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= Copper ( I ) chloride = Copper ( I ) chloride , commonly called cuprous chloride , is the lower chloride of copper , with the formula CuCl . The substance is a white solid sparingly soluble in water , but very soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid . Impure samples appear green due to the presence of copper ( II ) chloride . = = History = = Copper ( I ) chloride was first prepared by Robert Boyle in the mid @-@ seventeenth century from mercury ( II ) chloride ( " Venetian sublimate " ) and copper metal : HgCl2 + 2 Cu → 2 CuCl + Hg In 1799 , J.L. Proust characterized the two different chlorides of copper . He prepared CuCl by heating CuCl2 at red heat in the absence of air , causing it to lose half of its combined chlorine followed by removing residual CuCl2 by washing with water . An acidic solution of CuCl was formerly used for analysis of carbon monoxide content in gases , for example in Hempel 's gas apparatus . This application was significant during the time that coal gas was widely used for heating and lighting , during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries . = = Synthesis = = Copper ( I ) chloride is synthesed by reducing copper ( II ) chloride , e.g. with sulfur dioxide : 2 CuCl2 + SO2 + 2 H2O → 2 CuCl + H2SO4 + 2 HCl Many other reducing agents can be used . = = Chemical properties = = Copper ( I ) chloride is a Lewis acid , which is classified as soft according to the Hard @-@ Soft Acid @-@ Base concept . Thus , it tends to form stable complexes with soft Lewis bases such as triphenylphosphine : CuCl + P ( C6H5 ) 3 → [ CuCl ( P ( C6H5 ) 3 ) ] 4 Although CuCl is insoluble in water , it dissolves in aqueous solutions containing suitable donor molecules . It forms complexes with halide ions , for example forming H3O + CuCl2 − with concentrated hydrochloric acid . It is attacked by CN − , S2O32 − , and NH3 to give the corresponding complexes . Solutions of CuCl in HCl or NH3 absorb carbon monoxide to form colourless complexes such as the chloride @-@ bridged dimer [ CuCl ( CO ) ] 2 . The same hydrochloric acid solutions also react with acetylene gas to form [ CuCl ( C2H2 ) ] . Ammoniacal solutions of CuCl react with acetylenes to form the explosive copper ( I ) acetylide , Cu2C2 . Complexes of CuCl with alkenes can be prepared by reduction of CuCl2 by sulfur dioxide in the presence of the alkene in alcohol solution . Complexes with dienes such as 1 @,@ 5 @-@ cyclooctadiene are particularly stable : In absence of other ligands , its aqueous solutions are unstable with respect to disproportionation into Cu and CuCl2 . In part for this reason samples in air assume a green coloration ( see photograph in upper right ) . = = Uses = = The main use of copper ( I ) chloride is as a precursor to the fungicide copper oxychloride . For this purpose aqueous copper ( I ) chloride is generated by comproportionation and then air @-@ oxidized : Cu + CuCl2 → 2 CuCl 6 CuCl + 3 / 2 O2 + 3 H2O → 2 Cu3Cl2 ( OH ) 4 + CuCl2 Copper ( I ) chloride catalyzes a variety of organic reactions , as discussed above . Its affinity for carbon monoxide in the presence of aluminium chloride is exploited in the COPureSM process . = = = In organic synthesis = = = CuCl is used with carbon monoxide , aluminium chloride , and hydrogen chloride in the Gatterman @-@ Koch reaction to form benzaldehydes . In the Sandmeyer reaction . Treatment of an arenediazonium salt with CuCl leads to an aryl chloride , for example : The reaction has wide scope and usually gives good yields . Early investigators observed that copper ( I ) halides catalyse 1 @,@ 4 @-@ addition of Grignard reagents to alpha , beta @-@ unsaturated ketones led to the development of organocuprate reagents that are widely used today in organic synthesis : This finding led to the development of organocopper chemistry . For example , CuCl reacts with methyllithium ( CH3Li ) to form " Gilman reagents " such as ( CH3 ) 2CuLi , which find extensive use in organic synthesis . Grignard reagents form similar organocopper compounds . Although other copper ( I ) compounds such as copper ( I ) iodide are now more often used for these types of reactions , copper ( I ) chloride is still recommended in some cases : Here , Bu indicates an n @-@ butyl group . Without CuCl , the Grignard reagent alone gives a mixture of 1,2- and 1 @,@ 4 @-@ addition products ( i.e. , the butyl adds at the C closer to the C = O ) . Copper ( I ) chloride is also an intermediate formed from copper ( II ) chloride in the Wacker process . = = = In polymer chemistry = = = CuCl is used as a catalyst in Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization ( ATRP ) .
= Battle of the Chesapeake = The Battle of the Chesapeake , also known as the Battle of the Virginia Capes or simply the Battle of the Capes , was a crucial naval battle in the American War of Independence that took place near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay on 5 September 1781 , between a British fleet led by Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Graves and a French fleet led by Rear Admiral Francois Joseph Paul , the Comte de Grasse . Although tactically indecisive , the battle was strategically decisive , since it prevented the Royal Navy from reinforcing or evacuating the forces of Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown , Virginia . When the French were able to achieve control of the sea lanes against the British , the result was the reinforcement of the Franco @-@ American army with siege artillery and French reinforcements — all of which proved decisive in the Siege of Yorktown , effectively securing independence for the Thirteen Colonies . Presented in July 1781 with the options of attacking British forces in either New York or Virginia , Admiral de Grasse opted for the latter , arriving at the Chesapeake at the end of August . Upon learning that de Grasse had sailed from the West Indies for North America , and that French Admiral de Barras had also sailed from Newport , Rhode Island , Admiral Graves concluded that they were going to join forces at the Chesapeake . Sailing south from New York with 19 ships of the line , Graves arrived at the mouth of the Chesapeake early on 5 September to see de Grasse 's fleet at anchor in the bay . De Grasse hastily prepared most of his fleet , 24 ships of the line , for battle and sailed out to meet Graves . In a two @-@ hour engagement that took place after hours of manoeuvring , the lines of the two fleets did not completely meet , with only the forward and center sections of the lines fully engaging . The battle was consequently fairly evenly matched , although the British suffered more casualties and ship damage . The battle broke off when the sun set . British tactics in the battle have been a subject of contemporary and historical debate ever since . For several days the two fleets sailed within view of each other , with de Grasse preferring to lure the British away from the bay , where Barras was expected to arrive carrying vital siege equipment . On 13 September de Grasse broke away from the British and returned to the Chesapeake , where Barras had arrived . Graves returned to New York to organize a larger relief effort ; this did not sail until 19 October , two days after Cornwallis surrendered . = = Background = = During the early months of 1781 , both pro @-@ British and separatist forces began concentrating in Virginia , a state that had previously not experienced more than naval raids . The British forces were led at first by the turncoat Benedict Arnold , and then by William Phillips before General Charles , Earl Cornwallis arrived in late May with his southern army to take command . In June he marched to Williamsburg , where he received a confusing series of orders from General Sir Henry Clinton that culminated in a directive to establish a fortified deep water port ( which would allow resupply by sea ) . In response to these orders , Cornwallis moved to Yorktown in late July , where his army began building fortifications . The presence of these British troops , coupled with General Clinton 's desire for a port there , made control of the Chesapeake Bay an essential naval objective for both sides . On 21 May Generals George Washington and the Comte de Rochambeau , respectively the commanders of the Continental Army and the Expédition Particulière , met to discuss potential operations against the British and Loyalists . They considered either an assault or siege on the principal British base at New York City , or operations against the British forces in Virginia . Since either of these options would require the assistance of the French fleet , then in the West Indies , a ship was dispatched to meet with French Rear Admiral François Joseph Paul , comte de Grasse who was expected at Cap @-@ Français ( now known as Cap @-@ Haïtien , Haiti ) , outlining the possibilities and requesting his assistance . Rochambeau , in a private note to de Grasse , indicated that his preference was for an operation against Virginia . The two generals then moved their forces to White Plains , New York , to study New York 's defenses and await news from de Grasse . = = Arrival of the fleets = = De Grasse arrived at Cap @-@ Français on 15 August . He immediately dispatched his response , which was that he would make for the Chesapeake . Taking on 3 @,@ 200 troops , he sailed from Cap @-@ Français with his entire fleet , 28 ships of the line . Sailing outside the normal shipping lanes to avoid notice , he arrived at the mouth of Chesapeake Bay on August 30 , and disembarked the troops to assist in the land blockade of Cornwallis . Two British frigates that were supposed to be on patrol outside the bay were trapped inside the bay by de Grasse 's arrival ; this prevented the British in New York from learning the full strength of de Grasse 's fleet until it was too late . British Admiral George Brydges Rodney , who had been tracking de Grasse around the West Indies , was alerted to the latter 's departure , but was uncertain of the French admiral 's destination . Believing that de Grasse would return a portion of his fleet to Europe , Rodney detached Rear Admiral Sir Samuel Hood with 14 ships of the line and orders to find de Grasse 's destination in North America . Rodney , who was ill , sailed for Europe with the rest of his fleet in order to recover , refit his fleet , and to avoid the Atlantic hurricane season . Sailing more directly than de Grasse , Hood 's fleet arrived off the entrance to the Chesapeake on 25 August . Finding no French ships there , he then sailed for New York . Meanwhile , his colleague and commander of the New York fleet , Rear Admiral Sir Thomas Graves , had spent several weeks trying to intercept a convoy organized by John Laurens to bring much @-@ needed supplies and hard currency from France to Boston . When Hood arrived at New York , he found that Graves was in port ( having failed to intercept the convoy ) , but had only five ships of the line that were ready for battle . De Grasse had notified his counterpart in Newport , the Comte de Barras Saint @-@ Laurent , of his intentions and his planned arrival date . Barras sailed from Newport on 27 August with 8 ships of the line , 4 frigates , and 18 transports carrying French armaments and siege equipment . He deliberately sailed via a circuitous route in order to minimize the possibility of an encounter with the British , should they sail from New York in pursuit . Washington and Rochambeau , in the meantime , had crossed the Hudson on 24 August , leaving some troops behind as a ruse to delay any potential move on the part of General Clinton to mobilize assistance for Cornwallis . News of Barras ' departure led the British to realize that the Chesapeake was the probable target of the French fleets . By 31 August , Graves had moved his five ships of the line out of New York harbor to meet with Hood 's force . Taking command of the combined fleet , now 19 ships , Graves sailed south , and arrived at the mouth of the Chesapeake on 5 September . His progress was slow ; the poor condition of some of the West Indies ships ( contrary to claims by Admiral Hood that his fleet was fit for a month of service ) necessitated repairs en route . Graves was also concerned about some ships in his own fleet ; Europe in particular had difficulty manoeuvring . = = Battle lines form = = French and British patrol frigates each spotted the other 's fleet around 9 : 30 am ; both at first underestimated the size of the other fleet , leading each commander to believe the other fleet was the smaller fleet of Admiral de Barras . When the true size of the fleets became apparent , Graves assumed that de Grasse and Barras had already joined forces , and prepared for battle ; he directed his line toward the bay 's mouth , assisted by winds from the north @-@ northeast . De Grasse had detached a few of his ships to blockade the York and James Rivers farther up the bay , and many of the ships at anchor were missing officers , men , and boats when the British fleet was sighted . He faced the difficult proposition of organizing a line of battle while sailing against an incoming tide , with winds and land features that would require him to do so on a tack opposite that of the British fleet . At 11 : 30 am , 24 ships of the French fleet cut their anchor lines and began sailing out of the bay with the noon tide , leaving behind the shore contingents and ships ' boats . Some ships were so seriously undermanned , missing as many as 200 men , that not all of their guns could be manned . De Grasse had ordered the ships to form into a line as they exited the bay , in order of speed and without regard to its normal sailing order . Admiral Louis de Bougainville 's Auguste was one of the first ships out . With a squadron of three other ships Bougainville ended up well ahead of the rest of the French line ; by 3 : 45 pm the gap was large enough that the British could have cut his squadron off from the rest of the French fleet . By 1 : 00 pm , the two fleets were roughly facing each other , but sailing on opposite tacks . In order to engage , and to avoid some shoals ( known as the Middle Ground ) near the mouth of the bay , Graves around 2 : 00 pm ordered his whole fleet to wear , a manoeuvre that reversed his line of battle , but enabled it to line up with the French fleet as its ships exited the bay . This placed the squadron of Hood , his most aggressive commander , at the rear of the line , and that of Admiral Francis Samuel Drake in the van . At this point , both fleets were sailing generally east , away from the bay , with winds from the north @-@ northeast . The two lines were approaching at an angle so that the leading ships of the vans of both lines were within range of each other , while the ships at the rear were too far apart to engage . The French had a firing advantage , since the wind conditions meant they could open their lower gun ports , while the British had to leave theirs closed to avoid water washing onto the lower decks . The French fleet , which was in a better state of repair than the British fleet , outnumbered the British in the number of ships and total guns , and had heavier guns capable of throwing more weight . In the British fleet , Ajax and Terrible , two ships of the West Indies squadron that were among the most heavily engaged , were in quite poor condition . Graves at this point did not press the potential advantage of the separated French van ; as the French centre and rear closed the distance with the British line , they also closed the distance with their own van . One British observer wrote , " To the astonishment of the whole fleet , the French center were permitted without molestation to bear down to support their van . " The need for the two lines to actually reach parallel lines so they might fully engage led Graves to give conflicting signals that were interpreted critically differently by Admiral Hood , directing the rear squadron , than Graves intended . None of the options for closing the angle between the lines presented a favourable option to the British commander : any manoeuvre to bring ships closer would limit their firing ability to their bow guns , and potentially expose their decks to raking or enfilading fire from the enemy ships . Graves hoisted two signals : one for " line ahead " , under which the ships would slowly close the gap and then straighten the line when parallel to the enemy , and one for " close action " , which normally indicated that ships should turn to directly approach the enemy line , turning when the appropriate distance was reached . This combination of signals resulted in the piecemeal arrival of his ships into the range of battle . Admiral Hood interpreted the instruction to maintain line of battle to take precedence over the signal for close action , and as a consequence his squadron did not close rapidly and never became significantly engaged in the action . = = Battle = = It was about 4 : 00 pm , over 6 hours since the two fleets had first sighted each other , when the British — who had the weather gage , and therefore the initiative — opened their attack . The battle began with HMS Intrepid opening fire against the Marseillais , its counterpart near the head of the line . The action very quickly became general , with the van and center of each line fully engaged . The French , in a practice they were known for , tended to aim at British masts and rigging , with the intent of crippling their opponent 's mobility . The effects of this tactic were apparent in the engagement : Shrewsbury and HMS Intrepid , at the head of the British line , became virtually impossible to manage , and eventually fell out of the line . The rest of Admiral Drake 's squadron also suffered heavy damage , but the casualties were not as severe as those taken on the first two ships . The angle of approach of the British line also played a role in the damage they sustained ; ships in their van were exposed to raking fire when only their bow guns could be brought to bear on the French . The French van also took a beating , although it was less severe . Captain de Boades of the Réfléchi was killed in the opening broadside of Admiral Drake 's Princessa , and the four ships of the French van were , according to a French observer , " engaged with seven or eight vessels at close quarters . " The Diadème , according to a French officer " was utterly unable to keep up the battle , having only four thirty @-@ six @-@ pounders and nine eighteen @-@ pounders fit for use " and was badly shot up ; she was rescued by the timely intervention of the Saint @-@ Esprit . The Princessa and Bougainville 's Auguste at one point were close enough that the French admiral considered a boarding action ; Drake managed to pull away , but this gave Bougainville the chance to target the Terrible . Her foremast , already in bad shape before the battle , was struck by several French cannonballs , and her pumps , already overtaxed in an attempt to keep her afloat , were badly damaged by shots " between wind and water " . Around 5 : 00 pm the wind began to shift , to British disadvantage . De Grasse gave signals for the van to move further ahead so that more of the French fleet might engage , but Bougainville , fully engaged with the British van at musket range , did not want to risk " severe handling had the French presented the stern . " When he did finally begin pulling away , British leaders interpreted it as a retreat : " the French van suffered most , because it was obliged to bear away . " Rather than follow , the British hung back , continuing to fire at long range ; this prompted one French officer to write that the British " only engaged from far off and simply in order to be able to say that they had fought . " Sunset brought an end to the firefight , with both fleets continuing on a roughly southeast tack , away from the bay . The center of both lines was engaged , but the level of damage and casualties suffered was noticeably less . Ships in the rear squadrons were almost entirely uninvolved ; Admiral Hood reported that three of his ships fired a few shots . The ongoing conflicting signals left by Graves , and discrepancies between his and Hood 's records of what signals had been given and when , led to immediate recriminations , written debate , and an eventual formal inquiry . = = Standoff = = That evening Graves did a damage assessment . He noted that " the French had not the appearance of near so much damage as we had sustained " , and that five of his fleet were either leaking or virtually crippled in their mobility . De Grasse wrote that " we perceived by the sailing of the English that they had suffered greatly . " Nonetheless , Graves maintained a windward position through the night , so that he would have the choice of battle in the morning . Ongoing repairs made it clear to Graves that he would be unable to attack the next day . On the night of 6 September he held council with Hood and Drake . During this meeting Hood and Graves supposedly exchanged words concerning the conflicting signals , and Hood proposed turning the fleet around to make for the Chesapeake . Graves rejected the plan , and the fleets continued to drift eastward , away from Cornwallis . On 8 and 9 September the French fleet at times gained the advantage of the wind , and briefly threatened the British with renewed action . French scouts spied Barras ' fleet on 9 September , and de Grasse turned his fleet back toward Chesapeake Bay that night . Arriving on 12 September , he found that Barras had arrived two days earlier . Graves ordered the Terrible to be scuttled on 11 September due to her leaky condition , and was notified on 13 September that the French fleet was back in the Chesapeake ; he still did not learn that de Grasse 's line had not included the fleet of Barras , because the frigate captain making the report had not counted the ships . In a council held that day , the British admirals decided against attacking the French , due to " the truly lamentable state we have brought ourself . " Graves then turned his battered fleet toward New York , arriving off Sandy Hook on 20 September . = = Aftermath = = The British fleet 's arrival in New York set off a flurry of panic amongst the Loyalist population . The news of the defeat was also not received well in London . King George III wrote ( well before learning of Cornwallis 's surrender ) that " after the knowledge of the defeat of our fleet [ ... ] I nearly think the empire ruined . " The French success left them firmly in control of Chesapeake Bay , completing the encirclement of Cornwallis . In addition to capturing a number of smaller British vessels , de Grasse and Barras assigned their smaller vessels to assist in the transport of Washington 's and Rochambeau 's forces from Head of Elk to Yorktown . It was not until 23 September that Graves and Clinton learned that the French fleet in the Chesapeake numbered 36 ships . This news came from a dispatch sneaked out by Cornwallis on the 17 September , accompanied by a plea for help : " If you cannot relieve me very soon , you must be prepared to hear the worst . " After effecting repairs in New York , Admiral Graves sailed from New York on 19 October with 25 ships of the line and transports carrying 7 @,@ 000 troops to relieve Cornwallis . It was two days after Cornwallis surrendered at Yorktown . General Washington acknowledged to de Grasse the importance of his role in the victory : " You will have observed that , whatever efforts are made by the land armies , the navy must have the casting vote in the present contest . " The eventual surrender of Cornwallis led to peace two years later and British recognition of the independent United States of America . Admiral de Grasse returned with his fleet to the West Indies . In a major engagement that ended Franco @-@ Spanish plans for the capture of Jamaica in 1782 , he was defeated and taken prisoner by Rodney in the Battle of the Saintes . His flagship Ville de Paris was lost at sea in a storm while being conducted back to England as part of a fleet commanded by Admiral Graves . Graves , despite the controversy over his conduct in this battle , continued to serve , rising to full admiral and receiving an Irish peerage . = = Analysis = = Many aspects of the battle have been the subject of both contemporary and historical debate , beginning right after the battle . On 6 September , Admiral Graves issued a memorandum justifying his use of the conflicting signals , indicating that " [ when ] the signal for the line of battle ahead is out at the same time with the signal for battle , it is not to be understood that the latter signal shall be rendered ineffectual by a too strict adherence to the former . " Hood , in commentary written on the reverse of his copy , observed that this eliminated any possibility of engaging an enemy who was disordered , since it would require the British line to also be disordered . Instead , he maintained , " the British fleet should be as compact as possible , in order to take the critical moment of an advantage opening ... " Others criticise Hood because he " did not wholeheartedly aid his chief " , and that a lesser officer " would have been court @-@ martialled for not doing his utmost to engage the enemy . " One contemporary writer critical of the scuttling of the Terrible wrote that " she made no more water than she did before [ the battle ] " , and , more acidly , " If an able officer had been at the head of the fleet , the Terrible would not have been destroyed . " Admiral Rodney was critical of Graves ' tactics , writing , " by contracting his own line he might have brought his nineteen against the enemy 's fourteen or fifteen , [ ... ] disabled them before they could have received succor , [ ... and ] gained a complete victory . " Defending his own behaviour in not sending his full fleet to North America , he also wrote that " [ i ] f the admiral in America had met Sir Samuel Hood near the Chesapeake " , that Cornwallis 's surrender might have been prevented . United States Navy historian Frank Chadwick believed that de Grasse could have thwarted the British fleet simply by staying put ; his fleet 's size would have been sufficient to impede any attempt by Graves to force a passage through his position . Historian Harold Larrabee points out that this would have exposed Clinton in New York to blockade by the French if Graves had successfully entered the bay ; if Graves did not do so , Barras ( carrying the siege equipment ) would have been outnumbered by Graves if de Grasse did not sail out in support . = = Memorial = = At the Cape Henry Memorial located at Joint Expeditionary Base East in Virginia Beach , Virginia , there is monument commemorating the contribution of de Grasse and his sailors to the cause of American independence . The memorial and monument are part of the Colonial National Historical Park and are maintained by the National Park Service . = = Order of battle = = Sources consulted ( including de Grasse 's memoir , and works either dedicated to the battle or containing otherwise detailed orders of battle , like Larrabee ( 1964 ) and Morrissey ( 1997 ) ) do not list per @-@ ship casualties for the French fleet . Larrabee reports the French to have suffered 209 casualties ; Bougainville recorded 10 killed and 58 wounded aboard Auguste alone . The exact order in which the French lined up as they exited the bay is also uncertain . Larrabee notes that many observers wrote up different sequences when the line was finally formed , and that Bougainville recorded several different configurations .
= PowerBook 100 = The PowerBook 100 is a portable subnotebook personal computer manufactured by Apple Computer and introduced on October 21 , 1991 , at the COMDEX computer expo in Las Vegas , Nevada . Priced at US $ 2 @,@ 300 , the PowerBook 100 was the low @-@ end model of the first three simultaneously released PowerBooks . Its CPU and overall speed closely resembled those of its predecessor , the Macintosh Portable . It had a Motorola 68000 16 @-@ megahertz ( MHz ) processor , 2 @-@ 8 megabytes ( MB ) of memory , a 9 @-@ inch ( 23 cm ) monochrome backlit liquid crystal display ( LCD ) with 640 × 400 pixel resolution , and the System 7 @.@ 0 @.@ 1 operating system . It did not have a built @-@ in floppy disk drive and was noted for its unique compact design that placed a trackball pointing device in front of the keyboard for ease of use . Apple 's then @-@ chief executive officer ( CEO ) John Sculley started the PowerBook project in 1990 , allocating $ 1 million for marketing . Despite the small marketing budget , the new PowerBook line was a success , generating over $ 1 billion in revenue for Apple in its first year . Sony designed and manufactured the PowerBook 100 in collaboration with the Apple Industrial Design Group , Apple 's internal design team . It was discontinued on September 3 , 1992 , and superseded by the PowerBook 145 and PowerBook Duo series . Since then , it has been praised several times for its design ; PC World named the PowerBook 100 the tenth @-@ greatest PC of all time in 2006 , and US magazine Mobile PC chose the PowerBook 100 as the greatest gadget of all time in 2005 . = = History = = From 1990 , John Sculley , then CEO of Apple , oversaw product development personally to ensure that Apple released new computers to market more quickly . His new strategy was to increase market share by lowering prices and releasing more " hit " products . This strategy contributed to the commercial success of the low @-@ end Macintosh Classic and Macintosh LC , desktop computers released by Apple in 1990 . Sculley wanted to replicate the success of these products with Apple 's new PowerBook line . Sculley began the project in 1990 and wanted the PowerBook to be released within one year . The project had three managers : John Medica , who managed engineering for the new laptop ; Randy Battat , who was the vice president for product marketing ; and Neil Selvin , who headed the marketing effort . In 1991 , the two leaders in the laptop computer industry were Toshiba and Compaq , both of which had introduced models weighing less than 8 lb ( 3 @.@ 63 kg ) . Medica , Battat , and Selvin deliberately designed the PowerBook to weigh less than its competitors . Sculley allocated a $ 1 million marketing budget to the PowerBook product line , in contrast to the $ 25 million used to market the Macintosh Classic . Medica , Battat , and Selvin used most of the money to produce and air a television commercial that viewers would remember . Advertising agency Chiat / Day filmed retired Los Angeles Lakers basketball star Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar sitting uncomfortably in a small airline coach seat yet comfortably typing on his PowerBook . The ad caption read : " At least his hands are comfortable . " Apple unveiled the PowerBook 100 on October 21 , 1991 , at the Comdex computer expo in Las Vegas , with two other models , the PowerBook 140 and PowerBook 170 . The advertisement and the product were both successful . Apple projected US sales of more than 200 @,@ 000 PowerBooks in the first year , with peak demand in the first three months of release . By January 1992 , Apple had sold more than 100 @,@ 000 PowerBooks , by which time they were in short supply . Apple soon solved the supply problems , and the proceeds from PowerBook sales reached $ 1 billion in the first year after launch . Apple surpassed Toshiba and Compaq as the market leader in worldwide share of portable computer shipments . The PowerBook 100 , 140 , and 170 contributed greatly to Apple 's financial success in 1992 . At the end of the financial year , Apple announced its highest figures yet , $ 7 @.@ 1 billion in revenues and an increase in global market share from 8 % to 8 @.@ 5 % , the highest it had been in four years . However , the initial popularity of the PowerBook 100 did not last . Sales decreased , and by December 1991 the 140 and 170 models had become more popular because customers were willing to pay more for a built @-@ in floppy disk drive and second serial port , which the PowerBook 100 lacked . By August 10 , 1992 , Apple quietly dropped the PowerBook 100 from its price list but continued to sell existing stock through its own dealers and alternative discount consumer @-@ oriented stores such as Price Club . In these stores , a 4MB RAM / 40MB hard drive configuration with a floppy drive sold for less than $ 1 @,@ 000 ( more than $ 1 @,@ 500 less than the similar 2MB / 20MB configuration 's original list price ) . On September 17 , 1992 , Apple recalled 60 @,@ 000 PowerBook 100s because of a potential safety problem . An electrical short , it was discovered , could melt a small hole in the casing , which occurred in three of the 60 @,@ 000 notebooks manufactured between October 1991 and March 1992 . On the day of the recall , Apple shares closed at $ 47 , down $ 1 @.@ 25 , but some analysts discounted the recall 's importance . In addition , the original power supplies had problems with insulation cracks that could cause a short in a fuse on the motherboard ; and the computer was prone to cracks in the power adapter socket on the motherboard , which required a $ 400 replacement motherboard if the warranty had expired . = = Features = = Most of the PowerBook 100 's internal components were based on its predecessor , the Macintosh Portable . It included a Motorola 68HC000 16 MHz processor , had 2 MB memory , no floppy disk drive , and cost approximately $ 2 @,@ 300 . An external floppy disk drive was available for $ 279 . The dimensions of the PowerBook 100 were an improvement over the Portable . It was 8 @.@ 5 inches ( 22 cm ) deep , 11 inches ( 28 cm ) wide , and 1 @.@ 8 inches ( 4 @.@ 6 cm ) high , compared to the Portable , which was 14 @.@ 83 inches ( 37 @.@ 7 cm ) deep , 15 @.@ 25 inches ( 38 @.@ 7 cm ) wide and 4 @.@ 05 inches ( 10 @.@ 3 cm ) high . Another significant difference was the less expensive passive matrix display used instead of the sharper active matrix used on the Portable ( and the 170 ) . The PowerBook 100 included the System 7 @.@ 0 @.@ 1 operating system as standard , with support for all versions up to System 7 @.@ 5 @.@ 5 . Apple , however , released System 6.0.8L , which allowed the PowerBook 100 to run System 6 . It could also be used with some earlier System 6 versions , although Apple did not officially support this . The PowerBook 100 had one external serial port , designed for use with a printer or any compatible RS @-@ 422 device . It was the first Macintosh to omit an external modem port , instead offering an optional built @-@ in 2400 baud modem for communications . As a result , for the first time a user could not print directly and access AppleTalk or a faster external modem simultaneously , and devices such as advanced MIDI interfaces could not be used because they required the dedicated use of both ports . A third @-@ party serial modem port could , however , be installed in the internal modem slot for consumers who needed traditional functions . When the computer was not in use , contents of the memory were preserved as long as the main lead @-@ acid battery remained charged . The PowerBook 100 Power Manager was an integrated circuit , usually placed on the logic board of a PowerBook , and was responsible for the power management of the computer . Identical to that of the Macintosh Portable , it controlled the display 's backlight , hard drive spin @-@ down , sleep and wake , battery charging , trackball control , and input / output ( I / O ) . The 100 did add a new feature : 3 @.@ 5 V batteries backed up permanent and expansion random access memory ( RAM ) when the PowerBook 100 's battery was being replaced or when the 100 was otherwise temporarily removed from all power sources . This made it a perfect candidate for use with Apple 's RAM disk to help increase battery life by accessing the hard disk less frequently , since the 100 was the only PowerBook that maintained the contents of RAM on shutdown in order to reduce startup time . The PowerBook 100 was the first PowerBook to incorporate SCSI Disk Mode , which allowed it to be used as an external hard disk on a desktop Macintosh . This provided a convenient method for software to be installed onto the PowerBook or transferred to the desktop , without the need for the 100 's optional floppy disk drive . A specialized SCSI cable with a unique connector was required , however , to use any SCSI device on the PowerBook series . A second dedicated cable was required for SCSI Disk Mode . This feature was unique to the 100 until Apple introduced new PowerBooks more than a year later . There are two versions of the PowerBook 100 's QWERTY layout keyboard : a domestic US version with 63 keys and an international ISO version with 64 keys . The caps lock key on the PowerBook 100 did not have a locking position or a lighted indicator of its status , and to compensate , the System 7 operating system software includes an extension file that causes an icon of the international caps lock symbol ( ⇪ ) to appear in the upper right @-@ hand corner of the menu bar when Caps Lock is active . = = Design = = Both the PowerBook 140 and 170 were designed before the 100 by the Apple Industrial Design Group , from March 1990 @-@ February 1991 . The 100 's styling was based on those computers and represents the first improvements to the PowerBook line as Apple benefited from the lessons learned in developing the more powerful models ' enclosure . The 100 was designed between September and December 1990 , and retained the same design elements , which were a variation on the Snow White design language Apple had been using since 1984 . Specifically , 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 079 in ) raised ridges spaced 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 39 in ) apart intended to tie it into the existing product line . Apple approached Sony in late 1989 because it did not have enough engineers to handle the number of new products that were planned for delivery in 1991 . Using a basic blueprint from Apple , including a list of chips and other components , and the Portable 's architecture , the 100 was miniaturized and manufactured by Sony in San Diego , California , and Japan . Sony engineers had little experience building personal computers but nonetheless completed Apple 's smallest and lightest machine in under 13 months , cancelling other projects and giving the PowerBook 100 top priority . Sony president Norio Ohga gave project manager Kihey Yamamoto permission to recruit engineers from any Sony division . Robert Brunner , Apple 's head of industrial design at the time , led the design team that developed the laptop , including its trackball and granite color . Brunner said he designed the PowerBook " so it would be as easy to use and carry as a regular book " . The dark granite grey color set it apart from other notebook computers of the time and also from Apple 's other products , which traditionally were beige or platinum grey . The trackball , another new design element , was placed in the middle of the computer , allowing the PowerBook to be easily operated by both left- and right @-@ handed users . The designers were trying to create a fashion statement with the overall design of the laptop , which they felt made it a more personal accessory , like a wallet or briefcase . Brunner said : " It says something about the identity of the person who is carrying it " . = = Reception = = Crystal Waters of Home Office Computing praised the PowerBook 100 's " unique , effective design " but was disappointed because the internal modem did not receive faxes , and the 100 had no monitor port . The low @-@ capacity 20 MB hard drive was also criticized . Once a user 's core applications had been installed , little room was left for optional programs and documents . Waters concluded : " Having used the 100 constantly in the past few weeks , I know I wouldn 't feel cheated by buying it - if only it had a 40MB hard @-@ disk drive option . " PC Week benchmarked the PowerBook 100 , measuring it against its predecessor , the Macintosh Portable . The PowerBook 100 took 5 @.@ 3 seconds to open a Microsoft Word document and 2 @.@ 5 seconds to save it . The Portable took 5 @.@ 4 and 2 @.@ 6 seconds respectively . PC Week tested the battery life , which delivered 3 hours 47 minutes of use . Byte magazine 's review concluded , " The PowerBook 100 is recommended for word processing and communications tasks ; the higher @-@ end products offer enough power for complex reports , large spreadsheets and professional graphics . " MacWEEK described it as " ideal for writers and others on a tight budget . " The PowerBook 100 continues to receive recognition from the press . PC World named the PowerBook 100 the 10th @-@ greatest PC of all time in 2006 , and in 2005 , US magazine Mobile PC chose the PowerBook 100 as the greatest gadget of all time , ahead of the Sony Walkman and Atari 2600 . The PowerBook 100 received multiple awards for its design , including the 1999 IDSA Silver Design of the Decade Award , Form magazine 's 1993 Designer 's Design Awards , the 1992 ISDA Gold Industrial Design Excellence Award , the 1992 Appliance Manufacturer Excellence in Design award , and the Industry Forum Design 10 Best - Hannover Fair award . = = Specifications = = = = Timeline of portable Macintoshes = =
= New York State Route 16 = New York State Route 16 ( NY 16 ) is a state highway in western New York , in the United States . It runs from the Pennsylvania state line , where it is one of the highest highways in the state in elevation , to downtown Buffalo . NY 16 is a major route through Erie County , despite the construction of the paralleling NY 400 expressway from East Aurora . In Cattaraugus County it also plays an important role , serving as the major connection from Olean to the Southern Tier Expressway ( Interstate 86 or I @-@ 86 and NY 17 ) . Between those two areas , and indeed for much of its length , it is a two @-@ lane rural road . NY 16 initially ended in Olean when it was assigned in 1924 . It was extended south to the Pennsylvania state line in the early 1930s ; however , it initially overlapped NY 17 east to Portville , where it connected to Pennsylvania by way of modern NY 305 . NY 16 's current alignment south of Olean was originally designated as New York State Route 16A around this time . NY 16 was rerouted to follow the routing of NY 16A south of Olean in the early 1960s . = = Route description = = = = = Cattaraugus County = = = When PA 646 becomes NY 16 at the state line , it is already at a very high elevation on a ridgecrest , and at a rise two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) into New York , it reaches 2 @,@ 386 feet ( 727 m ) in elevation , making it the highest state highway in western New York and among the highest in the state . It remains at a high elevation for several more miles , through what was once one of New York 's major oil fields . Afterwards , NY 16 then begins to drop through a narrow valley to cross the Allegheny River and enter its first major community , the city of Olean ( which , like several other communities in the region , takes its name from oil ) . It crosses the city as Union Street , intersecting its first state highway , NY 417 , at State Street . Here , ownership and maintenance of NY 16 shifts to the city for six blocks before becoming state @-@ maintained once more at the point where North Union Street heads northwest to serve North Olean . A mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of NY 417 , NY 16 reaches a bridge over Olean Creek , a tributary of the Allegheny . On the other side , it becomes a four @-@ lane road with a divider as it approaches NY 17 , currently concurrent with I @-@ 86 pending the entire expressway 's upgrade to Interstate Highway standards . A trumpet interchange provides access to I @-@ 86 and NY 17 in both directions in the vicinity of Baldwin Heights . But NY 16 runs parallel to the freeway and remains a four @-@ lane route , although no longer divided , following the Olean valley . At Hinsdale it finally does cross I @-@ 86 / NY 17 . Shortly afterwards , in the hamlet of Maplehurst , NY 446 , the former route of NY 408 , comes in from the east and terminates . NY 16 now follows the narrow valley of Ischua Creek , one of the Olean 's tributaries , north past the road to the city 's airport , north to Franklinville . NY 98 joins NY 16 just south of the village and leaves north of it . NY 16 continues to Machias and the eastern end of NY 242 . A straight course takes the highway from this junction to the Cattaraugus Creek bridge . This bridge heads into Erie County . = = = Erie County = = = In the southwestern corner of the county , NY 16 intersects with NY 39 . NY 16 then begins heading slightly northwestward through a wider , more developed valley in the towns of Holland and Wales to the first sign of an approaching major metropolitan area , the south end of NY 400 , the Aurora Expressway . After joining the expressway for two miles ( 3 km ) , it again leaves to become a two @-@ lane that enters East Aurora as Olean Street . At the intersection with Main Street , NY 16 turns left and briefly joins with U.S. Route 20A ( US 20A ) and NY 78 . US 20A leaves the two state routes behind at a fork at the village 's east end , leaving NY 16 and NY 78 to head to the northwest again as Buffalo Street . At this point , NY 16 and NY 78 become county @-@ maintained for the next 6 @.@ 5 miles ( 10 @.@ 5 km ) as the unsigned County Route 572 ( CR 572 ) . At Willardshire Road as the highway passes the industrial parks and other facilities associated with local company Moog Inc . North of the village , it enters the Town of Elma and becomes Seneca Street , the name it will retain all the way to the city . NY 78 takes on its best @-@ known name as well when it leaves at Transit Road ( US 20 ) , as NY 16 assumes an east – west heading across the suburban neighborhoods of West Seneca . It crosses NY 277 , a major retail strip , at Union Road in the hamlet of Ebenezer . One final trumpet exit to NY 400 ( and by extension , the New York State Thruway ) precedes its junction with Harlem Road ( NY 240 ) , where county maintenance of NY 16 , and thus the overlap with CR 572 , ends . Just west of NY 240 , NY 16 crosses the Thruway itself as it begins to head to the northwest and enter the city of Buffalo , where the route is locally maintained . Running almost due northwest through the residential neighborhoods of South Buffalo , NY 16 reaches its last major junction , with US 62 , at Bailey Avenue just after crossing the Buffalo River . Immediately afterwards it crosses I @-@ 190 with no exit ( but with northbound access ) and returns to a more east – west course through industrial areas before ending at Main Street , NY 5 , in the city center . = = History = = The portion of modern NY 16 between Hinsdale and Buffalo was originally designated as Route 17 , an unsigned legislative route , by the New York State Legislature in 1908 . At the same time , the segment of what is now NY 16 from Olean to Hinsdale was included in Route 4 , a lengthy east – west route that extended from Lake Erie in Chautauqua County to the Hudson River in Orange County . The portion from Olean south to the state line was part of the old " Kittanning Road , " a road constructed by the Continental Army during the 1779 Sullivan Expedition that connected Kittanning , Pennsylvania to the Allegheny River ; the road is among the oldest roads in the region . When the first set of posted routes in New York were assigned in 1924 , much of Route 4 — including the Olean – Hinsdale segment — was designated as NY 17 while legislative Route 17 became part of NY 16 , which began in Olean and overlapped with NY 17 along former legislative Route 4 between Olean and Hinsdale . In the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , NY 17 was realigned between Olean and Wellsville to follow modern NY 417 , eliminating its overlap with NY 16 . By the following year , NY 16 was extended south to the Pennsylvania state line near Portville via NY 17 and what is now NY 305 . The modern routing of NY 16 between Pennsylvania and Olean was designated as NY 16A c . 1932 . The alignments of both NY 16 and NY 16A remained the same until c . 1963 when NY 16A was supplanted by a rerouted NY 16 . The former routing of NY 16 between the Pennsylvania state line and NY 17 became an extension of NY 305 . The portion of the Aurora Expressway ( NY 400 ) between East Aurora and South Wales was completed in the early 1970s . NY 16 was rerouted to follow the new highway for two miles ( 3 km ) before exiting the freeway and returning to its previous alignment . The former routing of NY 16 in the area , a 2 @.@ 24 @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 60 km ) long portion of Olean Road , is now NY 951V , an unsigned reference route . = = Major intersections = =
= Schinderhannes ( genus ) = Schinderhannes bartelsi is an anomalocarid known from one specimen from the lower Devonian Hunsrück Slates . Its discovery was astonishing because previously , anomalocaridids were known only from exceptionally well @-@ preserved fossil beds ( Lagerstätten ) from the Cambrian , 100 million years earlier . Anomalocaridids , such as Anomalocaris , were organisms thought to be distantly related to the arthropods . These creatures looked quite unlike any organism living today — they had segmented exoskeletons , with lateral lobes used for swimming , typically large compound eyes , often set on stalks , and most strikingly , a pair of large , claw @-@ like great appendages that resembled headless shrimp . These appendages are thought to have passed food to the animal 's mouth , which resembled a ring of sliced pineapple . = = Discovery = = The single specimen was discovered in the Eschenbach @-@ Bocksberg Quarry in Bundenbach , and is named after the outlaw Schinderhannes who frequented the area . Its specific epithet bartelsi honours Christoph Bartels , a Hunsrück Slate expert . The specimen is now housed in the Naturhistorisches Museum , Mainz . = = Morphology = = Schinderhannes is about 10 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) long ; like other anomalocaridids , it bears a pair of great appendages ( very similar to those of Hurdia ) , a radial Peytoia ' pineapple @-@ ring ' mouth , and large , stalked , compound eyes . It has 12 body segments ; large flap @-@ like structures used for swimming protrude from the 11th segment , and from just behind the head . = = Ecology = = The preserved contents of its digestive tract are typical of those of other predators ' , and this lifestyle is supported by the raptor @-@ like nature of the spiny great appendages and the size of the eyes . The organism was clearly a competent swimmer , propelling itself with the ' flippers ' attached to its head , and using its wing @-@ like lobes on the 11th segment to steer . These lobes presumably derived from the lateral lobes of Cambrian anomalocaridids , ancestors that used lobes along their sides to swim , and lacked the specializations of Schinderhannes . = = Significance = = The organism 's discovery was most significant because of the huge range extension of the anomalocaridids it caused : the group was only previously known from lagerstätten of the lower @-@ to @-@ middle Cambrian , 100 million years before . This underlined the utility of lagerstätten like the Hunsrück Slate : these exceptionally preserved fossil horizons may be the only available opportunity to observe non @-@ mineralised forms . The organism has also prompted novel hypotheses about the classification of early arthropods . One classification scheme has Schinderhannes classified basally to the crown arthropods , but closer to that group than Anomalocaris . This would mean that the crown arthropod lineage evolved from a paraphyletic grade of anomalocaridids , and that the group of early arthropods with short ' great appendages ' are not a natural grouping . The biramous limb of arthropods may then have arisen through fusion of anomalocaridid lateral lobes and gills .
