championship point . Another non @-@ start resulted when the Serenissima failed again before the Dutch Grand Prix , and the entries for the German and Italian Grands Prix were withdrawn in anticipation of the improved Ford engine being readied . Thus equipped at the United States Grand Prix , McLaren drove to fifth place and two more points . At final event in Mexico , the rear bodywork was cut away to help prevent overheating but the engine failed during the race . McLaren had intended for Chris Amon , who was already racing sports cars for the team , to race a second car but the engine problems prevented this .
= = = World Championship results table = = =
= = Legacy = =
Despite the M2B 's lack of success Herd said of the team , " Everyone was ten times more determined to do better the following year . " On the design of the car he reflected that , " our emphasis tended to be more on the elegance of the chassis structure rather than on the design of a really quick racing car " and that , " we ... tended to go towards technical ingenuity and bullshit rather than racewinning engineering " . Team member and later manager of the organisation Teddy Mayer said , " Our main problems were with the choice of the Ford engine . " Bruce McLaren 's personal secretary and author Eoin Young concurs . The winners of the 1966 drivers ' and constructors ' championships , Jack Brabham and his eponymous team , used a Repco @-@ modified and badged Oldsmobile engine . It produced approximately 290 bhp – less than the Ford – but its light weight and reliability rendered it effective . Despite having used the Oldsmobile in sports racing cars , the McLaren team discounted it . Afterwards , Mayer said , " We considered it , but the kind of modifications which Repco did were well beyond our resources , and I doubt very much if we could have done any more with it than we did with the Indy Ford . "
McLaren 's later cars abandoned Mallite in favour of conventional aluminium construction ; the Ford and Serenissima engine also saw no further action . For 1967 BRM engines powered the M4B and M5A but it was not until the Cosworth DFV became available in 1968 that McLaren scored their first Formula One wins with the M7A . Herd stayed on designing all of these cars until he left for Cosworth in 1967 . McLaren have since become one of the most successful teams in Formula One .
The M2A was sold on to be used by various private racers in the United Kingdom before being destroyed by fire in 1969 . Sources suggest that three M2B chassis were similarly sold on ; one is awaiting restoration in the United States and another is currently on display at the Donington Grand Prix Exhibition .
|
= Controversies surrounding Grand Theft Auto V =
Grand Theft Auto V is an open world , action @-@ adventure video game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games . Upon its 17 September 2013 release on PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , the game generated controversies related to its violence and depiction of women . A mission that requires players to use torture equipment in a hostage interrogation polarised reviewers , who noted its political commentary but felt that the torture sequence was in poor taste . The mission also received criticism from politicians and anti @-@ torture charity groups . The game became subject to widespread online debate over its portrayal of women , particularly in the wake of backlash against GameSpot journalist Carolyn Petit after she claimed the game was misogynystic in her review . After Petit 's review webpage received more than 20 @,@ 000 largely negative comments , many journalists defended her right to an opinion and lamented the gaming community 's defensiveness towards criticism . Television personality Karen Gravano and actress Lindsay Lohan have both filed lawsuits against Rockstar in allegation that characters in the game were based on their likenesses . Target 's Australian division pulled the game from their 300 stores following a Change.org petition against depictions of violence of women in the game .
= = Depiction of torture = =
The mission " By the Book " generated controversy from reviewers and commentators for its depiction of torture . In the mission , protagonist Trevor Philips interrogates a man , Mr K , to extract information about an Azerbaijani fugitive who poses a threat to the FIB . Trevor uses torture equipment ( such as electricity and pliers ) on the restrained man , which players select from a table . Once Mr K provides the FIB with the information , Trevor is asked to kill him , but instead drives him to the airport , providing him an opportunity to escape . While driving Mr K , Trevor monologues about the ineffectiveness of torture , pointing out Mr K 's readiness to supply the FIB with the information without being tortured , and expressing that torture is used as a power play " to assert ourselves " .
Reviewers echoed that while the mission served as political commentary on the use of torture by the United States government , its use of torture was in poor taste . IGN 's Keza MacDonald felt the torture sequence " pushed the boundaries of taste " and Polygon 's Chris Plante commented : " The script plays it for laughs . I felt nauseated " . Carolyn Petit of GameSpot felt that placing the torture scene in context with the monologue created a hypocrisy in the mission 's function as a commentary device . In an editorial , Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer discussed whether the political commentary was overshadowed by the violent content and compared the mission to Call of Duty : Modern Warfare 2 's " No Russian " controversy . He said that the close @-@ up camera and quick time events accentuated the sequence 's impact beyond the violence depicted in previous Grand Theft Auto games . Summarising its function as " flawed " , he considered the sequence lacking enough context to justify its violence .
Keith Best of Freedom from Torture said that developer Rockstar North " crossed a line " by forcing players into the role of torturer . British Labour Party MP Keith Vaz said he was " astonished " by the mission 's violence , and Alison Sherratt of the Association of Teachers and Lecturers said that parents should be aware of children being exposed to the game because of its realistic graphics and violence . Independent journalist Tom Chick defended the torture sequence , and wrote that unlike the " No Russian " mission or the 2012 film Zero Dark Thirty , the underlying political commentary on torture in " By the Book " necessitated the violent content . Asked about performing the torture sequence , Trevor 's actor Steven Ogg said that he treated it like " just another day at the office " , and was focused more on not making mistakes during filming than the scene 's ethics . In Japanese versions of the game , the torture sequence is censored .
= = Portrayal of women = =
Some reviewers claim that the game 's portrayal of women is misogynistic . Chris Plante of Polygon felt that the supporting female characters were constructed on stereotypes , and wrote that the game 's " treatment of women is a relic from the current generation " . Todd Martens of the Los Angeles Times considered the satirical portrayals of women uncreative , and added that violent and sexist themes hurt the game experience . Edge noted that while " every female in the game exists solely to be sneered , leered or laughed at " , it treated its all @-@ male lead characters in a similar vein through their stereotyped tendencies towards violence . Dave Cook of VG247 reinforced the sentiment that the female characters were constructed on stereotypes in an editorial : " They 're either there to be rescued , shouted at , fucked , to be seen fucking , put up with , killed , heard prattling away like dullards on their mobile phones or shopping " . Sam Houser , Rockstar Games co @-@ founder , felt that the development team sometimes overlooked their portrayal of women in Grand Theft Auto games , but that the weight towards male characters " fit with the story we wanted to tell " .
In her review , Petit of GameSpot observed misogynistic undertones in the treatment of women as " strippers , prostitutes , long @-@ suffering wives , humourless girlfriends and goofy , new @-@ age feminists " , and felt that the satirical representation of misogyny legitimises it . Her review was met with backlash as users responded with 20 @,@ 000 largely negative comments on the webpage and a Change.org petition for her firing . Petit 's comments and the backlash against them prompted a wider discussion about the role of women in Grand Theft Auto V and the gaming community 's defensiveness towards criticism . Helen Lewis of The Guardian felt Petit 's observations were valid , but were stigmatised by gamers who have become " hyper @-@ sensitive to criticism " . Tom Hoggins of The Telegraph felt that the backlash against Petit was predicated on an audience that has become accustomed to women being " shallow and sidelined " in the game . Rob Fahey of GamesIndustry.biz felt that debate about games ' thematic concerns could become stigmatised if gamers opposed criticism , writing , " This isn 't just about women — it 's robbing every single one of us of the opportunity to have intelligent , interesting discussions about how our medium deals with ..... complex topics ..... It 's frustrating , it 's stupid , and it 's downright boring — and it risks making our games stupid and boring too " . Journalist Tom Bissell agreed with Petit 's " defensible position " , and wrote that gamers respond to game criticism more aggressively than fans of other entertainment mediums . Over a year after publication of her review , Petit stated in her personal blog that the " average straight male player " opposes sociopolitical criticism of video games because Grand Theft Auto V 's satire reinforces their own worldview and " political agenda " . She stated that the prominence of " straight white men " in online forums marginalises women , different ethnic groups and the LGBT community , and that those who attack video game criticism should " put themselves in the shoes of people different from themselves " .
In December 2014 , Australian department store Target removed the game from their 300 stores after customers complained about " depictions of violence against women " and a Change.org petition amassed more than 40 @,@ 000 signatures . In a public statement , Target corporate affairs manager Jim Cooper said that the decision was reached following " extensive community and customer concern about the game " . The same week , another division of Wesfarmers , Kmart Australia , also pulled the game off shelves . Take @-@ Two Interactive CEO Strauss Zelnick publicly expressed the company 's disappointment that the game had been pulled from the retailers , and affirmed that he " stands behind our products , the people who create them , and the consumers who play them " . IGN 's Luke Reilly called the Change.org petition " misinformed " , stating that its complaints about incentives for committing sexual violence in the game are untrue . A focal point of the petition claimed players could earn health and money from having sex with strippers and then killing them . While true , it is in no way exclusive to women only , as the effects for killing a prostitute are the same as killing a regular man or woman . The petition drew much criticism and mockery on the internet . Kotaku 's Mark Serrels said that the depiction of women is inherently " problematic " , and that Target were within their rights to refuse to stock the game and were obligated to respond to the petition 's wide support . David Keogh of ABC News ' The Drum felt that Rockstar depends on controversy and were " burned by the fire they voluntarily decided to play with " since the gaming industry is no longer on the margins of popular culture .
= = Legal actions = =
In October 2013 , hip @-@ hop artist Daz Dillinger issued a cease and desist letter to Rockstar Games and Take Two Interactive for allegedly using two of his songs without authorisation . American television personality Karen Gravano of the reality television programme Mob Wives filed suit against Rockstar Games in February 2014 in allegation that a character in the game is based on her likeness and story and was depicted without her consent . Rockstar filed to dismiss Gravano 's lawsuit in April , and stated that the allegations are foreclosed by the First Amendment . In July , actress Lindsay Lohan also filed a lawsuit , claiming elements in the game were influenced by her image , voice and clothing line without permission . Rockstar responded in court papers that sought a dismissal of the case , saying that the case was frivolous and filed for publicity purposes .
|
= The Splendid Source =
" The Splendid Source " is the 19th episode of the eighth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . Directed by Brian Iles and written by Mark Hentemann , the episode originally aired on Fox in the United States on May 16 , 2010 . The episode follows Peter , Joe and Quagmire as they set out on a journey to find the ultimate source of all the world 's dirty jokes . Along the way , the group is reunited with their old friend , Cleveland Brown , while traveling through Stoolbend , Virginia . Their journey becomes much more difficult than expected when they are kidnapped and taken to a remote island . There , they discover a secret society of the world 's greatest geniuses at the center of all the world 's dirty jokes . The plot is based on a short story of the same name written by Richard Matheson and first published in the May 1956 edition of Playboy magazine .
The episode was a follow @-@ up to the departure of main character Cleveland Brown , who was removed from Family Guy to become the center of the spin @-@ off The Cleveland Show . Former series writer and cast member Mike Henry returned to the series to provide the voice of Cleveland . The episode also featured the first official crossover between Family Guy and The Cleveland Show , and included cameo appearances by several of The Cleveland Show 's main characters . The episode was first announced at the 2009 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International .
Critical response to the episode was favorable . Critics praised the episode for its original premise , and its under @-@ reliance on cultural references , but criticized the episode 's plot . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 7 @.@ 59 million homes in its original airing . The episode featured guest performances by Marc Alaimo , Gary Cole , Ioan Gruffudd , Sanaa Lathan , David Lynch , Kevin Michael Richardson and Wally Wingert , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . " The Splendid Source " was released on DVD along with ten other episodes from the season on December 13 , 2011 .
= = Plot = =
As Peter and Lois discuss a family trip to Maine , Chris alerts his parents that he has been suspended indefinitely from school for telling an inappropriate joke . Assuring Principal Shephard it will never happen again , Chris reveals that he learned the joke from Quagmire .
Peter confronts Quagmire at the Drunken Clam later that day , but he enjoys the joke so much that he accidentally defecates . Quagmire and Joe soon discover that Peter soils his pants every time they tell him the joke , and they try to make him defecate himself repeatedly . Quagmire hires Freddy Krueger from the Nightmare On Elm Street film series to make Peter soil himself in his dreams as well . When Lois berates Peter for soiling the bed , he realizes " when you poop in your dreams , you poop for real . "
Tired of Joe and Quagmire 's antics , Peter wears Quagmire 's pants to the bar the next day , discouraging them from making him laugh . Peter asks where Quagmire heard the dirty joke in the first place , and Quagmire reveals that he heard it from Bruce . Locating Bruce at his job at the bowling alley , the group discovers that the joke has been transmitted by a large number of people including Consuela , Dr. Hartman , Mayor Adam West , Angela , Opie , Tom Tucker , Bender from Futurama , Al Harrington , and REO Speedwagon frontman Kevin Cronin . Cronin tells them that he heard the joke from a Virginia bartender .
The Griffins , the Swansons , and Quagmire prepare for a road trip , ostensibly for a vacation in Maine . Quagmire distracts Bonnie and Lois as Peter alters course to Virginia instead . The group arrives at a bar in Stoolbend , Virginia , and discover that it was Cleveland who told the bartender the joke . Peter asks Cleveland where he first heard the joke , and Cleveland reveals that a Washington , D.C. , bellhop named Sal Russo told it to him . The group sets out for D.C. with Cleveland in tow . They are attacked by a black car , whose occupants fire guns at them to prevent them from learning the joke 's origin . Joe shoots out one of the car 's tires , causing it to spin out of control and flip onto its roof . The Quahog group arrive at a Washington hotel and locate Sal , who is reluctant to reveal the source of the joke . He races away on a handcart through Washington . Losing track of Sal , they are soon captured by several men in black suits who pistol @-@ whip them until they are unconscious .
Kidnapped and thrown on a plane , they land on a remote island . They are led by the men in suits through a jungle wilderness to a large stone temple . The Dean of the Secret Order of Dirty Joke Writers appears from the shadows and leads the group into a large library , where the world 's greatest geniuses study . The Dean explains that the world 's greatest thinkers have come together to create dirty jokes , and distribute them throughout the world by a network of agents like the bellhop . The Dean takes them into a dark room . He reveals that they will not be permitted to leave the island now that they know the source of all the world 's dirty jokes . They are locked in a jail cell . As a diversion , Peter stabs Cleveland with a pencil . When the guard opens the door to investigate , the prisoners escape . They are recaptured by the Dean and his armed guards immediately . As they are about to be shot by the guards , an old man claims he has just written the world 's greatest dirty joke and then suddenly dies . Peter snatches a small piece of paper that the man dropped as he died , containing the joke . The prisoners escape with the joke on a small plane . As they fly over the secret enclave , it is destroyed in a fireball resulting from a burning drapery that Peter had set alight with a candle . Quagmire bemoans that they destroyed the source of all dirty jokes . They quickly realize that as long as there are people there will be dirty jokes . Peter , Joe , Cleveland and Quagmire then fly off into the sunset , before finding out the supposed greatest joke ever written is " Guess what ? Chicken butt ! " Peter doubts that that is really the world 's greatest joke . Cleveland replies , " No , this is ! , " and then stabs Peter with a pencil and requests to be taken to Virginia .
In the final scene , Peter introduces footage of an ape scratching himself as a public service announcement from the March of Dimes Foundation .
= = Production and development = =
First announced at the 2009 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International in San Diego , California on July 25 , 2009 , by future showrunner Mark Hentemann , the episode was directed by Brian Iles , written by Hentemann , and based on a short story by Richard Matheson before the conclusion of the eighth production season . Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdum acted as supervising directors of the episode , with Andrew Goldberg and Alex Carter working as staff writers for the episode . The episode saw the fourth re @-@ appearance , the first being an equally brief appearance in " Spies Reminiscent of Us " , the second in " Road to the Multiverse " and the third being " Go Stewie Go " , by former main cast member Mike Henry as the voice of Cleveland Brown . The actor had previously left the role on Family Guy , in order to star as the character in his own spinoff , entitled The Cleveland Show . This episode is also the first crossover with The Cleveland Show , which was created by Family Guy creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane , voice actor Mike Henry , and former animated comedy writer Richard Appel .
" The Splendid Source " , along with the eleven other episodes from Family Guy 's eighth season , was released on a three @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on December 13 , 2011 . The sets include brief audio commentaries by various crew and cast members for several episodes , a collection of deleted scenes and animatics , a special mini @-@ feature which discussed the process behind animating " And Then There Were Fewer " , a mini @-@ feature entitled " The Comical Adventures of Family Guy – Brian & Stewie : The Lost Phone Call " , and footage of the Family Guy panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International .
In addition to the regular cast , actor Marc Alaimo , actor Gary Cole , actor Ioan Gruffudd , actress Sanaa Lathan , film director David Lynch , voice actor Kevin Michael Richardson and voice actor Wally Wingert guest starred in the episode . Recurring guest voice actors Chris Cox , actor Ralph Garman , writer Patrick Meighan , writer Danny Smith , writer Alec Sulkin , actress Jennifer Tilly , and writer John Viener also made minor appearances .
= = Cultural references = =
The dirty joke told through the episode by Glenn Quagmire is taken from a joke the character Marty Funkhauser told in an episode of Curb Your Enthusiasm . In one of Quagmire 's plots to have Peter soil himself , Quagmire falls asleep and encounters Freddy Krueger , the principal character from the Nightmare on Elm Street series , in a dream and hires him to go into Peter 's dream , and tell the joke to him . The chain of the joke leads to the band REO Speedwagon , and the line " heard it from a friend who ... " from " Take It on the Run " is played , though the scene where the lead singer appears was not voiced by any of their actual members .
While tracking down the person who first told the joke , Peter and the gang find Bender , from the Fox / Comedy Central series Futurama , who is shown telling the joke . When Peter , Joe and Quagmire get to Virginia they meet up with Cleveland and his new family from The Cleveland Show . There is a scene where Cleveland chases after the other three guys in the car , which alludes to the opening from What 's Happening ! ! , and uses the music from the show 's opening as well . When the group gets to Washington D.C. , Peter , Joe , Cleveland and Quagmire see the Washington Monument , and next to it appears the Barack Obama Monument , which resembles the Washington monument , but is bigger and is colored black .
With the plane , they land on an island which has the source for every dirty joke ever made , the base looks similar to a temple @-@ compound from the 1979 film Apocalypse Now . The base is inhabited with many great minds including Warren Buffett ( who was in a deleted scene on the DVD ) , Bill Gates , and Stephen Hawking where they pass their time writing the world 's dirty jokes . It is shown that the first dead baby joke was written in the era of Ancient Egypt .
= = Reception = =
In a slight improvement over the previous episode , the episode was viewed in 7 @.@ 59 million homes in its original airing , according to Nielsen ratings , despite airing simultaneously with the season finale of Desperate Housewives on ABC , the season finale of Survivor on CBS and Celebrity Apprentice on NBC . The episode also acquired a 3 @.@ 8 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , beating The Simpsons , The Cleveland Show and American Dad ! , in addition to edging out all three shows in total viewership .
Reviews of the episode were mostly favorable , calling it " the only show with any sense of mystery . " John Teti of The A.V. Club found the episode to have a " fantastic premise for a Peter Griffin adventure " but went on to state that he gives the episode " points for a strong first half , but I wish that the writers had pushed themselves a little harder to make this one go the distance . " Ramsey Isler of IGN reiterated his own enjoyment of the premise of the episode , but went on to state , " While I can appreciate the point that good comedy does take a certain degree of wit and cleverness , this just wasn 't a very satisfying end to an idea that had so much potential . " In a much more positive review , Jason Hughes of TV Squad praised the underuse of cutaways , going on to note , " Reducing the reliance on cutaways seems to be the continuing trend for the series , and I think it 's a good move [ ... ] It forces smarter writing , and creates a better narrative structure . "
|
= Esham =
Esham Attica Smith ( born September 20 , 1973 ) is an American rapper from Detroit , Michigan known for his hallucinogenic style of hip hop which he refers to as " acid rap " . That style of music fuses rock @-@ based beats and lyrics involving subjects such as death , drug use , evil , paranoia and sex .
Esham and his brother James Smith ran the biggest @-@ selling independent hip hop label in Detroit , Michigan throughout the 1990s . Their influence spawned an entire subgenre within hip hop that eventually fueled the careers of Kid Rock , Eminem , D12 , Royce Da 5 ' 9' ' , Tech N9ne , ICP and many more .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early career = = =
Born Esham Attica Smith – in Long Island , New York , Esham grew up splitting time between the Seven Mile neighborhood on the East side of Detroit , where he lived with his mother , attending Osborn High School , and lived with his grandmother in New York during summers . He studied piano , guitar , and trombone in high school , and listened to artists such as Sugar Hill Gang , Run @-@ DMC , Ozzy Osbourne and Kiss . Esham began to write original lyrics , and was encouraged by his older brother , James H. Smith , to seriously pursue a career in hip hop . According to Esham , " He felt like I had a dope flow , and he thought I could bring something new to the game , just coming from the city of Detroit . Back then , it wasn 't really a [ rap ] music scene in Detroit . Everybody was just imitating what everybody else was doing . " In the second grade , Esham met Champtown , who was also an aspiring rapper . The two performed together at open mic events Seafood Bay . In one occurrence , Champtown and Esham were forced to rap for a drug dealer at gunpoint .
At the age of 16 , Smith released his debut album , Boomin ' Words from Hell , in 1989 . Of the album , Smith stated , " It was the crack era , [ ... ] and that 's where all that really came from . It was all an expression about [ ' 70s- ' 80s drug cartel ] Young Boys Incorporated , Mayor Coleman Young , the city we lived in and just the turmoil that our city was going through at the time . We referred to the streets of Detroit as ' Hell ' on that record . So that 's where my ideas came from . " In 1990 , Esham and James H. Smith founded the independent record label Reel Life Productions , which reissued his debut album with an alternate track listing and artwork . Esham found it difficult to develop a fanbase , because many wrote off the dark content of his lyrics and imagery as shock value , while hip hop fans did not connect to Esham 's albums because of his heavy metal influences .
In 1991 , Esham met Joseph Bruce , a member of the group Inner City Posse , who praised Esham and Reel Life Productions , and gave Esham a copy of the group 's EP Dog Beats , beginning the two rappers ' friendship and professional relationship .
After releasing two EPs , Erotic Poetry and Homey Don 't Play , Esham completed the double album Judgement Day , and its two volumes , Day and Night were released separately on April 9 , 1992 . In All Music Guide to Hip @-@ Hop , Jason Birchmeier wrote that Judgement Day , Vol . 1 " may not be his most well @-@ crafted work , but it certainly stands as his most inspired work of the ' 90s " , while Vol . 2 " isn 't quite as strong as the first volume , suffering mostly from a number of weak tracks [ ... ] the first volume doesn 't rely quite so much on cheap shock , instead focusing on evocative horror motifs , making Judgement Day , Vol . 2 the less important of the two . "
= = = KKKill the Fetus , Closed Casket and Dead Flowerz = = =
As a student at Osborn High School , Esham met Mastamind , who gave him a three @-@ song demo tape of his music , leading the two to form the group Natas with Esham 's longtime friend , TNT . In 1992 , Esham appeared on Carnival of Carnage , the debut album of Insane Clown Posse , released on October 18 . He produced three tracks and rapped on the album 's final track . In November , Natas released their debut album , Life After Death . Following the release of this album , Esham , Natas and Reel Life Productions were the subject of much controversy when a 17 @-@ year @-@ old fan killed himself while smoking cannabis and playing Russian roulette while listening to Life After Death . In 1993 , Esham released his third solo album , KKKill the Fetus . Jason Birchmeier wrote that " At this point in his career , his rapping has already reached near @-@ peak levels , and his production shows a continued path towards an inventiveness . [ ... ] Never again would Esham be so gritty . "
On November 22 , 1994 , Esham released his fourth studio album , Closed Casket . Jason Birchmeier wrote that " most fans taking a chronological approach to his catalog should be fairly numb to Esham 's exploitative shock attempts . Yet if this is one of your first experiences with Esham the Unholy , this album should pack a punch with its dark nature . " In May 1996 , Esham released his fifth studio album , Dead Flowerz . It peaked at # 38 on the Billboard Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums chart .
= = = Gothom Records ( 1997 – 2001 ) = = =
In June 1997 , Esham rebranded Reel Life Productions as Gothom Records , and released the album Bruce Wayne : Gothom City 1987 , which charted at # 57 on Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums . Esham later signed a distribution deal with Overcore , a subsidiary of Overture Music , which later became distributed by TVT Records . In June 2001 , Gothom released Kool Keith 's Spankmaster album , which featured several contributions by Esham , as well as Smith 's eighth album , Tongues , which peaked at # 7 on the Top Independent Albums chart , # 46 on the Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums chart and # 195 on the Billboard 200 . In August 2001 , Esham and D12 were kicked off the Warped Tour after members of the group allegedly physically attacked Smith over the lyrics of his song " Chemical Imbalance , " which contained a reference to the daughter of D12 member Eminem , who was not present during the tour .
= = = Psychopathic Records ( 2002 – 2005 ) = = =
In 2002 , Esham signed to Psychopathic Records , releasing the compilation Acid Rain . It was announced that Esham would be moving away from the horror themes of his previous efforts . On November 18 , 2003 , Esham released his ninth studio album , Repentance . It peaked at # 9 on the Top Heatseekers chart , # 10 on the Top Independent Albums chart , and # 71 on the Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums chart . Jason Birchmeier wrote that " Repentance is a small step forward for Esham . He seems very confident here , comfortable with himself as an artist [ ... ] when he pulls everything together [ ... ] he makes some of the best music of his long , fruitful , yet largely unacknowledged career . "
In 2005 Esham joined forces with Insane Clown Posse and Lavel to release the Soopa Villainz album , Furious .
His follow @-@ up album on Psychopathic A @-@ 1 Yola , saw Esham achieving his highest consecutive level of charting success , as it peaked at 176 on the Billboard 200 , his highest selling album on that chart to date , as well as peaking at # 6 on Top Heatseekers , # 12 on the Independent Albums chart , # 23 on the Top Rap Albums chart , and # 48 on the Top R & B chart . Allrovi wrote , " During the course of A @-@ 1 YOLA , Esham takes the form of street hustler , kingpin , vampire , and all sorts of underworld characters , injecting his undiluted personality into each three @-@ to @-@ four @-@ minute sketch . His sonic backdrop remains raw but fresh , drawing an impressive amount of energy out of sparse beats . "
Following this release , Esham left Psychopathic in 2005 to relaunch Reel Life / Gothom .
Smith released his twelfth studio album , Suspended Animation on August 3 , 2010 , followed by the album DMT Sessions , and a documentary directed by Smith , Death of an Indie Label in 2011 , which was originally announced as a bonus feature on a deluxe edition of DMT Sessions , but was instead uploaded onto Gothom Inc . ' s YouTube channel . The Documentary was released with a soundtrack entitled the same , the LP would feature Seven the General as well as Poe Whosaine . Smith was interviewed for the documentary The Untold Story of Detroit Hip @-@ Hop , which is being produced by Detroit rapper Champtown . In 2015 Esham and Insane Clown Posse reconciled their differences and Esham performed at the 2016 Juggalo Day " Ringmaster " Show . With a well reception from the fans Esham was then announced and scheduled to perform at the 2016 GOTJ . On July 24 , 2016 Esham announced via social media that he will not perform at any more Gathering of the Juggalos .
= = Style = =
Esham 's lyrical style , which author Sara Cohen says " utilize [ s ] shocking ( and blatantly over the top ) narratives to give an over @-@ exaggerated , almost cartoon @-@ like version of urban deprivation in Detroit " , was derived from the style of the Geto Boys . Smith 's lyrics have focused on themes such as death , drug use , evil , paranoia and sex , and have included references to Satan . Smith refers to his performance style as " acid rap , " comparing the lyrics to hallucinations induced by LSD . Esham 's style has also been described as horrorcore hip hop .
" People were literally scared of my records . There have been so many rumors about me and my records . People got the first album , and they would just make up stories . They 'd get into an accident and be like , ' I got into an accident because I was playing that tape . ' It wasn 't like we helped ourselves when we described what was in people 's heads . It wasn 't to shock people , though , but to get people involved in what we were doing . We had to get peoples ' attention . [ ... ] We said a lot of things that people wanted to say but didn 't say . We talked about a lot of political and social [ issues ] that people didn 't want to talk about . "
Following accusations of Satanism , Smith decided that Closed Casket would be the last album to feature such themes , and that he would no longer rap about the Devil . According to Smith , " I 've been able to entertain people for 20 years . I just try to uplift people now . The latest things I do , I 'm trying to get a message out to people , while I 'm entertaining them at the same time . "
Esham 's music style has been described as a fusion of hip hop beats and death metal lyrics . Esham defined his style as analogous to " modern day blues [ or ] heavy metal " . Rappers influenced by Esham include Insane Clown Posse , Eminem and Kid Rock .
= = Discography = =
Boomin ' Words from Hell ( 1989 )
Judgement Day ( 1992 )
KKKill The Fetus ( 1993 )
Closed Casket ( 1994 )
Dead Flowerz ( 1996 )
Bruce Wayne : Gothom City 1987 ( 1997 )
Mail Dominance ( 1999 )
Tongues ( 2001 )
Repentance ( 2003 )
A @-@ 1 Yola ( 2005 )
Sacrificial Lambz ( 2008 )
Suspended Animation ( 2010 )
DMT Sessions ( 2011 )
Venus Fly Trap LP ( 2012 )
Dichotomy ( 2015 )
|
= Ohio State Route 370 =
State Route 370 ( SR 370 ) is 1 @.@ 21 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 95 km ) long north – south state highway in the western part of the U.S. state of Ohio . The highway runs from its southern terminus at the main entrance to John Bryan State Park nearly two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) southeast of Yellow Springs to its northern terminus at SR 343 about 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) east of Yellow Springs .
SR 370 was established in the middle of the 1930s . A spur route , it connects John Bryan State Park to the state highway system . This two @-@ lane highway is located in the northern portion of Greene County .
= = Route description = =
The entire 1 @.@ 21 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 95 km ) length of SR 370 exists within the boundaries of Miami Township in northern Greene County . The highway begins at the main entrance to John Bryan State Park nearly 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) southeast of Yellow Springs . As it travels to the north , SR 370 passes amidst a blend of open fields and woods , with a number of houses appearing alongside the highway . It arrives at its northern terminus where it intersects SR 343 .
According to a 2008 survey by the Ohio Department of Transportation , an average of 250 passenger vehicles and 10 commercial vehicles travel the length of SR 370 on a daily basis . This route is not included as a part of the National Highway System .
= = History = =
SR 370 was established in 1934 . Throughout its history , SR 370 has served as a spur route off of SR 343 that provides access to John Bryan State Park . When it was first designated , the entirety of the route was a gravel roadway . The highway was paved by 1941 . Since that time , the route has not experienced any changes of major significance .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Miami Township , Greene County .
|
= E.T. the Extra @-@ Terrestrial =
E.T. the Extra @-@ Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction fantasy film co @-@ produced and directed by Steven Spielberg and written by Melissa Mathison , featuring special effects by Carlo Rambaldi and Dennis Muren , and starring Henry Thomas , Dee Wallace , Robert MacNaughton , Drew Barrymore , Peter Coyote and Pat Welsh as the voice of the title character . It tells the story of Elliott ( Thomas ) , a lonely boy who befriends an extraterrestrial , dubbed " E.T. " ( Welsh ) , who is stranded on Earth . He and his siblings help it return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government .
The concept for the film was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents ' divorce in 1960 . In 1980 , Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled science fiction / horror film project Night Skies . It was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US $ 10 @.@ 5 million . Unlike most motion pictures , it was shot in rough chronological order , to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast .
Released on June 11 , 1982 by Universal Pictures , E.T was a blockbuster , surpassing Star Wars to become the highest @-@ grossing film of all time — a record it held for eleven years until Jurassic Park , another Spielberg @-@ directed film , surpassed it in 1993 . It is the highest @-@ grossing film of the 1980s . Widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time , critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship , and it ranks as the greatest science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry as being " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " . It was re @-@ released in 1985 , and then again in 2002 to celebrate its 20th anniversary , with altered shots and additional scenes .
= = Plot = =
In a Californian forest , a group of alien botanists land in a spacecraft , collecting flora samples . When government agents appear on the scene , they flee in their spaceship , leaving one of their own behind in their haste . At a suburban home , a ten @-@ year @-@ old boy named Elliott is trying to spend time with his fifteen @-@ year @-@ old brother , Michael , and his friends . As he returns from picking up a pizza , he discovers that something is hiding in their tool shed . The creature promptly flees upon being discovered . Despite his family 's disbelief , Elliott leaves Reese 's Pieces candy to lure the creature to his bedroom . Before he goes to sleep , he realizes it is imitating his movements . He feigns illness the next morning to stay home from school and play with it . Later that day , Michael and their five @-@ year @-@ old sister , Gertie , meet it . They decide to keep it hidden from their mother , Mary . When they ask it about its origin , it levitates several balls to represent its solar system and then demonstrates its powers by reviving a dead chrysanthemum .
At school the next day , Elliott begins to experience a psychic connection with the alien , including exhibiting signs of intoxication ( because it is at his home , drinking beer ) , and he begins freeing all the frogs in his biology class . As the alien watches John Wayne kiss Maureen O 'Hara in The Quiet Man on TV , Elliott kisses a girl he likes . He is then sent to the principal 's office .
The alien learns to speak English by repeating what Gertie says as she watches Sesame Street and , at Elliott 's urging , dubs itself " E.T. " He reads a comic strip where Buck Rogers , stranded , calls for help by building a makeshift communication device and is inspired to try it himself . E.T. receives Elliott 's help in building a device to " phone home " by using a Speak & Spell toy . Michael notices that his health is declining and that Elliott is referring to himself as " we . "
On Halloween , Michael and Elliott dress E.T. as a ghost so they can sneak him out of the house . Elliott and E.T. ride the former 's bike to the forest , where E.T. makes a successful call home . The next morning , Elliott wakes up in the field , only to find E.T. gone , so he returns home to his distressed family . Michael searches for and finds E.T. dying next to a culvert , being investigated by a raccoon . Michael takes him home to Elliott , who is also dying . Mary becomes frightened when she discovers her son 's illness and the dying E.T. , just as government agents invade the house . Scientists set up a medical facility there , quarantining Elliott and E.T. Their link disappears and E.T. then appears to die while Elliott recovers . A grief @-@ stricken Elliott is left alone with the motionless E.T. when he notices a dead chrysanthemum , the plant E.T. had previously revived , coming back to life . E.T. reanimates and reveals that his people are returning . Elliott and Michael steal a van that E.T. had been loaded into and a chase ensues , with Michael 's friends joining them as they attempt to evade the authorities by bike . Suddenly facing a police roadblock , they escape as E.T. uses telekinesis to lift them into the air and toward the forest .
Standing near the spaceship , E.T. ' s heart glows as he prepares to return home . Mary , Gertie , and " Keys , " a government agent , show up . E.T. says goodbye to Michael and Gertie , as she presents him with the chrysanthemum that he had revived . Before boarding the spaceship , he tells Elliott " I 'll be right here , " pointing his glowing finger to his forehead . He then picks up the chrysanthemum , boards the spaceship , and it takes off , leaving a rainbow in the sky as everyone watches it leave .
= = Cast = =
Henry Thomas as Elliott , a lonely 10 @-@ year @-@ old boy who longs for a good friend , which he finds in E.T. , who was left behind on Earth . He adopts him and they form a mental , physical , and emotional bond .
Robert MacNaughton as Michael , Elliott 's football playing 15 @-@ year @-@ old brother who often makes fun of him . He saves E.T. ' s life .
Drew Barrymore as Gertie , Elliott 's mischievous 5 @-@ year @-@ old sister who is sarcastic and initially terrified of E.T. but grows to love him .
Dee Wallace as Mary , the children 's mother , recently separated from her husband . She is mostly oblivious to E.T. ' s presence in her house .
Peter Coyote as " Keys " , a government agent . His face is not shown until the film 's second half , his name is never mentioned , and he is identified by the key rings that prominently hang from his belt . He tells Elliott that he has waited to see an alien since he was 10 .
Pat Welsh as the voice of E.T. ( Short for Extra @-@ Terrestrial ) , the friendly , cute , charming , sweet , lovable alien that Elliot adopted and helped to bring him to his home planet .
K. C. Martel , Sean Frye and C. Thomas Howell as Michael 's friends Greg , Steve , and Tyler . They help Elliott and E.T. evade the authorities during the film 's climax .
Erika Eleniak as the young girl Elliott kisses in class .
David O 'Dell as Schoolboy
Richard Swingler as Science Teacher
Frank Toth as Policeman
Robert Barton as Ultra Sound Man
Michael Darrell as Van Man
Having worked with Cary Guffey on Close Encounters of the Third Kind , Spielberg felt confident in working with a cast composed mostly of child actors . For the role of Elliott , he auditioned hundreds of boys before Jack Fisk suggested Henry Thomas for the role because Henry had played the part of Harry in the movie Raggedy Man which Jack Fisk had directed . Thomas , who auditioned in an Indiana Jones costume , did not perform well in the formal testing , but got the filmmakers ' attention in an improvised scene . Thoughts of his dead dog inspired his convincing tears . Robert MacNaughton auditioned eight times to play Michael , sometimes with boys auditioning for Elliott . Spielberg felt Drew Barrymore had the right imagination for mischievous Gertie after she impressed him with a story that she led a punk rock band . He enjoyed working with the children , and he later said that the experience made him feel ready to be a father .
The major voice work of E.T. for the film was performed by Pat Welsh , a woman who lived in Marin County , California . She smoked two packets of cigarettes a day , which gave her voice a quality that sound effects creator Ben Burtt liked . She spent nine @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half hours recording her part , and was paid $ 380 by Burtt for her services . He also recorded 16 other people and various animals to create E.T. ' s " voice " . These included Spielberg , Debra Winger , his sleeping wife , who had a cold , a burp from his USC film professor , raccoons , otters , and horses .
Doctors working at the USC Medical Center were recruited to play the ones who try to save E.T. after government agents take over Elliott 's house . Spielberg felt that actors in the roles , performing lines of technical medical dialogue , would come across as unnatural . During post @-@ production , he decided to cut a scene featuring Harrison Ford as the principal at Elliott 's school . It featured his character reprimanding Elliott for his behavior in biology class and warning of the dangers of underage drinking . He is then taken aback as Elliott 's chair rises from the floor , while E.T. is levitating his " phone " equipment up the stairs with Gertie .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
After his parents ' divorce in 1960 , Spielberg filled the void with an imaginary alien companion . He said that the imaginary alien was " a friend who could be the brother I never had and a father that I didn 't feel I had anymore . " During 1978 , he announced he would shoot a film entitled Growing Up , which he would film in 28 days . The project was set aside because of delays on 1941 , but the concept of making a small autobiographical film about childhood would stay with him . He also thought about a follow @-@ up to Close Encounters of the Third Kind , and began to develop a darker project he had planned with John Sayles called Night Skies in which malevolent aliens terrorize a family .
Filming Raiders of the Lost Ark in Tunisia left Spielberg bored , and memories of his childhood creation resurfaced . He told screenwriter Melissa Mathison about Night Skies , and developed a subplot from the failed project , in which Buddy , the only friendly alien , befriends an autistic child . His abandonment on Earth in the script 's final scene inspired the E.T. concept . She wrote a first draft titled E.T. and Me in eight weeks , which he considered perfect . The script went through two more drafts , which deleted an " Eddie Haskell " -esque friend of Elliott . The chase sequence was also created , and he also suggested having the scene where E.T. got drunk . Columbia Pictures , which had been producing Night Skies , met him to discuss the script . The studio passed on it , calling it " a wimpy Walt Disney movie " , so he approached the more receptive Sid Sheinberg , president of MCA .
= = = Pre @-@ production = = =
Carlo Rambaldi , who designed the aliens for Close Encounters of the Third Kind , was hired to design the animatronics of E.T. Rambaldi 's own painting Women of Delta led him to give the creature a unique , extendable neck . Its face was inspired by those of Carl Sandburg , Albert Einstein and Ernest Hemingway . Producer Kathleen Kennedy visited the Jules Stein Eye Institute to study real and glass eyes . She hired Institute staffers to create E.T. ' s eyes , which she felt were particularly important in engaging the audience . Four heads were created for filming , one as the main animatronic and the others for facial expressions , as well as a costume . Two dwarfs , Tamara De Treaux and Pat Bilon , as well as 12 @-@ year @-@ old Matthew DeMeritt , who was born without legs , took turns wearing the costume , depending on what scene was being filmed . DeMeritt actually walked on his hands and played all scenes where he walked awkwardly or fell over . The head was placed above that of the actors , and the actors could see through slits in its chest . Caprice Roth , a professional mime , filled prosthetics to play E.T. ' s hands . The puppet was created in three months at the cost of $ 1 @.@ 5 million . Spielberg declared it was " something that only a mother could love . " Mars , Incorporated found E.T. so ugly that they refused to allow M & M 's to be used in the film , believing the creature would frighten children . This allowed The Hershey Company the opportunity to market Reese 's Pieces . Science and technology educator Henry Feinberg created E.T. ' s communicator device .
= = = Filming = = =
The film began shooting in September 1981 . The project was filmed under the cover name A Boy 's Life , as Spielberg did not want anyone to discover and plagiarize the plot . The actors had to read the script behind closed doors , and everyone on set had to wear an ID card . The shoot began with two days at a high school in Culver City , and the crew spent the next 11 days moving between locations at Northridge and Tujunga . The next 42 days were spent at Culver City 's Laird International Studios , for the interiors of Elliott 's home . The crew shot at a redwood forest near Crescent City for the production 's last six days . The exterior Halloween scene and the " flying bicycle " chase scenes were filmed in Porter Ranch . Spielberg shot the film in roughly chronological order to achieve convincingly emotional performances from his cast . In the scene in which Michael first encounters E.T. , his appearance caused MacNaughton to jump back and knock down the shelves behind him . The chronological shoot gave the young actors an emotional experience as they bonded with E.T. , making the quarantine sequences more moving . Spielberg ensured the puppeteers were kept away from the set to maintain the illusion of a real alien . For the first time in his career , he did not storyboard most of the film , in order to facilitate spontaneity in the performances . The film was shot so adults , except for Dee Wallace , are never seen from the waist up in its first half , as a tribute to Tex Avery 's cartoons . The shoot was completed in 61 days , four days ahead of schedule . According to Spielberg , the memorable scene where E.T. disguises himself as a stuffed toy in Elliott 's closet was suggested by colleague Robert Zemeckis , after he read a draft of the screenplay that Spielberg had sent him .
= = = Music = = =
Longtime Spielberg collaborator John Williams , who composed the film 's musical score , described the challenge of creating one that would generate sympathy for such an odd @-@ looking creature . As with their previous collaborations , Spielberg liked every theme Williams composed and had it included . Spielberg loved the music for the final chase so much that he edited the sequence to suit it . Williams took a modernist approach , especially with his use of polytonality , which refers to the sound of two different keys played simultaneously . The Lydian mode can also be used in a polytonal way . Williams combined polytonality and the Lydian mode to express a mystic , dreamlike and heroic quality . His theme — emphasizing coloristic instruments such as the harp , piano , celesta , and other keyboards , as well as percussion — suggests E.T. ' s childlike nature and his " machine . "
= = = Allegations of plagiarism = = =
There were allegations that the film was plagiarized from a 1967 script , The Alien , by Indian Bengali director Satyajit Ray . He stated , " E.T. would not have been possible without my script of The Alien being available throughout the United States in mimeographed copies . " Spielberg denied this claim , stating , " I was a kid in high school when his script was circulating in Hollywood . " Star Weekend Magazine disputes Spielberg 's claim , pointing out that he had graduated from high school in 1965 and began his career as a director in Hollywood in 1969 . Besides it , some believe that an earlier Spielberg film , Close Encounters of the Third Kind , was also inspired by The Alien . Veteran filmmakers Martin Scorsese and Richard Attenborough also pointed out Spielberg 's influences from Ray 's script .
= = Themes = =
Spielberg drew the story of the film from his parents ' divorce ; Gary Arnold of The Washington Post called it " essentially a spiritual autobiography , a portrait of the filmmaker as a typical suburban kid set apart by an uncommonly fervent , mystical imagination " . References to his childhood occur throughout : Elliott fakes illness by holding a thermometer to the bulb in his lamp while covering his face with a heating pad , a trick frequently employed by the young Spielberg . Michael picking on Elliott echoes Spielberg 's teasing of his younger sisters , and Michael 's evolution from tormentor to protector reflects how Spielberg had to take care of his sisters after their father left .
Critics have focused on the parallels between E.T. ' s life and Elliott , who is " alienated " by the loss of his father . A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that while E.T. " is the more obvious and desperate foundling " , Elliott " suffers in his own way from the want of a home . " E.T. is the first and last letter of Elliott 's name . At the film 's heart is the theme of growing up . Critic Henry Sheehan described the film as a retelling of Peter Pan from the perspective of a Lost Boy ( Elliott ) : E.T. cannot survive physically on Earth , as Pan could not survive emotionally in Neverland ; government scientists take the place of Neverland 's pirates . Vincent Canby of The New York Times similarly observed that the film " freely recycles elements from [ ... ] Peter Pan and The Wizard of Oz " . Some critics have suggested that Spielberg 's portrayal of suburbia is very dark , contrary to popular belief . According to A.O. Scott , " The suburban milieu , with its unsupervised children and unhappy parents , its broken toys and brand @-@ name junk food , could have come out of a Raymond Carver story . " Charles Taylor of Salon.com wrote , " Spielberg 's movies , despite the way they 're often characterized , are not Hollywood idealizations of families and the suburbs . The homes here bear what the cultural critic Karal Ann Marling called ' the marks of hard use ' . "
Other critics found religious parallels between E.T. and Jesus . Andrew Nigels described E.T. ' s story as " crucifixion by military science " and " resurrection by love and faith " . According to Spielberg , biographer Joseph McBride , Universal Pictures appealed directly to the Christian market , with a poster reminiscent of Michelangelo 's The Creation of Adam and a logo reading " Peace " . Spielberg answered that he did not intend the film to be a religious parable , joking , " If I ever went to my mother and said , ' Mom , I 've made this movie that 's a Christian parable , ' what do you think she 'd say ? She has a Kosher restaurant on Pico and Doheny in Los Angeles . "
As a substantial body of film criticism has built up around the film , numerous writers have analyzed it in other ways as well . It has been interpreted as a modern fairy tale and in psychoanalytic terms . Producer Kathleen Kennedy noted that an important theme of E.T. is tolerance , which would be central to future Spielberg films such as Schindler 's List . Having been a loner as a teenager , Spielberg described it as " a minority story " . Spielberg 's characteristic theme of communication is partnered with the ideal of mutual understanding : he has suggested that the story 's central alien @-@ human friendship is an analogy for how real @-@ world adversaries can learn to overcome their differences .