= Croatian European Union membership referendum , 2012 = A referendum on the EU accession of the Republic of Croatia was held on 22 January 2012 . Croatia finished accession ( membership ) negotiations on 30 June 2011 and signed the Treaty of Accession on 9 December 2011 , setting it on course to become the bloc 's 28th member state . The Constitution of Croatia requires that a binding referendum be held on any political union reducing national sovereignty , such as via European Union membership . On 23 December 2011 the Croatian Parliament made a preliminary decision on EU accession and determined that the referendum would be held on 22 January 2012 . The 2012 Croatian EU accession referendum was the first referendum held in Croatia since the Croatian independence referendum held more than 20 years earlier , in 1991 . The Croatian EU accession referendum campaign officially began on 3 January 2012 ; a yes vote was supported by both the political parties in government and the larger opposition parties in Croatia . The largest parties ' joint support of EU membership existed since 2005 , when the Alliance for Europe ( Croatian : Savez za Europu ) was set up as an informal alliance aimed at achieving membership as a strategic goal of Croatian foreign policy . Opposition to Croatian EU accession was voiced by non @-@ parliamentary parties only . The pro @-@ membership and informational campaign – which included television promotional videos , addresses by leading government and opposition politicians , and information booklets mailed to every household in Croatia – was announced to have cost 4 @.@ 8 million kuna ( c . € 640 @,@ 000 ) . Opinion polling was regularly carried out by three different agencies ; since May 2011 , percentages supporting EU membership ranged between 55 % and 63 % . The Croatian State Election Committee was in charge of vote organization , ballot counting and result publication . The EU accession referendum passed with 66 @.@ 27 % votes cast in support , 33 @.@ 13 % against the proposed joining of the EU and 0 @.@ 60 % invalid or blank votes ; it also passed in all Croatian counties . The greatest support for the referendum was recorded in Međimurje and Brod @-@ Posavina counties , at 75 @.@ 73 % and 72 @.@ 61 % respectively . The lowest support for EU accession was recorded in Dubrovnik @-@ Neretva County , where 42 @.@ 22 % of votes were cast against the proposal . The average official turnout for the referendum was 43 @.@ 51 % ; the highest official turnouts were recorded in the city of Zagreb and in Varaždin County at 55 @.@ 13 % and 53 @.@ 66 % respectively . The result was binding on the Croatian Parliament ; as a consequence , it ratified the accession treaty on 9 March 2012 . The outcome was welcomed by all political parties represented in Croatia 's parliament ; some right @-@ wing politicians objected to the low turnout and what they consider a loss of independence . = = Background = = Croatia applied for European Union ( EU ) membership in 2003 , the European Commission recommended making it an official candidate in early 2004 , and the European Council granted candidate country status to Croatia in mid @-@ 2004 . Accession negotiations , while originally set for March 2005 , began in October of that year . Croatia completed the accession negotiations on 30 June 2011 ; on 9 December 2011 it signed the Treaty of Accession , changing its status from a candidate to an acceding country as it prepared to become the 28th EU member state . The ratification process by the Parliaments of all 27 current EU member states was expected to be concluded by the end of June 2013 , and Croatia 's accession to the EU was expected to take place on 1 July 2013 . In addition to ratification by the current EU member states , Article 142 of the Constitution of Croatia requires that a binding referendum be held on sovereignty issues such as Croatian EU membership . = = = Voting issues = = = The Croatian Parliament tasked the Croatian State Election Committee with referendum voting organization , ballot counting , and result publication . The committee scheduled the referendum vote for 22 January 2012 starting at 07 : 00 and lasting until 19 : 00 , at regular polling stations in Croatia , in Croatian military units , in Croatian diplomatic missions abroad , on Croatian @-@ flagged vessels and in prisons : 6 @,@ 750 polling stations in all . For the referendum , all polling stations were grouped in a single district . Voters traveling abroad were permitted to vote in the Croatian diplomatic missions as with Croatian presidential elections ; however , the initial instructions by the Ministry of Public Administration did not allow voters within Croatia who were away from their place of residence to vote in the referendum , nor did it allow absentee ballots . GONG , the Croatian election supervision NGO , requested that the authorities correct this . One restriction was removed by 3 January , when voters were permitted to register to vote in Croatia away from their legal residence . Registration was possible until 7 January , in person , by fax , or by e @-@ mail . When the registration process completed in early January 2012 ahead of the referendum , there were 4 @,@ 504 @,@ 686 voters in the voter registry ( the same one used in parliamentary and presidential elections ) . The State Election Committee defined the polling stations 's appearance and their immediate surroundings up to 50 metres ( 160 feet ) away , prohibiting campaigning and displaying of promotional materials there as with elections in Croatia . Unlike Croatian elections , there is no mandatory halt to campaigning before a referendum . GONG appointed approximately 300 observers to monitor the referendum voting . The Election Committee announced that it would start publishing voting results on its web site two hours after the polling stations in Croatia closed , and it would expect to determine the referendum 's outcome by midnight . If a proposed question was supported by a simple majority of those voting , the proposal would be considered passed and the result binding on the Croatian Parliament pursuant to § 87 , paragraphs 4 and 5 of the Croatian Constitution . Since the referendum passed , the Croatian Parliament was required to ratify the Croatian EU accession treaty . Amendments ( from 2010 ) to the constitution provide that referendums are valid regardless of actual turnout . If the referendum proposal were to have failed , it could have been repeated in six months or a year . It is estimated that a referendum rejection would have cost Croatia approximately € 1 @.@ 6 billion in lost EU funding until 2014 . = = Date = = In November 2010 , the Croatian Parliament decided to hold the EU accession referendum 30 days after the treaty was signed ; since the treaty was signed on 9 December 2011 , the referendum was consequently ( originally ) scheduled for 9 January 2012 . In November 2010 , the Croatian Government proposed to hold the EU accession referendum simultaneously with another referendum aimed at altering general referendum rules . Days after the 2011 parliamentary elections in early December 2011 , it was suggested by Vesna Pusić – already recognized as the future Minister of Foreign and European Affairs – that the referendum should be postponed until March 2012 to allow better preparation for the poll . The suggestion was soon followed by a similar request made by GONG that the referendum be postponed until mid @-@ February or later ; its request was also supported by five major trade unions . GONG 's request was made because of what they stated to be : poor information provided to citizens ; undefined procedures for voter registration away from a voter 's permanent residence ; unclear directions for voting abroad ; no legal provisions specifically defining the composition of ballot counting commissions ; no provisions for referendum vote monitoring by partisan , non @-@ partisan and foreign monitors ; no legal provisions regarding referendum funding ( since the 2011 state budget did not appropriate any funds to cover referendum expenses ) ; no legal provisions funding the pro @-@ referendum campaign or allowing the campaign itself ; and the lack of restrictions against campaigning on the day of the referendum . The union support for this request was due to the government 's ultimately not putting forward the other referendum ( altering the conditions for referendums from citizens by changing the number of petitioners required and the time allowed to gather their signatures ) , which they had earlier agreed to do . Another request to postpone the election was made by more than a thousand signatories of a petition to the government , demanding that the referendum be postponed until after the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia ( ICTY ) returned the final verdict in the case against generals Ante Gotovina and Mladen Markač . They cited concerns over EU support for the ICTY , which they describe as biased ; they therefore questioned if the EU favoured some nations over others . On 23 December 2011 , the Croatian Parliament made a preliminary decision on EU membership and determined that the EU accession referendum would be held on 22 January 2012 . Furthermore , no other referendum question would be presented at that time . The preliminary accession decision was supported by 129 MPs , with the 6 Croatian Democratic Alliance of Slavonia and Baranja ( HDSSB ) MPs abstaining . During the debate that preceded the vote , the HDSSB MPs requested that the EU accession referendum be postponed for three to six months in order to allow a broader discussion on EU accession . Their specific concern was that Croatia might lose elements of its statehood and sovereignty , and the postponement was requested to present to the voters the effects of the Treaty of Lisbon on Croatia before the referendum was held . The parliamentary decision to hold the referendum on 22 January 2012 was supported by 124 MPs , with 6 HDSSB MPs and 6 Croatian Labourists – Labour Party MPs voting against the decision . The Labour party advocated postponing the referendum until 12 February in order to give more time to provide information on the consequences of EU membership . The referendum question was announced by the newly elected Prime Minister designate Zoran Milanović as " simple and bare " : " Are you for the membership of the Republic of Croatia in the European Union ? " The 2012 Croatian EU accession referendum was the first referendum held in Croatia since the Croatian independence referendum in 1991 . = = Campaign = = The Croatian EU accession referendum campaign officially started on 3 January 2012 , with a declaration that it was aimed at providing to Croatian citizens clear , concise and transparent information on the EU accession negotiations and EU membership . The campaign included television promotions and addresses by leading politicians such as : the President of Croatia , Ivo Josipović ; the prime minister , Zoran Milanović ; the foreign minister , Vesna Pusić ; other government members , such as Milanka Opačić , Radimir Čačić , Neven Mimica and Željko Jovanović ; and former prime minister and opposition leader Jadranka Kosor . ( All of these supported the referendum in their addresses . ) A telephone information hotline was also set up , and 2 @.@ 15 million EU information booklets were prepared for mailing to every household in the country . Finally , summaries of the accession treaty , negotiation documents and governmental report on the EU accession negotiations were published online , as were the original documents . It was announced that the campaign cost 4 @.@ 8 million kuna ( c . € 640 @,@ 000 ) . The leading parliamentary political parties in Croatia have jointly supported EU accession since 2005 , when a group called the Alliance for Europe ( Croatian : Savez za Europu ) was set up as an informal alliance aimed at achieving EU membership as a strategic goal of Croatian foreign policy . Opposition to the referendum was voiced by the Croatian Party of Rights dr . Ante Starčević , a political party holding a single seat in the Croatian Parliament , claiming too little information provided to the voters , rather than the party being eurosceptic . Further opposition was voiced by several non @-@ parliamentary parties . The most substantial opposition to the accession came from the Croatian Party of Rights ( HSP ) , which demanded that the government fund its television campaign against EU membership . HSP also printed leaflets advocating rejecting EU accession . The party also organized other activities at 150 locations in the country aimed at the referendum proposal 's rejection . During the 2011 parliamentary election campaign , HSP declared itself as the only party advocating rejection of Croatian EU accession ; it failed to win a single seat , receiving 3 % of the votes . Further opposition to the Croatian EU membership came from a group of non @-@ parliamentary political parties organized as the Alliance for Croatia ( Croatian : Savez za Hrvatsku ) claiming that the move jeopardizes Croatian independence , but the alliance 's December 2011 protest in Zagreb drew only 150 people . The government 's campaign was criticized as having poor promotional videos , especially lacking in informational value . The final days of the campaign were marked by events in support of and opposition to joining the EU , as the Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs set up an EU information event in Zagreb , while a protest against EU accession at the main city square drew 200 ( some arrests occurred ) . The Croatian Bishops ' Conference called on citizens to vote in the referendum , reminding Croatians that Croatia is a part of European culture while refraining from directly advocating either position . The Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts also supported joining the EU with 93 academicians in favour , 2 against and 1 abstention ; they said that the event represents a great opportunity for Croatia . In contrast to EU accession opponents ' request to postpone the referendum until Generals Gotovina and Markač were released by the ICTY , Gotovina himself urged citizens of Croatia to vote in the referendum and said that he would vote in favour of joining the EU . = = Opinion polls = = Opinion polling regarding Croatian EU membership was regularly carried out by the CRO Demoskop , Ipsos Puls and Mediana Fides agencies . Since 2008 , these polls overall indicated support for Croatian EU membership ; in May 2011 and after , support ranged between 55 % and 63 % . The highest support since 2008 was 64 % in the first half of November 2010 . The lowest level of EU membership support ( between 23 % and 38 % ) was reported on 15 – 16 April 2011 in the wake of the ICTY 's guilty verdict for Generals Gotovina and Markač . In early January 2012 , an NGO advocating voting against the referendum called the " Council for Croatia – NO TO EU " ( Croatian : Vijeće za Hrvatsku – NE U EU ) reported that they had contracted a Canadian company ( one unknown to the Croatian public ) called the " Business Knowledge Corporation " to conduct their own poll on the issue ; they stated that with 1 @,@ 942 polled , 57 @.@ 2 % were against the referendum while 41 % declined to answer the poll question . The NGO said that the apparent gross disparity between these results and the results of all other recent polls was due to government manipulation . = = Results = = The EU accession referendum passed with 66 @.@ 27 % of votes cast in support and 33 @.@ 13 % against EU membership for Croatia . There were 0 @.@ 6 % blank or invalid votes . Even though all Croatian citizens were voting in a single constituency for the referendum 's purposes , the State Election Committee published the results by individual counties , cities , and municipalities . The referendum passed in all Croatian counties . The greatest support for the referendum was recorded in Međimurje and Brod @-@ Posavina counties at 75 @.@ 73 % and 72 @.@ 61 % respectively . The lowest support for the EU accession was recorded in Dubrovnik @-@ Neretva County , where 42 @.@ 22 % votes were cast against the proposal . The Croatian diaspora voted 83 @.@ 13 % in support . Only 18 out of 556 cities or municipalities in Croatia voted against the referendum proposal . Of those , six are in Split @-@ Dalmatia County , four in Koprivnica @-@ Križevci County , two in Zagreb and Dubrovnik @-@ Neretva counties each , and a single municipality in Istria , Primorje @-@ Gorski Kotar , Šibenik @-@ Knin and Zadar counties each . The average turnout at the referendum was 43 @.@ 51 % . The figure includes the voters living abroad , whose turnout was only 3 @.@ 51 % ; they comprise more than 9 % of the total Croatian electorate . The highest turnouts were recorded in the city of Zagreb and in Varaždin County , at 55 @.@ 13 % and 53 @.@ 66 % respectively , while the lowest turnout in Croatia was recorded in Lika @-@ Senj County at just 34 @.@ 52 % . There is no turnout threshold for a referendum to be legally valid . The low turnout was attributed in part to poor voter registry maintenance . The registry allegedly contains up to 900 @,@ 000 nonexistent voters due to poor database maintenance , especially in updating the registry using death certificates and change of residence records . This allegation was supported by the 2011 census . The poor voter records were subsequently cited as the cause of the low formal turnout , which would otherwise have exceeded 50 % . It was later estimated that the actual turnout in Croatia itself , without the diaspora , was 61 % . = = = Reactions = = = = = = = Domestic = = = = After the result 's announcement , President Josipović commented that the day was of great significance to Croatia , defining the nation as one with a European future . Prime Minister Milanović welcomed the decision as historic and as the first such decision made by Croatians alone ; he also said that the referendum represented a turning point for Croatia . Croatian Parliament Speaker Boris Šprem said that a new chapter of Croatian history and better fortune for the nation was dawning . The Croatian Minister of the Economy , Radimir Čačić , concluded that Croatia 's credit rating would have been downgraded if the referendum had not passed . He also stated that , since the referendum passed , it was a good opportunity to upgrade the rating . Minister of Finance Slavko Linić stated that he was pleased with the result , but not with the voter turnout . He disagreed with Čačić that the credit rating could be saved by this result , since everybody had already counted on Croatian entry to the EU . Foreign and European Affairs Minister Vesna Pusić commented that the result was good news for Europe , which faced internal problems . Former Speaker Vladimir Šeks said that the low turnout was caused by external factors – the debt crisis in Europe and a loss of confidence in Croatian political parties and institutions . Luka Bebić , also a former speaker of the Parliament , added that it was good that Croats had voted to join the EU . Former Croatian foreign minister Gordan Jandroković commented that the result is especially important for the nation 's youth , and former Croatian President Stjepan Mesić stated that Croatia should be competitive and use EU funds , adding that it is not enough to be happy with entering the EU . He also commented on claims that joining the EU was tantamount to entering a new Yugoslavia , saying that " only idiots think that Yugoslavia should be renewed " . On the other side , the HSP president Daniel Srb argued that the referendum was illegitimate since 71 % of Croatian voters had not taken part in the referendum or had voted against the entry of Croatia into the EU , and warned that only 28 % of Croatian voters had supported joining the EU . Srb also added that Croatian citizens had shown distrust of the Croatian Government . Željko Sačić , a right @-@ wing politician , stated that the government destroyed the concept of Croatian citizens and created an impression that Croatia was unable to govern itself . Sačić stated that the government had brought Croatia into a decaying organization in an illegitimate way , adding that the referendum result was a defeat of Croatian independence and they would challenge its validity in court . By the 3 March 2012 deadline , the Constitutional Court of Croatia received 22 appeals challenging the referendum 's legality ; it ruled against them all . = = = = International = = = = Supranational bodies European Union : Herman Van Rompuy , President of the European Council , and Jose Manuel Barroso stated that they salute the decision of Croatian voters . They stated that EU membership will bring Croatia new opportunities and contribute to its stability and prosperity . States Bosnia and Herzegovina : Members of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina welcomed the results of the referendum , expressing an expectation that Croatia would be a representative of former Yugoslavia once it became a member of the EU . Germany : German Chancellor Angela Merkel saluted the referendum 's outcome and stated that Germany anticipated the Croatian EU entry with joy . Ireland : Tánaiste and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade Eamon Gilmore congratulated the Croatian people on their passing of the referendum on EU accession . Montenegro : Montenegrin President Filip Vujanović congratulated the Croatian president Ivo Josipović and the Croatian Government on the , as he called it , historic decision to enter the EU . Serbia : Serbian President Boris Tadić congratulated the Croatian people for their decision to enter the EU . He concluded that this act was significant for Croatia 's future and was moreover a positive signal for the whole region . He stated that the Croatian EU entry would make it easier for Serbia and other countries of the region to enter the EU . Kosovo : Minister of Foreign Affairs Enver Hoxhaj congratulated the Croatian people for a successful referendum through a note sent to the Minister of Foreign and European Affairs of Croatia , Vesna Pusić . Minister Hoxhaj said in the note that Croatia remains a model to the other Balkan states aspiring to EU membership . " The referendum of Croatia 's people which represents their aspiration to become member of the European Union is a momentum and an important drive for the other Balkan countries , aiming towards the great European family " . Slovenia : Slovene Prime Minister Borut Pahor congratulated Croatia on a strategic decision of importance to Europe and the whole region . He added that EU entry is not a solution to all problems , but it makes it easier to solve them . United Kingdom : David Lidington of the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office stated that he saluted the decision of Croatian citizens to join the EU . He also added that he hoped he would see Croatia as an EU member in July 2013 . = = Aftermath = = Pursuant to the referendum 's outcome , the Croatian parliament ratified the accession treaty unanimously ( with 136 votes in favour ) on 9 March 2012 .
= The Man with the Golden Gun ( film ) = The Man with the Golden Gun is a 1974 British spy film , the ninth entry in the James Bond series and the second to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond . A loose adaptation of Ian Fleming 's novel of same name , the film has Bond sent after the Solex Agitator , a device that can harness the power of the sun , while facing the assassin Francisco Scaramanga , the " Man with the Golden Gun " . The action culminates in a duel between them that settles the fate of the Solex . The Man with the Golden Gun was the fourth and final film in the series directed by Guy Hamilton . The script was written by Richard Maibaum and Tom Mankiewicz . The film was set in the face of the 1973 energy crisis , a dominant theme in the script — Britain had still not yet fully overcome the crisis when the film was released in December 1974 . The film also reflects the then @-@ popular martial arts film craze , with several kung fu scenes and a predominantly Asian location , being shot in Thailand , Hong Kong , and Macau . Part of the film is also set in Beirut , Lebanon , making it the first Bond film to include a Middle Eastern location . The film saw mixed reviews , with Christopher Lee 's performance as Scaramanga , intended to be a villain of similar skill and ability to Bond , being praised ; but reviewers criticised the film as a whole , particularly the comedic approach , and some critics described it as the lowest point in the canon . Although the film was profitable , it is the fourth @-@ lowest @-@ grossing Bond film in the series . It was also the final film to be co @-@ produced by Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman , with Saltzman selling his 50 % stake in Danjaq , LLC , the parent company of Eon Productions , after the release of the film . = = Plot = = In London , a golden bullet with James Bond 's code " 007 " etched into its surface is received by MI6 . It is believed that it was sent by famed assassin Francisco Scaramanga , who uses a golden gun , to intimidate the agent . Because of the perceived threat to the agent 's life , M relieves Bond of a mission revolving around the work of a scientist named Gibson , thought to be in possession of information crucial to solving the energy crisis with solar power . Bond sets out unofficially to find Scaramanga . After retrieving a spent golden bullet from a belly dancer in Beirut and tracking its manufacturer to Macau , Bond sees Andrea Anders , Scaramanga 's mistress , collecting the shipment of golden bullets at a casino . Bond follows her to Hong Kong and in her Peninsula Hotel room pressures her to tell him about Scaramanga , his appearance and his plans ; she directs him to the Bottoms Up Club . The club proves to be the location of Scaramanga 's next ' hit ' , Gibson , from whom Scaramanga 's dwarf henchman Nick Nack steals the " Solex agitator " , a key component of a solar power station . Before Bond can assert his innocence , however , Lieutenant Hip escorts him away from the scene , taking him to meet M and Q in a hidden headquarters in the wreck of the RMS Queen Elizabeth in the harbour . M assigns 007 to retrieve the Solex agitator and assassinate Scaramanga . Bond then travels to Bangkok to meet Hai Fat , a wealthy Thai entrepreneur suspected of arranging Gibson 's murder . Bond poses as Scaramanga , but his plan backfires because Scaramanga himself is being hosted at Hai Fat 's estate . Bond is captured and placed in Fat 's dojo , where the fighters are instructed to kill him . After escaping with the aid of Hip and his nieces , Bond speeds away on a long tail boat along the river and reunites with his British assistant Mary Goodnight . Scaramanga subsequently kills Hai Fat and usurps control of his enterprise , taking the Solex with him . Anders visits Bond , revealing that she had sent the bullet to London and wants Bond to kill Scaramanga . In payment , she promises to hand the Solex over to him at a Muay Thai venue the next day . At the match , Bond discovers Anders dead and meets Scaramanga . Bond spots the Solex on the floor and is able to smuggle it away to Hip , who passes it to Goodnight . Attempting to place a homing device on Scaramanga 's car , she is locked into the vehicle 's boot . Bond sees Scaramanga driving away and steals a showroom car to give chase , coincidentally with Sheriff J.W. Pepper seated within it . Bond and Pepper follow Scaramanga in a car chase across Bangkok , which concludes when Scaramanga 's car transforms into a plane , which flies him , Nick Nack and Goodnight to his private island . Picking up Goodnight 's tracking device , Bond flies a seaplane into Red Chinese waters and lands at Scaramanga 's island . Scaramanga welcomes Bond and shows him the high @-@ tech solar power plant he has taken over , the technology for which he intends to sell to the highest bidder . While demonstrating the equipment , Scaramanga uses a powerful solar beam to destroy Bond 's plane . Scaramanga then proposes a pistol duel with Bond on the beach ; the two men stand back to back and are instructed by Nick Nack to take twenty paces , but when Bond turns and fires , Scaramanga has vanished . Nick Nack leads Bond into Scaramanga 's Funhouse where Bond stands in the place of a mannequin of himself ; when Scaramanga walks by , Bond takes him by surprise and kills him . Goodnight , in waylaying one of Scaramanga 's henchman who falls into a pool of liquid helium , upsets the balance of the solar plant , which begins to go out of control . Bond retrieves the Solex unit just before the island explodes , and they escape unharmed in Scaramanga 's Chinese junk . Bond then fends off a final attack by Nick Nack , who had smuggled himself aboard , subduing him . = = Cast = = Roger Moore as James Bond : An MI6 agent who receives a golden bullet , supposedly from Scaramanga , indicating that he is a target of Scaramanga . Christopher Lee as Francisco Scaramanga : The main villain and assassin who is identified by his use of a golden gun ; he also has a ' superfluous papilla ' , or supernumerary nipple . Scaramanga plans to misuse solar energy for destructive purposes . Lee was Ian Fleming 's step @-@ cousin and regular golf partner . Scaramanga has been called " the best @-@ characterised Bond villain yet . " Britt Ekland as Mary Goodnight : Bond 's assistant . Described by the critic of the The Sunday Mirror as being " an astoundingly stupid blonde British agent " . Ekland had previously been married to Peter Sellers , who appeared in the 1967 Bond film , Casino Royale . Maud Adams as Andrea Anders : Scaramanga 's mistress . Adams described the role as " a woman without a lot of choices : she 's under the influence of this very rich , strong man , and is fearing for her life most of the time ; and when she actually rebels against him and defects is a major step . " The Man with the Golden Gun was the first of three Bond films in which Maud Adams appeared ; in 1983 , she played a different character , Octopussy , in the film of the same name . She would also later have a cameo as an extra in Roger Moore 's last Bond film , A View to a Kill . Hervé Villechaize as Nick Nack : Scaramanga 's dwarf manservant and accomplice . Villechaize was later known to television audiences as Tattoo , in the series Fantasy Island . Richard Loo as Hai Fat : A Thai millionaire industrialist who was employing Scaramanga to assassinate the inventor of the " Solex " ( a revolutionary solar energy device ) and steal the device . Soon @-@ Tek Oh as Lieutenant Hip : Bond 's local contact in Hong Kong and Bangkok . Soon @-@ Tek Oh trained in martial arts for the role , and his voice was partially dubbed over . Clifton James as Sheriff J.W. Pepper : A Louisiana sheriff who happens to be on holiday in Thailand . Hamilton liked Pepper in the previous film , Live and Let Die , and asked Mankewicz to write him into The Man with the Golden Gun as well . Pepper 's inclusion has been seen as one of " several ill @-@ advised lurches into comedy " in the film . Bernard Lee as M : The head of MI6 . Marc Lawrence as Rodney : An American gangster who attempts to outshoot Scaramanga in his funhouse . Lawrence also appeared in Diamonds Are Forever . Desmond Llewelyn as Q : The head of MI6 's technical department . Marne Maitland as Lazar : A Portuguese gunsmith based in Macau who manufactures golden bullets for Scaramanga . Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny . James Cossins as Colthorpe : An MI6 armaments expert who identifies the maker of Scaramanga 's golden bullets . The first draft of the script originally called the role Boothroyd until it was realised that was also Q 's name and it was subsequently changed . Carmen du Sautoy as Saida : A Beirut belly dancer . Saida was originally written as overweight and wearing excessive make @-@ up , but the producers decided to cast a woman closer to the classic Bond girl . = = Production = = Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman intended to follow You Only Live Twice with The Man with the Golden Gun , inviting Roger Moore to the Bond role . However , filming was planned in Cambodia , and the Samlaut Uprising made filming impractical , leading to the production being cancelled . On Her Majesty 's Secret Service was produced instead with George Lazenby as Bond . Lazenby 's next Bond film , Saltzman told a reporter , would be either The Man with the Golden Gun or Diamonds Are Forever . The producers chose the latter title , with Sean Connery returning as Bond . Broccoli and Saltzman then decided to start production on The Man with the Golden Gun after Live and Let Die . This was the final Bond film to be co @-@ produced by Saltzman as his partnership with Broccoli was dissolved after the film 's release . Saltzman sold his 50 % stake in Eon Productions 's parent company , Danjaq , LLC , to United Artists to alleviate his financial problems . The resulting legalities over the Bond property delayed production of the next Bond film , The Spy Who Loved Me , for three years . The novel is mostly set in Jamaica , a location which had been already used in the earlier films , Dr. No and Live and Let Die ; The Man with the Golden Gun saw a change in location to put Bond in the Far East for the second time . After considering Beirut , where part of the film is set , Iran , where the location scouting was done but eventually discarded because of the Yom Kippur War , and the Hạ Long Bay in Vietnam , the production team chose Thailand as a primary location , following a suggestion of production designer Peter Murton after he saw pictures of the Phuket bay in a magazine . Saltzman was happy with the choice of the Far East for the setting as he had always wanted to go on location in Thailand and Hong Kong . During the reconnaissance of locations in Hong Kong , Broccoli saw the wreckage of the former RMS Queen Elizabeth and came up with the idea of using it as the base for MI6 's Far East operations . = = = Writing and themes = = = Tom Mankiewicz wrote a first draft for the script in 1973 , delivering a script that was a battle of wills between Bond and Scaramanga , who he saw as Bond 's alter ego , " a super @-@ villain of the stature of Bond himself . " Tensions between Mankiewicz and Guy Hamilton and Mankiewicz 's growing sense that he was " feeling really tapped out on Bond " led to the re @-@ introduction of Richard Maibaum as the Bond screenwriter . Maibaum , who had worked on six Bond films previously , delivered his own draft based on Mankiewicz 's work . Much of the plot involving Scaramanga being Bond 's equal was sidelined in later drafts . For one of the two main aspects of the plot , the screenwriters used the 1973 energy crisis as a backdrop to the film , allowing the MacGuffin of the " Solex agitator " to be introduced ; Broccoli 's stepson Michael G. Wilson researched solar power to create the Solex . While Live and Let Die had borrowed heavily from the blaxploitation genre , The Man with the Golden Gun borrowed from the martial arts genre that was popular in the 1970s through films such as Fist of Fury ( 1972 ) and Enter the Dragon ( 1973 ) . However , the use of the martial arts for a fight scene in the film " lapses into incredibility " when Lt Hip and his two nieces defeat an entire dojo . = = = Casting = = = Originally , the role of Scaramanga was offered to Jack Palance , but he turned the opportunity down . Christopher Lee , who was eventually chosen to portray Scaramanga , was Ian Fleming 's step @-@ cousin and Fleming had suggested Lee for the role of Dr. Julius No in the 1962 series opener Dr. No . Lee noted that Fleming was a forgetful man and by the time he mentioned this to Broccoli and Saltzman they had cast Joseph Wiseman in the part . Due to filming on location in Bangkok , his role in the film affected Lee 's work the following year , as director Ken Russell was unable to sign Lee to play Specialist in the 1975 film Tommy , a part eventually given to Jack Nicholson . Two Swedish models were cast as the Bond girls , Britt Ekland and Maud Adams . Ekland had been interested in playing a Bond girl since she had seen Dr. No , and contacted the producers about the main role of Mary Goodnight . Hamilton met Adams in New York , and cast her because " she was elegant and beautiful that it seemed to me she was the perfect Bond girl " . When Ekland read the news that Adams had been cast for The Man with the Golden Gun , she became upset , thinking Adams had been selected to play Goodnight . Broccoli then called Ekland to invite her for the main role , as after seeing her in a film , Broccoli thought Ekland 's " generous looks " made her a good contrast to Adams . Hamilton decided to put Marc Lawrence , whom he had worked with on Diamonds Are Forever , to play a gangster shot dead by Scaramanga at the start of the film , because he found it an interesting idea to " put sort of a Chicago gangster in the middle of Thailand " . = = = Filming = = = Filming commenced on 6 November 1973 at the partly submerged wreck of the RMS Queen Elizabeth , which acted as a top @-@ secret MI6 base grounded in Victoria Harbour in Hong Kong . The crew was small , and a stunt double was used for James Bond . Other Hong Kong locations included the Hong Kong Dragon Garden as the estate of Hai Fat , which portrayed a location in Bangkok . The major part of principal photography started on 18 April 1974 in Thailand . Thai locations included Bangkok , Thon Buri , Phuket and the nearby Phang Nga Province , on the islands of Ko Khao Phing Kan ( Thai : เกาะเขาพิงกัน ) and Ko Tapu ( Thai : เกาะตะปู ) . Scaramanga 's hideout is on Ko Khao Phing Kan , and Ko Tapu is often now referred to as James Bond Island both by locals and in tourist guidebooks . The scene during the boxing match used an actual Muay Thai fixture at the Lumpinee Boxing Stadium . " [ A ] car chase [ in Bangkok occurred ] near a [ canal or ] khlong on Krung Kasem Road " . In late April , production returned to Hong Kong , and also shot in Macau , as the island is famous for its casinos , which Hong Kong does not have . As some scenes in Thailand had to be finished , and also production had to move to studio work in Pinewood Studios — which included sets such as Scaramanga 's solar energy plant and island interior — Academy Award winner Oswald Morris was hired to finish the job after cinematographer Ted Moore became ill . Morris was initially reluctant , as he did not like his previous experiences taking over other cinematographers ' work , but accepted after dining with Broccoli . Production wrapped in Pinewood in August 1974 . One of the main stunts in the film consisted of stunt driver " Bumps " Willard ( as James Bond ) driving an AMC Hornet leaping a broken bridge and spinning around 360 degrees in mid @-@ air about the longitudinal axis , doing an " aerial twist " ; Willard successfully completed the jump on the first take . The stunt was shown in slow motion as the scene was too fast . Composer John Barry added a slide whistle sound effect over the stunt , which Broccoli kept in despite thinking that it " undercouped the stunt " . Barry later regretted his decision , thinking the whistle " broke the golden rule " as the stunt was " for what it was all worth , a truly dangerous moment , ... true James Bond style " . The sound effect was described as " simply crass " , with one writer , Jim Smith , suggesting that the stunt " brings into focus the lack of excitement in the rest of the film and is spoilt by the use of ' comedy ' sound effects . " Eon Productions had licensed the stunt , which had been designed by Raymond McHenry ; the stunt was initially conceived at Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory ( CAL ) in Buffalo , New York as a test for their powerful vehicle simulation software . After development in simulation , ramps were built and the stunt was tested at CAL 's proving ground . It toured as part of the All American Thrill Show as the Astro Spiral before it was picked up for the film . The television programme Top Gear attempted to repeat the stunt in June 2008 , but failed . The scene where Scaramanga 's car flies was done at Bovington Camp , with a model inspired by an actual car plane prototype . Bond 's duel with Scaramanga , which Mankewicz said was inspired by the climactic faceoff in Shane , had its length shortened as the producers felt it was causing pacing problems . The trailers featured some of the cut scenes . Hamilton adapted an idea of his involving Bond in Disneyland for Scaramanga 's funhouse . The funhouse was designed to be a place where Scaramanga could get the upper hand by distracting the adversary with obstacles , and was described by Murton as a " melting pot of ideas " which made it " both a funhouse and a horror house " . While an actual wax figure of Roger Moore was used , Moore 's stunt double Les Crawford was the cowboy figure , and Ray Marione played the Al Capone figure . The canted sets such as the funhouse and the Queen Elizabeth had inspiration from German Expressionism films such as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari . For Scaramanga 's solar power plant , Hamilton used both the Pinewood set and a miniature projected by Derek Meddings , often cutting between each other to show there was no discernible difference . The destruction of the facility was a combination of practical effects on the set and a destruction of the miniature . Meddings based the island blowing up on footage of the Battle of Monte Cassino . = = = = Golden Gun prop = = = = Three Golden Gun props were made ; a solid piece , one that could be fired with a cap and one that could be assembled and disassembled , although Christopher Lee said that the process " was extremely difficult . " The gun was " one of the more memorable props in the Bond series " and consisted of an interlocking fountain pen ( the barrel ) , cigarette lighter ( the bullet chamber ) , cigarette case ( the handle ) and cufflink ( the trigger ) with the bullet secured in Scaramanga 's belt buckle . The gun was designed to accept a single 4 @.@ 2 @-@ millimeter , 23 @-@ carat gold bullet produced by Lazar , a gunsmith in Macau who specialized in custom weapons and ammunition . The Golden Gun ranked sixth in a 2008 20th Century Fox poll of the most popular film weapons , which surveyed approximately 2 @,@ 000 film fans . On 10 October 2008 , it was discovered that one of the golden guns used in the film , which is estimated to be worth around £ 80 @,@ 000 , was missing ( suspected stolen ) from Elstree Props , a company based at Hertfordshire studios . = = = Music = = = The theme tune to The Man with the Golden Gun , released in 1974 , was performed by Scottish singer Lulu and composed by John Barry . Tony Bramwell , who worked for Harry Saltzman 's music @-@ publishing company " Hilary Music " , wanted Elton John or Cat Stevens to sing the title song . However , by this time the producers were taking turns producing the films ; Albert Broccoli — whose turn it was to produce — rejected Bramwell 's suggestions . The lyrics to the Lulu song were written by Don Black and have been described variously as " ludicrous " , " inane " and " one long stream of smut " , because of its sexual innuendo . Bramwell subsequently dismissed the Barry @-@ Lulu tune as " mundane " . Alice Cooper wrote a song titled " Man with the Golden Gun " to be used by the producers of the film , but they opted for Lulu 's song instead . Cooper released his song in his album Muscle of Love . Barry had only three weeks to score The Man with the Golden Gun and the theme tune and score are generally considered by critics to be among the weakest of Barry 's contributions to the series — an opinion shared by Barry himself : " It 's the one I hate most ... it just never happened for me . " The Man with the Golden Gun was also the first to drop the distinctive plucked guitar from the theme heard over the gun barrel opening . A sample from one of the songs , " Hip 's Trip " , was used by The Prodigy in the " Mindfields " track on the album The Fat of the Land . = = Release and reception = = The Man with the Golden Gun was premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on 19 December 1974 , with general release in the United Kingdom the same day . The film was made with an estimated budget of $ 7 million ; despite initial good returns from the box office , The Man with the Golden Gun grossed a total of $ 97 @.@ 6 million at the worldwide box office , with $ 21 million earned in the USA , making it the fourth lowest @-@ grossing Bond film in the series . The promotion of the film had " one of the more anaemic advertising campaigns of the series " and there were few products available , apart from the soundtrack and paperback book , although Lone Star Toys produced a " James Bond 007 pistol " in gold ; this differed from the weapon used by Scaramanga in the film as it was little more than a Walther P38 with a silencer fitted . = = = Contemporary reviews = = = The Man with the Golden Gun met with mixed reviews upon its release . Derek Malcolm in The Guardian savaged the film , saying that " the script is the limpest of the lot and ... Roger Moore as 007 is the last man on earth to make it sound better than it is . " There was some praise from Malcolm , although it was muted , saying that " Christopher Lee ... makes a goodish villain and Britt Ekland a passable Mary Goodnight ... Up to scratch in production values ... the film is otherwise merely a potboiler . Maybe enough 's enough . " Tom Milne , writing in The Guardian 's sister paper , The Observer was even more caustic , writing that " This series , which has been scraping the bottom of the barrel for some time , is now through the bottom ... with depressing borrowings from Hong Kong kung fu movies , not to mention even more depressing echoes of the ' Carry On ' smut . " He summed up the film by saying it was " sadly lacking in wit or imagination . " David Robinson , the film critic at The Times dismissed the film and Moore 's performance , saying that Moore was " substituting non @-@ acting for Connery 's throwaway " , while Britt Ekland was " his beautiful , idiot side @-@ kick ... the least appealing of the Bond heroines . " Robinson was equally damning of the changes in the production crew , observing that Ken Adam , an " attraction of the early Bond films , " had been " replaced by decorators of competence but little of his flair . " The writers " get progressively more naive in their creation of a suburban dream of epicureanism and adventure . " Writing for The New York Times , Nora Sayre considered the film to suffer from " poverty of invention and excitement " , criticising the writing and Moore 's performance and finding Villechaize and Lee as the only positive points for their " sinister vitality that cuts through the narrative dough . " The Sunday Mirror critic observed that The Man with the Golden Gun " isn 't the best Bond ever " but found it " remarkable that Messrs. Saltzman and Broccoli can still produce such slick and inventive entertainment " . Arthur Thirkwell , writing in the Sunday Mirror 's sister paper , the Daily Mirror concentrated more on lead actor Roger Moore than the film itself : " What Sean Connery used to achieve with a touch of sardonic sadism , Roger Moore conveys with roguish schoolboy charm and the odd , dry quip . " Thirkwell also said that Moore " manages to make even this reduced @-@ voltage Bond a character with plenty of sparkle . " Judith Crist of New York Magazine gave a positive review , saying " the scenery 's grand , the lines nice and the gadgetry entertaining " , also describing the production as a film that " capture [ s ] the free @-@ wheeling , whooshing non @-@ sense of early Fleming 's fairy tale for grown @-@ ups orientation " . Jay Cocks , writing in Time , focused on gadgets such as Scaramanga 's flying car , as what is wrong with both The Man with the Golden Gun and the more recent films in the Bond series , calling them " Overtricky , uninspired , these exercises show the strain of stretching fantasy well past wit . " Cocks also criticised the actors , saying that Moore " lacks all Connery 's strengths and has several deep deficiencies " , while Lee was " an unusually unimpressive villain " . = = = Reflective reviews = = = Opinion on The Man with the Golden Gun has not changed with the passing of time : as of November 2015 , the film holds a 45 % rating from Rotten Tomatoes , while Ian Freer of Empire found the film " an entertaining 007 adventure , something that tonally , if not qualitatively , could happily sit within the Connery era . " IGN chose The Man with the Golden Gun as the worst Bond film , claiming it " has a great concept ... but the execution is sloppy and silly " , and Entertainment Weekly chose it as the fourth worst , saying that the " plot is almost as puny as the sidekick " . On the other hand , Norman Wilner of MSN chose it as the tenth best , with much praise for Christopher Lee 's performance . Some critics saw the film as uninspired , tired and boring . Roger Moore was also criticised for playing Bond against type , in a style more reminiscent of Sean Connery , although Lee 's performance received acclaim . Danny Peary wrote that The Man with the Golden Gun " lacks invention ... is one of the least interesting Bond films " and " a very laboured movie , with Bond a stiff bore , Adams and Britt Ekland uninspired leading ladies " . Peary believes that the shootout between Bond and Scaramanga in the funhouse " is the one good scene in the movie , and even it has an unsatisfying finish " and also bemoaned the presence of Clifton James , " unfortunately reprising his unfunny redneck sheriff from Live and Let Die . " Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly argues that Scaramanga is the best villain of the Roger Moore James Bond films , while listing Mary Goodnight among the worst Bond girls , saying that " Ekland may have had one of the series ' best bikinis , but her dopey , doltish portrayal was a turnoff as much to filmgoers as to fans of Ian Fleming 's novels " . The Times put Scaramanga as the fifth best Bond villain in their list , and Ekland was the third in their list of the top 10 most fashionable Bond girls . Maxim listed Goodnight at fourth in their Top Bond Babes list , saying that " Agent Goodnight is the clumsiest spy alive . But who cares as long as she 's using her perfect bikini bottom to muck things up ? "