= = Reception = =
= = = Release and sales = = =
The film was previewed in Houston , Texas , where it received high marks from viewers . It premiered at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival 's closing gala , and was released in the United States on June 11 , 1982 . It opened at number one with a gross of $ 11 million , and stayed at the top of the box office for six weeks ; it then fluctuated between the first and second positions until October , before returning to the top spot for the final time in December .
In 1983 , E.T. surpassed Star Wars as the highest @-@ grossing film of all @-@ time , and by the end of its theatrical run it had grossed $ 359 million in North America and $ 619 million worldwide . Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 120 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run . Spielberg earned $ 500 @,@ 000 a day from his share of the profits , while The Hershey Company 's profits rose 65 % due to its prominent use of Reese 's Pieces . The " Official E.T. Fan Club " offered photographs , a newsletter that let readers " relive the film 's unforgettable moments [ and ] favorite scenes " , and a phonographic record with " phone home " and other sound clips .
The film was re @-@ released in 1985 and 2002 , earning another $ 60 million and $ 68 million respectively , for a worldwide total of $ 792 million with North America accounting for $ 435 million . It held the global record until it was usurped by Jurassic Park — another Spielberg @-@ directed film — in 1993 , although it managed to hold on to the domestic record for a further four years , where a Star Wars reissue reclaimed it . It was eventually released on VHS and laserdisc on October 27 , 1988 ; to combat piracy , the tapeguards and tape hubs on the videocassettes were colored green , the tape itself was affixed with a small , holographic sticker of the 1963 Universal logo ( much like the holograms on a credit card ) , and encoded with Macrovision . In North America alone , VHS sales came to $ 75 million . It was released on VHS and Laserdisc again in 1996 . The Laserdisc included a 90 @-@ minute documentary . Produced and directed by Laurent Bouzereau , it included interviews with Spielberg , producer Kathleen Kennedy , composer John Williams and other cast and crew members . It also included two theatrical trailers , an isolated music score , deleted scenes , and still galleries . The VHS included a 10 @-@ minute version of the same documentary from the Laserdisc .
The film was the first major one to have been seriously affected by video piracy . The usual account is that the public in some areas were becoming impatient at long delays getting it to their cinemas ; an illegal group realized this , got hold of a copy of it for a night by bribing a projectionist , and made it into a video by projecting it with a sound and video recording device . The resulting video was used as a master to run off very many copies , which were widely sold illegally .
= = = Critical response = = =
The film received critical acclaim . Roger Ebert wrote , " This is not simply a good movie . It is one of those movies that brush away our cautions and win our hearts . " He later added it to his Great Movies list , structuring the essay as a letter to his grandchildren about the first time they watched it . Michael Sragow of Rolling Stone called Spielberg " a space age Jean Renoir .... [ F ] or the first time , [ he ] has put his breathtaking technical skills at the service of his deepest feelings " . Derek Malcolm of The Guardian wrote that " E.T. is a superlative piece of popular cinema ... a dream of childhood , brilliantly orchestrated to involve not only children but anyone able to remember being one " . Leonard Maltin would include it in his list of " 100 Must @-@ See Films of the 20th Century " as one of only two movies from the 1980s . George Will was one of the few to pan the film , feeling it spread subversive notions about childhood and science .
The film holds a 98 % rating on Rotten Tomatoes , and a Metacritic score of 94 / 100 . In addition to the many impressed critics , President Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan were moved by it after a screening at the White House on June 27 , 1982 . Princess Diana was even in tears after watching it . On September 17 , 1982 , it was screened at the United Nations , and Spielberg received the U.N. Peace Medal .
= = = Accolades = = =
The film was nominated for nine Oscars at the 55th Academy Awards , including Best Picture . Gandhi won that award , but its director , Richard Attenborough , declared , " I was certain that not only would E.T. win , but that it should win . It was inventive , powerful , [ and ] wonderful . I make more mundane movies . " It won four Academy Awards : Best Original Score , Best Sound ( Robert Knudson , Robert Glass , Don Digirolamo , Gene Cantamessa ) , Best Sound Effects Editing ( Charles L. Campbell and Ben Burtt ) , and Best Visual Effects ( Carlo Rambaldi , Dennis Muren and Kenneth F. Smith ) .
At the 40th Golden Globe Awards , the film won Best Picture in the Drama category and Best Score ; it was also nominated for Best Director , Best Screenplay , and Best New Male Star for Henry Thomas . The Los Angeles Film Critics Association awarded the film Best Picture , Best Director , and a " New Generation Award " for Melissa Mathison .
The film won Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , Best Writing , Best Special Effects , Best Music , and Best Poster Art , while Henry Thomas , Robert McNaughton , and Drew Barrymore won Young Artist Awards . In addition to his Golden Globe and Saturn , composer John Williams won two Grammy Awards and a BAFTA for the score . It was also honored abroad : it won the Best Foreign Language Film award at the Blue Ribbon Awards in Japan , Cinema Writers Circle Awards in Spain , César Awards in France , and David di Donatello in Italy .
In American Film Institute polls , the film has been voted the 24th greatest film of all time , the 44th most heart @-@ pounding , and the sixth most inspiring . Other AFI polls rated it as having the 14th greatest music score and as the third greatest science @-@ fiction one . The line " E.T. phone home " was ranked 15th on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes list , and 48th on Premiere 's top movie quote list . The character of Elliott was nominated for AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains as one of the 50 greatest heroes . In 2005 , it topped a Channel 4 poll of the 100 greatest family ones , and was also listed by Time as one of the 100 best ones ever made .
In 2003 , Entertainment Weekly called the film the eighth most " tear @-@ jerking " ; in 2007 , in a survey of both films and television series , the magazine declared it the seventh greatest work of science @-@ fiction media in the past 25 years . The Times also named it as their ninth favorite alien in a film , calling it " one of the best @-@ loved non @-@ humans in popular culture " . It is among the top ten in the BFI list of the 50 films you should see by the age of 14 . In 1994 , it was selected for preservation in the U.S. National Film Registry .
In 2011 , ABC aired Best in Film : The Greatest Movies of Our Time , revealing the results of a poll of fans conducted by ABC and People magazine : it was selected as the fifth best film of all time and the second best science fiction film .
On October 22 , 2012 , Madame Tussauds unveiled wax likenesses of E.T. at six of its international locations .
= = 20th anniversary version = =
An extended version of the film , including altered special effects , was released on March 22 , 2002 . Certain shots of E.T. had bothered Spielberg since 1982 , as he did not have enough time to perfect the animatronics . Computer @-@ generated imagery ( CGI ) , provided by Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) , was used to modify several shots , including ones of E.T. running in the opening sequence and being spotted in the cornfield . The spaceship 's design was also altered to include more lights . Scenes shot for but not included in the original version were introduced . These included E.T. taking a bath , and Gertie telling Mary that Elliott went to the forest on Halloween . Spielberg did not add the scene featuring Harrison Ford , feeling that would reshape the film too drastically . He became more sensitive about the scene where gun @-@ wielding federal agents confront Elliott and his escaping friends and had them digitally replaced with walkie @-@ talkies .
At the premiere , John Williams conducted a live performance of the score . The new release grossed $ 68 million in total , with $ 35 million coming from Canada and the United States . The changes to it , particularly the escape scene , were criticized as political correctness . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wondered , " Remember those guns the feds carried ? Thanks to the miracle of digital , they 're now brandishing walkie @-@ talkies .... Is this what two decades have done to free speech ? " Chris Hewitt of Empire wrote , " The changes are surprisingly low @-@ key ... while ILM 's CGI E.T. is used sparingly as a complement to Carlo Rambaldi 's extraordinary puppet . " South Park ridiculed many of the changes in the 2002 episode " Free Hat " .
The two @-@ disc DVD release which followed in October 22 , 2002 contained the original theatrical and 20th Anniversary extended versions of the film . Spielberg personally demanded the release to feature both versions . The features on disc one included an introduction with Steven Spielberg , a 20th Anniversary premiere featurette , John Williams ' performance at the 2002 premere and a Space Exploraton game . Disc two included a 24 @-@ minute documentary about the 20th Anniversary edition changes , A " Reunion " featurette , a trailer , cast and filmmaker bios , production notes , and the still galleries ported from the 1996 laserdisc set . The two @-@ disc edition , as well as a three @-@ disc collector 's edition containing a " making of " book , a certificate of authenticity , a film cell , and special features that were unavailable on the two @-@ disc edition , were placed in moratorium on December 31 , 2002 . Later , it was re @-@ released on DVD as a single @-@ disc re @-@ issue in 2005 , featuring only the 20th Anniversary version .
In a June 2011 interview , Spielberg said that in the future
There 's going to be no more digital enhancements or digital additions to anything based on any film I direct .... When people ask me which E.T. they should look at , I always tell them to look at the original 1982 E.T. If you notice , when we did put out E.T. we put out two E.T.s. We put out the digitally enhanced version with the additional scenes and for no extra money , in the same package , we put out the original ' 82 version . I always tell people to go back to the ' 82 version .
= = Other portrayals = =
In July 1982 , during the film 's first theatrical run , Spielberg and Mathison wrote a treatment for a sequel to be titled E.T. II : Nocturnal Fears . It would have shown Elliott and his friends getting kidnapped by evil aliens and follow their attempts to contact E.T. for help . Spielberg decided against pursuing it , feeling it " would do nothing but rob the original of its virginity " .
Atari , Inc. made a video game based on the film for the Atari 2600 . Released in 1982 , it was widely considered to be one of the worst video games ever made .
William Kotzwinkle , author of the film 's novelization , wrote a sequel , E.T. : The Book of the Green Planet , which was published in 1985 . In the novel , E.T. returns home to the planet Brodo Asogi , but is subsequently demoted and sent into exile . He then attempts to return to Earth by effectively breaking all of Brodo Asogi 's laws . E.T. Adventure , a theme park ride , debuted at Universal Studios Florida in 1990 . The $ 40 million attraction features the title character saying goodbye to visitors by name .
In 1998 , E.T. was licensed to appear in television public service announcements produced by the Progressive Corporation . The announcements featured his voice reminding drivers to " buckle up " their seat belts . Traffic signs depicting a stylized E.T. wearing one were installed on selected roads around the United States . The following year , British Telecommunications launched the " Stay in Touch " campaign , with him as the star of various advertisements . The campaign 's slogan was " B.T. has E.T. " , with " E.T. " also taken to mean " extra technology " . At Spielberg 's suggestion , George Lucas included members of E.T. ' s species as background characters in Star Wars : Episode I – The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) .
E.T. is an upcoming playable character in the crossover video game Lego Dimensions and will include the phone he used .
|
= Electric ( Robyn song ) =
" Electric " is a song by Swedish recording artist Robyn from her second studio album My Truth ( 1999 ) . It was released as the album 's lead single on 29 April 1999 by BMG Sweden . Robyn wrote the track in collaboration with its producers Ulf Lindström and Johan Ekhé . The single artwork features the singer wearing a feather headpiece designed by Sebastian Wahl . Musically , " Electric " is an electronic funk song , and the lyrics address unexpected life events that make one feel alive .
" Electric " was hailed by music critics as a highlight on My Truth . It achieved commercial success in Sweden , with a peak position of number six on the Sverigetopplistan chart and a gold certification by the Swedish Recording Industry Association ( GLF ) . Though it was initially planned to be serviced internationally , " Electric " and its parent album were never released outside of Sweden due to a dispute between Robyn and her overseas label RCA Records .
= = Background = =
" Electric " was written by Robyn , Ulf Lindström and Johan Ekhé . Lindström and Ekhé recorded Robyn 's vocals and produced the track at Lifeline Studios in Stockholm , Sweden . Lindström and Patrik Berger played the guitar , while all other instruments as well as mixing were handled by Lindström and Ekhé . Hernan " Boogie " Donoso served as an assistant engineer and Björn Engelmann mastered the song at Cutting Room Studios in Stockholm . " Electric " is an electronic funk song with elements of R & B and reggae music . In a chat room provided by Swedish tabloid newspaper Aftonbladet , Robyn elaborated on the lyrical matter of the song when asked by a fan ; she stated that it is about unexpected events in life , both good and bad , that are " fantastic " and make one feel alive .
= = Release = =
" Electric " was released on 29 April 1999 in CD format by BMG Sweden , as the lead single for the singer 's second studio effort My Truth ( 1999 ) . Eric Broms photographed the single cover art which features Robyn wearing a feather headpiece designed by Sebastian Wahl . The single release contains both the radio edit and the extended album version , which includes a 90 @-@ second intro . The maxi single includes the radio edit and remixes by Mad Professor , Internal Dread and Berger . RCA Records , Robyn 's international label at the time , planned to release " Electric " in the United States in September 1999 , followed by the album in January 2000 . The label wanted Robyn to re @-@ record portions of the album as certain aspects reflected on the singer 's abortion , a topic deemed unsuitable for the American market and pop radio . When she refused to make alterations , the two parties were unable to reach a compromise and My Truth and its singles were left unreleased outside of Sweden .
= = Reception and promotion = =
" Electric " received favorable reviews from music critics . While reviewing My Truth , a writer for Nöjesguiden particularly commended the single and " Main Thing " . The writer praised the extended intro of " Electric " , calling the first 90 seconds " magical " . John Lucas of AllMusic deemed the single a stand @-@ out and described it as " distinctive " and " minimal " . Aftonbladet 's Per Bjurman praised the electronic funk sound . " Electric " made its debut on the Sverigetopplistan singles chart at number eight on 22 April 1999 . The next week , it ascended to acquire a peak position at number six . It became Robyn 's third top @-@ ten single on the chart , following " Do You Really Want Me ( Show Respect ) " and " Do You Know ( What It Takes ) " . " Electric " stayed in the top @-@ ten for four weeks , and remained on the chart for fourteen weeks in total . On 18 May 1999 , it received a gold certification by the Swedish Recording Industry Association ( GLF ) for sales of 15 @,@ 000 units . The single was placed at number 53 on the chart 's year @-@ end list of 1999 . A music video was made to promote the single . The video is set in a club where Robyn , wearing all @-@ white clothing , is dancing and singing in the centre .
= = Track listings = =
CD single
" Electric " ( radio edit ) – 3 : 46
" Electric " ( extended ) – 5 : 09
Maxi CD single
" Electric " ( radio edit ) – 3 : 46
" Electric " ( Mad Professor Shocking mix ) – 5 : 14
" Electric " ( Mad Professor High Voltage dub ) – 5 : 18
" Electric " ( Rub @-@ A @-@ Dub Roots dub ) – 4 : 41
" Electric " ( Patric Berger Alchemist remix ) – 5 : 52
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of " Electric " .
Recording
Produced , arranged , recorded and mixed at Lifeline Studios ( Stockholm , Sweden )
Mastered at Cutting Room Studios ( Stockholm , Sweden )
Personnel
Robyn – songwriting
Ulf Lindström – arrangement , guitar , instruments , mixing , production , recording
Johan Ekhé – arrangement , instruments , mixing , production , recording
Patrik Berger – guitar
Hernan " Boogie " Donoso – assistant engineering
Björn Engelmann – mastering
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Release history = =
|
= Gerard K. O 'Neill =
Gerard Kitchen O 'Neill ( February 6 , 1927 – April 27 , 1992 ) was an American physicist and space activist . As a faculty member of Princeton University , he invented a device called the particle storage ring for high @-@ energy physics experiments . Later , he invented a magnetic launcher called the mass driver . In the 1970s , he developed a plan to build human settlements in outer space , including a space habitat design known as the O 'Neill cylinder . He founded the Space Studies Institute , an organization devoted to funding research into space manufacturing and colonization .
O 'Neill began researching high @-@ energy particle physics at Princeton in 1954 , after he received his doctorate from Cornell University . Two years later , he published his theory for a particle storage ring . This invention allowed particle physics experiments at much higher energies than had previously been possible . In 1965 at Stanford University , he performed the first colliding beam physics experiment .
While teaching physics at Princeton , O 'Neill became interested in the possibility that humans could survive and live in outer space . He researched and proposed a futuristic idea for human settlement in space , the O 'Neill cylinder , in " The Colonization of Space " , his first paper on the subject . He held a conference on space manufacturing at Princeton in 1975 . Many who became post @-@ Apollo @-@ era space activists attended . O 'Neill built his first mass driver prototype with professor Henry Kolm in 1976 . He considered mass drivers critical for extracting the mineral resources of the Moon and asteroids . His award @-@ winning book The High Frontier : Human Colonies in Space inspired a generation of space exploration advocates . He died of leukemia in 1992 .
= = Birth , education , and family life = =
O 'Neill was born in Brooklyn , New York on February 6 , 1927 to Edward Gerard O 'Neill , a lawyer , and Dorothy Lewis O 'Neill ( née Kitchen ) . He had no siblings . His family moved to Speculator , New York when his father temporarily retired for health reasons . For high school , O 'Neill attended Newburgh Free Academy in Newburgh , New York . While he was a student there he edited the school newspaper and took a job as a news broadcaster at a local radio station . He graduated in 1944 , during World War II , and enlisted in the United States Navy on his 17th birthday . The Navy trained him as a radar technician , which sparked his interest in science .
After he was honorably discharged in 1946 , O 'Neill studied for an undergraduate degree in physics and mathematics at Swarthmore College . As a child he had discussed the possibilities of humans in space with his parents , and in college he enjoyed working on rocket equations . However , he did not see space science as an option for a career path in physics , choosing instead to pursue high @-@ energy physics . In 1950 he graduated with Phi Beta Kappa honors . O 'Neill performed his graduate studies at Cornell University with the help of an Atomic Energy Commission fellowship , and was awarded a Ph.D. in physics in 1954 .
O 'Neill married Sylvia Turlington , also a Swarthmore graduate , in June 1950 . They had a son , Roger , and two daughters , Janet and Eleanor , before their marriage ended in divorce in 1966 .
One of O 'Neill 's favorite activities was flying . He held instrument certifications in both powered and sailplane flight and held the FAI Diamond Badge , a gliding award . During his first cross @-@ country glider flight in April 1973 , he was assisted on the ground by Renate " Tasha " Steffen . He had met Tasha , who was 21 years younger than him , previously through the YMCA International Club . They were married the day after his flight . They had a son , Edward O 'Neill .
= = High @-@ energy physics research = =
After graduating from Cornell , O 'Neill accepted a position as an instructor at Princeton University . There he started his research into high @-@ energy particle physics . In 1956 , his second year of teaching , he published a two @-@ page article that theorized that the particles produced by a particle accelerator could be stored for a few seconds in a storage ring . The stored particles could then be directed to collide with another particle beam . This would increase the energy of the particle collision over the previous method , which directed the beam at a fixed target . His ideas were not immediately accepted by the physics community .
O 'Neill became an assistant professor at Princeton in 1956 , and was promoted to associate professor in 1959 . He visited Stanford University in 1957 to meet with Professor Wolfgang K. H. Panofsky . This resulted in a collaboration between Princeton and Stanford to build the Colliding Beam Experiment ( CBX ) . With a US $ 800 @,@ 000 grant from the Office of Naval Research , construction on the first particle storage rings began in 1958 at the Stanford High @-@ Energy Physics Laboratory . He figured out how to capture the particles and , by pumping the air out to produce a vacuum , store them long enough to experiment on them . CBX stored its first beam on March 28 , 1962 . O 'Neill became a full professor of physics in 1965 .
In collaboration with Burton Richter , O 'Neill performed the first colliding beam physics experiment in 1965 . In this experiment , particle beams from the Stanford Linear Accelerator were collected in his storage rings and then directed to collide at an energy of 600 MeV . At the time , this was the highest energy involved in a particle collision . The results proved that the charge of an electron is contained in a volume less than 100 attometers across . O 'Neill considered his device to be capable of only seconds of storage , but , by creating an even stronger vacuum , others were able to increase this to hours . In 1979 , he , with physicist David C. Cheng , wrote the graduate @-@ level textbook Elementary Particle Physics : An Introduction . He retired from teaching in 1985 , but remained associated with Princeton as professor emeritus until his death .
= = Space colonization = =
= = = Origin of the idea ( 1969 ) = = =
O 'Neill saw great potential in the United States space program , especially the Apollo missions . He applied to the Astronaut Corps after NASA opened it up to civilian scientists in 1966 . Later , when asked why he wanted to go on the Moon missions , he said , " to be alive now and not take part in it seemed terribly myopic " . He was put through NASA 's rigorous mental and physical examinations . During this time he met Brian O 'Leary , also a scientist @-@ astronaut candidate , who became his good friend . O 'Leary was selected for Astronaut Group 6 but O 'Neill was not .
O 'Neill became interested in the idea of space colonization in 1969 while he was teaching freshman physics at Princeton University . His students were growing cynical about the benefits of science to humanity because of the controversy surrounding the Vietnam War . To give them something relevant to study , he began using examples from the Apollo program as applications of elementary physics . O 'Neill posed the question during an extra seminar he gave to a few of his students : " Is the surface of a planet really the right place for an expanding technological civilization ? " His students ' research convinced him that the answer was no .
O 'Neill was inspired by the papers written by his students . He began to work out the details of a program to build self @-@ supporting space habitats in free space . Among the details was how to provide the inhabitants of a space colony with an Earth @-@ like environment . His students had designed giant pressurized structures , spun up to approximate Earth gravity by centrifugal force . With the population of the colony living on the inner surface of a sphere or cylinder , these structures resembled " inside @-@ out planets " . He found that pairing counter @-@ rotating cylinders would eliminate the need to spin them using rockets . This configuration has since been known as the O 'Neill cylinder .
= = = First paper ( 1970 – 1974 ) = = =
Looking for an outlet for his ideas , O 'Neill wrote a paper titled " The Colonization of Space " , and for four years attempted to have it published . He submitted it to several journals and magazines , including Scientific American and Science , only to have it rejected by the reviewers . During this time O 'Neill gave lectures on space colonization at Hampshire College , Princeton , and other schools . Many students and staff attending the lectures became enthusiastic about the possibility of living in space . Another outlet for O 'Neill to explore his ideas was with his children ; on walks in the forest they speculated about life in a space colony . His paper finally appeared in the September 1974 issue of Physics Today . In it , he argued that building space colonies would solve several important problems :
It is important to realize the enormous power of the space @-@ colonization technique . If we begin to use it soon enough , and if we employ it wisely , at least five of the most serious problems now facing the world can be solved without recourse to repression : bringing every human being up to a living standard now enjoyed only by the most fortunate ; protecting the biosphere from damage caused by transportation and industrial pollution ; finding high quality living space for a world population that is doubling every 35 years ; finding clean , practical energy sources ; preventing overload of Earth 's heat balance .
He even explored the possibilities of flying gliders inside a space colony , finding that the enormous volume could support atmospheric thermals . He calculated that humanity could expand on this man @-@ made frontier to 20 @,@ 000 times its population . The initial colonies would be built at the Earth @-@ Moon L4 and L5 Lagrange points . L4 and L5 are stable points in the Solar System where a spacecraft can maintain its position without expending energy . The paper was well received , but many who would begin work on the project had already been introduced to his ideas before it was even published . The paper received a few critical responses . Some questioned the practicality of lifting tens of thousands of people into orbit and his estimates for the production output of initial colonies .
While he was waiting for his paper to be published , O 'Neill organized a small two @-@ day conference in May 1974 at Princeton to discuss the possibility of colonizing outer space . The conference , titled First Conference on Space Colonization , was funded by Stewart Brand 's Point Foundation and Princeton University . Among those who attended were Eric Drexler ( at the time a freshman at MIT ) , scientist @-@ astronaut Joe Allen ( from Astronaut Group 6 ) , Freeman Dyson , and science reporter Walter Sullivan . Representatives from NASA also attended and brought estimates of launch costs expected on the planned Space Shuttle . O 'Neill thought of the attendees as " a band of daring radicals " . Sullivan 's article on the conference was published on the front page of The New York Times on May 13 , 1974 . As media coverage grew , O 'Neill was inundated with letters from people who were excited about living in space . To stay in touch with them , O 'Neill began keeping a mailing list and started sending out updates on his progress . A few months later he heard Peter Glaser speak about solar power satellites at NASA 's Goddard Space Flight Center . O 'Neill realized that , by building these satellites , his space colonies could quickly recover the cost of their construction . According to O 'Neill , " the profound difference between this and everything else done in space is the potential of generating large amounts of new wealth " .
= = = NASA studies ( 1975 – 1977 ) = = =
O 'Neill held a much larger conference the following May titled Princeton University Conference on Space Manufacturing . At this conference more than two dozen speakers presented papers , including Keith and Carolyn Henson from Tucson , Arizona .
After the conference Carolyn Henson arranged a meeting between O 'Neill and Arizona Congressman Morris Udall . Udall wrote a letter of support , which he asked the Hensons to publicize , for O 'Neill 's work . The Hensons included his letter in the first issue of the L @-@ 5 Society newsletter , sent to everyone on O 'Neill 's mailing list and those who had signed up at the conference .
In June 1975 , O 'Neill led a ten @-@ week study of permanent space habitats at NASA Ames . During the study he was called away to testify on July 23 to the House Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications . On January 19 , 1976 , he also appeared before the Senate Subcommittee on Aerospace Technology and National Needs . In a presentation titled Solar Power from Satellites , he laid out his case for an Apollo @-@ style program for building power plants in space . He returned to Ames in June 1976 and 1977 to lead studies on space manufacturing . In these studies , NASA developed detailed plans to establish bases on the Moon where space @-@ suited workers would mine the mineral resources needed to build space colonies and solar power satellites .
= = = Private funding ( 1977 – 1978 ) = = =
Although NASA was supporting his work with grants of up to $ 500 @,@ 000 per year , O 'Neill became frustrated by the bureaucracy and politics inherent in government @-@ funded research . He thought that small privately funded groups could develop space technology faster than government agencies . In 1977 , O 'Neill and his wife Tasha founded the Space Studies Institute , a non @-@ profit organization , at Princeton University . SSI received initial funding of almost $ 100 @,@ 000 from private donors , and in early 1978 began to support basic research into technologies needed for space manufacturing and settlement .
One of SSI 's first grants funded the development of the mass driver , a device first proposed by O 'Neill in 1974 . Mass drivers are based on the coilgun design , adapted to accelerate a non @-@ magnetic object . One application O 'Neill proposed for mass drivers was to throw baseball @-@ sized chunks of ore mined from the surface of the Moon into space . Once in space , the ore could be used as raw material for building space colonies and solar power satellites . He took a sabbatical from Princeton to work on mass drivers at MIT . There he served as the Hunsaker Visiting Professor of Aerospace during the 1976 – 77 academic year . At MIT , he , Henry H. Kolm , and a group of student volunteers built their first mass driver prototype . The eight @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 5 m ) long prototype could apply 33 g ( 320 m / s2 ) of acceleration to an object inserted into it . With financial assistance from SSI , later prototypes improved this to 1 @,@ 800 g ( 18 @,@ 000 m / s2 ) , enough acceleration that a mass driver only 520 feet ( 160 m ) long could launch material off the surface of the Moon .
= = = Opposition ( 1977 – 1985 ) = = =
In 1977 , O 'Neill saw the peak of interest in space colonization , along with the publication of his first book , The High Frontier . He and his wife were flying between meetings , interviews , and hearings . On October 9 , the CBS program 60 Minutes ran a segment about space colonies . Later they aired responses from the viewers , which included one from Senator William Proxmire , chairman of the Senate Subcommittee responsible for NASA 's budget . His response was , " it 's the best argument yet for chopping NASA 's funding to the bone .... I say not a penny for this nutty fantasy " . He successfully eliminated spending on space colonization research from the budget . In 1978 , Paul Werbos wrote for the L @-@ 5 newsletter , " no one expects Congress to commit us to O 'Neill 's concept of large @-@ scale space habitats ; people in NASA are almost paranoid about the public relations aspects of the idea " . When it became clear that a government funded colonization effort was politically impossible , popular support for O 'Neill 's ideas started to evaporate .
Other pressures on O 'Neill 's colonization plan were the high cost of access to Earth orbit and the declining cost of energy . Building solar power stations in space was economically attractive when energy prices spiked during the 1979 oil crisis . When prices dropped in the early 1980s , funding for space solar power research dried up . His plan had also been based on NASA 's estimates for the flight rate and launch cost of the Space Shuttle , numbers that turned out to have been wildly optimistic . His 1977 book quoted a Space Shuttle launch cost of $ 10 million , but in 1981 the subsidized price given to commercial customers started at $ 38 million . Eventual accounting of the full cost of a launch in 1985 raised this as high as $ 180 million per flight .
O 'Neill was appointed by United States President Ronald Reagan to the National Commission on Space in 1985 . The commission , led by former NASA administrator Thomas Paine , proposed that the government commit to opening the inner Solar System for human settlement within 50 years . Their report was released in May 1986 , four months after the Space Shuttle Challenger broke up on ascent .
= = Writing career = =
O 'Neill 's popular science book The High Frontier : Human Colonies in Space ( 1977 ) combined fictional accounts of space settlers with an explanation of his plan to build space colonies . Its publication established him as the spokesman for the space colonization movement . It won the Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science that year , and prompted Swarthmore College to grant him an honorary doctorate . The High Frontier has been translated into five languages and remained in print as of 2008 .
His 1981 book 2081 : A Hopeful View of the Human Future was an exercise in futurology . O 'Neill narrated it as a visitor to Earth from a space colony beyond Pluto . The book explored the effects of technologies he called " drivers of change " on the coming century . Some technologies he described were space colonies , solar power satellites , anti @-@ aging drugs , hydrogen @-@ propelled cars , climate control , and underground magnetic trains . He left the social structure of the 1980s intact , assuming that humanity would remain unchanged even as it expanded into the Solar System . Reviews of 2081 were mixed . New York Times reviewer John Noble Wilford found the book " imagination @-@ stirring " , but Charles Nicol thought the technologies described were unacceptably far @-@ fetched .
In his book The Technology Edge , published in 1983 , O 'Neill wrote about economic competition with Japan . He argued that the United States had to develop six industries to compete : microengineering , robotics , genetic engineering , magnetic flight , family aircraft , and space science . He also thought that industrial development was suffering from short @-@ sighted executives , self @-@ interested unions , high taxes , and poor education of Americans . According to reviewer Henry Weil , O 'Neill 's detailed explanations of emerging technologies differentiated the book from others on the subject .
= = Entrepreneurial efforts = =
O 'Neill founded Geostar Corporation to develop a satellite position determination system for which he was granted a patent in 1982 . The system , primarily intended to track aircraft , was called Radio Determination Satellite Service ( RDSS ) . In April 1983 Geostar applied to the FCC for a license to broadcast from three satellites , which would cover the entire United States . Geostar launched GSTAR @-@ 2 into geosynchronous orbit in 1986 . Its transmitter package permanently failed two months later , so Geostar began tests of RDSS by transmitting from other satellites . With his health failing , O 'Neill became less involved with the company at the same time it started to run into trouble . In February 1991 Geostar filed for bankruptcy and its licenses were sold to Motorola for the Iridium satellite constellation project . Although the system was eventually replaced by GPS , O 'Neill made significant advances in the field of position determination .
O 'Neill founded O 'Neill Communications in Princeton in 1986 . He introduced his Local Area Wireless Networking , or LAWN , system at the PC Expo in New York in 1989 . The LAWN system allowed two computers to exchange messages over a range of a couple hundred feet at a cost of about $ 500 per node . O 'Neill Communications went out of business in 1993 ; the LAWN technology was sold to Omnispread Communications . As of 2008 , Omnispread continued to sell a variant of O 'Neill 's LAWN system .
On November 18 , 1991 , O 'Neill filed a patent application for a vactrain system . He called the company he wanted to form VSE International , for velocity , silence , and efficiency . However , the concept itself he called Magnetic Flight . The vehicles , instead of running on a pair of tracks , would be elevated using electromagnetic force by a single track within a tube ( permanent magnets in the track , with variable magnets on the vehicle ) , and propelled by electromagnetic forces through tunnels . He estimated the trains could reach speeds of up to 2 @,@ 500 mph ( 4 @,@ 000 km / h ) — about five times faster than a jet airliner — if the air was evacuated from the tunnels . To obtain such speeds , the vehicle would accelerate for the first half of the trip , and then decelerate for the second half of the trip . The acceleration was planned to be a maximum of about one @-@ half of the force of gravity . O 'Neill planned to build a network of stations connected by these tunnels , but he died two years before his first patent on it was granted .
= = Death and legacy = =
O 'Neill was diagnosed with leukemia in 1985 . He died on April 27 , 1992 , from complications of the disease at the Sequoia Hospital in Redwood City , California . He was survived by his wife Tasha , his ex @-@ wife Sylvia , and his four children . A sample of his incinerated remains was buried in space . The vial containing his ashes was attached to a Pegasus XL rocket and launched into Earth orbit on April 21 , 1997 . It re @-@ entered the atmosphere in May 2002 .
O 'Neill directed his Space Studies Institute to continue their efforts " until people are living and working in space " . After his death , management of SSI was passed to his son Roger and colleague Freeman Dyson . SSI continued to hold conferences every other year to bring together scientists studying space colonization until 2001 .
Henry Kolm went on to start Magplane Technology in the 1990s to develop the magnetic transportation technology that O 'Neill had written about . In 2007 , Magplane demonstrated a working magnetic pipeline system to transport phosphate ore in Florida . The system ran at a speed of 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) , far slower than the high @-@ speed trains O 'Neill envisioned .
All three of the founders of the Space Frontier Foundation , an organization dedicated to opening the space frontier to human settlement , were supporters of O 'Neill 's ideas and had worked with him in various capacities at the Space Studies Institute . One of them , Rick Tumlinson , describes three men as models for space advocacy : Wernher von Braun , Gerard K. O 'Neill , and Carl Sagan . Von Braun pushed for " projects that ordinary people can be proud of but not participate in " . Sagan wanted to explore the universe from a distance . O 'Neill , with his grand scheme for settlement of the Solar System , emphasized moving ordinary people off the Earth " en masse " .
The National Space Society ( NSS ) gives the Gerard K. O 'Neill Memorial Award for Space Settlement Advocacy to individuals noted for their contributions in the area of space settlement . Their contributions can be scientific , legislative , and educational . The award is a trophy cast in the shape of a Bernal sphere . The NSS first bestowed the award in 2007 on lunar entrepreneur and former astronaut Harrison Schmitt . In 2008 , it was given to physicist John Marburger .
In fiction , the protagonist of Stephen Baxter 's Manifold : Time names his spaceship the Gerard K. O 'Neill .
As of November , 2013 , Gerard O 'Neill 's papers and work are now located in the archives at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum , Steven F. Udvar @-@ Hazy Center .
= = Publications = =
= = = Books = = =
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ( 1977 ) . The High Frontier : Human Colonies in Space . New York : William Morrow & Company . ISBN 0 @-@ 9622379 @-@ 0 @-@ 6 .
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ( ed . ) ; O 'Leary , Brian ( 1977 ) . Space @-@ Based Manufacturing from Nonterrestrial Materials . New York : American Institute of Aeronautics . ISBN 0 @-@ 915928 @-@ 21 @-@ 3 .
Cheng , David C. ; O 'Neill , Gerard K. ( 1979 ) . Elementary Particle Physics : An Introduction . Reading , Massachusetts : Addison @-@ Wesley . ISBN 0 @-@ 201 @-@ 05463 @-@ 9 .
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ( 1981 ) . 2081 : A Hopeful View of the Human Future . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 @-@ 671 @-@ 44751 @-@ 3 .
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ( 1983 ) . The Technology Edge : Opportunities for America in world competition . New York : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 @-@ 671 @-@ 44766 @-@ 1 .
= = = Papers = = =
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ( 1954 ) . " Time @-@ of @-@ Flight Measurements on the Inelastic Scattering of 14 @.@ 8 @-@ Mev Neutrons " . Physical Review 95 ( 5 ) : 1235 – 1245 . Bibcode : 1954PhRv ... 95.1235O. doi : 10 @.@ 1103 / PhysRev.95.1235.
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ( April 1956 ) . " Storage @-@ Ring Synchrotron : Device for High @-@ Energy Physics Research " . Physical Review 102 ( 5 ) : 1418 . Bibcode : 1956PhRv .. 102.1418O. doi : 10 @.@ 1103 / PhysRev.102.1418.
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ( August 1963 ) . " Storage Rings " . Science 141 ( 3582 ) : 679 – 686 . Bibcode : 1963Sci ... 141 .. 679O. doi : 10 @.@ 1126 / science.141.3582.679. PMID 17752920 .
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ( May 1968 ) . " A High @-@ Resolution Orbiting Telescope : New techniques would lead to orbiting an optical telescope 25 times the diameter of Palomar 's " . Science 160 ( 3830 ) : 843 – 847 . Bibcode : 1968Sci ... 160 .. 843O. doi : 10 @.@ 1126 / science.160.3830.843. PMID 17774392 .
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ( September 1974 ) . " The Colonization of Space " . Physics Today 27 ( 9 ) : 32 – 40 . Bibcode : 1974PhT .... 27i .. 32O. doi : 10 @.@ 1063 / 1 @.@ 3128863 .
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ( Fall 1975 ) . " The High Frontier " . CoEvolution Quarterly ( 7 ) : 6 – 9 . Retrieved 2008 @-@ 08 @-@ 18 .
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ( December 5 , 1975 ) . " Space Colonies and Energy Supply to the Earth " . Science 190 ( 4218 ) : 943 – 947 . Bibcode : 1975Sci ... 190 .. 943O. doi : 10 @.@ 1126 / science.190.4218.943.
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ( October 1976 ) . " Engineering a Space Manufacturing Center " . Astronautics and Aeronautics 14 : 20 – 28 , 36 . Bibcode : 1976AsAer .. 14 ... 20P .
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ( March 1978 ) . " The Low ( Profile ) Road to Space Manufacturing " . Astronautics and Aeronautics 16 ( 3 ) : 18 – 32 . Bibcode : 1978AsAer .. 16 ... 18G .
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ; Driggers , Gerald ; O 'Leary , Brian ( October 1980 ) . " New Routes to Manufacturing in Space " . Astronautics and Aeronautics 18 ( 10 ) : 46 – 51 . Bibcode : 1980AsAer .. 18 ... 46G .
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ; Kolm , Henry H. ( November 1980 ) . " High acceleration mass drivers " . Acta Astronautica 7 ( 11 ) : 1229 – 1238 . Bibcode : 1980AcAau ... 7.1229O. doi : 10 @.@ 1016 / 0094 @-@ 5765 ( 80 ) 90002 @-@ 8 .
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ( 1981 ) . " Where is everybody ? Some new answers " . Nature 294 ( 25 ) : 25 . Bibcode : 1981Natur.294 ... 25O. doi : 10 @.@ 1038 / 294025a0 .
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ( March 1981 ) . " Satellite Air Traffic Control " . Astronautics and Aeronautics 19 ( 3 ) : 27 – 31 .
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ( 1981 ) . " Recent developments in mass drivers " . Space manufacturing 4 : 97 – 104 . OCLC 8112602 .
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ( July 1982 ) . " Satellites Instead " . AOPA Pilot 25 ( 1 ) : 51 – 54 , 59 – 63 .
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ( September 1983 ) . " Geostar " . AOPA Pilot 26 ( 9 ) : 53 – 57 .
O 'Neill , Gerard K. ; Maryniak , G. E. ( 1988 ) . " Radiation Shielding to Solar Power Satellites : Results of the January 1988 SSI / Princeton Lunar Systems Study " . Lunar Bases 2 : 185 . Bibcode : 1988LPICo.652 .. 185O .
= = Patents = =
O 'Neill was granted six patents in total ( two posthumously ) in the areas of global position determination and magnetic levitation .
US 4359733 Satellite @-@ based vehicle position determining system , granted November 16 , 1982
US 4744083 Satellite @-@ based position determining and message transfer system with monitoring of link quality , granted May 10 , 1988
US 4839656 Position determination and message transfer system employing satellites and stored terrain map , granted June 13 , 1989
US 4965586 Position determination and message transfer system employing satellites and stored terrain map , granted October 23 , 1990
US 5282424 High speed transport system , granted February 1 , 1994
US 5433155 High speed transport system , granted July 18 , 1995
|
= Working on a Dream Tour =
The Working on a Dream Tour was a concert tour by Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band , which began in April 2009 and ended in November 2009 . It followed the late January 2009 release of the album Working on a Dream . This was the first full E Street Band tour without founding member Danny Federici , who died during the previous tour in 2008 , and the final tour for founding member Clarence Clemons , who died in 2011 .
The tour was shorter than a typical Springsteen outing , but for the first time in his career , it placed an emphasis on performing at music festivals , especially in Europe . Even more unlike all his previous tours , the Working on a Dream Tour featured little of his new album . Instead , several trends from the latter stages of the previous year 's Magic Tour were carried forward : a focus on topical content , this time the late @-@ 2000s recession ; a repetition of some of the stage raps and antics ; and most visibly , continuation of a ' signs ' segment , in which audience members would hold up signs requesting rare Springsteen songs or decades @-@ past oldies and the band would stage ( sometimes impromptu ) performances of them . The final leg of the tour often featured another first as Springsteen played one of his classic 1970s or 1980s albums all the way through . Critical reaction to the tour 's shows was generally positive , although the absence of the new material was noted .
Max Weinberg was not available for parts of the tour due to his bandleader obligations to The Tonight Show with Conan O 'Brien , which was just commencing . His 18 @-@ year @-@ old son , Jay Weinberg , became his replacement for parts or all of a number of shows , to a mostly positive reception from the rest of the band , the audience , and critics . The tour also gave Springsteen a chance to bid farewell to two famous venues he had played many shows at – the Philadelphia Spectrum and New Jersey 's Giants Stadium .
The tour was a commercial success , grossing over $ 156 million , being seen by over 1 @.@ 7 million ticket holders , and finishing as the third @-@ highest grossing tour in the world for 2009 even though the tour faced some logistical issues . Ticket sales were botched by Ticketmaster , a situation further exacerbated by revelations of their holding seats back for their secondary market TicketsNow . Before long , legislatures and attorneys general of several states , as well as members of the U.S. Congress and federal regulatory agencies , were weighing in on the matter , with various lawsuits , settlements , and proposed laws as the result .
= = Itinerary = =
The tour was envisioned by the Springsteen camp as not being " a total marathon " , and was thus considerably shorter than usual for Springsteen , especially in North America , where only 26 stops were planned . It did include a date in Oklahoma , where Springsteen had not played in three decades and where officials at Tulsa 's BOK Center had been trying to lure Springsteen for years .
On February 23 , 2009 , it was confirmed that Springsteen would be headlining the Saturday night at Glastonbury festival in June of the same year . Springsteen also signed up for the Pinkpop Festival in the Netherlands and the Bonnaroo Music Festival in the U.S. ; playing such festivals was a departure from his normal routing , and challenged him with audiences that were not pre @-@ selected with his fans .
One continuing subplot with the tour 's scheduling was E Street drummer Max Weinberg 's availability vis à vis his job as The Max Weinberg 7 bandleader for Conan O 'Brien , given that during the first half of 2009 Late Night with Conan O 'Brien in New York was ending and The Tonight Show with Conan O 'Brien in Los Angeles was beginning . The mid @-@ January announcement that Late Night would continue until February 20 precluded any notion of starting the tour immediately following Springsteen 's appearance at Super Bowl XLIII , in addition to the band feeling that they had just gotten off the Magic Tour and " Wait , let ’ s stop a minute . " Meanwhile , the June 1 start date of The Tonight Show posed problems for Weinberg 's continued presence on the tour . O 'Brien told a Variety reporter at the time of the announcement that he hoped that Weinberg would follow him to Los Angeles and that he also hoped an arrangement could be worked out to let Weinberg go on the road with Springsteen as had been done for past tours . At NBC , the coexistence between the drummer 's two bosses was known as the Weinberg @-@ Springsteen Rule , and was not typically extended to other talent at the network . In a high @-@ profile Rolling Stone cover story interview , Springsteen was vague about the matter : " All I know is this – it 's all gonna work out , one way or another . If people wanna come out and see the E Street Band , they 'll be able to come out and see the E Street Band . " And whether Weinberg would stay with O 'Brien and move or not was a subject of conflicting news reports until O 'Brien confirmed on February 18 that Weinberg and the band were indeed coming with him . A few days later , E Streeter Steven Van Zandt said of Weinberg 's availability for the post @-@ June 1 , European leg : “ We ’ re still figuring that out . We ’ ll see . I think Max will be there for most of it . ... I know he was very much trying to figure it out . ” Weinberg had not missed an E Street Band show since joining the outfit in 1974 , and Van Zandt said that no amount of rehearsal by another drummer could replace Weinberg 's intuitive understanding of Springsteen 's performance gambits .
As had been the practice since the Reunion Tour in 1999 , Springsteen and the band began rehearsals at Asbury Park Convention Hall . Beginning on March 11 , some of the Springsteen faithful listened outside closed doors for what songs and arrangements the tour might bring . The presence of Max Weinberg 's 18 @-@ year @-@ old son Jay , a freshman at Stevens Institute of Technology and also a drummer , at rehearsals indicated that he might be the one to replace his father for European leg shows where Tonight Show duties came into play . On one occasion on the Magic Tour , Jay Weinberg had sat in on drums for " Born to Run " . This was confirmed by Springsteen on March 20 , who said that Jay Weinberg would be drumming at a small number of shows during the tour . Springsteen added , " Once again , I want to express my appreciation to Conan O 'Brien , and everyone on his team , for making it possible for Max to continue to do double duty for both us and for him . We promise to return him in one piece . " Van Zandt said , " I ’ ve been avoiding this question for weeks ! Thank God they finally announced it . We already did three days of rehearsals . Jay 's a fantastic drummer . It ’ s in the Weinberg DNA . "
By the time the American first leg was well underway , there was speculation of more American dates to come in the late summer and fall , but E Street guitarist Nils Lofgren said that Springsteen and wife Patti Scialfa would make a decision later on .
On May 21 , 2009 , while playing at the Izod Center , Springsteen announced he would be playing three dates at next @-@ door Giants Stadium in late September and early October , saying the band would " say goodbye to old Giants Stadium ... Before they bring the wrecking ball , the wrecking crew is coming back ! " The video screens on stage showed a huge banner being hung on the stadium , which was the forerunner of heavy advertising for the shows on local television . They sold out quickly , and two more dates were added , finishing on October 9 . These were scheduled to be the last concerts ever at the stadium . The final show sold out quickly but not the one before it . Subsequent U.S. tour dates in the late summer began to be announced as well , focusing on outdoor amphitheaters in the Northeast . In mid @-@ July , a further extension to the U.S. tour was announced , adding shows in indoor arenas through November .
The November 22 , 2009 performance in Buffalo , New York was slated as the tour 's last . After that the E Street Band was expected to take a one to two @-@ year hiatus , while Springsteen worked on another project .
The October 26 , 2009 show in Kansas City , Missouri was canceled an hour before its scheduled start time due to the death of Lenny Sullivan , Springsteen 's cousin and assistant road manager for ten years . It was not rescheduled .
= = Ticket sales = =
Even before any official tour announcement , tickets went on sale in Norway and Sweden . The heavy demand caused a crash in the Scandinavian ticketing system . A similar situation due to heavy demand occurred in Finland with the Lippupiste ticketing system .
On January 27 , 2009 , the day of the Working on a Dream release in the United States , the official announcement of the tour came .
On February 1 , 2009 , Springsteen & the E Street Band performed at halftime of Super Bowl XLIII . The following day , February 2 , 2009 , tickets for many of the U.S. shows went on sale . Despite the ongoing global financial crisis of 2008 – 2009 , demand was heavy in a number of areas , both due to Springsteen 's continued popularity and the high visibility from the Super Bowl appearance . Other areas failed to show the ticket fervor of past outings . The pair of shows in both New Jersey and Philadelphia sold out in about an hour . East Coast online sales through Ticketmaster , including the New Jersey ones , were especially troublesome , as many customers endured long waits or were in the middle of a purchasing transaction , only to be hit with screens saying the site was down " due to routine maintenance " . Ticketmaster acknowledged that the technical problem with the sales " wasn 't our finest hour . " Tickets for the New Jersey shows were in limited supply to begin with , as some 27 percent of them were held back from sale by the venue , the record company , Springsteen 's organization , and others . Indeed , for one of the shows Springsteen 's management held back all but 108 of the 1 @,@ 126 seats in the four sections nearest the stage .
Frustration became a public outcry when many of Ticketmaster online customers , upon being informed shows were sold out , were directed to TicketsNow , a Ticketmaster @-@ owned site , where tickets were sold on the secondary market at extremely inflated prices . Ticketmaster even pushed fans to TicketsNow even when there were still tickets available for a given show . Bill Pascrell , the member of the U.S. House of Representatives from New Jersey 's 8th congressional district , asked the Federal Trade Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice to investigate the relationship between Ticketmaster and TicketsNow , saying , " I am concerned that the business affiliation between Ticketmaster and TicketsNow may represent a conflict of interest that is detrimental to the average fan . There is a significant potential for abuse when one company is able to monopolize the primary market for a product and also directly manipulate , and profit from , the secondary market . "
Springsteen issued a statement on his website where he chastised Ticketmaster and made it clear that he had no affiliation with them ( the venues had the affiliation ) . Springsteen 's organization , as well as record companies and promoters , held back substantial numbers of tickets from public sales and made their supply even tighter , especially for New Jersey shows . On the same day that New Jersey State Assemblymen Gary Schaer and Wayne DeAngelo called for an inquiry , New Jersey Attorney General Anne Milgram also said that her office and the New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs would investigate the sale of Springsteen concert tickets amidst a number of complaints . As the matter gained national attention , it became what The Washington Post described as a " public relations nightmare " for Ticketmaster . On February 5 , Ticketmaster issued an " open letter of apology " to Springsteen and his fans , saying that it would no longer link to TicketsNow from Ticketmaster during high @-@ demand sales and promising it would refund customers who inadvertently bought secondary market tickets . Pascrell , whose office received over 1 @,@ 000 complaints on the matter , and Connecticut Attorney General Richard Blumenthal also used the sales tales to indicate concern with the possible merger of Ticketmaster with Live Nation . Springsteen also voiced his objection to the merger , and his comments also gained national attention .
On February 23 , 2009 , Ticketmaster agreed to an out @-@ of @-@ court settlement with the New Jersey Attorney General . Ticketmaster agreed to refund payments made to TicketsNow and reduce its visibility , and made some 2 @,@ 000 tickets to the New Jersey shows available to complaints via random lottery , with promises of additional reparations if Springsteen scheduled a third leg to return to the U.S. in the summer . The company was not fined , but did reimburse the Attorney General 's office $ 350 @,@ 000 for investigatory expenses . Over 1 @,@ 800 people qualified for the March 31 lottery , and those that got them eventually picked up their tickets at an amusingly named " Attorney General Will Call Line " before the shows . In March 2009 , Springsteen manager Jon Landau emphasized that Springsteen never directly releases tickets into the secondary market , in the wake of revelations about other artists doing so . In May 2009 – and on the same day that Springsteen would perform at the local Xcel Energy Center – Governor of Minnesota Tim Pawlenty signed into law " the Bruce Springsteen bill " , which forbade online ticket sellers from sending frustrated customers to resale sites that offer inflated @-@ price secondary market tickets .
Different but similar Ticketmaster drama occurred on March 20 when tickets went on sale for Springsteen 's two Asbury Park Convention Hall rehearsal shows a few days hence . Dozens of fans said that the Ticketmaster automated lines gave messages that no shows were on sale , while those using the human operator lines were able to make purchases . Ticketmaster denied that anything had gone wrong .
The secondary markets ticket saga re @-@ emerged in mid @-@ May during the first leg of the tour when TicketsNow announced they had oversold by some 300 persons the date at Washington , D.C. ' s Verizon Center . TicketsNow offered double refunds and inferiorly located tickets to other Springsteen shows , but Springsteen manager Landau was quite unhappy : " We would like our audience to know that this is a problem caused entirely by Ticketmaster and its wholly owned subsidiary TicketsNow . Neither Bruce nor his management have any control whatsoever over these two troubled entities but we deeply resent the abuse of our fans . "
When Springsteen 's autumn Giants Stadium shows were announced in late May 2009 , secondary market sellers began advertising steeply marked @-@ up tickets before they went on sale . This caused Attorney General Milgram to file suit against three such sellers for fraudulent behavior , especially given that some of the advertised seat locations did not even exist . On June 1 , Congressman Pascrell announced proposed federal legislation , titled the " BOSS ACT " ( Better Oversight of Secondary Sales and Accountability in Concert Ticketing ) , which would require primary ticket sellers to disclose how many tickets were being held back from sale , prohibit ticket brokers from buying tickets during the first 48 hours on sale , and prohibit primary ticket sellers , promoters , and artists from entering the secondary market .
In February 2010 , Ticketmaster reached a settlement with the Federal Trade Commission , which denounced the company 's " deceptive bait @-@ and @-@ switch tactics " regarding phantom tickets , and made reference to an example in which the same 38 tickets to a tour show in Washington were sold and resold 1 @,@ 600 times . Ticketmaster conceded no wrongdoing but agreed to stop the practice ; they also agreed to $ 1 million in refunds for overcharges for secondary market sales via TicketsNow .
= = The show = =
= = = Planning and rehearsals = = =
One idea under early consideration was to include a mini @-@ set at each stop , containing a full performance of one of Springsteen 's classic albums . Van Zandt predicted that they would play most of Working on a Dream during the initial stages of the tour , but what the rest of the show would be was uncertain . If the full album idea did go forward , he thought 1980 's double album The River combined with outtakes from those sessions would make a full show on its own . Nothing came of the full album notion right away ; it would have to wait until the tour 's U.S. third leg to materialize .
Per past practice , Springsteen performed a couple of public rehearsal shows at Asbury Park Convention Hall before beginning the tour proper . The eight @-@ minute " Outlaw Pete " from Working on a Dream opened and various other selections from the album were played , but the show generally included patterns and staples of the early Magic Tour and other previous outings . Jay Weinberg did some of the drumming , and the band was augmented by Curtis King and Cindy Mizelle ( both veterans of the Sessions Band Tour ) as additional backing vocalists .
= = = North American first leg = = =
Once the first leg of the tour proper began at San Jose , California on April 1 , the consistent show opener was " Badlands " – whose ending , or false ending , was framed with a recurrence of the Magic Tour 's question of " Is there anybody alive out there ? " – several things became apparent . Typical shows contained only three songs from Working on a Dream : " Outlaw Pete " ( initially accompanied by a fog machine ) , " Working on a Dream " , and " Kingdom of Days " . This was in stark departure from all previous Springsteen tours , when material from newly released albums was heavily featured . One other recently released Springsteen song , " The Wrestler " , was also included in about half the set lists , although it did not share the new album 's romantic pop style . Of the other Working on a Dream songs , a couple were never attempted in private rehearsal ; some others were rehearsed privately but not publicly ; " This Life " and " Surprise Surprise " did not survive past the first Asbury Park rehearsal show ; " Good Eye " did not survive past the first proper show ; and " My Lucky Day " was played in the first three shows before being dropped . The disappearance of " This Life " and " My Lucky Day " were especially notable , given the former had an elaborate , extended multi @-@ part Beach Boys @-@ style " Ba ba ba " outro section featuring King and Mizelle in its one rehearsal performance , and that the latter was the album 's second single . Nor was the prior album , Magic , given any due , with only " Radio Nowhere " included . Set lists relied mostly upon Springsteen material up through 1984 's Born in the U.S.A. , 2002 's The Rising , and a few scattered selections from other periods .
Commenting on the paucity of new material , The Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution suggested that the whole production would more accurately be named the Havin ’ a Blast Tour . The Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette said that " The strange thing ... is that the ' Working on a Dream ' tour no longer seems to be about ' Working on a Dream ' " and suggested that the album was unpopular among many fans and as a result , " Springsteen , always the savvy showman , has chosen not to shove it down anyone 's throat . " Springsteen fans instantly discussed and analyzed setlists as shows happened on the Backstreets.com BTX website , associated with which Twitter and other sources were used to post , or in some cases crudely broadcast , shows as they happened . E Street bassist Garry Tallent and guitarist Nils Lofgren found themselves amused that fans had complained on the previous Magic Tour of too much new material being played , and were now complaining of too little . Guitarist Steve Van Zandt said that the Working on a Dream songs that were played were " big " songs , so that made up for their lack of number .
One theme that was apparent in the show was the ongoing late @-@ 2000s recession . The early part of shows contained a " recession pack " consisting of " Seeds " ( brought back from the 1980s ) , " Johnny 99 " ( elongated with incongruous train " woo @-@ whoo 's " ) , and either " Youngstown " or " The Ghost of Tom Joad " ( both featuring fiery guitar solos from Nils Lofgren ) . Encores began with a rendition of Stephen Foster 's 1850s classic " Hard Times Come Again No More " – which provided one of the few featured spots for King and Mizelle , who otherwise played a lot of tambourine – and later included both of Springsteen 's reunion @-@ era encore epics of American struggle , survival and hope , " Land of Hope and Dreams " and " American Land " . Van Zandt said that the emergence of the recession theme was in part why the concerts did not showcase the Working on a Dream album . One regular moment of optimism , however , was the playing of " Waitin ' on a Sunny Day " from The Rising , with Springsteen holding a microphone down to one or more young children in the front of the pit area to sing along to the chorus on .
One holdover from the latter stages of the Magic Tour was the " Build Me a House " stage rap , now located in " Working on a Dream " . Springsteen would say : " We 're not just here to rock the house tonight . We 're going to build a house .... We 're going to use the good news and we 're going to use the bad news . We 've got all the news we need - on this stage and in those seats . "
An even more visible holdover was the ' signs ' segment . This would begin when Springsteen collected request signs from the pit audience as an extended introduction to " Raise Your Hand " was played . Once that song completed , Springsteen selected two or three numbers to play from the requests . The first was often a garage rock classic such as " Wild Thing " , " 96 Tears " , or " Mony Mony " or a punk rock staple such as " I Wanna Be Sedated " or " London Calling " . This activity was billed as " Stump the Band " , and led to impromptu arrangements being worked out onstage . Springsteen would sometimes taunt the audience afterwards with declarations that the E Street Band could not be stumped , such as saying in Atlanta 's Philips Arena , " ... this is the greatest bar band in the land , and if they don 't think we know 96 fuckin ' Tears ! " The immediate introduction of the signs segment surprised even E Street guitarist Nils Lofgren , who thought Springsteen would hold it off until later in the tour . The precise degree of challenge in this segment was unclear , as lyrics were often loaded into the teleprompter that Springsteen uses and in some cases the songs had been soundchecked earlier . In any case , most of the challenges were to the band 's shared knowledge of British Invasion , Motown , Stax @-@ Volt , and other 1960s material . Springsteen subsequently said , " we started to take unusual requests and do songs that we 'd never played before , just depending on the common memory that the band would have from everyone 's individual playing experience as teenagers . We ended up with a system where we can jump on a lot pretty quick . " Other honored sign requests were usually for Springsteen songs not normally in the set list .
Show lengths were generally between 2 hours 30 minutes to 2 hours 45 minutes . Springsteen scheduled his two Philadelphia shows at the soon @-@ to @-@ be @-@ demolished Spectrum , commenting that " They don 't make arenas like this anymore " and stating that the smaller size and lack of luxury boxes made the old venue " ideal for rock shows . " The Spectrum had seen Springsteen 's first headlining arena show in 1976 during the Born to Run tours , and now he said they would " fulfill our solemn vow to rock the Spectrum one more time . " Accordingly , the band played local act The Dovells ' 1963 hit " You Can 't Sit Down " among other Philadelphia @-@ related selections . Springsteen voiced similar sentiments about the old @-@ but @-@ still @-@ going Nassau Coliseum , and selected The Soul Survivors ' 1967 hit " Expressway to Your Heart " as a tribute to the nearby Long Island Expressway .
Jay Weinberg appeared at a number of shows on the first , North American leg , drumming on anywhere from four songs to half the show . He had been a fan of heavy metal music for much of his life , and in playing with Springsteen he integrated a polyrhythmic approach influenced by metal bands such as Lamb of God , Mastodon , and Slipknot with the E Street drumming style derived from big bands and early rock and roll . He received a very positive reaction from both audiences and reviewers as a spark plug for the band , with his vigorous , long @-@ hair @-@ flying style inviting comparisons to Dave Grohl and his potential for replacing his father drawing allusions to Wally Pipp . Chicago Tribune critic Greg Kot wrote , " All hail Jay Weinberg . ... With [ him drumming ] the band ’ s chemistry was slightly unsettled for the better . ... His fills during ' Radio Nowhere ' kicked the song , and the concert , into a higher gear , and galvanized a band that was starting to pace itself . " Jay Weinberg said " it 's a summer job that anybody would want , " while Max Weinberg said Jay 's segments allowed him a " total out @-@ of @-@ body experience . For the first time in – I 've been with Bruce for 35 years – I 've been able to go out in the audience and enjoy a Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band concert . " Jay Weinberg played his first full show on May 14 at the Times Union Center in Albany , New York , as Max Weinberg was in California to prepare test runs for The Tonight Show with Conan O 'Brien start . Springsteen said of the occasion , “ This is the first night in 35 years that somebody else sat at the drums . ” Overall , Modern Drummer magazine 's editor said that a college freshman playing on one of the year 's biggest rock tours was " certainly a unique story " . For the final Meadowlands Arena shows of the first leg , Jay Weinberg did the first but his father took a red @-@ eye flight back from Los Angeles to do the second .
= = = Western European second leg = = =
Once the show moved into its European second leg , more Working on a Dream songs began to sporadically appear , with " My Lucky Day " becoming a regular for a while and " Queen of the Supermarket " getting its first airing anywhere . For Scandinavian shows , as band members walked on stage , Lofgren opened with solo accordion performances of local summer @-@ themed specialties , " Idas Sommarvisa " in Sweden and " Du skal ikkje sova bort sumarnatta " in Norway . Jay Weinberg did the first seven shows , as his father was now beginning The Tonight Show with Conan O 'Brien .
Springsteen and the band returned to the U.S. to make their first @-@ ever appearance at the Bonnaroo Music Festival , as the headlining act on June 13 , 2009 . Playing before festival audiences who were not guaranteed to be fans of his music was largely new to Springsteen , but after a slow start the show captured over most of the Bonnaroo audience . The following night , Springsteen joined the recently reunited and headlining Phish for three songs , " Mustang Sally " , " Bobby Jean " , and " Glory Days " . Phish guitarist Trey Anastasio said later , " I got to play with Bruce . That 's my hero . " The Bonnaroo performance of " Outlaw Pete " was included on a Fuse TV show of festival highlights , and the performance of " Tenth Avenue Freeze @-@ Out " included a bit with Triumph , the Insult Comic Dog singing along that was included on a Tonight Show with Conan O 'Brien segment . Springsteen subsequently reflected , " We played festivals for the very first time on this tour , and that was one of the greatest experiences of all of them . That was an eye @-@ opener . When we played Glastonbury [ ... ] you come out and there 's like 100 @,@ 000 kids in their 20s and under . It was fun playing on bills with other bands , and it 's something I 'd do again in the future . "
On June 25 , Max Weinberg departed The Tonight Show temporarily for four weeks to join the band for the resumption of its Western European leg , via a comedy bit that had his drum riser turn into a float that took him outside and studio and purportedly to the airport . During this stretch , Jay Weinberg did not appear during any of the shows until reappearing during the Spanish shows at the end of the leg . While Springsteen 's wife Scialfa was nowhere to be seen in Europe , their son Evan appeared and played guitar during encores of a number of shows , while Clarence Clemons ' nephew Jake also made playing appearances and Springsteen 's mother and aunt also took the stage .
He also was the headliner of the Festival des Vieilles Charrues in Brittany , France in July , his only tour stop in France . His son Evan participated in the concert , playing guitar .
Lofgren continued to open shows , playing national songs on accordion . Set lists further loosened , with many tour premieres showing up in request slots or elsewhere and shows sometimes running to 30 songs in length . After a while , the encore break was disposed with and the show ran continuously to the end without the band ever leaving the stage . Springsteen ran past local curfews at both Dublin shows and at Glastonbury . The Dublin violations resulted in a potential € 50 @,@ 000 fine , but Springsteen mocked the prospect by on @-@ staging a bit : “ We have to go , we have a curfew ! ” with Van Zandt replying , “ We don 't care about the curfew , this is the curfew breaking Boss and E Street Band ! " " American Skin ( 41 Shots ) " made unexpected appearances in Dublin and at several stops in Italy , while " My City of Ruins " was played at Stadio Olimpico in Rome in honor of the victims of the 2009 L 'Aquila earthquake . The Western European leg ended with five shows in Spain , at more out @-@ of @-@ the @-@ way locations than in the past . The last of these shows , at the Auditorio Monte do Gozo in Santiago de Compostela , was marred by disorganized security and overbooking by the promoter , leaving some of the approximately 40 @,@ 000 ticket holders unable to get in . ( Dozens of complaints against the promoter were filed to police , city , and consumer authorities the following day . ) In any event , the band played " Rockin ' All Over the World " and concluded its encore with " Born in the U.S.A. " after 1 a.m. local time ( the Spanish shows did not begin until 10 p.m. ) . Max Weinberg immediately flew back to Los Angeles and resumed his role on The Tonight Show later that same day .
= = = U.S. third leg = = =
The American third leg began in mid @-@ August with shows at outdoor amphitheaters as well as indoor arenas . Shows were often scheduled for weekends , to allow Max Weinberg to play without missing any Tonight Show time ; Jay Weinberg played those shows held during the week . Then on September 25 , Max Weinberg took a two @-@ month absence from the television show , to join Springsteen for the final portion of the leg . Ticket sales were slower than normal on this leg , partly due to Ticketmaster 's new " paperless ticketing " system that may have come into effect due to the earlier problems with Springsteen sales . In arenas that did not sell well , management relocated the people who bought tickets behind the stage to other sections and put up the screen used for stadium and amphitheater shows behind the stage . In a hint to fans to buy up , Van Zandt said , “ You never know . This could be the last tour . We do every show like it ’ s our last show anyway . ” In any case , by September 2009 the tour had sold over two million tickets overall . Even some shows in Philadelphia , long a Springsteen bastion , were not sold out .
During the U.S. third leg , it was reported that Born to Run would be featured in its entirety during several shows , possibly in a scheme to boost ticket sales . The full @-@ album idea took fruition with the late September @-@ early October set of five shows at Giants Stadium , which would be the final concerts ever in that venue in Springsteen 's home state . Born to Run was played at two shows , Darkness on the Edge of Town at one show , and Born in the U.S.A. at two shows . Springsteen later said of the full album idea , " We had done so many shows and were going to come back around one more time , so we were like , ' OK , what can we do that we haven 't done ? Let 's try to play some of the albums . ' There were some people who were starting to do it , it sounded like a good idea , and my audience fundamentally experienced all my music in album form . People took Born to Run home and played it start to finish 100 times ; they didn 't slip on a cut in the middle . And we made albums – we took a long time , and we built them to last . ... Those records are packed with songs that have lasted 30 – 35 years . It simply was a way to revitalize the show and do something appealing and fun for the fans , but it ended up being a much bigger emotional experience than I thought it would be . "
The Giants Stadium shows were opened with a new Springsteen song written for the occasion , " Wrecking Ball " , written from the point of view of the stadium itself : “ I was raised out of steel here in the swamps of Jersey , some misty years ago ... ” The stand featured several other new touches as well , including Springsteen crowd surfing during " Hungry Heart " , evocative behind @-@ the @-@ stage upper @-@ level lighting during " The Rising " , and fireworks at the " E ! Street ! Band ! " conclusion of " American Land " . The final show , which drew nearly 60 @,@ 000 people , concluded with the second playing on the stand of " Jersey Girl " , dedicated to “ all the crew and staff that ’ s worked all these years at Giants Stadium . ”
The full album versions continued , as well as a localized rendition of " Wrecking Ball " , at Springsteen 's four shows to close out the Philadelphia Spectrum as well ; some 43 different songs were playing during the stand . Apart from the album playings , Springsteen kept setlists flexible during the third leg ; sign requests continued , as in Springsteen 's words they allowed " the fans to have input into the show in a way that just pumps the blood into everything and enlivens the evening . " Born to Run remained the standard full album choice for the rest of the tour , but the two shows at New York 's Madison Square Garden saw The Wild , the Innocent & the E Street Shuffle and The River , with the latter 's 20 @-@ song length dominating the setlist . Springsteen felt The River show succeeded , saying " I sequenced [ the album ] to feel like a live show , so you have four fast songs and a couple of ballads . It played real well when we went to play it . "
Springsteen 's show on November 13 , 2009 at The Palace of Auburn Hills outside Detroit , Michigan became well known for Springsteen 's multiple statements to the crowd about being in Ohio , the first as he came on , the second during the lyric to " Wrecking Ball " , and the third in the " Build me a house " rap during " Working on a Dream " . ( The band had played in Cleveland , Ohio , three nights earlier . ) By now getting some boos from the crowd , guitarist Van Zandt , who had hoped Springsteen would stop making the mistake on his own , finally went over to Springsteen and corrected him : " ‘ You don ’ t realize it , but you ’ re saying Ohio and we ’ re in Michigan . ’ He was like ‘ What ! ? ’ " Springsteen then told the crowd that he had committed " every front man 's nightmare , " and made a show of saying " Michigan " from then on . The Spinal Tap @-@ esque blunder attracted worldwide television and print publicity . ( The show subsequently featured a rare performance of Bob Seger 's " Ramblin ' Gamblin ' Man " , appealing to Seger 's fan base in Detroit . ) Springsteen made joking references to being in Ohio , or made exaggerated statements as to being in the correct state , in subsequent shows .
During the final stretch of the tour , the final encores of many shows presented a long , rousing , ebullient rendition of Jackie Wilson 's classic " ( Your Love Keeps Lifting Me ) Higher and Higher " . Showcasing featured vocals from Cindy Mizelle or Curtis King and trumpet solos from Curt Ramm , the song stretched to eight minutes with key changes , reprises , and walks through the pit area by Springsteen and the singers , and became recognized as one of the highpoints of the entire tour . Springsteen dispelled any notion of this being the final E Street Band show or the last for a long time ; in an interview near the end of the tour he said , " We 're playing to an audience now that will outlive us . But at the same time the band is very , very powerful right now . And part of the reason it 's powerful is that it 's carrying a lot of very strong cumulative history . You come and you see 35 years of a speeding train going down the track , and you 're gonna get to be on the front end of it . We look forward to many , many more years of touring and playing and enjoying it . "
The tour concluded with the November 22 , 2009 , show at HSBC Arena in Buffalo , New York . Fans came from far away and the show dominated the feel of the city that day . The full album played was Springsteen 's first , Greetings from Asbury Park , N.J. , which he wryly said " was the miracle . This was the record that took everything from way below zero to ... one . " The performance of it was dedicated to his first manager and producer , Mike Appel , who was present in the audience , and featured quite rare renditions of " Mary Queen of Arkansas " and ( the first ever with the E Street Band ) " The Angel " . Other rarities peppered the 34 @-@ song , nearly 3 ½ -hour night , including Chuck Willis 's " ( I Don 't Want to ) Hang Up My Rock and Roll Shoes " and , to mark Steven Van Zandt 's birthday , totally obscure outtake " Restless Nights " ( supposedly Van Zandt 's favorite Springsteen song ) and a now @-@ unusual second song from the current album , " Surprise Surprise " . Near the end he said , " So we 're gonna say goodbye , but just for a little while ... a very little while ... " The tour finished not with the emotional statement in song that some other Springsteen tours have in the 2000s , but instead with John Fogerty 's " Rockin ' All Over the World " .
= = Critical and commercial reception = =
Newspaper reviews of the show often commented on the high level of energy and stamina the nearly 60 @-@ year @-@ old Springsteen brought to the concerts . The Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution and the Chicago Tribune favorably compared Springsteen to the rest of the band in this regard , saying " Some of the guys in the band look their age " and " they lack the physicality , the sustained urgency of their prime . "
The Philadelphia Inquirer and the San Jose Mercury News both commented on the fundamental problem that Springsteen seemed to be facing on the tour . The former said " Bruce Springsteen may well have miscalculated earlier this year when he released Working on a Dream , one of the most hopeful and downright happy sounding albums of his career just as a cratering economy was rendering the songs of struggle and strife that are his stock in trade more resonant than they have sounded in years . " The latter said , " As Don Rumsfeld might say , you don 't go on tour with the album you wish you had , you go on tour with the album you 've got . So Springsteen faces the tough task of hyping a new romantic pop record while simultaneously offering hope and support to a wounded nation – not an easy task . " Rolling Stone voiced a similar theory . Chicago Tribune critic Greg Kot wrote that " If there was a disappointment , it was that Springsteen didn ’ t make a stronger case for his latest album , Working on a Dream . I ’ m not a fan of the album , but I always look forward to how the singer reinvents his studio work on the stage . In this case , however , he barely touched the new material ... " Views on one , the early @-@ in @-@ show , eight @-@ minute " Outlaw Pete " – one of the few new material centerpieces – varied considerably .
The San Jose Mercury News and the Connecticut Post both gave the show a mixed review , with the former saying it was " decidedly subpar " and latter saying " the concert itself wasn 't as captivating as past visits to the state . " The Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution and The Philadelphia Inquirer were unreserved in their praise , with the former saying Springsteen " deliver [ ed ] a show that proves boomer @-@ oriented rock ' n ' roll can still tear it up " and the latter saying Springsteen adapted to circumstances " with an altered game plan that wisely plays to his strengths " . The Greensboro , North Carolina News & Record said that " Springsteen and the E Street Band were received like conquering heroes during an exhilarating three @-@ hour show that repeatedly drove the adoring , near @-@ sellout crowd into fist @-@ thrusting , sing @-@ along frenzies . " The Globe and Mail said of the tour 's sole Canadian show , " an evening with Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band still ranks as the epitome of the rock concert experience . " Rolling Stone said of the first leg 's concluding New Jersey shows , " Springsteen tours don ’ t usually hit highs like this until the end , but the band has essentially been on the road since September of 2007 . "
Of the European shows , critical reaction was generally quite favorable . The Irish Times said Springsteen showing no signs of age as he neared his 60th birthday , despite taking a spill during his stage antics in rainy Dublin , and remarked upon how " a set that features so many songs about the toughness of life ... can be delivered with such extraordinary verve that by the time you leave , you ’ re very glad to be alive . " The Independent echoed the sentiment in reviewing the Hyde Park show , writing that he showed " the vigour of a frontman a third of his age " and that " Springsteen 's intensity was staggering from first powerful vocal to final thrashed @-@ out chord . " The Bath Chronicle saluted Springsteen 's performance at Glastonbury , saying " As all the tickets were sold before Springsteen was even confirmed on the bill , he must have known he was facing something very rare for him – the musical equivalent of a sporting ' away match ' where not everyone was necessarily a worshipper at the altar of Bruce . " They concluded that Springsteen gave " a performance of passion , exuberance , exhilaration and musical majesty " while sticking with his standard tour set list and not resorting to playing many of his better @-@ known hits .
Of the final Giants Stadium stand , the New York Daily News said that " Wrecking Ball " was " a rousing declaration of defiance in the face of destruction , " and overall said that " Once again , this proved [ Springsteen ] to be one of the few performers charismatic enough , and anthemic enough , to use the stadium scale to his advantage . " Entertainment Weekly called " Wrecking Ball " " an inspiring start to another of the marathon three @-@ hour shows Springsteen still manages to put on night after night . " The New York Times said of the full performance of Born in the U.S.A. that " Springsteen sang with deeper nuance ... the songs have not faded . " Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune said that while during the first leg of the tour the band had " appeared to be running on fumes " , the Born to Run album performance was " easily the best Springsteen show with the E Streeters I 'd seen since the ' 80s . "
Looking back on the tour as a whole , and in combination with the preceding Magic Tour , Billboard magazine cover story stated that " Even for an artist who has largely built his career on epic shows , Springsteen and the E Streeters have managed to find yet another gear at this stage in their legendary career . " Springsteen himself said , " With the end of these shows , we 're coming to the end of a decade @-@ long project that really was a tremendous renewal of the power , the strength and the service that our band hopefully provides . " Springsteen also touted the quality of the shows : " I believe if you come and see us now you 're seeing the best E Street Band that 's ever played . " Specific shows from the tour were named as among the best concerts of 2009 by Spin magazine , The Philadelphia Inquirer , the Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette , and the Chicago Tribune .
Springsteen himself remained quite interested in his and the band 's commercial fortunes . He said before the tour 's start that remaining popular had been one of his motivations for the Super Bowl appearance : " I 've said no for about 10 years or however long they 've been asking , but , I tell you , we played on the last tour and there were some empty seats here and there and , well , there shouldn 't be any empty seats at an E Street Band show . I hold pride that we remain one of the great wonders of the world ... so sometimes you got to remind people a little bit . "
Through September 2009 , the Working on a Dream Tour was in the top five in grosses of 2009 tours worldwide , alongside the U2 360 ° Tour , Coldplay 's Viva la Vida Tour , and AC / DC 's Black Ice Tour . For all of 2009 , the Working on a Dream Tour was the third @-@ highest grossing tour , trailing only U2 360 ° and Madonna 's Sticky & Sweet Tour . It grossed over $ 156 million , was seen by over 1 @.@ 7 million ticket holders , and sold out 42 of 72 non @-@ festival shows . Unlike the past Magic and Devils & Dust Tours , the Working on a Dream Tour failed to win any Billboard Touring Awards . The tour completed a busy ten years on the road for Springsteen , who ranked fourth among pop artists for the decade in terms of total touring grosses .
= = Broadcasts and recordings = =
Several of the tour 's festival appearances aired on television or radio during 2009 .
One song 's worth of the June 13 Bonnaroo Music Festival appearance , " Outlaw Pete " , made it into a U.S. packaged broadcast of festival highlights for television , " The Best of Bonnaroo 2009 " , that appeared on Fuse TV on June 20 . The performance of that song subsequently appeared on a Live From Bonnaroo 2009 DVD .
Portions of the June 27 Glastonbury Festival performance were aired live on BBC Two television and BBC 6 Music radio . A number of fans complained that the full set had not been shown by the BBC , which in turn said the set had been too long to broadcast in its entirety . Televised highlights were later shown on BBC Four and BBC HD .
In conjunction with the Fourth of July holiday in the U.S. , E Street Radio featured 45 minutes from the July 3 Frankfurt Commerzbank Arena show .
In the U.S. , the Hard Rock Calling Hyde Park appearance was included in an August 21 broadcast on the VH1 , VH1 Classic , and Palladia cable channels ; seven Springsteen and E Street Band performances , including " London Calling " to open the program , were included in amongst other artists ' performances .
Several shows were filmed , but at the tour 's conclusion no decisions had been made about whether to release them on DVD or other media . Then in June 2010 , London Calling : Live in Hyde Park was released : a 163 @-@ minute , near @-@ complete Blu @-@ ray / DVD accounting of the named show .
= = Shows = =
= = Cancelled shows = =
= = Personnel = =
The E Street Band
Bruce Springsteen – lead vocals , lead guitar , rhythm guitar , acoustic guitar , harmonica
Roy Bittan – piano , synthesizer , accordion
Clarence Clemons – tenor saxophone , baritone saxophone , percussion , pennywhistle , piccolo , harmonica , whistling , background vocals
Nils Lofgren – rhythm guitar , lead guitar , pedal steel guitar , acoustic guitar , accordion , background vocals
Patti Scialfa – background vocals , some duet vocals , acoustic guitar , occasional tambourine
Garry Tallent – bass guitar , rare background vocals , rare tuba
Steven Van Zandt – rhythm guitar , lead guitar , mandolin , acoustic guitar , background vocals , occasional featured lead vocal
Max Weinberg – drums , rare tambourine
Charles Giordano – organ , accordion , electronic glockenspiel , rare piano , occasional background vocals
Soozie Tyrell – violin , acoustic guitar , percussion , background vocals
Jay Weinberg – drums
Curtis King – background vocals and tambourine
Cindy Mizelle – background vocals and tambourine
Curt Ramm – trumpet
Scialfa missed some shows on the first leg due to injuries received from falling off her horse , then due to family responsibilities , and was absent from all the shows on the European leg . She continued to miss all but a handful of shows during the U.S. third leg , including only making it to two of the five final Giants Stadium performances . As on the Magic Tour , Tyrell assumed a more prominent role when Scialfa was absent . ( Despite consistently having highly visible profiles during shows , Giordano and Tyrell have not been considered full @-@ fledged E Street Band members in official Springsteen material . ) Clemons continued to have a diminished physical role on stage due to his multiple physical problems , and was scheduled for spine surgery once the tour concluded with a 12 @-@ month recovery period . ( As it happened , Clemons never played with the E Street Band again , suffering a fatal stroke in June 2011 . ) Jay Weinberg substituted for Max Weinberg on a number of dates , and the two alternated for portions of the show on a number of other dates . Ramm , a veteran of the Sessions Band Tour , played on several songs per show during much of the U.S. third leg .
|
= World Series of Poker Casino Employee Championship =
The Casino Employees Championship is one of only three closed tournaments awarding WSOP bracelet 's at the World Series of Poker gathering . While most of the events are open to the general public , participants in the Ladies Championship , Seniors Championship , and the Casino Employees Championship must meet certain eligibility requirements . While these events are closed , the winner of these events is " afforded the same distinction as all gold bracelet tournaments . " The WSOP bracelet is considered the most coveted non @-@ monetary prize a poker player can win .
= = History = =
The World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) , held annually in Las Vegas , is " the oldest , largest , most prestigious , and most media @-@ hyped gaming competition in the world " . In 2000 , the WSOP started to honor Casino Employees by offering a bracelet event that only they could enter . The first tournament was called the " Dealers World Poker Championship " because it was limited to poker dealers . The following year the field was open to all casino employees .
Since the tournament is restricted to casino employees , most of the big name poker pros and previous bracelet winners are not allowed to participate . Therefore , even though the Casino Employee Championship is a World Series of Poker bracelet event , it has typically received relatively little coverage . Despite this perception , the Casino Employee Championship event does involve numerous recognized names in the poker world . The 2009 tournament included two time bracelet winner Pat Poels , WSOP vice president Ty Stewart , Bellagio Tournament Director / Former WSOP Director Jack McClelland , and Woman Poker Hall of Famer Marsha Waggoner .
Prior to 2003 , the tournament format was a Limit Hold 'em tournament , but in 2004 , No @-@ Limit Hold 'em became the standard . The 2006 tournament , with 1 @,@ 232 entrants , was the largest field ever for the event . Since its inception , with the exception of 2008 , the Casino Employees event has started on the first day of the WSOP . Much of the drama encountered at the Casino Championship often involves informal rivaliries between dealers and proposition players . Proposition players are people hired to play poker , with their own money , at casinos to get games started or to ensure that they do not die out . Thus , while both the prop and dealer are casino employees , they sit on opposite sides of the table .
= = Highlights = =
In 2000 , Dave Alizadeth from Las Vegas outlasted a field of 109 participants to become the first " Dealers World Poker Championship " . While other Dealer Tournaments had a reputation for sloppy play , the first Dealer Championship was noted for the seriousness with which the players approached the game . In the end , however , the winner was not determined by the deal of the cards , but by a deal at the table . According to initial reports , the deal was only achieved because " a World Series bracelet was not available for negotiation , the players decided to take their money and go home . " Other sources , however , indicate that the event was always intended to be a bracelet event . Either way , the official WSOP standings , credits Alizadeth with winning a WSOP bracelet at this event . By contrast the final three contestants at the 2003 Championship were doing Kamikaze shots . " We were all having such a great time , " the winner David Lukaszewski said , " sitting around playing poker that I think we may have forgotten about the prize money and the bracelet . "
The 2002 Casino Employee Championship almost mirrored Treetop Straus 's amazing comeback in the 1982 WSOP Main event . At the 1982 Main Event , Treetop was down to one $ 500 chip and came back to win the tournament . At the Casino Employee Championship , Dave Crunkleton , who has made 11 final WSOP tables but never won a bracelet , was down to one $ 500 chip with only four players left in the tournament . Crunkleton went all in with pocket eights and then succeeded in rebuilding his stack to $ 26 @,@ 000 before being busted in third place . The 2002 winner , David Warga went on to become the first Casino Employee Champion to win a WSOP open event in 2010 .
Many of the top professional poker players got their start working in casinos . 1998 WSOP Main Event Champion and five time bracelet winner , Scotty Nguyen 's first job was as a dealer . Ted Forrest , another five time bracelet winner , credits his ability to read players because of his experience as a dealer . One @-@ time bracelet winner Erick Lindgren also boasts a pedigree of starting out as a dealer .
= = Key = =
= = WSOP Casino Employee Championship Events = =
|
= Campaign history of the Roman military =
From its origin as a city @-@ state on the peninsula of Italy in the 8th century BC , to its rise as an empire covering much of Southern Europe , Western Europe , Near East and North Africa to its fall in the 5th century AD , the political history of Ancient Rome was closely entwined with its military history . The core of the campaign history of the Roman military is an aggregate of different accounts of the Roman military 's land battles , from its initial defense against and subsequent conquest of the city 's hilltop neighbors on the Italian peninsula , to the ultimate struggle of the Western Roman Empire for its existence against invading Huns , Vandals and Germanic tribes . These accounts were written by various authors throughout and after the history of the Empire . Following the First Punic War , naval battles were less significant than land battles to the military history of Rome due to its encompassment of lands of the periphery and its unchallenged dominance of the Mediterranean Sea .
The Roman army battled first against its tribal neighbours and Etruscan towns within Italy , and later came to dominate the Mediterranean and at its height the provinces of Britannia and Asia Minor . As with most ancient civilizations , Rome 's military served the triple purpose of securing its borders , exploiting peripheral areas through measures such as imposing tribute on conquered peoples , and maintaining internal order . From the outset , Rome 's military typified this pattern , and the majority of Rome 's campaigns were characterised by one of two types . The first is the territorial expansionist campaign , normally begun as a counter @-@ offensive , in which each victory brought subjugation of large areas of territory and allowed Rome to grow from a small town to a population of 55 million in the early empire when expansion was halted . The second is the civil war , which plagued Rome from its foundation to its eventual demise .
Roman armies were not invincible , despite their formidable reputation and host of victories , Romans " produced their share of incompetents " who led Roman armies into catastrophic defeats . Nevertheless , it was generally the fate of even the greatest of Rome 's enemies , such as Pyrrhus and Hannibal , to win the battle but lose the war . The history of Rome 's campaigning is , if nothing else , a history of obstinate persistence overcoming appalling losses .
= = Kingdom ( 753 – 508 BC ) = =
Knowledge of Roman history stands apart from other civilizations in the ancient world . Its chronicles , military and otherwise , document the city 's very foundation to its eventual demise . Although some histories have been lost , such as Trajan 's account of the Dacian Wars , and others , such as Rome 's earliest histories , are at least semi @-@ apocryphal , the extant histories of Rome 's military history are extensive .
Rome 's earliest history , from the time of its founding as a small tribal village , to the downfall of its kings , is the least well preserved . Although the early Romans were literate to some degree , this void may be due to the lack of will to record their history at that time , or such histories as they did record were lost .
Although the Roman historian Livy ( 59 BC – 17 AD ) lists a series of seven kings of early Rome in his work Ab urbe condita , from its establishment through its earliest years , the first four kings ( Romulus , Numa , Tullus Hostilius and Ancus Marcius ) may be apocryphal . A number of points of view have been proposed . Grant and others argue that prior to the establishment of the Etruscan kingdom of Rome under the traditional fifth king , Tarquinius Priscus , Rome would have been led by a religious leader of some sort . Very little is known of Rome 's military history from this era , and what history has come down to us is more of a legendary than of factual nature . Traditionally , Romulus , after founding the city , fortified the Palatine Hill , and shortly thereafter , Rome was " equal to any of the surrounding cities in her prowess in war " .
The first of the campaigns fought by the Romans in this legendary account are the wars with various Latin cities and the Sabines . According to Livy , the Latin village of Caenina responded to the event of the abduction of the Sabine women by invading Roman territory , but were routed and their village captured . The Latins of Antemnae and those of Crustumerium were defeated next in a similar fashion . The remaining main body of the Sabines attacked Rome and briefly captured the citadel , but were then convinced to conclude a treaty with the Romans under which the Sabines became Roman citizens .
There was a further war in the 8th century BC against Fidenae and Veii . In the 7th century BC there was a war with Alba Longa , a second war with Fidenae and Veii and a second Sabine War . Ancus Marcius led Rome to victory against the Latins and , according to the Fasti Triumphales , over the Veientes and Sabines also .
= = = Tarquinius Priscus ( Ruled 616 – 579 BC ) = = =
Lucius Tarquinius Priscus ' first war was waged against the Latins . Tarquinius took the Latin town of Apiolae by storm and took great booty from there back to Rome . According to the Fasti Triumphales , the war occurred prior to 588 BC .
His military ability was tested by an attack from the Sabines . Tarquinius doubled the numbers of equites to help the war effort , and defeat the Sabines . In the peace negotiations that followed , Tarquinius received the town of Collatia and appointed his nephew , Arruns Tarquinius , also known as Egerius , as commander of the garrison which he stationed in that city . Tarquinius returned to Rome and celebrated a triumph for his victories that , according to the Fasti Triumphales , occurred on 13 September 585 BC .
Subsequently the Latin cities of Corniculum , old Ficulea , Cameria , Crustumerium , Ameriola , Medullia and Nomentum were subdued and became Roman .
= = = Servius Tullius ( Ruled 578 – 535 BC ) = = =
Early in his reign , Servius Tullius warred against Veii and the Etruscans . He is said to have shown valour in the campaign , and to have routed a great army of the enemy . The war helped him to cement his position at Rome . According to the Fasti Triumphales , Servius celebrated three triumphs over the Etruscans , including on 25 November 571 BC and 25 May 567 BC ( the date of the third triumph is not legible on the Fasti ) .
= = = Tarquinius Superbus ( Ruled 535 – 509 BC ) = = =
Early in his reign Tarquinius Superbus , Rome 's seventh and final king , called a meeting of the Latin leaders at which he persuaded them to renew their treaty with Rome and become her allies rather than her enemies , and it was agreed that the troops of the Latins would attend at a grove sacred to the goddess Ferentina on an appointed day to form a united military force with the troops of Rome . This was done , and Tarquin formed combined units of Roman and Latin troops .
Tarquin next began a war against the Volsci . He took the wealthy town of Suessa Pometia , with the spoils of which he commenced the erection of the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus which his father had vowed . He also celebrated a triumph for his victory .
He was next engaged in a war with Gabii , one of the Latin cities , which had rejected the Latin treaty with Rome . Unable to take the city by force of arms , Tarquin had his son , Sextus Tarquinius , infiltrate the city , gain the trust of its people and command of its army . In time he killed or exiled the city 's leaders , and handed control of the city over to his father .
Tarquin also agreed to a peace with the Aequi , and renewed the treaty of peace between Rome and the Etruscans . According to the Fasti Triumphales , Tarquin also won a victory over the Sabines .
Tarquinius later went to war with the Rutuli . According to Livy , the Rutuli were , at that time , a very wealthy nation . Tarquinius was desirous of obtaining the booty which would come with victory over the Rutuli . Tarquin unsuccessfully sought to take the Rutulian capital , Ardea , by storm , and subsequently began an extensive siege of the city . The war was interrupted by the revolution which overthrew the Roman monarchy . The Roman army , camped outside Ardea , welcomed Lucius Junius Brutus as their new leader , and expelled the king 's sons . It is unclear what was the outcome of the siege , or indeed the war .
= = Republic = =
= = = Early ( 509 – 274 BC ) = = =
= = = = Early Italian campaigns ( 509 – 396 BC ) = = = =
The first non @-@ apocryphal Roman wars were wars of both expansion and defence , aimed at protecting Rome itself from neighbouring cities and nations and establishing its territory in the region . Florus writes that at this time " their neighbours , on every side , were continually harassing them , as they had no land of their own ... and as they were situated , as it were , at the junction of the roads to Latium and Eturia , and , at whatever gate they went out , were sure to meet a foe . "
In the semi @-@ legendary period of the early republic , sources record Rome was twice attacked by Etruscan armies . About 509 BC war with Veii and Tarquinii was said to have been instigated by the recently overthrown king Tarquinius Superbus . Again in 508 BC Tarquin persuaded the king of Clusium , Lars Porsenna , to wage war on Rome , resulting in a siege of Rome and afterwards a peace treaty .
Initially , Rome 's immediate neighbours were either Latin towns and villages on a tribal system similar to that of Rome , or else tribal Sabines from the Apennine hills beyond . One by one , Rome defeated both the persistent Sabines and the local cities that were either under Etruscan control or else Latin towns that had cast off their Etruscan rulers , as had Rome . Rome defeated the Lavinii and Tusculi in the Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC , were defeated by the Veientes in the Battle of the Cremera in 477 BC , the Sabines in an unnamed battle in 449 BC , the Aequi in the Battle of Mons Algidus in 458 BC and the Battle of Corbione in 446 BC , the Volsci in the Battle of Corbione in 446 BC the Aurunci in the Battle of Aricia , the Capture of Fidenae in 435 BC and the Siege of Veii in 396 BC , and the Capture of Antium in 377 BC . After defeating the Veientes , the Romans had effectively completed the conquest of their immediate Etruscan neighbours , as well as secured their position against the immediate threat posed by the tribespeople of the Apennine hills .