= Hack Wilson = Lewis Robert Wilson ( April 26 , 1900 – November 23 , 1948 ) was an American Major League Baseball player who played 12 seasons for the New York Giants , Chicago Cubs , Brooklyn Dodgers and Philadelphia Phillies . Despite his diminutive stature , he was one of the most accomplished power hitters in the game during the late 1920s and early 1930s . His 1930 season with the Cubs is widely considered one of the most memorable individual single @-@ season hitting performances in baseball history . Highlights included 56 home runs , the National League record for 68 years ; and 191 runs batted in , a mark yet to be surpassed . " For a brief span of a few years " , wrote a sportswriter of the day , " this hammered down little strongman actually rivaled the mighty [ Babe ] Ruth . " While Wilson 's combativeness and excessive alcohol consumption made him one of the most colorful sports personalities of his era , his drinking and fighting undoubtedly contributed to a premature end to his athletic career and , ultimately , his premature demise . He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1979 . = = Baseball career = = = = = Early life and minor leagues = = = Lewis Robert Wilson was born April 26 , 1900 , in the Pennsylvania steel mill town of Ellwood City , north of Pittsburgh . His mother , Jennie Kaughn , 16 , was an unemployed drifter from Philadelphia ; his father , Robert Wilson , 24 , was a steel worker . His parents never married ; both were heavy drinkers , and in 1907 his mother died of appendicitis at the age of 24 . In 1916 Lewis left school to take a job at a locomotive factory , swinging a sledge hammer for four dollars a week . Although only five feet six inches tall , he weighed 195 pounds with an 18 @-@ inch neck , and feet that fit into size @-@ five @-@ and @-@ one @-@ half shoes . Sportswriter Shirley Povich later observed that he was " built along the lines of a beer keg , and was not wholly unfamiliar with its contents . " While his unusual physique was considered an oddity at the time , his large head , tiny feet , short legs and broad , flat face are now recognized as hallmarks of the Fetal Alcohol Syndrome . In 1921 Wilson moved to Martinsburg , West Virginia , to join the Martinsburg Mountaineers of the Class " D " Blue Ridge League . After breaking his leg while sliding into home plate during his first professional game , he was moved from the catcher 's position to the outfield . In 1922 he met Virginia Riddleburger , a 34 @-@ year @-@ old office clerk ; they married the following year . In 1923 , playing for the " B " division Portsmouth Truckers , he led the Virginia League in hitting with a .388 batting average . Late in the season , New York Giants manager John McGraw purchased his contract from Portsmouth for $ 10 @,@ 500 . = = = New York Giants = = = Wilson made his major league debut with the Giants on September 29 , 1923 and became the starting left fielder the following season . By mid @-@ July he was ranked second in the National League ( NL ) in hitting . He ended the season with a .295 average , 10 home runs , and 57 runs batted in ( RBIs ) as New York won the NL pennant . In the 1924 World Series he averaged only .233 in a seven @-@ game loss to the Washington Senators . Multiple stories exist to explain the origin of Wilson 's nickname : By one account , a New York newspaper held a nicknaming contest ; the winning entry was " Hack " because he reminded many fans of another stocky athlete , the popular wrestler Georg Hackenschmidt . In another version , McGraw is said to have remarked that Wilson 's physique was reminiscent of a " hack " ( slang for taxicab in that era ) . Giants teammate Bill Cunningham claimed that the nickname was based on Wilson 's resemblance to Hack Miller , an outfielder with the Chicago Cubs . The New York Times printed the first documented usage of " Hack " on June 10 , 1924 . Early in the 1925 season Wilson hit the longest home run on record at Ebbets Field against the Brooklyn Robins , but fell into a slump in May , and was replaced in left field by Irish Meusel . On July 2 he hit two home runs in one inning , tying Ken Williams ' major league record set in 1922 , but his hitting slump continued . In August McGraw told reporters that he had " ... made the mistake of rushing [ Wilson ] along , " and sent him to the Giants ' minor league affiliate , the Toledo Mud Hens of the American Association . At season 's end a front office oversight left him unprotected on the Toledo roster , and the last @-@ place Chicago Cubs acquired him on waivers . " They let go the best outfielder I ever played alongside " , said Giants right fielder Ross Youngs , " and they 're going to regret it . " During the 1925 World Series — between the Senators and the Pittsburgh Pirates — Wilson 's son , Robert , was born . = = = Glory years with the Cubs = = = Wilson regained his form as the Cubs ' center fielder in 1926 and soon became a favorite of Chicago fans . On May 24 he hit the center field scoreboard with one of the longest home runs in Wrigley Field history as the Cubs came from behind to defeat the Boston Braves . Later that evening he made news again when he was arrested during a police raid of a Prohibition @-@ era speakeasy while trying to escape through the rear window , and was fined one dollar . He ended the season with a league @-@ leading 21 home runs along with 36 doubles , 109 RBIs , a .321 batting average , and a .406 on @-@ base percentage . The Cubs improved to fourth place , and Wilson ended the year ranked fifth in voting for the NL 's Most Valuable Player ( MVP ) Award . Another strong performance followed in 1927 as Wilson once again led the league in home runs . Although the Cubs were in first place heading into the final month of the season , the team faltered and again finished fourth . Wilson posted a .318 average with 30 home runs and 129 RBIs , and led NL outfielders with 400 putouts . He led the NL in home runs for a third consecutive year in 1928 with 31 , along with 120 RBIs and a .313 average as the Cubs improved to third place . Wilson had a combative streak and sometimes initiated fights with opposing players and fans . On June 22 , 1928 , a near @-@ riot broke out in the ninth inning at Wrigley Field against the St. Louis Cardinals when Wilson jumped into the box seats to attack a heckling fan . An estimated 5 @,@ 000 spectators swarmed the field before police could separate the combatants and restore order . The fan sued Wilson for $ 20 @,@ 000 , but a jury ruled in his favor . The following year he took offense at a remark by Cincinnati Reds pitcher Ray Kolp , and – upon reaching first base after hitting a single – he charged into the Reds dugout , punching Kolp several times before they could be separated . Later that evening at the train station , Wilson exchanged words and blows with Cincinnati player Pete Donohue . In late 1929 he signed a contract to fight Art Shires of the Chicago White Sox in a boxing match , but reneged after Cubs president William Veeck , Sr. enlisted Hack 's wife Virginia to dissuade him , and then Shires lost a fight to George Trafton of the Chicago Bears . There was nothing to gain , Wilson said , by fighting a defeated boxer . Wilson 's " penchant for festivities " is also well documented . Biographer Clifton Blue Parker described him as " ... the Roaring ' 20s epitome of a baseball player , primed for an age of American excess ... at a time when baseball was America 's favorite sport . " His love of drinking and partying did not endear him to Cubs owner William Wrigley , who abhorred alcohol consumption . ( Wilson always insisted that he never played drunk ; " hung over , yes ; drunk , no . " ) Manager Joe McCarthy worked hard to shield Wilson from Wrigley , and to keep him on an even keel . " Better than any other manager " , wrote sportswriter Frank Graham , " Joe understood Hack , made allowances for him when he failed , and rewarded him with praise when he did well . Joe could be strict and stern with his players ... but he never was with Hack , and Hack repaid him by playing as he never had before , nor would again . " In 1929 Wilson hit .345 with 39 home runs and a league @-@ record 159 RBIs . He and new teammate Rogers Hornsby ( who also contributed 39 home runs ) led the Cubs to their first NL pennant in eleven years . In the World Series against Connie Mack 's Philadelphia Athletics , Wilson 's .471 hitting performance was eclipsed by two fielding errors at Shibe Park . Though trailing the Series two games to one , the Cubs were leading by a score of 8 – 0 in the fourth game when the Athletics mounted a 10 @-@ run rally in the seventh inning . Wilson lost two fly balls in the sun ; the second , with two runners on base , led to an inside @-@ the @-@ park home run by Mule Haas as the Athletics won 10 – 8 . After the game , McCarthy reportedly told a boy asking for a souvenir baseball , " Come back tomorrow and stand behind Wilson , and you 'll be able to pick up all the balls you want ! " The Athletics won again the next day to take the Series in five games . = = = = 1930 : The peak = = = = Wilson 's 1930 season , aided by a lively ball wound with special Australian wool , is considered one of the best single @-@ season hitting performances in baseball history . By the middle of July he had accumulated 82 RBIs . In August he hit 13 home runs and 53 RBIs , and by September 15 he had reached 176 RBIs , breaking Lou Gehrig 's major league record established three years earlier . He ended the season with 190 , along with an NL @-@ record 56 home runs , .356 batting average , .454 on @-@ base percentage , and league @-@ leading .723 slugging percentage . He was unofficially voted the NL 's most " useful " player by the Baseball Writers ' Association of America ( which did not inaugurate its official MVP award until 1931 ) . In 1999 the Commissioner of Baseball officially increased Wilson 's 1930 RBI total to 191 after a box score analysis by baseball historian Jerome Holtzman revealed that Charlie Grimm had been mistakenly credited with an RBI actually driven home by Wilson during the second game of a doubleheader on July 28 . Wilson 's 191 RBIs remains one of baseball 's most enduring records ; only Gehrig ( 184 ) and Hank Greenberg ( 183 ) ever came close , and there have been no serious challenges in the last 75 years . ( The best recent effort was 165 by Manny Ramirez in 1999 . ) Reds catcher Clyde Sukeforth asserted that Wilson should have been credited with an additional home run in 1930 as well . " He hit one in Cincinnati one day " , he said , " way up in the seats , hit it so hard that it bounced right back onto the field . The umpire had a bad angle on it and ruled that it had hit the screen and bounced back . I was sitting in the Cincinnati bullpen , and of course , we weren 't going to say anything . But Hack really hit 57 that year . " Wilson 's official total of 56 stood as the NL record until the 1998 season , when it was broken by Sammy Sosa ( 66 ) and Mark McGwire ( 70 ) . = = = Decline = = = Wilson 's success in the 1930 season served only to fuel his drinking habits , and in 1931 he reported to spring training 20 pounds overweight . In addition , the NL responded to the prodigious offensive statistics of the previous year ( the only season , other than 1894 , in which the league as a whole batted over .300 ) by introducing a heavier ball with raised stitching to allow pitchers to gain a better grip and throw sharper curveballs . Wilson complained that the new Cubs manager , former teammate Rogers Hornsby , did not allow him to " swing away " as much as Joe McCarthy had . He hit his 200th career home run at Ebbets Field on June 18 — only the fourth player ever to do so , behind Ruth , Cy Williams , and Hornsby — but then fell into a protracted slump , and was benched in late May . By late August Wrigley publicly expressed his desire to trade him . On September 6 he was suspended without pay for the remainder of the season after a fight with reporters aboard a train in Cincinnati . He was hitting .261 with only 13 home runs ( his 1930 production during August alone ) at the time . In December 1931 , the Cubs traded Wilson , along with Bud Teachout , to the St. Louis Cardinals for Burleigh Grimes . Less than a month later , the Cardinals sent him to the Brooklyn Dodgers for minor league outfielder Bob Parham and $ 25 @,@ 000 . Wilson hit .297 with 23 home runs and 123 RBIs for Brooklyn in 1932 . He began 1933 with a ninth @-@ inning game @-@ winning pinch @-@ hit inside @-@ the @-@ park grand slam home run at Ebbets Field — the first pinch @-@ hit grand slam in Dodger history , and only the third inside @-@ the @-@ park pinch @-@ hit grand slam in MLB history . By season 's end his offensive totals had dropped substantially , and he was hitting .262 when the Dodgers released him mid @-@ season in 1934 . The Philadelphia Phillies signed him immediately , but after just two hits in 20 at bats he was released again a month later . After a final season with the Albany Senators of the Class " A " New York – Pennsylvania League , Wilson retired at the age of 35 . = = Career statistics = = In a 12 @-@ year major league career , Wilson played in 1 @,@ 348 games and accumulated 1 @,@ 461 hits in 4 @,@ 760 at @-@ bats for a .307 career batting average and a .395 on @-@ base percentage . He hit 244 home runs and batted in 1 @,@ 063 runs , led the NL in home runs four times , and surpassed 100 RBIs six times . Defensively , he finished his career with a .965 fielding percentage . = = Life after baseball = = Wilson returned to Martinsburg where he opened a pool hall , but encountered financial problems due to a failed sporting goods business venture , and then a rancorous divorce from Virginia . By 1938 he was working as a bartender near Brooklyn 's Ebbets Field where he sang for drinks , but had to quit when customers became too abusive . A night club venture in suburban Chicago was another financial failure . In 1944 he took a job as a good will ambassador for a professional basketball team in Washington , D.C. , where he lamented that fans remembered his two dropped fly balls in the 1929 World Series far more vividly than his 56 home runs and 191 RBIs in 1930 . Unable to find work in professional baseball , he moved to Baltimore where he worked as a tool checker in an airplane manufacturing plant and later as a laborer for the City of Baltimore . When municipal authorities realized who he was , he was made the manager of a Baltimore public swimming pool . On October 4 , 1948 Wilson was discovered unconscious after a fall in his home . Though the accident did not appear serious at first , pneumonia and other complications developed and he died of internal hemorrhaging on November 23 , 1948 , at the age of 48 . Wilson — once the highest @-@ paid player in the National League — died penniless ; his son , Robert , refused to claim his remains . NL President Ford Frick finally sent money to cover his funeral expenses . His gray burial suit was donated by the undertaker . In marked contrast to Babe Ruth 's funeral , which had been attended by thousands just three months earlier , only a few hundred people were present for Wilson 's services . He was buried in Rosedale Cemetery in the town where he made his professional playing debut , Martinsburg , West Virginia . Ten months later Joe McCarthy organized a second , more complete memorial service , attended by Kiki Cuyler , Charlie Grimm , Nick Altrock and other players from the Cubs and the Martinsburg team ( by then renamed the Blue Sox ) . A granite tombstone was unveiled , with the inscription , " One of Baseball 's Immortals , Lewis R. ( Hack ) Wilson , Rests Here . " One week before his death , Wilson gave an interview to CBS Radio which was reprinted in Chicago newspapers . In 1949 Charlie Grimm , the Cubs ' new manager , posted a framed excerpt from that interview in the Cubs clubhouse , where it remains . It reads , in part : " Talent isn 't enough . You need common sense and good advice . If anyone tries to tell you different , tell them the story of Hack Wilson . ... Kids in and out of baseball who think because they have talent they have the world by the tail . It isn 't so . Kids , don 't be too big to accept advice . Don 't let what happened to me happen to you . " In 1979 Wilson was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee . A Martinsburg street is named Hack Wilson Way in his honor , and the access road to a large city park within his home town , Ellwood City , Pennsylvania , is known as Hack Wilson Drive .
= Myrtle Bachelder = Myrtle Claire Bachelder ( March 13 , 1908 – May 22 , 1997 ) was an American chemist and Women 's Army Corps officer , who is noted for her secret work on the Manhattan Project atomic bomb program , and for the development of techniques in the chemistry of metals . = = Early life and career = = Myrtle C. Bachelder was born on March 13 , 1908 in Orange , Massachusetts . She earned a bachelor of science degree from Middlebury College in 1930 , and became a high school science teacher and athletics coach in South Hadley Falls , Massachusetts . She received her master of education degree from Boston University . = = World War II : the atomic bomb = = During World War II , Bachelder enlisted in the Women 's Army Corps ( WAC ) in November 1942 , at the Springfield , Massachusetts headquarters . After spending time in training at military bases in several U.S. states , she received orders assigning her to the Company ' D ' WAC Detachment of the Manhattan District , United States Army Corps of Engineers . Her secret assignment was to lead a group of 15 to 20 women from the WAC , stationed in Des Moines , Iowa , to Fort Sill , Oklahoma , and from there to Santa Fe , New Mexico . She and the women under her command arrived at Los Alamos , New Mexico on October 21 , 1943 . " Manhattan " was the code name for the special military division dedicated to developing an atomic weapon . In the clandestine laboratory at the remote Los Alamos desert site , Bachelder was responsible for the analysis of the spectroscopy of uranium isotopes . Since the uranium @-@ 235 isotope is fissile , whereas the uranium @-@ 238 isotope is not , Bachelder 's role in the project was a crucial task : to ensure the purity of the sub @-@ critical material , and therefore the nuclear explosion , of the world 's first atomic bombs . These methods were used during the preparation of plutonium @-@ 239 , the fissile material used in the construction of the atomic bomb for the Trinity nuclear test , on July 16 , 1945 . Analogous methods were used for the uranium weapon , code @-@ named " Little Boy " , which destroyed Hiroshima , Japan on August 6 , 1945 , and for the plutonium bomb which destroyed Nagasaki , Japan on August 9 , 1945 , leading to the Japanese surrender . The secret program was under the general direction of J. Robert Oppenheimer , whom Bachelder described as : A " pencil and paper man " , immersed in physics theory , who was more than a little amazed by the Los Alamos lab machinery . Bachelder recalled Oppenheimer standing in front of her lab 's most important and expensive instrument punching buttons at random ... He asked " What does this do ? " Then he 'd punch another button ... He might have wrecked the machine if he hadn 't finally been persuaded to leave it alone . = = Contribution to post @-@ war developments in nuclear energy = = The conclusion of the Second World War was also the dawning of a new " Atomic Age " , in which the peacetime potential of nuclear energy began to be explored . Bachelder was among the scientists who opposed the May @-@ Johnson Bill of October 1945 , a Congressional bill proposed by the Interim Committee , which would have maintained military control over nuclear research . The bill was defeated in Congress and superseded by the McMahon Atomic Energy Act . In January 1947 , the newly formed Atomic Energy Commission approved the declassification of 270 previously secret documents . These included discoveries related to X @-@ radiation and purification of uranium ores , which had been made by Bachelder during the course of the war effort . At this time , the rarity and importance of Bachelder 's achievements as a woman in science were also acknowledged . = = Scientific research and later career = = After leaving the Army , Bachelder became a research chemist at the University of Chicago , where the first self @-@ sustaining nuclear reaction had been achieved in 1942 . Nobel Laureate James Franck had been Director of the Chemistry Division of the Metallurgical Laboratory during the earlier phases of the Manhattan Project . Bachelder joined the University 's Institute for the Study of Metals ( renamed as the James Franck Institute in 1967 ) , and she conducted further research in metallochemistry . Among other achievements , Bachelder developed methods for the purification of the rare elements tellurium and indium . Other aspects of her broad scientific expertise found application in the field of marine archaeology , when she determined the chemical composition of brass cannons found in the Aegean Sea on sunken ships . She also made contributions to astrochemistry , when NASA asked her to analyze the chemistry of Moon rocks which had been collected from the Moon 's surface during the Apollo missions from 1969 to 1972 . Bachelder retired from the Franck Institute in 1973 , and was subsequently active as an official of the American Association of Retired Persons ( AARP ) . She died in Chicago on May 22 , 1997 . = = Reflections = = Bachelder believed that her role in the development of the atomic bomb , and the subsequent use of atomic weapons against Japan , had been justified , in order to end the Second World War , and to avoid greater loss of life that would have been entailed , in a U.S. land invasion and extended conflict with Japan . Later in life , during the period of the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks , Bachelder stated that , although she supported nuclear arms control : Opponents of nuclear weapons should resist the urge to take the 1940s bomb @-@ building effort out of its proper historical context — " One cannot pull that activity out of that time , set it down in the 1980s , and pass judgement . "
= Bobby Kay = Romeo Cormier is a retired Canadian professional wrestler best known by the ring name Bobby Kay . He is a member of the Cormier wrestling family , a group of four brothers who were all successful professional wrestlers . Romeo Cormier competed in Canada and the United States from 1967 to the mid @-@ 1980s . He also worked as a wrestling promoter . After retiring from wrestling , Cormier began performing country music professionally before taking a job with Loblaws . = = Career = = Cormier grew up with eight brothers and four sisters on the family 's farm in what is now Memramcook , New Brunswick . He became interested in professional wrestling because of his older brothers Jean @-@ Louis , Yvon , and Leonce , who competed under the ring names Rudy Kay , The Beast , and Leo Burke , respectively . At age 17 , Yvon took Romeo to Calgary , Alberta to train under Stu Hart . Cormier made his professional debut in 1967 and wrestled in several countries . While touring the world as a competitor , he used several ring names . In Calgary 's Stampede Wrestling , he used the name Norton Jackson . He then took on the moniker Terry Martin while wrestling in Central States Wrestling . He competed primarily as a tag team wrestler , and he won his first title belt in Kansas City on October 31 , 1968 . Teaming with his brother Leonce , who was using the name Tommy Martin , he won the Central States version of the NWA North American Tag Team Championship . The reign lasted for one week before they dropped the title to The Texas Outlaws ( Dick Murdoch and Dusty Rhodes ) . Cormier also competed for the Eastern Sports Association ( ESA ) , which was affiliated with the National Wrestling Alliance ( NWA ) . His brother Jean @-@ Louis , competing as Rudy Kay , was both a booker and wrestler for ESA , and Cormier used his brother 's ring name as the inspiration to become Bobby Kay . In the ESA , the four Cormier brothers often took turns facing the same wrestlers . A heel ( villain ) wrestler would face one brother , then move on to face the rest in succession . Bobby Kay held the ESA International Tag Team Championship several times in the ESA ; his first came when he teamed with brother Leonce ( who was then competing as Leo Burke ) to win the title in mid @-@ 1973 by defeating Fred Sweetan and Mike Dubois . They held the title for about one month before dropping it to Sweetan and Kurt Von Steiger . Kay then teamed with brother Yvon ( who was known as The Beast ) to regain the title . The teams traded the championship back and forth once again over the course of the summer . They lost the title to Sweetan and Jim Dillon in autumn 1973 . After Dillon left the promotion , the championship was vacated ; Kay and The Beast regained it the following year . The reign lasted less than one week before Sweetan and Dubois won the title . Teaming with Burke in June 1974 , Kay had one final reign with the title ; he sustained an injury , however , and Ron Thompson defended the championship in Kay 's place . Later that year , Cormier returned to Kansas , where he won the NWA Central States Heavyweight Championship in December . Cormier later returned to Stampede Wrestling , this time adopting the ring name Bobby Burke to form a tag team with his brother Leo Burke . They defeated The Royal Kangaroos in 1977 to win the Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship . After dropping the title to Mr. Hito and Michel Martel later that year , they did not regain the belts until 1980 , when they defeated Duke Myers and Bobby Bass . Cormier competed in Toronto from 1982 to 1984 under the ring name Terry Kay , a name that he had also used while wrestling in Charlotte , North Carolina . He won the NWA Canadian Television Championship on December 26 , 1982 . He and his brother Leonce bought out Jean @-@ Louis 's stake in the Eastern Sports Association but ran into problems with their partner Al Zinck and television deals , which enabled Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling ( AGPW ) to gain a stronger foothold in the Maritimes . His final title victory came in AGPW , where he won the company 's North American Tag Team Championship in 1990 while teaming with his brother Leo . = = Retirement = = Cormier retired from professional wrestling to spend more time with his wife and two children . He also performed country music as part of the Bobby Kay Band . He taught his longtime friend , former professional wrestling referee Hubert Gallant , to play the guitar . He also made another attempt at promoting wrestling events in such locations as Moncton , New Brunswick and Halifax , Nova Scotia in the mid @-@ 1980s . After arranging exclusive deals to promote shows in specific territories , Cormier had trouble attracting fans after the World Wrestling Federation moved into the same areas . Because the WWF had a larger budget and was able to gain access to arenas with larger seating capacities , Cormier 's promotion was unable to compete . In 2006 , a celebration was held in Memramcook to honor the four wrestling Cormier brothers . Cormier now balances competing in occasional wrestling matches with his job in shipping and receiving for Loblaws . = = Championships and accomplishments = = Atlantic Grand Prix Wrestling AGPW North American Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) — with Leo Burke Central States Wrestling NWA Central States Heavyweight Championship ( 1 time ) NWA North American Tag Team Championship ( Central States version ) ( 1 time ) — with Tommy Martin Eastern Sports Association ESA International Tag Team Championship ( 5 times ) — with Leo Burke ( 2 ) and The Beast ( 3 ) Maple Leaf Wrestling NWA Canadian Television Championship ( 1 time ) Stampede Wrestling Stampede Wrestling International Tag Team Championship ( 2 times ) — with Leo Burke
= Wild Barts Can 't Be Broken = " Wild Barts Can 't Be Broken " is the eleventh episode of The Simpsons ' tenth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on January 17 , 1999 . When Homer , Barney , Lenny , and Carl drunkenly vandalize Springfield Elementary School , it is blamed on the children of Springfield , prompting Chief Wiggum to impose a curfew . The children respond by setting up a pirate radio show in which they reveal the embarrassing secrets of Springfield 's adults . The episode was written by Larry Doyle and directed by Mark Ervin . The concept behind the episode originates from show producer Mike Scully always wanting to do an episode where the children would be subject to a curfew . The episode received an 8 @.@ 9 Nielsen rating , and mostly positive reviews from critics . = = Plot = = The Simpsons are at Springfield War Memorial Stadium watching the Springfield Isotopes baseball game . After the first pitch Homer , becomes disappointed by the poor performance of the Isotopes and waits in the car . Six months later , he enters Moe 's Tavern and is informed by Lenny and Carl that the Isotopes are in the playoffs , and have , so far , been playing well . Homer quickly joins in with the fans to support the Isotopes , who end up winning the National League pennant . To celebrate Homer , Lenny , Carl , and Barney go on a drunken binge and accidentally vandalize Springfield Elementary School . The next morning , Homer discovers his car , which is badly damaged , and is oblivious that in reality he and his friends were responsible . Chief Wiggum blindly jumps to the conclusion that the vandalism at the school is the work of kids and immediately enforces a curfew on all of Springfield 's children , prohibiting them from being on the streets after sunset . Bart and Lisa , as well as the other children of Springfield , are annoyed with not being allowed out after sunset . The children soon rally together to rebel and see an old drive @-@ in horror movie which they saw advertised on television , called " The Bloodening " , a film recently discovered in a concrete vault after it was deemed too violent . While at the movie , the movie was interrupted as they are caught by Chief Wiggum . As a punishment , the children must clean a police billboard with Wiggum on it . The children then set up a radio show called " We Know All Your Secrets " , in which they expose the secrets of the adults of Springfield like the kids in the movie . The children are tracked down at the billboard by Professor Frink 's machine , and an argument between the children and the adults ensues . Unfortunately , the argument rouses the ire of Grampa and the other senior citizens trying to get some sleep , and they vow to teach both groups a lesson . Their revenge turns out to be enforcing a curfew banning everyone under the age of seventy from the streets after dark , which is a measure that passed by a single vote , due to Homer refusing to cast a ballot . = = Production = = Mike Scully wanted to do an episode where the children of Springfield would be subject to a curfew . He came up with the idea to do a Kids vs. Adults episode , where the children would be blamed for something the adults have done . The name of the baseball announcer , Denis Conroy , was used because that is the name of writer Larry Doyle 's uncle . Dan Castellaneta ad libbed Homer singing " Hitler is a jerk , Mussolini .... " It was added in to the episode only for the purpose of filling time . The Chief Wiggum billboard sketch was inspired by Beaver Cleaver getting stuck in a soup bowl billboard during the " In the Soup " episode of Leave It to Beaver . The music playing when the kids secretly leave their houses to see the movie was written by composer Alf Clausen . The episode 's title is a reference to the movie Wild Hearts Can 't Be Broken . The movie The Bloodening is a parody of the 1960 film Village of the Damned . The sequence showing the children taking the equipment to build their radio transmitter is a recreation of a sequence from the short comedy films Our Gang , featuring similar music and a dog , with Milhouse dressed like Our Gang character Alfalfa . The review Marge reads of Talk to the Hand – " The writing snaps , crackles and pops " – was how Variety reviewed the sitcom Just Shoot Me ! when it first aired in 1997 . The musical argument between kids , adults and seniors is a parody of the song " Kids " from the musical Bye Bye Birdie . When Lisa is flipping through the radio channels , President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's Infamy Speech can be heard . In the Springfield Elementary School shower @-@ room Homer , Barney , Lenny , and Carl sing a medley of Queen songs consisting of " We Are the Champions " and " We Will Rock You " . When Cyndi Lauper sings " The Star @-@ Spangled Banner " it is to the tune of her hit song " Girls Just Want to Have Fun " . = = Reception = = " Wild Barts Can 't Be Broken " finished tied for 40th in the weekly ratings for the week of January 11 – 17 , 1999 with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 9 . The episode has met with mostly positive reviews . In his review of The Simpsons ' tenth season , James Plath of Dvdtown.com noted " Wild Barts Can 't Be Broken " as " pretty decent " . Peter Brown of If regards " Lard of the Dance " , " Marge Simpson in : Screaming Yellow Honkers " , " Wild Barts Can 't Be Broken " , and " Homer Simpson in : " Kidney Trouble " " as " some of the best episodes of the season " . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , wrote that the episode was " a curious unmemorable episode with a good chunk in the middle . Neither the opening with The Isotopes nor the finale with the rather dire song help this one at all , and frankly , if it wasn 't for the superb parody of Village of the Damned , and the kids ' revenge by revealing their family 's secrets , it 'd sink without trace . " In 2007 , Simon Crerar of The Times listed Lauper 's performance as one of the thirty @-@ three funniest cameos in the history of the show .
= Over the Hedge ( DS game ) = Over the Hedge is a platform video game with stealth game elements developed by Vicarious Visions and published by Activision for the Nintendo DS handheld video game console . It was first released in North America , and was later released in Europe . The game is set immediately after the events of the DreamWorks movie Over the Hedge , unlike the console versions which follow the events of the film . Vicarious Visions is responsible for many handheld versions of licensed video games . Publisher Activision has a longstanding business relationship with animation studio DreamWorks and has exclusive global rights to publish games based on DreamWorks animated films . Gameplay involves guiding three playable woodland creatures through suburban houses to collect items and return them to their forest . House inhabitants and traps must be avoided or neutralized to succeed . The game 's plot concerns Gladys Sharp 's attempt to turn what 's left of the animals ' forest into a swimming pool ; the animals try to prevent this by luring endangered species to the forest , making the forest a protected habitat . Over the Hedge received positive and average reviews from the gaming press , as well as gaming website IGN 's ' Best Game No One Played ' award for 2006 . The game was praised for the technical achievement of displaying full 3D on both of the Nintendo DS ' screens , but some reviewers found the gameplay repetitive . = = Gameplay = = The game has been likened to both Tomb Raider and Metal Gear Solid due to the 3D platforming and stealth gameplay respectively . Players guide the forest inhabitants through 20 levels , during which they must infiltrate a series of suburban homes in order to steal a variety of items and destroy construction materials . The items needed to lure endangered animals to the forest must be collected from houses and carried back to the forest one at a time . Each level requires several trips to be completed . Security systems must be avoided or deactivated in order to progress through each level . Household members and their pets must also be avoided , distracted or stunned by a thrown object . For example , a phone card can be used to make a prank call to lure a householder away , catnip can be used to distract cats . Each character has their own unique abilities . Verne has the strength to push and carry large items and can retract into his shell in order to avoid detection , but cannot jump as high or run as swift as the other characters . RJ has average strength and agility . He can climb , lift items and also throw Verne . Hammy is the most agile of the three , running swifter and jumping higher . This enables him to circumvent security more easily . Over the Hedge is presented in full 3D on both of the Nintendo DS ' screens , which is not often seen in a Nintendo DS game . The upper screen displays the game in an over @-@ the @-@ shoulder third person perspective , whereas the touch screen shows an overhead perspective . The lower screen indicates the sight range of enemies and can be used as a touch screen to target enemies to attack . The console 's microphone is used to attract the attention of dogs or to rouse the woodland creatures should they be knocked unconscious . = = = Multiplayer = = = A multiplayer mini @-@ game is included and allows two players to compete via the DS ' wireless connection , only one player needs an Over the Hedge game cartridge for two separate DS consoles to play . Stella the skunk is available in this game mode , alongside the three playable characters from the main game . Players navigate a maze to collect food before the timer runs out . The player with the most food wins the game . A most of five pieces of food can be carried at once , these must be carried to a collection area before more food can be picked up . = = Plot = = Over the Hedge is set immediately after the events of the animated film . Gladys Sharp , president of the homeowners ' association , plans to bulldoze the forest in order to build a swimming pool . She has been joined by a new character , the taxidermist . The animals decide to lure endangered species to the forest in order to have it declared a protected habitat , preventing its destruction . The householders have been warned about RJ and company 's intentions , and have created traps from everyday objects to repel the thieves . = = Development = = Unlike the home console versions , the Nintendo DS version was created as a separate game by Vicarious Visions . As well as differing from the other versions , this version was designed as a sequel to the animated film . Vicarious Visions by this point were responsible for bringing many series to the DS , including games in the Tony Hawk and Spider @-@ Man series . During development the team had to work with the handheld system 's limited 3D capabilities , such as " video RAM and software limitations " , techniques they would later discuss at a lecture held during the 2007 Game Developers Conference . = = Reception = = The game received both positive and average reviews from the gaming press , with an average score of 73 % from both Game Rankings and a 71 from Metacritic . Over the Hedge was awarded IGN 's " Best Game No One Played " award during their 2006 game of the year awards . Several reviewers were impressed by the game 's 3D graphics , considering the graphical limitations of the Nintendo DS . GameZone 's Louis Bedigian commented " Three @-@ dimensional worlds are such a rarity on the DS that you 'll definitely take notice " . In particular , the technical accomplishment of using the DS ' two screens to show gameplay in two different angles and in full 3D was praised . Critics are divided over the game 's difficulty level and target audience . Some found the game too easy for adult players . Nintendo World Report 's Lasse Pallesen stated Over the Hedge is not engaging to adults or children due to " the repetitive collect @-@ a @-@ thon nature of the game and the one @-@ dimensional gameplay " . GameZone 's Louis Bedigian had similar reservations , " Players young and old will be turned off by the lack of excitement " . Other reviewers felt the game was suitable for children and adults . Cheat Code Central 's Cole Smith stated " It 's not just for kids . It 's loaded with variety and will engage your mind , not just your reflexes " . Deeko 's Pete Sellers found the game " a well designed adventure that requires patience and planning " . Some reviewers found the gameplay , focused mainly on collecting and returning objects , as repetitive . In his GameSpot review , Frank Provo stated " Games geared toward younger players are typically repetitive , but Over the Hedge for the Nintendo DS sets a new standard for repetition " . He lists one of the negative aspects of the game as " Whole game feels like housecleaning or a real estate tour " . GameZone 's Louis Bedigian also found the game repetitive , saying " .. the game stays far away from anything deep , opting for a simplistic series of missions that redefine the meaning of the word rehash " .