However , Rome still controlled only a very limited area and the affairs of Rome were minor even to those in Italy and Rome 's affairs were only just coming to the attention of the Greeks , the dominant cultural force at the time . At this point the bulk of Italy remained in the hands of Latin , Sabine , Samnite and other peoples in the central part of Italy , Greek colonies to the south , and the Celtic people , including the Gauls , to the north .
= = = = Celtic invasion of Italia ( 390 – 387 BC ) = = = =
By 390 BC , several Gallic tribes had begun invading Italy from the north as their culture expanded throughout Europe . Most of this was unknown to the Romans at this time , who still had purely local security concerns , but the Romans were alerted when a particularly warlike tribe , the Senones , invaded the Etruscan province of Siena from the north and attacked the town of Clusium , not far from Rome 's sphere of influence . The Clusians , overwhelmed by the size of the enemy in numbers and ferocity , called on Rome for help . Perhaps unintentionally the Romans found themselves not just in conflict with the Senones , but their primary target . The Romans met them in pitched battle at the Battle of the Allia around 390 – 387 BC . The Gauls , under their chieftain Brennus , defeated the Roman army of around 15 @,@ 000 troops and proceeded to pursue the fleeing Romans back to Rome itself and partially sacked the town before being either driven off or bought off .
Now that the Romans and Gauls had blooded one another , intermittent Roman @-@ Gallic wars were to continue between the two in Italy for more than two centuries , including the Battle of Lake Vadimo , the Battle of Faesulae in 225 BC , the Battle of Telamon in 224 BC , the Battle of Clastidium in 222 BC , the Battle of Cremona in 200 BC , the Battle of Mutina in 194 BC , the Battle of Arausio in 105 BC , and the Battle of Vercellae in 101 BC . The Celtic problem would not be resolved for Rome until the final subjugation of all Gaul following the Battle of Alesia in 52 BC .
= = = = Expansion into Italia ( 343 – 282 BC ) = = = =
After swiftly recovering from the sack of Rome , the Romans immediately resumed their expansion within Italy . Despite their successes , their mastery of the whole of Italy was by no means assured . The Samnites were a people just as martial and as rich as the Romans and had the objective of their own to secure more lands in the fertile Italian plains on which Rome itself lay . The First Samnite War of between 343 BC and 341 BC that followed widespread Samnite incursions into Rome 's territory was a relatively short affair : the Romans beat the Samnites in both the Battle of Mount Gaurus in 342 BC and the Battle of Suessula in 341 BC but were forced to withdraw from the war before they could pursue the conflict further due to the revolt of several of their Latin allies in the Latin War .
Rome was therefore forced to contend by around 340 BC against both Samnite incursions into their territory and , simultaneously , in a bitter war against their former allies . Rome bested the Latins in the Battle of Vesuvius and again in the Battle of Trifanum , after which the Latin cities were obliged to submit to Roman rule . Perhaps due to Rome 's lenient treatment of their defeated foe , the Latins submitted largely amicably to Roman rule for the next 200 years .
The Second Samnite War , from 327 BC to 304 BC , was a much longer and more serious affair for both the Romans and Samnites , running for over twenty years and incorporating twenty @-@ four battles that led to massive casualties on both sides . The fortunes of the two sides fluctuated throughout its course : the Samnites seized Neapolis in the Capture of Neapolis in 327 BC , which the Romans then re @-@ captured before losing at the Battle of the Caudine Forks and the Battle of Lautulae . The Romans then proved victorious at the Battle of Bovianum and the tide turned strongly against the Samnites from 314 BC onwards , leading them to sue for peace with progressively less generous terms . By 304 BC the Romans had effectively annexed the greater degree of the Samnite territory , founding several colonies . This pattern of meeting aggression in force and so inadvertently gaining territory in strategic counter @-@ attacks was to become a common feature of Roman military history .
Seven years after their defeat , with Roman dominance of the area looking assured , the Samnites rose again and defeated the Romans at the Battle of Camerinum in 298 BC , to open the Third Samnite War . With this success in hand they managed to bring together a coalition of several previous enemies of Rome , all of whom were probably keen to prevent any one faction dominating the entire region . The army that faced the Romans at the Battle of Sentinum in 295 BC included Samnites , Gauls , Etruscans and Umbrians . When the Roman army won a convincing victory over these combined forces it must have become clear that little could prevent Roman dominance of Italy and in the Battle of Populonia ( 282 BC ) Rome finished off the last vestiges of Etruscan power in the region .
= = = = Pyrrhic War ( 280 – 275 BC ) = = = =
By the beginning of the 3rd century , Rome had established itself in 282 BC as a major power on the Italian Peninsula , but had not yet come into conflict with the dominant military powers in the Mediterranean at the time : Carthage and the Greek kingdoms . Rome had all but completely defeated the Samnites , mastered its fellow Latin towns , and greatly reduced Etruscan power in the region . However , the south of Italy was controlled by the Greek colonies of Magna Grecia who had been allied to the Samnites , and continued Roman expansion brought the two into inevitable conflict .
In the naval Battle of Thurii , Tarentum appealed for military aid to Pyrrhus , ruler of Epirus . Motivated by his diplomatic obligations to Tarentum , and a personal desire for military accomplishment , Pyrrhus landed a Greek army of some 25 @,@ 000 men and a contingent of war elephants on Italian soil in 280 BC , where his forces were joined by some Greek colonists and a portion of the Samnites who revolted against Roman control , taking up arms against Rome for the fourth time in seventy years .
The Roman army had not yet seen elephants in battle , and their inexperience turned the tide in Pyrrhus ' favour at the Battle of Heraclea in 280 BC , and again at the Battle of Ausculum in 279 BC . Despite these victories , Pyrrhus found his position in Italy untenable . Rome steadfastly refused to negotiate with Pyrrhus as long as his army remained in Italy . Furthermore , Rome entered into a treaty of support with Carthage , and Pyrrhus found that despite his expectations , none of the other Italic peoples would defect to the Greek and Samnite cause . Facing unacceptably heavy losses with each encounter with the Roman army , and failing to find further allies in Italy , Pyrrhus withdrew from the peninsula and campaigned in Sicily against Carthage , abandoning his allies to deal with the Romans .
When his Sicilian campaign was also ultimately a failure , and at the request of his Italian allies , Pyrrhus returned to Italy to face Rome once more . In 275 BC , Pyrrhus again met the Roman army at the Battle of Beneventum . This time the Romans had devised methods to deal with the war elephants , including the use of javelins , fire and , one source claims , simply hitting the elephants heavily on the head . While Beneventum was indecisive , Pyrrhus realised that his army had been exhausted and reduced by years of foreign campaigns , and seeing little hope for further gains , he withdrew completely from Italy .
The conflicts with Pyrrhus would have a great effect on Rome . It had shown that it was capable of pitting its armies successfully against the dominant military powers of the Mediterranean , and further showed that the Greek kingdoms were incapable of defending their colonies in Italy and abroad . Rome quickly moved into southern Italia , subjugating and dividing Magna Grecia . Effectively dominating the Italian peninsula , and with a proven international military reputation , Rome now began to look to expand from the Italian mainland . Since the Alps formed a natural barrier to the north , and Rome was none too keen to meet the fierce Gauls in battle once more , the city 's gaze turned to Sicily and the islands of the Mediterranean , a policy that would bring it into direct conflict with its former ally Carthage .
= = = Middle ( 274 – 148 BC ) = = =
Rome first began to make war outside the Italian peninsula during the Punic wars against Carthage , a former Phoenician colony that had established on the north coast of Africa and developed into a powerful state . These wars , starting in 264 BC were probably the largest conflicts of the ancient world yet and saw Rome become the most powerful state of the Western Mediterranean , with territory in Sicily , North Africa , Iberia , and with the end of the Macedonian wars ( which ran concurrently with the Punic wars ) Greece as well . After the defeat of the Seleucid Emperor Antiochus III the Great in the Roman @-@ Syrian War ( Treaty of Apamea , 188 BC ) in the eastern sea , Rome emerged as the dominant Mediterranean power and the most powerful city in the classical world .
= = = = Punic Wars ( 264 – 146 BC ) = = = =
The First Punic War began in 264 BC when settlements on Sicily began to appeal to the two powers between which they lay – Rome and Carthage – in order to solve internal conflicts . The willingness of both Rome and Carthage to become embroiled on the soil of a third party may indicate a willingness to test each other 's power without wishing to enter a full war of annihilation ; certainly there was considerable disagreement within Rome about whether to prosecute the war at all . The war saw land battles in Sicily early on , such as the Battle of Agrigentum , but the theatre shifted to naval battles around Sicily and Africa . For the Romans , naval warfare was a relatively unexplored concept . Before the First Punic War in 264 BC there was no Roman navy to speak of , as all previous Roman wars had been fought on land in Italy . The new war in Sicily against Carthage , a great naval power , forced Rome to quickly build a fleet and train sailors .
Rome took to naval warfare " like a brick to water " and the first few naval battles of the First Punic War such as the Battle of the Lipari Islands were catastrophic disasters for Rome , as might fairly be expected from a city that had no real prior experience of naval warfare . However , after training more sailors and inventing a grappling engine known as a Corvus , a Roman naval force under C. Duillius was able to roundly defeat a Carthaginian fleet at the Battle of Mylae . In just four years , a state without any real naval experience had managed to better a major regional maritime power in battle . Further naval victories followed at the Battle of Tyndaris and the Battle of Cape Ecnomus .
After having won control of the seas , a Roman force landed on the African coast under Marcus Regulus , who was at first victorious , winning the Battle of Adys and forcing Carthage to sue for peace . However , the terms of peace that Rome proposed were so heavy that negotiations failed , and in response , the Carthaginians hired Xanthippus of Carthage , a mercenary from the martial Greek city @-@ state of Sparta , to reorganise and lead their army . Xanthippus managed to cut off the Roman army from its base by re @-@ establishing Carthaginian naval supremacy and then defeated and captured Regulus at the Battle of Tunis .
Despite being defeated on African soil , the Romans with their newfound naval abilities , roundly beat the Carthaginians in naval battle again – largely through the tactical innovations of the Roman fleet – at the Battle of the Aegates Islands . Carthage was left without a fleet or sufficient coin to raise a new one . For a maritime power , the loss of their access to the Mediterranean stung financially and psychologically , and the Carthaginians again sued for peace , during which negotiations , Rome battled the Ligures tribe in the Ligurian War and the Insubres in the Gallic War .
Continuing distrust led to the renewal of hostilities in the Second Punic War when Hannibal Barca , a member of the Barcid family of Carthaginian nobility , attacked Saguntum , a city with diplomatic ties to Rome . Hannibal then raised an army in Iberia and famously crossed the Italian Alps with elephants to invade Italy . In the first battle on Italian soil at Ticinus in 218 BC Hannibal defeated the Romans under Scipio the Elder in a small cavalry fight . Hannibal 's success continued with victories in the Battle of the Trebia , the Battle of Lake Trasimene , where he ambushed an unsuspecting Roman army , and the Battle of Cannae , in what is considered one of the great masterpieces of tactical art , and for a while " Hannibal seemed invincible " , able to beat Roman armies at will .
In the three battles of Nola , Roman general Marcus Claudius Marcellus managed to hold off Hannibal but then Hannibal smashed a succession of Roman consular armies at the First Battle of Capua , the Battle of the Silarus , the Second Battle of Herdonia , the Battle of Numistro and the Battle of Asculum . By this time Hannibal 's brother Hasdrubal Barca sought to cross the Alps into Italy and join his brother with a second army . Despite being defeated in Iberia in the Battle of Baecula , Hasdrubal managed to break through into Italy only to be defeated decisively by Gaius Claudius Nero and Marcus Livius Salinator on the Metaurus River .
Unable to defeat Hannibal himself on Italian soil , and with Hannibal savaging the Italian countryside but unwilling or unable to destroy Rome itself , the Romans boldly sent an army to Africa with the intention of threatening the Carthaginian capital . In 203 BC at the Battle of Bagbrades the invading Roman army under Scipio Africanus Major defeated the Carthaginian army of Hasdrubal Gisco and Syphax and Hannibal was recalled to Africa . At the famous Battle of Zama Scipio decisively defeated – perhaps even " annihilated " – Hannibal 's army in North Africa , ending the Second Punic War .
Carthage never managed to recover after the Second Punic War and the Third Punic War that followed was in reality a simple punitive mission to raze the city of Carthage to the ground . Carthage was almost defenceless and when besieged offered immediate surrender , conceding to a string of outrageous Roman demands . The Romans refused the surrender , demanding as their further terms of surrender the complete destruction of the city and , seeing little to lose , the Carthaginians prepared to fight . In the Battle of Carthage the city was stormed after a short siege and completely destroyed , its culture " almost totally extinguished " .
= = = = Conquest of the Iberian peninsula ( 219 – 18 BC ) = = = =
Rome 's conflict with the Carthaginians in the Punic Wars led them into expansion in the Iberian peninsula of modern @-@ day Spain and Portugal . The Punic empire of the Carthaginian Barcid family consisted of territories in Iberia , many of which Rome gained control of during the Punic Wars . Italy remained the main theatre of war for much of the Second Punic War , but the Romans also aimed to destroy the Barcid Empire in Iberia and prevent major Punic allies from linking up with forces in Italy .
Over the years , Rome had expanded along the southern Iberian coast until in 211 BC it captured the city of Saguntum . Following two major military expeditions to Iberia , the Romans finally crushed Carthaginian control of the peninsula in 206 BC , at the Battle of Ilipa , and the peninsula became a Roman province known as Hispania . From 206 BC onwards the only opposition to Roman control of the peninsula came from within the native Celtiberian tribes themselves , whose disunity prevented their security from Roman expansion .
Following two small @-@ scale rebellions in 197 BC , in 195 – 194 BC war broke out between the Romans and the Lusitani people in the Lusitanian War , in modern @-@ day Portugal . By 179 BC , the Romans had mostly succeeded in pacifying the region and bringing it under their control .
About 154 BC , a major revolt was re @-@ ignited in Numantia , which is known as the First Numantine War , and a long war of resistance was fought between the advancing forces of the Roman Republic and the Lusitani tribes of Hispania . The praetor Servius Sulpicius Galba and the proconsul Lucius Licinius Lucullus arrived in 151 BC and began the process of subduing the local population . In 150 BC , Galba betrayed the Lusitani leaders he had invited to peace talks and had them killed , ingloriously ending the first phase of the war .
The Lusitani revolted again in 146 BC under a new leader called Viriathus , invading Turdetania ( southern Iberia ) in a guerrilla war . The Lusitanians were initially successful , defeating a Roman army at the Battle of Tribola and going on to sack nearby Carpetania , and then besting a second Roman army at the First Battle of Mount Venus in 146 BC , again going on to sack another nearby city . In 144 BC , the general Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus campaigned successfully against the Lusitani , but failed in his attempts to arrest Viriathus .
In 144 BC , Viriathus formed a league against Rome with several Celtiberian tribes and persuaded them to rise against Rome too , in the Second Numantine War . Viriathus ' new coalition bested Roman armies at the Second Battle of Mount Venus in 144 BC and again at the failed Siege of Erisone . In 139 BC , Viriathus was finally killed in his sleep by three of his companions who had been promised gifts by Rome . In 136 and 135 BC , more attempts were made to gain complete control of the region of Numantia , but they failed . In 134 BC , the Consul Scipio Aemilianus finally succeeded in suppressing the rebellion following the successful Siege of Numantia .
Since the Roman invasion of the Iberian peninsula had begun in the south in the territories around the Mediterranean controlled by the Barcids , the last region of the peninsula to be subdued lay in the far north . The Cantabrian Wars or Astur @-@ Cantabrian Wars , from 29 BC to 19 BC , occurred during the Roman conquest of these northern provinces of Cantabria and Asturias . Iberia was fully occupied by 25 BC and the last revolt put down by 19 BC
= = = = Macedon , the Greek poleis , and Illyria ( 215 – 148 BC ) = = = =
Rome 's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedon in northern Greece to attempt to extend his power westward . Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal 's camp in Italy , to negotiate an alliance as common enemies of Rome . However , Rome discovered the agreement when Philip 's emissaries , along with emissaries from Hannibal , were captured by a Roman fleet . Desiring to prevent Philip from aiding Carthage in Italy and elsewhere , Rome sought out land allies in Greece to fight a proxy war against Macedon on its behalf and found partners in the Aetolian League of Greek city @-@ states , the Illyrians to the north of Macedon and the kingdom of Pergamon and the city @-@ state of Rhodes , which lay across the Aegean from Macedon .
The First Macedonian War saw the Romans involved directly in only limited land operations . When the Aetolians sued for peace with Philip , Rome 's small expeditionary force , with no more allies in Greece , was ready to make peace . Rome had achieved its objective of pre @-@ occupying Philip and preventing him from aiding Hannibal . A treaty was drawn up between Rome and Macedon at Phoenice in 205 BC which promised Rome a small indemnity , formally ending the First Macedonian War .
Macedon began to encroach on territory claimed by several other Greek city states in 200 BC and these pleaded for help from their newfound ally Rome . Rome gave Philip an ultimatum that he must submit Macedonia to being essentially a Roman province . Philip , unsurprisingly , refused and , after initial internal reluctance for further hostilities , Rome declared war against Philip in the Second Macedonian War . In the Battle of the Aous Roman forces under Titus Quinctius Flamininus defeated the Macedonians , and in a second larger battle under the same opposing commanders in 197 BC , in the Battle of Cynoscephalae , Flamininus again beat the Macedonians decisively . Macedonia was forced to sign the Treaty of Tempea , in which it lost all claim to territory in Greece and Asia , and had to pay a war indemnity to Rome .
Between the second and third Macedonian wars Rome faced further conflict in the region due to a tapestry of shifting rivalries , alliances and leagues all seeking to gain greater influence . After the Macedonians had been defeated in the Second Macedonian War in 197 BC , the Greek city @-@ state of Sparta stepped into the partial power vacuum in Greece . Fearing the Spartans would take increasing control of the region , the Romans drew on help from allies to prosecute the Roman @-@ Spartan War , defeating a Spartan army at the Battle of Gythium in 195 BC . They also fought their former allies the Aetolian League in the Aetolian War , against the Istrians in the Istrian War , against the Illyrians in the Illyrian War , and against Achaia in the Achaean War .
Rome now turned its attentions to Antiochus III of the Seleucid Empire to the east . After campaigns as far abroad as Bactria , India , Persia and Judea , Antiochus moved to Asia Minor and Thrace to secure several coastal towns , a move that brought him into conflict with Roman interests . A Roman force under Manius Acilius Glabrio defeated Antiochus at the Battle of Thermopylae and forced him to evacuate Greece : the Romans then pursued the Seleucids beyond Greece , beating them again in naval battles at the Battle of the Eurymedon and Battle of Myonessus , and finally in a decisive engagement of the Battle of Magnesia .
In 179 BC Philip died and his talented and ambitious son , Perseus of Macedon , took his throne and showed a renewed interest in Greece . He also allied himself with the warlike Bastarnae , and both this and his actions in Greece possibly violated the treaty signed with the Romans by his father or , if not , certainly was not " behaving as [ Rome considered ] a subordinate ally should " . Rome declared war on Macedonia again , starting the Third Macedonian War . Perseus initially had greater military success against the Romans than his father , winning the Battle of Callicinus against a Roman consular army . However , as with all such ventures in this period , Rome responded by simply sending another army . The second consular army duly defeated the Macedonians at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC and the Macedonians , lacking the reserve of the Romans and with King Perseus captured , duly capitulated , ending the Third Macedonian War .
The Fourth Macedonian War , fought from 150 BC to 148 BC , was the final war between Rome and Macedon and began when Andriscus usurped the Macedonian throne . The Romans raised a consular army under Quintus Caecilius Metellus , who swiftly defeated Andriscus at the Second battle of Pydna .
Under Lucius Mummius , Corinth was destroyed following a siege in 146 BC , leading to the surrender and thus conquest of the Achaean League ( see Battle of Corinth ) .
= = = Late ( 147 – 30 BC ) = = =
= = = = Jugurthine War ( 112 – 105 BC ) = = = =
Rome had , in the earlier Punic Wars , gained large tracts of territory in Africa , which they consolidated in the following centuries . Much of that land had been granted to the kingdom of Numidia , a kingdom on the north African coast approximating to modern Algeria , in return for its past military assistance . The Jugurthine War of 111 – 104 BC was fought between Rome and Jugurtha of Numidia and constituted the final Roman pacification of Northern Africa , after which Rome largely ceased expansion on the continent after reaching natural barriers of desert and mountain . In response to Jugurtha 's usurpation of the Numidian throne , a loyal ally of Rome since the Punic Wars , Rome intervened . Jugurtha impudently bribed the Romans into accepting his usurpation and was granted half the kingdom . Following further aggression and further bribery attempts , the Romans sent an army to depose him . The Romans were defeated at the Battle of Suthul but fared better at the Battle of the Muthul and finally defeated Jugurtha at the Battle of Thala , the Battle of Mulucha , and the Battle of Cirta ( 104 BC ) . Jugurtha was finally captured not in battle but by treachery , ending the war .
= = = = Resurgence of the Celtic threat ( 121 BC ) = = = =
Memories of the sack of Rome in 390 / 387 BC by Celtic tribes from Gaul , having been made into a legendary account that was taught to each generation of Roman youth , were still prominent despite their historical distance . In 121 BC , Rome came into contact with the Celtic tribes of the Allobroges and the Arverni , both of which they defeated with apparent ease in the First Battle of Avignon near the Rhone river and the Second Battle of Avignon , the same year .
= = = = New Germanic threat ( 113 – 101 BC ) = = = =
The Cimbrian War ( 113 – 101 BC ) was a far more serious affair than the earlier clashes of 121 BC . The Germanic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons or Teutones migrated from northern Europe into Rome 's northern territories , where they clashed with Rome and her allies . The Cimbrian War was the first time since the Second Punic War that Italia and Rome itself had been seriously threatened , and caused great fear in Rome . The opening action of the Cimbrian War , the Battle of Noreia in 112 BC , ended in defeat and near disaster for the Romans . In 105 BC the Romans were defeated at the Battle of Arausio and was the costliest Rome had suffered since the Battle of Cannae . After the Cimbri inadvertently granted the Romans a reprieve by diverting to plunder Iberia , Rome was given the opportunity to carefully prepare for and successfully meet the Cimbri and Teutons in the Battle of Aquae Sextiae ( 102 BC ) and the Battle of Vercellae ( 101 BC ) where both tribes were virtually annihilated , ending the threat .
= = = = Internal unrest ( 135 – 71 BC ) = = = =
The extensive campaigning abroad by Rome , and the rewarding of soldiers with plunder from these campaigns , led to a trend of soldiers becoming increasingly loyal to their commanders rather than to the state , and a willingness to follow their generals in battle against the state . Rome was plagued by several slave uprisings during this period , in part because in the past century vast tracts of land had been given to veterans who farmed by use of slaves and who came to greatly outnumbered their Roman masters . In the last century BC , at least twelve civil wars and rebellions occurred . This pattern did not break until Octavian ( later Caesar Augustus ) ended it by becoming a successful challenger to the Senate 's authority , and was made princeps ( emperor ) .
Between 135 BC and 71 BC there were three Servile Wars against the Roman state ; the third , and most serious , may have involved the revolution of 120 @,@ 000 to 150 @,@ 000 slaves . Additionally , in 91 BC the Social War broke out between Rome and its former allies in Italy , collectively known as the Socii , over the grievance that they shared the risk of Rome 's military campaigns , but not its rewards . Despite defeats such as the Battle of Fucine Lake , Roman troops defeated the Italian militias in decisive engagements , notably the Battle of Asculum . Although they lost militarily , the Socii achieved their objectives with the legal proclamations of the Lex Julia and Lex Plautia Papiria , which granted citizenship to more than 500 @,@ 000 Italians .
The internal unrest reached its most serious stage in the two civil wars or marches upon Rome by the consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla at the beginning of 82 BC . In the Battle of the Colline Gate at the very door of the city of Rome , a Roman army under Sulla bested an army of the Roman senate and its Samnite allies . Whatever the merits of his grievances against those in power of the state , his actions marked a watershed of the willingness of Roman troops to wage war against one another that was to pave the way for the wars of the triumvirate , the overthrowing of the Senate as the de facto head of the Roman state , and the eventual endemic usurpation of power by contenders for the emperor @-@ ship in the later Empire .
= = = = Conflicts with Mithridates ( 89 – 63 BC ) = = = =
Mithridates the Great was the ruler of Pontus , a large kingdom in Asia Minor , from 120 to 63 BC . He is remembered as one of Rome 's most formidable and successful enemies who engaged three of the most prominent generals of the late Roman Republic : Sulla , Lucullus , and Pompey the Great . In a pattern familiar from the Punic Wars , the Romans came into conflict with him after the two states ' spheres of influence began to overlap . Mithridates antagonised Rome by seeking to expand his kingdom , and Rome for her part seemed equally keen for war and the spoils and prestige that it might bring . After conquering western Anatolia ( modern Turkey ) in 88 BC , Roman sources claim that Mithridates ordered the killing of the majority of the 80 @,@ 000 Romans living there . In the subsequent First Mithridatic War , the Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla forced Mithridates out of Greece proper after the Battle of Chaeronea and later Battle of Orchomenus but then had to return to Italy to answer the internal threat posed by his rival Marius ; consequently , Mithridates VI was defeated but not destroyed . A peace was made between Rome and Pontus , but this proved only a temporary lull .
The Second Mithridatic War began when Rome tried to annex Bithynia as a province . In the Third Mithridatic War , first Lucius Licinius Lucullus and then Pompey the Great were sent against Mithridates . Mithridates was finally defeated by Pompey in the night @-@ time Battle of the Lycus . After defeating Mithridates , Pompey invaded Caucacus , subjugated the Kingdom of Iberia and established Roman control over Colchis .
= = = = Campaign against the Cilician pirates ( 67 BC ) = = = =
The Mediterranean had at this time fallen into the hands of pirates , largely from Cilicia . Rome had destroyed many of the states that had previously policed the Mediterranean with fleets , but had failed to step into the gap created . The pirates had seized the opportunity of a relative power vacuum and had not only strangled shipping lanes but had plundered many cities on the coasts of Greece and Asia , and had even made descents upon Italy itself . After the Roman admiral Marcus Antonius Creticus ( father of the triumvir Marcus Antonius ) failed to clear the pirates to the satisfaction of the Roman authorities , Pompey was nominated his successor as commander of a special naval task force to campaign against them . It supposedly took Pompey just forty days to clear the western portion of the western Mediterranean of pirates , and restore communication between Iberia , Africa , and Italy . Plutarch describes how Pompey first swept their craft from the Mediterranean in a series of small actions and through the promise of honouring the surrender of cities and craft . He then followed the main body of the pirates to their strongholds on the coast of Cilicia , and destroyed them there in the naval Battle of Korakesion .
= = = = Caesar 's early campaigns ( 59 – 50 BC ) = = = =
During a term as praetor in Iberia , Pompey 's contemporary Julius Caesar of the Roman Julii clan defeated the Calaici and Lusitani in battle . Following a consular term , he was then appointed to a five @-@ year term as Proconsular Governor of Transalpine Gaul ( current southern France ) and Illyria ( the coast of Dalmatia ) . Not content with an idle governorship , Caesar strove to find reason to invade Gaul , which would give him the dramatic military success he sought . To this end he stirred up popular nightmares of the first sack of Rome by the Gauls and the more recent spectre of the Cimbri and Teutones . When the Helvetii and Tigurini tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near ( not into ) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul , Caesar had the barely sufficient excuse he needed for his Gallic Wars , fought between 58 BC and 49 BC . After slaughtering the Helvetii tribe , Caesar prosecuted a " long , bitter and costly " campaign against other tribes across the breadth of Gaul , many of whom had fought alongside Rome against their common enemy the Helvetii , and annexed their territory to that of Rome . Plutarch claims that the campaign cost a million Gallic lives . Although " fierce and able " the Gauls were handicapped by internal disunity and fell in a series of battles over the course of a decade .
Caesar defeated the Helvetii in 58 BC at the Battle of the Arar and Battle of Bibracte , the Belgic confederacy known as the Belgae at the Battle of the Axona , the Nervii in 57 BC at the Battle of the Sabis , the Aquitani , Treviri , Tencteri , Aedui and Eburones in unknown battles , and the Veneti in 56 BC . In 55 and 54 BC he made two expeditions to Britain . In 52 BC , following the Siege of Avaricum and a string of inconclusive battles , Caesar defeated a union of Gauls led by Vercingetorix at the Battle of Alesia , completing the Roman conquest of Transalpine Gaul . By 50 BC , the entirety of Gaul lay in Roman hands . Caesar recorded his own accounts of these campaigns in Commentarii de Bello Gallico ( " Commentaries on the Gallic War " ) .
Gaul never regained its Celtic identity , never attempted another nationalist rebellion , and remained loyal to Rome until the fall of the Western Empire in 476 AD . However , although Gaul itself was to thereafter remain loyal , cracks were appearing in the political unity of Rome 's governing figures – partly over concerns over the loyalty of Caesar 's Gallic troops to his person rather than the state – that were soon to drive Rome into a lengthy series of civil wars .
= = = = Triumvirates , Caesarian ascension , and revolt ( 53 – 30 BC ) = = = =
By 59 BC an unofficial political alliance known as the First Triumvirate was formed between Gaius Julius Caesar , Marcus Licinius Crassus , and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus to share power and influence . It was always an uncomfortable alliance given that Crassus and Pompey intensely disliked one another . In 53 BC , Crassus launched a Roman invasion of the Parthian Empire . After initial successes , he marched his army deep into the desert ; but here his army was cut off deep in enemy territory , surrounded and slaughtered at the Battle of Carrhae in " the greatest Roman defeat since Hannibal " in which Crassus himself perished . The death of Crassus removed some of the balance in the Triumvirate and , consequently , Caesar and Pompey began to move apart . While Caesar was fighting against Vercingetorix in Gaul , Pompey proceeded with a legislative agenda for Rome that revealed that he was at best ambivalent towards Caesar and perhaps now covertly allied with Caesar 's political enemies . In 51 BC , some Roman senators demanded that Caesar would not be permitted to stand for Consul unless he turned over control of his armies to the state , and the same demands were made of Pompey by other factions . Relinquishing his army would leave Caesar defenceless before his enemies . Caesar chose Civil War over laying down his command and facing trial . The triumvirate was shattered and conflict was inevitable .
Pompey initially assured Rome and the senate that he could defeat Caesar in battle should he march on Rome . However , by the spring of 49 BC , when Caesar crossed the Rubicon river with his invading forces and swept down the Italian peninsula towards Rome , Pompey ordered the abandonment of Rome . Caesar 's army was still under @-@ strength , with certain units remaining in Gaul , but on the other hand Pompey himself only had a small force at his command , and that with uncertain loyalty having served under Caesar . Tom Holland attributes Pompey 's willingness to abandon Rome to waves of panicking refugees as an attempt to stir ancestral fears of invasions from the north . Pompey 's forces retreated south towards Brundisium , and then fled to Greece . Caesar first directed his attention to the Pompeian stronghold of Iberia but following campaigning by Caesar in the Siege of Massilia and Battle of Ilerda he decided to tackle Pompey in Greece . Pompey initially defeated Caesar at the Battle of Dyrrachium in 48 BC but failed to follow up on the victory . Pompey was decisively defeated in the Battle of Pharsalus in 48 BC despite outnumbering Caesar 's forces two to one . Pompey fled again , this time to Egypt , where he was murdered in an attempt to ingratiate the country with Caesar and avoid a war with Rome .
Pompey 's death did not see the end of the civil wars since initially Caesar 's enemies were manifold and Pompey 's supporters continued to fight on after his death . In 46 BC Caesar lost perhaps as much as a third of his army when his former commander Titus Labienus , who had defected to the Pompeians several years earlier , defeated him at the Battle of Ruspina . However , after this low point Caesar came back to defeat the Pompeian army of Metellus Scipio in the Battle of Thapsus , after which the Pompeians retreated yet again to Iberia . Caesar defeated the combined forces of Titus Labienus and Gnaeus Pompey the Younger at the Battle of Munda in Iberia . Labienus was killed in the battle and the Younger Pompey captured and executed .
Despite his military success , or probably because of it , fear spread of Caesar , now the primary figure of the Roman state , becoming an autocratic ruler and ending the Roman Republic . This fear drove a group of senators naming themselves The Liberators to assassinate him in 44 BC . Further civil war followed between those loyal to Caesar and those who supported the actions of the Liberators . Caesar 's supporter Mark Antony condemned Caesar 's assassins and war broke out between the two factions . Antony was denounced as a public enemy , and Octavian was entrusted with the command of the war against him . In the Battle of Forum Gallorum Antony , besieging Caesar 's assassin Decimus Brutus in Mutina , defeated the forces of the consul Pansa , who was killed , but Antony was then immediately defeated by the army of the other consul , Hirtius . At the Battle of Mutina Antony was again defeated in battle by Hirtius , who was killed . Although Antony failed to capture Mutina , Decimus Brutus was murdered shortly thereafter .
Octavian betrayed his party , and came to terms with Caesarians Antony and Lepidus and on 26 November 43 BC the Second Triumvirate was formed , this time in an official capacity . In 42 BC Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fought the indecisive Battle of Philippi with Caesar 's assassins Marcus Brutus and Cassius . Although Brutus defeated Octavian , Antony defeated Cassius , who committed suicide . Brutus also committed suicide shortly afterwards .
Civil war flared again when the Second Triumvirate of Octavian , Lepidus and Mark Antony failed just as the first had almost as soon as its opponents had been removed . The ambitious Octavian built a power base and then launched a campaign against Mark Antony . Together with Lucius Antonius , Mark Antony 's wife Fulvia raised an army in Italy to fight for Antony 's rights against Octavian but she was defeated by Octavian at the Battle of Perugia . Her death led to partial reconciliation between Octavian and Antony who went on to crush the army of Sextus Pompeius , the last focus of opposition to the second triumvirate , in the naval Battle of Naulochus .
As before , once opposition to the triumvirate was crushed , it started to tear at itself . The triumvirate expired on the last day of 33 BC and was not renewed in law and in 31 BC , war began again . At the Battle of Actium , Octavian decisively defeated Antony and Cleopatra in a naval battle near Greece , using fire to destroy the enemy fleet .
Octavian went on to become Emperor under the name Augustus and , in the absence of political assassins or usurpers , was able to greatly expand the borders of the Empire .
= = Empire = =
= = = Early to Middle ( 30 BC – 180 AD ) = = =
= = = = Imperial expansion ( 40 BC – 117 AD ) = = = =
Secure from interior enemies , Rome achieved great territorial gains in both the East and the West . In the West , following humiliating defeats at the hands of the Sugambri , Tencteri and Usipetes tribes in 16 BC , Roman armies pushed north and east out of Gaul to subdue much of Germania . The Pannonian revolt in 6 AD forced the Romans to cancel their plan to cement their conquest of Germania . Despite the loss of a large army almost to the man of Varus ' famous defeat at the hands of the Germanic leader Arminius in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD , Rome recovered and continued its expansion up to and beyond the borders of the known world . Roman armies under Germanicus pursued several more campaigns against the Germanic tribes of the Marcomanni , Hermunduri , Chatti , Cherusci , Bructeri , and Marsi . Overcoming several mutinies in the armies along the Rhine , Germanicus defeated the Germanic tribes of Arminius in a series of battles culminating in the Battle of the Weser River .
After Caesar 's preliminary low @-@ scale invasions of Britain , the Romans invaded in force in 43 AD , forcing their way inland through several battles against British tribes , including the Battle of the Medway , the Battle of the Thames , the Battle of Caer Caradoc and the Battle of Mona . Following a general uprising in which the Britons sacked Colchester , St Albans and London , the Romans suppressed the rebellion in the Battle of Watling Street and went on to push as far north as central Scotland in the Battle of Mons Graupius . Tribes in modern @-@ day Scotland and Northern England repeatedly rebelled against Roman rule and two military bases were established in Britannia to protect against rebellion and incursions from the north , from which Roman troops built and manned Hadrian 's Wall .
On the continent , the extension of the Empire 's borders beyond the Rhine hung in the balance for some time , with the emperor Caligula apparently poised to invade Germania in 39 AD , and Cnaeus Domitius Corbulo crossing the Rhine in 47 AD and marching into the territory of the Frisii and Chauci . Caligula 's successor , Claudius , ordered the suspension of further attacks across the Rhine , setting what was to become the permanent limit of the Empire 's expansion in this direction .
Further east , Trajan turned his attention to Dacia , an area north of Macedon and Greece and east of the Danube that had been on the Roman agenda since before the days of Caesar when they had beaten a Roman army at the Battle of Histria . In 85 AD , the Dacians had swarmed over the Danube and pillaged Moesia and initially defeated an army the Emperor Domitian sent against them , but the Romans were victorious in the Battle of Tapae in AD 88 and a truce was drawn up .
Emperor Trajan recommenced hostilities against Dacia and , following an uncertain number of battles , defeated the Dacian general Decebalus in the Second Battle of Tapae in 101 AD . With Trajan 's troops pressing towards the Dacian capital Sarmizegethusa , Decebalus once more sought terms . Decebalus rebuilt his power over the following years and attacked Roman garrisons again in 105 AD . In response Trajan again marched into Dacia , besieging the Dacian capital in the Siege of Sarmizethusa , and razing it to the ground . With Dacia quelled , Trajan subsequently invaded the Parthian empire to the east , his conquests taking the Roman Empire to its greatest extent . Rome 's borders in the east were indirectly governed through a system of client states for some time , leading to less direct campaigning than in the west in this period .
The Kingdom of Armenia between the Black Sea and Caspian Sea became a focus of contention between Rome and the Parthian Empire , and control of the region was repeatedly gained and lost . The Parthians forced Armenia into submission from 37 AD but in 47 AD the Romans retook control of the kingdom and offered it client kingdom status . Under Nero , the Romans fought a campaign between 55 and 63 AD against the Parthian Empire , which had again invaded Armenia . After gaining Armenia once more in 60 AD and subsequently losing it again in 62 AD , the Romans sent Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo in 63 AD into the territories of Vologases I of Parthia . Corbulo succeeded in returning Armenia to Roman client status , where it remained for the next century .
= = = = Year of the Four Emperors ( 69 AD ) = = = =
In 69 AD , Marcus Salvius Otho , governor of Lusitania , had the Emperor Galba murdered and claimed the throne for himself . However , Vitellius , governor of the province of Germania Inferior , had also claimed the throne and marched on Rome with his troops . Following an inconclusive battle near Antipolis , Vitellius ' troops attacked the city of Placentia in the Assault of Placentia , but were repulsed by the Othonian garrison .
Otho left Rome on March 14 , and marched north towards Placentia to meet his challenger . In the Battle of Locus Castorum the Othonians had the better of the fighting , and Vitellius ' troops retreated to Cremona . The two armies met again on the Via Postunia , in the First Battle of Bedriacum , after which the Othonian troops fled back to their camp in Bedriacum , and the next day surrendered to the Vitellian forces . Otho decided to commit suicide rather than fight on .
Meanwhile , the forces stationed in the Middle East provinces of Judaea and Syria had acclaimed Vespasian as emperor and the Danubian armies of the provinces of Raetia and Moesia also acclaimed Vespasian as emperor . Vespasian 's and Vitellius ' armies met in the Second Battle of Bedriacum , after which the Vitellian troops were driven back into their camp outside Cremona , which was taken . Vespasian 's troops then attacked Cremona itself , which surrendered .
Under pretence of siding with Vespasian , Civilis of Batavia had taken up arms and induced the inhabitants of his native country to rebel . The rebelling Batavians were immediately joined by several neighbouring German tribes including the Frisii . These forces drove out the Roman garrisons near the Rhine and defeated a Roman army at the Battle of Castra Vetera , after which many Roman troops along the Rhine and in Gaul defected to the Batavian cause . However , disputes soon broke out amongst the different tribes , rendering co @-@ operation impossible ; Vespasian , having successfully ended the civil war , called upon Civilis to lay down his arms , and on his refusal his legions met him in force , defeating him in the Battle of Augusta Treverorum .
= = = = Jewish revolts ( 66 – 135 AD ) = = = =
The first Jewish @-@ Roman War , sometimes called The Great Revolt , was the first of three major rebellions by the Jews of Judaea Province against the Roman Empire . Judea was already a troubled region with bitter violence among several competing Jewish sects and a long history of rebellion The Jews ' anger turned on Rome following robberies from their temples and Roman insensitivity – Tacitus says disgust and repulsion – towards their religion . The Jews began to prepare for armed revolt . Early successes , including the repulse of the First Siege of Jerusalem and the Battle of Beth @-@ Horon , only attracted greater attention from Rome and Emperor Nero appointed general Vespasian to crush the rebellion . Vespasian led his forces in a methodical clearance of the areas in revolt . By the year 68 AD , Jewish resistance in the North had been crushed . A few towns and cities held out for a few years before falling to the Romans , leading to the Siege of Masada in 73 AD and the Second Siege of Jerusalem .
In 115 AD , revolt broke out again in the province , leading to the second Jewish @-@ Roman war known as the Kitos War , and again in 132 AD in what is known as Bar Kokhba 's revolt . Both were brutally crushed .
= = = = Struggle with Parthia ( 114 – 217 AD ) = = = =
By the 2nd century AD the territories of Persia were controlled by the Arsacid dynasty and known as the Parthian Empire . Due in large part to their employment of powerful heavy cavalry and mobile horse archers , Parthia was the most formidable enemy of the Roman Empire in the east . As early as 53 BC , the Roman general Crassus had invaded Parthia , but he was killed and his army was defeated at the Battle of Carrhae . In the years following Carrhae , the Romans were divided in civil war and hence unable to campaign against Parthia . Trajan also campaigned against the Parthians from 114 – 117 AD and briefly captured their capital Ctesiphon , putting the puppet ruler Parthamaspates on the throne . However , rebellions in Babylonia and the Jewish revolts in Judea made it difficult to maintain the captured province and the territories were abandoned .
A revitalised Parthian Empire renewed its assault in 161 AD , defeating two Roman armies and invading Armenia and Syria . Emperor Lucius Verus and general Gaius Avidius Cassius were sent in 162 AD to counter the resurgent Parthia . In this war , the Parthian city of Seleucia on the Tigris was destroyed and the palace at the capital Ctesiphon was burned to the ground by Avidius Cassius in 164 AD . The Parthians made peace but were forced to cede western Mesopotamia to the Romans .
In 197 AD , Emperor Septimius Severus waged a brief and successful war against the Parthian Empire in retaliation for the support given to a rival for the imperial throne Pescennius Niger . The Parthian capital Ctesiphon was sacked by the Roman army , and the northern half of Mesopotamia was restored to Rome .
Emperor Caracalla , the son of Severus , marched on Parthia in 217 AD from Edessa to begin a war against them , but he was assassinated while on the march . In 224 AD , the Parthian Empire was crushed not by the Romans but by the rebellious Persian vassal king Ardashir I , who revolted , leading to the establishment of Sassanid Empire of Persia , which replaced Parthia as Rome 's major rival in the East .
Throughout the Parthian wars , tribal groups along the Rhine and Danube took advantage of Rome 's preoccupation with the eastern frontier ( and the plague that the Romans suffered from after bringing it back from the east ) and launched a series of incursions into Roman territories , including the Marcomannic Wars .
= = = Late ( 180 – 476 AD ) = = =
= = = = Migration period ( 163 – 378 AD ) = = = =
After Varus ' defeat in Germania in the 1st century , Rome had adopted a largely defensive strategy along the border with Germania , constructing a line of defences known as limes along the Rhine . Although the exact historicity is unclear , since the Romans often assigned one name to several distinct tribal groups , or conversely applied several names to a single group at different times , some mix of Germanic peoples , Celts , and tribes of mixed Celto @-@ Germanic ethnicity were settled in the lands of Germania from the 1st century onwards . The Cherusci , Bructeri , Tencteri , Usipi , Marsi , and Chatti of Varus ' time had by the 3rd century either evolved into or been displaced by a confederacy or alliance of Germanic tribes collectively known as the Alamanni , first mentioned by Cassius Dio describing the campaign of Caracalla in 213 AD .
In around 166 AD , several Germanic tribes pushed across the Danube , striking as far as Italy itself in the Siege of Aquileia in 166 AD , and the heartland of Greece in the Sack of Eleusis .
Although the essential problem of large tribal groups on the frontier remained much the same as the situation Rome faced in earlier centuries , the 3rd century saw a marked increase in the overall threat , although there is disagreement over whether external pressure increased , or Rome 's ability to meet it declined . The Carpi and Sarmatians whom Rome had held at bay were replaced by the Goths and likewise the Quadi and Marcomanni that Rome had defeated were replaced by the greater confederation of the Alamanni .
The assembled warbands of the Alamanni frequently crossed the limes , attacking Germania Superior such that they were almost continually engaged in conflicts with the Roman Empire , whilst Goths attacked across the Danube in battles such as the Battle of Beroa and Battle of Philippopolis in 250 AD and the Battle of Abrittus in 251 AD , and both Goths and Heruli ravaged the Aegean and , later , Greece , Thrace and Macedonia . However , their first major assault deep into Roman territory came in 268 AD . In that year the Romans were forced to denude much of their German frontier of troops in response to a massive invasion by another new Germanic tribal confederacy , the Goths , from the east . The pressure of tribal groups pushing into the Empire was the end result of a chain of migrations with its roots far to the east : Huns from the Russian steppe attacked the Goths , who in turn attacked the Dacians , Alans and Sarmatians at or within Rome 's borders . The Goths first appeared in history as a distinct people in this invasion of 268 AD when they swarmed over the Balkan peninsula and overran the Roman provinces of Pannonia and Illyricum and even threatened Italia itself .
The Alamanni seized the opportunity to launch a major invasion of Gaul and northern Italy . However , the Visigoths were defeated in battle that summer near the modern Italian @-@ Slovenian border and then routed in the Battle of Naissus that September by Gallienus , Claudius and Aurelian , who then turned and defeated the Alemanni at the Battle of Lake Benacus . Claudius ' successor Aurelian defeated the Goths twice more in the Battle of Fanum Fortunae and the Battle of Ticinum . The Goths remained a major threat to the Empire but directed their attacks away from Italy itself for several years after their defeat . By 284 AD , Gothic troops were serving on behalf of the Roman military as federated troops .
The Alamanni on the other hand resumed their drive towards Italy almost immediately . They defeated Aurelian at the Battle of Placentia in 271 AD but were beaten back for a short time after they lost the battles of Fano and Pavia later that year . They were beaten again in 298 AD at the battles of Lingones and Vindonissa but fifty years later they were resurgent again , making incursions in 356 AD at the Battle of Reims , in 357 AD at the Battle of Strasbourg , in 367 AD at the Battle of Solicinium and in 378 AD at Battle of Argentovaria . In the same year the Goths inflicted a crushing defeat on the Eastern Empire at the Battle of Adrianople , in which the Eastern Emperor Valens was massacred along with tens of thousands of Roman troops .