= Normandy landings = The Normandy landings ( codenamed Operation Neptune ) were the landing operations on Tuesday , 6 June 1944 ( termed D @-@ Day ) of the Allied invasion of Normandy in Operation Overlord during World War II . The largest seaborne invasion in history , the operation began the liberation of German @-@ occupied northwestern Europe from Nazi control , and contributed to the Allied victory on the Western Front . Planning for the operation began in 1943 . In the months leading up to the invasion , the Allies conducted a substantial military deception , codenamed Operation Bodyguard , to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the main Allied landings . The weather on D @-@ Day was far from ideal , but postponing would have meant a delay of at least two weeks , as the invasion planners had requirements for the phase of the moon , the tides , and the time of day that meant only a few days in each month were deemed suitable . Adolf Hitler placed German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel in command of German forces and of developing fortifications along the Atlantic Wall in anticipation of an Allied invasion . The amphibious landings were preceded by extensive aerial and naval bombardment and an airborne assault — the landing of 24 @,@ 000 American , British , and Canadian airborne troops shortly after midnight . Allied infantry and armoured divisions began landing on the coast of France at 06 : 30 . The target 50 @-@ mile ( 80 km ) stretch of the Normandy coast was divided into five sectors : Utah , Omaha , Gold , Juno , and Sword Beach . Strong winds blew the landing craft east of their intended positions , particularly at Utah and Omaha . The men landed under heavy fire from gun emplacements overlooking the beaches , and the shore was mined and covered with obstacles such as wooden stakes , metal tripods , and barbed wire , making the work of the beach @-@ clearing teams difficult and dangerous . Casualties were heaviest at Omaha , with its high cliffs . At Gold , Juno , and Sword , several fortified towns were cleared in house @-@ to @-@ house fighting , and two major gun emplacements at Gold were disabled using specialised tanks . The Allies failed to achieve any of their goals on the first day . Carentan , St. Lô , and Bayeux remained in German hands , and Caen , a major objective , was not captured until 21 July . Only two of the beaches ( Juno and Gold ) were linked on the first day , and all five beachheads were not connected until 12 June ; however , the operation gained a foothold which the Allies gradually expanded over the coming months . German casualties on D @-@ Day were around 1 @,@ 000 men . Allied casualties were at least 10 @,@ 000 , with 4 @,@ 414 confirmed dead . Museums , memorials , and war cemeteries in the area host many visitors each year . = = Background = = Between 27 May and 4 June 1940 , over 338 @,@ 000 troops of the British Expeditionary Force ( BEF ) and the French Army , trapped along the northern coast of France , were evacuated in the Dunkirk evacuation . After the German Army invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941 , the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin began pressing for the creation of a second front in western Europe . In late May 1942 the Soviet Union and the United States made a joint announcement that a " ... full understanding was reached with regard to the urgent tasks of creating a second front in Europe in 1942 . " However , Churchill persuaded Roosevelt to postpone the promised invasion as , even with American help , the Allies did not have adequate forces for such a strike . Instead of an immediate return to France , the Western Allies staged offensives in the Mediterranean Theater of Operations , where British troops were already stationed . By mid @-@ 1943 , the campaign in North Africa had been won . The Allies then launched the invasion of Sicily in July 1943 , and later invaded Italy in September 1943 . By then , Soviet forces were on the offensive and had won a major victory at the Battle of Stalingrad . The decision to undertake a cross @-@ channel invasion within the next year was taken at the Trident Conference in Washington in May 1943 . Initial planning was constrained by the number of available landing craft , most of which were already committed in the Mediterranean and Pacific . At the Tehran Conference in November 1943 , Roosevelt and Churchill promised Stalin that they would open the long @-@ delayed second front in May 1944 . Four sites were considered for the landings : Brittany , the Cotentin Peninsula , Normandy , and Pas de Calais . As Brittany and Cotentin are peninsulas , it would have been possible for the Germans to cut off the Allied advance at a relatively narrow isthmus , so these sites were rejected . As the Pas de Calais is the closest point in continental Europe to Britain , the Germans considered it to be the most likely initial landing zone , so it was the most heavily fortified region . But it offered few opportunities for expansion , as the area is bounded by numerous rivers and canals , whereas landings on a broad front in Normandy would permit simultaneous threats against the port of Cherbourg , coastal ports further west in Brittany , and an overland attack towards Paris and eventually into Germany . Normandy was hence chosen as the landing site . The most serious drawback of the Normandy coast — the lack of port facilities — would be overcome through the development of artificial Mulberry harbours . A series of specialised tanks , nicknamed Hobart 's Funnies , were created to deal with conditions expected during the Normandy Campaign , such as scaling sea walls and providing close support on the beach . The Allies planned to launch the invasion on 1 May 1944 . The initial draft of the plan was accepted at the Quebec Conference in August 1943 . General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander of Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force ( SHAEF ) . General Bernard Montgomery was named as commander of the 21st Army Group , which comprised all of the land forces involved in the invasion . On 31 December 1943 , Eisenhower and Montgomery first saw the plan , which proposed amphibious landings by three divisions with two more divisions in support . The two generals immediately insisted that the scale of the initial invasion be expanded to five divisions , with airborne descents by three additional divisions , to allow operations on a wider front and speed up the capture of the port at Cherbourg . The need to acquire or produce extra landing craft for the expanded operation meant that the invasion had to be delayed to June . Eventually , thirty @-@ nine Allied divisions would be committed to the Battle of Normandy : twenty @-@ two American , twelve British , three Canadian , one Polish , and one French , totalling over a million troops all under overall British command . = = Operations = = Operation Overlord was the name assigned to the establishment of a large @-@ scale lodgement on the Continent . The first phase , the amphibious invasion and establishment of a secure foothold , was codenamed Operation Neptune . To gain the air superiority needed to ensure a successful invasion , the Allies undertook a bombing campaign ( codenamed Operation Pointblank ) that targeted German aircraft production , fuel supplies , and airfields . Elaborate deceptions , codenamed Operation Bodyguard , were undertaken in the months leading up to the invasion to prevent the Germans from learning the timing and location of the invasion . The landings were to be preceded by airborne landings near Caen on the eastern flank to secure the Orne River bridges and north of Carentan on the western flank . The Americans , assigned to land at Utah Beach and Omaha Beach , were to attempt to capture Carentan and St. Lô the first day , then cut off the Cotentin Peninsula and eventually capture the port facilities at Cherbourg . The British at Sword Beach and Gold Beach and Canadians at Juno Beach would protect the American flank and attempt to establish airfields near Caen . A secure lodgement would be established and an attempt made to hold all territory north of the Avranches @-@ Falaise line within the first three weeks . Montgomery envisaged a ninety @-@ day battle , lasting until all Allied forces reached the Seine . = = Deception plans = = Under the overall umbrella of Operation Bodyguard , the Allies conducted several subsidiary operations designed to mislead the Germans as to the date and location of the Allied landings . Operation Fortitude included Fortitude North , a misinformation campaign using fake radio traffic to lead the Germans into expecting an attack on Norway , and Fortitude South , a major deception involving the creation of a fictitious First United States Army Group under Lieutenant General George S. Patton , supposedly located in Kent and Sussex . Fortitude South was intended to deceive the Germans into believing that the main attack would take place at Calais . Genuine radio messages from 21st Army Group were first routed to Kent via landline and then broadcast , to give Germans the impression that most of the Allied troops were stationed there . Patton was stationed in England until 6 July , thus continuing to deceive the Germans into believing a second attack would take place at Calais . Many of the German radar stations on the French coast were destroyed in preparation for the landings . In addition , on the night before the invasion , a small group of Special Air Service ( SAS ) operators deployed dummy paratroopers over Le Havre and Isigny . These dummies led the Germans to believe that an additional airborne landing had occurred . On that same night , in Operation Taxable , No. 617 Squadron RAF dropped strips of " window " , metal foil that caused a radar return which was mistakenly interpreted by German radar operators as a naval convoy near Le Havre . The illusion was bolstered by a group of small craft towing barrage balloons . A similar deception was undertaken near Boulogne @-@ sur @-@ Mer in the Pas de Calais area by No. 218 Squadron RAF in Operation Glimmer . = = Weather = = The invasion planners determined a set of conditions involving the phase of the moon , the tides , and the time of day that would be satisfied on only a few days in each month . A full moon was desirable , as it would provide illumination for aircraft pilots and have the highest tides . The Allies wanted to schedule the landings for shortly before dawn , midway between low and high tide , with the tide coming in . This would improve the visibility of obstacles on the beach , while minimising the amount of time the men would be exposed in the open . Eisenhower had tentatively selected 5 June as the date for the assault . However , on 4 June , conditions were unsuitable for a landing : high winds and heavy seas made it impossible to launch landing craft , and low clouds would prevent aircraft from finding their targets . Group Captain James Stagg of the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) met Eisenhower on the evening of 4 June . He and his meteorological team predicted that the weather would improve enough for the invasion to proceed on 6 June . The next available dates with the required tidal conditions ( but without the desirable full moon ) would be two weeks later , from 18 to 20 June . Postponement of the invasion would have required recalling men and ships already in position to cross the Channel , and would have increased the chance that the invasion plans would be detected . After much discussion with the other senior commanders , Eisenhower decided that the invasion should go ahead on the 6th . A major storm battered the Normandy coast from 19 to 22 June , which would have made the beach landings impossible . Allied control of the Atlantic meant German meteorologists had less information than the Allies on incoming weather patterns . As the Luftwaffe meteorological centre in Paris was predicting two weeks of stormy weather , many Wehrmacht commanders left their posts to attend war games in Rennes , and men in many units were given leave . Field Marshal Erwin Rommel returned to Germany for his wife 's birthday and to meet Hitler to try to obtain more Panzers . = = German order of battle = = Nazi Germany had at its disposal fifty divisions in France and the Low Countries , with another eighteen stationed in Denmark and Norway . Fifteen divisions were in the process of formation in Germany . Combat losses throughout the war , particularly on the Eastern Front , meant that the Germans no longer had a pool of able young men from which to draw . German soldiers were now on average six years older than their Allied counterparts . Many in the Normandy area were Ostlegionen ( eastern legions ) – conscripts and volunteers from Russia , Mongolia , and elsewhere . They were provided mainly with unreliable captured equipment and lacked motorised transport . Many German units were under strength . German Supreme commander : Adolf Hitler Oberbefehlshaber West ( Supreme Commander West ; OB West ) : Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt ( Panzer Group West : General Leo Geyr von Schweppenburg ) Army Group B : Field Marshal Erwin Rommel 7th Army : Generaloberst Friedrich Dollmann LXXXIV Corps under General der Artillerie Erich Marcks = = = Cotentin Peninsula = = = Allied forces attacking Utah Beach faced the following German units stationed on the Cotentin Peninsula : 709th Static Infantry Division under Generalleutnant Karl @-@ Wilhelm von Schlieben numbered 12 @,@ 320 men , many of them Ostlegionen ( non @-@ German conscripts recruited from Soviet prisoners of war , Georgians , and Poles ) .729th Grenadier Regiment 739th Grenadier Regiment 919th Grenadier Regiment = = = Grandcamps Sector = = = Americans assaulting Omaha Beach faced the following troops : 352nd Infantry Division under Generalleutnant Dietrich Kraiss , a full @-@ strength unit of around 12 @,@ 000 brought in by Rommel on 15 March and reinforced by two additional regiments.914th Grenadier Regiment 915th Grenadier Regiment ( as reserves ) 916th Grenadier Regiment 726th Infantry Regiment ( from 716th Infantry Division ) 352nd Artillery Regiment Allied forces at Gold and Juno faced the following elements of the 352nd Infantry Division : 914th Grenadier Regiment 915th Grenadier Regiment 916th Grenadier Regiment 352nd Artillery Regiment = = = Forces around Caen = = = Allied forces attacking Gold , Juno , and Sword Beaches faced the following German units : 716th Static Infantry Division under Generalleutnant Wilhelm Richter . At 7 @,@ 000 troops , the division was significantly understrength.736th Infantry Regiment 1716th Artillery Regiment 21st Panzer Division , ( south of Caen ) under Generalmajor Edgar Feuchtinger included 146 tanks and 50 assault guns , plus supporting infantry and artillery.100th Panzer Regiment 125th Panzergrenadier Regiment 192nd Panzergrenadier Regiment 155th Panzer Artillery Regiment = = Atlantic Wall = = Alarmed by the raids on St Nazaire and Dieppe in 1942 , Hitler had ordered the construction of fortifications all along the Atlantic coast , from Spain to Norway , to protect against an expected Allied invasion . He envisioned 15 @,@ 000 emplacements manned by 300 @,@ 000 troops , but shortages , particularly of concrete and manpower , meant that most of the strongpoints were never built . As it was expected to be the site of the invasion , the Pas de Calais was heavily defended . In the Normandy area , the best fortifications were concentrated at the port facilities at Cherbourg and Saint @-@ Malo . Rommel was assigned to oversee the construction of further fortifications along the expected invasion front , which stretched from the Netherlands to Cherbourg , and was given command of the newly re @-@ formed Army Group B , which included the 7th Army , the 15th Army , and the forces guarding the Netherlands . Reserves for this group included the 2nd , 21st , and 116th Panzer divisions . Rommel believed that the Normandy coast could be a possible landing point for the invasion , so he ordered the construction of extensive defensive works along that shore . In addition to concrete gun emplacements at strategic points along the coast , he ordered wooden stakes , metal tripods , mines , and large anti @-@ tank obstacles to be placed on the beaches to delay the approach of landing craft and impede the movement of tanks . Expecting the Allies to land at high tide so that the infantry would spend less time exposed on the beach , he ordered many of these obstacles to be placed at the high water mark . Tangles of barbed wire , booby traps , and the removal of ground cover made the approach hazardous for infantry . On Rommel 's order , the number of mines along the coast was tripled . The Allied air offensive over Germany had crippled the Luftwaffe and established air supremacy over western Europe , so Rommel knew he could not expect effective air support . The Luftwaffe could muster only 815 aircraft over Normandy in comparison to the Allies ' 9 @,@ 543 . Rommel arranged for booby @-@ trapped stakes known as Rommelspargel ( Rommel 's asparagus ) to be installed in meadows and fields to deter airborne landings . = = Armoured reserves = = Rommel believed that Germany 's best chance was to stop the invasion at the shore . He requested that the mobile reserves , especially tanks , be stationed as close to the coast as possible . Rundstedt , Geyr , and other senior commanders objected . They believed that the invasion could not be stopped on the beaches . Geyr argued for a conventional doctrine : keeping the Panzer formations concentrated in a central position around Paris and Rouen and deploying them only when the main Allied beachhead had been identified . He also noted that , in the Italian Campaign , the armoured units stationed near the coast had been damaged by naval bombardment . Rommel 's opinion was that , because of Allied air supremacy , the large @-@ scale movement of tanks would not be possible once the invasion was under way . Hitler made the final decision , which was to leave three Panzer divisions under Geyr 's command and give Rommel operational control of three more as reserves . Hitler took personal control of four divisions as strategic reserves , not to be used without his direct orders . = = Allied order of battle = = Commander , SHAEF : General Dwight D. Eisenhower Commander , 21st Army Group : General Bernard Montgomery = = = American zones = = = Commander , First Army ( United States ) : Lieutenant General Omar Bradley The First Army contingent totalled approximately 73 @,@ 000 men , including 15 @,@ 600 from the airborne divisions . Utah Beach VII Corps , commanded by Major General J. Lawton Collins 4th Infantry Division : Major General Raymond O. Barton 82nd Airborne Division : Major General Matthew Ridgway 90th Infantry Division : Brigadier General Jay W. MacKelvie 101st Airborne Division : Major General Maxwell D. Taylor Omaha Beach V Corps , commanded by Major General Leonard T. Gerow , making up 34 @,@ 250 men 1st Infantry Division : Major General Clarence R. Huebner 29th Infantry Division : Major General Charles H. Gerhardt = = = British and Canadian zones = = = Commander , Second Army ( Britain and Canada ) : Lieutenant General Sir Miles Dempsey Overall , the Second Army contingent consisted of 83 @,@ 115 men , 61 @,@ 715 of them British . The nominally British air and naval support units included a large number of personnel from Allied nations , including several RAF squadrons manned almost exclusively by overseas air crew . For example , the Australian contribution to the operation included a regular Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) squadron , nine Article XV squadrons , and hundreds of personnel posted to RAF units and RN warships . The RAF supplied two @-@ thirds of the aircraft involved in the invasion . Gold Beach XXX Corps , commanded by Lieutenant General Gerard Bucknall 50th ( Northumbrian ) Infantry Division : Major General D.A.H. Graham Juno Beach British I Corps , commanded by Lieutenant General John Crocker 3rd Canadian Division : Major General Rod Keller Sword Beach British I Corps , commanded by Lieutenant General John Crocker 3rd Infantry Division : Major General Tom Rennie 6th Airborne Division : Major General R.N. Gale 79th Armoured Division : Major General Percy Hobart provided specialised armoured vehicles which supported the landings on all beaches in Second Army 's sector . = = Coordination with the French Resistance = = Through the London @-@ based État @-@ major des Forces Françaises de l 'Intérieur ( French Forces of the Interior ) , the British Special Operations Executive orchestrated a massive campaign of sabotage to be implemented by the French Resistance . The Allies developed four plans for the Resistance to execute on D @-@ Day and the following days : Plan Vert was a 15 @-@ day operation to sabotage the rail system . Plan Bleu dealt with destroying electrical facilities . Plan Tortue was a delaying operation aimed at the enemy forces that would potentially reinforce Axis forces at Normandy . Plan Violet dealt with cutting underground telephone and teleprinter cables . The resistance was alerted to carry out these tasks by messages personnels transmitted by the BBC 's French service from London . Several hundred of these messages , which might be snatches of poetry , quotations from literature , or random sentences , were regularly transmitted , masking the few that were actually significant . In the weeks preceding the landings , lists of messages and their meanings were distributed to resistance groups . An increase in radio activity on 5 June was correctly interpreted by German intelligence to mean that an invasion was imminent or underway . However , because of the barrage of previous false warnings and misinformation , most units ignored the warning . A 1965 report from the Counter @-@ insurgency Information Analysis Center details the results of the French Resistance 's sabotage efforts : " In the southeast , 52 locomotives were destroyed on 6 June and the railway line cut in more than 500 places . Normandy was isolated as of 7 June . " = = Naval activity = = Naval operations for the invasion were described by historian Correlli Barnett as a " never surpassed masterpiece of planning " . In overall command was British Admiral Sir Bertram Ramsay , who had served as Flag officer at Dover during the Dunkirk evacuation four years earlier . He had also been responsible for the naval planning of the invasion of North Africa in 1942 , and one of the two fleets carrying troops for the invasion of Sicily the following year . The invasion fleet was drawn from eight different navies , comprising 6 @,@ 939 vessels : 1 @,@ 213 warships , 4 @,@ 126 landing craft of various types , 736 ancillary craft , and 864 merchant vessels . The majority of the fleet was supplied by the UK , which provided 892 warships and 3 @,@ 261 landing craft . There were 195 @,@ 700 naval personnel involved . The invasion fleet was split into the Western Naval Task Force ( under Admiral Alan G Kirk ) supporting the American sectors and the Eastern Naval Task Force ( under Admiral Sir Philip Vian ) in the British and Canadian sectors . Available to the fleet were five battleships , twenty cruisers , sixty @-@ five destroyers , and two monitors . German ships in the area on D @-@ Day included three torpedo boats , twenty @-@ nine fast attack craft , thirty @-@ six R boats , and thirty @-@ six minesweepers and patrol boats . The Germans also had several U @-@ boats available , and all the approaches had been heavily mined . = = = Naval losses = = = At 05 : 10 , four German torpedo boats reached the Eastern Task Force and launched fifteen torpedoes , sinking the Norwegian destroyer HNoMS Svenner off Sword beach but missing the battleships HMS Warspite and Ramillies . After attacking , the German vessels turned away and fled east into a smoke screen that had been laid by the RAF to shield the fleet from the long @-@ range battery at Le Havre . Allied losses to mines included USS Corry off Utah and USS PC @-@ 1261 , a 173 @-@ foot patrol craft . In addition , many landing craft were lost . = = Bombardment = = Bombing of Normandy began around midnight with over 2 @,@ 200 British , Canadian , and American bombers attacking targets along the coast and further inland . The coastal bombing attack was largely ineffective at Omaha , because low cloud cover made the assigned targets difficult to see . Concerned about inflicting casualties on their own troops , many bombers delayed their attacks too long and failed to hit the beach defences . The Germans had 570 aircraft stationed in Normandy and the Low Countries on D @-@ Day , and another 964 in Germany . Minesweepers began clearing channels for the invasion fleet shortly after midnight and finished just after dawn without encountering the enemy . The Western Task Force included the battleships Arkansas , Nevada , and Texas , plus eight cruisers , twenty @-@ eight destroyers , and one monitor . The Eastern Task Force included the battleships HMS Ramillies and Warspite and the monitor HMS Roberts , twelve cruisers , and thirty @-@ seven destroyers . Naval bombardment of areas behind the beach commenced at 05 : 45 , while it was still dark , with the gunners switching to pre @-@ assigned targets on the beach as soon as it was light enough to see , at 05 : 50 . Since troops were scheduled to land at Utah and Omaha starting at 06 : 30 ( an hour earlier than the British beaches ) , these areas received only about 40 minutes of naval bombardment before the assault troops began to land on the shore . Some of the landing craft had been modified to provide close support fire , and self @-@ propelled amphibious Duplex @-@ Drive tanks ( DD tanks ) , specially designed for the Normandy landings , were to land shortly before the infantry to provide covering fire . However , few arrived in advance of the infantry , and many sank before reaching the shore , especially at Omaha . = = The landings = = = = = Airborne operations = = = The success of the amphibious landings depended on the establishment of a secure lodgement from which to expand the beachhead to allow the buildup of a well @-@ supplied force capable of breaking out . The amphibious forces were especially vulnerable to strong enemy counter @-@ attacks before the buildup of sufficient forces in the beachhead could be accomplished . To slow or eliminate the enemy 's ability to organise and launch counter @-@ attacks during this critical period , airborne operations were used to seize key objectives such as bridges , road crossings , and terrain features , particularly on the eastern and western flanks of the landing areas . The airborne landings some distance behind the beaches were also intended to ease the egress of the amphibious forces off the beaches , and in some cases to neutralise German coastal defence batteries and more quickly expand the area of the beachhead . The US 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions were assigned to objectives west of Utah Beach , where they hoped to capture and control the few narrow causeways through terrain that had been intentionally flooded by the Germans . Reports from Allied intelligence in mid @-@ May of the arrival of the German 91st Infantry Division meant the intended drop zones had to be shifted eastward and to the south . The British 6th Airborne Division , on the eastern flank , was assigned to capture intact the bridges over the Caen Canal and River Orne , destroy five bridges over the Dives 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) to the east , and destroy the Merville Gun Battery overlooking Sword Beach . Free French paratroopers from the British SAS Brigade were assigned to objectives in Brittany from 5 June through August in Operations Dingson , Samwest , and Cooney . BBC war correspondent Robert Barr described the scene as paratroopers prepared to board their aircraft : Their faces were darkened with cocoa ; sheathed knives were strapped to their ankles ; tommy guns strapped to their waists ; bandoliers and hand grenades , coils of rope , pick handles , spades , rubber dinghies hung around them , and a few personal oddments , like the lad who was taking a newspaper to read on the plane ... There was an easy familiar touch about the way they were getting ready , as though they had done it often before . Well , yes , they had kitted up and climbed aboard often just like this – twenty , thirty , forty times some of them , but it had never been quite like this before . This was the first combat jump for every one of them . = = = = American airborne landings = = = = The American airborne landings began with the arrival of pathfinders at 00 : 15 . Navigation was difficult because of a bank of thick cloud , and as a result only one of the five paratrooper drop zones was accurately marked with radar signals and Aldis lamps . Paratroopers of the US 82nd and 101st Airborne Divisions , numbering over 13 @,@ 000 men , were delivered by Douglas C @-@ 47 Skytrains of the IX Troop Carrier Command . To avoid flying over the invasion fleet , the planes arrived from the west over the Cotentin Peninsula and exited over Utah Beach . Paratroops from 101st Airborne were dropped beginning around 01 : 30 , tasked with controlling the causeways behind Utah Beach and destroying road and rail bridges over the Douve River . The C @-@ 47s could not fly in a tight formation because of thick cloud cover , and many paratroopers were dropped far from their intended landing zones . Many planes came in so low that they were under fire from both flak and machine gun fire . Some paratroopers were killed on impact when their parachutes did not have time to open , and others drowned in the flooded fields . Gathering together into fighting units was made difficult by a shortage of radios and by the bocage terrain , with its hedgerows , stone walls , and marshes . Some units did not arrive at their targets until afternoon , by which time several of the causeways had already been cleared by members of the 4th Infantry Division moving up from the beach . Troops of the 82nd Airborne began arriving around 02 : 30 , with the primary objective of capturing two bridges over the River Merderet and destroying two bridges over the Douve . On the east side of the river , 75 per cent of the paratroopers landed in or near their drop zone , and within two hours they captured the important crossroads at Sainte @-@ Mère @-@ Église ( the first town liberated in the invasion ) and began working to protect the western flank . Because of the failure of the pathfinders to accurately mark their drop zone , the two regiments dropped on the west side of the Merderet were extremely scattered , with only four per cent landing in the target area . Many landed in nearby swamps , with much loss of life . Paratroopers consolidated into small groups , usually a combination of men of various ranks from different units , and attempted to concentrate on nearby objectives . They captured but failed to hold the Merderet River bridge at La Fière , and fighting for the crossing continued for several days . Reinforcements arrived by glider around 04 : 00 ( Mission Chicago and Mission Detroit ) , and 21 : 00 ( Mission Keokuk and Mission Elmira ) , bringing additional troops and heavy equipment . Like the paratroopers , many landed far from their drop zones . Even those that landed on target experienced difficulty , with heavy cargo such as Jeeps shifting during landing , crashing through the wooden fuselage , and in some cases crushing personnel on board . After 24 hours , only 2 @,@ 500 men of the 101st and 2 @,@ 000 of the 82nd Airborne were under the control of their divisions , approximately a third of the force dropped . This wide dispersal had the effect of confusing the Germans and fragmenting their response . The 7th Army received notification of the parachute drops at 01 : 20 , but Rundstedt did not initially believe that a major invasion was underway . The destruction of radar stations along the Normandy coast in the week before the invasion meant that the Germans did not detect the approaching fleet until 02 : 00 . = = = = British and Canadian airborne landings = = = = The first Allied action of D @-@ Day was Operation Deadstick , a glider assault at 00 : 16 at Pegasus Bridge over the Caen Canal and the bridge ( since renamed Horsa Bridge ) over the Orne , half a mile ( 800 metres ) to the east . Both bridges were quickly captured intact , with light casualties , by members of the 5th Parachute Brigade and the 7th ( Light Infantry ) Parachute Battalion . The five bridges over the Dives were destroyed with minimal difficulty by the 3rd Parachute Brigade . Meanwhile , the pathfinders tasked with setting up radar beacons and lights for further paratroopers ( scheduled to begin arriving at 00 : 50 to clear the landing zone north of Ranville ) were blown off course , and had to set up the navigation aids too far east . Many paratroopers , also blown too far east , landed far from their intended drop zones ; some took hours or even days to be reunited with their units . Major General Richard Gale arrived in the third wave of gliders at 03 : 30 , along with equipment , such as antitank guns and jeeps , and more troops to help secure the area from counter @-@ attacks , which were initially staged only by troops in the immediate vicinity of the landings . At 02 : 00 , the commander of the German 716th Infantry Division ordered Feuchtinger to move his 21st Panzer Division into position to counter @-@ attack . However , as the division was part of the armoured reserve , Feuchtinger was obliged to seek clearance from OKW before he could commit his formation . Feuchtinger did not receive orders until nearly 09 : 00 , but in the meantime on his own initiative he put together a battle group ( including tanks ) to fight the British forces east of the Orne . Only 160 men out of the 600 members of the 9th Battalion tasked with eliminating the enemy battery at Merville arrived at the rendezvous point . Lieutenant Colonel Terence Otway , in charge of the operation , decided to proceed regardless , as the emplacement had to be destroyed by 06 : 00 to prevent it firing on the invasion fleet and the troops arriving on Sword Beach . In the Battle of Merville Gun Battery , Allied forces disabled the guns at a cost of 75 casualties . The emplacement was found to contain 75 mm guns rather than the expected 150 mm heavy coastal artillery . With this action , the last of the D @-@ Day goals of the British 6th Airborne Division was achieved . They were reinforced at 12 : 00 by commandos of the 1st Special Service Brigade , who landed on Sword Beach , and by the 6th Airlanding Brigade , who arrived in gliders at 21 : 00 in Operation Mallard . = = = Utah Beach = = = Utah Beach was in the area defended by two battalions of the 919th Grenadier Regiment . Members of the 8th Infantry Regiment of the 4th Infantry Division were the first to land , arriving at 06 : 30 . Their landing craft were pushed to the south by strong currents , and they found themselves about 2 @,@ 000 yards ( 1 @.@ 8 km ) from their intended landing zone . This site turned out to be better , as there was only one strongpoint nearby rather than two , and bombers of IX Bomber Command had bombed the defences from lower than their prescribed altitude , inflicting considerable damage . In addition , the strong currents had washed ashore many of the underwater obstacles . The assistant commander of the 4th Infantry Division , Brigadier General Theodore Roosevelt , Jr . , the first senior officer ashore , made the decision to " start the war from right here " , and ordered further landings to be re @-@ routed . The initial assault battalions were quickly followed by 28 DD tanks and several waves of engineer and demolition teams to remove beach obstacles and clear the area directly behind the beach of obstacles and mines . Gaps were blown in the sea wall to allow quicker access for troops and tanks . Combat teams began to exit the beach at around 09 : 00 , with some infantry wading through the flooded fields rather than travelling on the single road . They skirmished throughout the day with elements of the 919th Grenadier Regiment , who were armed with antitank guns and rifles . The main strongpoint in the area and another 1 @,@ 300 yards ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) to the south were disabled by noon . The 4th Infantry Division did not meet all of their D @-@ Day objectives at Utah Beach , partly because they had arrived too far to the south , but they landed 21 @,@ 000 troops at the cost of only 197 casualties . = = = Pointe du Hoc = = = Pointe du Hoc , a prominent headland situated between Utah and Omaha , was assigned to two hundred men of 2nd Ranger Battalion , commanded by Lieutenant Colonel James Rudder . Their task was to scale the 30m ( 100ft ) cliffs with grappling hooks , ropes , and ladders to destroy the coastal gun battery located at the top . The cliffs were defended by the German 352nd Infantry Division and French collaborators firing from above . Allied destroyers Satterlee and Talybont provided fire support . After scaling the cliffs , the Rangers discovered that the guns had already been withdrawn . They located the weapons , unguarded but ready to use , in an orchard some 550 metres ( 600 yd ) south of the point , and disabled them with explosives . The now @-@ isolated Rangers fended off numerous counter @-@ attacks from the German 914th Grenadier Regiment . The men at the point became isolated and some were captured . By dawn on D + 1 , Rudder had only 90 men able to fight . Relief did not arrive until D + 2 , when members of the 743rd Tank Battalion and others arrived . By then , Rudder 's men had run out of ammunition and were using captured German weapons . Several men were killed as a result , because the German weapons made a distinctive noise , and the men were mistaken for the enemy . By the end of the battle , the Rangers casualties were 135 dead and wounded , while German casualties were 50 killed and 40 captured . An unknown number of French collaborators were executed . = = = Omaha Beach = = = Omaha , the most heavily defended beach , was assigned to the 1st Infantry Division and 29th Infantry Division . They faced the 352nd Infantry Division rather than the expected single regiment . Strong currents forced many landing craft east of their intended position or caused them to be delayed . For fear of hitting the landing craft , American bombers delayed releasing their loads and , as a result , most of the beach obstacles at Omaha remained undamaged when the men came ashore . Many of the landing craft ran aground on sandbars and the men had to wade 50 @-@ 100m in water up to their necks while under fire to get to the beach . In spite of the rough seas , DD tanks of two companies of the 741st Tank Battalion were dropped 5 @,@ 000 yards ( 4 @,@ 600 m ) from shore , and 27 of the 32 flooded and sank , with the loss of 33 crew . Some tanks , disabled on the beach , continued to provide covering fire until their ammunition ran out or they were swamped by the rising tide . Casualties were around 2 @,@ 000 , as the men were subjected to fire from the cliffs above . Problems clearing the beach of obstructions led to the beachmaster calling a halt to further landings of vehicles at 08 : 30 . A group of destroyers arrived around this time to provide fire support so landings could resume . Exit from the beach was possible only via five heavily defended gullies , and by late morning barely 600 men had reached the higher ground . By noon , as the artillery fire took its toll and the Germans started to run out of ammunition , the Americans were able to clear some lanes on the beaches . They also started clearing the gullies of enemy defences so that vehicles could move off the beach . The tenuous beachhead was expanded over the following days , and the D @-@ Day objectives for Omaha were accomplished by D + 3 . = = = Gold Beach = = = The first landings on Gold beach were set for 07 : 25 due to the differences in the tide between there and the American beaches . High winds made conditions difficult for the landing craft , and the amphibious DD tanks were released close to shore or directly on the beach instead of further out as planned . Three of the four guns in a large emplacement at the Longues @-@ sur @-@ Mer battery were disabled by direct hits from the cruisers Ajax and Argonaut at 06 : 20 . The fourth gun resumed firing intermittently in the afternoon , and its garrison surrendered on 7 June . Aerial attacks had failed to hit the Le Hamel strongpoint , which had its embrasure facing east to provide enfilade fire along the beach and had a thick concrete wall on the seaward side . Its 75 mm gun continued to do damage until 16 : 00 , when a modified Armoured Vehicle Royal Engineers ( AVRE ) tank fired a large petard charge into its rear entrance . A second casemated emplacement at La Rivière containing an 88 mm gun was neutralised by a tank at 07 : 30 . Meanwhile , infantry began clearing the heavily fortified houses along the shore and advanced on targets further inland . The No. 47 ( Royal Marine ) Commando moved toward the small port at Port @-@ en @-@ Bessin and captured it the following day in the Battle of Port @-@ en @-@ Bessin . Company Sergeant Major Stanley Hollis received the only Victoria Cross awarded on D @-@ Day for his actions while attacking two pillboxes at the Mont Fleury high point . On the western flank , the 1st Battalion , Hampshire Regiment captured Arromanches ( future site of Mulberry " B " ) , and contact was made on the eastern flank with the Canadian forces at Juno . Bayeux was not captured the first day due to stiff resistance from the 352nd Infantry Division . Allied casualties at Gold Beach are estimated at 1 @,@ 000 . = = = Juno Beach = = = The landing at Juno was delayed because of choppy seas , and the men arrived ahead of their supporting armour , suffering many casualties while disembarking . Most of the offshore bombardment had missed the German defences . Several exits from the beach were created , but not without difficulty . At Mike Beach on the western flank , a large crater was filled using an abandoned AVRE tank and several rolls of fascine , which were then covered by a temporary bridge . The tank remained in place until 1972 , when it was removed and restored by members of the Royal Engineers . The beach and nearby streets were clogged with traffic for most of the day , making it difficult to move inland . Major German strongpoints with 75 mm guns , machine @-@ gun nests , concrete fortifications , barbed wire , and mines were located at Courseulles @-@ sur @-@ Mer , St Aubin @-@ sur @-@ Mer , and Bernières @-@ sur @-@ Mer . The towns themselves also had to be cleared in house @-@ to @-@ house fighting . Soldiers on their way to Bény @-@ sur @-@ Mer , 3 miles ( 5 km ) inland , discovered that the road was well covered by machine gun emplacements that had to be outflanked before the advance could proceed . Elements of the 9th Canadian Infantry Brigade advanced to within sight of the Carpiquet airfield late in the afternoon , but by this time their supporting armour was low on ammunition so the Canadians dug in for the night . The airfield was not captured until a month later as the area became the scene of fierce fighting . By nightfall , the contiguous Juno and Gold beachheads covered an area 12 miles ( 19 km ) wide and 7 miles ( 10 km ) deep . Casualties at Juno were 961 men . = = = Sword Beach = = = On Sword , 21 of 25 DD tanks of the first wave made it safely ashore to provide cover for the infantry , who began disembarking at 07 : 30 . The beach was heavily mined and peppered with obstacles , making the work of the beach clearing teams difficult and dangerous . In the windy conditions , the tide came in more quickly than expected , so manoeuvring the armour was difficult . The beach quickly became congested . Brigadier Simon Fraser , 15th Lord Lovat and his 1st Special Service Brigade arrived in the second wave , piped ashore by Private Bill Millin , Lovat 's personal piper . Members of No. 4 Commando moved through Ouistreham to attack from the rear a German gun battery on the shore . A concrete observation and control tower at this emplacement had to be bypassed and was not captured until several days later . French forces under Commander Philippe Kieffer ( the first French soldiers to arrive in Normandy ) attacked and cleared the heavily fortified strongpoint at the casino at Riva Bella , with the aid of one of the DD tanks . The ' Morris ' strongpoint near Colleville @-@ sur @-@ Mer was captured after about an hour of fighting . The nearby ' Hillman ' strongpoint , headquarters of the 736th Infantry Regiment , was a large complex defensive work that had come through the morning 's bombardment essentially undamaged . It was not captured until 20 : 15 . The 2nd Battalion , King 's Shropshire Light Infantry began advancing to Caen on foot , coming within a few kilometres of the town , but had to withdraw due to lack of armour support . At 16 : 00 , the 21st Panzer Division mounted a counter @-@ attack between Sword and Juno and nearly succeeded in reaching the Channel . It met stiff resistance from the British 3rd Division and was soon recalled to assist in the area between Caen and Bayeux . Estimates of Allied casualties on Sword Beach are as high as 1 @,@ 000 . = = Aftermath = = The Normandy landings were the largest seaborne invasion in history , with nearly 5 @,@ 000 landing and assault craft , 289 escort vessels , and 277 minesweepers participating . Nearly 160 @,@ 000 troops crossed the English Channel on D @-@ Day , with 875 @,@ 000 men disembarking by the end of June . Allied casualties on the first day were at least 10 @,@ 000 , with 4 @,@ 414 confirmed dead . The Germans lost 1 @,@ 000 men . The Allied invasion plans had called for the capture of Carentan , St. Lô , Caen , and Bayeux on the first day , with all the beaches ( other than Utah ) linked with a front line 10 to 16 kilometres ( 6 to 10 mi ) from the beaches ; none of these objectives were achieved . The five bridgeheads were not connected until 12 June , by which time the Allies held a front around 97 kilometres ( 60 mi ) long and 24 kilometres ( 15 mi ) deep . Caen , a major objective , was still in German hands at the end of D @-@ Day and would not be completely captured until 21 July . The Germans had ordered French civilians , other than those deemed essential to the war effort , to leave potential combat zones in Normandy . Civilian casualties on D @-@ Day and D + 1 are estimated at 3 @,@ 000 people . Victory in Normandy stemmed from several factors . German preparations along the Atlantic Wall were only partially finished ; shortly before D @-@ Day Rommel reported that construction was only 18 per cent complete in some areas as resources were diverted elsewhere . The deceptions undertaken in Operation Fortitude were successful , leaving the Germans obligated to defend a huge stretch of coastline . The Allies achieved and maintained air supremacy , which meant that the Germans were unable to make observations of the preparations underway in Britain and were unable to interfere via bomber attacks . Transportation infrastructure in France was severely disrupted by Allied bombers and the French Resistance , making it difficult for the Germans to bring up reinforcements and supplies . Some of the opening bombardment was off @-@ target or not concentrated enough to have any impact , but the specialised armour worked well except on Omaha , providing close artillery support for the troops as they disembarked onto the beaches . Indecisiveness and an overly complicated command structure on the part of the German high command were also factors in the Allied success . = = War memorials and tourism = = At Omaha Beach , parts of the Mulberry harbour are still visible , and a few of the beach obstacles remain . A memorial to the American National Guard sits at the location of a former German strongpoint . Pointe du Hoc is little changed from 1944 , with the terrain covered with bomb craters and most of the concrete bunkers still in place . The Normandy American Cemetery and Memorial is nearby , in Colleville @-@ sur @-@ Mer . A museum about the Utah landings is located at Sainte @-@ Marie @-@ du @-@ Mont , and there is one dedicated to the activities of the American airmen at Sainte @-@ Mère @-@ Église . Two German military cemeteries are located nearby . Pegasus Bridge , a target of the British 6th Airborne , was the site of some of the earliest action of the Normandy landings . The bridge was replaced in 1994 by one similar in appearance , and the original is now housed on the grounds of a nearby museum complex . Sections of Mulberry Harbour B still sit in the sea at Arromanches , and the well @-@ preserved Longues @-@ sur @-@ Mer battery is nearby . The Juno Beach Centre , opened in 2003 , was funded by the Canadian federal and provincial governments , France , and Canadian veterans . = = Depiction in media = = Band of Brothers ( 2001 miniseries ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 film ) The Longest Day ( 1962 film )