At the same time , Franks raided through the North Sea and the English Channel , Vandals pressed across the Rhine , Iuthungi against the Danube , Iazyges , Carpi and Taifali harassed Dacia , and Gepids joined the Goths and Heruli in attacks round the Black Sea . At around the same time , lesser @-@ known tribes such as the Bavares , Baquates and Quinquegentanei raided Africa .
At the start of the 5th century , the pressure on Rome 's western borders was growing intense . However , it was not only the western borders that were under threat : Rome was also under threat both internally and on its eastern borders .
= = = = Usurpers ( 193 – 394 AD ) = = = =
An army that was often willing to support its general over its emperor , meant that if commanders could establish sole control of their army , they could usurp the imperial throne from that position . The so @-@ called Crisis of the Third Century describes the turmoil of murder , usurpation and in @-@ fighting that followed the murder of the Emperor Alexander Severus in 235 AD . However , Cassius Dio marks the wider imperial decline as beginning in 180 AD with the ascension of Commodus to the throne , a judgement with which Gibbon concurred , and Matyszak states that " the rot ... had become established long before " even that .
Although the crisis of the 3rd century was not the absolute beginning of Rome 's decline , it nevertheless did impose a severe strain on the empire as Romans waged war on one another as they had not done since the last days of the Republic . Within the space of a single century , twenty @-@ seven military officers declared themselves emperors and reigned over parts of the empire for months or days , all but two meeting with a violent end . The time was characterized by a Roman army that was as likely to be attacking itself as it was an outside invader , reaching a low point around 258 AD . Ironically , while it was these usurpations that led to the breakup of the Empire during the crisis , it was the strength of several frontier generals that helped reunify the empire through force of arms .
The situation was complex , often with three or more usurpers in existence at once . Septimius Severus and Pescennius Niger , both rebel generals declared to be emperors by the troops they commanded , clashed for the first time in 193 AD at the Battle of Cyzicus , in which Niger was defeated . However , it took two further defeats at the Battle of Nicaea later that year and the Battle of Issus the following year , for Niger to be destroyed . Almost as soon as Niger 's userpation had been ended , Severus was forced to deal with another rival for the throne in the person of Clodius Albinus , who had originally been allied to Severus . Albinus was proclaimed emperor by his troops in Britain and , crossing over to Gaul , defeated Severus ' general Virius Lupus in battle , before being in turn defeated and killed in the Battle of Lugdunum by Severus himself .
After this turmoil , Severus faced no more internal threats for the rest of his reign , and the reign of his successor Caracalla passed uninterrupted for a while until he was murdered by Macrinus , who proclaimed himself emperor . Despite Macrinus having his position ratified by the Roman senate , the troops of Varius Avitus declared him to be emperor instead , and the two met in battle at the Battle of Antioch in 218 AD , in which Macrinus was defeated . However , Avitus himself , after taking the imperial name Elagabalus , was murdered shortly afterwards and Alexander Severus was proclaimed emperor by both the Praetorian Guard and the senate who , after a short reign , was murdered in turn . His murderers were working on behalf of the army who were unhappy with their lot under his rule and who raised in his place Maximinus Thrax . However , just as he had been raised by the army , Maximinus was also brought down by them and despite winning the Battle of Carthage against the senate 's newly proclaimed Gordian II , he too was murdered when it appeared to his forces as though he would not be able to best the next senatorial candidate for the throne , Gordian III .
Gordian III 's fate is not certain , although he may have been murdered by his own successor , Philip the Arab , who ruled for only a few years before the army again raised a general , Decius , by their proclamation to emperor , who then defeated Philip in the Battle of Verona . Several succeeding generals avoided battling usurpers for the throne by being murdered by their own troops before battle could commence . The lone exception to this rule was Gallienus , emperor from 260 to 268 AD , who confronted a remarkable array of usurpers , most of whom he defeated in pitched battle . The army was mostly spared further infighting until around 273 AD , when Aurelian defeated the Gallic usurper Tetricus in the Battle of Chalons . The next decade saw an incredible number of usurpers , sometimes three at the same time , all vying for the imperial throne . Most of the battles are not recorded , due primarily to the turmoil of the time , until Diocletian , a usurper himself , defeated Carinus at the Battle of the Margus and become emperor .
Some small measure of stability again returned at this point , with the empire split into a Tetrarchy of two greater and two lesser emperors , a system that staved off civil wars for a short time until 312 AD . In that year , relations between the tetrarchy collapsed for good and Constantine I , Licinius , Maxentius and Maximinus jostled for control of the empire . In the Battle of Turin Constantine defeated Maxentius , and in the Battle of Tzirallum , Licinius defeated Maximinus . From 314 AD onwards , Constantine defeated Licinius in the Battle of Cibalae , then the Battle of Mardia , and then again at the Battle of Adrianople , the Battle of the Hellespont and the Battle of Chrysopolis .
Constantine then turned upon Maxentius , beating him in the Battle of Verona and the Battle of Milvian Bridge in the same year . Constantine 's son Constantius II inherited his father 's rule and later defeated the usurper Magnentius in first the Battle of Mursa Major and then the Battle of Mons Seleucus .
Successive emperors Valens and Theodosius I also defeated usurpers in , respectively , the Battle of Thyatira , and the battles of the Save and the Frigidus .
= = = = Struggle with the Sassanid Empire ( 230 – 363 AD ) = = = =
After overthrowing the Parthian confederacy , the Sassanid Empire that arose from its remains pursued a more aggressive expansionist policy than their predecessors and continued to make war against Rome . In 230 AD , the first Sassanid emperor attacked Roman territory first in Armenia and then in Mesopotamia but Roman losses were largely restored by Severus within a few years . In 243 AD , Emperor Gordian III 's army retook the Roman cities of Hatra , Nisibis and Carrhae from the Sassanids after defeating the Sassanids at the Battle of Resaena but what happened next is unclear : Persian sources claim that Gordian was defeated and killed in the Battle of Misikhe but Roman sources mention this battle only as an insignificant setback and suggest that Gordian died elsewhere .
Certainly , the Sassanids had not been cowed by the previous battles with Rome and in 253 AD the Sassanids under Shapur I penetrated deeply into Roman territory several times , defeating a Roman force at the Battle of Barbalissos and conquering and plundering Antiochia in 252 AD following the Siege of Antiochia . The Romans recovered Antioch by 253 AD , and Emperor Valerian gathered an army and marched eastward to the Sassanid borders . In 260 AD at the Battle of Edessa the Sassanids defeated the Roman army and captured the Roman Emperor Valerian .
By the late 3rd century , Roman fortunes on the eastern frontier improved dramatically . During a period of civil upheaval in Persia , emperor Carus led a successful campaign into Persia essentially uncontested , sacking Ctesiphon in 283 AD . During the reign of the Tetrarchy , emperors Diocletian and Galerius brought a decisive conclusion to the war , sacking Ctesiphon in 299 AD and expanding the Roman eastern frontier dramatically with the Treaty of Nisibis . The treaty brought lasting peace between Rome and the Sassanids for almost four decades until the end of Constantine the Great 's reign . In 337 AD , Shapur II broke the peace and began a 26 @-@ year conflict , attempting with little success to conquer Roman fortresses in the region . After early Sassanid successes including the Battle of Amida in 359 AD and the Siege of Pirisabora in 363 AD , Emperor Julian met Shapur in 363 AD in the Battle of Ctesiphon outside the walls of the Persian capital . The Romans were victorious but were unable to take the city , and were forced to retreat due to their vulnerable position in the middle of hostile territory . Julian was killed in the Battle of Samarra during the retreat , possibly by one of his own men .
There were several future wars , although all brief and small @-@ scale , since both the Romans and the Sassanids were forced to deal with threats from other directions during the 5th century . A war against Bahram V in 420 AD over the persecution of the Christians in Persia led to a brief war that was soon concluded by treaty and in 441 AD a war with Yazdegerd II was again swiftly concluded by treaty after both parties battled threats elsewhere .
= = = = Collapse of the Western Empire ( 402 – 476 AD ) = = = =
Many theories have been advanced in way of explanation for decline of the Roman Empire , and many dates given for its fall , from the onset of its decline in the 3rd century to the fall of Constantinople in 1453 . Militarily , however , the Empire finally fell after first being overrun by various non @-@ Roman peoples and then having its heart in Italy seized by Germanic troops in a revolt . The historicity and exact dates are uncertain , and some historians do not consider that the Empire fell at this point .
The Empire became gradually less Romanised and increasingly Germanic in nature : although the Empire buckled under Visigothic assault , the overthrow of the last Emperor Romulus Augustus was carried out by federated Germanic troops from within the Roman army rather than by foreign troops . In this sense had Odoacer not renounced the title of Emperor and named himself " King of Italy " instead , the Empire might have continued in name . Its identity , however , was no longer Roman – it was increasingly populated and governed by Germanic peoples long before 476 AD . The Roman people were by the 5th century " bereft of their military ethos " and the Roman army itself a mere supplement to federated troops of Goths , Huns , Franks and others fighting on their behalf .
Rome 's last gasp began when the Visigoths revolted around 395 AD . Led by Alaric I , they attempted to seize Constantinople , but were rebuffed and instead plundered much of Thrace in northern Greece . In 402 AD they besieged Mediolanum , the capital of Roman Emperor Honorius , defended by Roman Gothic troops . The arrival of the Roman Stilicho and his army forced Alaric to lift his siege and move his army towards Hasta ( modern Asti ) in western Italy , where Stilicho attacked it at the Battle of Pollentia , capturing Alaric 's camp . Stilicho offered to return the prisoners in exchange for the Visigoths returning to Illyricum but upon arriving at Verona , Alaric halted his retreat . Stilicho again attacked at the Battle of Verona and again defeated Alaric , forcing him to withdraw from Italy .
In 405 AD , the Ostrogoths invaded Italy itself , but were defeated . However , in 406 AD an unprecedented number of tribes took advantage of the freezing of the Rhine to cross en masse : Vandals , Suevi , Alans and Burgundians swept across the river and met little resistance in the Sack of Moguntiacum and the Sack of Treviri , completely overrunning Gaul . Despite this grave danger , or perhaps because of it , the Roman army continued to be wracked by usurpation , in one of which Stilicho , Rome 's foremost defender of the period , was put to death .
It is in this climate that , despite his earlier setback , Alaric returned again in 410 AD and managed to sack Rome . The Roman capital had by this time moved to the Italian city of Ravenna , but some historians view 410 AD as an alternative date for the true fall of the Roman Empire . Without possession of Rome or many of its former provinces , and increasingly Germanic in nature , the Roman Empire after 410 AD had little in common with the earlier Empire . By 410 AD , Britain had been mostly denuded of Roman troops , and by 425 AD was no longer part of the Empire , and much of western Europe was beset " by all kinds of calamities and disasters " , coming under barbarian kingdoms ruled by Vandals , Suebians , Visigoths and Burgundians .
The remainder of Rome 's territory , if not its nature , was defended for several decades following 410 AD largely by Flavius Aëtius , who managed to play off each of Rome 's barbarian invaders against one another . In 436 AD he led a Hunnic army against the Visigoths at the Battle of Arles , and again in 436 AD at the Battle of Narbonne . In 451 AD he led a combined army , including his former enemy the Visigoths , against the Huns at the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains , beating them so soundly that although they later sacked Concordia , Altinum , Mediolanum , Ticinum , and Patavium , they never again directly threatened Rome . Despite being the only clear champion of the Empire at this point Aëtius was slain by the Emperor Valentinian III 's own hand , leading Sidonius Apollinaris to observe , " I am ignorant , sir , of your motives or provocations ; I only know that you have acted like a man who has cut off his right hand with his left " .
Carthage , the second largest city in the empire , was lost along with much of North Africa in 439 AD to the Vandals , and the fate of Rome seemed sealed . By 476 AD , what remained of the Empire was completely in the hands of federated Germanic troops and when they revolted , led by Odoacer and deposed the Emperor Romulus Augustus there was nobody to stop them . Odoacer happened to hold the part of the Empire around Italy and Rome but other parts of the Empire were ruled by Visigoths , Ostrogoths , Franks , Alans and others . The Empire in the West had fallen , and its remnant in Italy was no longer Roman in nature . The Eastern Roman Empire and the Goths continued to fight over Rome and the surrounding area for many years , though by this point Rome 's importance was primarily symbolic .
= = = Secondary and tertiary sources = = =
|
= Battle of Alton =
The Battle of Alton ( also Storm of Alton ) , of the First English Civil War , took place on 13 December 1643 in the town of Alton , Hampshire , England . There , Parliamentary forces serving under Sir William Waller led a successful surprise attack on a winter garrison of Royalist infantry and cavalry serving under the Earl of Crawford . In the context of the First English Civil War , the Battle of Alton was the first decisive defeat of Sir Ralph Hopton , leader of Royalist forces in the south , and the event had a significant psychological effect on him as commander . More important to Hopton was the loss of men , however , as he was already short @-@ handed in much @-@ needed infantry . The successful Parliamentarians were able , after their victory , to attack and successfully besiege Arundel , a larger and more formidable Royalist outpost in the south of England .
At dawn on the 13th , as Waller 's army approached Alton , Crawford fled with the cavalry to Winchester , leaving Colonel Richardus Boles to defend Alton with only the infantry . Outnumbered and overpowered , Boles 's men were soon forced to seek refuge in the Church of St Lawrence , where they made a desperate last stand . Boles was killed , along with most of his remaining men . The Parliamentarians won a clear victory , losing only a few men and taking many prisoners .
Boles 's fight is also notable for its demonstrated drama and heroism . Stories boast of Boles , who is said to have killed a number of his enemies before falling himself . The battle of Alton is known as one of the " most savage encounters " of the English Civil War . Indeed , musket holes from this fierce fight can still be seen in the south door to the church and inside , where so many cornered men were killed and captured . The Battle of Alton was notably the first battle in the English Civil War to use leather guns , employed effectively by Waller before and during the battle proper .
= = Background = =
On 13 September 1643 , English Parliament ordered Major General William Waller to muster forces for the " protection " of Hampshire County . In November , he was given control of forces stationed in Farnham , a major Parliamentary staging ground , in order to take control of Kent , Surrey , Sussex and Hampshire . These forces were supplemented by the Red Regiment ( from Westminster ) and the Green and Yellow regiments ( from London ) . Also at Waller 's disposal were a personal regiment of foot soldiers and surviving cavalry from the Battle of Roundway Down .
Waller marched from Farnam for Odiham and Alton , intending to occupy these towns while gradually approaching his objective , Basing . While not of great strategic importance , Basing 's proximity to the main road between London , Salisbury , and Winchester made it worthy of attention . Marching toward Alton , Waller halted at Bentley Green on 3 November , where he determined his capabilities . He marched further that day , but later retreated to Farnham . On 2 November , Waller attacked one hundred men of Bennett 's at Alton . From 7 – 9 November , Waller laid siege to Basing House , but withdrew to Basingstoke in failure , with his soldiers near mutiny from poor weather conditions . He tried again on the night of 11 November , but retreated to Farnham to await Hopton 's army .
Hopton arrived on 27 November , given by King Charles 1 @,@ 580 horse , but only around 2 @,@ 000 conscripted infantry and 500 troops recently returned from fighting in Munster , Ireland . Hopton had been ordered in late September to make secure Dorset , Wiltshire and Hampshire , and to push as far as possible toward London . Toward this end , Hopton spread his men across Hampshire County , quartering them for the winter at Winchester , Alresford , Petersfield and Alton . He did so to alleviate the burden on any one town , and because winter was approaching quickly . However , this left his army vulnerable . Hopton placed Crawford in charge of Alton , and on 1 December Crawford began to fortify the small town as quickly as he could . Crawford had at his disposal one cavalry regiment and one infantry regiment , though his exact number of men is unknown ; it was likely around 1 @,@ 000 .
= = Prelude = =
During the week prior to the Battle of Alton , Waller scouted the town and planned his attack . He confided his intent to only a few of his senior men , maintaining secrecy . Waller did make another raid on the evening of 9 December , where a small party of his forces struck at Crawford 's lodging but fell back after the minor attack . During the morning hours of 12 December , Crawford sent a missive to Farnham , requesting of Waller that he be sent a " runlet of sack " , promising an ox in exchange . When the wine was sent , Crawford refused to send the ox , challenging Waller to fetch it himself .
Reverend G.N. Godwin 's Civil War in Hampshire ( 1882 )
During this exchange , Waller , eager to repair his reputation after Roundway Down , promptly decided to attack Alton , the nearest Royalist outpost to Farnham and only ten miles away . According to the Mercurius Aulicus , a contemporary publication , Crawford was watching only the main road from Farnham at this time .
= = Battle = =
Waller mustered his men in Farnham Park near 10 : 30 p.m. , on 12 December . At around midnight , 5 @,@ 000 of Waller 's men marched west from Farnham toward Basing House . The Parliamentarians marched about two miles in this direction ( in order to confuse Royalist scouts ) , until around 1 : 00 a.m. , before abruptly turning south toward Alton . The march was quick and quiet , owing to a long frost which had hardened the roads and Waller 's judicious use of wooded areas . Also helpful in Waller 's advance was his use of leather guns , here employed for the first time in the English Civil War . Unlike heavier artillery , a leather gun could be led by a single horse , transported efficiently over difficult terrain , and still be an effective tool for bombardment .
Waller 's forces reached the western side of Alton at around 9 : 00 a.m. , capturing six of Crawford 's sentries posted in the north . One Royalist sentry , however , managed to raise the alarm just before dawn , leading Crawford and his horse to quit Alton and head for Winchester at a gallop , as Waller approached the town . It is reported that they had promised the remaining infantry men that they would return soon with reinforcements . Initially , Crawford and his cavalry attempted to flee from the eastern border of Alton , but were routed back into town and to the south ( heading directly for Winchester ) by Parliamentary horse . The fleeing Royalists were chased for a half @-@ mile by Waller 's heavy cavalry ( these under Sir Arthur Haslerig and nicknamed the " Lobsters " ) , losing a few men and some number of horses . Haslerig , forfeiting pursuit , guarded the entrances to the town .
Meanwhile , Boles 's men concentrated to the north @-@ west corner of town , before the Church of St Lawrence . A regiment of Waller 's infantry , five companies of Haslerig 's , and five companies of Kentish Men attacked Alton from the north and north @-@ west . The Royalist infantry , however , took effective cover inside buildings , out of which they fired quickly ; they particularly favoured a large brick house near the church . This house , however , was soon abandoned as Waller 's artillery , positioned at the foot of the hill to the west , fired upon it , forcing these defenders to retreat to the church . The Parliamentary regiments from London and four companies from Farnham Castle descended the hill : Waller 's Red Regiment attacked a lunette and breastwork which the Royalists had built and which they were using as an effective fortification . The Green Regiment flanked the Royalists which were behind these fortifications forcing them out , while marching through town under the cover of smoke from a thatch house which they had set on fire . Soon after , the rest of Waller 's men entered the town en masse , flying their colours and pushing Boles 's men back to the Church of St Lawrence . From the church and nearby fortifications ( including a large earthwork on its north side ) , the Royalists held their ground for two hours . The Royalists fired from the windows of the church , and employed a scaffolding inside the church proper to fire from greater heights .
Eventually , the Parliamentarians forced the Royalists to abandon the south @-@ east part of the wall around the church . However , since the retreating men had left their muskets sticking up , the Parliamentarians were temporarily unaware that the Royalists had left . After some time it was concluded that the defenders had gone , and the Parliamentary army promptly attacked the churchyard , driving the last of Boles 's men into the church itself . Waller 's forces threw hand grenades into the windows while working to enter the church themselves . Inside the building , Boles declared he would , " run his sword through him which first called for quarter . " There had been no time for the Royalists to barricade the church doors , and the Parliamentarians soon managed to gain entry . Inside , the Royalists shot from behind a jury @-@ rigged breastwork of dead horses . Some of Boles 's men were killed ; other surrendered . Boles did not give up , and he killed as many as seven men before being killed himself . With Boles killed , all but a few of the Royalists requested quarter .
Inscribed in Boles 's honour was this epitaph :
Alton will tell you of that famous Fight
Which ys man made , and bade this world good @-@ night .
His Vertious Life fear 'd not Mortality ,
His body must , his Vertues cannot die ,
Because his Bloud was there so nobly spent ,
This is his Tombe ; that Church his Monument .
Ricardus Boles , Wiltoniensis in Art . Mag .
Composuit Posuitque Dolens . An . Domi 1679 .
= = Aftermath = =
During and after the battle , Waller captured at least 500 men , around 100 of these re @-@ enlisting with him . Additionally , more than 100 Royalist soldiers were killed . Together , the men lost represented nearly half of Hopton 's infantry forces in the south . Waller , on the other hand , lost around ten men and gained much reputation for his success . Waller put his prisoners to work dragging the horse carcasses from the church , dismantling the scaffoldings inside , and burying their fallen comrades near the northern wall of the building . All of the captured men were then marched to Farnham tied together in pairs .
Waller ordered his men to demolish the town 's fortifications , and had survivors that did not re @-@ enlist paraded through the streets of London to mark his victory . Crawford 's hat , cloak and gifted wine were all left behind in Alton . From then on , it was said that Crawford , in fleeing , " left his sack at Alton " . King Charles , upon hearing of Boles 's death , called for a mourning scarf , lamenting at the loss of what he considered to be one of " the best Commanders in this Kingdome " . In the following weeks , letters were sent from Crawford and Hopton to Waller :
Sir , your servant , Crawford
Winton , 16 December . Ralf Hopton .
Hopton was severely depressed by his defeat at Alton , more than seemed appropriate given its military import . On the Parliamentarian side , the morale boost enjoyed by Waller was significant , and on 15 December , the House of Commons of England ordered Sir Arthur Haslerig and Sir Gilbert Gerard to draft a letter to Waller commending him for his success . The Parliamentary victory at the Battle of Alton allowed Waller to advance south @-@ east , and upon Arundel where he began a successful siege on the Royalists garrisoned there . Hopton was unable to break the siege with his few remaining foot soldiers , and the 1 @,@ 000 horse he received from Oxford were unhelpful . After the Siege of Arundel , both armies were forced to retire for the winter due to the harsh weather .
|
= Trams in Rouen =
There have been two separate generations of trams in Rouen . The first generation tramway was a tram network built in Rouen , Normandy , northern France , that started service in 1877 , and finally closed in 1953 . There were no trams at all in Rouen between 1953 and 1994 , when the modern Rouen tramway opened .
Horse @-@ drawn carriages and omnibuses had started at the end of the 18th century and progressively improved , but were no longer enough to provide urban services in an age of industrial and demographic growth . Local officials therefore adopted the tramway as a new mode of transport . At first they were horse @-@ drawn , and later steam @-@ powered ; the tramway was electrified in 1896 .
The network spread quickly through various city @-@ centre districts on the right bank of the Seine , to reach the suburbs of the northern plateau , the hills of Bonsecours in the east , skirting around the textile valley of the River Cailly in the west , crossing the river and serving , in the south , the suburbs and industrial districts of the left bank .
At its largest it covered 70 kilometres ( 43 mi ) of route , the longest network in France during the Belle Époque , and contributed to the success of events in the town 's history , such as the Colonial Exhibition of 1896 and the Norman Millennium Festival of 1911 .
Although the 1920s saw a slight growth in traffic , the network 's expansion slowed to a halt . Private motoring had arrived to put an end to its monopoly . The rising power of buses and trolleybuses , the Great Depression in France , and above all the Second World War that ravaged Rouen and Normandy , condemned the tramway to death . The last trams stopped running in 1953 , after seventy @-@ six years of service . However , in 1994 , a new Rouen tramway came to the Norman capital .
= = The first tramways = =
= = = Horse and steam = = =
Rouen was integrated into the French Kingdom after Philip II of France annexed Normandy in 1204 , and it continued as one of the largest cities in the kingdom under the Ancien Régime . It prospered during the 19th century , with the traditional trades of textiles and Rouen manufactory ( faïence ) alongside the newer chemical and papermaking industries . The navigable Seine , emptying at Rouen , had been Parisians ' route to the sea ever since the Middle Ages . Napoleon Bonaparte said " Rouen , Le Havre forment une même ville dont la Seine est la grand @-@ rue " ( " Rouen and Le Havre form a single town of which the Seine is the High Street " ) . Rouen and Orléans were the first large cities to be connected by rail to Paris , on 3 May 1843 . After the Franco @-@ Prussian War of 1870 – 1871 , the economy of the First Industrial Revolution under the Second Empire , and the ever @-@ growing population , obliged the Rouen city authorities to rethink the travel facilities both within the city centre and between it and the expanding suburbs .
Urban services — always horse @-@ drawn , either carriages or omnibuses on the most profitable routes — were not enough to satisfy the needs of a town that already numbered , with its suburbs , more than 170 @,@ 000 people . From 1873 to 1875 the city fathers commissioned a study into building railways connecting the most populous areas of Rouen . A decree was signed on 5 May 1876 , committing to a publicly owned standard gauge ( 1 @,@ 435 mm ( 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ) ) network , and to horse @-@ drawn carriages . Nine lines stretching 27 @,@ 500 m ( 90 @,@ 200 ft ) , or 1 @,@ 370 chains were decreed :
The town was authorised to tender construction and operation to one or more contractors . It quickly chose the only serious candidate , Gustav Palmer Harding , a British citizen . He was the continental representative of Merryweather & Sons , builders of steam tram engines . This decision knitted the close railway links between the city and Great Britain that remained for nearly half a century . Naturally , Mr Harding wanted to promote his company 's machines , so he long made his views known to the municipal authorities . Finally convinced , they authorised him to use steam power from Maromme ( Line 1 ) , entering service on 29 December 1877 . Merryweather & Sons , whose depot was on the Avenue du Mont @-@ Riboudet , provided the tram units . Small and light — 4 @.@ 7 tonnes ( 4 @.@ 6 long tons ; 5 @.@ 2 short tons ) — these reversible locomotives had two coupled axles , fully covered by a wooden body . They looked the same as a normal carriage so as not to frighten the horses . These steam carriages had enclosed lower decks ; the upper decks were roofed but had open sides .
The first steam trams of Léon Francq 's design soon appeared on the Maromme line and coexisted with the horse @-@ drawn tramways that served the city centre .
= = = Success and doubts = = =
The successful first line was soon extended to the Place Saint @-@ Hilaire , opening on 1 June 1878 . Harding then founded the Compagnie des Tramways de Rouen ( " Rouen Tramways Company " ) ( CTR ) and started building new sections from the Town Hall to Mont @-@ Riboudet ( Line 8 ; opened 3 September 1878 ) . He also started steam traction from Darnétal ( Line 2 ; started 23 June 1879 ) . On the other hand , the lines that went through narrow local streets remained horse @-@ drawn when first opened : Line 4 ( opened 3 October 1878 ) , Line 5 , ( opening 12 December 1878 ) , Line 6 ( opened 6 February 1879 ) , and Line 3 ( opened 27 September 1879 ) . Line 9 was not constructed because of technical difficulties .
For more than six years , twenty @-@ three locomotives coexisted with horse @-@ drawn trams on the Rouen network . The speed and regularity of steam trams pleased passengers ( the speed limit was 16 km / h ( 9 @.@ 9 mph ) between Mont @-@ Riboudet and Maromme ) , but they were also expensive . The frequent stops let the boilers cool down , so coal consumption was high . Moreover , steam power angered both residents — who accused them of being dirty and rough @-@ riding — and coachmen — whose animals were scared by the driver 's horn and the " infernal " noise of the trains . Operation thus was totally horse @-@ drawn from 1884 . The CTR thus found itself in charge of a " cavalry " of around 350 horses , stabled at Trianon and Maromme , the depot at Mont @-@ Riboudet having been disposed of .
= = = Electrification = = =
In 1895 the mediocrity of horse @-@ drawn service and the prospect of the great Colonial Exposition ( due to open in Rouen on 1 April 1896 ) made the town officials think of extension and electrification of the network . Councillors were sent on study trips both in France and abroad . One councillor even spent a year in the United States . At last , after much debate , the town accepted the CTR 's proposals . Electrification was contracted to the company of Thomson Houston , who built the " first network " , ten lines of standard gauge , either over new or re @-@ laid tracks :
= = Longest electric tramway in France = =
= = = Second network = = =
Infrastructure works and construction of the power station on the Rue Lemire were swiftly completed . The first electric locomotive entered service on 2 January 1896 , the electrified network going live fifteen days ahead of schedule ; the last horse @-@ drawn tram saw service on 19 July on the Sotteville line . After teething troubles , the new mode of transport had considerable success : in 1896 it transported over fifteen million passengers . The tram sheds , holding 50 vehicles , were expanded to accommodate 25 more during the first year of service . These were classic tramcars with two axles , powered by two 25 hp ( 19 kW ) motors ( one on each axle ) , and had room for 40 passengers . With its popular success , the network could be completed : the Line 10 extension to Saint @-@ Étienne @-@ du @-@ Rouvray was opened on 16 April 1899 , an 11th line was constructed from Maromme to Notre @-@ Dame @-@ de @-@ Bondeville ( opened 17 December 1899 ) , and a 12th from the Church of Saint @-@ Sever to the Saint @-@ Maur sea wall ( 6 February 1908 ) . The Rouen tramways had 37 km ( 23 mi ) of lines , the largest electric network in France . Trams were up to three cars long and ran at 20 km / h ( 12 mph ) at 20 @-@ minute intervals .
The dynamism of public transport in Rouen was an inspiration to Baron Empain who , through the intermediary of his colleague Cauderay , proposed the creation of a second complementary network . He met numerous difficulties to which the CTR was no stranger , but on 17 July 1899 , a new company to be called Traction Électrique E. Cauderay ( a sister company of the better @-@ known Companie Générale de Traction — CGT — ) was granted the concession over five routes :
The first services started on Line 1 on 18 January 1900 , the other services starting on 10 May that year , but , facing competition from the CTR , the tramway from Petit @-@ Quevilly was curtailed , its terminus becoming Rue Léon @-@ Malétra .
= = = Towards monopoly = = =
The second network was far less efficient than the first ; In 1901 the trams transported only 1 @.@ 46 million passengers over 16 km ( 9 @.@ 9 mi ) of route , being 91 @,@ 000 per route kilometre ( 56 @,@ 500 per route mile ) . ( In 1908 , over 20 million people used public transport in Rouen , 19 million with the CTR , 1 @.@ 6 million with the CGT . ) In 1908 the CGT disposed of the second network to the Compagnie centrale de chemins de fer et de tramways because of administrative problems , a serious accident at Monumental on 6 November 1908 and a considerable deficit . This became an opportunity for the rival CRT , who in 1910 took over the CGT 's running rights and so were finally rid of competition .
The CTR was now master of all of the public transport in Rouen and its suburbs ( having also absorbed the tramway and funicular railway of Bonsecours on 25 September 1909 ) . It reorganised its service to be more integrated . It also expanded the service with later @-@ running trams , and extended Line 12 first to Champ de Courses ( opened 1 January 1910 ) then to Bois @-@ Guillaume ( opened 4 June 1911 ) and Mont @-@ Saint @-@ Aignan ( opened 15 March 1913 ) . This last section , running over the local authority 's rails , connected Grand @-@ Quevilly ( Rue de l ’ Église ) and , on a branch , the district of Petit @-@ Quevilly ( opened 1 August 1915 ) . The network had grown to its largest , with 70 km ( 43 mi ) of routes ( including the tramway of Bonsecours ) .
= = = World War I = = =
World War I did not affect tram service in Rouen as much as it did elsewhere . After a short period of disruption during the great August 1914 mobilisation , the CTR maintained normal service during the four years of war . It overcame its reduced staffing levels with overtime , abolition of leave , and redeployment of depot personnel ; nearly all conductors were promoted to motormen , to their great satisfaction . At the end of 1916 , women ( aged 24 or over in 1916 , reduced to 23 or over in 1918 ) joined men on the trams , but , sexism at that time being the norm , the " wattwomen " ( female motormen ) were only allowed on the " easy " lines of Mont @-@ Saint @-@ Aignan , Bois @-@ Guillaume and Monumental , and were not allowed on steep gradients .
To satisfy military requirements , the network extended the Champ de Courses track to the Château du Madrillet , headquarters of an important BEF base . It also built a connection to transport the injured arriving by train at the Gare Saint @-@ Sever to the main hospitals of Rouen . These installations , constructed in record time , disappeared when the war ended .
= = Operational difficulties and closure = =
= = = Recovery and competition = = =
During World War I the track and rolling stock received little maintenance , and by the end of the war they were in a piteous state , while expenses had increased dramatically . The problem became a crisis after the serious fire at the Trianon depot on 30 November 1921 , which destroyed 70 of the 155 trams of the CTR . Successive fare rises provided a stopgap , but with the new convention of 29 December 1923 the company announced a reorganisation of the network . A competitor had also arrived : the bus . Trams had always attracted criticism over their limited capacity , slowness and discomfort , and their encumbrance to motor cars in the city centre . Another accident on the Monumental line on 5 October 1925 hastened the inevitable : the trams lost their first route .
= = = Fightback through innovation = = =
Against these setbacks , the CTR still had a record year in 1928 , with over 30 million journeys . But from 1929 , the buses took to the narrow streets in the city centre , as well as routes with low tram traffic such as Chartreux , Maromme and the circular . The tramways continued as going concerns , and started large programmes of renovation and modernisation in the dozen or so years before World War II . Between 1928 and 1932 , 75 first @-@ generation trams were rebuilt to allow one man operation .
The Rouen workshops presently devised two prototypes , of classical design , but with double folding doors at the front and safety devices ( compressed air on one of the prototypes , electrical on the other ) which became the basis for a series of 25 vehicles named " Nogentaises " . 25 new trailing cars completed the new rolling stock . In 1931 , a " revolutionary " pedal @-@ controlled locomotive was built equipped with disc brakes , but lack of funds meant no more came of it .
The 1930s also saw the arrival of the trolleybus , having the twin advantages of electrical traction and pneumatic tyres ; these newcomers supplanted the old trams on the Mont @-@ Saint @-@ Aignan line from Sotteville and Saint @-@ Étienne @-@ du @-@ Rouvray . In 1938 , the tram sheds were enlarged for the arrival of the " Parisiennes " , ten reversible trams bought from Paris .
= = = World War II and after = = =
World War II hit Rouen hard , including its transport network . In 1939 , before the war started , mobilisation and requisition had reduced the service frequency ; the German advance , in 1940 , blew up the city 's bridges ; on 9 June 1940 the Rouen Transporter Bridge was destroyed , which split the tram network in two until 1946 . With the German occupation , the lines were progressively reopened . But service was reduced . Difficulties became such during this period that the directors of the CTR had to improvise mobile workshops . The heavy bombing raids of Spring 1944 , in particular the destruction of the central part of the Rue Lemire , stopped the trams running .
Nazi occupation ended on 30 August 1944 and Liberation slowly healed the town 's wounds . It had been a catastrophe for the network : of the 76 trams in circulation in 1939 , 24 had been destroyed and 25 damaged ; track and overhead lines had been mutilated ; the Trianon depot had been bombed several times Still , service was slowly restored , thanks to the staff 's hard work and above all passengers ' help in shunting trailing cars . In 1945 , 38 locomotives and 14 trailing cars were operational , but , despite restoration of service across the Seine on 20 April 1946 , the war had struck a fatal blow . Rouen was full of out @-@ of @-@ date equipment and so trams were progressively replaced by buses and trolleybuses .
In March 1950 the municipality decided definitely to close the tramway , but its actual closure came somewhat later . It was not until Saturday , 28 February 1953 that the last tram ran on the Champ de Courses line , 76 years after the network 's first service . But the Rouennaise did not forget the tram 's services rendered , organising a first @-@ class funeral : Just before the last scheduled run , a parade of honour made up of three trams ran from the Hôtel de ville to the Trianon depot , cheered by the crowds .
= = Bonsecours funicular railway and tramway = =
Bonsecours is a commune on a plateau to the southwest of Rouen . Until 1890 only an infrequent bus service linked it to Rouen . However , it attracted many hikers , with its splendid panoramas over the meandering Seine , and pilgrims visiting the shrine to the Virgin Mary .
= = = Early projects = = =
A first railway project for the mountain , later known by the name tramways de granit , was presented in 1876 by Cordier ; it was one of the far @-@ flung ideas that the railway companies often had in the 19th century . Because classical rail has poor adherence , Cordier designed a raceway made of two granite rails embedded in concrete with a continuous guide rail between them . The 2 @,@ 200 m ( 110 @-@ chain ) line , with a terminus at the Quai de la Bourse , would be served by steam carriages with a capacity of only 30 places , but capable of running on public streets as well as its special track . Because of its technical complexity the line would have been hugely expensive , the 1 : 1 gradient to Bonsecours requiring no fewer than 30 viaducts spanning overall 250 m ( 270 yd ) . The project was soon abandoned .
= = = Construction = = =
In 1892 Bonsecours was finally connected to the " world below " when two Swiss engineers , Ludwig and Schopfer , built a funicular railway with water @-@ filled counterweights . On 8 June 1892 it was formally declared open to the public and first ran eleven days later on 19 June . This mountain railway , 400 m ( 20 chains ) long and rising 132 m ( 433 ft ) , ran from the banks of the River Seine to the esplanade of the basilica . Each car could hold 90 people ( 50 seated ) , and its water tank could be filled in five minutes . There were twelve journeys each way daily , more on busier days . But the ferry service from its terminus at Epaulet to Rouen was irregular , and by the end of the century it had a dangerous rival : the tramway .
At first , in 1899 , the tramway was designed to be steam powered , but by 1895 this had changed to electromotive power . The line was built by the Compagnie du Tramway de Bonsecours ( CTB ) , and first ran on 21 May 1899 . It was 5 @,@ 600 m ( 280 chains ) between the two termini ( the Pont Corneille and the crossroads of the RN 14 and the Belbeuf roads ) , with timetabling of up to 7 trams . The trams had greater power than their Rouen counterparts , with 38 hp ( 28 kW ) motors . They could climb steep gradients ( up to 9 : 100 ) and could accommodate 48 passengers , with 42 more in a trailing car .
= = = New ownership and closure = = =
Seventy @-@ two daily journeys each way brought the tramway success , and it transported nearly 700 @,@ 000 passengers in 1901 , compared to 140 @,@ 000 for the funicular , which was clearly in a dire state financially ( 210 @,@ 000 passengers in 1898 ) . The figures were so catastrophic that on 25 November 1905 the CTB sacked the management of the mountain railway , and liquidated the defunct Chemin Funiculaire d ’ intérêt local de Rouen @-@ Eauplet au plateau de Bonsecours . Operations continued , and the CTR took over both tracks on 25 December 1909 . Although the tramway was always well used ( 900 @,@ 000 tickets sold in 1913 ) , the clientele of the funicular continued to fall ( 30 @,@ 000 tickets collected the same year ) , and some daily receipts were less than 1 franc . Lacking passengers , the funicular closed on 25 May 1915 , and the tramway became the monopoly service for Bonsecours . This date should not be confused with that for the Rouen service , which continued until February 1953 .
= = Trianon tramway = =
= = = Left bank = = =
At the start of the 20th century the suburbs of the left bank were the quickest growing areas of Rouen , in particular the communes of Sotteville ( a large railway town ) and Grand @-@ Quevilly , but these towns did not have good enough public transport . Although the CTR had constructed some lines , they did not well serve residents wishing for rapid transit between the suburbs and the city centre . Line 4 of the CTR , with its central terminus at Place Beauvoisine , ran only as far as the Trianon roundabout at the edge of the Jardin des Plantes . A southern extension was planned to the Bruyères roundabout , a meeting @-@ point of several roads to the new districts , and to the racecourse where major horse racing events took place each Thursday . But it was always delayed .
In 1903 a Sotteville man , M. Hulin , the owner and proprietor of the Château des Bruyères , grew tired of these delays and asked for the concession for a 600 mm ( 1 ft 11 5 ⁄ 8 in ) narrow gauge horse @-@ drawn tramway , which would connect the Trianon roundabout to the racecourse via the Elbeuf road , being 2 @,@ 000 m ( 99 chains ) long . Two years passed in discussing the project 's profitability ( profit for both Hulin and M. Dagan , the engineer from the Corps of Bridges and Roads ) and for tendering the construction of the line to a contractor other than the CTR . This time for reflection led to abandoning horse @-@ drawn trams in favour of mechanical traction , and moving the terminus from the racecourse entrance to the vast cemetery that the authorities intended to build , close to a shooting range . The CTR did not oppose the line , which would not compete with their own , so it was made a Public Local Railway on 10 March 1905 .
= = = Small train in town = = =
The line was put into service on 1 April 1906 , well before the official opening date of 28 April . This short 2 @,@ 200 m ( 110 @-@ chain ) route , opened solely for passenger traffic , traced a rectangle between the Trianon roundabout and the racecourse , the 600 mm ( 1 ft 11 5 ⁄ 8 in ) narrow gauge rails being established beside the Rue d ’ Elbeuf between the trees lining the road and the fences separating adjacent land ( much of which was owned by Hulin ) . Service was provided by two 24 hp ( 18 kW ) diesel @-@ electric locomotives , built by the Turgan workshops , each with room for 16 people , and the fuel depot was sited near to the racecourse . The service was particularly frequent : thirty journeys each way per day . The entire line took 10 minutes to traverse at a maximum speed of 25 km / h ( 16 mph ) .
The first months ' service did not meet Hulin 's expectations ; passenger numbers were much lower than expected , the coefficient of use was catastrophic : 0 @.@ 39 . In 1906 a law was passed instituting a weekly day of rest , so it was decided , from 12 January 1907 , to extend the line 800 m ( 40 chains ) to the Madrillet roundabout at the edge of the Rouvray Forest , which was popular for Sunday walks . This 3 @,@ 000 m ( 150 @-@ chain ) double @-@ track extension was inaugurated on 27 August 1907 . The same year , diesel @-@ electric locomotives ( whose " terrible noise " frightened the horses , to the chagrin of their owners ) were replaced by electromotive traction . Two Orenstein & Koppel 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 0T steam locomotives headed two open carriages each taking 16 passengers . Their chimneys were fitted with spark arresters to prevent forest fires around Rouvray .
= = = Brief life = = =
The line was never profitable : the coefficient of use fell to 0 @.@ 32 in 1907 and passenger numbers fell to 34 @,@ 000 from the 60 @,@ 000 previously . Except on Thursdays , horse racing day , and Sundays where the tramway took amorous walkers to the forest paths , the trams went with few passengers , often with none . What is more , the high number of return journeys reduced the possibility of making connections in Rouen : passengers on the small line may have had to wait a long time at the Trianon roundabout for a connection to the city centre . The situation so preoccupied the Compagnie du Tramway de Rouen @-@ Trianon that in January 1908 it replaced Hulin , always the driving force , and asked the Conseil Général to authorise a reduction in service frequency . But it also proposed to use four @-@ car trams instead of two @-@ car trams on busy days . Although the departmental authorities accepted the extra cars , they would only allow the reduction of service with much red tape , as can be seen from this extract from the report of Soulier , the Conseiller général of Rouen :
It is well understood that , at the moment it is only a minimum , the Society is always free to put in place the number of trains necessary to transport passengers who present themselves , that if it will satisfy this requirement , its proper interest is guaranteed , and , in giving greater public satisfaction , its infrastructure will be wisely used , instead of it travelling empty for part of the day to the detriment of its business . Being given the lower frequency of service on weekdays and Saturdays , except Thursdays ( racing ) , we can perfectly accept the reduction to ten trips to those going from the racecourse to the forest , but , concerning the part of the journey from Trianon to the racecourse , it is imperative that the Chief Engineer ( Lechelas ) keeps the minimum to 30 , otherwise there will be a kind of abandonment of the line , because for this small distance , it will not be possible to get reasonable traffic with more frequent departures .
The service modifications lowered operating expenses , but the coefficient of use went down dramatically : 0 @.@ 33 for the first ten months of 1908 . The decision to axe the line was made on 1 November 1908 . Two strategic errors had been made : wanting a service independent of the CTR 's network , and putting its terminus out of town . The railway was officially disbanded by a decree of 14 September 1911 , the rails were lifted , the public highway restored ; no trace of the tramway remains .
= = Modern tramway = =
In 1953 one of the largest electric tramways in France disappeared . But in the 1980s Rouen — and other large cities such as Nantes and Grenoble — decided that increasing traffic jams and the desire to diversify public transport needed a new mode of public transport . Discussions started in 1982 under the guidance of SIVOM ( Syndicat intercommunal à vocations multiples , " Intercommune syndicate of several trades " ) , grouping together the communes of Greater Rouen ( representing nearly 400 @,@ 000 inhabitants ) .
In 1986 , CETE ( Centre d ’ étude technique et de l ’ équipement , " Technical and construction study centre " ) put forward a report supporting construction of a modern tramway . A pre @-@ project was launched in September 1987 and led to the Declaration of Public Utility on 22 April 1991 . Construction work was undertaken by GEC @-@ Alsthom and on 17 December 1994 the first line of the modern Rouen tramway was inaugurated .
|
= Listen to the Rain on the Roof =
" Listen to the Rain on the Roof " is the third season premiere episode of the American comedy @-@ drama series Desperate Housewives , and the 48th episode overall . The episode premiered on ABC ( American Broadcasting Company ) on September 24 , 2006 . It was written by series creator Marc Cherry and series writer Jeff Greenstein , and was directed by Larry Shaw .
The episode takes place six months after the events in the second season . In the episode , Bree ( Marcia Cross ) becomes engaged to Orson Hodge ( Kyle MacLachlan ) , who is accused of murdering his missing wife by his former neighbor , Carolyn Bigsby ( Laurie Metcalf ) . Meanwhile , Gabrielle ( Eva Longoria ) deals with the ramifications of her impending divorce and Lynette ( Felicity Huffman ) copes with her husband 's illegitimate daughter and the girl 's mother . Also , Susan ( Teri Hatcher ) meets a new man , Ian Hainsworth ( Dougray Scott ) , while waiting for Mike ( James Denton ) to awaken from his coma .
According to Nielsen ratings , the episode drew just over 24 million viewers , indicating a 4 million viewer decrease from the previous season premiere a year earlier . The episode received mostly positive reviews . Critics complimented the six @-@ month time jump and generally agreed that the episode showed improvement over the quality of the second season .
= = Plot = =
= = = Background = = =
Desperate Housewives focuses on the lives of several residents living on Wisteria Lane in the town of Fairview . In previous episodes , Bree Van de Kamp ( Marcia Cross ) begins dating Orson Hodge ( Kyle MacLachlan ) , a local dentist . Mike Delfino ( James Denton ) plans to propose to Susan Mayer ( Teri Hatcher ) ; however , Orson intentionally runs over Mike with his car and then flees the scene . Gabrielle ( Eva Longoria ) and Carlos Solis ( Ricardo Antonio Chavira ) elect their maid , Xiao @-@ Mei ( Gwendoline Yeo ) , as their surrogate . Afterwards , Gabrielle discovers that Carlos and Xiao @-@ Mei are having an affair . Lynette Scavo ( Felicity Huffman ) learns that her husband , Tom ( Doug Savant ) , fathered a child out of wedlock prior to their meeting . The girl , 11 @-@ year @-@ old Kayla ( Rachel Fox ) , and her mother , Nora ( Kiersten Warren ) , move from Atlantic City to Fairview .
= = = Episode = = =
" Listen to the Rain on the Roof " takes place six months after the aforementioned events . Orson and Bree become engaged and , although they initially planned to wait until they were married to have sex , they are unable to overcome temptation . Bree visits the doctor immediately after , fearing that she may have suffered a stroke ; her doctor informs her that Bree had just experienced her first orgasm . Later at the couple 's engagement party , Orson 's former neighbor , Carolyn Bigsby ( Laurie Metcalf ) , arrives uninvited and accuses Orson of having killed his missing wife , Alma ( Valerie Mahaffey ) . Despite a sense of doubt , Bree believes Orson when he denies Carolyn 's claims . Later , the rain washes away mud at a construction site and uncovers a buried body .
Mike has been comatose since the hit @-@ and @-@ run . Dr. Lee Craig ( Terry Bozeman ) warns Susan that Mike will most likely not awaken from his coma , but she remains optimistic . She meets Ian Hainsworth ( Dougray Scott ) , a British man whose wife , Jane ( Cecily Gambrell ) , has been in a coma for several years . Ian asks Susan on a date , which forces her to face the unlikeliness of Mike recovering .
Gabrielle and Carlos are in the middle of a prolonged divorce . Carlos has moved into an apartment across town and Gabrielle is forced to care for Xiao @-@ Mei , who is over eight months pregnant and on bed rest . During an argument , Gabrielle threatens to send Xiao @-@ Mei back to China after she has the baby . Later , Gabrielle discovers that Xiao @-@ Mei has run away and enlists Carlos ' help to find her . The two bicker before acknowledging the challenges they will face while trying to raise a child as a divorced couple . Edie Britt ( Nicollette Sheridan ) finds Xiao @-@ Mei in a house that she has been trying to sell and notifies the Solises .
Lynette is frustrated with Nora inviting herself to family events . To ensure that Nora does not show up to Parker 's ( Zane Huett ) birthday party , Tom and Lynette tell her that they are having Kayla over for a quiet afternoon . Nora becomes suspicious and arrives at the party unannounced . She is furious over their deception and threatens to take Kayla home , but Tom tries to calm her by inviting Nora to stay . Lynette accuses Tom of putting Nora and Kayla ahead of the rest of the family , which encourages Tom to ask Nora to leave and pick up Kayla later . Eventually , Nora obliges .
= = Production = =
" Listen to the Rain on the Roof " was written by series creator Marc Cherry and series writer Jeff Greenstein and directed by Larry Shaw . Cherry 's decision to advance the storylines by six months for the third season premiere came as a response to the series ' problematic second season . Cherry stated that he regretted most of the second season , as scheduling problems made it difficult to plan the season 's storylines . " One of the problems I had with Season 2 was that I had to keep going with the previous year 's stuff , " he explained . " I learned you have to go back to square one to build up the tension again . " The cast also expressed disappointment in the second season ; James Denton considered leaving the show and Marcia Cross confessed : " I 've been at Marc 's door plenty of times [ with script complaints ] going , ' You 've got to be kidding . ' " Cherry stated that the six @-@ month time jump would help the storylines develop quicker , as the second season 's storylines lagged . He added : " And I 'm going to work much harder to criss @-@ cross all the women 's stories so that their lives bump up against each other . "
To help refresh the show , several new writers were hired , including Greenstein , Joe Keenan , who also served as an executive producer , and Bob Daily , who was also a producer . Daily commented , " When we came on in season three , the mandate was to bring the show back to its roots . That meant having plotlines spring from relatable experiences , no matter how operatic or convoluted . " For the season 's main mystery , Cherry and the writers wanted to incorporate more of the series ' regular characters rather than bringing in various new ones , like they had done in the second season with Betty Applewhite ( Alfre Woodard ) and her family . They developed the Orson plot line around the " idea that one of our women marries a guy who has dark secrets and possibly a violent streak . " Cherry opined : " I thought there was something exciting about that , but real and relatable . " Greenstein commented that the writers worked backwards from the second season 's cliffhangers to develop the Orson storyline , forsaking the original material that had been developed earlier . The cast responded positively to the new material for the season .
The episode is the first to feature Kyle MacLachlan as a series regular . He originally appeared as Orson Hodge in a string of episodes at the end of the second season . The Orson character was originally planned as a romantic interest for Susan , according to executive producer Tom Spezialy , until Cherry decided to pair Orson with Bree . Additionally , when Orson was introduced toward the end of the second season , he was originally to be a con artist . A character portrayed by Julie White appeared in the second season finale and would have been Orson 's accomplice , but the entire storyline was discarded in favor of the mysterious disappearance of Orson 's wife and White 's character was not seen or mentioned again . MacLachlan commented that his character is " desperate to make this relationship with Bree work . Anything that tries to knock that apart becomes a threat . " Cherry called Orson Bree 's perfect match , but added that their similarities " will ultimately prove to be the downfall of the relationship . "
Kiersten Warren also returned to the series as Nora Huntington after being introduced at the end of the second season . On her storyline , Warren commented , " There 's a lot of families who are going through this . Not quite the surprise ooh , boo , child , but children from other marriages and trying to meld these families . I think a lot of people have to deal with it . I think it 's fantastic that they ’ re doing this on the show . " Dougray Scott made his debut in this episode as Ian Hainsworth , Susan 's romantic interest . Cherry opined that the character " can legitimately rival Mike for [ Susan 's ] affections . " Daily commented on the storyline , saying : " Talk about dark comedy — we 're trying to find the humor in these two people bonding over the fact that they each have a partner in a coma . " Scott called his character " bumbling at times , " adding , " He kind of blossoms after he rediscovers his romantic juices with Susan . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
According to ABC , " Listen to the Rain on the Roof " was watched by 24 @.@ 09 million viewers , placing it as the second @-@ most watched program of the week on all networks , behind ABC 's Grey 's Anatomy . According to Nielsen ratings , the episode received a 14 @.@ 6 rating / 21 share . The episode was watched by four million less viewers than the second season premiere a year earlier but managed to outperform the second season finale in May .
= = = Critical reception = = =
David Kronke of the Los Angeles Daily News wrote that the show " returns to its wicked wit , dialing back but certainly not eradicating the melodrama . " He complimented the four main actresses for their comedic relief and concluded : " Rarely does a show unjump the shark this well ; it 's back in fine form , calibrating its humor and its menace just right . " New York Daily News writer David Bianculli compared the premiere to the show 's second season , noting that the episode showed " an assurance and a knowing playfulness that was missing most of last year . " He complimented Cherry and Greenstein 's script and approved the storylines for each character . Bianculli opined that the episode returned the quality of the show 's first season and concluded : " Pass the word : If you 've given up on ' Desperate Housewives , ' it 's time to return to the neighborhood . " Entertainment Weekly 's Lindsay Soll identified Eva Longoria as the episode 's strongest performer , declaring that she " definitely looks like the one to watch this season . " Soll was glad to see that the Susan character was " a little more toned down and less accident @-@ prone than usual , " and called the scenes with Susan and Mike touching . Additionally , she opined that Laurie Metcalf " did a brilliant job of playing the classic TV nosy neighbor , " but expressed her confusion over the Orson storyline .
Dave Anderson of TV Guide called the episode first @-@ rate , while praising the comedic Bree storyline and declaring the set @-@ up for the Orson mystery storyline ingenious . He commended Marcia Cross ' performance but opined that Longoria provided the best comedic relief . He also complimented Teri Hatcher 's acting , commenting that she " was awesome in the poignant scene where she asks the comatose Mike permission to go on the ( almost ) date with Ian . " Anderson identified the Scavo storyline as " the weakest link " in the episode and hoped that the Nora and Kayla characters would not remain on the show for too long . TV Guide writer Matt Roush shared similar sentiments regarding the Scavo storyline , stating that while the premiere overall was good , " Lynette is trapped in a story line so desperately unamusing , one that makes her and everyone around her act so idiotic , that you have to pray that we 'll soon see the last of the obnoxious Nora , mother of Tom 's surprise daughter . " He described the storyline as " painfully unpleasant and unfunny . " However , Roush praised the performances of Metcalf and Valerie Mahaffey , while concluding that Desperate Housewives " shows encouraging signs of getting its act together . " In a separate review , Roush unfavorably compared the Orson character to Bree 's former love interest , George Williams ( Roger Bart ) , while also admitting to being " a bit weary " of the Gabrielle storyline .
USA Today 's Robert Bianco acknowledged that the episode managed to avoid repeating many of the second season 's mistakes noting that the four main characters spend more time together and the annual mystery " is hot @-@ wired into the housewives themselves . " Bianco remarked that Cross successfully maintained her position as the series ' most prominent lead and was pleased with Susan 's storyline , calling it " a conflict that gives Teri Hatcher a genuinely funny , rather than forced , sight gag . " He approved of the writers ' decision to distance the characters from their second season storylines , but opined : " The harder mistake to overcome is the damage the show did to its main characters — allowing them to behave in ways that made them seem weak , selfish , stupid and , at times , despicable . " Bianco concluded : " It will take more than one good episode to win us back after all that . But it 's certainly a good place to start . " Jen Creer of TV Squad was mixed in her review . She criticized the lack of originality in the storylines , writing that the episode was similar to Sex and the City . Nevertheless , Creer complimented the main actresses , concluding , " I 'll be tuning in next week – for all of its camp and unoriginality , the show does continue to have that certain something , those little twists of genius that make it worth watching . " Andy Dehnart of MSNBC was slightly more positive in his review , acknowledging that while " most of the housewives are stuck in their second @-@ season ruts , " the show 's overall quality has improved , citing the Orson storyline as a welcomed change from the slow @-@ moving Applewhite mystery arc . Overall , Dehnart approved of the episode and felt that the show " may be on track to finally pleasuring its audience in new , albeit familiar ways . "
= = Title Reference = =
Listen to the Rain on the Roof is a lyric from the song Rain on the Roof from the Stephen Sondheim musical Follies .
|
= Kakashi Hatake =
Kakashi Hatake ( はたけ カカシ , Hatake Kakashi ) is a fictional character in the Naruto manga and anime series created by Masashi Kishimoto . Kishimoto originally planned to introduce Kakashi in the manga to the series ' title character , Naruto Uzumaki , early on , but pushed back this meeting so that Naruto 's teammates could be better developed .
In the story , Kakashi is the and teacher of Team 7 , consisting of the series ' primary characters , Sasuke Uchiha , Sakura Haruno , and Naruto Uzumaki . He is initially portrayed as a detached and apathetic figure , but as the series progresses , his loyalty to his friends and students becomes increasingly apparent . Kakashi 's past has been extensively explored in the series , resulting in a gaiden being devoted to his past experiences . Kakashi has appeared in several pieces of Naruto media , including six of the nine featured films in the series , all of the original video animations , and all of the video games .
Numerous anime and manga publications have praised and criticized Kakashi 's character . Although he has been noted to be an echo of similar detached shōnen manga characters , the duality of Kakashi 's apathetic and serious sides have been praised . Kakashi 's popularity has been noted by reviewers ; T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews commented that the series could simply be renamed " Kakashi " . Kakashi has been highly popular with the Naruto reader base , placing high in several popularity polls . Merchandise based on Kakashi has also been released , including key chains and plush dolls .
= = Appearances = =
= = = In Naruto = = =
Kakashi Hatake is introduced as the leader in charge of Team 7 , a new ninja team including Naruto Uzumaki , Sasuke Uchiha and Sakura Haruno . He first appears as a weak @-@ looking character as he tends to lose track of time when he is there , and is frequently late to his appointments as a result . However , when testing his students , Kakashi reveals himself as a strong opponent to the point he fights while reading Make Out ( イチャイチャ , Icha Icha ) series of erotic novels . Kakashi is revealed to be very famous in the Naruto world , earning him the moniker " Kakashi of the Sharingan " ( 写輪眼のカカシ , Sharingan no Kakashi ) for possessing the Sharingan , gaining it from a member of the Uchiha clan he was friends with . It grants him the ability to mimic the movements and jutsu of others . Although most of Kakashi 's abilities were acquired with his Sharingan , he also invented the Chidori and its Lightning Blade variation , a collection of lightning chakra in one 's hand that uses the Sharingan 's visual ability to lock onto a target . When first forming Team 7 , Kakashi does not turn them into his students until instilling in them the concept of teamwork even if they have to break the rules he gave them . Kakashi continues to further this philosophy for the duration of Part I upon Sasuke Uchiha but is unable to get through to him before the latter 's defection from Konoha . Kakashi also reluctantly participates in various kinds of challenges by his childhood friend Might Guy who considers Kakashi his rival .
Kakashi 's background is explored in Kakashi Gaiden , a six chapter series that divides the gap between Part I and II of the manga . Following his father 's suicide , Sakumo Hatake aka the White Fang , Kakashi adopted the philosophy that the success of a mission must always come first rather than comrades in contrast to his father . Kakashi is assigned by his teacher , Minato Namikaze , to lead a mission that would turn the current war in Konoha 's favor . When his teammate , Rin Nohara , is captured by enemy ninja , his other teammate , Obito Uchiha , convinces him to rescue her despite the mission 's ending . After finding Rin , an enemy @-@ induced cave @-@ in crushed Obito 's right half . With his dying wish and the possibility of enemy reinforcements , Obito has Rin implant his newly acquired Sharingan into Kakashi 's damaged eye socket as a parting gift . His new eye in place , Kakashi flees with Rin as the cave collapsed , eventually completing their mission . Shortly after this event , Kakashi has to rescue Rin again who is kidnapped by Kirigakure ; however , he learns that the Kiri , under the influence of Madara Uchiha , has made Rin as the host of the Three Tails , Isobu . Rin requests Kakashi to kill her so she may not be used by the Hidden Mist ninja as part of a Trojan Horse scheme against Konoha , but Kakashi is reluctant . She eventually forces herself on the way of Kakashi 's Lightning Blade that he originally directed at the pursuing Hidden Mist ninja , killing her . An anime exclusive flashback arc in Naruto Shippuden covered Kakashi coping with what he endured during the war as he becomes an ANBU operative during Minato 's time as Hokage and influences Yamato into becoming a member of the ANBU as well . Once relieved of duty in the ANBU , Kakashi becomes a Genin instructor prior to the events of Part I.
Two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years later in Part II , Kakashi reforms Team 7 . During the gap in time , Kakashi hones the Mangekyo Sharingan that he gained from result of Rin 's death to master the Kamui ability that allows him to send any targeted object to another dimension . Because his students are now capable of taking care of themselves , Kakashi takes a more active role in the battles that go on during the series , particularly those with the criminal organization Akatsuki . When the Akatsuki leader , Pain , invades Konoha , Kakashi engages him in battle but he dies as a result of forcing all his energy . However , after his confrontation with Naruto , Pain decides to use all of his remaining power to revive all those killed in the battle at Konoha , including Kakashi . Following a brief encounter with Tobi , the Akatsuki 's true leader , Kakashi becomes one of the generals to participate in the war against Tobi 's army . As Naruto and Killer Bee continue to battle against Tobi and his forces , Kakashi and Guy arrive to join the fight against Tobi . During the encounter , Kakashi learns that Tobi is Obito , who in fact had survived his apparent death and had committed horrible deeds since Rin 's death to destroy the world order that allowed their friend 's demise to occur with Kakashi being left greatly stunned and also horrified at Obito 's actions . Despite the guilt for what Obito has become , Kakashi is encouraged by Naruto to continue fighting and the battle ends with Kakashi managing to impale Obito . When Naruto is nearly killed by Madara , Kakashi and a redeemed Obito joined forces to protect Naruto by spiriting him off into the latter 's dimension to be healed . After losing his Sharingan , Naruto using his new @-@ found abilities to restore his original eye , Kakashi finds himself temporarily infused by the chakra @-@ based spirit of Obito as he gains his friend 's full Sharingan abilities and a Susanoo to help his team defeat Kaguya . Following the conclusion of the war , Kakashi is named by Tsunade as her successor , the Sixth Hokage , with his first act being to pardon Sasuke for his crimes . He holds this title for many years before finally passing it to Naruto , as revealed in the epilogue .
= = = Appearances in other media = = =
Kakashi has made appearances outside of the Naruto anime and manga . He is in ten of the feature films in the series : in the first movie he battles Nadare Rouga and later defeats him , in the third Kakashi battles the hired ninja Ishidate , whom he fights to a standstill , and he later acts as a distraction for his team by battling the minister Shabadaba 's soldiers , in the fourth Kakashi fights against a large group of stone soldiers , in the fifth , Kakashi is sent alongside Shikamaru Nara , Sai , and Shino Aburame to investigate the base of the Sky Country , in the sixth , when the threat of war loom over Konoha from the other ninja villages , Kakashi is sent on a suicide mission to defeat a rogue ninja named Hiruko who wants his Sharingan , however , Naruto and Sakura ultimately prevent their teacher from throwing his life away. in the seventh movie , in which a younger Kakashi is a member of a team composed of himself , Minato , Shibi Aburame and Chōza Akimichi to stop Anrokuzan with the help of a time displaced Naruto . In the eighth , he serves as part of the plan to lock Naruto in prison before subsequently helping to break him out , and in the ninth , an alternate version of him with an identical appearance to Guy is shown , to Sakura 's dismay . Canonically , in the tenth , he appears as the Sixth Hokage , helping the village while Naruto is away , and in the eleventh he makes a cameo appearance waking up a drowsy Naruto ( who is now the Seventh Hokage ) shadow clone by tapping him on the head with a book .
Kakashi is also present in all four of the original video animations produced for the series , helping Naruto and Konohamaru Sarutobi to find a four leaf clover in the first original video animation , joining his team in escorting a ninja named Shibuki to his village in the second , participating in a tournament in the third , and working with Team 7 in the fourth one . A light novel titled Kakashi Hiden : Lightning in the Icy Sky , written by Akira Higashiyama and illustrated by Kishimoto , focuses on the early days of Kakashi 's appointment as the Sixth Hokage , in which he has to stop a terror plan conducted by a pair of Kirigakure ninja , who plan to take control of a newly unveiled airborne ship to stage a jailbreak of a notorious criminal , in the process learning about the pair 's tragic reason for doing so .
Kakashi is a playable character in all Naruto video games , including the Clash of Ninja series and the Ultimate Ninja series . In some games , he is able to use his Sharingan in combat , often as a different character with the ability activated , and in other games , he is available in his ANBU attire . An upcoming light novel titled Kakashi Hiden will focus on the character .
= = Creation and conception = =
Masashi Kishimoto originally intended for Kakashi to debut in the second chapter of the Naruto manga , appearing prior to the other members of Team 7 . This Kakashi was designed as a laid back but very skilled ninja that ended his sentences with the polite " de gozaru " in the Japanese versions of the series . After speaking with his editor , Kishimoto pushed this debut back , allowing him to better develop Kakashi and the rest of Team 7 . Despite this , Kakashi retains many of his original personality traits , being easygoing , unfazed by the actions of others , and eyes appearing to be half @-@ asleep . Kishimoto feels that this makes Kakashi a compelling leader and helps to keep the diverse members of Team 7 unified . Because he acts as a link between the other main characters of the series , Kakashi is rarely featured prominently in promotional artwork , instead appearing in the background while his students are the focus of the scene . In an interview in Shōnen Jump 's , Kishimoto said that if he were to make an extra story from the manga with a different character , such character would be Kakashi . In early 2014 , Kishimoto commented he wanted to reveal Kakashi 's face but was not sure whether it would be in the manga or an upcoming movie .
When deciding upon Kakashi 's name , Kishimoto considered a number of possibilities : Kuwa ( クワ , " hoe " ) , Kama ( カマ , " scythe " ) , Botan ( ボタン , " peony " ) , Enoki ( エノキ , a nettle tree ) , and Kakashi ( カカシ , " scarecrow " ) . He eventually decided upon Kakashi , and remains glad that he did to this day . In keeping with the meaning of his name , scarecrows are occasionally used to represent Kakashi ; Naruto , for example , uses a scarecrow that is dressed like Kakashi to help him train for a combat test between the two . Likewise , scarecrows are at times added to the background of scenes in which Kakashi appears , as is the case with the cover of the Naruto manga volume three .
= = Reception = =
Kakashi has ranked within the top five characters in every official Weekly Shōnen Jump popularity poll , acquiring the first position as the most popular character several times . In the most recent poll , he ranked third , with Naruto Uzumaki and Sasuke Uchiha acquiring the top two positions . There has not been another official poll since the poll as of 2006 . In the Anime Awards 2006 from About.com , Kakashi won in the category " Best Supporting Male Character " . He was also a nominee during the first " Nickelodeon Magazine Comics Awards " in the category " Best Hair in Comics " , losing to Calvin from Calvin and Hobbes . In an Oricon poll of " manga master " , Kakashi was third with 8 @.@ 4 % of the votes . In an interview , Dave Wittenberg , who does the voice acting for Kakashi in the English dub , comments that he feels he is similar to the character since he tends to have one eye open at a time and he becomes angry if he is interrupted while reading . He also added that what he likes most about Kakashi is his relation with his students , noting him to be " a very nice person " . Merchandise based on Kakashi 's character has also been released , including plush dolls , key chains , and a limited edition figurine .
Several publications for manga , anime , video games , and other related media have provided praise and criticism on Kakashi 's character . IGN noted the duality of Kakashi 's serious persona in combat and his laid back , apathetic countenance when dealing with his students , but accepted that he is one of the most popular characters in the series . They also commented that Kakashi is one of the more popular characters they have seen cosplayed at anime conventions . Active Anime celebrated Kakashi 's abilities , noting that he fell into the overall theme of characters hiding detailed personalities and secrets . T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews derided Kakashi as a stereotypical " Man of Mystery " seen in other shōnen manga , but praised him as being " much more interesting " than the three main characters , and felt that for all intents and purposes , the show could be renamed simply " Kakashi " . Mania Entertainment 's Dani Moure likes how Kakashi fits into Team 7 due to the fact he is a " hilarious character in that sometimes he doesn 't seem all that bothered about things and yet is so masterful of his craft . " Chris Beveridge from the site stated that Kakashi is his favorite character from the series because of his personality and praised his fight against Pain , and that after its ending , the character gets " a very humanizing moment " , making the episode from the battle stand out . Manga author Yoshihiro Togashi found Kakashi 's first battle against his students as one of the first series ' moments that impressed him due to how the difference in strength between such characters was shown by just making Kakashi read a book during the fight . IGN ranked him as the 15th greatest anime character of all time , saying that " He 's a complex character , with an iconic character design and a laid back attitude that just exudes cool . "
|
= Licence to Kill =
Licence to Kill , released in 1989 , is the sixteenth entry in the James Bond film series by Eon Productions , and the first one not to use the title of an Ian Fleming story . It is the fifth and final consecutive Bond film to be directed by John Glen . It also marks Timothy Dalton 's second and final performance in the role of James Bond . The story has elements of two Ian Fleming short stories and a novel , interwoven with aspects from Japanese Rōnin tales . The film sees Bond being suspended from MI6 as he pursues drugs lord Franz Sanchez , who has ordered an attack against his CIA friend Felix Leiter and a rape and murder on Felix 's wife during their honeymoon . Originally titled Licence Revoked in line with the plot , the name was changed during post @-@ production because too many people did not know what revoked meant .
Budgetary reasons caused Licence to Kill to be the first Bond film shot completely outside the United Kingdom , with locations in both Florida and Mexico . The film earned over $ 156 million worldwide , and enjoyed a generally positive critical reception , with ample praise for the stunts , but attracted some criticism of Dalton 's dark and violent interpretation of Bond and the fact that the film was significantly darker and more violent than its predecessors .
After the release of Licence to Kill , legal wrangling over control of the series and the James Bond character resulted in a six @-@ year @-@ long delay in production of the next Bond film which resulted in Dalton deciding not to return . It is also the final Bond film for actors Robert Brown ( as M ) and Caroline Bliss ( as Moneypenny ) , screenwriter Richard Maibaum , title designer Maurice Binder , editor John Grover , cinematographer Alec Mills , director and former Bond film editor John Glen , and producer Albert R. Broccoli , although he would later act as a consulting producer for GoldenEye before his death .
= = Plot = =
DEA agents collect MI6 agent James Bond and Felix Leiter , on their way to Leiter 's wedding in Key West , to have them assist in capturing drugs lord Franz Sanchez . Bond and Leiter capture Sanchez by attaching a hook and cord to Sanchez 's plane and pulling it out of the air with a Coast Guard helicopter . Afterwards , Bond and Leiter parachute down to the church in time for the ceremony .
Sanchez bribes DEA agent Ed Killifer and escapes . Meanwhile , Sanchez 's henchman Dario and his crew ambush Leiter and his wife Della and take Leiter to an aquarium owned by one of Sanchez 's accomplices , Milton Krest . Sanchez has Leiter lowered into a tank holding a great white . When Bond learns Sanchez has escaped , he returns to Leiter 's house to find Leiter has been maimed and that Della has been murdered — and by implication raped . Bond , with Leiter 's friend Sharkey , start their own investigation . They discover a marine research centre run by Krest , where Sanchez has hidden cocaine and a submarine for smuggling .
After Bond kills Killifer , M meets Bond in Key West 's Hemingway House and orders him to an assignment in Istanbul , Turkey . Bond resigns after turning down the assignment , but M suspends Bond instead and revokes his licence to kill . Bond becomes a rogue agent , although he later receives unauthorised assistance from Q.
Bond boards Krest 's ship the Wavekrest and foils Sanchez 's latest drug shipment , stealing five million dollars in the process . He discovers that Sharkey had been killed by Sanchez 's henchmen . Bond rescues Pam Bouvier , an ex @-@ CIA agent and pilot , from Dario at a Bimini bar , and journeys with her to the Republic of Isthmus . He finds his way into Sanchez 's employment by posing as an assassin for hire . Two Hong Kong Narcotics Bureau officers foil Bond 's attempt to assassinate Sanchez and take him to an abandoned warehouse . They are joined by Fallon , an MI6 agent who was sent by M to apprehend Bond . Sanchez 's men rescue him and kill the officers , believing them to be the assassins . Later , with the aid of Bouvier , Q , and Sanchez 's girlfriend Lupe Lamora , Bond frames Krest by planting the $ 5 million in the Wavekrest . Sanchez kills Krest and admits Bond into his inner circle .
Sanchez takes Bond to his base , which is disguised as headquarters of a religious cult . Bond learns that Sanchez 's scientists can dissolve cocaine in petrol and then sell it disguised as fuel to Asian drug dealers . The televangelist Professor Joe Butcher serves as middleman , working under Sanchez 's business manager Truman @-@ Lodge . During Sanchez 's presentation to potential Asian customers , Dario discovers Bond and betrays him to Sanchez . Bond starts a fire in the laboratory , but is captured again and placed on the conveyor belt that drops the brick @-@ cocaine into a giant shredder . Bouvier arrives and shoots Dario , allowing Bond to pull Dario into the shredder , killing him .
Sanchez flees as fire consumes his base , taking with him four tankers full of the cocaine and petrol mixture . Bond pursues them by plane , with Bouvier at the controls . Bond destroys three of the tankers and kills several of Sanchez 's men . Sanchez attacks Bond with a machete aboard the final remaining tanker , which crashes down a hill side . A petrol @-@ soaked Sanchez attempts to kill Bond with his machete . Bond then reveals his cigarette lighter – the Leiters ' gift for being the best man at their wedding – and sets Sanchez on fire . Sanchez stumbles into the wrecked tanker , blowing it up and killing himself . Bouvier arrives and rescues Bond .
Later , a party is held at Sanchez 's former residence . Bond receives a call from Leiter telling him that M is offering him his job back . He then rejects Lupe 's advances and romances Bouvier instead .
= = Cast = =
Timothy Dalton as James Bond , an MI6 agent who resigns to take his revenge on drug lord Franz Sanchez
Carey Lowell as Pam Bouvier , an ex @-@ Army pilot and CIA informant
Robert Davi as Franz Sanchez , the most powerful drug lord in Latin America , mentioned as having been wanted by the DEA for years .
Talisa Soto as Lupe Lamora , Sanchez 's girlfriend who has romantic feelings for Bond
Anthony Zerbe as Milton Krest , Sanchez 's henchman who operates Wavekrest Marine Research , and whom Bond sets up to turn Sanchez against him
Frank McRae as Sharkey , a friend of Felix Leiter who owns a boat charter business
Everett McGill as Ed Killifer , a corrupt DEA official who frees Sanchez from custody
Wayne Newton as Professor Joe Butcher , Sanchez 's middleman and TV evangelist for Olimpatec Meditation Institute
Benicio del Toro as Dario , Sanchez 's personal henchman
Anthony Starke as Truman @-@ Lodge , Sanchez 's financial advisor
Pedro Armendáriz , Jr. as President Hector Lopez , the president of Isthmus
Desmond Llewelyn as Q , Bond 's ally who supplies Bond with various gadgets and helps him on the field
David Hedison as Felix Leiter , a former CIA agent now with DEA and a close friend of James Bond
Priscilla Barnes as Della Churchill , Felix Leiter 's bride
Robert Brown as M , the head of MI6 and Bond 's superior who revokes Bond 's double @-@ 0 licence
Caroline Bliss as Miss Moneypenny , M 's personal secretary
Don Stroud as Colonel Heller , Sanchez 's head of security
Grand L. Bush as Hawkins , a DEA Agent who opposes Bond 's vendetta
Cary @-@ Hiroyuki Tagawa as Kwang , a Hong Kong Police Narcotics agent sent to infiltrate Sanchez 's heart of operations
Christopher Neame as Fallon , an MI6 agent sent by M to arrest Bond , dead or alive
Diana Lee Hsu as Loti , a female Hong Kong Narcotics agent working with Kwang
= = Production = =
Shortly after The Living Daylights was released , producer Albert R. Broccoli and writers Michael G. Wilson and Richard Maibaum started discussing its successor . The film would retain a realistic style , as well as showing the " darker edge " of the Bond character . For the primary location , the producers wanted a place where the series had not yet visited . While China was visited after an invitation by its government , the idea fell through partly because the 1987 film The Last Emperor had removed some of the novelty from filming in China . By this stage the writers had already talked about a chase sequence along the Great Wall , as well as a fight scene amongst the Terracotta Army . Wilson also wrote two plot outlines about a drug lord in the Golden Triangle before the plans fell through . The writers eventually decided on a setting in a tropical country while Broccoli negotiated to film in Mexico , at the Estudios Churubusco in Mexico City . In 1985 , the Films Act was passed , removing the Eady Levy , resulting in foreign artists being taxed more heavily . The associated rising costs to Eon Productions meant no part of Licence to Kill was filmed in the UK , the first Bond film not to do so . Pinewood Studios , used in every previous Bond film , housed only the post @-@ production and sound re @-@ recording .
= = = Writing and themes = = =
The initial outline of what would become Licence to Kill was drawn up by Wilson and Maibaum . Before the pair could develop the script , the Writers Guild of America ( WGA ) went on strike and Maibaum was unable to continue writing , leaving Wilson to work on the script on his own . Although both the main plot and title of Licence to Kill owe nothing to any of the Fleming novels , there are elements from the books that are used in the storyline , including a number of aspects of the short story " The Hildebrand Rarity " , such as the character Milton Krest . The novel Live and Let Die provided the material surrounding Felix Leiter 's mauling by a shark , whilst the film version of the book provided the close similarity between the main villain , Kananga , and Licence to Kill 's main villain Sanchez . The screenplay was not ready by the time casting had begun , with Carey Lowell being auditioned with lines from A View to a Kill .
The script — initially called Licence Revoked — was written with Dalton 's characterisation of Bond in mind , and the obsession with which Bond pursues Sanchez on behalf of Leiter and his dead wife is seen as being because " of his own brutally cut @-@ short marriage . " Dalton 's darker portrayal of Bond led to the violence being increased and more graphic . Wilson compared the script to Akira Kurosawa 's Yojimbo , where a samurai " without any attacking of the villain or its cohorts , only sowing the seeds of distrust , he manages to have the villain bring himself down " . Wilson freely admitted that the idea of the destruction @-@ from @-@ within aspect of the plot came more from the cinema versions of the Japanese Rōnin tales by Kurosawa or Sergio Leone than from Fleming 's use of that plot device from The Man with the Golden Gun . For the location Wilson created the Republic of Isthmus , a banana republic based on Panama , with the pock @-@ marked Sanchez bearing similarities to General Manuel Noriega . The parallels between the two figures were based on Noriega 's political use of drug trafficking and money laundering to provide revenues for Panama . Robert Davi suggested the line " loyalty is more important than money " , which he felt was fitting to the character of Franz Sanchez , whose actions were noticed by Davi to be concerned with betrayal and retaliation .
The United Artists press kits referred to the film 's background as being " Torn straight from the headlines of today 's newspapers " and the backdrop of Panama was connected to " the Medellín Cartel in Colombia and corruption of government officials in Mexico thrown in for good measure . " This use of the cocaine @-@ smuggling backdrop put Licence to Kill alongside other cinema blockbusters , such as the 1987 films Lethal Weapon , Beverly Hills Cop II and RoboCop , and Bond was seen to be " poaching on their turf " with the drug @-@ related revenge story .
= = = Casting = = =
After Carey Lowell was chosen to play Pam Bouvier , she watched many of the films in the series for inspiration . Lowell had described becoming a Bond girl as " huge shoes to fill " , as she did not see herself as a " glamour girl " , even coming to audition in jeans and a leather jacket . While Lowell wore a wig for the scenes set in the United States , a scene where Bouvier is given money and told by Bond to go and buy some new clothes ( and , going off and doing so , also has her hair cut ) was added so that Lowell 's own short hair style could be used .
Robert Davi was cast following a suggestion by Broccoli 's daughter Tina , and screenwriter Richard Maibaum , who had seen Davi in the television film Terrorist on Trial : The United States vs. Salim Ajami . To portray Sanchez , Davi researched on the Colombian drug cartels and how to do a Colombian accent , and since he was method acting , he would stay in character off @-@ set . After Davi read Casino Royale for preparation , he decided to turn Sanchez into a " mirror image " of James Bond , based on Ian Fleming 's descriptions of Le Chiffre . The actor also learned scuba diving for the scene where Sanchez is rescued from the sunken armoured car .
Davi later helped out on the casting of Sanchez 's mistress Lupe Lamora , by playing Bond in the audition , with Talisa Soto being picked from twelve candidates because Davi expressed he " would kill for her " . David Hedison returned to play Felix Leiter , sixteen years after being the agent in Live and Let Die . Hedison did not expect to return to the role , saying " I was sure that [ Live and Let Die ] would be my first – and last " and Glen was reluctant to cast the 61 @-@ year @-@ old actor , since the role even had a scene parachuting . Hedison was the only actor to play Leiter twice , until Jeffrey Wright appeared in both Casino Royale and Quantum of Solace .
Up @-@ and @-@ coming actor Benicio del Toro was chosen to play Sanchez 's henchman , Dario for being " laid back while menacing in a quirky sort of way " , according to Glen . Wayne Newton got the role of Professor Joe Butcher after sending a letter to the producers expressing interest in a cameo because he always wanted to be in a Bond film . The President of Isthmus was played by Pedro Armendáriz , Jr . , the son of Pedro Armendáriz , who played Ali Kerim Bey in From Russia with Love .
= = = Filming = = =
Principal photography ran from 18 July to 18 November 1988 . Shooting began in Mexico , which mostly doubled for the fictional Republic of Isthmus : locations in Mexico City included the Biblioteca del Banco de Mexico for the exterior of El Presidente Hotel and the Casino Español for the interior of Casino de Isthmus whilst the Teatro de la Ciudad was used for its exterior . Villa Arabesque in Acapulco was used for Sanchez 's lavish villa , and the La Rumorosa Mountain Pass in Tecate was used as the filming site for the tanker chase during the climax of the film . Sanchez 's Olympiatec Meditation Institute was shot at the Otomi Ceremonial Center in Temoaya . Other underwater sequences were shot at the Isla Mujeres near Cancún .
In August 1988 , production moved to the Florida Keys , notably Key West . Seven Mile Bridge towards Pigeon Key was used for the sequence in which the armoured truck transporting Sanchez , following his arrest , is driven off the edge . Other locations there included Ernest Hemingway House , Key West International Airport , Mallory Square , St. Mary 's Star of the Sea Church for Leiter 's wedding and Stephano 's House 707 South Street for his house and patio . The US Coast Guard Pier was used to film Isthmus City harbour . As production moved back to Mexico , Broccoli became ill , leading to Michael G. Wilson becoming co @-@ producer , a position he subsequently retained .
The scene where Sanchez 's plane is hijacked was filmed on location in Florida , with stuntman Jake Lombard jumping from a helicopter to a plane and Dalton himself being filmed atop the aircraft . The plane towed by the helicopter was a life @-@ sized model created by special effects supervisor John Richardson . After filming wide shots of David Hedison and Dalton parachuting , closer shots were made near the church location . During one of the takes , a malfunction of the harness equipment caused Hedison to fall on the pavement . The injury made him limp for the remainder of filming . The aquatic battle between Bond and the henchmen required two separate units , a surface one led by Arthur Wooster which used Dalton himself , and an underwater one which involved experienced divers . The barefoot waterskiing was done by world champion Dave Reinhart , with some close @-@ ups using Dalton on a special rig . Milton Krest 's death used a prostethic head which was created by John Richardson 's team based on a mould of Anthony Zerbe 's face . The result was so gruesome that it was shortened and toned down to avoid censorship problems .
For the climactic tanker chase , the producers used an entire section of a highway near Mexicali , which had been closed for safety reasons . Sixteen eighteen @-@ wheeler tankers were used , some with modifications made by manufacturer Kenworth at the request of driving stunts arranger Rémy Julienne . Most were given improvements to their engines to run faster , while one model had an extra steering wheel on the back of the cabin so a hidden stuntman could drive while Carey Lowell was in the front and another received extra suspension on its back so it could lift its front wheels . Although a rig was constructed to help a rig tilt onto its side , it was not necessary as Julienne was able to pull off the stunt without the aid of camera trickery .
= = = Music = = =
Initially Vic Flick , who had played lead guitar on Monty Norman 's original 007 theme , and Eric Clapton were asked to write and perform the theme song to Licence to Kill and they produced a theme to match Dalton 's gritty performance , but the producers turned it down and instead Gladys Knight 's song and performance was chosen . The song ( one of the longest to ever be used in a Bond film ) was based on the " horn line " from Goldfinger , seen as an homage to the film of the same name , which required royalty payments to the original writers . The song gave Knight her first British top @-@ ten hit since 1977 . The end credits feature the Top 10 R & B hit " If You Asked Me To " , sung by Patti LaBelle .
John Barry was not available at the time due to throat surgery , so the soundtrack 's score was composed and conducted by Michael Kamen , who was known for scoring many action films at the time , such as Lethal Weapon and Die Hard . Glen said he picked Kamen , feeling he could give " the closest thing to John Barry . "
= = Release and reception = =
Film ratings organisations had objections to the excessive and realistic violence , with both the Motion Picture Association of America and the British Board of Film Classification requesting content adaptations , with the BBFC in particular demanding the cut of 36 seconds of film . The 2006 Ultimate Edition DVD of Licence to Kill marked the first release of the film without cuts .
Licence to Kill premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on 13 June 1989 , raising £ 200 @,@ 000 ( £ 448 @,@ 735 in 2016 pounds ) for The Prince 's Trust on the night . The film grossed a total of £ 7 @.@ 5 million ( £ 17 million in 2016 pounds ) in the United Kingdom , making it the seventh most successful film of the year , despite the 15 certificate which cut down audience numbers . Worldwide numbers were also positive , with $ 156 million , making it the twelfth biggest box @-@ office draw of the year . The US cinema returns were $ 34 @.@ 6 million , making Licence to Kill the least financially successful James Bond film in the US , when accounting for inflation . A factor suggested for the poor takings were fierce competition at the cinema , with Licence to Kill released alongside Lethal Weapon 2 ; Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( starring former Bond , Sean Connery ) and Batman .
There were also issues with the promotion of the film : promotional material in the form of teaser posters created by Bob Peak , based on the Licence Revoked title and commissioned by Albert Broccoli , had been produced , but MGM decided against using them after American test screenings showed ' Licence Revoked ' to be a common American phrase for the withdrawal of a driving licence . The delayed , corrected advertising by Steven Chorney , in the traditional style , limited the film 's pre @-@ release screenings . MGM also discarded a campaign created by advertising executive Don Smolen – who had worked in the publicity campaign for eight Bond films before – emphasising the rougher content of the movie .
= = = Contemporary reviews = = =
Derek Malcolm in The Guardian was broadly approving of Licence to Kill , liking the " harder edge of the earlier Bonds " that the film emulated , but wishing that " it was written and directed with a bit more flair . " Malcolm praised the way the film attempted " to tell a story rather than use one for the decorative purposes of endless spectacular tropes . " Writing in The Guardian 's sister paper , The Observer , Philip French noted that " despite the playful sparkle in his eyes , Timothy Dalton 's Bond is ... serious here . " Overall French called Licence to Kill " an entertaining , untaxing film " . Ian Christie in the Daily Express excoriated the film , saying that the plot was " absurd but fundamentally dull " , a further problem being that as " there isn 't a coherent storyline to link [ the stunts ] , they eventually become tiresome . "
Hilary Mantel in The Spectator dismissed the film . " It is a very noisy film . There is a weary and repetitive note to the frenzy . The sex is low key and off @-@ screen but there is a smirking perverse undertow which makes the film more disagreeable than a slasher movie . "
David Robinson , writing in The Times observed that Licence to Kill " will probably neither disappoint nor surprise the great , faithful audience " , but bemoaned the fact that " over the years the plots have become less ambitious " . Robinson thought that Dalton 's Bond " has more class " than the previous Bonds and was " a warmer personality " . Iain Johnstone of The Sunday Times pointed out that " any vestiges of the gentleman spy ... by Ian Fleming " have now gone , and in its place is a Bond that is " remarkably close both in deed and action to the eponymous hero of the Batman film " that was released at the same time as Licence to Kill .
Adam Mars @-@ Jones of The Independent gave the film a mixed review , pointing out that it took out some of the more dated ideas from the Fleming novels , such as imperialism ; he wrote that the writers were " trying in effect to reproduce the recipe while leaving out ingredients that would now seem distasteful " . Overall Mars @-@ Jones thought that " James Bond is more like a low @-@ tar cigarette than anything else – less stimulating than the throat @-@ curdling gaspers of yesteryear , but still naggingly implicated in unhealthiness , a feeble bad habit without the kick of a vice . "
For the Canadian newspaper The Globe and Mail , Rick Groen wrote that in Licence to Kill " they 've excised Bond from the Bond flicks ; they 've turned James into Jimmy , strong and silent and ( roll over , Britannia ) downright American " , resulting in a Bond film that is " essentially Bond @-@ less " . Summing up , Groen thought " Actually , that dialogue ... ain 't bad . The silence looks good on Timothy Dalton " .
Gary Arnold of The Washington Times wrote that a number of factors " fail to prevent the finished product from jamming and misfiring with disillusioning frequency " . Arnold opined that " demanding that he [ Dalton ] play Bond 's wrathfulness in a transparently seething and hotheaded manner " means that Dalton " seems to waste away on this second outing as Bond . " Overall Arnold sees that there is a " failure to recognize that Bond productions are simply too extravagant to permit an uncompromised return to first principles . " The critic for The New York Times , Caryn James , thought Dalton was " the first James Bond with angst , a moody spy for the fin de siecle " , and that Licence to Kill " retains its familiar , effective mix of despicably powerful villains , suspiciously tantalizing women and ever @-@ wilder special effects " , but was impressed that " Dalton 's glowering presence adds a darker tone " . James concluded that " for all its clever updatings , stylish action and witty escapism , Licence to Kill ... is still a little too much by the book . "
Roger Ebert for the Chicago Sun @-@ Times gave the film 3 ½ stars out of 4 , saying " the stunts all look convincing , and the effect of the closing sequence is exhilarating ... Licence to Kill is one of the best of the recent Bonds . " Jack Kroll , writing in Newsweek described Licence to Kill as " a pure , rousingly entertaining action movie " . Kroll was mixed in his appraisal of Dalton , calling him " a fine actor who hasn 't yet stamped Bond with his own personality " , observing " Director John Glen is the Busby Berkeley of action flicks , and his chorus line is the legendary team of Bond stunt @-@ persons who are at their death @-@ defying best here " . For Time magazine , Richard Corliss bemoaned that although the truck stunts were good , it was " a pity nobody – not writers Michael G. Wilson , and Richard Maibaum nor director John Glen – thought to give the humans anything very clever to do . " Corliss found Dalton " misused " in the film , adding that " for every plausible reason , he looks as bored in his second Bond film as Sean Connery did in his sixth . "
= = = Reflective reviews = = =
Opinion on Licence to Kill has not changed with the passing of time and the reviews are still mixed : though film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes lists the film with a positive 77 % " fresh " rating from 52 reviews . Tom Hibbert of Empire gives the film only two of a possible five stars , observing that " Dalton ... is really quite hopeless " . Hibbert concluded that " he may look the part , but Timothy Dalton fails the boots , the scuba gear , or the automobiles left him by Moore and Connery . " In 2006 , IGN ranked Licence to Kill fifteenth out of the then 21 Bond films , claiming it is " too grim and had strayed too far from the Bond formula . " That same year , Benjamin Svetkey and Joshua Rich of Entertainment Weekly ranked the film as second worst in the series , questioning Wayne Newton 's cameo , and considering that " not even Benicio Del Toro in an early role as a henchman is enough to pep up the action . " The magazine also listed Pam Bouvier seventh on their list of worst Bond girls , saying Carey Lowell " fumbled this attempt at giving 007 a modern , independent counterpart by turning her into a nagging pest . "
Norman Wilner of MSN considered Licence to Kill the second worst Bond film , above only A View to a Kill , but defended Dalton , saying he " got a raw deal . The actor who could have been the definitive 007 ... had the bad luck to inherit the role just as the series was at its weakest , struggling to cope with its general creative decline and the end of the Cold War " . In October 2008 Time Out re @-@ issued a review of Licence to Kill and also thought that Dalton was unfortunate , saying " one has to feel for Dalton , who was never given a fair shake by either of the films in which he appeared " . On a more positive note , Chuck O 'Leary of Fantastica Daily remarked that it was a rare entry in the Bond series where the danger seems real .