= Hold Me Now ( Thompson Twins song ) = " Hold Me Now " is a song by British band the Thompson Twins . Written by the band members , the song was produced by Alex Sadkin and the group 's lead vocalist Tom Bailey . The song is a mid @-@ tempo new wave song that uses a varied instrumentation , including synthesizers , a Marimba , a piano and Latin percussion . It was released in November 1983 as the first single of their fifth studio album , Into the Gap . Released in the United Kingdom in late 1983 , the song peaked at number four on the UK Singles Chart in November of that year and was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) in 1983 , becoming the band 's biggest @-@ selling single , and their first top five in that country . The song was released in the United States in February 1984 and became the band 's highest charting single there , peaking at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 in May , remaining on the chart for 21 weeks . In addition , the song topped Billboard 's Hot Dance Club Play chart for one week in April 1984 . = = Background and recording = = In 1983 , after the commercial success of their third album Quick Step and Side Kick , the Thompson Twins collaborated again with producer Alex Sadkin to record Into the Gap at Compass Point Studios , in the Bahamas . Bailey and Sadkin co @-@ produced the album including " Hold Me Now " , which according to Bailey " had a very strong idea " behind it and was written very quickly . When they were going to record the song , Bailey said that he was excited , nervous , and " almost over @-@ prepared for it " , he knew exactly what instruments were going on every track ; it took three days to record . Before the release the song was remixed by Sadkin at RAK Studios , in London . About the process Bailey commented : " You know what a great producer is ? It 's someone who takes great ideas and makes them into good records . In our field , great music is a hit record . " The song became the Thompson Twins ' biggest hit in America , but at the same time it pressured the band to produce top @-@ selling music , even if they were not completely comfortable with that , as Alannah Currie stated in an interview with David Oriard of The Spokesman @-@ Review : The biggest trouble that we 've had basically is that the song , " Hold me Now " was a huge hit , it was really big here , it was really big all over the world . Which is great , but it was just an accidental thing . It was just a song that we wrote . But after that then , we got everybody — managers , the record company — on our back to write " Hold me Now , Part 2 " and harassing you to try and find a formula . But we can 't really . We 'll never find a formula for what we did . And that upsets some of them . = = Composition = = " Hold Me Now " is a pop , new wave and synthpop ballad , performed with a " hypnotic , swaying groove " , that features the sound of a Marimba in the background . The song is composed in the key of D major , with a time signature set in common time , and moves at moderate tempo of 120 beats per minute . Bailey 's vocal range spans more than two and a half octaves , from A3 to F # 6 . While most of the group 's previous songs have a dance @-@ oriented sound , " Hold Me Now " has a mainstream piano @-@ based melody but keeps the prominent bass line and Currie 's Latin percussion of earlier releases . The song is in a verse @-@ chorus form , employing a simple melody . The end chorus , which includes Leeway performing the song 's harmonies , repeats for a full minute and a half , nearly one @-@ third of the song 's full @-@ length . The lyrics describe an impasse in a deteriorating relationship . They consider separating but ultimately resolve their differences . In the chorus the narrator asks his lover to " hold me now [ ... ] stay with me . " = = Critical reception = = Originally " Hold Me Now " received a mixed response from pop music critics . In a review of the group 's album Into The Gap , Parke Puterbaugh , from Rolling Stone magazine , said that the band took a " new and drastic tangent " and that they " have slowed it all down to bring the human factor into clearer focus " , adding that " Hold Me Now " maintains a " hypnotic , swaying groove that suggests reserves of pastoral contentment even in the wake of the storm " . Robert Christgau , in a review for The Village Voice , said that the song " is a classic on chord changes alone , even though Tom Bailey sings it " , adding that nothing else in the album Into The Gap " approaches its heart @-@ tugging mastery " . J.D. Considine , in a review for The Washington Post , commented that the song 's melody adds " accessibility but could easily turn to dreary monotony " . Two decades later , the song received positive reviews from critics . Jose F. Promis from Allmusic commented that " years later [ it ] still sounded as fresh and innocent as when it was first released " . Stewart Mason , also from Allmusic , commented that the song is an unexpected departure from the group 's previous dance @-@ oriented sound , comparing it with Spandau Ballet 's " True " , adding that " Bailey is not actually technically very good , but he 's clearly trying very hard " , and felt that the song " is a bit labored [ ... ] but overall , ' Hold Me Now ' deserved its huge hit status " . Raymond Fiore from Entertainment Weekly said that the song " still sounds good today " and called it " the sound of new wave @-@ pop brilliance " . In 2005 the song ranked # 308 in Blender 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born , describing it as " a new wave let 's @-@ stay @-@ together plea " that is " so cornball it works " . = = Music video = = The music video for " Hold Me Now " was directed by Rupert James , produced by Tim Bevan , and edited by Brian Grant and Nick Morris . The video features the Thompson Twins in a set with a blue background . Each member is standing on a platform , singing or playing a different instrument , a guitar or a piano for Bailey , a Marimba or another percussion instrument for Currie , and a bass guitar or congas for Leeway . The video is heavily edited , with frames sliding from the sides , doubling or tripling , split @-@ screen edits , and close @-@ ups of the band while singing or dancing . At the end the background changes from blue to red , and the three members are featured together singing and clapping while the song is fading out . = = Chart performance = = " Hold Me Now " was released in the United Kingdom in November 1983 , debuting on the UK Singles Chart at number 31 , peaking at number four , and staying in the chart for 15 weeks . It became the band 's first top five in the country , and their biggest seller earning a gold certification by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) in January 1984 . The song was a moderate hit in Europe , reaching the top 10 in Germany and Ireland , and peaking at 18 in Switzerland . The single was released in North America in February 1984 . In Canada the single entered the RPM singles chart at number 43 , peaking at number three on 28 April 1984 . The Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) certified " Hold Me Now " gold in May 1984 . In the United States the single entered the Billboard Hot 100 on 11 February 1984 at number 73 , peaking at number three on 5 May 1984 , and staying 21 weeks on the chart , becoming the band 's biggest hit in the country . In addition , it topped Billboard 's Hot Dance Club Play chart for a week on 28 April 1984 , becoming the band 's third number @-@ one single on this chart . = = Formats and track listing = = 7 " Single ( 1983 ) " Hold Me Now " – 4 : 44 " Let Loving Start " – 3 : 43 12 " Maxi @-@ Single ( 1983 ) " Hold Me Now " ( Extended version ) – 9 : 54 " Let Loving Start " ( Extended version ) – 9 : 09 = = Credits and personnel = = Tom Bailey – guitar , lead vocals , piano , keyboards , producer Alannah Currie – percussion , vocals , marimba , drums Joe Leeway – congas , vocals , bass guitar Alex Sadkin – producer Phil Thornalley – audio mixing Adrian Peacock – photography Satori ( from ideas by Alannah Currie ) – design / artwork = = Charts and certifications = =
= Just a Fool = " Just a Fool " is a duet recorded by American singer songwriters Christina Aguilera and Blake Shelton for Aguilera 's seventh studio album , Lotus ( 2012 ) . It was written by Steve Robson , Claude Kelly and Wayne Hector and was produced by Robson . " Just a Fool " was sent to contemporary hit and hot adult contemporary radio stations in the United States by RCA Records as the second and final single from the album on December 4 , 2012 . The song is a country pop ballad which discusses the pain of a break @-@ up . It is also Aguilera 's first country song . Following its release , " Just a Fool " received mostly positive reviews from music critics , who complimented the track 's sound . Commercially , the single peaked at number 71 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and number 37 on the Canadian Hot 100 . As of April 2015 , the single has sold 802 @,@ 000 digital copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan . To promote Lotus and the song , Aguilera and Shelton performed " Just a Fool " on the third season of American television singing contest The Voice on November 19 , 2012 , and on The Ellen DeGeneres Show on December 7 , 2012 . = = Background and release = = Following the release of her sixth studio album , Bionic ( 2010 ) , which failed to generate impact on charts worldwide , Aguilera filed for divorce from her husband Jordan Bratman , starred in her first feature film , Burlesque and recorded the accompanying soundtrack . She then became a coach on NBC 's singing competition show The Voice and appeared as a featured artist on Maroon 5 's single " Moves Like Jagger " ( 2011 ) , which spent four weeks atop the US Billboard Hot 100 chart . Following these events , Aguilera announced that had plans to begin production of her seventh album , stating that she wanted high quality and " personal " songs for the record . Regarding the creative direction , she revealed that the album would be a " culmination of everything I 've experienced up until this point ... I 've been through a lot since the release of my last album , being on ( ' The Voice ' ) , having had a divorce ... This is all sort of a free rebirth for me . " She further said " I 'm embracing many different things , but it 's all feel @-@ good , super @-@ expressive [ and ] super @-@ vulnerable . " Aguilera continued to say that the album would be about " self – expression and freedom " because of the personal struggles she had overcome during the last couple of years . Speaking about her new material during an interview on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno in 2012 , Aguilera said that the recording process for Lotus was taking a while because " I don 't like to just get songs from producers . I like them to come from a personal place ... I 'm very excited . It 's fun , exciting , introspective , it 's going to be great " . Recorded at Northern Sky Music by Sam Miller , " Just a Fool " was written by Steve Robson , Claude Kelly and Wayne Hector , with production handled by Steve Robson . Aguilera 's vocals were recorded at The Red Lips Room in Beverly Hills , California , while Shelton 's vocals were recorded at Luminous Sound in Dallas , Texas . The duo 's vocals were recorded by Oscar Ramirez , and Aguilera produced them with Kelly . Robson also carried out programming and keyboards , arranging , and guitars . Following the release of Lotus , " Just a Fool " managed to debut on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , prompting RCA Records to release the song as a single . On December 4 , 2012 , the label sent the track to contemporary hit and hot adult contemporary radio stations in the United States as the second and final single from the album . On February 18 , 2013 , the single was released to adult contemporary radio in the US . = = Development = = Blake Shelton and Christina Aguilera both served as coaches on the NBC 's American reality talent show The Voice and became good friends during production . During an interview , Aguilera said , " He 's my big brother , I 'm the closest to him of all the guys . Blake is just a rockstar ; he 's great . He 's so playful , so fun and down to earth . He 's got a lot of heart " . The whole idea for the duet between Christina and Blake came into being when Christina started a performance with a snippet of his song " Hillbilly Bone " . Blake tweeted he was speechless , and Christina tweeted back , " Now we need to team up for a country duet Blake ! ! I 'm down ! ! " . In an interview with Rolling Stone , Aguilera commented about teaming up with her colleagues , " I 'm one that likes to collaborate . I love feeding off the creative energy , and it only makes me better . I 'm on a continual path both personally and professionally . All @-@ around , it 's my goal to better myself as a person and an artist , and the show is one of those contributing factors and the guys are great friends at this point . It 's fun collaborating with them at this point " . Aguilera also revealed that Shelton " busted his [ butt ] " to " make the time " to record the song with her . On October 16 , 2012 , it was announced that the duet was called " Just a Fool " and the track would be included on Aguilera 's album Lotus ( 2012 ) . According to Steve Robson – the main writer of the song – at first , " Just a Fool " was initially pitched to Pink , but later Adam Lambert recorded a version of the track . Finally , Aguilera and Shelton recorded " Just a Fool " after the song was scrapped from Lambert 's album Trespassing ( 2012 ) " at the last minute " . = = Composition = = " Just a Fool " was written by Steve Robson , Claude Kelly and Wayne Hector , with production done by Robson . The song is a country pop ballad with elements of pop rock . The track is also Aguilera 's first country song . It lasts for a duration of 4 : 13 ( four minutes and 13 seconds ) . " Just a Fool " was composed in the key of G major , with a moderate slow tempo of 56 beats per minute . Many instruments were featured on the track , including keyboards , guitars and strings . It starts with a simple guitar riff and a toe @-@ tapping mid @-@ tempo drum beat . Chris Youne of 4Music described the song as a " pop @-@ meets @-@ rock @-@ meets @-@ country " song . Lyrically , " Just a Fool " talks about the pain of a break @-@ up . Aguilera takes the first verse singing about sitting alone in a bar late at night , " Another shot of whisky please bartender , keep it coming till I don 't remember " . At the second verse , Blake sings in his raspy country tones and the two unite for the chorus . Robert Cospey of Digital Spy described the chorus of the track as a " sing @-@ songy " one . = = Critical reception = = " Just a Fool " received mostly positive reviews from music critics . In a track @-@ by @-@ track review , Robert Copsey of Digital Spy wrote that the song " looks obligatory on paper but fortunately isn 't so bad in reality [ ... ] Truth be told , we suspect there 's a good reason why this has been saved for the back @-@ end of the album " . Chris Younie of 4Music praised the song , writing that " It 's mature , sophisticated and unlike anything else we 've heard on the album . If you want variety , you got it " . Andrew Hammp for Billboard was also positive toward the track , commenting that the song has an " epic " chorus that only increases in volume as the song progresses . In an extremely positive review , Glenn Gamboa of Newsday wrote that Aguilera and Shelton " empty their broken hearts in a magnificently sung breakup song " . She also praised " Just a Fool " as Aguilera 's career signature which should " stand next to ' Beautiful ' " . Mike Wass of Idolator called " Just a Fool " is a " gorgeous " country ballad , while Jon Caramanica of The New York Times described it as a " surprisingly warm duet " and Molly Lambert of Grantland named it " a monster @-@ ballad " . Sarah Godfrey of The Washington Post called it a " straightforward country @-@ pop piece " , while Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic named it " a slow , bluesy closer " . Christina Garibaldi of MTV News praised Shelton 's " smooth " and country vocals on the " hearbreaking " ballad , which fits nicely with Aguilera 's " booming " ones . Melinda Newman of HitFix analyzed that Aguilera 's voices on " Just a Fool " sounded like former longtime producer Linda Perry as she sings " yeah , yeah , yeah " , but Shelton 's sounds " rose to the occasion " and plays the " perfect partner " . Michael Galluci of PopCrush praised Aguilera 's " great " " throaty rasp " on the track . Jim Farber of New York Daily News provided a mixed review , writing that " [ Shelton ] sings with measured resolve while [ Aguilera ] nearly suffocates him . It 's certainly a powerful approach , but it comes at the cost of communicating genuine soul " . Negatively , Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine called it " an out @-@ of @-@ place country @-@ pop duet with Blake Shelton , who feels like a cheap cash @-@ in " , while Annie Zaleskie for The A.V. Club criticized its " schmaltzy " sound . = = Chart performance = = The single debuted at number 92 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart during the week of November 18 , 2012 . During the following week , it climbed to number 71 , which became its peak position on the chart . On the Adult Pop Songs chart , " Just a Fool " debuted at number 40 during the week of December 29 , 2012 and peaked at number 28 . On February 25 , 2013 , the single debuted at number 27 on the Adult Contemporary and peaked at number 23 shortly after . The song stayed a total of 12 weeks on the chart . As of April 2015 , " Just a Fool " has sold over 802 @,@ 000 copies in United States becoming Aguilera 's tenth best selling digital single there , according to Nielsen SoundScan . In Canada , the single peaked at number 37 on the country 's singles chart and remained there for 20 weeks . On the 49th week of 2012 , " Just a Fool " debuted and peaked at number 45 in Slovakia . = = Live performances and cover version = = On November 19 , 2012 , Aguilera and Shelton performed " Just a Fool " for the first time on the third season of The Voice , an American television singing competition on which she is serviced as a coach . Wearing " sharp in dark " , " semi @-@ casual " outfits , the couple sang the first verse at opposite sides of the stage , and then came together onstage and shared the second one . During the performance , Aguilera kept belting to a minimum . The duo ended their singing with a hug . Caila Ball from Idolator wrote , " Clumsy cross @-@ promotions and hyperbole aside , it was a night of stellar performances , kicked off by Coaches Christina and Blake making the world debut of ' Just a Fool ' " . She continued to praise the performance , commenting , " It was a refreshingly stripped down performance from Legendtina – who uncharacteristically took the stage in jeans . Blake , on the other hand , looked a little awkward up there without a guitar and a stool " . On December 7 , 2012 , Aguilera and Shelton performed " Just a Fool " again on The Ellen DeGeneres Show . Sam Lansky from Idolator praised the performance , writing that the performance featured " typically dramatic " vocals and a lot of " spectacular runs " , which helped the duo sound great . During the semi @-@ finals of the twelfth season of American television singing contest American Idol , contestant Paul Jolley chose " Just a Fool " as the song to sing on the show . On May 7 , 2013 , Filipino singer Charice Pempengco also made a cover of the song on the show Kris TV with her girlfriend Alyssa Quijano . = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Recorded at Northern Sky Music . Vocals recorded at The Red Lips Room , Beverly Hills , California ( Aguilera 's vocals ) ; Luminous Sound , Dallas , Texas ( Shelton 's vocals ) . Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Lotus , RCA Records . = = Charts = = = = Release history = =
= Kanon ( visual novel ) = Kanon ( カノン ) is a Japanese adult visual novel developed by Key released on June 4 , 1999 for Windows PCs . Key later released versions of Kanon without the erotic content , and the game was ported to the Dreamcast , PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable . The story follows the life of Yuichi Aizawa , a high school student who returns to a city he last visited seven years prior , and he has little recollection of the events from back then . He meets several girls and slowly regains his lost memories . The gameplay in Kanon follows a branching plot line which offers pre @-@ determined scenarios with courses of interaction , and focuses on the appeal of the five female main characters by the player character . The game once ranked as the second best @-@ selling PC game sold in Japan , and charted in the national top 50 several more times afterwards . Kanon has sold over 300 @,@ 000 units across several platforms . Following the game 's release , Kanon made several transitions into other media . Two manga series were serialized in Dengeki Daioh and Dragon Age Pure . Comic anthologies , light novels and art books were also published , as were audio dramas and several music albums . Toei Animation produced a 13 @-@ episode anime television series in 2002 and an original video animation ( OVA ) episode in 2003 . Kyoto Animation produced a 24 @-@ episode anime series in 2006 . The 2006 anime was licensed and dubbed in English by ADV Films in 2008 , but the license was given to Funimation after ADV 's closure . The 2006 anime plays on the association between Kanon and the musical term canon by using Pachelbel 's Kanon D @-@ dur , or Canon in D major , as a background piece at certain instances throughout the series . = = Gameplay = = Kanon is a romance visual novel in which the player assumes the role of Yuichi Aizawa . Much of its gameplay is spent on reading the story 's narrative and dialogue . Kanon follows a branching plot line with multiple endings , and depending on the decisions that the player makes during the game , the plot will progress in a specific direction . There are five main plot lines that the player will have the chance to experience , one for each of the heroines in the story . Throughout gameplay , the player is given multiple options to choose from , and text progression pauses at these points until a choice is made . To view all plot lines in their entirety , the player will have to replay the game multiple times and choose different choices to further the plot to an alternate direction . After Mai 's scenario is completed , a replay of her route will offer an additional choice to play through Sayuri 's back @-@ story . Jun Maeda , who worked on the scenario for Kanon , commented in March 2001 that the Japanese public may have fallen under the impression that Key makes soothing games because of Kanon 's influence , but Maeda affirmed that there was not one person who worked on Kanon who thought that . In the adult versions of the game , there are scenes with sexual CGs depicting Yuichi and a given heroine having sex . Later , Key released versions of Kanon without the erotic content . The versions that include the adult content have one explicit sex scene in each of the five main story routes , in addition to one fantasy scene . Outside of these , there are two scenes with nudity . Yūichi Suzumoto , a scenario writer who worked on later Key titles , commented that the sex scenes in Kanon are very self @-@ contained , and can be easily removed without altering the story . Maeda remarked that the sex scenes were not written with reproduction in mind . = = Plot = = = = = Setting and themes = = = There are several important locations featured in the Kanon story , though the location names are seldom mentioned explicitly in Key 's works . The events of the story occur during winter , and since it often snows periodically over the course of the entire story , the city is always presented covered in a layer of snow . The shopping district is featured throughout the story when the characters go into town , and especially whenever Ayu appears in the early story . The high school where Yuichi and the other main characters attend , including the school grounds , is shown predominantly in Shiori 's and Mai 's stories , and is otherwise a general setting where Yuichi interacts with other characters . There are recurring themes that appear throughout the story . A music theme is present , as the episode titles from the 2006 – 2007 anime have parts in their titles related to music , such as overture and introit . Miracles play a large part in the story ; Kanon 's plot line and characters are influenced by various instances where miracles occur . The act of promising and keeping promises is found throughout the story . Yuichi eventually makes important promises to the five main girls while at the same time fulfilling past promises he had made with four of them when he used to visit the city as a kid . One of the motifs in the story is amnesia , or memory loss ; three of the main characters — Yuichi , Ayu and Makoto — suffer from amnesia in varying degrees ; this is used as a plot device to advance the story . Another motif deals with the favorite foods of the five main heroines . Newtype USA stated in an article on Kanon that " it 's when the characters are eating something really tasty that they seem most beautiful and alive " , despite the somber setting and overall tone of the series . These five foods of choice are : taiyaki ( Ayu ) , strawberries ( Nayuki ) , nikuman ( Makoto ) , ice cream ( Shiori ) , and gyudon ( Mai ) . = = = Principal characters = = = The player assumes the role of Yuichi Aizawa , the protagonist of Kanon . He is a cynical 17 @-@ year @-@ old high school student , and is known to play jokes on the girls his age he knows and interacts with throughout the story . Despite this , Yuichi is very loyal and will go to great lengths to please others , even at the expense of his own time and money . He generally has a selfless personality and does not ask much from others in return for what he does for them . Ayu Tsukimiya , the main heroine of Kanon , is a short , strange , and mysterious girl immediately recognizable by her winged backpack , red hair band , and tendency to refer to herself with the masculine first @-@ person pronoun boku ( 僕 ) . She has a fondness for eating taiyaki , and is notorious for her catchphrase , " ugū " ( うぐぅ ) , which she mutters as an expression of various negative emotions such as frustration , pain , and fear . Yuichi 's first cousin Nayuki Minase , another of Kanon 's heroines , has been in love with him since childhood , and must learn how to deal with her feelings , especially with the threat that he may fall in love with one of the other girls . Nayuki talks noticeably slower than those around her , and has constant trouble waking up in the morning except on a few occasions when she is up before Yuichi , much to his surprise . Yuichi is accosted a few days after arriving in the city by Kanon 's third heroine Makoto Sawatari , a young girl who has lost her memories , but despite this she is sure that she holds a grudge against Yuichi from when he last visited the city . Makoto has a mischievous side and constantly plays pranks on Yuichi . She has an affinity towards the spring and once wished that it would stay spring forever . Yuichi coincidentally runs into Shiori Misaka , another heroine and first @-@ year high school student suffering from an unexplained illness since birth . Her affliction has caused her to become very physically weak , and she is almost always absent from school because of it . She tries to be strong in the face of her condition , and gets along well with others , even though she does not know very many people her age due to her condition . The fifth and final heroine in Kanon is Mai Kawasumi , a third @-@ year student of the same high school that Yuichi attends . She has a cold attitude towards almost everyone , but despite this , she is actually a very kind and caring person ; she " punishes " someone who makes a playful joke about her by giving them a light karate chop to the head . = = = Story = = = Kanon 's story revolves around a group of five girls whose lives are connected to the same boy . Yuichi Aizawa is a second @-@ year high school student who had visited the city where the story takes place seven years prior to Kanon 's beginning . The story opens on Wednesday January 6 , 1999 when Yuichi arrives in the city and is very detached from it and its inhabitants . Prior to his return , it is decided that he is to stay with his first cousin , Nayuki Minase , and her mother , Akiko . After his long absence , Yuichi has forgotten almost everything except minor details of what happened seven years before and is in need of being reminded of what he left behind . Nayuki initially tries repeatedly to jog his memory , but is unsuccessful . Throughout the story , as he learns about the supernatural undertones of the city , Yuichi is reminded of the events of seven years ago . On the day after Yuichi 's return , he is out with Nayuki who is showing him around city . Nayuki remembers that she has to buy things for dinner , but Yuichi is reluctant to go into the store with her . Moments after Nayuki leaves him waiting on the sidewalk , a strange girl named Ayu Tsukimiya collides with him with little warning . Upon recovering , she drags him away to a nearby café and confesses to inadvertently stealing a bag filled with taiyaki after being accidentally scared away by the salesman before she had a chance to pay . They decide to meet up again another day and Ayu scampers off . A few days after he has been in the city , Yuichi is accosted by a girl named Makoto Sawatari who has lost her memories , though still remembers that she has a grudge against him from when he last visited the city . After she collapses in the street , he takes her home and learns about her situation . Akiko gives her permission to live with them for the time being , which is against Yuichi 's plan to hand her over to the police . Another girl who is connected to Yuichi 's past is Mai Kawasumi who attends his high school as a third @-@ year . She takes it upon herself to fight and defeat demons at night while the school is deserted . Due to this , she is constantly blamed for accidents because she never denies them , being too sincere to say anything and knowing that no one will believe that there are demons in the school . Yuichi coincidentally meets a fifth girl named Shiori Misaka who he gets to know along with the other four heroines in the story . She has suffered from an unexplained affliction since birth which makes her weak to the point of missing school because of it . Yuichi starts to talk with her more after noticing her in the school courtyard one day . It turns out that Shiori stands outside on the school grounds nearly every day because she wants to meet someone dear to her . = = Development = = Most of Kanon 's development staff originally worked for the visual novel publisher Nexton under the brand Tactics . After the release of the brand 's third game One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e , most of Tactics ' staff left Nexton to pursue work in another publishing company where they could have the freedom to produce their next game . Itaru Hinoue , who had previously worked at VisualArt 's once before , introduced Key 's founding members to the president of VisualArt 's , Takahiro Baba . Baba gave the developers the freedom they desired , and they officially transferred to VisualArt 's where they formed Key on July 21 , 1998 and started production on Kanon . The planning for the visual novel was headed by Naoki Hisaya who was also one of two scenario writers with Jun Maeda . Hisaya wrote the scenarios for Ayu , Nayuki and Shiori , while Maeda wrote the routes for Makoto and Mai . Art direction was headed by Key 's artist Itaru Hinoue who worked on the character design and computer graphics . Further computer graphics were split between three people — Dinn , Miracle Mikipon , Shinory — and background art was provided by Torino . The music in the game was composed by OdiakeS , Shinji Orito and Jun Maeda . Kanon was the first and last visual novel developed by Key that two of the main staff — Naoki Hisaya , and OdiakeS — worked on before pursuing a similar line of work in other visual novel studios . = = = Release history = = = Kanon was released as an adult game on June 4 , 1999 in limited and regular editions , playable on a Windows PC as a CD @-@ ROM . The limited edition came bundled with the remix album Anemoscope remixing background music tracks featured in the visual novel . Key released an all ages version on January 7 , 2000 for Windows . An updated adult version called the Kanon Standard Edition was released on November 26 , 2004 with added support for Windows 2000 / XP as a DVD @-@ ROM . The Standard Edition incorporates the extra graphics added to the earlier all ages version of the game , and other technical changes such as more save slots . An all ages version of the Standard Edition was released on January 28 , 2005 . An updated all ages version of Kanon compatible for Windows Vista PCs was released by Key on July 31 , 2009 in a box set containing five other Key visual novels called Key 10th Memorial Box . Another all ages updated version compatible for Windows 7 PCs called Kanon Memorial Edition was released on April 30 , 2010 . The first consumer console port of the game was released for the Dreamcast on September 14 , 2000 by NEC Interchannel . A PlayStation 2 ( PS2 ) version was released on February 28 , 2002 also by NEC Interechannel . The PS2 version was re @-@ released as a " Best " version on December 22 , 2004 . The PS2 version was bundled in a " Key 3 @-@ Part Work Premium Box " package together with the PS2 versions of Air and Clannad released on July 30 , 2009 . An adult version playable as a Blu @-@ ray Disc was released on December 16 , 2011 by Asoberu ! BD @-@ Game , a brand of VisualArt 's . A PlayStation Portable ( PSP ) version of the game was released in Japan on February 15 , 2007 by Prototype . The first release of the PSP version came with a special DVD featuring a message from five of the voice actors and a recompiled opening video from the video game version . The five voice actors on the DVD included : Mariko Kōda as Nayuki Minase , Akemi Satō as Shiori Misaka , Mayumi Iizuka as Makoto Sawatari , Yūko Minaguchi as Akiko Minase , and Tomokazu Sugita as Yuichi Aizawa . Yui Horie as Ayu Tsukimiya voiced the short introduction of the DVD , but was not featured in the contents of the DVD itself . A downloadable version of the PSP release via the PlayStation Store was released by Prototype on October 9 , 2009 . A version playable on FOMA and SoftBank 3G mobile phones was released by Prototype through VisualArt 's Motto in May 2007 . A version playable on Android devices was released on November 30 , 2011 . A version playable on iOS devices was released on April 4 , 2013 . In the original release , there was no voice acting for the characters , but in the later versions produced for the Dreamcast and PS2 , full voice acting was included . The only exception was Yuichi , who was not voiced in either version . However , the PSP release features voice acting for Yuichi , provided by Tomokazu Sugita . = = Adaptations = = = = = Light novels = = = Five adult light novels written by Mariko Shimizu and published by Paradigm were released in Japan between October 1999 and August 2000 . The cover art and internal illustrations were drawn by Itaru Hinoue , the artist who drew the artwork in the visual novel . The basis for each novel was one of each of the five heroines and had titles that were taken from the musical themes pertaining to each character in the original game . The first two released were Yuki no Shōjo ( 雪の少女 , Girl in the Snow , Nayuki ) and Egao no Mukougawa ni ( 笑顔の向こう側に , Beyond the Smile , Shiori ) in December 1999 . The third was Shōjo no Ori ( 少女の檻 , Girl 's Prison , Mai ) released in April 2000 and the fourth novel was titled The Fox and the Grapes ( Makoto ) , released two months later . The final novel titled Hidamari no Machi ( 日溜りの街 , A Sunny City , Ayu ) was released in August 2000 . Paradigm re @-@ released the five novels in conjunction with VisualArt 's under their VA Bunko imprint , which removed the erotic scenes , starting with Yuki no Shōjo on June 27 , 2009 , and ending with Hidamari no Machi on December 26 , 2009 . To make up for the missing erotic content , Shimizu wrote additional content for each volume . A sixth novel titled Kanojotachi no Kenkai ( 彼女たちの見解 , The Girls ' Opinions ) for the supporting character Sayuri Kurata written by Shimizu and illustrated by Zen was released on March 31 , 2011 . = = = Drama CDs and radio shows = = = A set of five drama CDs were released between September 29 , 2000 and April 27 , 2001 , with each volume focusing on a different heroine . A set of five anthology drama CDs were released between December 22 , 2001 and May 25 , 2002 , with each volume again focusing on a different heroine . A radio show to promote the Dreamcast port of Kanon titled Kanon : The Snow Talk Memories Yuki Furu Machi no Monogatari ( Kanon -The snow talks memories- 雪降る街の物語 ) broadcast 13 episodes between October 6 and December 29 , 2000 . The show , produced by Movic , was hosted by Yukari Tamura and Tomoko Kawakami , the voices Mai Kawasumi and Sayuri Kurata , respectively . A radio drama titled Minase @-@ sanchi ( 水瀬さんち ) broadcast 53 episodes between October 6 , 2001 and October 5 , 2002 . The show , which was broadcast on TBS Radio and Radio Kansai , was hosted by Yūko Minaguchi , the voice of Akiko Minase , and narrated by Atsushi Kisaichi . The voice actors from Kanon were also featured as guests . Five CD compilation volumes containing all of the show 's broadcasts were released between August 30 , 2002 and April 26 , 2003 . = = = Manga = = = The first Kanon manga illustrated by Petit Morishima was serialized in MediaWorks ' manga magazine Dengeki Daioh between the February 2000 and July 2002 issues . The individual chapters were later collected into two separate tankōbon volumes published by MediaWorks under their Dengeki Comics imprint released in September 2000 and on July 27 , 2002 . There are six chapters in total , three in each volume . Aside from the prologue in volume one and the epilogue in volume two , the other four chapters concern four of the main heroines . From chapters one through four , the main heroines presented are : Shiori Misaka , Makoto Sawatari , Mai Kawasumi and Ayu Tsukimiya . To make up for Nayuki not getting a chapter of her own , the story is altered in that Nayuki is in most of the scenes Yuichi is in . The first manga is different from the visual novel in that Shiori 's , Makoto 's , and Mai 's stories are not told in their entirety . Near the end of each of these girls ' stories were originally intended to give the viewer the remaining answers , but the manga version ends these girls ' stories prematurely . This was due to the manga putting more focus on Ayu 's story . The second manga illustrated by Kinusa Shimotsuki , under the main title Kanon : Honto no Omoi wa Egao no Mukōgawa ni ( Kanon ホントの想いは笑顔の向こう側に , Kanon : The Real Feelings of the Other Side of the Smiling Face ) with the subtitle each regret of Kanon , was serialized between volumes two and seven of Fujimi Shobo 's Dragon Age Pure magazine sold between June 29 , 2006 and October 20 , 2007 , respectively . The first volume was released in Japan on April 1 , 2007 and focused on Nayuki 's story . The second volume was released on December 8 , 2007 and focused on the other four heroines . There are nine chapters in total , five in volume one and four in volume two . There have also been many releases of manga anthologies produced by different companies and drawn by a multitude of different artists . The first volume of the earliest anthology series , released by Ichijinsha under the title Kanon Comic Anthology , was released in November 2000 under their DNA Media Comics label . Volumes for this series continued to be released for another two years , ending in December 2002 with the 14th volume ; an additional 15th volume was released later in February 2007 . Ichijinsha also released two more volumes of anthology collections of four @-@ panel comic strips titled Kanon 4 @-@ koma Kings in April and June 2001 . Softgarage released an anthology in a single volume in December 2002 titled Kanon Anthology Comic . In April 2004 , Ohzora released an anthology composed of works based on both Kanon and Air titled Haru Urara : Kanon & Air . Between June and August 2004 , Ohzora also released five separate volumes of manga based on Kanon drawn by five separate artists . Ohzora later collected some of the previously published manga anthologies into two volumes titled Kanon Anthology Comics Best Selection released in December 2006 and January 2007 . Additionally , Ohzora released another 13 volumes of an anthology series titled Kanon under their Twin Heart Comics label . The now @-@ bankrupt publisher Raporto also released 21 manga anthology volumes titled Kanon under their Raporto Comics label between November 2000 and October 2002 . The last manga anthology , a collection of four @-@ panel comic strips released in a single volume by Enterbrain titled Magi @-@ Cu 4 @-@ koma Kanon , was released in January 2007 under their MC Comics label . Each of the anthology series are written and drawn by an average of 20 people per volume . = = = Anime = = = The first Kanon anime was produced by the Japanese animation studio Toei Animation and directed by Naoyuki Itō . Thirteen episodes were produced and aired in Japan on Fuji TV between January 31 and March 28 , 2002 . The series also later aired on Kansai TV . Later , a single original video animation ( OVA ) episode titled " Kanon Kazahana " was released in March 2003 . The anime series and OVA used the songs " Florescence " and " Flower " for the opening and ending themes , respectively . While it does not appear as the ending theme in the first 12 episodes or in the OVA , the game 's ending theme " Where the Wind Reaches " is used as the ending theme for the series in episode 13 . Additionally , the game 's opening theme " Last regrets " is played near the end of episode 13 during the flashback scene . Starting in 2006 , Kyoto Animation , the animators of another Key game @-@ turned @-@ anime , Air , decided to animate a new adaptation of Kanon . This version , directed by Tatsuya Ishihara , aired between October 5 , 2006 and March 15 , 2007 on BS @-@ i , containing 24 episodes . The series was later rebroadcast on TBS . ADV Films announced on September 21 , 2007 at the Anime Weekend Atlanta anime convention that they have officially licensed the second Kanon anime series . ADV had previously posted a trailer for the series in August 2007 , but was soon taken offline once the news had been spread on the Internet . The first English @-@ dubbed episode was made available via streaming online at Anime News Network between December 23 and December 30 , 2007 . In July 2008 , the licensing rights of the second Kanon anime were transferred from ADV to Funimation Entertainment who continued to produce the series in North America . The second TV Kanon animation features updated animation quality , and uses the same voice acting cast as the first anime , with the exception of Yuichi and Kuze . Unlike the first anime , the actual theme songs from the Kanon game are used for the second anime 's opening theme , ending theme and soundtrack . There is one song featured as an insert song in episode 16 that did not come from the visual novel titled " Last regrets ( X 'mas floor style ) " by Eiko Shimamiya from I 've Sound 's first album Regret . Other songs are used from the arrange albums released over the years , which include Anemoscope , Recollections , Re @-@ feel , and Ma @-@ Na . = = Music = = The visual novel has two main theme songs , the opening theme " Last regrets " , and the ending theme " Kaze no Tadoritsuku Basho " ( 風の辿り着く場所 , Where the Wind Reaches ) , both sung by Ayana . The lyrics for both songs were written by Jun Maeda , and arranged by Kazuya Takase of I 've Sound . The five heroines have leitmotifs . Ayu 's theme is " Hidamari no Machi " ( 日溜りの街 , A Sunny City ) ; Nayuki 's theme is " Yuki no Shōjo " ( 雪の少女 , Girl in the Snow ) ; Makoto 's theme is " The Fox and the Grapes " ; Shiori 's theme is " Egao no Mukōgawa ni " ( 笑顔の向こう側に , Beyond the Smile ) ; lastly , Mai 's theme is " Shōjo no Ori " ( 少女の檻 , Girls ' Prison ) . The first music album released was Anemoscope which came bundled with the original release of Kanon in June 1999 . The next release was a single , " Last regrets / Place of wind which arrives " , which contained the opening and ending themes plus arranged versions of three background music tracks and a male vocal version of the opening theme . A compilation album containing tracks from the two albums was released in December 2001 called Recollections . The game 's original soundtrack was released in October 2002 containing 22 different tracks along with short versions of the two theme songs . A piano arrange album was released in December 2003 called Re @-@ feel which contained five tracks from Kanon and five from Air . Excluding the first two albums , each of the albums released for the visual novel version were released on Key 's record label Key Sounds Label ; this is due to the first two albums being released before the label was formed . The first anime 's first original soundtrack was released in May 2002 , and a second followed in July 2002 . The first anime 's opening theme is " Florescence " and the ending theme is " Flower " , both sung by Miho Fujiwara ; the maxi single containing the anime 's opening and ending themes was released in June 2002 . An album containing music box arranged tracks of music from the first anime was released in July 2003 called Orgel de Kiku Sakuhin Shū . The albums released for the first anime were produced by Frontier Works and Movic . A single was released in commemoration for the second anime called " Last regrets / Kaze no Tadoritsuku Basho " which contained the game 's original opening and ending themes in original , short , and remixed versions ; the album was produced by Key Sounds Label . = = Reception and legacy = = According to a national ranking of how well bishōjo games sold nationally in Japan , the original Kanon release for Windows achieved its highest rank at number two in the ranking . Three years later in June 2002 , the original release ranked in again at 45 , and then again at 46 the following two weeks . The original release also made the ranking after that at number 41 in early July 2002 . The Kanon Standard Edition premiered at number 16 in the rankings . The Kanon Standard Edition remained on the top 50 list for the next two months , achieving the rankings of 47 and 35 . The all ages version of the Kanon Standard Edition premiered at number 42 on the national ranking , went up to 35 the next month , and did not appear on the rankings after that . The Dreamcast port sold 42 @,@ 379 units in the first week and was the fourth top selling console game in Japan for that week . Kanon has sold over 300 @,@ 000 units across several platforms , not counting the PSP release . Five days before the first PS2 release for Kanon , a PS2 printer called Tapis MPR @-@ 505 went on sale which enabled the user to print out game screens . Kanon was one of the three games supported at launch , the other two being America Ōden Ultra Quiz from DigiCube and Marle de Jigsaw from Nippon Ichi Software . The first PS2 release in 2002 was reviewed by the Japanese video game magazine Famitsu where the game received an overall score of 29 / 40 ( out of the four individual review scores of 7 , 8 , 7 , and 7 ) . Yūichi Suzumoto commented in an interview in March 2001 that he felt the end of Kanon 's story could be summed up as " the prince and princess live happily ever after . The end , " resulting in an ending that does not expand on what could possibly happen afterwards . In the October 2007 issue of Dengeki G 's Magazine , poll results for the 50 best bishōjo games were released . Out of 249 titles , Kanon ranked fifth with 71 votes . Characters from Kanon have appeared in several dōjin games not directly based on the Kanon series such as the Eternal Fighter Zero game by Twilight Frontier where most of the playable characters either came from Kanon or from One : Kagayaku Kisetsu e . The dōjin game Glove on Fight featured at least two Kanon characters : Ayu Tsukimiya and Akiko Minase in a fighting style game along with various other characters taken from other media . The character Ayu Tsukimiya in particular is known to appear in works outside Kanon , such as in strip 67 of the webcomic Megatokyo where Ayu is shown eating taiyaki . The second Kanon anime series was reviewed at Anime News Network where Theron Martin commented how the series is a " formulaic moe haremfest " , and how the moe aspects of the series may make viewers " feel like they 're drowning in a vat of gooey cuteness " . The series is described as being similar to the anime television adaptation of Air , saying " Like Air , the first four episodes can be simply summarized as ' male lead arrives in town and kills time interacting with cute girls . ' Unlike Air , however , these interactions can occasionally be very funny . " Martin also compares Kanon to the anime adaptation of Shuffle ! which is described as " bombing " where Kanon " works " . The reviewer chalks this up to the characters " endear [ ing ] themselves to the viewer ... far better than what Shuffle ! ' s do . " Martin cites the transition between humor and serious content as a defining feature of the series . However , Martin comments how one of the series ' flaws is how it " overplays the mundane cutesiness and moe cards at times " causing little to happen with the plot . Yuichi is described as being " too erratic to be fully credible " or easily believable . Despite the series ' drawbacks , Martin still describes the series as " one of the best moe @-@ centric series to date " and lauds Kyoto Animation 's production values making Kanon " one of the prettiest @-@ looking anime series of the past year " . Martin adds another series comparison , citing Kanon as the " polar opposite of Gurren Lagann " , which deals primarily in its action @-@ oriented content .
= Taiko = Taiko ( 太鼓 ? ) are a broad range of Japanese percussion instruments . In Japanese , the term refers to any kind of drum , but outside Japan , it is used to refer to any of the various Japanese drums called wadaiko ( 和太鼓 , " Japanese drums " ) and to the form of ensemble taiko drumming more specifically called kumi @-@ daiko ( 組太鼓 , " set of drums " ) . The process of constructing taiko varies between manufacturers , and preparation of both the drum body and skin can take several years depending on methodology . Taiko have a mythological origin in Japanese folklore , but historical records suggest that taiko were introduced to Japan through Korean and Chinese cultural influence as early as the 6th century CE . Some taiko are similar to instruments originating from India . Archaeological evidence also supports that taiko were present in Japan during the 6th century in the Kofun period . Their function has varied through history , ranging from communication , military action , theatrical accompaniment , and religious ceremony to both festival and concert performances . In modern times , taiko have also played a central role in social movements for minorities both within and outside Japan . Kumi @-@ daiko performance , characterized by an ensemble playing on different drums , was developed in 1951 through the work of Daihachi Oguchi and has continued with groups such as Kodo . Other performance styles , such as hachijō @-@ daiko , have also emerged from specific communities in Japan . Kumi @-@ daiko performance groups are active not only in Japan , but also in the United States , Australia , Canada , and Brazil . Taiko performance consists of many components in technical rhythm , form , stick grip , clothing , and the particular instrumentation . Ensembles typically use different types of barrel @-@ shaped nagadō @-@ daiko as well as smaller shime @-@ daiko . Many groups accompany the drums with vocals , strings , and woodwind instruments . = = History = = = = = Origin = = = The origin of the instruments is unclear , though there have been many suggestions . Historical accounts , of which the earliest date from 588 CE , note that young Japanese men traveled to Korea to study the kakko , a drum that originated in South China . This study and appropriation of Chinese instruments may have influenced the emergence of taiko . Certain court music styles , especially gigaku and gagaku , arrived in Japan through both Korea and China . In both traditions , dancers were accompanied by several instruments that included drums similar to taiko . Certain percussive patterns and terminology in togaku , an early dance and music style in Japan , in addition to physical features of the kakko , also reflect influence from both China and India on drum use in gagaku performance . Archaeological evidence shows that taiko were used in Japan as early as the 6th century CE , during the latter part of the Kofun period , and were likely used for communication , in festivals , and in other rituals . This evidence was substantiated by the discovery of haniwa statues in the Sawa District of Gunma Prefecture . Two of these figures are depicted playing drums ; one of them , wearing skins , is equipped with a barrel @-@ shaped drum hung from his shoulder and uses a stick to play the drum at hip height . This statue is titled " Man Beating the Taiko " and is considered the oldest evidence of taiko performance in Japan . Similarities between the playing style demonstrated by this haniwa and known music traditions in Korea and China further suggest influences from these regions . The Nihon Shoki , the second oldest book of Japanese classical history , contains a mythological story describing the origin of taiko . The myth tells how Amaterasu , who had sealed herself inside a cave in anger , was beckoned out by an elder goddess Ame @-@ no @-@ Uzume when others had failed . Ame @-@ no @-@ Uzume accomplished this by emptying out a barrel of sake and dancing furiously on top of it . Historians regard her performance as the mythological creation of taiko music . = = = Use in warfare = = = In feudal Japan , taiko were often used to motivate troops , call out orders or announcements , and set a marching pace ; marches were usually set to six paces per beat of the drum . During the 16th @-@ century Warring States period , specific drum calls were used to communicate orders for retreating and advancing . Other rhythms and techniques were detailed in period texts . According to the war chronicle Gunji Yoshū , nine sets of five beats would summon an ally to battle , while nine sets of three beats , sped up three or four times , was the call to advance and pursue an enemy . Folklore from the 16th century on the legendary 6th @-@ century Emperor Keitai offers a story that he obtained a large drum from China , which he named Senjin @-@ daiko ( 線陣太鼓 , " front drum " ) . The Emperor was thought to have used it to both encourage his own army and intimidate his enemies . = = = In traditional settings = = = Taiko have been incorporated in Japanese theatre for rhythmic needs , general atmosphere , and in certain settings decoration . In the kabuki play The Tale of Shiroishi and the Taihei Chronicles , scenes in the pleasure quarters are accompanied by taiko to create dramatic tension . Noh theatre also feature taiko where performance consists of highly specific rhythmic patterns . The Konparu ( 金春流 ) school of drumming , for example , contains 65 basic patterns in addition to 25 special patterns ; these patterns are categorized in several classes . Differences between these patterns include changes in tempo , accent , dynamics , pitch , and function in the theatrical performance . Patterns are also often connected together in progressions . Taiko continue to be used in gagaku , a classical music tradition typically performed at the Tokyo Imperial Palace in addition to local temples and shrines . In gagaku , one component of the art form is traditional dance , which is guided in part by the rhythm set by the taiko . Taiko have played an important role in many local festivals across Japan . They are also used to accompany religious ritual music . In kagura , which generically describes music and dances stemming from Shinto practices , taiko frequently appear alongside other performers during local festivals . In Buddhist traditions , taiko are used for ritual dances that are a part of the Bon Festival . Taiko , along with other instruments , are featured atop towers that are adorned with red @-@ and @-@ white cloth and serve to provide rhythms for the dancers who are encircled around the performers . = = = Kumi @-@ daiko = = = In addition to the instruments , the term taiko also refers to the performance itself , and commonly to one style called kumi @-@ daiko , or ensemble @-@ style playing ( as opposed to festival performances , rituals , or theatrical use of the drums ) . Kumi @-@ daiko was developed by Daihachi Oguchi in 1951 . He is considered a master performer and helped transform taiko performance from its roots in traditional settings in festivals and shrines . Oguchi was trained as a jazz musician in Nagano , and at one point , a relative gave him an old piece of written taiko music . Unable to read the traditional and esoteric notation , Oguchi found help to transcribe the piece , and on his own added rhythms and transformed the work to accommodate multiple taiko players on different @-@ sized instruments . Each instrument served a specific purpose that established present @-@ day conventions in kumi @-@ daiko performance . Oguchi 's ensemble , Osuwa Daiko , incorporated these alterations and other drums into their performances . They also devised novel pieces that were intended for non @-@ religious performances . Several other groups emerged in Japan through the 1950s and 1960s . Oedo Sukeroku Daiko was formed in Tokyo in 1959 under Seidō Kobayashi , and has been referred to as the first taiko group who toured professionally . Globally , kumi @-@ daiko performance became more visible during the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo , when it was featured during the Festival of Arts event . Kumi @-@ daiko was also developed through the leadership of Den Tagayasu ( 田耕 , Den Tagayasu ) , who gathered young men who were willing to devote their entire lifestyle to taiko playing and took them to Sado Island for training where Den and his family had settled in 1968 . Den chose the island based on a desire to reinvigorate the folk arts in Japan , particularly taiko ; he became inspired by a drumming tradition unique to Sado called ondeko ( 鬼太鼓 , " demon drumming " in Sado dialect ) that required considerable strength to play well . Den called the group " Za Ondekoza " or Ondekoza for short , and implemented a rigorous set of exercises for its members including long @-@ distance running . In 1975 , Ondekoza was the first taiko group to tour in the United States . Their first performance occurred just after the group finished running the Boston Marathon while wearing their traditional uniforms . In 1981 , some members of Ondekoza split from Den and formed another group called Kodo under the leadership of Eitetsu Hayashi . Kodo continued to use Sado Island for rigorous training and communal living , and went on to popularize taiko through frequent touring and collaborations with other musical performers . Kodo is one of the most recognized taiko groups both in Japan and worldwide . Estimates of the number of taiko groups in Japan vary up to 5000 active in Japan , but more conservative assessments place the number closer to 800 based on membership in the Nippon Taiko Foundation , the largest national organization of taiko groups . Some pieces that have emerged from early kumi @-@ daiko groups that continue to be performed include Yatai @-@ bayashi from Ondekoza , Isami @-@ goma ( 勇み駒 , " galloping horse " ) from Osuwa Daiko , and Zoku ( 族 , " tribe " ) from Kodo . = = Categorization = = Taiko have been developed into a broad range of percussion instruments that are used in both Japanese folk and classical musical traditions . An early classification system based on shape and tension was advanced by Francis Taylor Piggott in 1909 . Taiko are generally classified based on the construction process , or the specific context in which the drum is used , but some are not classified , such as the toy den @-@ den daiko . With few exceptions , taiko have a drum shell with heads on both sides of the body , and a sealed resonating cavity . The head may be fastened to the shell using a number of different systems , such as using ropes . Taiko may be either tunable or non @-@ tunable depending on the system used . Taiko are categorized into three types based on construction process . Byō @-@ uchi @-@ daiko are constructed with the drumhead nailed to the body . Shime @-@ daiko are classically constructed with the skin placed over iron or steel rings , which are then tightened with ropes . Contemporary shime @-@ daiko are tensioned using bolts or turnbuckles systems attached to the drum body . Tsuzumi are also rope @-@ tensioned drums , but have a distinct hourglass shape and their skins are made using deerskin . Byō @-@ uchi @-@ daiko were historically made only using a single piece of wood ; they continue to be made in this manner , but are also constructed from staves of wood . Larger drums can be made using a single piece of wood , but at a much greater cost due to the difficulty in finding appropriate trees . The preferred wood is the Japanese zelkova or keyaki , but a number of other woods , and even wine barrels , have been used to create taiko . Byō @-@ uchi @-@ daiko cannot be tuned . The typical byō @-@ uchi @-@ daiko is the nagadō @-@ daiko , an elongated drum that is roughly shaped like a wine barrel . Nagadō @-@ daiko are available in a variety of sizes , and their head diameter is traditionally measured in shaku ( units of roughly 30 cm ) . Head diameters range from 1 to 6 shaku ( 30 to 182 cm ; 12 to 72 in ) . Ko @-@ daiko ( 小太鼓 ) are the smallest of these drums and are usually about 1 shaku ( 30 cm ; 12 in ) in diameter . The chū @-@ daiko is a medium @-@ sized nagadō @-@ daiko ranging from 1 @.@ 6 to 2 @.@ 8 shaku ( 48 to 85 cm ; 19 to 33 in ) , and weighing about 27 kilograms ( 60 lb ) . Ō @-@ daiko ( 大太鼓 ) vary in size , and are often as large as 6 shaku ( 180 cm ; 72 in ) in diameter . Some ō @-@ daiko are difficult to move due to their size , and therefore permanently remain inside the performance space , such as temple or shrine . Ō @-@ daiko means " large drum " and for a given ensemble , the term refers to their largest drum . The other type of byō @-@ uchi @-@ daiko is called a hira @-@ daiko ( 平太鼓 , " flat drum " ) and describes any drum constructed such that the head diameter is greater than the length of the body . Shime @-@ daiko are a set of smaller , roughly @-@ snare drum sized instrument that are tunable . The tensioning system usually consists of hemp cords or rope , but bolt or turnbuckle systems have been used as well . Nagauta shime @-@ daiko ( 長唄締め太鼓 ) , sometimes referred to as " taiko " in the context of theater , have thinner heads than other kinds of shime @-@ daiko . The head includes a patch of deerskin is placed in the center , and in performance , drum strokes are generally restricted to this area . The tsukeshime @-@ daiko ( 付け締め太鼓 ) is a heavier type of shime @-@ daiko . They are available in sizes 1 – 5 , and are named according to their number : namitsuke ( 1 ) , nichō @-@ gakke ( 2 ) , sanchō @-@ gakke ( 3 ) , yonchō @-@ gakke ( 4 ) , and gochō @-@ gakke ( 5 ) . The namitsuke has the thinnest skins and the shortest body in terms of height ; thickness and tension of skins , as well as body height , increase toward the gochō @-@ gakke . The head diameters of all shime @-@ daiko sizes are around 27 cm ( 10 @.@ 6 in ) . Okedō @-@ daiko or simply okedō , are a type of shime @-@ daiko that are stave @-@ constructed using narrower strips of wood , have a tube @-@ shaped frame . Like other shime @-@ daiko , drum heads are attached by metal hoops and fastened by rope or cords . Okedō can be played using the same drumsticks ( called bachi ) as shime @-@ daiko , but can also be hand @-@ played . Okedō come in short- and long @-@ bodied types . Tsuzumi are a class of hourglass @-@ shaped drums . The drum body is shaped on a spool and the inner body carved by hand . Their skins can be made from cowhide , horsehide , or deerskin . While the ō @-@ tsuzumi skins are made from cowhide , ko @-@ tsuzumi are made from horsehide . While some classify tsuzumi as a type of taiko , others have described them as a drum entirely separate from taiko . Taiko can also be categorized by the context in which they are used . The miya @-@ daiko , for instance , is constructed in the same manner as other byō @-@ uchi @-@ daiko , but is distinguished by an ornamental stand and is used for ceremonial purposes at Buddhist temples . The Sumō @-@ daiko ( 相撲太鼓 ) ( a ko @-@ daiko ) and sairei @-@ nagadō ( 祭礼長胴 ) ( a nagadō @-@ daiko with a cigar @-@ shaped body ) are used in sumo and festivals respectively . Several drums , categorized as gagakki , are used in the Japanese theatrical form , gagaku . The lead instrument of the ensemble is the kakko , which is a smaller shime @-@ daiko with heads made of deerskin , and is placed horizontally on a stand during performance . A tsuzumi , called the san @-@ no @-@ tsuzumi is another small drum in gagaku that is placed horizontally and struck with a thin stick . Dadaiko ( 鼉太鼓 ) are the largest drums of the ensemble , and have heads that are about 127 cm ( 50 in ) in diameter . During performance , the drum is placed on a tall pedestals and surrounded by a rim decoratively painted with flames and adorned with mystical figures such as wyverns . Dadaiko are played while standing , and are usually only played on the downbeat of the music . The tsuri @-@ daiko ( 釣太鼓 , " suspended drum " ) is a smaller drum that produces a lower sound , its head measuring about 55 cm ( 22 in ) in diameter . It is used in ensembles that accompany bugaku , a traditional dance performed at the Tokyo Imperial Palace and in religious contexts . Tsuri @-@ daiko are suspended on a small stand , and are played sitting down . Tsuri @-@ daiko performers typically use shorter mallets covered in leather knobs instead of bachi . They can be played simultaneously by two performers ; while one performer plays on the head , another performer uses bachi on the body of the drum . The larger ō @-@ tsuzumi and smaller ko @-@ tsuzumi are used in the opening and dances of Noh theater . Both drums are struck using the fingers ; players can also adjust pitch by manually applying pressure to the ropes on the drum . The color of the cords of these drums also indicates the skill of the musician : Orange and red for amateur players , light blue for performers with expertise , and lilac for masters of the instrument . Nagauta @-@ shime daiko or uta daiko are also featured in Noh performance . Many taiko in Noh are also featured in kabuki performance and are used in a similar manner . In addition to the ō @-@ tsuzumi , ko @-@ tsuzumi , and nagauta @-@ shime daiko , Kabuki performances make use of the larger ō @-@ daiko offstage to help set the atmosphere for different scenes . = = Construction = = = = = Process = = = Taiko construction has several stages , including making and shaping of the drum body ( or shell ) , preparing the drum skin , and tuning the skin to the drumhead . Variations in the construction process often occur in the latter two parts of this process . Historically , byō @-@ uchi @-@ daiko were crafted from trunks of the Japanese zelkova tree that were dried out over years , using techniques to prevent splitting . A master carpenter then carved out the rough shape of the drum body with a chisel ; the texture of the wood after carving softened the tone of the drum . In contemporary times , taiko are carved out on a large lathe using wood staves or logs that can be shaped to fit drum bodies of various sizes . Drumheads can be left to air @-@ dry over a period of years , but some companies use large , smoke @-@ filled warehouses to hasten the drying process . After drying is complete , the inside of the drum is worked with a deep @-@ grooved chisel and sanded . Lastly , handles are placed onto the drum . These are used to carry smaller drums and they serve an ornamental purpose for larger drums . The skins or heads of taiko are generally made from cowhide from Holstein cows aged about three or four years . Skins also come from horses , and bull skin is preferred for larger drums . Thinner skins are preferred for smaller taiko , and thicker skins are used for larger ones . On some drumheads , a patch of deer skin placed in the center serves as the target for many strokes during performance . Before fitting it to the drum body the hair is removed from the hide by soaking it in a river or stream for about a month ; winter months are preferred as colder temperatures better facilitate hair removal . To stretch the skin over the drum properly , one process requires the body to be held on a platform with several hydraulic jacks underneath it . The edges of the cowhide are secured to an apparatus below the jacks , and the jacks stretch the skin incrementally to precisely apply tension across the drumhead . Other forms of stretching use rope or cords with wooden dowels or an iron wheel to create appropriate tension . Small tension adjustments can be made during this process using small pieces of bamboo that twist around the ropes . Particularly large drumheads are sometimes stretched by having several workers , clad in stockings , hop rhythmically atop it , forming a circle along the edge . After the skin has dried , tacks , called byō , are added to the appropriate drums to secure it ; chū @-@ daiko require about 300 of them for each side . After the body and skin have been finished , excess hide is cut off and the drum can be stained as needed . = = = Drum makers = = = Several companies specialize in the production of taiko . One such company that created drums exclusively for the Emperor of Japan , Miyamoto Unosuke Shoten in Tokyo , has been making taiko since 1861 . The Asano Taiko Corporation is another major taiko @-@ producing organization , and has been producing taiko for over 400 years . The family @-@ owned business started in Mattō , Ishikawa , and , aside from military equipment , made taiko for Noh theater and later expanded to creating instruments for festivals during the Meiji period . Asano currently maintains an entire complex of large buildings referred to as Asano Taiko Village , and the company reports producing up to 8000 drums each year . As of 2012 , there is approximately one major taiko production company in each prefecture of Japan , with some regions having several companies . Of the manufacturers in Naniwa , Taikoya Matabē is one of the most successful and is thought to have brought considerable recognition to the community and attracted many drum makers there . Umetsu Daiko , a company that operates in Hakata , has been producing taiko since 1821 . = = Performance = = Taiko performance styles vary widely across groups in terms of the number of performers , repertoire , instrument choices , and stage techniques . Nevertheless , a number of early groups have had broad influence on the tradition . For instance , many pieces developed by Ondekoza and Kodo are considered standard in many taiko groups . = = = Form = = = Kata is a term used to describe the posture and movement associated with taiko performance . The term is used in martial arts in a similar way : for example , both traditions include the idea that the hara is the center of being . Author Sean Bender argues that kata is the primary feature that distinguishes different taiko groups from one another , and is a key factor in judging the quality of performance . For this reason , many practice rooms intended for taiko contain mirrors to provide visual feedback to players . An important part of kata in taiko is keeping the body stabilized while performing , and can be accomplished by keeping a wide , low stance with the legs , with the left knee bent over the toes and keeping the right leg straight . It is important that the hips face the drum and the shoulders are relaxed . Some teachers note a tendency to rely on the upper body while playing , and emphasize the importance of the holistic use of the body during performance . Some groups in Japan , particularly those active in Tokyo , also emphasize the importance of the lively and spirited iki aesthetic . In taiko , it refers to very specific kinds of movement while performing that evoke the sophistication stemming from the mercantile and artisan classes active during the Edo period ( 1603 – 1868 ) . The sticks for playing taiko are called bachi , and are made in various sizes and from different kinds of wood such as white oak , bamboo , and Japanese magnolia . Bachi are also held in a number of different styles . In kumi @-@ daiko , it is common for a player to hold their sticks in a relaxed manner between the V @-@ shape of the index finger and thumb , which points to the player . There are other grips that allow performers to play much more technically difficult rhythms , such as the shime grip , which is similar to a matched grip : the bachi are gripped at the back end , and the fulcrum rests between the performer 's index finger and thumb , while the other fingers remain relaxed and slightly curled around the stick . Performance in some groups is also guided by principles based on Zen Buddhism . For instance , among other concepts , the San Francisco Taiko Dojo is guided by rei ( 礼 ) emphasizing communication , respect , and harmony . The way the bachi are held can also be significant ; for some groups , bachi represent a spiritual link between the body and the sky . Some physical parts of taiko , like the drum body , its skin , and the tacks also hold symbolic significance in Buddhism . = = = Instrumentation = = = Kumi @-@ daiko groups consist primarily of percussive instruments where each of the drums plays a specific role . Of the different kinds of taiko , the most common in groups is the nagadō @-@ daiko . Chū @-@ daiko are common in taiko groups and represent the main rhythm of the group , whereas shime @-@ daiko set and change tempo . Ō @-@ daiko provide a steady , underlying pulse and serve as a counter @-@ rhythm to the other parts . It is common for performances to begin with a single stroke roll called an oroshi ( 颪 , " wind blowing down from mountains " ) . The player starts slowly , leaving considerable space between strikes , gradually shortening the interval between hits , until the drummer is playing a rapid roll of hits . Oroshi are also played as a part of theatrical performance , such as in Noh theater . Drums are not the only instruments played in the ensemble ; other Japanese instruments are also used . Other kinds of percussion instruments include the atarigane ( 当り鉦 ) , a hand @-@ sized gong played with a small mallet . In kabuki , the shamisen , a plucked string instrument , often accompanies taiko during the theatrical performance . Kumi @-@ daiko performances can also feature woodwinds such as the shakuhachi and the shinobue . Voiced calls or shouts called kakegoe and kiai are also common in taiko performance . They are used as encouragement to other players or cues for transition or change in dynamics such as an increase in tempo . In contrast , the philosophical concept of ma , which superficially describes the space between drum strikes , is also important in shaping rhythmic phrases and creating appropriate contrast . = = = Clothing = = = There is a wide variety of traditional clothing that players wear during taiko performance . Common in many kumi @-@ daiko groups is the use of the happi , a decorative , thin @-@ fabric coat , and traditional headbands called hachimaki . Tabi , momohiki ( もも引き , " loose @-@ fitting pants " ) , and haragake ( 腹掛け , " working aprons " ) are also typical . During his time with the group Ondekoza , Eitetsu Hayashi suggested that a loincloth called a fundoshi be worn when performing for French fashion designer Pierre Cardin , who saw Ondekoza perform for him in 1975 . The Japanese group Kodo has sometimes worn fundoshi for its performances . = = Education = = Taiko performance is generally taught orally and through demonstration . Historically , general patterns for taiko were written down , such as in the 1512 encyclopedia called the Taigensho , but written scores for taiko pieces are generally unavailable . One reason for the adherence to an oral tradition is that , from group to group , the rhythmic patterns in a given piece are often performed differently . Furthermore , ethnomusicologist William P. Malm observed that Japanese players within a group could not usefully predict one another using written notation , and instead did so through listening . In Japan , printed parts are not used during lessons . Orally , patterns of onomatopoeia called kuchi shōga are taught from teacher to student that convey the rhythm and timbre of drum strikes for a particular piece . For example , don ( どん ) represents a single strike to the center of the drum , where as do @-@ ko ( どこ ) represents two successive strikes , first by the right and then the left , and lasts the same amount of time as one don strike . Some taiko pieces , such as Yatai @-@ bayashi , include patterns that are difficult to represent in Western musical notation . The exact words used can also differ from region to region . More recently , Japanese publications have emerged in an attempt to standardize taiko performance . The Nippon Taiko Foundation was formed in 1979 ; its primary goals were to foster good relations among taiko groups in Japan and to both publicize and teach how to perform taiko . Daihachi Oguchi , the leader of the Foundation , wrote Japan Taiko with other teachers in 1994 out of concern that correct form in performance would degrade over time . The instructional publication described the different drums used in kumi @-@ daiko performance , methods of gripping , correct form , and suggestions on instrumentation . The book also contains practice exercises and transcribed pieces from Oguchi 's group , Osuwa Daiko . While there were similar textbooks published before 1994 , this publication had much more visibility due to the Foundation 's scope . The system of fundamentals Japan Taiko put forward was not widely adopted because taiko performance varied substantially across Japan . An updated 2001 publication from the Foundation , called the Nihon Taiko Kyōhon ( 日本太鼓教本 , " Japan Taiko Textbook " ) , describes regional variations that depart from the main techniques taught in the textbook . The creators of the text maintained that mastering a set of prescribed basics should be compatible with learning local traditions . = = Regional styles = = Aside from kumi @-@ daiko performance , a number of folk traditions that use taiko have been recognized in different regions in Japan . Some of these include ondeko ( 鬼太鼓 , " demon drumming " ) from Sado Island , gion @-@ daiko from the town of Kokura , and sansa @-@ odori from Iwate Prefecture . = = = Eisa = = = A variety of folk dances originating from Okinawa , known collectively as eisa , often make use of the taiko . Some performers use drums while dancing , and generally speaking , perform in one of two styles : groups on the Yokatsu Peninsula and on Hamahiga Island use small , single @-@ sided drums called pāranku ( パーランク ) whereas groups near the city of Okinawa generally use shime @-@ daiko . Use of shime @-@ daiko over pāranku has spread throughout the island , and is considered the dominant style . Small nagadō @-@ daiko , referred to as ō @-@ daiko within the tradition , are also used and are worn in front of the performer . These drum dances are not limited to Okinawa and have appeared in places containing Okinawan communities such as in São Paulo , Hawaii , and large cities on the Japanese mainland . = = = Hachijō @-@ daiko = = = Hachijō @-@ daiko ( 八丈太鼓 , trans . " Hachijō @-@ style taiko " ) is a taiko tradition originating on the island of Hachijō @-@ jima . Two styles of Hachijō @-@ daiko emerged and have been popularized among residents : an older tradition based on a historical account , and a newer tradition influenced by mainland groups and practiced by the majority of the islanders . The Hachijō @-@ daiko tradition was documented as early as 1849 based on a journal kept by an exile named Kakuso Kizan . He mentioned some of its unique features , such as " a taiko is suspended from a tree while women and children gathered around " , and observed that a player used either side of the drum while performing . Illustrations from Kizan 's journal show features of Hachijō @-@ daiko . These illustrations also featured women performing , which is unusual as taiko performance elsewhere during this period was typically reserved for men . Teachers of the tradition have noted that the majority of its performers were women ; one estimate asserts that female performers outnumbered males by three to one . The first style of Hachijō @-@ daiko is thought to descend directly from the style reported by Kizan . This style is called Kumaoji @-@ daiko , named after its creator Okuyama Kumaoji , a central performer of the style . Kumaoji @-@ daiko has two players on a single drum , one of whom , called the shita @-@ byōshi ( 下拍子 , " lower beat " ) , provides the underlying beat . The other player , called the uwa @-@ byōshi ( 上拍子 , " upper beat " ) , builds on this rhythmical foundation with unique and typically improvised rhythms . While there are specific types of underlying rhythms , the accompanying player is free to express an original musical beat . Kumaoji @-@ daiko also features an unusual positioning for taiko : the drums are sometimes suspended from ropes , and historically , sometimes drums were suspended from trees . The contemporary style of Hachijō @-@ daiko is called shin @-@ daiko ( 新太鼓 , " new taiko " ) , which differs from Kumaoji @-@ daiko in multiple ways . For instance , while the lead and accompanying roles are still present , shin @-@ daiko performances use larger drums exclusively on stands . Shin @-@ daiko emphasizes a more powerful sound , and consequently , performers use larger bachi made out of stronger wood . Looser clothing is worn by shin @-@ daiko performers compared to kimono worn by Kumaoji @-@ daiko performers ; the looser clothing in shin @-@ daiko allow performers to adopt more open stances and larger movements with the legs and arms . Rhythms used for the accompanying shita @-@ byōshi role can also differ . One type of rhythm , called yūkichi , consists of the following : This rhythm is found in both styles , but is always played faster in shin @-@ daiko . Another type of rhythm , called honbadaki , is unique to shin @-@ daiko and also contains a song which is performed in standard Japanese . = = = Miyake @-@ daiko = = = Miyake @-@ daiko ( 三宅太鼓 , trans . " Miyake @-@ style taiko " ) is a style that has spread amongst groups through Kodo , and is formally known as Miyake @-@ jima Kamitsuki mikoshi @-@ daiko ( 三宅島神着神輿太鼓 ) . The word miyake comes from Miyake @-@ jima , part of the Izu Islands , and the word Kamitsuki refers to the village where the tradition came from . Miyake @-@ style taiko came out of performances for Gozu Tennō Sai ( 牛頭天王祭 , " Gozu Tennō Festival " ) — a traditional festival held annually in July on Miyake Island since 1820 honoring the deity Gozu Tennō . In this festival , players perform on taiko while portable shrines are carried around town . The style itself is characterized in a number of ways . A nagadō @-@ daiko is typically set low to the ground and played by two performers , one on each side ; instead of sitting , performers stand and hold a stance that is also very low to the ground , almost to the point of kneeling . = = Outside Japan = = = = = Australia = = = Taiko groups in Australia began forming in the 1990s . The first group , called Ataru Taru Taiko , was formed in 1995 by Paulene Thomas , Harold Gent , and Kaomori Kamei . TaikOz was later formed by percussionist Ian Cleworth and Riley Lee , a former Ondekoza member , and has been performing in Australia since 1997 . They are known for their work in generating interest in performing taiko among Australian audiences , such as by developing a complete education program with both formal and informal classes , and have a strong fan base . Cleworth and other members of the group have developed several original pieces . = = = Brazil = = = The introduction of kumi @-@ daiko performance in Brazil can be traced back to the 1970s and 1980s in São Paulo . Tangue Setsuko founded an eponymous taiko dojo and was Brazil 's first taiko group ; Setsuo Kinoshita later formed the group Wadaiko Sho . Brazilian groups have combined native and African drumming techniques with taiko performance . One such piece developed by Kinoshita is called Taiko de Samba , which emphasizes both Brazilian and Japanese aesthetics in percussion traditions . Taiko was also popularized in Brazil from 2002 through the work of Yukihisa Oda , a Japanese native who visited Brazil several times through the Japan International Cooperation Agency . The Brazilian Association of Taiko ( ABT ) suggests that there are about 150 taiko groups in Brazil and that about 10 – 15 % of players are non @-@ Japanese ; Izumo Honda , coordinator of a large annual festival in São Paulo , estimated that about 60 % of all taiko performers in Brazil are women . = = = North America = = = Taiko emerged in the United States in the late 1960s . The first group , San Francisco Taiko Dojo , was formed in 1968 by Seiichi Tanaka , a postwar immigrant who studied taiko in Japan and brought the styles and teachings to the US . A year later , a few members of Senshin Buddhist Temple in Los Angeles led by its minister Masao Kodani initiated another group called Kinnara Taiko . San Jose Taiko later formed in 1973 in Japantown , San Jose , under Roy and PJ Hirabayashi . Taiko started to branch out to the eastern US in the late 1970s . This included formation of Denver Taiko in 1976 and Soh Daiko in New York City in 1979 . Many of these early groups lacked the resources to equip each member with a drum and resorted to makeshift percussion materials such as rubber tires or creating taiko out of wine barrels . Japanese @-@ Canadian taiko began in 1979 with Katari Taiko , and was inspired by the San Jose Taiko group . Its early membership was predominantly female . Katari Taiko and future groups were thought to represent an opportunity for younger , third @-@ generation Japanese Canadians to explore their roots , redevelop a sense of ethnic community , and expand taiko into other musical traditions . There are no official counts or estimates of the number of active taiko groups in the United States or Canada , as there is no governing body for taiko groups in either country . Unofficial estimates have been made . In 1989 , there were as many as 30 groups in the US and Canada , seven of which were in California . One estimate suggested that around 120 groups were active in the US and Canada as of 2001 , many of which could be traced to the San Francisco Taiko Dojo ; later estimates in 2005 and 2006 suggested there were about 200 groups in the United States alone . The Cirque du Soleil shows Mystère in Las Vegas and Dralion have featured taiko performance . Taiko performance has also been featured in commercial productions such as the 2005 Mitsubishi Eclipse ad campaign , and in events such as the 2009 Academy Awards and 2011 Grammy Awards . From 2005 to 2006 , the Japanese American National Museum held an exhibition called Big Drum : Taiko in the United States . The exhibition covered several topics related to taiko in the United States , such as the formation of performance groups , their construction using available materials , and social movements . Visitors were able to play smaller drums . = = Related cultural and social movements = = Certain peoples have used taiko to advance social or cultural movements , both within Japan and elsewhere in the world . = = = Gender conventions = = = Taiko performance has frequently been viewed as an art form dominated by men . Historians of taiko argue that its performance comes from masculine traditions . Those who developed ensemble @-@ style taiko in Japan were men , and through the influence of Ondekoza , the ideal taiko player was epitomized in images of the masculine peasant class , particularly through the character Muhōmatsu in the 1958 film Rickshaw Man . Masculine roots have also been attributed to perceived capacity for " spectacular bodily performance " where women 's bodies are sometimes judged as unable to meet the physical demands of playing . Before the 1980s , it was uncommon for Japanese women to perform on traditional instruments , including taiko , as their participation had been systematically restricted . In Ondekoza and in the early performances of Kodo , women performed only dance routines either during or between taiko performances . Thereafter , female participation in kumi @-@ daiko started to rise dramatically , and by the 1990s , women equaled and possibly exceeded representation by men . While the proportion of women in taiko has become substantial , some have expressed concern that women still do not perform in the same roles as their male counterparts and that taiko performance continues to be a male @-@ dominated profession . For instance , a member of Kodo was informed by the director of the group 's apprentice program that women were permitted to play , but could only play " as women " . Other women in the apprentice program recognized a gender disparity in performance roles , such as what pieces they were allowed to perform , or in physical terms based on a male standard . Female taiko performance has also served as a response to gendered stereotypes of Japanese women as being quiet , subservient , or a femme fatale . Through performance , some groups believe they are helping to redefine not only the role of women in taiko , but how women are perceived more generally . = = = Burakumin = = = Those involved in the construction of taiko are usually considered part of the burakumin , a marginalized minority class in Japanese society , particularly those working with leather or animal skins . Prejudice against this class dates back to the Tokugawa period in terms of legal discrimination and treatment as social outcasts . Although official discrimination ended with the Tokugawa era , the burakumin have continued to face social discrimination , such as scrutiny by employers or in marriage arrangements . Drum makers have used their trade and success as a means to advocate for an end to discriminatory practices against their class . The Taiko Road ( 人権太鼓ロード , " Taiko Road of Human Rights " ) , representing the contributions of burakumin , is found in Naniwa Ward in Osaka , home to a large proportion of burakumin . Among other features , the road contains taiko @-@ shaped benches representing their traditions in taiko manufacturing and leatherworking , and their impact on national culture . The road ends at the Osaka Human Rights Museum , which exhibits the history of systematic discrimination against the burakumin . The road and museum were developed in part due an advocacy campaign led by the Buraku Liberation League and a taiko group of younger performers called Taiko Ikari ( 太鼓怒り , " taiko rage " ) . = = = North American sansei = = = Taiko performance was an important part of cultural development by third @-@ generation Japanese residents of in North America , who are called sansei . During World War II , second @-@ generation Japanese residents , called nisei faced internment in the United States and in Canada on the basis of their race . During and after the war , Japanese residents were discouraged from activities such as speaking Japanese or forming ethnic communities . Subsequently , sansei could not engage in Japanese culture and instead were raised to assimilate into more normative activities . There were also prevailing stereotypes of Japanese people , which sansei sought to escape or subvert . During the 1960s in the United States , the Civil Rights Movement influenced sansei to reexamine their heritage by engaging in Japanese culture in their communities ; one such approach was through taiko performance . Groups such as San Jose Taiko were organized to fulfill a need for solidarity and to have a medium to express their experiences as Japanese @-@ Americans . Later generations have adopted taiko in programs or workshops established by sansei ; social scientist Hideyo Konagaya remarks that this attraction to taiko among other Japanese art forms may be due to its accessibility and energetic nature . Konagaya has also argued that the resurgence of taiko in the United States and Japan are differently motivated : in Japan , performance was meant to represent the need to recapture sacred traditions , while in the United States it was meant to be an explicit representation of masculinity and power in Japanese @-@ American men . = = Notable performers and groups = = A number of performers and groups , including several early leaders , have been recognized for their contributions to taiko performance . Daihachi Oguchi was best known for developing kumi @-@ daiko performance . Oguchi founded the first kumi @-@ daiko group called Osuwa Daiko in 1951 , and facilitated the popularization of taiko performance groups in Japan . Seidō Kobayashi is the leader of the Tokyo @-@ based taiko group Oedo Sukeroku Taiko as of December 2014 . Kobayashi founded the group in 1959 and was the first group to tour professionally . Kobayashi is considered a master performer of taiko . He is also known for asserting intellectual control of the group 's performance style , which has had an impact on performance for many groups , particularly in North America . In 1969 , Den Tagayasu ( 田耕 , Den Tagayasu ) founded Ondekoza , a group well known for making taiko performance internationally visible and for its artistic contributions to the tradition . Den was also known for developing a communal living and training facility for Ondekoza on Sado Island in Japan , which had a reputation for its intensity and broad education programs in folklore and music . Performers and groups beyond the early practitioners have also been noted . Eitetsu Hayashi is best known for his solo performance work . Hayashi joined Ondekoza when he was 19 , and after parting from the group helped found Kodo , one of the best known and most influential taiko performance groups in the world . Hayashi soon left the group to begin a solo career and has performed in venues such as Carnegie Hall in 1984 , the first featured taiko performer there . He was awarded the 47th Education Minister 's Art Encouragement Prize , a national award , in 1997 as well as the 8th Award for the Promotion of Traditional Japanese Culture from the Japan Arts Foundation in 2001 . Seiichi Tanaka is the founder of the San Francisco Taiko Dojo and is regarded as the primary developer of taiko performance in the United States . He was a recipient of a 2001 National Heritage Fellowship awarded by the National Endowment for the Arts . Tokyo Dagekidan has performed worldwide , including at the National Theater of Japan , at the closing ceremonies of the 1998 FIFA World Cup in France , and the 2014 Festival Internacional Cervantino in Mexico . The group also appeared in Kyoki no Sakura , a film produced by Toei . = = Glossary = =
= Protein = Proteins ( / ˈproʊˌtiːnz / or / ˈproʊti.ᵻnz / ) are large biomolecules , or macromolecules , consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues . Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms , including catalysing metabolic reactions , DNA replication , responding to stimuli , and transporting molecules from one location to another . Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids , which is dictated by the nucleotide sequence of their genes , and which usually results in protein folding into a specific three @-@ dimensional structure that determines its activity . A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide . A protein contains at least one long polypeptide . Short polypeptides , containing less than 20 @-@ 30 residues , are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called peptides , or sometimes oligopeptides . The individual amino acid residues are bonded together by peptide bonds and adjacent amino acid residues . The sequence of amino acid residues in a protein is defined by the sequence of a gene , which is encoded in the genetic code . In general , the genetic code specifies 20 standard amino acids ; however , in certain organisms the genetic code can include selenocysteine and — in certain archaea — pyrrolysine . Shortly after or even during synthesis , the residues in a protein are often chemically modified by post @-@ translational modification , which alters the physical and chemical properties , folding , stability , activity , and ultimately , the function of the proteins . Sometimes proteins have non @-@ peptide groups attached , which can be called prosthetic groups or cofactors . Proteins can also work together to achieve a particular function , and they often associate to form stable protein complexes . Once formed , proteins only exist for a certain period of time and are then degraded and recycled by the cell 's machinery through the process of protein turnover . A protein 's lifespan is measured in terms of its half @-@ life and covers a wide range . They can exist for minutes or years with an average lifespan of 1 – 2 days in mammalian cells . Abnormal and or misfolded proteins are degraded more rapidly either due to being targeted for destruction or due to being unstable . Like other biological macromolecules such as polysaccharides and nucleic acids , proteins are essential parts of organisms and participate in virtually every process within cells . Many proteins are enzymes that catalyse biochemical reactions and are vital to metabolism . Proteins also have structural or mechanical functions , such as actin and myosin in muscle and the proteins in the cytoskeleton , which form a system of scaffolding that maintains cell shape . Other proteins are important in cell signaling , immune responses , cell adhesion , and the cell cycle . In animals , proteins are needed in the diet to provide the essential amino acids that cannot be synthesized . Digestion breaks the proteins down for use in the metabolism . Proteins may be purified from other cellular components using a variety of techniques such as ultracentrifugation , precipitation , electrophoresis , and chromatography ; the advent of genetic engineering has made possible a number of methods to facilitate purification . Methods commonly used to study protein structure and function include immunohistochemistry , site @-@ directed mutagenesis , X @-@ ray crystallography , nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry . = = Biochemistry = = Most proteins consist of linear polymers built from series of up to 20 different L @-@ α @-@ amino acids . All proteinogenic amino acids possess common structural features , including an α @-@ carbon to which an amino group , a carboxyl group , and a variable side chain are bonded . Only proline differs from this basic structure as it contains an unusual ring to the N @-@ end amine group , which forces the CO – NH amide moiety into a fixed conformation . The side chains of the standard amino acids , detailed in the list of standard amino acids , have a great variety of chemical structures and properties ; it is the combined effect of all of the amino acid side chains in a protein that ultimately determines its three @-@ dimensional structure and its chemical reactivity . The amino acids in a polypeptide chain are linked by peptide bonds . Once linked in the protein chain , an individual amino acid is called a residue , and the linked series of carbon , nitrogen , and oxygen atoms are known as the main chain or protein backbone . The peptide bond has two resonance forms that contribute some double @-@ bond character and inhibit rotation around its axis , so that the alpha carbons are roughly coplanar . The other two dihedral angles in the peptide bond determine the local shape assumed by the protein backbone . The end of the protein with a free carboxyl group is known as the C @-@ terminus or carboxy terminus , whereas the end with a free amino group is known as the N @-@ terminus or amino terminus . The words protein , polypeptide , and peptide are a little ambiguous and can overlap in meaning . Protein is generally used to refer to the complete biological molecule in a stable conformation , whereas peptide is generally reserved for a short amino acid oligomers often lacking a stable three @-@ dimensional structure . However , the boundary between the two is not well defined and usually lies near 20 – 30 residues . Polypeptide can refer to any single linear chain of amino acids , usually regardless of length , but often implies an absence of a defined conformation . = = = Abundance in cells = = = It has been estimated that average @-@ sized bacteria contain about 2 million proteins per cell ( e.g. E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus ) . Smaller bacteria , such as Mycoplasma or spirochetes contain fewer molecules , namely on the order of 50 @,@ 000 to 1 million . By contrast , eukaryotic cells are larger and thus contain much more protein . For instance , yeast cells were estimated to contain about 50 million proteins and human cells on the order of 1 to 3 billion . Note that bacterial genomes encode about 10 times fewer proteins than humans ( e.g. small bacteria ~ 1 @,@ 000 , E. coli : ~ 4 @,@ 000 , yeast : ~ 6 @,@ 000 , human : ~ 20 @,@ 000 ) . Importantly , the concentration of individual proteins ranges from a few molecules per cell to hundreds of thousands . In fact , about a third of all proteins is not produced in most cells or only induced under certain circumstances . For instance , of the 20 @,@ 000 or so proteins encoded by the human genome only 6 @,@ 000 are detected in lymphoblastoid cells . = = Synthesis = = = = = Biosynthesis = = = Proteins are assembled from amino acids using information encoded in genes . Each protein has its own unique amino acid sequence that is specified by the nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding this protein . The genetic code is a set of three @-@ nucleotide sets called codons and each three @-@ nucleotide combination designates an amino acid , for example AUG ( adenine @-@ uracil @-@ guanine ) is the code for methionine . Because DNA contains four nucleotides , the total number of possible codons is 64 ; hence , there is some redundancy in the genetic code , with some amino acids specified by more than one codon . Genes encoded in DNA are first transcribed into pre @-@ messenger RNA ( mRNA ) by proteins such as RNA polymerase . Most organisms then process the pre @-@ mRNA ( also known as a primary transcript ) using various forms of Post @-@ transcriptional modification to form the mature mRNA , which is then used as a template for protein synthesis by the ribosome . In prokaryotes the mRNA may either be used as soon as it is produced , or be bound by a ribosome after having moved away from the nucleoid . In contrast , eukaryotes make mRNA in the cell nucleus and then translocate it across the nuclear membrane into the cytoplasm , where protein synthesis then takes place . The rate of protein synthesis is higher in prokaryotes than eukaryotes and can reach up to 20 amino acids per second . The process of synthesizing a protein from an mRNA template is known as translation . The mRNA is loaded onto the ribosome and is read three nucleotides at a time by matching each codon to its base pairing anticodon located on a transfer RNA molecule , which carries the amino acid corresponding to the codon it recognizes . The enzyme aminoacyl tRNA synthetase " charges " the tRNA molecules with the correct amino acids . The growing polypeptide is often termed the nascent chain . Proteins are always biosynthesized from N @-@ terminus to C @-@ terminus . The size of a synthesized protein can be measured by the number of amino acids it contains and by its total molecular mass , which is normally reported in units of daltons ( synonymous with atomic mass units ) , or the derivative unit kilodalton ( kDa ) . Yeast proteins are on average 466 amino acids long and 53 kDa in mass . The largest known proteins are the titins , a component of the muscle sarcomere , with a molecular mass of almost 3 @,@ 000 kDa and a total length of almost 27 @,@ 000 amino acids . = = = Chemical synthesis = = = Short proteins can also be synthesized chemically by a family of methods known as peptide synthesis , which rely on organic synthesis techniques such as chemical ligation to produce peptides in high yield . Chemical synthesis allows for the introduction of non @-@ natural amino acids into polypeptide chains , such as attachment of fluorescent probes to amino acid side chains . These methods are useful in laboratory biochemistry and cell biology , though generally not for commercial applications . Chemical synthesis is inefficient for polypeptides longer than about 300 amino acids , and the synthesized proteins may not readily assume their native tertiary structure . Most chemical synthesis methods proceed from C @-@ terminus to N @-@ terminus , opposite the biological reaction . = = Structure = = Most proteins fold into unique 3 @-@ dimensional structures . The shape into which a protein naturally folds is known as its native conformation . Although many proteins can fold unassisted , simply through the chemical properties of their amino acids , others require the aid of molecular chaperones to fold into their native states . Biochemists often refer to four distinct aspects of a protein 's structure : Primary structure : the amino acid sequence . A protein is a polyamide . Secondary structure : regularly repeating local structures stabilized by hydrogen bonds . The most common examples are the α @-@ helix , β @-@ sheet and turns . Because secondary