Some critics , such as James Berardinelli , saw a fundamental weakness in the film : the " overemphasis on story may be a mistake , because there are times when Licence to Kill 's narrative bogs down . " Berardinelli gave the film three out of a possible four stars , adding " Licence to Kill may be taut and gripping , but it 's not traditional Bond , and that , as much as any other reason , may explain the public 's rejection of this reasonably well @-@ constructed picture . " Raymond Benson , the author of nine Bond novels , said of the film : " It boggles my mind that Licence to Kill is so controversial . There 's really more of a true Ian Fleming story in that script than in most of the post @-@ 60s Bond movies . " John Glen has said Licence to Kill " is among my best Bond films , if not the best " .
= = Appearances in other media = =
The Licence to Kill screenplay was written into a novel by the then @-@ novelist of the Bond series John Gardner . It was the first of those novels since Moonraker in 1979 .
Licence to Kill was also adapted as a forty @-@ four page , colour graphic novel , by writer and artist Mike Grell ( also author of original @-@ story Bond comic books ) , published by Eclipse Comics and ACME Press in hardcover and trade editions in 1989 . The adaptation closely follows the film story , although the ending is briefer , and James Bond is not drawn to resemble Timothy Dalton after Dalton refused to allow his likeness to be licensed . Domark also published a video game adaptation , 007 : Licence to Kill , to various personal computers .
= = Awards and nominations = =
1990 Edgar Allan Poe Award - Best Motion Picture - nomination for Michael G. Wilson and Richard Maibaum
1989 MPSE Golden Reel - Outstanding Sound Mixing - nomination for Graham Hartstone
|
= Mediterranean cuisine =
Mediterranean cuisine is the food from the lands around the Mediterranean Sea and its preparation . This geographical area broadly follows the distribution of the olive tree , which provides one of the most distinctive features of the region 's cooking , olive oil . Although this region spans a wide variety of cultures with distinct cuisines , the historical connections of the region , as well as the impact of the Mediterranean Sea on the region 's climate and economy , mean that there are common elements in these cuisines , which include Italian , Levantine , Maghrebi , Ottoman , Provençal ( French ) , and Spanish cuisines .
The region 's food came to be seen as a more or less unified cuisine following the cookery writer Elizabeth David 's book , A Book of Mediterranean Food ( 1950 ) . Other writers , such as the Tunisian historian Mohamed Yassine Essid , have agreed with David , defining the three core elements of the cuisine as the olive , wheat , and the grape , yielding oil , bread and pasta , and wine , respectively .
The cooking of the area is not to be confused with the Mediterranean diet , made popular because of the apparent health benefits of a diet rich in olive oil , wheat and other grains , fruits , vegetables , and a certain amount of seafood , but low in meat and dairy products . Mediterranean cuisine encompasses the ways that these and other ingredients , including meat , are dealt with in the kitchen , whether they are healthgiving or not .
= = Geography = =
= = = By city and country = = =
The cookery writer Elizabeth David 's introduction to A Book of Mediterranean Food ( 1950 ) defines her scope as " the cooking of the Mediterranean shores " . She sketches out the geographical limits as
from Gibraltar to the Bosphorus , down the Rhone Valley , through the great seaports of Marseilles , Barcelona , and Genoa , across to Tunis and Alexandria , embracing all the Mediterranean islands , Corsica , Sicily , Sardinia , Crete , the Cyclades , Cyprus ( where the Byzantine influence begins to be felt ) , to the mainland of Greece and the much disputed territories of Syria , the Lebanon , Constantinople , and Smyrna .
= = = By a key culinary plant = = =
David defines the region as coextensive with the range of the olive tree : " those blessed lands of sun and sea and olive trees " . The olive 's natural distribution is limited by frost and by availability of water . It is therefore constrained to a more or less narrow zone around the Mediterranean Sea , except in the Maghreb and in Spain , where it is distributed more widely , and on the islands of the Mediterranean , where it is widespread . It does not grow in most of France , most of the north of Italy ( except Liguria ) , or the inland regions of the Balkans .
The Tunisian historian Mohamed Yassine Essid similarly defines the region by the olive 's presence , along with bread , wheat , and the grape as the " basic products of Mediterranean folk cuisine " :
Mediterranean cuisine is defined by the presence of fundamental elements which are said to play a more important role than others , reflecting a community of beliefs and practices which transcend religions , languages and even societies . The olive tree , the emblematic tree on more than one account , traces the bounds of a frontier of landscapes and lives on either side of which the Mediterranean begins or ends . Above Montelimar , nicknamed " Gates of Provence " , is the limit of the olive .
= = Key ingredients = =
Essid , as already mentioned , identifies the " trinity " of basic ingredients of traditional Mediterranean cuisine as the olive , wheat , and the grape , yielding oil , bread , and wine respectively . The archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls this the " Mediterranean triad " .
= = = Olive = = =
The olive appears to come from the region of Persia and Mesopotamia , at least 6 @,@ 000 years ago . It spread from there to nearby areas , and has been cultivated since the early Bronze Age ( up to 3 @,@ 150 BC ) in southern Turkey , the Levant , and Crete . The ten countries with the largest harvests ( in 2011 ) are all near the Mediterranean ( Portugal being the tenth largest ) : together , they produce 95 % of the world 's olives .
The olive yields bitter fruits , made edible by curing and fermentation , and olive oil . Some 90 % of the fruit production ( 1996 ) goes into olive oil . The Mediterranean region accounts for the world 's highest consumption of olive oil : in 2014 , the highest @-@ consuming country , Greece , used 17 kg per head ; Italy , 12 kg , Spain 3 kg ; the United States for comparison used only 1 kg per head .
= = = Wheat = = =
Wheat was domesticated in the Fertile Crescent , in and near the Levant some 10 @,@ 000 years ago . Its ancestors include wild emmer wheat ; this was hybridised , harvested and sown to create domestic strains with larger grains , in ears that shatter less readily than wild forms . It had been spread across the Mediterranean region as far as Spain by 5 @,@ 000 BC .
Wheat is a staple food in the Mediterranean region . Wheat bread was already critically important in the empire of Ancient Rome , which included the entire region ; at that time , around 2 @,@ 000 years ago , North Africa was the " breadbasket " of the empire . Other staple wheat @-@ based Mediterranean foods include pasta and semolina ( wheat middlings ) products such as couscous and burgul . In turn , these are made into dishes such as the Greek dessert galaktoboureko ( milk börek ) , consisting of filo pastry parcels around a custard made with semolina . A widespread wheat dish from Turkey and the Levant to Iran and India is halva , a dessert of sweetened semolina with butter , milk , and pine kernels .
= = = Grape = = =
The grape was domesticated between 7 @,@ 000 and 4 @,@ 000 BC between the Black Sea and Persia ; archaeological evidence shows that wine was being made there by 6 @,@ 000 BC , reaching Greece and Crete in the fifth millennium BC and Spain by the last millennium BC . Winemaking started in Italy in the ninth century BC , and in France around 600 BC .
Grapes are grown for making wine , for drying as raisins , or for eating as table grapes . Wine grapes are often rich in tannins , while raisins and table grape varieties are chosen for their flavour . Grape production remains important in the Mediterranean area , with a large part of the world 's harvest . Italy produced 8 million tonnes ( mt ) in 2013 ; Spain 7 @.@ 5 mt ; France 5 @.@ 5 mt ; Turkey 4 @.@ 0 mt ; Egypt 1 @.@ 4 mt ; Greece 0 @.@ 9 mt ; Algeria 0 @.@ 6 mt . Wine production is similarly large , with France 4 @.@ 3 mt ; Italy 4 @.@ 1 mt ; Spain 3 @.@ 2 mt , but with much lower figures from the Muslim countries .
= = History = =
= = = Concept = = =
The concept of a Mediterranean cuisine is very recent , probably dating from the publication of David 's A Book of Mediterranean Food ( 1950 ) . David herself did not use the term , speaking instead of Mediterranean " food " , " cookery " , or " cooking " . The usefulness of the concept is disputed . Carol Helstosky , author of the book Food Culture in the Mediterranean ( 2009 ) , is among the authors who use " Mediterranean cuisine " interchangeably with " Mediterranean food " . In the preface to her book she writes
Mediterranean food is incredibly popular : pasta , pizza , gyros , kebab , and falafel can be found just about everywhere . Food experts and cookbook authors adore Mediterranean cuisine ...
Essid acknowledges that " geographical differences and the vicissitudes of history " have affected the food of different Mediterranean lands , but nonetheless asserts that :
Rules for the preparation and consumption of food are common to the lands that border the Mediterranean . They offer both stability , continuity and reproduction of a specific pattern of eating which resists conquest , invasion , colonisation , social change , industrialisation and urbanisation . Consequently , wherever you go , in southern Europe or the lands bordering the southern Mediterranean , you will find a cuisine and gastronomic ritual which is always familiar .
On the other hand , Sami Zubaida argues in his book Culinary Cultures of the Middle East ( 1994 ) that :
The idea of the " standard Mediterranean " ... is a modern construction of food writers and publicists in Europe and North America earnestly preaching what is now thought to be a healthy diet to their audiences by invoking a stereotype of the healthy other on the shores of the Mediterranean . Their colleagues in Mediterranean countries are only too willing to perpetuate this myth . The fact of the matter is that the Mediterranean contains varied cultures .
The cookery author Clifford A. Wright wrote in 1999 : " There really is no such thing as ' Mediterranean cuisine ' . At the same time , we seem to know what we mean when we use the expression .... " Wright argued that David 's book itself was largely about specifically French Mediterranean food , pointing out that " only 4 percent of her recipes come from North Africa or the Levant " .
Since David 's time , a variety of books on Mediterranean cuisine have been written , including Helstosky 's 2009 book , already mentioned ; books by other cookery writers include S. Rowe 's Purple Citrus and Sweet Perfume : Cuisine of the Eastern Mediterranean ( 2011 ) ; Mari @-@ Pierre Moine 's Mediterranean Cookbook ( 2014 ) ; and J. R. Stevens ' Mediterranean Cuisine ( 2015 ) . There are many more cookbooks covering specific cuisines in the Mediterranean area , such as B. Santich 's The Original Mediterranean Cuisine : Medieval Recipes for Today ( 1995 ) , on Catalan and Italian recipes ; H. F. Ullman 's on the cooking of Tunisia ( 2006 ) , Spain and Italy , each one subtitled " Mediterranean Cuisine " .
= = = Origins = = =
The ingredients of Mediterranean cuisine are to an extent different from those of the cuisine of Northern Europe , with olive oil instead of butter , wine instead of beer . The list of available ingredients has changed over the centuries . One major change was the introduction of many foods by the Arabs to Portugal , Spain and Sicily in the Middle Ages . Those foods included aubergines , spinach , sugar cane , rice , apricots and citrus fruits , creating the distinctive culinary tradition of Al @-@ Andalus .
Another major change was the arrival of foods from the Americas in Early Modern times ( around the sixteenth century ) , notably the incorporation of the potato into Northern European cuisine , and the eager adoption of the tomato into Mediterranean cuisine . The tomato , so central now to that cuisine , was first described in print by Pietro Andrea Mattioli in 1544 . Similarly , many of the species of Phaseolus beans now used around the Mediterranean , including P. vulgaris ( the French or haricot bean ) , were brought back from the Americas by Spanish and Portuguese explorers .
= = Cooking = =
David 's introduction to her 1950 book characterises the cooking of the Mediterranean countries as " conditioned naturally by variations in climate and soil and the relative industry or indolence of the inhabitants . "
David identifies " the ever recurring elements " in the food of this extensive region as olive oil , saffron , garlic , " pungent " local wines , as well as the " aromatic perfume " of herbs , especially rosemary , wild marjoram , and basil , and the bright colours of fresh foods in the markets , " pimentos , aubergines , tomatoes , olives , melons , figs " and " shiny fish , silver , vermilion , or tiger @-@ striped " . She includes cheeses of " sheep 's or goat 's milk " , " figs from Smyrna on long strings " and " sheets of apricot paste which is dissolved in water to make a cooling drink . "
With common ingredients including the olive , wheat , and grape ; a shared climate ; and a long period for cultural exchange , it might be expected that a single , pan @-@ Mediterranean cuisine would have developed . Certain items , such as olive oil , bread , wine , roast lamb or mutton ( for example , Maghreb méchoui , Greek kleftiko and souvlaki , Turkish shish kebab ) , bottarga , and stews of meat with vegetables and tomato ( such as Spanish andrajos , French estouffade à la Provençale , Italian ciambotta , Turkish buğu kebabı ) , are indeed found all around the Mediterranean . Despite this , however , the lands bordering the Mediterranean sea have distinct regional cuisines , from the Maghreb , Levant and Ottoman to the Italian , French , and Spanish . Each of those , in turn , has national and provincial variations .
= = = Maghrebi = = =
Maghrebi cuisine includes the cuisines of Algeria , Libya , Morocco , and Tunisia . One of the most characteristic dishes of the region is couscous , a steamed , small @-@ grained wheat semolina , served with a stew . The dish is ancient , mentioned by the Medieval traveller Ibn Battuta , and found for example also in Italian cuisine , at Genoa , Livorno and Trapani .
One stew that may be served with couscous is the Moroccan tagine , a hearty , somewhat dry dish of meat and vegetables , cooked slowly in a pot ( called a tagine ) with a tall conical lid . Dishes from the Maghreb region of North Africa are often coloured and flavoured with the hot spice mixtures harissa and ras el hanout ( containing such spices as cumin , coriander , saffron , cinnamon , cloves , chillies , and paprika ) . Other characteristic flavourings of the region are preserved lemons and dried apricots and raisins .
= = = Levantine = = =
Levantine cuisine is the cooking of the Levant ( including the Middle Eastern Mediterranean coast , east of Egypt ) . Among the most distinctive foods of this cuisine are traditional small meze dishes such as tabbouleh , hummus , and baba ghanoush . Tabbouleh is a dish of bulgur cracked wheat with tomatoes , parsley , mint and onion , dressed with olive oil and lemon juice . Baba ghanoush , sometimes called " poor man 's caviar " , is a puree of aubergine with olive oil , often mixed with chopped onion , tomato , cumin , garlic , lemon juice , and parsley . The dish is popular across the whole of the Eastern Mediterranean and North Africa .
Ful medames , originally from Egypt and still a national dish there , consists of fava beans with oil and cumin ; it is popular throughout the Levant . The dish may be ancient : dried beans of Neolithic age have been found near Nazareth .
= = = Ottoman = = =
Ottoman cuisine has given rise to the cuisines of modern Turkey , parts of the Balkans , Cyprus , and Greece . A distinctive element is the family of small flaky pastries called börek . These are popular and widespread across the Eastern Mediterranean region , and date as far back as ancient Roman times . Börek are made of thin sheets of filo pastry , filled with mixtures such as meat , caramelised onion and sweet peppers .
Another widespread and popular dish is moussaka , a baked dish of aubergine or potato with various other ingredients : often minced meat and tomatoes , sometimes a layer of egg custard or béchamel sauce on top . In its Greek variant , well @-@ known outside the region , it includes layers of aubergine and minced meat with custard or béchamel sauce on top , but that version is a relatively recent innovation , introduced by the chef Nikolaos Tselementes in the 1920s .
= = = Greek = = =
Much of Greek cuisine is part of the larger tradition of Ottoman cuisine , the names of the dishes revealing Arabic , Persian or Turkish roots : moussaka , tzatziki , yuvarlakia , keftethes , boureki , and so on . Many dishes ' names probably entered the Greek vocabulary during Ottoman times , or earlier in contact with the Persians and the Arabs . However , some dishes may be pre @-@ Ottoman , only taking Turkish names later ; Ash and Dalby , for example , speculate that grape @-@ leaf dolmathes were made by the early Byzantine period . Greek cookery makes wide use of vegetables , olive oil , grains , fish , wine and meat ( white and red , including lamb , poultry , rabbit and pork ) . Other important ingredients include olives , cheese , eggplant ( aubergine ) , zucchini ( courgette ) , lemon juice , vegetables , herbs , bread and yoghurt . Some dishes can be traced back to ancient Greece : lentil soup , fasolada , retsina ( white or rosé wine flavored with pine resin ) and pasteli ( candy bar with sesame seeds baked with honey ) ; some to the Hellenistic and Roman periods : loukaniko ( dried pork sausage ) ; and Byzantium : feta cheese , avgotaraho ( botargo , cured fish roe ) and paximadi ( traditional hard bread baked from corn , barley and rye ) .
= = = Italian = = =
Mediterranean Italian cuisine includes much of Italy outside the north and the mountainous inland regions . It is a diverse cuisine , but among its best @-@ known and most characteristic foods are risotto , pizza in Neapolitan and Sicilian styles , and pasta dishes such as spaghetti .
Risotto is a dish made using Italian short @-@ grain rice , which is both highly absorbent and resistant to turning into a pudding when cooked with stock and flavoured with onions and garlic , cooked in butter . Anna Gosetti della Salda 's book of Italian regional cookery lists 37 risotto recipes , 18 of them from the Veneto . Variations among Veneto risottos include additions of fish and white wine ; chicken ; eel ; mushrooms and grated Parmesan cheese ; quails ; small pieces of beef ; courgettes ( zucchini ) ; clams ; Ragù ; beans ; mussels ; prawns ; cuttlefish ; and asparagus .
Pizza , or as David notes " pissaladina or pissaladière " in Provence ( the cuisines of Mediterranean France and Italy having something in common ) , is a piece of bread dough rolled out thin , with a topping which varies from place to place , but is generally much simpler than those in the English @-@ speaking world . In Naples this is tomato , anchovies and buffalo mozzarella . In San Remo it is onions cooked in olive oil , with salted sardines . The Provençal variety uses onions , black olives , and anchovies .
Spaghetti dishes also vary . It may be eaten as David says " simply with olive oil and garlic " , without cheese , or with a sauce of " very red and ripe peeled tomatoes " , cooked briefly and flavoured with garlic and either basil or parsley . One Sicilian variant includes pieces of bacon , onions fried in fat , garlic , stoned olives , and anchovies , served with olive oil and grated Parmesan cheese .
= = = French = = =
Mediterranean French cuisine includes the cooking styles of Provence , Occitania , and the island of Corsica . Distinctive dishes that make use of local ingredients include bouillabaisse and salade niçoise .
Bouillabaisse is a substantial dish from the French port of Marseille , capital of Provence . It is a stew for at least eight people , because it should contain many kinds of fish such as crayfish , gurnard , weever , John Dory , monkfish , conger eel , whiting , sea bass , and crab . These are cooked with Mediterranean vegetables and herbs , namely onions , garlic , tomatoes , thyme , fennel , parsley , bay , and orange peel .
Salade niçoise is a colourful salad of tomatoes , tuna , hard @-@ boiled eggs , Niçoise olives , and anchovies , dressed with a vinaigrette .
= = = Spanish = = =
Spain 's varied cuisine includes the cooking of Andalusia , Catalonia , Valencia , and the Balearic islands . Paella is a characteristic Spanish dish , originally from Valencia and now popular across a much wider area , made in many versions . It may contain a mixture of chicken , pork , and shellfish , fried in oil in a large shallow pan , with vegetable flavourings , and long @-@ grain rice cooked to absorb the water and coloured with saffron . Other local ingredients may include artichoke hearts , peas , sweet peppers , sausages and so on .
= = Mediterranean diet and cuisine = =
The Mediterranean diet , popularised in the 1970s , is sometimes conflated with Mediterranean cuisine . Thus , the American Diabetes Association writes about " Mediterranean @-@ Style Eating " , mentioning " the traditional Mediterranean lifestyle ... of ... eating healthfully together among family and friends " , and asserting that " Mediterranean cuisine is plant @-@ based " , citing the ingredients " whole grains , fruits , vegetables , herbs and spices , beans , nuts , seeds , and olive oil " , and stating that most foods " in a Mediterranean diet come from plants " .
The 1984 travel guide Guida all 'Italia gastronomica states that " around 1975 , under the impulse of one of those new nutritional directives by which good cooking is too often influenced , the Americans discovered the so @-@ called Mediterranean diet . The name even pleased Italian government officials , who made one modification : changing from diet — a word which has always seemed punitive and therefore unpleasant — to Mediterranean cuisine . "
" Mediterranean diet " as popularly understood may have little to do with either Mediterranean cuisine or indeed the traditional Mediterranean diet based on the trinity of wheat , olive , and grape . Thus , Judy Lance 's book Low Carb Eating : How a Wheat Free Menu , or Mediterranean Diet Can Help with Weight Loss advocates a diet called Mediterranean , but lacking the wheat staple entirely .
= = A changing cuisine = =
Since David wrote about Mediterranean food in 1950 , and indeed since dietary researchers showed in the 1950s that people around the Mediterranean had less coronary heart disease than the peoples of northern Europe , the traditional Mediterranean ways of life and of eating have changed . Increased wealth and busy lives have led people to eat more meat and less vegetables : their diet is becoming more northern European , with more convenience foods and with less of a preventative effect on cardiovascular disease .
|
= Thebe ( moon ) =
Thebe ( / ˈθiːbiː / THEE @-@ bee ; Greek : Θήβη ) also known as Jupiter XIV , is the fourth of Jupiter 's moons by distance from the planet . It was discovered by Stephen P. Synnott in images from the Voyager 1 space probe taken on March 5 , 1979 , while making its flyby of Jupiter . In 1983 it was officially named after the mythological nymph Thebe .
The second largest of the inner satellites of Jupiter , Thebe orbits within the outer edge of the Thebe gossamer ring that is formed from dust ejected from its surface . It is irregularly shaped and reddish in colour , and is thought like Amalthea to consist of porous water ice with unknown amounts of other materials . Its surface features include large craters and high mountains — some of them are comparable to the size of the moon itself .
Thebe was photographed in 1979 by the Voyager 1 and 2 spacecraft , and later , in more detail , by the Galileo orbiter in the 1990s .
= = Discovery and observations = =
Thebe was discovered by Stephen P. Synnott in images from the Voyager 1 space probe taken on March 5 , 1979 , and was initially given the provisional designation S / 1979 J 2 . In 1983 it was officially named after the mythological nymph Thebe who was a lover of Zeus — the Greek equivalent of Jupiter .
After its discovery by Voyager 1 , Thebe was photographed by the Voyager 2 space probe in 1979 . However , before the Galileo spacecraft arrived at Jupiter , knowledge about it was extremely limited . Galileo imaged almost all of the surface of Thebe and helped clarify its composition .
= = Orbit = =
Thebe is the outermost of the inner Jovian moons , and orbits Jupiter at a distance of about 222 @,@ 000 km ( 3 @.@ 11 Jupiter radii ) . Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0 @.@ 018 , and an inclination of 1 @.@ 08 ° relative to the equator of Jupiter . These values are unusually high for an inner satellite and can be explained by the past influence of the innermost Galilean satellite , Io ; in the past , several mean @-@ motion resonances with Io would have passed through Thebe 's orbit as Io gradually receded from Jupiter , and these excited Thebe 's orbit .
The orbit of Thebe lies near the outer edge of the Thebe gossamer ring , which is composed of the dust ejected from the satellite . After ejection the dust drifts in the direction of the planet under the action of Poynting – Robertson drag forming a ring inward of the moon .
= = Physical characteristics = =
Thebe is irregularly shaped , with the closest ellipsoidal approximation being 116 × 98 × 84 km . Its surface area is probably between 31 @,@ 000 and 59 @,@ 000 ( ~ 45 @,@ 000 ) km2 . Its bulk density and mass are not known , but assuming that its mean density is like that of Amalthea ( around 0 @.@ 86 g / cm3 ) , its mass can be estimated at roughly 4 @.@ 3 × 1017 kg .
Similarly to all inner satellites of Jupiter , Thebe rotates synchronously with its orbital motion , thus keeping one face always looking toward the planet . Its orientation is such that the long axis always points to Jupiter . At the surface points closest to and furthest from Jupiter , the surface is thought to be near the edge of the Roche lobe , where Thebe 's gravity is only slightly larger than the centrifugal force . As a result , the escape velocity in these two points is very small , thus allowing dust to escape easily after meteorite impacts , and ejecting it into the Thebe gossamer ring .
Zethus Crater is the largest ( diameter about 40 km ) crater on and the only named surface feature of Jupiter 's moon Thebe . There are several bright spots at the rim of this crater . It is located on the far side of Thebe , facing away from Jupiter . It was discovered by the Galileo spacecraft . It is named for Zethus , the husband of the nymph Thebe in Greek mythology .
The surface of Thebe is dark and appears to be reddish in color . There is a substantial asymmetry between leading and trailing hemispheres : the leading hemisphere is 1 @.@ 3 times brighter than the trailing one . The asymmetry is probably caused by the higher velocity and frequency of impacts on the leading hemisphere , which excavate a bright material ( probably ice ) from the interior of the moon . The surface of Thebe is heavily cratered and it appears that there are at least three or four impact craters that are very large , each being roughly comparable in size to Thebe itself .
|
= James Meredith ( footballer ) =
James Gregory Meredith ( born 4 April 1988 ) is an Australian professional footballer who plays as a defender for League One club Bradford City .
Meredith started his career with the Derby County youth system in 2004 , signing a professional contract in 2006 . He was loaned out to Cambridge United and Chesterfield before moving to Ireland with Sligo Rovers . He returned to England with Shrewsbury Town , but after making only three appearances for them , he joined AFC Telford United on loan for most of the 2008 – 09 season . He played for them in the semi @-@ finals of both the Conference League Cup and the FA Trophy , as well as the 2009 Conference North play @-@ off Final . Meredith joined York City in 2009 and at the end of his first season played for them in the 2010 Conference Premier play @-@ off Final at Wembley Stadium . Two years later he won in the 2012 FA Trophy Final and 2012 Conference Premier play @-@ off Final with York at Wembley , the latter seeing the club promoted to League Two . He signed for Bradford City in 2012 , winning promotion to League One in his first season with victory in the 2013 League Two play @-@ off Final .
= = Club career = =
= = = Early career = = =
Born in Albury , New South Wales , Meredith was spotted playing football in Melbourne at the age of 16 by a Derby County scout . He was offered a trial by the club and he joined their youth system on a two @-@ year contract in 2004 . He progressed through the youth team and he signed a two @-@ year professional contract with Derby on 19 July 2006 . He joined Conference National team Cambridge United on a one @-@ month loan on 19 October 2006 and he made his debut in a 3 – 0 defeat to Oxford United . He finished the loan with two appearances . He had a trial with Conference National team York City in January 2007 , playing in a reserve team game against Rotherham United . He joined League One team Chesterfield on a one @-@ month loan on 19 February 2007 , making one appearance as a left midfielder in a 2 – 0 defeat to Tranmere Rovers on 2 March . Following the expiry of the loan , Chesterfield opted against extending it . Meredith joined League of Ireland Premier Division side Sligo Rovers on a contract until the end of the 2007 season on 31 July 2007 . He made his debut in a 2 – 0 defeat at Galway United on 24 August and he finished his time at the club with four appearances .
= = = Shrewsbury Town = = =
Meredith signed for League Two team Shrewsbury Town on a one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half year contract on 14 January 2008 after training with the club , which included a clause that after making five appearances the contract could be renegotiated . He made his debut on 23 February 2008 in the 2 – 1 home defeat to Hereford United , finishing the 2007 – 08 season with three appearances , with his final game coming against Rochdale on the last day of the season . He was told that he did not figure in new manager Paul Simpson 's immediate plans in July 2008 , being left behind as the club travelled to Spain on a pre @-@ season training camp .
Meredith joined Conference North team AFC Telford United on a one @-@ month loan on 16 October 2008 , saying " I don 't see it as a step down but as a step up , because I 've become stagnant at Shrewsbury " . Meredith signed a further one @-@ month extension with Telford in November and he scored the only goal in a 1 – 0 victory over Gateshead . The loan was again extended for a further month in December , keeping him at the club until early January 2009 . Telford were looking to extend his loan for the remainder of the 2008 – 09 season , but a contractual hitch held this up . He eventually extended the loan on 8 January . Meredith played for Telford in both legs of the semi @-@ final defeat to York City in the FA Trophy . He was handed a red card against Barrow in the semi @-@ final of the Conference League Cup in March , which meant he would miss the Final because of a two @-@ match suspension . He was substituted after breaking his nose in a 3 – 0 victory over Burscough in April . He played for Telford in the 2009 Conference North play @-@ off Final on 8 May , which was lost 1 – 0 to Gateshead , meaning the team missed out on promotion to the Conference Premier . He finished the season with 46 appearances and one goal for Telford .
= = = York City = = =
He was offered a new contract by Telford after the end of the season , but he opted to join Conference Premier team York City on 22 May 2009 . He made his debut in a 2 – 1 defeat to Oxford United on 8 August 2009 . Meredith was sent off after receiving two yellow cards in a 1 – 1 draw against Oxford on 17 October 2009 , which resulted in him being handed a one @-@ match suspension for York 's game against Luton Town . He signed a new contract with York on 29 March 2010 to keep him at the club until the summer of 2011 . He played in both legs of York 's play @-@ off semi @-@ final victory over Luton , which finished 2 – 0 on aggregate . He started in the 2010 Conference Premier play @-@ off Final at Wembley Stadium on 16 May 2010 , which York lost 3 – 1 to Oxford . He finished the 2009 – 10 season with 56 appearances for York .
Meredith had an operation on his knee during the summer of 2010 . He made his first appearance of the 2010 – 11 season in the opening game , after starting a 2 – 1 defeat to Kidderminster Harriers on 14 August 2010 . His first goal for York came in a 4 – 1 victory over league leaders AFC Wimbledon on 1 February 2011 after beating the offside trap to beat goalkeeper Seb Brown . He finished the season with 51 appearances and one goal . After rejecting two new contract offers with York he eventually signed a new one @-@ year contract with the club in May 2011 .
Meredith won the 2012 FA Trophy Final with York at Wembley on 12 May 2012 , in which the side beat Newport County 2 – 0 . Eight days later he played in the 2 – 1 victory over Luton in the 2012 Conference Premier play @-@ off Final at Wembley , seeing the club return to the Football League after an eight @-@ year absence with promotion to League Two . His 2011 – 12 season finished with 55 appearances and two goals for York , and was named in the 2011 – 12 Conference Premier Team of the Year alongside York teammate Matty Blair .
= = = Bradford City = = =
Meredith signed for League Two Bradford City on a two @-@ year contract on 29 June 2012 . His debut came after starting in Bradford 's opening game of the 2012 – 13 season , a 1 – 0 victory away at League One Notts County in the League Cup first round . Meredith scored his first goal for Bradford in a 3 – 1 home win against Cheltenham Town on 20 October 2012 . He achieved promotion into League One in his first season with Bradford , playing in their 3 – 0 victory over Northampton Town in the 2013 League Two play @-@ off Final at Wembley on 18 May 2013 . He finished the season with 44 appearances and one goal .
= = International career = =
In March 2015 , Meredith expressed his desire to play for the Australia national team . Australia coach Ange Postecoglou said at the time that he was open to selecting a number of new players to the national side , including Meredith . Meredith was first called up by Australia for a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Jordan on 8 October 2015 , for which he was an unused substitute as Australia lost 2 – 0 . Meredith debuted for Australia on 12 November 2015 , after being selected in the starting line @-@ up for the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Kyrgyzstan , which the team won 3 – 0 at home . He only learned he would be starting on the morning of the match , and his family flew to Canberra from Melbourne to watch him .
= = Style of play = =
Meredith primarily plays as a left @-@ back , although he has been described as being " versatile " and is able to play at centre @-@ back or in midfield . After signing for York in 2009 , manager Martin Foyle described him as being " a very attack @-@ minded , left @-@ footed full @-@ back with pace who can play the ball out from the back . "
= = Personal life = =
Meredith 's father was a squash player who ranked as highly as third in the world while playing in England . He previously dated glamour model Maria Fowler after meeting her through social networking website Myspace , although the two broke up in 2007 .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Club = = =
As of match played 20 May 2016 .
= = = International = = =
As of match played 17 November 2015 .
= = Honours = =
York City
Conference Premier play @-@ offs : 2011 – 12
FA Trophy : 2011 – 12
Bradford City
League Two play @-@ offs : 2012 – 13
Individual
Conference Premier Team of the Year : 2011 – 12
|
= New York State Route 36 =
New York State Route 36 ( NY 36 ) is a north – south state highway in the western part of New York in the United States . The highway extends for 95 miles ( 153 km ) from the Pennsylvania state line at Troupsburg , Steuben County northward to Ogden , Monroe County , where it ends at an intersection with NY 31 . Along the way , NY 36 passes through the villages of Dansville , Mount Morris , Caledonia , and Churchville and the city of Hornell . The section of the route between Dansville and Mount Morris closely parallels Interstate 390 ( I @-@ 390 ) ; however , from Dansville south and Mount Morris north , NY 36 serves as a regionally important highway , connecting to I @-@ 86 , U.S. Route 20A ( US 20A ) , US 20 , and I @-@ 490 as it heads north . At its south end , NY 36 connects to Pennsylvania Route 249 ( PA 249 ) .
The origins of NY 36 date back to 1908 when most of modern NY 36 between Jasper and Mumford was assigned a legislative route designation by the New York State Legislature . NY 36 was assigned in the mid @-@ 1920s to an alignment extending from Hornell north to Avon , utilizing its modern alignment south of Mount Morris and what is now NY 63 and NY 39 from Mount Morris to Avon . It was truncated in 1927 to end in Geneseo , but was subsequently realigned and extended as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York to continue north from Mount Morris to Ogden . NY 36 was extended again , this time southwestward to Andover , in the early 1940s , but was realigned just a decade later to continue southeast from Hornell to the Pennsylvania state line .
= = Route description = =
= = = Steuben County = = =
NY 36 begins at the Pennsylvania state line in Troupsburg , where it continues south into Pennsylvania as PA 249 . Heading north from the state line in Steuben County , the route follows Troups Creek northward through rural Troupsburg on its way to the equally isolated town of Jasper , where it meets NY 417 at a junction 1 @.@ 25 miles ( 2 @.@ 01 km ) west of the small hamlet of Jasper . NY 36 joins NY 417 here , following the east – west route to the western fringe of the community . At a T @-@ intersection just outside the hamlet , the two routes split , with NY 417 turning to the right ( eastward ) toward Corning and NY 36 making a left @-@ hand turn to continue northward toward the town of Canisteo . Across the town line , NY 36 turns toward the northwest and serves the hamlet of South Canisteo , which marks the southern end of both Colonel Hills Creek and a valley formed by the waterway .
The route continues generally northerly through the creek valley to the outskirts of the village of Canisteo , where the creek valley gives way to a larger one surrounding the nearby Canisteo River . At this point , NY 36 curves sharply to the northwest , passing over Colonel Hills and Bennetts Creeks prior to entering the village as Main Street . In the center of Canisteo , it intersects the northern terminus of NY 248 . Past NY 248 , the route leaves the village and continues northwest along the lightly populated banks of the Canisteo River to the city of Hornell , which NY 36 traverses by way of a divided highway built c . 1979 to bypass Hornell along its western edge . NY 36 heads north through the residential southern half of the city to Hornell 's commercial central district , the site of a junction with Main Street and NY 21 .
For the next 2 @.@ 5 miles ( 4 @.@ 0 km ) , NY 21 overlaps with NY 36 , following it through Hornell 's residential northern half , across the Canisteo River , and past pockets of development in the surrounding town of Hornellsville to a junction roughly 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) south of NY 36 's interchange with Interstate 86 ( I @-@ 86 ) and NY 17 . NY 21 breaks from NY 36 and proceeds to the northeast along an unnamed road ; NY 36 , however , continues along the bypass to I @-@ 86 and NY 17 , where the two roads meet at I @-@ 86 and NY 17 exit 34 via a full cloverleaf interchange . Past the interchange , the divided highway narrows into a two @-@ lane , undivided highway that continues through lightly populated areas of the town to the village of Arkport .
In Arkport , NY 36 intersects the eastern terminus of NY 961F , a reference route erroneously signed as a touring route , at West Avenue . Formerly , this intersection hosted the southern terminus of NY 70 , which originally followed what is now NY 961F northwest to Canaseraga . North of Arkport , the Canisteo River makes a turn to the west while NY 36 continues to the northeast , running along the eastern edge of both a marshy area and an extension of the Canisteo River valley . In the town of Dansville , NY 36 intersects the current eastern terminus of NY 70 at an intersection located 5 miles ( 8 km ) north of Arkport and due east of Canaseraga . From here northward , the highway takes on a more northeasterly routing as it crosses the northwest corner of the county , where it runs along the west side of Stony Brook State Park and briefly enters the park before emerging from the area just south of the Livingston County line .
= = = Livingston County = = =
Across the county line , NY 36 enters the town of North Dansville and the village of Dansville located within . At the southern village line , NY 36 meets the southbound entrance and exit ramps for I @-@ 390 at exit 4 and gains the name Clara Barton Street . Due to the angle at which I @-@ 390 crosses NY 36 here , the northbound entrance and exit ramps are located another 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) to the north . The route follows Clara Barton Street north into the village center , where it gradually curves northeastward ahead of a junction with Main Street ( NY 63 ) in Dansville 's business district . NY 36 turns northwest here , following NY 63 along Main Street for two blocks before returning west on Ossian Street . The highway turns again just six blocks later to follow Dock and Franklin streets northwest toward Dansville Municipal Airport . Ossian Street , meanwhile , continues west as NY 436 , which passes under I @-@ 390 a short distance to the west .
Between NY 436 and I @-@ 390 exit 6 near Groveland , NY 36 closely parallels I @-@ 390 , remaining within 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) or less of it for the entire distance . Just outside Dansville in the shadow of Dansville Municipal Airport , NY 36 connects to I @-@ 390 a second time by way of McWhorter Road and exit 5 . Outside of Dansville , the highway heads northwestward across gradually less developed areas as it traverses the west side of a wide , flat valley known locally as the flats . After 8 miles ( 13 km ) , it intersects the western terminus of NY 258 ( named Flats Road ) at an intersection situated 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of the hamlet of Groveland on the West Sparta – Groveland town line . Not far to the northwest is I @-@ 390 exit 6 , the third and final meeting between I @-@ 390 and NY 36 .
NY 36 continues on , passing through the hamlet of Sonyea and serving the Groveland Correctional Facility on its way into the town of Mount Morris and the village of the same name , where it becomes Main Street in the latter . It continues through the mostly residential community to the business district in the heart of the village , which NY 408 enters from the southwest on Chapel Street and leaves to the northeast on State Street . In between Chapel and State streets , NY 36 and NY 408 overlap for one block along Main Street . Immediately north of Mount Morris , NY 36 passes through the northern tip of Letchworth State Park and crosses the Genesee River , which separates the towns of Mount Morris and Leicester . As the route heads north into Leicester , it begins to leave the flats in favor of a more northwesterly alignment that leads it into the village of Leicester .
Now named Mount Morris Road , NY 36 enters the east side of the small village , intersecting with U.S. Route 20A ( US 20A ) and NY 39 at Main Street . NY 36 turns west onto Main Street , joining US 20A and NY 39 for one block in order to reach York Road , which carries the route out of the village and across sparsely populated areas to the York hamlet of Greigsville , centered on the highway 's second junction with NY 63 . After another 6 miles ( 10 km ) of open , rural surroundings — save for the hamlet of York at the midpoint of the segment — NY 36 has a junction with US 20 in the hamlet of Fraser . The route continues on , eventually reaching the sprawling village of Caledonia , where the route joins with NY 5 for three blocks along Main Street . At the village 's center , NY 36 turns north onto North Street , which carries the highway through the northern fringe of the village and into Monroe County .
= = = Monroe County = = =
Across the county line from Caledonia is the Wheatland hamlet of Mumford , where NY 36 crosses over the Rochester and Southern Railroad — which the highway has loosely paralleled since Dansville — and Oatka Creek prior to meeting the southern terminus of NY 383 . While the railroad , the creek , and NY 383 all head east to Scottsville , NY 36 continues to the north on Riga – Mumford Road , passing through isolated areas of the towns of Wheatland and Riga . Along this stretch , it passes over the New York State Thruway ( I @-@ 90 ) a short distance south of the Wheatland – Riga town line . The route continues into the hamlet of Riga , where it intersects and briefly overlaps with NY 33A westward along Chili – Riga Center Road . At Churchville – Riga Road , NY 36 leaves NY 33A to resume its northward trek toward the village of Churchville .
About 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) south of the village center , NY 36 meets I @-@ 490 at exit 3 . North of this point , NY 36 becomes South Main Street as it enters the southern portion of Churchville . The highway proceeds into the village 's central business district , centered on the junction of Main and Buffalo streets , the latter designated as NY 33 . NY 36 turns east at Buffalo Street , joining with NY 33 for nine blocks on Buffalo Street as both routes cross over Black Creek and approach the eastern fringe of Churchville . Here , NY 36 turns north once more to follow Washington Street into the town of Ogden . The route continues through the mostly rural town toward the hamlet of Adams Basin , located west of Spencerport and east of Brockport . About 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) south of Adams Basin , it intersects the western terminus of NY 531 ( Spencerport Expressway ) and meets NY 31 at junctions 100 yards ( 91 m ) apart . NY 36 ends at the latter intersection ; however , Washington Street continues north as County Route 212 to serve Adams Basin and the nearby Erie Canal .
= = History = =
In 1908 , the New York State Legislature created Route 15 , an unsigned legislative route that initially extended from Hornell in the south to Caledonia in the north via Dansville and Mount Morris . Also assigned at this time was Route 16 , which went from Cuba to Rochester via Le Roy and Caledonia . Much of Route 15 followed modern NY 36 ; however , from Dansville to Mount Morris , it used what is now NY 63 and NY 408 instead . Route 16 , meanwhile , followed current NY 36 from Caledonia to Mumford . From Jasper to Hornell , modern NY 36 was part of the cross @-@ state Route 4 . On March 1 , 1921 , Route 16 was truncated to end in Le Roy . Its former routing north of Caledonia became part of Route 15 .
NY 36 was assigned in the mid @-@ 1920s to an alignment extending from Hornell in the south to Avon in the north . The route utilized the routing of legislative Route 15 from Hornell to Dansville and from Mount Morris to Shakers Crossing , the modern junction of NY 63 and NY 408 northeast of Mount Morris . Between Dansville and Mount Morris , NY 36 followed its current alignment . Past Shakers Crossing , NY 36 continued northward through Geneseo to Avon on modern NY 63 and NY 39 . The Geneseo – Avon segment of NY 36 became part of US 20 when that route was assigned in 1927 . South of Hornell , what is now NY 36 from Hornell to Jasper became part of NY 17 when that route was assigned to most of legislative Route 4 in 1924 . The remaining sections of contemporary NY 36 — from Jasper to the Pennsylvania state line and north of Mount Morris — were state @-@ maintained but unnumbered .
In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , the segment of modern NY 36 from Hornell south to the Pennsylvania state line became the southernmost portion of NY 21 . At the same time , NY 36 was realigned north of Mount Morris to follow the path of former legislative Route 15 north through Caledonia to Mumford . Past Mumford , NY 36 continued north on its modern alignment to a new terminus at NY 3 ( now NY 31 ) south of Adams Basin . In the early 1940s , NY 36 was extended south through Hornell and Almond to Andover , replacing part of NY 17F . The routings of NY 36 and NY 21 south of Hornell were swapped in the early 1950s , placing both routes on their current alignments south of the city .
= = NY 36A = =
NY 36A was an alternate route of NY 36 between Dansville and Mount Morris . The route began at NY 36 in Dansville and passed through Groveland on its way to the vicinity of Mount Morris , where it ended at a junction with NY 63 northeast of the village . NY 36A was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York and supplanted by a realigned NY 63 in the early 1940s .
= = Major intersections = =
|
= M @-@ 156 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 156 is a state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan . The highway is entirely within Lenawee County and begins in Morenci at the Ohio state line with State Route 108 ( SR 108 ) and runs north to M @-@ 34 at Clayton . The highway runs through farm land along Lime Creek outside of the two communities , providing access to the Lake Hudson State Recreation Area . The trunkline dates back to the early 1930s , and has been unchanged since a realignment in 1980 .
= = Route description = =
SR 108 crosses into Michigan on the southern edge of Morenci where it becomes M @-@ 156 . From there the road continues northward on East Street through residential neighborhoods for about two @-@ thirds mile ( 1 @.@ 1 km ) to Main Street near downtown where it turns west . The trunkline follows Main Street for three few blocks before turning north on North Street . The highway exits town near the Oak Grove Cemetery . M @-@ 156 follows Lime Creek Highway , which runs parallel to the stream of the same name , through farm land . Near the intersection with Morenci Highway , M @-@ 156 crosses a line of the Norfolk Southern Railway in the community of Seneca . North of the rail crossing , M @-@ 156 follows Morenci Highway northward and passes to the east of Lake Hudson and the Lake Hudson State Recreation Area before terminating at a junction with M @-@ 34 in Clayton .
Like other state highways in Michigan , M @-@ 156 is maintained by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) . In 2011 , the department 's traffic surveys showed that on average , 4235 vehicles used the highway daily along Main Street in Morenci and 1 @,@ 412 vehicles did so each day near the state line , the highest and lowest counts along the highway , respectively . No section of M @-@ 156 is listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility .
= = History = =
M @-@ 156 was designated along its current routing in late 1931 or early 1932 . It was fully paved by the middle of 1936 . The highway was unchanged until a series of curves were changed north of Morenci . After the construction was finished , the former segments of highway were abandoned as a public roadway on April 3 , 1980 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire highway is in Lenawee County .
|
= Hartebeest =
The hartebeest ( pronounced / \ ˈhär @-@ tə @-@ ˌbēst \ / ) , also known as kongoni , is an African antelope , first described by the German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in 1766 . Eight subspecies have been described , including two sometimes considered to be independent species . A large antelope , the hartebeest stands just over 1 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) at the shoulder , and has a typical head @-@ and @-@ body length of 200 to 250 cm ( 79 to 98 in ) . The weight ranges from 100 to 200 kg ( 220 to 440 lb ) . It has a particularly elongated forehead and oddly shaped horns , short neck , and pointed ears . Its legs , which often have black markings , are unusually long . The coat is generally short and shiny . Coat colour varies by the subspecies , from the sandy brown of the western hartebeest to the chocolate brown of the Swayne 's hartebeest . Both sexes of all subspecies have horns , with those of females being more slender . Horns can reach lengths of 45 – 70 cm ( 18 – 28 in ) . Apart from its long face , the large chest and the sharply sloping back differentiate the hartebeest from other antelopes .