structures are local , many regions of different secondary structure can be present in the same protein molecule . Tertiary structure : the overall shape of a single protein molecule ; the spatial relationship of the secondary structures to one another . Tertiary structure is generally stabilized by nonlocal interactions , most commonly the formation of a hydrophobic core , but also through salt bridges , hydrogen bonds , disulfide bonds , and even posttranslational modifications . The term " tertiary structure " is often used as synonymous with the term fold . The tertiary structure is what controls the basic function of the protein . Quaternary structure : the structure formed by several protein molecules ( polypeptide chains ) , usually called protein subunits in this context , which function as a single protein complex . Proteins are not entirely rigid molecules . In addition to these levels of structure , proteins may shift between several related structures while they perform their functions . In the context of these functional rearrangements , these tertiary or quaternary structures are usually referred to as " conformations " , and transitions between them are called conformational changes . Such changes are often induced by the binding of a substrate molecule to an enzyme 's active site , or the physical region of the protein that participates in chemical catalysis . In solution proteins also undergo variation in structure through thermal vibration and the collision with other molecules . Proteins can be informally divided into three main classes , which correlate with typical tertiary structures : globular proteins , fibrous proteins , and membrane proteins . Almost all globular proteins are soluble and many are enzymes . Fibrous proteins are often structural , such as collagen , the major component of connective tissue , or keratin , the protein component of hair and nails . Membrane proteins often serve as receptors or provide channels for polar or charged molecules to pass through the cell membrane . A special case of intramolecular hydrogen bonds within proteins , poorly shielded from water attack and hence promoting their own dehydration , are called dehydrons . = = = Structure determination = = = Discovering the tertiary structure of a protein , or the quaternary structure of its complexes , can provide important clues about how the protein performs its function . Common experimental methods of structure determination include X @-@ ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy , both of which can produce information at atomic resolution . However , NMR experiments are able to provide information from which a subset of distances between pairs of atoms can be estimated , and the final possible conformations for a protein are determined by solving a distance geometry problem . Dual polarisation interferometry is a quantitative analytical method for measuring the overall protein conformation and conformational changes due to interactions or other stimulus . Circular dichroism is another laboratory technique for determining internal β @-@ sheet / α @-@ helical composition of proteins . Cryoelectron microscopy is used to produce lower @-@ resolution structural information about very large protein complexes , including assembled viruses ; a variant known as electron crystallography can also produce high @-@ resolution information in some cases , especially for two @-@ dimensional crystals of membrane proteins . Solved structures are usually deposited in the Protein Data Bank ( PDB ) , a freely available resource from which structural data about thousands of proteins can be obtained in the form of Cartesian coordinates for each atom in the protein . Many more gene sequences are known than protein structures . Further , the set of solved structures is biased toward proteins that can be easily subjected to the conditions required in X @-@ ray crystallography , one of the major structure determination methods . In particular , globular proteins are comparatively easy to crystallize in preparation for X @-@ ray crystallography . Membrane proteins , by contrast , are difficult to crystallize and are underrepresented in the PDB . Structural genomics initiatives have attempted to remedy these deficiencies by systematically solving representative structures of major fold classes . Protein structure prediction methods attempt to provide a means of generating a plausible structure for proteins whose structures have not been experimentally determined . = = Cellular functions = = Proteins are the chief actors within the cell , said to be carrying out the duties specified by the information encoded in genes . With the exception of certain types of RNA , most other biological molecules are relatively inert elements upon which proteins act . Proteins make up half the dry weight of an Escherichia coli cell , whereas other macromolecules such as DNA and RNA make up only 3 % and 20 % , respectively . The set of proteins expressed in a particular cell or cell type is known as its proteome . The chief characteristic of proteins that also allows their diverse set of functions is their ability to bind other molecules specifically and tightly . The region of the protein responsible for binding another molecule is known as the binding site and is often a depression or " pocket " on the molecular surface . This binding ability is mediated by the tertiary structure of the protein , which defines the binding site pocket , and by the chemical properties of the surrounding amino acids ' side chains . Protein binding can be extraordinarily tight and specific ; for example , the ribonuclease inhibitor protein binds to human angiogenin with a sub @-@ femtomolar dissociation constant ( < 10 − 15 M ) but does not bind at all to its amphibian homolog onconase ( > 1 M ) . Extremely minor chemical changes such as the addition of a single methyl group to a binding partner can sometimes suffice to nearly eliminate binding ; for example , the aminoacyl tRNA synthetase specific to the amino acid valine discriminates against the very similar side chain of the amino acid isoleucine . Proteins can bind to other proteins as well as to small @-@ molecule substrates . When proteins bind specifically to other copies of the same molecule , they can oligomerize to form fibrils ; this process occurs often in structural proteins that consist of globular monomers that self @-@ associate to form rigid fibers . Protein – protein interactions also regulate enzymatic activity , control progression through the cell cycle , and allow the assembly of large protein complexes that carry out many closely related reactions with a common biological function . Proteins can also bind to , or even be integrated into , cell membranes . The ability of binding partners to induce conformational changes in proteins allows the construction of enormously complex signaling networks . Importantly , as interactions between proteins are reversible , and depend heavily on the availability of different groups of partner proteins to form aggregates that are capable to carry out discrete sets of function , study of the interactions between specific proteins is a key to understand important aspects of cellular function , and ultimately the properties that distinguish particular cell types . = = = Enzymes = = = The best @-@ known role of proteins in the cell is as enzymes , which catalyse chemical reactions . Enzymes are usually highly specific and accelerate only one or a few chemical reactions . Enzymes carry out most of the reactions involved in metabolism , as well as manipulating DNA in processes such as DNA replication , DNA repair , and transcription . Some enzymes act on other proteins to add or remove chemical groups in a process known as posttranslational modification . About 4 @,@ 000 reactions are known to be catalysed by enzymes . The rate acceleration conferred by enzymatic catalysis is often enormous — as much as 1017 @-@ fold increase in rate over the uncatalysed reaction in the case of orotate decarboxylase ( 78 million years without the enzyme , 18 milliseconds with the enzyme ) . The molecules bound and acted upon by enzymes are called substrates . Although enzymes can consist of hundreds of amino acids , it is usually only a small fraction of the residues that come in contact with the substrate , and an even smaller fraction — three to four residues on average — that are directly involved in catalysis . The region of the enzyme that binds the substrate and contains the catalytic residues is known as the active site . Dirigent proteins are members of a class of proteins that dictate the stereochemistry of a compound synthesized by other enzymes . = = = Cell signaling and ligand binding = = = Many proteins are involved in the process of cell signaling and signal transduction . Some proteins , such as insulin , are extracellular proteins that transmit a signal from the cell in which they were synthesized to other cells in distant tissues . Others are membrane proteins that act as receptors whose main function is to bind a signaling molecule and induce a biochemical response in the cell . Many receptors have a binding site exposed on the cell surface and an effector domain within the cell , which may have enzymatic activity or may undergo a conformational change detected by other proteins within the cell . Antibodies are protein components of an adaptive immune system whose main function is to bind antigens , or foreign substances in the body , and target them for destruction . Antibodies can be secreted into the extracellular environment or anchored in the membranes of specialized B cells known as plasma cells . Whereas enzymes are limited in their binding affinity for their substrates by the necessity of conducting their reaction , antibodies have no such constraints . An antibody 's binding affinity to its target is extraordinarily high . Many ligand transport proteins bind particular small biomolecules and transport them to other locations in the body of a multicellular organism . These proteins must have a high binding affinity when their ligand is present in high concentrations , but must also release the ligand when it is present at low concentrations in the target tissues . The canonical example of a ligand @-@ binding protein is haemoglobin , which transports oxygen from the lungs to other organs and tissues in all vertebrates and has close homologs in every biological kingdom . Lectins are sugar @-@ binding proteins which are highly specific for their sugar moieties . Lectins typically play a role in biological recognition phenomena involving cells and proteins . Receptors and hormones are highly specific binding proteins . Transmembrane proteins can also serve as ligand transport proteins that alter the permeability of the cell membrane to small molecules and ions . The membrane alone has a hydrophobic core through which polar or charged molecules cannot diffuse . Membrane proteins contain internal channels that allow such molecules to enter and exit the cell . Many ion channel proteins are specialized to select for only a particular ion ; for example , potassium and sodium channels often discriminate for only one of the two ions . = = = Structural proteins = = = Structural proteins confer stiffness and rigidity to otherwise @-@ fluid biological components . Most structural proteins are fibrous proteins ; for example , collagen and elastin are critical components of connective tissue such as cartilage , and keratin is found in hard or filamentous structures such as hair , nails , feathers , hooves , and some animal shells . Some globular proteins can also play structural functions , for example , actin and tubulin are globular and soluble as monomers , but polymerize to form long , stiff fibers that make up the cytoskeleton , which allows the cell to maintain its shape and size . Other proteins that serve structural functions are motor proteins such as myosin , kinesin , and dynein , which are capable of generating mechanical forces . These proteins are crucial for cellular motility of single celled organisms and the sperm of many multicellular organisms which reproduce sexually . They also generate the forces exerted by contracting muscles and play essential roles in intracellular transport . = = Methods of study = = The activities and structures of proteins may be examined in vitro , in vivo , and in silico . In vitro studies of purified proteins in controlled environments are useful for learning how a protein carries out its function : for example , enzyme kinetics studies explore the chemical mechanism of an enzyme 's catalytic activity and its relative affinity for various possible substrate molecules . By contrast , in vivo experiments can provide information about the physiological role of a protein in the context of a cell or even a whole organism . In silico studies use computational methods to study proteins . = = = Protein purification = = = To perform in vitro analysis , a protein must be purified away from other cellular components . This process usually begins with cell lysis , in which a cell 's membrane is disrupted and its internal contents released into a solution known as a crude lysate . The resulting mixture can be purified using ultracentrifugation , which fractionates the various cellular components into fractions containing soluble proteins ; membrane lipids and proteins ; cellular organelles , and nucleic acids . Precipitation by a method known as salting out can concentrate the proteins from this lysate . Various types of chromatography are then used to isolate the protein or proteins of interest based on properties such as molecular weight , net charge and binding affinity . The level of purification can be monitored using various types of gel electrophoresis if the desired protein 's molecular weight and isoelectric point are known , by spectroscopy if the protein has distinguishable spectroscopic features , or by enzyme assays if the protein has enzymatic activity . Additionally , proteins can be isolated according their charge using electrofocusing . For natural proteins , a series of purification steps may be necessary to obtain protein sufficiently pure for laboratory applications . To simplify this process , genetic engineering is often used to add chemical features to proteins that make them easier to purify without affecting their structure or activity . Here , a " tag " consisting of a specific amino acid sequence , often a series of histidine residues ( a " His @-@ tag " ) , is attached to one terminus of the protein . As a result , when the lysate is passed over a chromatography column containing nickel , the histidine residues ligate the nickel and attach to the column while the untagged components of the lysate pass unimpeded . A number of different tags have been developed to help researchers purify specific proteins from complex mixtures . = = = Cellular localization = = = The study of proteins in vivo is often concerned with the synthesis and localization of the protein within the cell . Although many intracellular proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm and membrane @-@ bound or secreted proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum , the specifics of how proteins are targeted to specific organelles or cellular structures is often unclear . A useful technique for assessing cellular localization uses genetic engineering to express in a cell a fusion protein or chimera consisting of the natural protein of interest linked to a " reporter " such as green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) . The fused protein 's position within the cell can be cleanly and efficiently visualized using microscopy , as shown in the figure opposite . Other methods for elucidating the cellular location of proteins requires the use of known compartmental markers for regions such as the ER , the Golgi , lysosomes or vacuoles , mitochondria , chloroplasts , plasma membrane , etc . With the use of fluorescently tagged versions of these markers or of antibodies to known markers , it becomes much simpler to identify the localization of a protein of interest . For example , indirect immunofluorescence will allow for fluorescence colocalization and demonstration of location . Fluorescent dyes are used to label cellular compartments for a similar purpose . Other possibilities exist , as well . For example , immunohistochemistry usually utilizes an antibody to one or more proteins of interest that are conjugated to enzymes yielding either luminescent or chromogenic signals that can be compared between samples , allowing for localization information . Another applicable technique is cofractionation in sucrose ( or other material ) gradients using isopycnic centrifugation . While this technique does not prove colocalization of a compartment of known density and the protein of interest , it does increase the likelihood , and is more amenable to large @-@ scale studies . Finally , the gold @-@ standard method of cellular localization is immunoelectron microscopy . This technique also uses an antibody to the protein of interest , along with classical electron microscopy techniques . The sample is prepared for normal electron microscopic examination , and then treated with an antibody to the protein of interest that is conjugated to an extremely electro @-@ dense material , usually gold . This allows for the localization of both ultrastructural details as well as the protein of interest . Through another genetic engineering application known as site @-@ directed mutagenesis , researchers can alter the protein sequence and hence its structure , cellular localization , and susceptibility to regulation . This technique even allows the incorporation of unnatural amino acids into proteins , using modified tRNAs , and may allow the rational design of new proteins with novel properties . = = = Proteomics = = = The total complement of proteins present at a time in a cell or cell type is known as its proteome , and the study of such large @-@ scale data sets defines the field of proteomics , named by analogy to the related field of genomics . Key experimental techniques in proteomics include 2D electrophoresis , which allows the separation of a large number of proteins , mass spectrometry , which allows rapid high @-@ throughput identification of proteins and sequencing of peptides ( most often after in @-@ gel digestion ) , protein microarrays , which allow the detection of the relative levels of a large number of proteins present in a cell , and two @-@ hybrid screening , which allows the systematic exploration of protein – protein interactions . The total complement of biologically possible such interactions is known as the interactome . A systematic attempt to determine the structures of proteins representing every possible fold is known as structural genomics . = = = Bioinformatics = = = A vast array of computational methods have been developed to analyze the structure , function , and evolution of proteins . The development of such tools has been driven by the large amount of genomic and proteomic data available for a variety of organisms , including the human genome . It is simply impossible to study all proteins experimentally , hence only a few are subjected to laboratory experiments while computational tools are used to extrapolate to similar proteins . Such homologous proteins can be efficiently identified in distantly related organisms by sequence alignment . Genome and gene sequences can be searched by a variety of tools for certain properties . Sequence profiling tools can find restriction enzyme sites , open reading frames in nucleotide sequences , and predict secondary structures . Phylogenetic trees can be constructed and evolutionary hypotheses developed using special software like ClustalW regarding the ancestry of modern organisms and the genes they express . The field of bioinformatics is now indispensable for the analysis of genes and proteins . = = = = Structure prediction and simulation = = = = Complementary to the field of structural genomics , protein structure prediction seeks to develop efficient ways to provide plausible models for proteins whose structures have not yet been determined experimentally . The most successful type of structure prediction , known as homology modeling , relies on the existence of a " template " structure with sequence similarity to the protein being modeled ; structural genomics ' goal is to provide sufficient representation in solved structures to model most of those that remain . Although producing accurate models remains a challenge when only distantly related template structures are available , it has been suggested that sequence alignment is the bottleneck in this process , as quite accurate models can be produced if a " perfect " sequence alignment is known . Many structure prediction methods have served to inform the emerging field of protein engineering , in which novel protein folds have already been designed . A more complex computational problem is the prediction of intermolecular interactions , such as in molecular docking and protein – protein interaction prediction . The processes of protein folding and binding can be simulated using such technique as molecular mechanics , in particular , molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo , which increasingly take advantage of parallel and distributed computing ( Folding @ home project ; molecular modeling on GPU ) . The folding of small α @-@ helical protein domains such as the villin headpiece and the HIV accessory protein have been successfully simulated in silico , and hybrid methods that combine standard molecular dynamics with quantum mechanics calculations have allowed exploration of the electronic states of rhodopsins . = = = = Protein disorder and unstructure prediction = = = = Many proteins ( in Eucaryota ~ 33 % ) contain large unstructured but biologically functional segments and can be classified as intrinsically disordered proteins . Predicting and analysing protein disorder is , therefore , an important part of protein structure characterisation . = = Nutrition = = Most microorganisms and plants can biosynthesize all 20 standard amino acids , while animals ( including humans ) must obtain some of the amino acids from the diet . The amino acids that an organism cannot synthesize on its own are referred to as essential amino acids . Key enzymes that synthesize certain amino acids are not present in animals — such as aspartokinase , which catalyses the first step in the synthesis of lysine , methionine , and threonine from aspartate . If amino acids are present in the environment , microorganisms can conserve energy by taking up the amino acids from their surroundings and downregulating their biosynthetic pathways . In animals , amino acids are obtained through the consumption of foods containing protein . Ingested proteins are then broken down into amino acids through digestion , which typically involves denaturation of the protein through exposure to acid and hydrolysis by enzymes called proteases . Some ingested amino acids are used for protein biosynthesis , while others are converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis , or fed into the citric acid cycle . This use of protein as a fuel is particularly important under starvation conditions as it allows the body 's own proteins to be used to support life , particularly those found in muscle . Amino acids are also an important dietary source of nitrogen . = = History and etymology = = Proteins were recognized as a distinct class of biological molecules in the eighteenth century by Antoine Fourcroy and others , distinguished by the molecules ' ability to coagulate or flocculate under treatments with heat or acid . Noted examples at the time included albumin from egg whites , blood serum albumin , fibrin , and wheat gluten . Proteins were first described by the Dutch chemist Gerardus Johannes Mulder and named by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1838 . Mulder carried out elemental analysis of common proteins and found that nearly all proteins had the same empirical formula , C400H620N100O120P1S1 . He came to the erroneous conclusion that they might be composed of a single type of ( very large ) molecule . The term " protein " to describe these molecules was proposed by Mulder 's associate Berzelius ; protein is derived from the Greek word πρώτειος ( proteios ) , meaning " primary " , " in the lead " , or " standing in front " , + -in . Mulder went on to identify the products of protein degradation such as the amino acid leucine for which he found a ( nearly correct ) molecular weight of 131 Da . Early nutritional scientists such as the German Carl von Voit believed that protein was the most important nutrient for maintaining the structure of the body , because it was generally believed that " flesh makes flesh . " Karl Heinrich Ritthausen extended known protein forms with the identification of glutamic acid . At the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station a detailed review of the vegetable proteins was compiled by Thomas Burr Osborne . Working with Lafayette Mendel and applying Liebig 's law of the minimum in feeding laboratory rats , the nutritionally essential amino acids were established . The work was continued and communicated by William Cumming Rose . The understanding of proteins as polypeptides came through the work of Franz Hofmeister and Hermann Emil Fischer . The central role of proteins as enzymes in living organisms was not fully appreciated until 1926 , when James B. Sumner showed that the enzyme urease was in fact a protein . The difficulty in purifying proteins in large quantities made them very difficult for early protein biochemists to study . Hence , early studies focused on proteins that could be purified in large quantities , e.g. , those of blood , egg white , various toxins , and digestive / metabolic enzymes obtained from slaughterhouses . In the 1950s , the Armour Hot Dog Co. purified 1 kg of pure bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A and made it freely available to scientists ; this gesture helped ribonuclease A become a major target for biochemical study for the following decades . Linus Pauling is credited with the successful prediction of regular protein secondary structures based on hydrogen bonding , an idea first put forth by William Astbury in 1933 . Later work by Walter Kauzmann on denaturation , based partly on previous studies by Kaj Linderstrøm @-@ Lang , contributed an understanding of protein folding and structure mediated by hydrophobic interactions . The first protein to be sequenced was insulin , by Frederick Sanger , in 1949 . Sanger correctly determined the amino acid sequence of insulin , thus conclusively demonstrating that proteins consisted of linear polymers of amino acids rather than branched chains , colloids , or cyclols . He won the Nobel Prize for this achievement in 1958 . The first protein structures to be solved were hemoglobin and myoglobin , by Max Perutz and Sir John Cowdery Kendrew , respectively , in 1958 . As of 2016 , the Protein Data Bank has over 115 @,@ 000 atomic @-@ resolution structures of proteins . In more recent times , cryo @-@ electron microscopy of large macromolecular assemblies and computational protein structure prediction of small protein domains are two methods approaching atomic resolution . = = Textbooks = = = = = Databases and projects = = = The Protein Naming Utility Human Protein Atlas NCBI Entrez Protein database NCBI Protein Structure database Human Protein Reference Database Human Proteinpedia Folding @ Home ( Stanford University ) Comparative Toxicogenomics Database curates protein – chemical interactions , as well as gene / protein – disease relationships and chemical @-@ disease relationships . Bioinformatic Harvester A Meta search engine ( 29 databases ) for gene and protein information . Protein Databank in Europe ( see also PDBeQuips , short articles and tutorials on interesting PDB structures ) Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics ( see also Molecule of the Month , presenting short accounts on selected proteins from the PDB ) Proteopedia – Life in 3D : rotatable , zoomable 3D model with wiki annotations for every known protein molecular structure . UniProt the Universal Protein Resource neXtProt – Exploring the universe of human proteins : human @-@ centric protein knowledge resource Multi @-@ Omics Profiling Expression Database : MOPED human and model organism protein / gene knowledge and expression data = = = Tutorials and educational websites = = = " An Introduction to Proteins " from HOPES ( Huntington 's Disease Outreach Project for Education at Stanford ) Proteins : Biogenesis to Degradation – The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Alphabet of Protein Structures
= Meigs Raid = The Meigs Raid ( also known as the Battle of Sag Harbor ) was a military raid by American Continental Army forces , under the command of Connecticut Colonel Return Jonathan Meigs , on a British Loyalist foraging party at Sag Harbor , New York on May 24 , 1777 during the American Revolutionary War . Six Loyalists were killed and 90 captured while the Americans suffered no casualties . The raid was made in response to a successful British raid on Danbury , Connecticut in late April that was opposed by American forces in the Battle of Ridgefield . Organized in New Haven , Connecticut by Brigadier General Samuel Holden Parsons , the expedition crossed Long Island Sound from Guilford on May 23 , dragged whaleboats across the North Fork of Long Island , and raided Sag Harbor early the next morning , destroying boats and supplies . The battle marked the first American victory in the state of New York after New York City and Long Island had fallen in the British campaign for the city in 1776 . = = Background = = The American Revolutionary War was a qualified success for the British in 1776 . After being forced to abandon Boston , they captured New York City , but were unable to hold New Jersey when General George Washington surprised them at Trenton and Princeton . The British consolidated their hold on New York City and Long Island during the winter months of early 1777 , while the Continental Army established a land blockade around the city in New Jersey , southern New York , and southwestern Connecticut . In the spring of 1777 Lieutenant General William Howe launched raiding expeditions against Continental Army and local militia storage depots near the city . A successful raid against Peekskill , New York in March prompted him to organize a more ambitious expedition to raid a depot in Danbury , Connecticut . This expedition , led by the former royal governor of New York , William Tryon , successfully reached Danbury from a landing point in Fairfield , Connecticut on April 26 , and destroyed provisions and supplies . The Connecticut militia had mobilized , and over the next two days skirmished with the British as they marched back to their ships , most notably on April 27 at Ridgefield . General Samuel Holden Parsons , leading Connecticut 's defenses , decided to organize an act of reprisal . An opportunity arose when they learned that a British foraging expedition had landed at Sag Harbor , Long Island . Sag Harbor had been occupied by British troops after the August 1776 Battle of Long Island , and they had established a strong defensive position on Meeting House Hill , with earthwork fortifications and palisades . The town was well @-@ situated for providing supplies to the Royal Navy , which used Gardiner 's Bay as an anchorage while patrolling the eastern end of Long Island Sound . The forage expedition consisted of 12 smaller boats protected by a schooner mounting 12 guns ; the small boats were manned by crews totalling about 40 men . Sag Harbor was at the time garrisoned by 70 men from the Loyalist battalion of Lieutenant Colonel Stephen DeLancey . The detachment was under the command of Captain James Raymond . = = Raid = = Parsons gave command of the expedition to Colonel Return Jonathan Meigs . According to Parsons ' report to General Washington , they assembled a force totalling 234 men at New Haven from several regiments , and rowed in 13 whaleboats from New Haven to Guilford on May 21 . Rough seas and high winds prevented them from crossing for two days ; when they finally left Guilford on the afternoon of May 23 , they were accompanied on the crossing by two armed sloops and one that was unarmed . Only 170 made the crossing to the vicinity of Southold , New York , where they arrived around 6 pm . Meigs learned that most of the British forces in the area had been ordered to march to New York City , and that only the small force of Loyalists was left at Sag Harbor . He had his men portage 11 of the whaleboats across the North Fork to the bay , and launched those boats with 130 men to cross the bay to Sag Harbor . By midnight they had crossed the bay and landed about 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) from the harbor . Meigs formed his men up and marched to the harbor , arriving about 2 am . Meigs divided his force in two . One detachment stormed the earthworks , while the other went to the harbor , where they destroyed British boats and collected provisions . The land attack was conducted in silence with fixed bayonets and only one shot was said to have been fired . The schooner opened fire on the attackers as they burned the boats , but sources are unclear if the schooner itself was taken and destroyed . Twelve boats were destroyed , and the raiders took 53 prisoners at the earth works and another 37 at the wharf , suffering no casualties in the process . The prisoners were taken back to Connecticut . = = Aftermath = = Long Island 's Loyalist communities organized their own response to the raid . In May 1779 , nine Loyalists crossed the sound and captured Connecticut militia general Gold Selleck Silliman at his home , and took him back to Long Island . Connecticut Patriots captured a judge on Long Island in November 1779 , who they exchanged for General Silliman in May 1780 . Parsons organized another expedition across Long Island Sound in August 1777 . This one , against a Loyalist outpost at Setauket , was unsuccessful . Colonel Meigs was rewarded by the Second Continental Congress with " an elegant sword " . A stone commemorating the battle was placed on the site on May 23 , 1902 .
= Battle of Rowton Heath = The Battle of Rowton Heath , also known as the Battle of Rowton Moor , occurred on 24 September 1645 during the English Civil War . Fought by the Parliamentarians , commanded by Sydnam Poyntz , and the Royalists under the personal command of King Charles I , it was a significant defeat for the Royalists , with heavy losses and Charles prevented from relieving the Siege of Chester . Prior to the battle , Charles had been attempting to link up with the Marquess of Montrose in Scotland following the Royalist defeat in the Battle of Naseby . Although his attempts to do so were unsuccessful , they were disruptive enough that the Committee of Both Kingdoms ordered Sydnam Poyntz to pursue the King with approximately 3 @,@ 000 horse . After Charles was informed that Chester , his only remaining port , was under siege , he marched there with the intent of relieving the defenders , ordering 3 @,@ 000 horse under the command of Marmaduke Langdale to camp outside the city while he and 600 others travelled into Chester itself on 23 September 1645 . The intent was to attack the besieging Parliamentarians from both sides , Charles mistakenly believing that Poyntz had failed to follow them . In fact he was barely 15 miles ( 24 km ) behind , and moved to attack Langdale 's force in the early hours of 24 September . Although Langdale drove Poyntz off , the Parliamentarians besieging Chester sent reinforcements , and Langdale was forced to retreat to Rowton Heath , closer to Chester , and wait for his own reinforcements . This force , under Charles Gerard and Lord Bernard Stewart , was prevented from joining them , and Langdale was instead attacked by both Poyntz 's force and the reinforcement . After being driven off the field and failing in an attempt to regroup at Chester itself , the Royalists retreated as dusk fell . Royalist casualties were high , with 600 killed , including Stewart , and 900 taken prisoner . This defeat prevented Charles from relieving the defenders in Chester , which fell to the Parliamentarians on 3 February 1646 . Charles instead withdrew with approximately 2 @,@ 400 remaining cavalry , most of whom were destroyed by Poyntz 's ambush at Sherburn @-@ in @-@ Elmet on 15 October 1645 . = = Background = = Following the destruction of King Charles I 's main army at the Battle of Naseby on 14 June 1645 , the First English Civil War tilted decisively in favour of the Parliamentarians . Charles withdrew with his remaining forces to Raglan Castle in Wales , hoping to recruit new soldiers there and travel across the Bristol Channel to link up with George Goring , the only remaining Royalist commander of a significant force . The defeat of Goring at the Battle of Langport on 10 July , along with the subsequent " disintegration " of the new troops in South Wales , led to Charles abandoning this plan . Despite this and the loss of much of Northern England following the Battle of Marston Moor , Charles still had large numbers of soldiers in the West of England , and one of his supporters , the Marquess of Montrose , was winning a string of victories across Scotland . The Royalist force attempted to join up with Montrose in Scotland . In early August , Charles took 2 @,@ 500 soldiers and marched north , being forced to turn back at Doncaster due to the advance of David Leslie and 4 @,@ 000 cavalry . Charles 's troops then made a raid into the Eastern Association , getting as far as Huntington and forcing the Parliamentarians besieging Hereford to withdraw . In response , the Committee of Both Kingdoms ordered Sydnam Poyntz to pursue the King . Evading Poyntz 's forces , Charles again marched north on 18 September , taking 3 @,@ 500 cavalry under William Vaughan and Lord Charles Gerrard as far as the River Wye at Presteigne . At this point , a messenger arrived to inform Charles that " part of the outworks of Chester were betrayed to the enemy " , forcing him to change his plans and march towards Chester . Chester had come under siege during December 1644 , with a loose blockade or " leager " formed around the town . With Bristol now fallen to the Parliamentarians , Chester was the last port under Royalist control , and crucial due to its links with recruiting efforts in Ireland and North Wales . On 20 September 1645 , a force of 500 horse , 200 dragoons and 700 foot under the command of Michael Jones attacked the Royalist barricades , and with the defenders completely taken by surprise , they fell back to the inner city . On 22 September , Parliamentarian artillery began bombarding the city , and after breaching the walls ( and having a summons to surrender refused by the defenders ) , the Parliamentarians attacked in two places . Both were repulsed , in one case due to the defenders counter @-@ attacking on foot , and in the other due to the inadequate length of the attacker 's scaling ladders preventing them from climbing the wall . Despite this success , the attacking Parliamentarian forces grew in strength while the defenders were weary ; as such , the arrival of Charles and his force on 23 September was met with delight . = = Battle = = Charles 's force consisted of 3 @,@ 500 horse , organised into four brigades , the largest grouping being the 1 @,@ 200 soldiers of the Northern Horse under Sir Marmaduke Langdale . In addition , there was Gerard 's brigade , consisting of 800 men who had served under him in South Wales , Sir William Vaughan 's 1 @,@ 000 @-@ strong brigade , and the 200 members of the Life Guards , Charles 's personal bodyguard , under Lord Bernard Stewart . Although experienced , the troops were depleted in number , and had low morale due to the recent string of defeats . Charles and Gerard evaded the loose Parliamentarian siege around the city , taking 600 men into Chester , while the approximately 3 @,@ 000 remaining cavalry under Langdale crossed the River Dee at Holt and bivouacked at Hatton Heath , five miles to the south of Chester itself . The plan was to trap the besiegers between the two forces , destroying them or forcing them to retreat ; as they numbered only 500 cavalry and 1 @,@ 500 foot , this was considered to be relatively simple . The Royalist plan failed to take into account Poyntz and his 3 @,@ 000 cavalry ; evidently , they assumed he had lost track of them . This assumption was mistaken , and as Charles entered Chester , Poyntz 's soldiers arrived in Whitchurch , approximately 15 miles from Chester . After hearing about the situation , Poyntz promised to advance in the morning " with a considerable body of horse " , which encouraged the Parliamentarians around Chester to continue resisting . One of his messengers was intercepted by Sir Richard Lloyd , however , who immediately sent a message to Charles and Langdale . After a brief Council of War , they resolved that Gerard 's force and the Lifeguards , along with 500 foot , would advance to either join with Langdale or prevent Colonel Jones 's forces linking up with Poyntz . Charles would remain in Chester , and watch the ensuing battle from a tower in Chester 's defences , later known as King Charles ' Tower . = = = Hatton Heath = = = Langdale advanced northwards with 3 @,@ 000 cavalry , and at Miller 's Heath on the morning of 24 September he became aware of Poyntz 's force of 3 @,@ 000 also moving north . Miller 's Heath was mainly made up of unenclosed heath , traversed by the Whitchurch @-@ Chester Road , which was surrounded by hedges . Langdale lined the hedgerows with dragoons and dismounted troopers with carbines , and due to the inaccuracy of Parliamentarian reconnaissance , Poyntz was unaware of Langdale 's presence until the dragoons opened fire on his vanguard at approximately 7 : 00 am . As a result of Poyntz 's lack of preparation , his force was strung out in a column ; because of the boggy ground , they could not easily dismount . In addition , Poyntz had underestimated the strength of the Royalists and tried attacking with those troops immediately available , assuming they would be sufficient to charge and destroy the enemy . In this Poyntz was mistaken . Due to the entanglement of the vanguard with Royalist troops , it was unable to make any significant progress , and it took approximately half an hour of close @-@ quarters fighting in the mouth of the Whitchurch @-@ Chester Road to force the Royalists back . As the Parliamentarians deployed onto the open ground to pursue the Royalists , they were set on by a fresh group of troops and forced to repeat , and with no reinforcements available , Poyntz retreated . On the Parliamentarian side , this skirmish led to the deaths of 20 soldiers , with a number of wounded and between 50 and 60 prisoners . The Royalists , while losing fewer soldiers , were now in a precarious position , since reinforcements from Chester were needed to follow up on the success and defeat Poyntz 's force . As such , Langdale sent Lieutenant Colonel Jeffrey Shakerley to report to Charles , requesting reinforcements . Shakerley arrived in Chester and delivered his message after 15 minutes , but no orders were issued for a further six hours after that . Barratt speculates that one reason could have been the fatigue of the Royalist troops , and another the rivalries amongst the Royalist commanders : Gerard and Digby opposed each other , with other commanders disliking Langdale ; and Charles not being strong enough to stop the disputes . The Parliamentarians , however , did send support : at approximately 2 : 00 pm , the Chester forces dispatched 350 horse and 400 musketeers under Colonels Michael Jones and John Booth to reinforce Poyntz . = = = Rowton Heath = = = The Royalists in Chester saw the Parliamentarian reinforcements under Jones and Booth advance , and sent Shakerley to warn Langdale 's force . After receiving the message , Langdale withdrew nearer to Chester , reforming at Rowton Heath , an entirely open space . At the same time the Royalists in Chester began to move , with Gerard advancing with 500 foot and 500 cavalry . Gerard hoped to attack Jones 's force from the rear , but the Parliamentarians responded by dispatching 200 cavalry and 200 infantry to prevent this . With a shorter distance to travel , this force met Gerard on Hoole Heath , and after a confused engagement in which Lord Bernard Stewart was slain , Gerard 's force was prevented from marching to Langdale 's aid . Instead , Jones and Booth linked up with Poyntz , giving a combined Parliamentarian force of 3 @,@ 000 horse and 500 musketeers against a tired Royalist army of approximately 2 @,@ 500 horse . At approximately 4 : 00 pm Poyntz advanced , covered by the musketeers firing a full volley . Despite Langdale 's attempt to counter @-@ charge , the Royalists were soon outflanked . With the Parliamentarian musketeers firing into the rear of Langdale 's force , the Royalists broke , some escaping via Holt Bridge and others running towards Chester . On Hoole Heath these retreating soldiers met with part of Gerard 's force and made an initially successful counter @-@ attack before being forced back to the walls of Chester . There the retreating cavalry choked up the streets , allowing the Parliamentarian musketeers to fire into the confused mass of horsemen and leading to a rout . = = Aftermath = = Rowton Heath has been called " a major disaster " for Charles , with casualties estimated at 600 dead and 900 injured , including 50 members of the Life Guard and Lord Bernard . Parliamentarian losses were also heavy , although unknown , and the battle did give Chester some respite . Despite this , Charles withdrew the next day with the remaining 2 @,@ 400 horse , heading to Denbigh Castle before moving on to Newark @-@ on @-@ Trent . With this retreat , Chester was left without additional support , and surrendered to the Parliamentarians on 3 February 1646 . The remaining Royalist cavalry were eventually destroyed in their entirety when Poyntz ambushed them at Sherburn @-@ in @-@ Elmet on 15 October 1645 .
= Sejanus = Lucius Aelius Seianus ( 20 BC – October 18 , AD 31 ) , commonly known as Sejanus ( English pronunciation : / sᵻˈdʒeɪnəs / ) , was an ambitious soldier , friend and confidant of the Roman Emperor Tiberius . An equestrian by birth , Sejanus rose to power as prefect of the Roman imperial bodyguard , known as the Praetorian Guard , of which he was commander from AD 14 until his death in AD 31 . While the Praetorian Guard was formally established under Emperor Augustus , Sejanus introduced a number of reforms which saw the unit evolve beyond a mere bodyguard , into a powerful and influential branch of the government involved in public security , civil administration and ultimately political intercession ; changes which would have a lasting impact on the course of the Principate . During the 20s , Sejanus gradually accumulated power by consolidating his influence over Tiberius and eliminating potential political opponents , including the emperor 's son , Drusus Julius Caesar . When Tiberius withdrew to Capri in 26 , Sejanus was left in control of the administration of the empire . For a time the most influential and feared citizen of Rome , Sejanus suddenly fell from power in 31 , the year his career culminated with the consulship . Amidst suspicions of conspiracy against Tiberius , Sejanus was arrested and executed , along with his followers . = = Family = = Sejanus was born in 20 BC at Volsinii , Etruria , into the family of Lucius Seius Strabo . The Seii were Romans of the equestrian class ( or knights ) , the lower of the two upper social classes of the Roman Republic and the early Roman Empire . Sejanus ' grandfather maintained relations with senatorial families through his marriage with Terentia , a sister of the wife of Gaius Maecenas , who was one of Emperor Augustus ' most powerful political allies . Strabo married into equally illustrious families . He may have married a daughter of Quintus Aelius Tubero , allying himself with the more prestigious Aelian gens . Lucius Seius Tubero , who became suffect consul in 18 , was probably his son . Strabo 's last wife was Cosconia Gallita , sister of Servius Cornelius Lentulus Maluginensis ( suffect consul in 10 ) and Publius Cornelius Lentulus Scipio ( suffect consul in 2 ) and perhaps half @-@ sister of Quintus Junius Blaesus ( suffect consul in 10 ) . Sejanus could have been a child of this marriage . He was later adopted into the Aelian gens by Gaius Aelius Gallus , and by Roman custom became known as Lucius Aelius Seianus or simply as Sejanus . The adoptive family of Sejanus counted two consuls among their ranks : Quintus Aelius Tubero ( consul in 11 BC ) and Sextus Aelius Catus ( consul in 4 ) , who was the father of Aelia Paetina , the second wife of the future Emperor Claudius . Sejanus ' uncle , Junius Blaesus , distinguished himself as a military commander ; he became proconsul of Africa in 21 and earned triumphal honors by crushing the rebellion of Tacfarinas . According to the ancient historian Tacitus , Sejanus was also a former favourite of the wealthy Marcus Gavius Apicius , whose daughter may have been Sejanus ' first wife Apicata . With Apicata , Sejanus had three children , two sons and one daughter : Strabo , Capito Aelianus and Junilla . = = Rise to power = = = = = Praetorian prefect = = = It is likely that Sejanus ' father Strabo came to the attention of Augustus through his father 's connection with Maecenas . Sometime after 2 BC , Strabo was appointed prefect of the Praetorian Guard , one of the two most powerful positions a Roman knight could attain in the Empire . This office he carried on dutifully and without incident until the death of Augustus in 14 . Little is known about the life Sejanus led prior to this date , but according to Tacitus , he accompanied Gaius Caesar , adopted grandson of Augustus , during his campaigns in Armenia in 1 BC . It was upon the accession of Tiberius in 14 , that Sejanus was appointed prefect of the Praetorian Guard as the colleague of his father Strabo , and began his rise to prominence . The Praetorian Guard was an elite unit of the Roman army formed by Augustus in 27 BC , with the specific function to serve as a bodyguard to the emperor and members of the imperial family . Much more than a guard however , the Praetorians also managed the day @-@ to @-@ day care of the city , such as general security and civil administration . Furthermore , their presence served as a constant reminder to the people and the Senate of the substantial armed force which served as the basis for the imperial power . Augustus was careful however to uphold the republican veneer of this regime , and only allowed nine cohorts to be formed ( one fewer than in a normal Roman legion ) , which were inconspicuously scattered across various lodging houses in the city , and commanded by two prefects . When Strabo was assigned to the governorship of Egypt in 15 , Sejanus became the sole commander of the Praetorians and instigated reforms that helped shape the guard into a powerful tool of the principate . In 20 the scattered encampments inside the city were centralized into a single garrison just outside Rome and the number of cohorts was increased from nine to twelve , one of which now held the daily guard at the palace . The practice of joint leadership between two prefects was abandoned , and Sejanus himself appointed the centurions and tribunes . With these changes in effect , Sejanus now commanded the complete loyalty of a force of around 12 @,@ 000 soldiers , all of which were at his immediate disposal . The facade of Augustus was no longer maintained , and Tiberius openly displayed the strength of the guard at parades . = = = Feud with Drusus = = = In his capacity of Praetorian prefect , Sejanus quickly became a trusted advisor to Tiberius . By 23 , he exerted a considerable influence over the decisions of the emperor , who referred to Sejanus as " Socius Laborum " ( my partner in my toils ) . By this time he had been raised to the rank of praetor , a position which was not normally granted to Romans of the equestrian class . A statue had been erected in his honor in the Theatre of Pompey , and in the Senate , his followers were advanced with public offices and governorships . However this privileged position caused resentment among the senatorial class and the imperial family , in particular earning him the enmity of Drusus Julius Caesar , Tiberius ' son . The history of Sejanus and Drusus dated back to at least 15 AD . That year a mutiny had broken out among legions posted in Pannonia and Germania . While his adopted son Germanicus restored order in Germania , Tiberius ' biological son Drusus was sent to quell the uprising in Pannonia , accompanied by Sejanus and two Praetorian cohorts . In part due to what the soldiers believed to be bad omens , Drusus quickly managed to restore the stability in the army and publicly put the chief instigators to death . The camp was purged of mutineers by the Praetorians and the legions returned to the winter barracks . Despite this success , the following years witnessed a growing animosity between Drusus and Sejanus . Since the accession of Tiberius , Drusus had been systematically groomed as the successor of his father , successfully commanding legions in Illyricum in 18 , and sharing the consulship with Tiberius in 21 . In practice it was still Sejanus who was the second man in the empire and he was ambitious to further expand his power . As early as 20 , Sejanus had sought to solidify his connection with the imperial family , by betrothing his daughter Junilla to the son of Claudius , Claudius Drusus . At the time the girl was only 4 years old but the marriage was prevented , when the boy accidentally died a few days later of asphyxiation . When this failed , it seems Sejanus turned his attention toward eliminating Drusus . By 23 the enmity between the two men had reached a critical point . During an argument Drusus had struck the prefect with his fist , and he openly lamented that " a stranger was invited to assist in the government while the emperor 's son was alive " . With Tiberius already in his sixties , there was a real possibility of Drusus succeeding his father in the near future . To secure his position , Sejanus secretly plotted against Drusus and seduced his wife Livilla . With her as an accomplice , Drusus was slowly poisoned and died of seemingly natural causes on September 13 , 23 . = = = Consolidation of power = = = The loss of his son was a major blow to Tiberius , personally and politically . Over the years he had grown increasingly disillusioned with the position of princeps and by sharing the tribunician powers with Drusus in 22 had prepared to relent some of his responsibilities in favour of his son . With these hopes now dashed , Tiberius left his administration more than ever in the care of Sejanus and looked toward the sons of Germanicus ( Nero Caesar , Drusus Caesar and Caligula ) as possible heirs . Germanicus had died in 19 , in somewhat suspicious circumstances in Syria . Following his death , his wife Agrippina the Elder returned to Rome with their six children and became increasingly involved with a group of senators , who opposed the growing power of Sejanus . Her relations with Tiberius became increasingly fraught , as she made it clear that she believed that he was responsible for the death of Germanicus . The climate was further poisoned by the hatred that Tiberius ' mother Livia Drusilla ( the widow of Augustus ) felt for her , since Agrippina 's ambition , to be the mother of emperors and thus Rome 's first woman , was an open secret . To Sejanus , Agrippina 's sons Nero Caesar , Drusus Caesar and Caligula were a threat to his power . Sejanus again attempted to marry into the Julio @-@ Claudian family . Having divorced Apicata two years earlier , he requested marriage with Drusus 's widow Livilla in 25 , possibly with an eye towards placing himself , as an adopted Julian , in the position of a potential successor . The emperor denied