Gregarious animals , hartebeest form herds of 20 to 300 individuals . They are very alert and non @-@ aggressive . They are primarily grazers , with their diets consisting mainly of grasses . Mating in hartebeest takes place throughout the year with one or two peaks , and depends upon the subspecies and local factors . Both males and females reach sexual maturity at one to two years of age . Gestation is eight to nine months long , after which a single calf is born . Births usually peak in the dry season . The lifespan is 11 to 20 years in the wild and up to 19 years in captivity .
Inhabiting dry savannas and wooded grasslands , hartebeest often move to more arid places after rainfall . They have been reported from altitudes on Mount Kenya up to 4 @,@ 000 m ( 13 @,@ 000 ft ) . The hartebeest was formerly widespread in Africa , but populations have undergone drastic decline due to habitat destruction , hunting , human settlement , and competition with livestock for food . Each of the eight subspecies of the hartebeest has a different conservation status . The Bubal hartebeest was declared extinct by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) in 1994 . While the populations of the red hartebeest are on the rise , those of the Tora hartebeest , already Critically Endangered , are falling . The hartebeest is extinct in Algeria , Egypt , Lesotho , Libya , Morocco , Somalia , and Tunisia ; but has been introduced into Swaziland and Zimbabwe . It is a popular game animal due to its highly regarded meat .
= = Etymology = =
The vernacular name " hartebeest " ( pronounced / \ ˈhär @-@ tə @-@ ˌbēst \ / ) could have originated from the obsolete Afrikaans word hertebeest , literally deer beast . The name was given by the Boers , based on the resemblance of the antelope to deer . The first use of the word " hartebeest " in South African literature was in Dutch colonial administrator Jan van Riebeeck 's journal Daghregister in 1660 . He wrote : " Meester Pieter ein hart @-@ beest geschooten hadde ( Master Pieter [ van Meerhoff ] had shot one hartebeest ) " . Another name for the hartebeest is kongoni , a Swahili word . Kongoni is often used to refer in particular to one of its subspecies — Coke 's hartebeest .
= = Taxonomy = =
The scientific name of the hartebeest is Alcelaphus buselaphus . First described by German zoologist Peter Simon Pallas in 1766 , it is classified in the genus Alcelaphus and placed in the family Bovidae . In 1979 , palaeontologist Elisabeth Vrba supported Sigmoceros as a separate genus for Lichtenstein 's hartebeest , a kind of hartebeest , as she assumed it was related to Connochaetes ( wildebeest ) . She had analysed the skull characters of living and extinct species of antelope to make a cladogram , and argued that a wide skull linked Lichtenstein 's hartebeest with Connochaetes . However , this finding was not replicated by Alan W. Gentry of the Natural History Museum , who classified it as an independent species of Alcelaphus . Zoologists such as Jonathan Kingdon and Theodor Haltenorth considered it to be a subspecies of A. buselaphus . Vrba dissolved the new genus in 1997 after reconsideration . An MtDNA analysis could find no evidence to support a separate genus for Lichtenstein 's hartebeest . It also showed the tribe Alcelaphini to be monophyletic , and discovered close affinity between the Alcelaphus and the sassabies ( genus Damaliscus ) — both genetically and morphologically .
= = = Subspecies = = =
Eight subspecies are identified , of which two – A. b. caama and A. b. lichtensteinii – have been considered to be independent species . However , a 1999 genetic study by P. Arctander of the University of Copenhagen and colleagues , which sampled the control region of the mitochondrial DNA , found that these two formed a clade within A. buselaphus , and that recognising these as species would render A. buselaphus paraphyletic ( an unnatural grouping ) . The same study found A. b. major to be the most divergent , having branched off before the lineage split to give a combined caama / lichtensteinii lineage and another that gave rise to the remaining extant subspecies . Conversely a 2001 phylogenetic study , based on D – loop and cytochrome b analysis by Øystein Flagstad ( of the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research , Trondheim ) and colleagues , found that the southern lineage of A. b. caama and A. lichtensteinii diverged earliest . Analysis of skull structure supports partition into three major divisions : A. b. buselaphus division ( nominate , also including A. b. major division ) , A. b. tora division ( also including A. b. cokii and A. b. swaynei ) and A. b. lelwel division . Another analysis of cytochrome b and D @-@ loop sequence data shows a notable affinity between the A. b. lelwel and A. b. tora divisions .
The eight subspecies , including the two controversial ones , are :
† A. b. buselaphus ( Pallas , 1766 ) : Known as the Bubal hartebeest or northern hartebeest . Formerly occurred across northern Africa , from Morocco to Egypt . It was exterminated by the 1920s . It was declared extinct in 1994 by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ( IUCN ) .
A. b. caama ( Saint @-@ Hilaire , 1803 ) : Known as the red hartebeest or Cape hartebeest . Formerly occurred in southern Angola ; northern and eastern savannahs of Namibia ; central , southern and southwestern Botswana ; Northern Cape , Eastern Cape , Western Cape , Free State , Northwest and Gauteng provinces and western KwaZulu @-@ Natal of South Africa . Presently has been eliminated from all these areas except Northern Cape , central and southwestern Botswana and Namibia . Major re @-@ introductions have taken place in these countries . The population of this hartebeest is on the rise .
A. b. cokii ( Günther , 1884 ) : Known as Coke 's hartebeest or kongoni . Native to and confined within Kenya and northern Tanzania .
A. b. lelwel ( Heuglin , 1877 ) : Known as the Lelwel hartebeest . Formerly found in northern and northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo ; southeastern and southwestern Sudan ; and the northwestern extreme of Tanzania . Drastic population decrease since the 1980s has confined most individuals to protected areas inside and outside its range .
A. b. lichtensteinii ( Peters , 1849 ) : Known as Lichtenstein 's hartebeest . Inhabits the miombo woodlands of eastern and southern Africa . It is native to Angola , the Democratic Republic of Congo , Malawi , Mozambique , South Africa , Tanzania , Zambia and Zimbabwe .
A. b. major ( Blyth , 1869 ) : Known as the western hartebeest . Formerly occurred widely in Mali , Niger , Senegal , Gambia , Guinea @-@ Bissau , Guinea , Ivory Coast , Ghana , Nigeria , southwestern Chad , Cameroon , western Central African Republic and Benin . Nowadays it occurs in much lower numbers mainly in protected areas of these countries . It is probably extinct in Gambia .
A. b. swaynei ( Sclater , 1892 ) : Known as Swayne 's hartebeest . Restricted to the southern Rift Valley in Ethiopia . It formerly occurred throughout the Rift Valley , and its range extended eastward into northwestern Somalia . It has disappeared from Somalia by 1930 . Its populations are very low and on the decline .
A. b. tora ( Gray , 1873 ) : Known as the Tora hartebeest . Formerly occurred in northwestern Ethiopia and western and southwestern Eritrea . Its present status is unclear , though locals have reported small numbers from these areas .
= = = Genetics and hybrids = = =
In 2000 , a study scrutinised two major populations of the Swayne 's hartebeest , from the Senkele Wildlife Sanctuary and the Nechisar National Park , for mitochondrial ( D @-@ loop ) and nuclear ( microsatellite ) variability in an attempt to estimate the levels of genetic variation between the populations and within the subspecies . The results showed a remarkable differentiation between the two populations ; that from the Senkele Wildlife Sanctuary showed more genetic diversity than the one from the Nechisar National Park . Another revelation was that the translocation of the individuals from the Senkele Wildlife Sanctuary in 1974 had not made a significant contribution to the gene pool of the Nechisar National Park . Additionally , the Swayne hartebeest populations were compared with a large red hartebeest population , and both subspecies were found to have a high degree of genetic variation . The study advocated in situ conservation of the Swayne 's hartebeest and a renewed attempt at its translocation in order to conserve genetic diversity and increase its population size in both the protected areas .
The diploid number of chromosomes in the hartebeest is 40 . Hybrids are usually reported from areas where ranges of two subspecies overlap . Hybrids between the Lelwel and Tora hartebeest have been reported in eastern Sudan and western Ethiopia , in a stretch southward from the Blue Nile to about 9 ° N latitude . A study proved a male hybrid of the red hartebeest and the blesbok ( Damaliscus pygargus ) to be sterile . Sterility of the hybrid was attributed to difficulties in segregation during meiosis , indicated by azoospermia and a low number of germ cells in its seminiferous tubules .
There are three common cross @-@ breeds between the subspecies :
Alcelaphus lelwel x cokii : Known as the Kenya Highland hartebeest or the Laikipia hartebeest . It is a cross between the Lelwel and Coke 's hartebeest . This hybrid is lighter in colour and larger than Coke 's hartebeest . It is a light buff with reddish @-@ tawny upper parts , and the head is longer than in Coke 's hartebeest . Both sexes have horns , which are heavier as well as longer than those of the parents . It was formerly distributed throughout the western Kenyan highlands , between Lake Victoria and Mount Kenya , but is now believed to be restricted to the Lambwe Valley ( south @-@ west Kenya ) and Laikipia and nearby regions of west @-@ central Kenya .
Alcelaphus lelwel x swaynei : Also known as the Neumann 's hartebeest , named after traveller and hunter Arthur Henry Neumann . This is considered to be a cross between the Lelwel hartebeest and Swayne 's hartebeest . The face is longer than that of the Swayne 's hartebeest . The colour of the coat is a golden brown , paler towards the underparts . The chin has a hint of black and the tail ends in a black tuft . Both sexes have longer horns than the Swayne 's hartebeest . The horns grow in a wide " V " shape , unlike the wide bracket shape of Swayne 's hartebeest and the narrow " V " of Lelwel hartebeest , curving backward and slightly inward . It occurs in Ethiopia , in a small area to the east of Omo River and north of Lake Turkana , stretching north @-@ east of Lake Chew Bahir to near Lake Chamo .
The Jackson 's hartebeest does not have a clear taxonomic status . It is regarded as a hybrid between the Lelwel and Coke 's hartebeest . The African Antelope Database ( 1998 ) treats it as synonymous to the Lelwel hartebeest . From Lake Baringo to Mount Kenya , the Jackson 's hartebeest significantly resembles the Lelwel hartebeest , whereas from Lake Victoria to the southern part of the Rift Valley it tends to be more like the Coke 's hartebeest .
= = Evolution = =
The genus Alcelaphus emerged about 4 @.@ 4 million years ago in a clade whose other members were Damalops , Numidocapra , Rabaticeras , Megalotragus , Oreonagor , and Connochaetes . An analysis using phylogeographic patterns within hartebeest populations suggested a possible origin of Alcelaphus in eastern Africa . Alcelaphus quickly radiated across the African savannas , replacing several previous forms ( such as a relative of the hirola ) . Flagstad and colleagues showed an early split in the hartebeest populations into two distinct lineages around 0 @.@ 5 million years ago – one to the north and the other to the south of the equator . The northern lineage further diverged into eastern and western lineages , nearly 0 @.@ 4 million years ago , most probably as a result of the expanding central African rainforest belt and subsequent contraction of savannah habitats during a period of global warming . The eastern lineage gave rise to the Coke 's , Swayne 's , Tora and Lelwel hartebeest ; and from the western lineage evolved the Bubal and western hartebeest . The southern lineage gave rise to Lichtenstein 's and red hartebeest . These two taxa are phylogenetically close , having diverged only 0 @.@ 2 million years ago . The study concluded that these major events throughout the hartebeest 's evolution are strongly related to climatic factors , and that there had been successive bursts of radiation from a more permanent population — a refugium — in eastern Africa ; this could be vital to understanding the evolutionary history of not only the hartebeest but also other mammals of the African savanna .
The earliest fossil record dates back to nearly 0 @.@ 7 million years ago . Fossils of the red hartebeest have been found in Elandsfontein , Cornelia ( Free State ) and Florisbad in South Africa , as well as in Kabwe in Zambia . In Israel , hartebeest remains have been found in northern Negev , Shephelah , Sharon Plain and Tel Lachish . This population of the hartebeest was originally limited to the open country of the southernmost regions of the southern Levant . It was probably hunted in Egypt , which affected the numbers in the Levant , and disconnected it from its main population in Africa .
= = Description = =
A large antelope with a particularly elongated forehead and oddly shaped horns , the hartebeest stands just over 1 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) at the shoulder , and has a typical head @-@ and @-@ body length of 200 to 250 cm ( 79 to 98 in ) . The weight ranges from 100 to 200 kg ( 220 to 440 lb ) . The tail , 40 to 60 cm ( 16 to 24 in ) long , ends in a black tuft . The other distinctive features of the hartebeest are its long legs ( often with black markings ) , short neck , and pointed ears . A study correlated the size of hartebeest species to habitat productivity and rainfall . The western hartebeest is the largest subspecies , and has a characteristic white line between the eyes . The red hartebeest is also large , with a black forehead and a contrasting light band between the eyes . The large Lelwel hartebeest has dark stripes on the front of its legs . Coke 's hartebeest is moderately large , with a shorter forehead and longer tail in comparison to the other subspecies . Lichtenstein 's hartebeest is smaller , with dark stripes on the front of the legs , as in the Lelwel hartebeest . The Swayne 's hartebeest is smaller than the Tora hartebeest , but both have a shorter forehead and similar appearance .
Generally short and shiny , the coat varies in colour according to subspecies . The western hartebeest is a pale sandy @-@ brown , but the front of the legs are darker . The red hartebeest is a reddish @-@ brown , with a dark face . Black markings can be observed on the chin , the back of the neck , shoulders , hips and legs ; these are in sharp contrast with the broad white patches that mark its flanks and lower rump . The Lelwel hartebeest is a reddish tan . Coke 's hartebeest is reddish to tawny in the upper parts , but has relatively lighter legs and rump . Lichtenstein 's hartebeest is reddish brown , though the flanks are a lighter tan and the rump whitish . The Tora hartebeest is a dark reddish brown in the upper part of the body , the face , the forelegs and the rump , but the hindlegs and the underbelly are a yellowish white . The Swayne 's hartebeest is a rich chocolate brown with fine spots of white that are actually the white tips of its hairs . Its face is black save for the chocolate band below the eyes . The shoulders and upper part of the legs are black . Fine textured , the body hair of the hartebeest is about 25 mm ( 1 in ) long . The hartebeest has preorbital glands ( glands near the eyes ) with a central duct , that secrete a dark sticky fluid in Coke 's and Lichtenstein 's hartebeest , and a colourless fluid in the Lelwel hartebeest .
Both sexes of all subspecies have horns , with those of females being more slender . Horns can reach lengths of 45 – 70 cm ( 18 – 28 in ) ; the maximum horn length is 74 @.@ 9 cm ( 29 @.@ 5 in ) , recorded from a Namibian red hartebeest . The horns of the western hartebeest are thick and appear U @-@ shaped from the front and Z @-@ shaped from the sides , growing backward at first and then forward , ending with a sharp backward turn . The horns of the red and the Lelwel hartebeest are similar to those of the western hartebeest , but appear V @-@ shaped when viewed from the front . The Lichtenstein 's hartebeest has thick parallel ringed horns , with a flat base . Its horns are shorter than those of other subspecies , curving upward then sharply forward , followed by an inward turn at an angle of about 45 ° and a final backward turn . The horns of Swayne 's hartebeest are thin and shaped like parentheses , curving upward and then backward . The horns of the Tora hartebeest are particularly thin and spread out sideways , diverging more than in any other subspecies .
Apart from its long face , the large chest and the sharply sloping back differentiate the hartebeest from other antelopes . The hartebeest shares several physical traits with the sassabies ( genus Damaliscus ) , such as an elongated and narrow face , the shape of the horns , the pelage texture and colour , and the terminal tuft of the tail . The wildebeest have more specialised skull and horn features than the hartebeest . The hartebeest exhibits sexual dimorphism , but only slightly , as both sexes bear horns and have similar body masses . The degree of sexual dimorphism varies by subspecies . Males are 8 % heavier than females in Swayne 's and Lichtenstein 's hartebeest , and 23 % heavier in the red hartebeest . In one study , the highest dimorphism was found in skull weight . Another study concluded that the length of the breeding season is a good predictor of dimorphism in pedicle ( the bony structures from which the horns grow ) height and skull weight , and the best predictor of the horn circumference .
= = Ecology and behaviour = =
Active mainly during daytime , the hartebeest grazes in the early morning and late afternoon , and rests in shade around noon . Gregarious , the species forms herds of up to 300 individuals . Larger numbers gather in places with abundant grass . In 1963 , a congregation of 10 @,@ 000 animals was recorded on the plains near Sekoma Pan in Botswana . However , moving herds are not so cohesive , and tend to disperse frequently . The members of a herd can be divided into four groups : territorial adult males , non @-@ territorial adult males , young males , and the females with their young . The females form groups of five to 12 animals , with four generations of young in the group . Females fight for dominance over the herd . Sparring between males and females is common . At three or four years of age , the males can attempt to take over a territory and its female members . A resident male defends his territory and will fight if provoked . The male marks the border of his territory through defecation .
Hartebeest are remarkably alert and cautious animals with highly developed brains . Generally calm in nature , hartebeest can be ferocious when provoked . While feeding , one individual stays on the lookout for danger , often standing on a termite mound to see farther . At times of danger , the whole herd flees in a single file after an individual suddenly starts off . Adult hartebeest are preyed upon by lions , leopards , hyenas and wild dogs ; cheetahs and jackals target juveniles . Crocodiles may also prey on hartebeest .
The thin long legs of the hartebeest provide for a quick escape in an open habitat ; if attacked , the formidable horns are used to ward off the predator . The elevated position of the eyes enables the hartebeest to inspect its surroundings continuously even as it is grazing . The muzzle is designed so as to derive maximum nutrition from even a frugal diet . The horns are also used during fights among males for dominance in the breeding season ; the clash of the horns is loud enough that it can be heard from hundreds of metres away . The beginning of a fight is marked with a series of head movements and stances , as well as depositing droppings on dung piles . The opponents drop onto their knees and , after giving a hammer @-@ like blow , begin wrestling , their horns interlocking . One attempts to fling the head of the other to one side to stab the neck and shoulders with his horns . Fights are rarely serious , but can be fatal if they are .
Like the sassabies , hartebeest produce quiet quacking and grunting sounds . Juveniles tend to be more vocal than adults , and produce a quacking call when alarmed or pursued . The hartebeest uses defecation as an olfactory and visual display . Herds are generally sedentary , and tend to migrate only under adverse conditions such as natural calamities . The hartebeest is the least migratory in the tribe Alcelaphini ( which also includes wildebeest and sassabies ) , and also consumes the least amount of water and has the lowest metabolic rate among the members of the tribe .
= = = Parasites and diseases = = =
Several parasites have been isolated from the hartebeest . These parasites regularly alternate between hartebeest and gazelles or wildebeest . Hartebeest can be infected with theileriosis due to Rhipicephalus evertsi and Theileria species . South of the Sahara , common parasites include Loewioestrus variolosus , Gedoelstia cristata and G. hassleri . The latter two species can cause serious diseases such as encephalitis . However , parasites are not always harmful – 252 larvae were found in the head of one Zambian individual without any pathogenicity . Nematodes , cestodes , paramphistomes ; and the roundworm Setaria labiatopapillosa have also been isolated from the hartebeest . In 1931 , a red hartebeest in Gobabis ( southwestern Africa ) was infected with long , thin worms . These were named Longistrongylus meyeri after their collector , T. Meyer .
= = = Diet = = =
Hartebeest are primarily grazers , and their diets consist mostly of grasses . A study in the Nazinga Game Ranch in Burkina Faso found that the hartebeest 's skull structure eased the acquisition and chewing of highly fibrous foods . The hartebeest has much lower food intake than the other members of Alcelaphini . The long thin muzzle of the hartebeest assists in feeding on leaf blades of short grasses and nibbling off leaf sheaths from grass stems . In addition to this , it can derive nutritious food even from tall senile grasses . These adaptations of the hartebeest enable the animal to feed well even in the dry season , which is usually a difficult period for grazers . For instance , in comparison with the roan antelope , the hartebeest is better at procuring and chewing the scarce regrowth of perennial grasses at times when forage is least available . These unique abilities could have allowed the hartebeest to prevail over other animals millions of years ago , leading to its successful radiation in Africa .
Grasses generally comprise at least 80 percent of the hartebeest 's diet , but they account for over 95 percent of their food in the wet season , October to May . Jasminum kerstingii is part of the hartebeest 's diet at the start of the rainy season . Between seasons , they mainly feed on the culms of grasses . A study found that the hartebeest is able to digest a higher proportion of food than the topi and the wildebeest . In areas with scarce water , it can survive on melons , roots , and tubers .
In a study of grass selectivity among the wildebeest , zebra , and the Coke 's hartebeest , the hartebeest showed the highest selectivity . All animals preferred Themeda triandra over Pennisetum mezianum and Digitaria macroblephara . More grass species were eaten in the dry season than in the wet season .
= = = Reproduction = = =
Mating in hartebeest takes place throughout the year , with one or two peaks that can be influenced by the availability of food . Both males and females reach sexual maturity at one to two years of age . Reproduction varies by the subspecies and local factors . Mating takes place in the territories defended by a single male , mostly in open areas . The males may fight fiercely for dominance , following which the dominant male smells the female 's genitalia , and follows her if she is in oestrus . Sometimes a female in oestrus holds out her tail slightly to signal her receptivity , and the male tries to block the female 's way . She may eventually stand still and allow the male to mount her . Copulation is brief and is often repeated , sometimes twice or more in a minute . Any intruder at this time is chased away . In large herds , females often mate with several males .
Gestation is eight to nine months long , after which a single calf weighing about 9 kg ( 20 lb ) is born . Births usually peak in the dry season , and take place in thickets – unlike the wildebeest , which give birth in groups on the plains . Though calves can move about on their own shortly after birth , they usually lie in the open in close proximity of their mothers . The calf is weaned at four months , but young males stay with their mothers for two and a half years , longer than in other Alcelaphini . Often the mortality rate of male juveniles is high , as they have to face the aggression of territorial adult males and are also deprived of good forage by them . The lifespan is 11 to 20 years in the wild and up to 19 years in captivity .
= = Habitat = =
Hartebeest inhabit dry savannas , open plains and wooded grasslands , often moving into more arid places after rainfall . They are more tolerant of wooded areas than other Alcelaphini , and are often found on the edge of woodlands . They have been reported from altitudes on Mount Kenya up to 4 @,@ 000 m ( 13 @,@ 000 ft ) . The red hartebeest is known to move across large areas , and females roam home ranges of over 1 @,@ 000 km2 ( 390 sq mi ) , with male territories 200 km2 ( 77 sq mi ) in size . Females in the Nairobi National Park ( Kenya ) have individual home ranges stretching over 3 @.@ 7 – 5 @.@ 5 km2 ( 1 @.@ 4 – 2 @.@ 1 sq mi ) , which are not particularly associated with any one female group . Average female home ranges are large enough to include 20 to 30 male territories .
= = Status and conservation = =
Each hartebeest subspecies is listed under a different conservation status by the IUCN . The species as a whole is classified as Least Concern by the IUCN . The hartebeest is extinct in Algeria , Egypt , Lesotho , Libya , Morocco , Somalia , and Tunisia .
The Bubal hartebeest has been declared extinct since 1994 . German explorer Heinrich Barth , in his works of 1857 , cites firearms and European intrusion among the reasons for the decrease in its numbers . It was extinct in Tunisia by the late 19th century . The last individual was shot in Missour ( Algeria ) in 1925 .
Coke 's hartebeest is listed as Least Concern . This species has been greatly affected by habitat destruction , and about 42 @,@ 000 Coke 's hartebeest occur today in Mara , Serengeti National Park , and Tarangire National Park in Tanzania and Tsavo East National Park in Kenya . The population is decreasing , and 70 % of the population lives in protected areas .
The Lelwel hartebeest is listed as Endangered , and numbers have declined greatly since the 1980s , when its population was over 285 @,@ 000 . It was formerly distributed mainly in the Central African Republic , Ethiopia , northern and northeastern Democratic Republic of Congo and southern Sudan . Fewer than 70 @,@ 000 individuals are left . Most of the population nowadays is found in Chad in the Salamat region and the Zakouma National Park ( Chad ) , the National Park population benefiting from improved protection and seeing an increase in population since the 1980s ; Manovo @-@ Gounda St. Floris National Park and Bamingui @-@ Bangoran National Park and Biosphere Reserve in the Central African Republic , where the populations have been falling ; Rumanyika Orugundu Game Reserve and Ibanda Game Reserve in Tanzania ; and Murchison Falls National Park in Uganda .
Lichtenstein 's hartebeest is listed as Least Concern , and occurs in protected areas such as the Selous Game Reserve and in the wild in southern and western Tanzania and Zambia .
The red hartebeest is listed as Least Concern . It is the most widespread , with increasing numbers after its reintroduction into protected and private areas . However , it has been extinct in Lesotho since the twentieth century . Its population is estimated to be over 130 @,@ 000 ( as of 2008 ) , mostly in southern Africa . In Namibia , the largest population occurs in the Etosha National Park . A reintroduced population is flourishing in the Malolotja Nature Reserve ( Swaziland ) , outside its range . However , numbers have seen a sharp fall in southwestern Botswana .
The Tora hartebeest is listed as Critically Endangered ; the IUCN has ascertained that fewer than 250 mature individuals survive as of 2008 . They are possibly extinct in Sudan due to excessive hunting and agricultural expansion , but may still exist in smaller numbers in Eritrea and Ethiopia . There have been unconfirmed reports of sightings by locals of the Tora hartebeest southeast of the Dinder National Park , from where it had disappeared before 1960 .
Swayne 's hartebeest is listed as Endangered , and is close to being Critically Endangered . The total population in 2008 was less than 600 , of which the mature specimens numbered within 250 . It is confined to four major protected areas : the Senkele Wildlife Sanctuary , Nechisar National Park , Awash National Park and Mazie National Park . The hartebeest in Senkele have to compete with the livestock of the Oromo people . A study in the Nechisar National Park during 2009 and 2010 found a considerable increase in the livestock of the Oromos ( 49 @.@ 9 % and 56 @.@ 5 % increase during 2006 and 2010 , respectively ) , illegal resource exploitation , and habitat loss as major threats to the Swayne 's hartebeest populations there .
The western hartebeest is listed as Near Threatened . It has been eliminated from most of its range , including the southwestern savannas and Boucle du Baoulé National Park in Mali ; southwestern Niger ; southern Senegal ; Gambia ; Ivory Coast ; Burkina Faso . Small populations survive in Bafing National Park and the area bounded by Bamako , Bougouni and Sikasso in Mali ; Tamou Reserve in Niger ; Niokolo @-@ Koba National Park in Senegal ; Comoé National Park in Ivory Coast ; Diefoula forest and Nazinga Game Ranch in Burkina Faso ; Pendjari National Park in Benin ; and Bouba Njida , Bénoué , and Faro National Parks in Cameroon .
= = Relationship with humans = =
Hartebeest are popular game and trophy animals as they are prominently visible and hence easy to hunt . Pictorial as well as epigraphic evidence from Egypt suggests that in the Upper Palaeolithic age , Egyptians hunted hartebeest and domesticated them . The hartebeest was a prominent source of meat , but its economic significance was lower than that of gazelles and other desert species . However , from the beginning of the Neolithic age , hunting became less common and consequently the remains of the hartebeest from this period in Egypt , where it is now extinct , are rare .
In a study on the effect of place and sex on carcass characteristics , the average carcass weight of the male red hartebeest was 79 @.@ 3 kg ( 175 lb ) and that of females was 56 kg ( 123 lb ) . The meat of the animals from Qua @-@ Qua region had the highest lipid content — 1 @.@ 3 g ( 0 @.@ 046 oz ) per 100 g ( 3 @.@ 5 oz ) of meat . Negligible differences were found in the concentrations of individual fatty acids , amino acids , and minerals . The study considered hartebeest meat to be healthy , as the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids was 0 @.@ 78 , slightly more than the recommended 0 @.@ 7 .
|
= Oh Father =
" Oh Father " is a song by American singer Madonna from her fourth studio album Like a Prayer ( 1989 ) . It was released as the fourth single from the album on October 24 , 1989 by Sire Records . The song was not released as a single in most European territories until December 24 , 1995 , when it appeared on the 1995 ballads compilation Something to Remember . Written and produced by Madonna and Patrick Leonard , the nexus of " Oh Father " was the presence of male authoritative figures in Madonna 's life , most prominently her father , Tony Ciccone . Madonna 's relationship with her father had soured , after her mother 's death in 1963 and his remarriage two years later . While developing the Like a Prayer album , Madonna was in an emotional state of mind due to her personal problems , which also reflected in the songwriting for " Oh Father " .
Musically , " Oh Father " is a pop song and a ballad . It was recorded at a studio in the Garment District of New York City . Leonard put together different types of chord progression and created the basic outline of a melody , which Madonna shaped and then wrote lyrics to fit the melody . She used a contrast of timbre while singing the song , which also featured instrumentation from strings , piano , violin and drum machine . " Oh Father " received positive reviews from critics and authors , but commercially was less successful than Madonna 's previous singles . In most of the countries where it was released , the song failed to attain top @-@ ten positions , except in Finland and Italy , where it peaked at number six . It ended Madonna 's string of 16 consecutive top five singles in the United States .
The music video of the song was Madonna 's attempt to embrace and accept her mother 's death . Directed by David Fincher and shot in black @-@ and @-@ white , it shows a little girl playing in the snow , as her mother dies . A grown @-@ up Madonna follows the child and sings the song , as the child runs away from her abusive father . Described by reviewers as " autobiographical " , the video was listed by Rolling Stone as one of " The 100 Top Music Videos " . Scholars noted how Madonna 's persona was split into the child and adult in the video , and one writer described a scene involving the dead mother shown in her wake , with her lips sewn shut , as one of the most disturbing scenes in the history of mainstream music videos — the scene was inspired by Madonna 's memory of her mother from her funeral . " Oh Father " was performed only on the Blond Ambition World Tour in 1990 , where Madonna portrayed a woman trying to find her religion and her battle for it .
= = Background = =
When Madonna was five years old , in 1963 , her mother , Madonna Ciccone , died of breast cancer at the age of 30 . Months before this , Madonna noticed changes in her mother 's behavior and personality from the attentive homemaker she was , but did not understand the reasons . Mrs. Ciccone , at a loss to explain her dire medical condition , would often begin to cry when questioned by Madonna , at which point Madonna would respond by wrapping her arms around her mother tenderly . " I remember feeling stronger than she was " , Madonna recalled , " I was so little and yet I felt like she was the child . " Madonna later acknowledged that she had not grasped the concept of her mother dying . " There was so much left unsaid , so many untangled and unresolved emotions , of remorse , guilt , loss , anger , confusion . ... I saw my mother , looking very beautiful and lying as if she were asleep in an open casket . Then I noticed that my mother 's mouth looked funny . It took me some time to realize that it had been sewn up . In that awful moment , I began to understand what I had lost forever . The final image of my mother , at once peaceful yet grotesque , haunts me today also . "
Madonna eventually learned to take care of herself and her siblings , and she turned to her paternal grandmother in the hope of finding some solace and some form of her mother in her . The Ciccone siblings resented housekeepers and invariably rebelled against anyone brought into their home ostensibly to take the place of their beloved mother . In an interview with Vanity Fair , Madonna commented that she saw herself in her youth as a " lonely girl who was searching for something . I wasn 't rebellious in a certain way . I cared about being good at something . I didn 't shave my underarms and I didn 't wear make @-@ up like normal girls do . But I studied and I got good grades .... I wanted to be somebody . " Terrified that her father , Tony Ciccone , could be taken from her as well , Madonna was often unable to sleep unless she was near him . Two years after her mother 's death , her father married the family 's housekeeper , Joan Gustafson . At this point , Madonna began to express unresolved feelings of anger towards her father that lasted for decades , and developed a rebellious attitude . She explained in the May 1989 issue of Interview magazine :
That rebellious attitude really came , I think , when my father remarried . Because for the three years before he married , I clung to him . It was like , OK , now you 're mine , and you 're not going anywhere . Like all young girls , I was in love with my father and I didn 't want to lose him . I lost my mother , but then I was the mother , my father was mine . Then he got taken away from me when he married my stepmother . It was then that I said , OK I don ’ t need anybody . No one 's going to break my heart again . I 'm not going to need anybody . I can stand on my own and be my own person and not belong to anyone .
= = Writing and inspiration = =
When Madonna started work on her fourth studio album , Like a Prayer , she was already in an emotional state of mind , following her divorce with then @-@ husband , Sean Penn , her thirtieth birthday , and unfavorable reviews for her acting endeavors . She had certain personal matters on her mind that she thought could be the musical direction of the album . While writing the songs for Like a Prayer , Madonna also acted in a Broadway production called Speed @-@ the @-@ Plow . In the play , she portrayed Karen , a secretary to a movie producer who bedded her on a bet with his friends . Karen later gets revenge , but is depicted as just as seedy and conniving as the men who had partaken in this bet and exploited her . Madonna was frustrated with the role and the negative reception , which she vented into her lyrics . The result was a set of three songs — " Till Death Do Us Part " , " Promise to Try " and " Oh Father " — where she sought to purge herself from her personal paranoia and demons . Written with producer Patrick Leonard , in " Oh Father " the singer wanted to revisit the pain and confusion that had characterized her relationship with her father . Generally accepted by critics and academics as a love letter to Tony Ciccone or as an indictment , Madonna never divulged her inspiration behind " Oh Father " , except saying that the song was about her father and a tribute to Simon & Garfunkel , her favorite band at that time . She added , " [ The song ] is what the listener thinks it is , all open to interpretation . I just wrote the song , it 's up to others to interpret them to mean what they want them to mean . "
Although the singer has never mentioned physical abuse in her family , she had mentioned that her father was a disciplinarian and her stepmother was hard on her . Author Lucy O 'Brien wrote in her book Madonna : Like an Icon that the song stemmed more from the emotional neglect that Madonna faced , with her father locked up in grief after Mrs. Ciccone died . When he married again , his new wife was wrapped up with her own children , so the older kids were often left to their own devices . O 'Brien believed that for this reason , Madonna 's girlhood would have been without much joy , and that " Oh Father " was a potent example of the singer using her imagination to escape from her troubled childhood , while blaming it on her father . Tony later said , " Maybe I 'm not the greatest father in the world , but life wasn 't easy for us , and Nonni [ Madonna 's nickname ] knows all of this . "
= = Recording and composition = =
When Madonna went to record " Oh Father " , her troubled role in Speed @-@ the @-@ Plow was on her mind , with the result being that she vented her emotions in the recording of the song . Bill Meyers , who did the string arrangement for most of the songs on Like a Prayer , including " Oh Father " , recalled that Madonna worked on the song with Leonard in " this really dingy , awful little studio in the Garment District in New York . It was grotesquely dirty and cramped , and that 's what came out of it . "
According to him , Madonna was moved while singing the song , since the theme suggested incest and the controversial topic of closet beatings . However , her insecurities about her childhood showed up in anxieties during her vocal performance . Meyers said that if Madonna bended a note or sang flat in a certain spot , she would go on doing that consistently as she did not like to vary her voice or change the tone . Madonna recalled that Leonard thought of the melody for the song . After the mixing was over , Meyers complimented Madonna by saying that it was her " strongest " vocal performance . In a 2014 interview with Billboard celebrating the 25th anniversary of Like a Prayer , Leonard explained the recording process of the song :
" My favorite thing that we ever recorded , ever — or wrote — is ' Oh Father ' ... because we knew when we did it , that there was something about this that was in a way kind of the most * real * thing . [ For ] that song , the ' record ' button was only pressed three times . That 's it . So it 's real . It 's something that I really wanted to do and she was kind enough to say ' let 's try this , ' and it was not easy . "
For the song , which is a baroque pop ballad , Madonna uses a contrast of timbre , her higher smoother voice with her lower one . The song begins with the sound of violins for about 20 seconds . After this , a drum machine , string arrangement and piano ushers on top of the violins , as Madonna sings the chorus line " You can 't hurt me now , I got away from you , I never thought I would . " The violins and the drum beats drop after the chorus , but come back again during the next bridge . As Madonna sings the verse " Oh father I have sinned " , the violins change their pitch to a higher one . After the second chorus , there is an instrumental break where she sings about the realization that her father did not want to hurt her but she still ran away . The song ends with the guitar and violins fading out with Madonna 's voice . In an interview with Paul Zollo , Madonna commented that the " Father " can refer to Tony , God or all the " authorities in her life " .
= = Critical reception = =
Critical response for " Oh Father " was generally positive . J. Randy Taraborrelli , author of Madonna : An Intimate Biography , commented that with the track , Madonna exposed herself by transforming her personal experience into art , making it clear to anyone how she felt about her relationship with Tony . Rooksby believed that the " psychobabble " phrases of feeling good about oneself in the song , would have made it extremely popular in the early Eighties . He added that " Oh Father " was the most compassionate and generous moment in Madonna 's musical career and the track might have inspired the exploration of childhood in the music of contemporary artists like Kate Bush and Tori Amos , in particular Bush 's song " The Fog " from her 1989 studio album , The Sensual World , and Amos ' " Winter " from the 1992 effort , Little Earthquakes . Author Leslie C. Dunn wrote in her book Embodied Voices , that the autobiographical nature of the song brought forth a new side of Madonna . Sharing the same view , Freya Jarman @-@ Ivens , one of the authors of Madonna 's Drowned Worlds , declared " Oh Father " as a powerful statement regarding father @-@ daughter relationships . Allen Metz , author of The Madonna Companion , described the song as a " stark ballad with a serious string arrangement " . O 'Brien felt that the strings were dramatic and pretentious . She described Madonna 's singing as consisting of " Courtney Love @-@ style rasp " and adding that Madonna " attacks the song with personal passion " .
Lennox Samuels from The Dallas Morning News felt that the " great sense of being hurt that is present in ' Oh Father ' is far more relatable than any other Madonna song . " Kevin Phinney from the Austin American @-@ Statesman called it the strongest and the most shocking song on Like a Prayer . Stephen Holden from The New York Times wrote that the orchestration of the song was " grandiloquent " , while describing Madonna 's delivery of the lines as an " angry triumph " . Stewart Mason from Allmusic shared Holden 's opinion , and described " Oh Father " as " [ Madonna 's ] finest ballad performance ever " . He added that the " upward modulation of the chorus , accompanied by some overdubbed self @-@ harmonies that feature a very controlled and effective use of Madonna 's highest register , is sheer brilliance , giving the song a steely resolve that removes any taint of self @-@ pity from the verses . " Music journalist J. D. Considine , while reviewing Like a Prayer for Rolling Stone , believed that despite the song 's " lush " string arrangement , some of the lyrics contain a disquieting degree of pain . Hadley Freeman from The Guardian commented that the confessional nature of the lyrics of " Oh Father " was what appealed to her the most in the song . Negative reception for the song was given by Mark Browning , author of David Fincher : Films That Scar , who called it one of Madonna 's weakest efforts , due to the verses sounding more like musical theater than a pop song .
= = Chart performance = =
In the United States , " Oh Father " was released on October 24 , 1989 , and debuted at number 55 on the Billboard Hot 100 , during the week of November 11 , 1989 . The song became Madonna 's first single since " Holiday " in 1984 not to enter the top ten in the United States , peaking at number 20 on the week of December 30 , 1989 . This ended her streak of 16 consecutive top five singles and 17 consecutive top ten singles . It was present on the Hot 100 for a total of 13 weeks . In Canada , " Oh Father " debuted at number 84 on the RPM Singles Chart on November 11 , 1989 . After nine weeks , the song reached a peak of number 14 on the chart , and was present for a total of 15 weeks . The single was Madonna 's lowest charting single in Australia at the time , where it peaked at number 59 , breaking a run of 20 consecutive top 40 singles .
" Oh Father " was not released as a single in most European territories until December 24 , 1995 , when it appeared on Madonna 's 1995 compilation album Something to Remember . The 1995 single was released with different track listing and artwork which included a photography still from the 1989 music video . The song debuted and peaked at number 16 on the UK Singles Chart on January 6 , 1996 . It became the third single of her career to miss the top @-@ ten position in the United Kingdom , after " Lucky Star " ( 1984 ) and " Take a Bow " ( 1994 ) . According to The Official Charts Company , " Oh Father " has sold 58 @,@ 730 copies in the UK as of August 2008 . The song also appeared on the Irish Singles Chart for one week at number 25 on January 4 , 1996 . The song was more commercially successful in Finland and Italy , where it reached number six on both national charts . On the European Hot 100 Singles , the song debuted at number 73 on January 13 , 1996 . The next week , it reached its peak position at number 62 and became her lowest @-@ charting single on the chart up to that point .
= = Music video = =
The music video was filmed during the last week of October 1989 at Culver Studios in Culver City , California , and was directed by David Fincher , who worked with Madonna in her video for " Express Yourself " . Described by Carol Clerk , author of Madonnastyle , as " harrowingly autobiographical " , the video was shot entirely in black @-@ and @-@ white and recreates the death scene of a young woman , exploring the tempestuous relationship that ensues between the husband and the daughter she has left behind . It begins with a young girl playing in the backyard as snow falls on the ground . The scene shifts to that of a bedside , where a young woman who has died , lies . Her husband covers her with a white sheet as a priest prays . Madonna , wearing a long , black coat , sings the song underneath a snow @-@ covered , dead tree , as the young girl plays with her dead mother 's jewelry . The husband comes and shouts at the girl , tearing away the woman 's pearl necklace which drop at the little girl 's feet . The adult Madonna is shown lying beside another man singing the song as the little girl visits her mother 's grave . The man gets up and slaps Madonna in the face , as the little girl cries in front of the grave . She is taken away from the graveyard by her father , as interspersed scenes show the girl being kissed by her mother , her trying to reach the knob of a door , and Madonna powdering the bruise mark on her face . As the singer walks through a forest , the father is shown resorting to drinking in grief . A funeral scene follows , showing the girl walking up to her mother 's wake . When she sees her mother 's lips sealed with thread , she runs away from the wake . Madonna walks through a house , where shadows show the girl being scolded and shouted at by the father . Ultimately she walks to the graveyard and stands beside an old man , implying that she herself is the little girl portrayed . The video ends with the little girl dancing in front of her mother 's grave as snow falls around her .
Madonna later said that the end of the video was " my attempt to embrace and accept my mother 's death " . According to feminist writer E. Ann Kaplan , the video is said to have taken stylistic inspiration from the 1941 Orson Welles film , Citizen Kane . She described the video as a " typical adolescent story in Western cultural terms " . It foregrounds Madonna 's repressive Catholic upbringing and her conflicted relationship not only to her literal father in the video , but also a symbolic one — the Holy Father , the Law and the Patriarchy . Bruce David Forbes , author of Religion and Popular Culture in America , felt that the video drew on Madonna 's childhood experiences and dramatized her efforts to renegotiate these relationships , in her daily interactions with her lover and father , and in relation to Catholicism , which the singer referred to in the line " Oh father I have sinned " . Dunn noticed that like the Pepsi commercial shot for her earlier single " Like a Prayer " , Madonna 's persona is split into a child and adult , who repeatedly fuse and separate . Dunn commented that as the narrative developed , the child is shown singing , but the adult Madonna 's voice is heard , and when the adult Madonna appears in a hallway , her shadow is that of a child . Madonna responded to these observations by saying : " I think the biggest reason I was able to express myself and not be intimidated was not having a mother . " Dunn then moved onto the scene during the funeral , when the child trembled from seeing her mother 's lips sewn shut . Described by her as one of the most troubling shots in mainstream music videos , the scene was inspired by Madonna 's memory of her mother lying in her wake . The singer recalled in a 1991 interview with Vanity Fair , that she remembered that her mother 's lips looked funny in the funeral . When she got closer , she saw that Madonna Sr 's lips had been sewn together . This image of her mother had haunted Madonna for many years , and led her to comment that she never could resolve her Electra complex . The singer further explained :
I had to deal with the loss of my mother and then had to deal with the guilt of her being gone and then I had to deal with the loss of my father when he married my stepmother . So I was just one angry abandoned girl . I 'm still angry . The part of me that goes around saying " Fuck you ! Fuck you ! " is the part that 's covering up the part that 's saying " I 'm hurt ! " I guess all of this came through in the video .
In the 1991 MTV special hosted by Kurt Loder titled Breakfast with Madonna , Loder described the video as " amazing " , then asked Madonna if her father had seen it . Madonna responded , " To tell you the truth , I don 't know if he 's seen it . I 'm sort of afraid to ask . " After MTV world @-@ premiered the video on November 11 , 1989 , they wanted to pull it off broadcast until the scene with the lips shut was removed . Madonna disagreed and told them that she would cancel future deals with the channel , prompting MTV to air the video again . The music video has been honored by Rolling Stone as one of " The 100 Top Music Videos " , placed at number 66 . In 1991 , the video received a nomination at the 33rd Grammy Awards , in the category of Best Short Form Music Video . Madonna 's vision of reconciliation in the music videos of both " Oh Father " and her 1986 single " Papa Don 't Preach " was later included in the third level of Madonna Studies , a controversial development of a field in media studies during the 1990s . The music video for " Oh Father " is commercially available on Madonna 's The Immaculate Collection ( 1990 ) DVD / VHS compilation .
= = Live performance and covers = =
Madonna performed " Oh Father " on her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour with " Live to Tell " , during the second segment of the show . As the performance of " Like a Prayer " ended , Madonna , who was dressed in a clergyman 's robe with a crucifix around her neck , and a veil around her head , knelt on a church nave , while incense fumes wafted around her . She started singing " Live to Tell " from a confession bench , with Roman columns and a platform full of votive candles in the background . In the middle of the song , she started singing " Oh Father " while a dancer in a black frock played the role of a priest . The dancer , Carlton Wilborn , recalled that this performance required a lot of rehearsal time , since the dance portrayed Madonna as a woman trying to find her religion . He explained : " One side knew she needed it , another side was resistant , and our dance represented that battle inside . " At the end of the performance , Wilborn pushed down Madonna 's head before pulling her back up again , thus portraying his role as the priest , trying to wake up Madonna to the importance of religion . Two different performances were taped and released on video , the Blond Ambition – Japan Tour 90 , taped in Yokohama , Japan , on April 27 , 1990 , and the Blond Ambition World Tour Live , taped in Nice , France , on August 5 , 1990 .
British alternative band My Vitriol released a rock version of the song on their 2001 album , Finelines . A cover version by Giant Drag done in folk rock style was included on the 2007 Madonna tribute compilation Through the Wilderness . Sia covered the song on her 2010 album , We Are Born . K. Ross Hoffman from Allmusic praised this version , saying that Sia 's voice sounded throaty and it " recalled any number of tortured ' 90s alt @-@ rock songstresses " . Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone said that Sia 's cover " finds the sweetness in [ the original song ] , brightening it into an airy , blippy closer . "
= = Track listing and formats = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits and personnel adapted from Like a Prayer album liner notes .
= = Charts = =
|
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.