this request , warning Sejanus that he was in danger of overstepping his rank . Alarmed by this sudden denigration , Sejanus changed his plans and began to isolate Tiberius from Rome . By fueling his paranoia towards Agrippina and the Senate , he induced the emperor to withdraw to the countryside of Campania , which he did in 26 and finally to the island of Capri , where he lived until his death in 37 . Guarded by the Praetorians , Sejanus easily controlled all information that passed between Tiberius and the capital . Despite the withdrawal of Tiberius from Rome 's political scene , the presence of Livia seems to have checked Sejanus ' overt power for a time . According to Tacitus , her death in 29 changed all that . Sejanus began a series of purge trials of senators and wealthy equestrians in the city , removing those capable of opposing his power as well as extending the imperial ( and his own ) treasury . Networks of spies and informers brought the victims to trial with false accusations of treason , and many chose suicide over the disgrace of being condemned and executed . Among those who perished were Gaius Asinius Gallus , a prominent senator and opponent of Tiberius who was linked to Agrippina 's faction . Agrippina and two of her sons , Nero and Drusus were arrested and exiled in 30 and later starved to death in suspicious circumstances . Only Caligula , as the last remaining son of Germanicus , managed to survive the purges of Sejanus and that he did by moving to Capri with Tiberius in 31 . = = Downfall = = = = = Denunciation = = = In 31 , despite his equestrian rank , Sejanus shared the consulship with Tiberius in absentia , and finally became betrothed to Livilla . Tiberius had not been seen in Rome since 26 and senators and equestrians courted Sejanus 's favour , as if he were Emperor . His birthday was publicly observed and statues were erected in his honour . With most of the political opposition crushed , Sejanus felt his position was unassailable . As the ancient historian Cassius Dio writes : Sejanus was so great a person by reason both of his excessive haughtiness and of his vast power , that , to put it briefly , he himself seemed to be the emperor and Tiberius a kind of island potentate , inasmuch as the latter spent his time on the island of Capreae . Through years of crafty intrigues and indispensable service to the emperor , Sejanus had worked himself up to become the most powerful man in the Empire . But suddenly , at the end of 31 , he was arrested , summarily executed and his body unceremoniously cast down the Gemonian stairs . What caused his downfall is unclear : ancient historians disagree about the nature of his conspiracy , whether it was Tiberius or Sejanus who struck first and in which order subsequent events occurred . Modern historians consider it unlikely that Sejanus plotted to seize power and if he had planned so at all , rather might have aimed at overthrowing Tiberius to serve as a regent to Tiberius Gemellus , son of Drusus or possibly Gaius Caligula . Unfortunately the relevant section pertaining to this period in the Annals of Tacitus has been lost . According to Josephus , it was Antonia , the mother of Livilla , who finally alerted Tiberius to the growing threat Sejanus posed ( possibly with information provided by Satrius Secundus ) , in a letter she dispatched to Capri in the care of her freedman Pallas . According to Juvenal , a letter was sent from Capri with the orders to execute Sejanus without a trial . Further details concerning Sejanus ' fall are provided by Cassius Dio , writing nearly 200 years later in his Roman History . It appears that , when Tiberius heard to what extent Sejanus had already usurped his authority in Rome , he immediately took steps to remove him from power . However , he realised that an outright condemnation could provoke Sejanus to attempt a coup . Instead , Tiberius addressed a number of contradictory letters to the Senate , some of which praised Sejanus and his friends and some of which denounced them . Tiberius variously announced that he would arrive in Rome the next day or that he was at the point of death . He stepped down as consul , forcing Sejanus to do the same and conferred an honorary priesthood upon Caligula , rekindling popular support for the house of Germanicus . The ensuing confusion was successful in alienating Sejanus from many of his followers . With the intentions of the emperor no longer clear , it was now deemed a safer course of action at Rome to withdraw from overt support to Sejanus , until the matter was clearly settled . When it became clear to Tiberius that support for Sejanus was not as strong as the emperor had feared , his next step was to choose Naevius Sutorius Macro , previously prefect of the vigiles ( Roman police and fire department ) , to replace Sejanus and effect his downfall . On October 18 , 31 , Sejanus was summoned to a Senate meeting by a letter from Tiberius , ostensibly to bestow the tribunician powers upon him . At dawn , he entered the Senate ; but while the letter was being read , Macro assumed control of the Praetorian Guard and members of the vigiles led by Graecinius Laco surrounded the building . The senators at first congratulated Sejanus but when the letter , which first digressed into completely unrelated matters , suddenly denounced him and ordered his arrest , he was immediately surrounded and escorted to prison . = = = Execution and aftermath = = = That same evening , the Senate convened at the Temple of Concord and summarily condemned Sejanus to death . He was led from prison and strangled . His body was cast onto the Gemonian stairs , where the crowd tore it to pieces . Riots ensued , in which crowds hunted and killed anyone they could link to Sejanus . The Praetorians also resorted to looting , when they were accused of having conspired with the former prefect . Following the issue of damnatio memoriae by the Senate , his statues were torn down and his name obliterated from all public records . On October 24 , Sejanus ' eldest son Strabo was arrested and executed . Upon learning of his death , Apicata committed suicide ( October 26 ) , after addressing a letter to Tiberius , claiming that Drusus had been poisoned with the complicity of Livilla . The accusations were further corroborated by confessions from Livilla 's slaves , who , under torture , admitted to having administered the poison to Drusus . Enraged upon learning the truth , Tiberius soon ordered more killings . Livilla committed suicide or was starved to death by her mother Antonia Minor . The remaining children of Sejanus , Capito Aelianus and Junilla , were executed in December of that year . According to ancient historians , because there was no precedent for the capital punishment of a virgin , Junilla was raped first , with the rope around her neck . Their bodies were thrown down the Gemonian stairs . At the beginning of the following year , damnatio memoriae was passed on Livilla . Although Rome at first rejoiced at the demise of Sejanus , the city quickly plunged into more extensive trials , as Tiberius persecuted all those who could in any way be tied to the schemes of Sejanus or had courted his friendship . The Senatorial ranks were purged ; the hardest hit were those families with political ties to the Julians . Even the imperial magistracy was not exempted from Tiberius ' wrath . Arrests and executions were now supervised by Naevius Sutorius Macro . The political turmoil would continue until the death of Tiberius in 37 , after which he was succeeded by Caligula . Most historical documentation of Tiberius ' revenge is given from Suetonius and Tacitus ; their portrayal of a tyrannical , vengeful emperor has been challenged by several modern historians . Edward Togo Salmon wrote that , In the whole twenty two years of Tiberius ' reign , not more than fifty @-@ two persons were accused of treason , of whom almost half escaped conviction , while the four innocent people to be condemned fell victims to the excessive zeal of the Senate , not to the Emperor 's tyranny . = = Legacy = = = = = Praetorian Guard = = = The reforms of Sejanus , most significantly the founding of the Castra Praetoria , which established the Praetorian Guard as the powerful political force , for which it is primarily known today . Henceforth the Guard was at the disposal of the emperors and the rulers were equally at the mercy of the Praetorians . The reality of this was seen in 31 , when Tiberius was forced to rely upon the vigiles against the soldiers of his own guard . Although the Praetorian Guard proved faithful to the ageing Tiberius , their potential political power had been made clear . The power Sejanus attained in his capacity as prefect proved Maecenas right in his prediction to Augustus , that it was dangerous to allow one man to command the guard . Cassius Dio notes that after Sejanus , no other prefect except Gaius Fulvius Plautianus , who commanded the Guard under Septimius Severus , would rise to such influence . Following his death , the Guard began to play an increasingly ambitious and bloody role in the Empire . They assassinated emperors , bullied their prefects or turned on the people of Rome . In 41 , Caligula was killed by conspirators from the senatorial class and from the Guard . The Praetorians placed Claudius on the throne , daring the Senate to oppose their decision . In the late 1st century , a calculated uprising of Praetorians against Emperor Nerva , led by Casperius Aelianus , forced Nerva to adopt the more popular Trajan as his son and successor . While it is unproven that Sejanus intended to overthrow Tiberius , later prefects of the Guard did aspire to become emperor . Upon the suicide of Emperor Nero in 68 , the Guard prefect Gaius Nymphidius Sabinus attempted to have himself declared emperor , on the pretence that he was the illegitimate son of Caligula . The attempt failed and Sabinus was killed by his soldiers . In the early 3rd century , Plautianus was executed after a failed conspiracy against Septimius Severus . According to sources , the downfall of Plautianus was largely due to suspicion of Severus ' son Caracalla , who was later murdered and replaced by his Praetorian prefect Marcus Opellius Macrinus . = = = Historiography = = = With the exception of Velleius Paterculus , ancient historians have universally condemned Sejanus , although accounts differ to which extent Sejanus was manipulated by Tiberius or the other way around . Suetonius Tranquillus asserts that Sejanus was merely an instrument of Tiberius , to hasten the downfall of Germanicus and his family and that he was quickly disposed of once he ceased to be useful . Tacitus , on the other hand , attributes much of the decline of Tiberius ' rule after 23 to the corrupting influence of Sejanus , although he is generally also harsh on Tiberius . Among the writers who fell victim to the regime of Sejanus and its aftermath , were the historians Aulus Cremutius Cordus and Velleius Paterculus and the poet Phaedrus . Cordus was brought to trial in 25 by Sejanus , under accusations of treason . He was charged for having eulogized Marcus Junius Brutus and spoken of Gaius Cassius Longinus as the last of the true Romans and the Senate ordered the burning of his writings. which was considered an offence under the Lex Maiestatis His fall is elaborated upon by Seneca the Younger , in his letter to Cordus ' daughter Marcia To Marcia , On Consolation . Seneca tells us that her father most likely incurred Sejanus ' displeasure for criticising him , because he had commissioned a statue of himself . We also know from this source that Cordus starved himself to death . Marcia was instrumental in saving her father 's work , so that it could be published again under Caligula . Phaedrus was suspected of having alluded to Sejanus in his Fables and received some unknown punishment short of death ( Cf . Fables I.1 , I.2.24 , and I.17 ) . Velleius Paterculus was a historian and contemporary of Sejanus , whose two @-@ volume The Roman History details a history of Rome from the fall of Troy until the death of Livia Augusta in 29 . In his work , he praised Tiberius and Sejanus , even defending the latter 's high position in the government , despite his equestrian rank . How much of Paterculus ' writing is due to genuine admiration , prudence or fear remains an open question but it has been conjectured that he was put to death as a friend of Sejanus . = = = Literary interpretations = = = Sejanus ' fall is depicted in the section in Juvenal 's Satire X on the emptiness of power . This reviews the destruction of his statues after the damnatio memoriae judgment and reflects on the fickleness of public opinion . The dramatist Ben Jonson was to borrow from the poem for some passages in his Sejanus : His Fall . The play is seen as a topical reference to the fall of the former royal favourite , Robert Devereux , 2nd Earl of Essex , executed for treason two years before . Sejanus is also a leading figure in another Roman history play of about this time , the anonymous Tragedy of Claudius Tiberius Nero ( 1607 ) . Making contemporary political points in this way through reinterpretation of distant historical episodes was now common . In 17th century France , the fall of the powerful Cardinal Mazarin was celebrated in a political pamphlet that also drew parallels with the career of Sejanus , L 'Ambitieux ou le portraict d 'Aelius Sejanus en la personne du Cardinal Mazarin ( Paris , 1642 ) . In England other royal favourites were seen in these terms too . George Villiers , 1st Duke of Buckingham , is the target of an anonymous manuscript Roman tragedy , The Emperor ’ s Favourite . The prudent need for anonymity , is suggested by the arrest of Sir John Eliot , who was sent to the Tower of London for his outspoken criticism of the Duke in the 1626 parliament , comparing him to Sejanus . Following Buckingham ’ s death in 1628 , when it was safer to do so , a translation of a history by Pierre Matthieu was published under the title , The Powerful Favourite , the life of Aelius Sejanus . This was followed in 1634 , by another translation , Sir Thomas Hawkins ’ Politicall Observations upon the Fall of Sejanus , which had originally been titled Della peripetia di fortuna ( Of Changes of Fortune ) by its author , Giovanni Battista Manzini . Later in the century Anthony Ashley Cooper , 1st Earl of Shaftesbury , was the target of the four @-@ page political pamphlet Sejanus , or The popular favourite , now in his solitude , and sufferings , signed with the pseudonym Timothy Tory ( 1681 ) . Referring to the Earl ’ s imprisonment in the Tower on a charge of treason , in this case the story of Sejanus is interpreted as an argument for Absolute monarchy , direct rule without the intermediary of politicians . The name of Sejanus continued to be pressed into political service during the 18th century . The Prime Minister Robert Walpole , was attacked in 1735 in the course of a popular skit , C----- and country : A play of seven acts ... the whole concluding with the grand masque , call 'd , The downfall of Sejanus . Its authorship is attributed to ' a masquerader ' and in the printed version the masque precedes the play , although it is performed last . This gives the clue of how to take what is to follow and consists of a conversation between Punch and the Hangman , opening with the question ' Is this same Sejanus to go out of the World like a Man , or to die the Death of a mad Dog ? For he has lived like a sad One , from the first Day that the Emperor Tiberius took him into Favour . ' A subtler attack on a later prime minister occurred in 1769 when Jonson 's Sejanus was reissued under the title of The Favourite . This was prefaced with a tongue in cheek dedication to Lord Bute , denying that there can be any comparison between the conduct of Sejanus and that of his lordship . Elsewhere in Europe , there were other dramatic adaptations of the story . They included Jean de Magnon ’ s rhyming tragedy , Sejanus ( 1647 ) and Henri van der Zande 's De dood van Elius Sejanus of Spiegel voor der vorsten gunstelingen ( The death of Sejanus , a mirror for the favourites of princes , Amsterdam 1716 ) . Later in England , there was another recycling of Jonson ’ s tragedy , by the Irish actor Francis Gentleman . Abridged and ‘ improved ’ by some additions of his own , he published his Sejanus , a tragedy : as it was intended for the stage ( 1752 ) , when he could not get it acted . Later plays include a 5 @-@ act tragedy by A.Arterton ( 1875 ) and the privately printed Sejanus : A Tragedy in Five Acts by P. J. A. Chaulk ( 1923 ) A later fictional treatment of the historical episode , appeared as the first story of Edward Maturin 's Sejanus , and Other Roman Tales ( New York 1839 ) . It also figures in Robert Graves ' I , Claudius ( 1934 ) . The novel was given new life when it was adapted for television as I , Claudius in 1976 ; in this Antonia sends the letter of accusation to Tiberius via Claudius , after discovering her daughter is plotting with Sejanus ( Patrick Stewart ) . The Caesars ( 1968 ) was an earlier television series which featured Sejanus . The fact that Pontius Pilate was a nominee of Sejanus and implicated in the latter ’ s anti @-@ Jewish policies , has encouraged the inclusion of Sejanus in novels dealing with the circumstances of Jesus Christ ’ s crucifixion . The first of these was Miles Gerald Keon ’ s Dion and the Sibyls : A Classic Christian Novel , published in London in 1866 and from the Catholic Publication Society in New York in 1872 . Later examples have included Paul L. Maier 's Pontius Pilate ( Grand Rapids MI 1968 ) and Chris Seepe 's The Conspiracy to Assassinate Jesus Christ ( Toronto 2012 ) . The aim of some later novels has been to concentrate as much on local colour as on the story . This was true of William Percival Crozier 's historical romance The Fates Are Laughing ( 1945 ) , set during the fall of Sejanus and the reign of Caligula , written by a Classicist with an eye for detail . It is equally true of some recent detective novels set in Roman times . David Wishart 's Sejanus ( London , 1998 ) , features Marcus Corvinus and James Mace 's Empire Betrayed : Tribune Cursor and the Fall of Sejanus ( 2013 ) a military colleague of Sejanus . = = = Biographical sketches = = = Sejanus , biography at xenos.org
= 2000 Belgian Grand Prix = The 2000 Belgian Grand Prix ( formally , the LVIII Foster 's Belgian Grand Prix ) was a Formula One motor race held on 27 August 2000 at the Circuit de Spa @-@ Francorchamps , Stavelot , Belgium . It was the thirteenth race of the 2000 Formula One season , and the 58th Belgian Grand Prix . The 44 @-@ lap race was won by McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen , who started from the pole position . Michael Schumacher finished second in a Ferrari , and Williams driver Ralf Schumacher was third . The race began behind the safety car , and when the car returned to the pit lane Häkkinen built a comfortable lead over Jarno Trulli . As the track dried and his rivals made pit stops , Häkkinen maintained his lead until a lap @-@ 13 spin gave Michael Schumacher the lead for most of the remainder of the race . By the 34th lap Schumacher 's tyres began to degrade ; he drove off the racing line to cool them , which allowed Häkkinen to close the gap . On lap 41 Häkkinen overtook Michael Schumacher for the lead , lapping BAR driver Ricardo Zonta and maintaining the lead to win . Although Rubens Barrichello set the fastest lap time in the other Ferrari , he was hampered by a poor qualifying performance and retired with a fuel @-@ pressure problem thirteen laps from the finish . Häkkinen 's victory extended his lead in the Drivers ' Championship to six points over Michael Schumacher , with Coulthard a further seven points behind . Barrichello 's retirement dropped him to twenty @-@ five points behind Häkkinen . In the Constructors ' Championship , McLaren extended their lead to eight points over Ferrari with four races remaining in the season . = = Report = = = = = Background = = = The Grand Prix was contested by eleven teams with two drivers each . The teams ( also known as constructors ) were McLaren , Ferrari , Jordan , Jaguar , Williams , Benetton , Prost , Sauber , Arrows , Minardi and BAR . Tyre supplier Bridgestone brought four different tyre types to the race : two dry compounds ( soft and medium ) and two wet @-@ weather compounds ( hard and soft ) . The wet @-@ weather tyres were introduced for the race weekend in response to prospective rival tyre supplier Michelin beginning their tyre @-@ development program during the year , resulting in Bridgestone increasing their development rate to research advances . Before the race McLaren driver Mika Häkkinen led the Drivers ' Championship with 64 points , ahead of Michael Schumacher ( 62 points ) and David Coulthard ( 58 ) . Rubens Barrichello was fourth with 49 points , and Giancarlo Fisichella was fifth with 18 . In the Constructors ' Championship McLaren led with 112 points , one point ahead of rival Ferrari . Williams were third with 24 points , while Benetton ( 18 points ) and Jordan ( 12 ) contended for fourth place . McLaren and Ferrari had dominated the championship , winning the previous twelve races . Barrichello and Fisichella had second @-@ place finishes , and Ralf Schumacher and Heinz @-@ Harald Frentzen had finished third . After the Hungarian Grand Prix on 13 August , five teams conducted mid @-@ season testing at the Silverstone Circuit on 15 – 17 August . McLaren test driver Olivier Panis was fastest on the first day , ahead of Frentzen . Williams test driver Bruno Junqueira 's car had a water leak , resulting in repairs which limited his team 's testing time . Panis remained the fastest on the second day . Jos Verstappen 's Arrows car had a sensor failure , limiting his team 's testing time ; the car 's floor had to be removed to install a new sensor . Panis was again fastest on the final day of testing . Ferrari opted to test the suspension and tyres of Michael Schumacher 's car at the Fiorano Circuit . Schumacher later moved to the Mugello Circuit , with Barrichello conducting engine and setup tests , and Ferrari test driver Luca Badoer remained at Fiorano for development work on new car components . Prost opted to test at the Autodromo Nazionale Monza on 17 – 18 August with driver Jean Alesi . Benetton conducted a five @-@ day , one @-@ car test at the Danielson Circuit , with test driver Mark Webber on aerodynamic development for the first four days and Alexander Wurz concentrating on practice starts the last day . In September 1999 the Fédération Internationale de l 'Automobile ( FIA ) released a provisional calendar for the 2000 season , dropping the Circuit de Spa @-@ Francorchamps from the Formula One World Championship due to Belgian tobacco @-@ advertising laws which threatened to cancel the race ; several teams had tobacco sponsorship . The FIA had the revived Dutch Grand Prix at the Circuit Park Zandvoort and the Portuguese Grand Prix at the Autódromo do Estoril as alternatives if the Belgian Grand Prix was cancelled . The dispute was resolved when the Belgian government exempted the race from the advertising law , and it was reinstated at the FIA World Motor Sport Council meeting in Paris on 6 October . Ferrari arrived at the circuit with a lighter , more @-@ powerful version of its Tipo 049 V10 engine with for Saturday 's qualifying session , returning to the development power plant used at the Hungarian Grand Prix . They also had a revised aerodynamic package . = = = Practice and qualifying sessions = = = Four practice sessions were held before the Sunday race , two each on Friday and Saturday . The Friday morning and afternoon sessions each lasted an hour ; the third and fourth sessions , on Saturday morning , lasted 45 minutes each . Conditions were dry for the Friday morning and afternoon practice sessions . Coulthard set the first session 's fastest time with a lap of 1 : 53 @.@ 398 , eight @-@ tenths of a second quicker than Michael Schumacher . Häkkinen had the third @-@ fastest time , with Jarno Trulli , Barrichello and Jacques Villeneuve in the next three positions . The two Benetton drivers were seventh and eighth ( with Wurz ahead of Fisichella ) , and the Williams cars of Ralf Schumacher and Button completed the top ten . Alesi 's Prost had a fuel @-@ pressure problem which prevented him from completing a timed lap , and he was the slowest overall . In the second practice session , due to a slow rear puncture Coulthard 's first @-@ session lap was still the fastest ; Häkkinen had the second @-@ fastest time . Jaguar driver Johnny Herbert changed his car 's balance , improving its performance and finishing third @-@ fastest . Villeneuve moved into fourth after changes to his car 's setup ; Michael Schumacher slipped to fifth , and Wurz finished sixth . Jos Verstappen was seventh @-@ fastest , ahead of Fisichella , Barrichello and Trulli . The weather remained dry for the Saturday @-@ morning practice sessions . Häkkinen set the fastest lap of the third session at 1 : 51 @.@ 043 , quicker than his best on Friday and ahead of Frentzen , Trulli and Ralf Schumacher . Coulthard , who had an engine problem early in the session , was fifth @-@ fastest ( ahead of Button and Michael Schumacher ) . Alesi , Villeneuve and Sauber driver Nick Heidfeld rounded out the top ten . During the final practice session Häkkinen could not improve his time , although he remained the fastest . Button , much happier with his car 's handling , set the second @-@ fastest time . The Jordan drivers were third and fourth , with Trulli ahead of Frentzen . Ralf Schumacher and Coulthard completed the top six . Of the slower drivers , Marc Gené had an anxious moment when his Minardi car shed its engine cover but was able to return to his garage . Saturday afternoon 's qualifying session lasted for an hour . Each driver was limited to twelve laps , with the grid order decided by the drivers ' fastest laps . During this session the 107 % rule was in effect , requiring each driver to remain within 107 % of the fastest lap time to qualify for the race . The session was held in dry weather , with the ambient temperature 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) and the track temperature 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . Häkkinen clinched his fifth pole position of the season and his third at the circuit , with a time of 1 : 50 @.@ 646 ; although he was optimistic about his race prospects , he was concerned about the start . Häkkinen was joined in the front row of the grid by Trulli , who equalled his best qualifying performance of the season ( at the Monaco Grand Prix ) . Trulli was also optimistic about his chances because of the Jordan team 's strong record at the circuit . Button qualified third , and said he was happy with his starting position . Michael Schumacher secured fourth position , nine @-@ tenths of a second behind Häkkinen , setting a lap time which pushed Häkkinen 's teammate Coulthard into fifth . Coulthard , who had problems with grip , believed that he could have had a faster lap time . Ralf Schumacher secured sixth position after being caught in traffic during his final run , keeping the Williams driver from a quicker lap time . Villeneuve , in seventh , reported oversteering . Frentzen qualified eighth ; his best lap time was disqualified after Coulthard blocked him at the Bus Stop chicane , which caused Frentzen to run onto the grass . Herbert and Barrichello rounded out the top ten drivers , with Barrichello spinning at the chicane during his third run after locking his brakes . Fisichella , eleventh , missed the top ten by three @-@ tenths of a second on his only quick run of the session . Herbert 's teammate , Eddie Irvine , qualified twelfth with tyre @-@ grip problems . He was ahead of Zonta in the slower of the two BARs ( which lost a half @-@ second through Eau Rouge ) , Heidfeld in the faster Prost , Sauber 's Pedro Diniz and Arrows driver Pedro de la Rosa . Alesi qualified 17th , despite spinning at the chicane and triggering a yellow flag . Salo qualified 18th , ahead of Wurz ( who had engine problems and shared the spare Benetton monocoque with Fisichella ) . Verstappen and the two Minardi drivers qualified at the back of the grid , in positions 20 to 22 . = = = Race = = = The drivers took the track at 09 : 30 CEST ( UTC + 2 ) for a 30 @-@ minute warm @-@ up in wet weather , with lap times slower than the previous days ' practice and qualifying sessions . Häkkinen maintained his good performance , setting a time of 2 : 03 @.@ 392 . Michael Schumacher was the second @-@ fastest driver ; Button was third , two @-@ thousands of a second behind Schumacher . Barrichello completed the top four , three @-@ tenths of a second behind Häkkinen . Giancarlo Fisichella struck the barriers heavily at turn 14 after spinning sideways and was launched into the air , landing upside @-@ down ; the session was suspended while marshals cleared the track of debris . Fisichella sustained a bruised left knee , and was forced to start the race with his team 's spare car . Jacques Villeneuve damaged his car 's rear end in a crash later in the session , but was able to continue . The race began at 14 : 00 local time , with air and track temperatures at 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) ; clouds , but no rain , were predicted for the race . Standing water on the track , causing heavy spray and impairing visibility , meant that the race would start behind the safety car ; all cars except Pedro Diniz ' had wet tyres . Minardi 's Gastón Mazzacane started from the pit lane , since he changed to his team 's spare car after his engine failed during the warm @-@ up . The race began without a formation lap . During the safety @-@ car period , Diniz spun off ; he was passed by Pedro de la Rosa , who received a ten @-@ second stop @-@ go penalty which he served on lap 13 . The safety car entered the pit lane after one lap , and the cars were allowed to overtake after crossing the start @-@ finish line . Häkkinen maintained his lead going into the first corner , followed by Trulli , Button , Michael Schumacher and Coulthard . Herbert ran wide at the first turn , losing ninth place to Barrichello . At the end of the first racing lap , Diniz dropped to the rear of the field . De la Rosa lost 16th position on lap three after running wide at turn 18 , losing two places to Alesi and Verstappen . Häkkinen began to pull away from Trulli . Although Button tried to pass Trulli on the fourth lap at the Bus Stop chicane , he ran wide and lost third position to Michael Schumacher . On that lap , Alesi was the first driver to pit for dry tyres . By the beginning of the fifth lap Häkkinen increased his lead over Trulli to ten seconds , ahead of Michael Schumacher , Button and Coulthard . Button attempted to overtake Trulli around the outside of the Bus Stop chicane , but left the inside open for Schumacher to pass him for third place . Schumacher then took second place from Trulli at La Source . Button attempted to follow Schumacher down the inside , but made contact with the Jordan driver . Trulli was sent into a spin , becoming the first retirement of the race . Button lost two positions to Coulthard and Ralf Schumacher in the incident . On the next lap Michael and Ralf Schumacher were the first leaders to pit for dry tyres , as Alesi began setting faster lap times than the front @-@ runners . Häkkinen made a pit stop from the lead on lap seven , followed by Button , and re @-@ emerged ahead of Coulthard to retain the lead . Coulthard made his pit stop on the following lap , re @-@ emerging in ninth position . All drivers made pit stops by the end of lap nine . The race order was Häkkinen , Michael Schumacher , Ralf Schumacher , Alesi , Button , Villeneuve , Barrichello , Frentzen , Coulthard , Diniz , Herbert , Irvine , Zonta , Salo , Gené , Verstappen , de la Rosa , Heidfeld , Wurz and Mazzacane . During that lap Barrichello overtook Frentzen for seventh , whilst Verstappen and Fisichella collided after the Arrows driver tried to pass the slowing Benetton at the Bus Stop chicane . Verstappen had front @-@ wing damage , and Fisichella later retired with an electrical problem . By the beginning of lap 13 , Michael Schumacher closed his gap from Häkkinen to about 4 @.@ 6 seconds after four consecutive fastest laps . Later in the lap , Häkkinen touched a kerb at Stavelot corner and was sent spinning sideways into the grass ; Michael Schumacher took the lead . Nick Heidfeld was the race 's third retirement when his car developed a mechanical problem during that lap . Alesi , the first front @-@ runner to make a scheduled pit stop on lap 18 , rejoined in tenth . During the next two laps Salo passed Irvine for twelfth , whilst Barrichello made a pit stop from sixth position and came out in eleventh . By lap 22 , Michael Schumacher had increased his lead over Häkkinen to eleven seconds . Ralf Schumacher , ten seconds behind Häkkinen , maintained a six @-@ second gap over teammate Button . Michael Schumacher made a pit stop on that lap , emerging in third position . On lap 23 Barrichello passed Herbert for ninth position , and during the next two laps Villeneuve and Ralf Schumacher made pit stops . Button made a pit stop from fourth position on lap 26 , and Häkkinen one lap later ; Häkkinen was told by his team ( on pit boards ) to speed up to reduce the gap to Michael Schumacher , who had a heavier fuel load . Button dropped to eighth position , and Häkkinen came out behind Michael Schumacher . Frentzen and Coulthard made their pit stops together on lap 28 , with Coulthard emerging ahead of Frentzen . On that lap , Barrichello passed Alesi for sixth position . Barrichello , setting the fastest lap of the race ( 1 : 53 @.@ 803 on lap 30 ) , had consecutive fastest laps before making his second pit stop on lap 31 . However , his car 's fuel pressure dropped and he was pushed by marshals into the pit lane . Barrichello and Alesi ( who had a similar problem ) retired , and Button inherited fourth place . Salo was the final scheduled driver to make a pit stop , on lap 33 . At the end of lap 34 , after all scheduled pit stops , the running order was Michael Schumacher , Häkkinen , Ralf Schumacher , Button , Coulthard , Frentzen , Villeneuve , Herbert , Salo , Irvine , Diniz , Zonta , Wurz , Gene , Verstappen , de la Rosa and Mazzacane . During that lap Michael Schumacher 's tyres began to degrade , and he ran off the racing line to cool them by driving through water ; Häkkinen gradually closed the gap . Coulthard , fifth , passed Button for fourth position on lap 37 . Häkkinen tried to pass Michael Schumacher for the lead on the 40th lap on the approach to Les Combes ( after drafting behind him on the straightaway ) , but Schumacher blocked him to defend his position . The drivers made contact , with Häkkinen receiving minor damage to his front wing and forced to lift off the throttle . During the following lap , while both drivers were lapping Zonta , Häkkinen moved to the outside lane to pass Schumacher for the lead . He kept the lead for the rest of the race , crossing the finish line on lap 44 for his fourth victory of the season in a time of 1 ' 28 : 14 @.@ 494 — an average speed of 129 @.@ 535 miles per hour ( 208 @.@ 466 km / h ) . Michael Schumacher finished second , 1 @.@ 1 seconds behind Häkkinen and ahead of Ralf Schumacher in third , Coulthard in fourth , Button in fifth place . Frentzen rounded out the point @-@ scoring positions in sixth . Villeneuve , Herbert , Salo , Irvine and Diniz filled the next five positions . Zonta , Wurz , Gené and Verstappen finished a lap behind the leader , with de la Rosa and Mazzacane the last classified finishers . = = = After the race = = = The top three drivers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies and at a later press conference . Häkkinen was delighted with his victory : " This was an incredible win . It was a very difficult and unusual situation including my spin which of course was not planned . The kerbs here are very slippery and once you go over one there is not much you can do . I was lucky to keep going and I was able to chase Michael . But the car got better and better . " The driver added that he wanted to review his overtaking manoeuvre to see if Michael Schumacher performed an illegal move . Schumacher said that despite improvements to his car , he was unable to match Häkkinen 's overall pace . He added that he experienced no problems running off @-@ line to cool his tyres , and was happy to run behind backmarkers for straight @-@ line speed assistance during the race 's closing stages . Ralf Schumacher said , " I 'm more than happy ; we have been strong here the whole weekend and my car behaved perfectly . I had a little moment of worry about six laps from the end when the throttle didn 't seem to pick up properly and I thought the engine was going to stop , but it came back and all was well . " Schumacher added that his team was confident of securing third in the Constructors ' Championship ; although he could not match Häkkinen 's pace , he praised the team for his car 's set @-@ up . Coulthard was disappointed with his fourth @-@ place finish , and thought his team 's decision to call him into the pit lane after his competitors cost him the victory ; however , he remained confident about his championship chances . Button was also disappointed to finish fifth : " It was a bad race for me , if not the worst . The car was working well at the start , but when I tried to pass Jarno I went in a bit late . " Trulli refused to criticise Button after the race , believing that the Williams driver made a mistake . Fisichella and Verstappen felt similarly about their lap @-@ nine collision , with Fisichella saying that he " felt sorry " for Verstappen and describing his weekend as " disastrous " . Verstappen said that he struggled with his car 's balance , which resulted in oversteer . He was " happy to go home " , because " it 's not been a good weekend . " Frentzen said that although he was happy to score points , he had hoped for a better finish . The media focused on Häkkinen overtaking Michael Schumacher for the lead on lap 41 , and after the race Häkkinen went to Schumacher in the parc fermé and told him not to make a move like that again . Zonta later said that although he was unaware of Häkkinen 's presence , he saw Schumacher in his mirrors . Derick Allsop of The Independent described the impact the move might have on Häkkinen 's career : " Perhaps , he [ Mika Häkkinen ] will be recognised as a driver worthy of a place in the pantheon of the sport 's heroes . " According to McLaren team principal Ron Dennis , " His overtaking manoeuvre I 'm sure will go down as one of the greatest in Formula One history " , and in February 2001 Häkkinen 's move was chosen by more than 60 Formula One historians as the MasterCard Priceless Moment of the 2000 F1 season . The use of a safety car to start the race had a mixed response within the sport . Coulthard agreed with the FIA 's decision : " I know there will be a debate over it but the fact is I was asked beforehand and I said that , based on the previous years we 've had here , the safest thing is to have a safety @-@ car start " . He added that although the safety @-@ car start eliminated overtaking , it also prevented a major accident . Ralf Schumacher also agreed with the decision to start under safety @-@ car conditions . However , ITV commentator and former driver Martin Brundle felt that the track was not wet enough for a safety car . Journalist Nigel Roebuck said that the length of time under safety @-@ car conditions was inadequate , and raised the possibility of abandoning standing starts . FIA race director Charlie Whiting consulted Coulthard , the drivers ' representative , before making his decision . After the race , Häkkinen remained in the Drivers ' Championship lead with 74 points . Michael Schumacher was second with 68 points , seven points ahead of Coulthard and nineteen ahead of Barrichello . Ralf Schumacher passed Fisichella for fifth place with 20 points , and Frentzen moved ahead of teammate Trulli and Salo . In the Constructors ' Championship , McLaren maintained their lead with 125 points and Ferrari remained in second with 117 points . Williams increased their lead over Benetton to twelve points , and Jordan remained fifth with 13 points . Given Häkkinen 's increased lead , Michael Schumacher acknowledged that his team lacked speed against McLaren in the season 's four remaining races but remained confident of winning the world championship . = = Classification = = = = = Qualifying = = = = = = Race = = = = = Championship standings after the race = = Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
= Dhumavati = Dhumavati ( Sanskrit : धूमावती , Dhūmāvatī , literally " the smoky one " ) is one of the Mahavidyas , a group of ten Tantric goddesses . Dhumavati represents the fearsome aspect of Devi , the Hindu Divine Mother . She is often portrayed as an old , ugly widow , and is associated with things considered inauspicious and unattractive in Hinduism , such as the crow and the Chaturmas period . The goddess is often depicted on a horseless chariot or riding a crow , usually in a cremation ground . Dhumavati is said to manifest herself at the time of cosmic dissolution ( pralaya ) and is " the Void " that exists before creation and after dissolution . While Dhumavati is generally associated with only inauspicious qualities , her thousand @-@ name hymn relates her positive aspects as well as her negative ones . She is often called tender @-@ hearted and a bestower of boons . Dhumavati is described as a great teacher , one who reveals ultimate knowledge of the universe , which is beyond the illusory divisions , like auspicious and inauspicious . Her ugly form teaches the devotee to look beyond the superficial , to look inwards and seek the inner truths of life . Dhumavati is described as a giver of siddhis ( supernatural powers ) , a rescuer from all troubles , and a granter of all desires and rewards , including ultimate knowledge and moksha ( salvation ) . Her worship is also prescribed for those who wish to defeat their foes . Dhumavati 's worship is considered ideal for unpaired members of society , such as bachelors , widows , and world renouncers as well as Tantrikas . In her Varanasi temple , however , she transcends her inauspiciousness and acquires the status of a local protective deity . There , even married couples worship her . Although she has very few dedicated temples , her worship by Tantric ritual continues in private in secluded places like cremation grounds and forests . = = Origins = = Dhumavati hardly has an independent existence outside the Mahavidya group . There is no historical mention of her before she is included among the Mahavidyas . As a goddess of poverty , frustration , and despair , Daniélou associates Dhumavati with Nirriti , the goddess of disease and misery , and Alakshmi , the goddess of misfortune and poverty . Kinsley adds another goddess to the list : Jyestha . The Vedic goddess Nirriti is associated with death , decay , bad luck , anger , and need . Hymns emphasize offerings to keep her away . Like Nirriti , Dhumavati is associated with unpromising things and hardship . Jyestha , also an early Hindu goddess , has similarities in iconography with Dhumavati . Like Dhumavati , she is dark , ugly and is associated with the crow . Jyestha is described as being unable to tolerate any auspiciousness . Also like Dhumavati , Jyestha dwells in quarrels , inauspicious places , and has a bad temper . Lakshmana Desika , the commentator on the Saradatilaka @-@ Tantra , identifies Dhumavati with Jyestha . Both Alakshmi , the sister and antithesis of Lakshmi ( Shri ) , the goddess of wealth , luck and beauty , and Dhumavati are described as old , carrying a broom and having a crow banner . Both symbolize hunger , thirst , need , and poverty . While there are similarities between Dhumavati and the three goddesses , the latter lack significant characteristics of Dhumavati , like her widowhood and a textual emphasis on her ugliness . The names of the three goddesses also do not figure in Dhumavati 's nama stotras ( hymns invoking her many names ) , where such identifications could have been explicitly mentioned . The three also lack the more fierce warrior aspects of Dhumavati as well as her positive aspects in the context of the Mahavidyas . In scholar David Kinsley 's opinion , though the three may be Dhumavati 's antecedents , they are not " the same " as Dhumavati . According to Kinsley , the concept of ten Mahavidyas may not be earlier than the 12th century . = = Legends = = Dhumavati is often named as the seventh Mahavidya . The Guhyatiguhya @-@ Tantra equates Vishnu 's ten avatars with the ten Mahavidyas . The fish incarnation Matsya is described as arising from Dhumavati . A similar list in the Mundamala equates Dhumavati with Vamana . In a story from the Shakta Maha @-@ Bhagavata Purana , which narrates the creation of all the Mahavidyas , Sati , the daughter of Daksha and first wife of god Shiva , feels insulted that she and Shiva are not invited to Daksha 's yagna ( " fire sacrifice " ) and insists on going there , despite Shiva 's protests . After futile attempts to convince Shiva , the enraged Sati transforms into the Mahavidyas , who surround Shiva from the ten cardinal directions . Dhumavati stands in the southeast . Another similar legend replaces Sati with Kali ( the chief Mahavidya ) as the wife of Shiva and origin of the other Mahavidyas . The Devi Bhagavata Purana mentions the Mahavidyas as war @-@ companions and forms of goddess Shakambhari . A legend from the Shaktisamgama @-@ Tantra describes that Sati commits suicide by jumping in Daksha 's yagna and Dhumavati rises with a blackened face from the sad smoke of Sati 's burning body . She is " all that is left of Sati " and is her outraged and insulted avatar . The Pranatosini @-@ Tantra explains the widowhood of Dhumavati . Once , Sati asked Shiva to give her food . When Shiva declines , the goddess eats him to satisfy her extreme hunger . When Shiva requests her to disgorge him , she obliges . Shiva then rejects her and curses her to assume the form of a widow . Another oral legend tells that Dhumavati was created by the warrior goddess Durga in the battle against demons Shumbha and Nishumbha . Dhumavati 's literal name ( " she who abides in smoke " ) comes from her ability to defeat demons by creating stinging smoke . The Pranatosini @-@ Tantra version stresses Dhumavati 's destructive aspect and hunger , which is satisfied only when she consumes Shiva , who himself contains or creates the universe . It brings out her inauspicious status as a widow and her self @-@ assertion on her husband . = = Iconography and textual descriptions = = The Dhumavati Tantra describes her as an old and ugly widow . She is thin , tall , unhealthy , and has a pale complexion . She is described as restless and wicked . Unadorned with jewellery , she wears old , dirty clothes and has dishevelled hair . Her eyes are fearsome , her nose long and crooked , and some of her long fang @-@ like teeth have fallen out , leaving her smile with gaps . Her ears are ugly and rough ; her breasts hang down . In one of her trembling hands , she holds a winnowing basket , while the other makes a boon @-@ conferring gesture ( varada @-@ mudra ) or knowledge @-@ giving gesture ( cinmudra ) . She rides in a horseless chariot bearing an emblem of a crow and a banner . She is astute and crafty , though . Always hungry and thirsty , Dhumavati initiates quarrels and invokes fear . In the Prapancasarasara @-@ samgraha , Dhumavati is described as having a black complexion and wearing ornaments made of snakes . Her dress is made of rags taken from cremation grounds . She holds a spear and a skull @-@ cup ( kapala ) in her two hands . The spear is sometimes replaced by a sword . Another description in the same text says Dhumavati is aged with a wrinkled , angry face and cloud @-@ like complexion . Her nose , eyes , and throat resemble a crow 's . She holds a broom , a winnowing fan , a torch , and a club . She is cruel and frowning . Her hair appears dishevelled and she wears the simple clothes of a beggar . Her breasts are dry . Her hair is grey , her teeth crooked and missing , and her clothes old and worn . Sometimes , Dhumavati rides a crow and holds a trident . She may be depicted wearing a garland of severed heads , with red @-@ coloured limbs and matted but dishevelled hair . Sometimes , she carries the buffalo @-@ horn of Yama , the god of death , symbolizing her association with death . Dhumavati has fierce , warlike attributes too . In the Shakta pramoda , she crushes bones in her mouth , creating an awful noise . She also makes the fearful and warlike noises of drums and bells . She wears a garland of skulls , chews the corpses of the demons Chanda and Munda , and drinks a mixture of blood and wine . Though there are standard descriptions of Dhumavati 's form , some relatively recent paintings deviate from it . For example , an 18th @-@ century painting by Molaram depicts Dhumavati sitting on a chariot pulled by two black scavenger birds with curved beaks . The painting follows the usual attributes like the winnowing basket , boon @-@ giving gesture , but also depicts her young and beautiful with full breasts and adorned in gold finery , a stark contrast to her usual form . An early 20th @-@ century painting from Varanasi depicts her riding a crow , holding a trident , a sword , a winnowing fan , and a bowl in her four arms , dark @-@ complexioned , with sagging breasts , wearing white clothes and with cremation flames in the background . She is again adorned in gold finery and wears a gold @-@ hewn lower garment , unusual for a widow 's dress . Another 18th century Nepali manuscript depicts a complete deviation from her traditional descriptions . She is completely nude with high breasts , wears a pearl necklace and headband , stands on a peacock with legs apart , and holds a mirror while looking at her reflection . A ring of fire surrounds her , possibly conveying cremation flames . = = Symbolism and associations = = Vedic scholar Ganapati Muni described the goddess : Dhumavati is always considered a widow , and thus , is the only Mahavidya without a consort . Though associated with Shiva , having eaten him , he has since left her . Having destroyed the male element ( Purusha ) in the universe , she is left with nothing , but she is still Shakti , the female element with latent energy . Dhumavati 's insatiable hunger and thirst is highlighted in many texts , and has been interpreted as the manifestation of her unsatisfied desires . As a widow in a horseless chariot , Dhumavati is portrayed as a woman going nowhere in life and society . She is " all that is unlucky , unattractive and inauspicious " . She appears in the form of the poor , the beggars , the lepers , and the diseased . She dwells in the " wounds of the world " , deserts , ruined houses , poverty , tatters , hunger , thirst , quarrels , mourning of children , in wild and other uncivilized , dangerous places . Widows in general are considered inauspicious , dangerous , and susceptible to possession by evil spirits . As a divine widow , Dhumavati is to be feared . Dhumavati is described as a hag or witch , crafty and quarrelsome ; she represents all the dreaded miseries of life . Alternative paintings show her as young and adorned , as a sexually tempting , eroticised , young , attractive yet inauspicious widow . Her thousand @-@ name hymn says that she gives enjoyment , is completely beautiful and adorned with garlands , clothes , and jewellery . She is also associated with sex in the hymn , which calls her " She Whose Form Is Rati " . Rati literally means " sexual intercourse " and also the name of the Hindu love goddess . She is said to enjoy sexual intercourse , to be present where sexual activity is , and to be occupied with sex . She is said to like liquor ( a forbidden drink ) , to be intoxicated , and to be worshiped by intoxicated people . She also indulges in the Tantric ritual of breaking the five taboos — the Panchamakara , which include consuming wine , meat , fish , parched grain and ritual sex . Dhumavati is a manifestation of the anti @-@ social and inauspicious elements in women and is an antithesis to the goddess Lakshmi . Like Alakshmi , Dhumavati rules over the four months of the rainy season , when even solar light is obscured by the evil water spirit . This coincides with Chaturmas , a period during the year when the god Vishnu sleeps . At that time , darkness rules and the soul loses its usual luster . This period is considered inauspicious , and as such as no auspicious ceremonies like marriage can take place . The presence of the crow , a carrier of death , in her iconography as well as her textual description of having crow @-@ like features associate her with death and inauspiciousness . Another motif in her iconography linking her with death is the presence of a cremation ground and cremation pyres in the background . Her thousand name hymn says that she lives in the cremation ground , sits on a corpse , wears ashes , and blesses those who haunt the grounds . The Prapancasarasara @-@ samgraha relates that she wears a dress taken from a corpse . Dhumavati is the embodiment of tamas guna , associated with ignorance and darkness . She likes meat and wine , both tamasic in nature . The Pranatosinitantra associates her with tamas , when classifying the mahavidyas based on guna . Dhumavati is often said to appear at the time of Maha @-@ pralaya , the great dissolution of the cosmos and is equated with the dark clouds that rise during Pralaya . Her thousand name hymn also calls her by names meaning " She Whose Form is Pralaya " , " Who Is Occupied with Pralaya " , " Who Creates and Causes Pralaya " and " Who Walks About in Pralaya " . An author says that she stays even after Shiva ( who is Maha @-@ kala ) ( " Great Time " or " Great Death " ) disappears , thus she is " the Power of Time " , and considered to be beyond time and space . Dhumavati represents ultimate destruction , the smoke that rises after the universe is destroyed . The goddess ' name " Dhumavati " means the " smoky one " . She is said not to like offerings burnt in a fire that is not smoky . She likes smoke from incense , offerings , and cremation pyres , as these symbolize destruction . Dhumavati also exists in the form of smoke and roams everywhere at her will . While Dhumavati generally is associated with only inauspicious qualities , her thousand @-@ name hymn tells about her positive aspects , too . She is often called as bestower of boons and tender @-@ hearted . Her hymn says that she lives in the midst of women and is worshipped by them . Her hymn sings of her as the giver of children . As an ancestor or Grandmother spirit , she embodies a great teacher and guide , granting knowledge of the ultimate truth of life and death . Her smoke hides that which is obvious , revealing hidden secrets and truths of " the unknown and the unmanifest " . Frawley says her outer appearance as poverty is deceptive and a mere illusion that hides the inner reality . She is " the good fortune that comes to us in the form of misfortune " . Dhumavati embodies the " power of suffering " . Through the negative aspects that Dhumavati represents rise the virtues of patience , persistence , forgiveness , and detachment . Without the revealing of this negativity of life , it cannot be transcended and the secret truths would remain hidden under the smoky veil of illusion . Dhumavati 's outer inauspicious , fearful form reveals the dangers of considering sensory pleasures as fulfilment @-@ giving . The winnowing basket , used to separate the husk from the grain , symbolizes the need to separate the outer illusory form from the inner reality . Her ugly form teaches the devotee to go beyond the outer deceptive appearances and seek the inner truths of life . Dhumavati is the primordial darkness and ignorance , from which rises the world of illusion . She represents the darkness / ignorance before creation and after decay . This ignorance , which obscures the ultimate reality , is necessary because without the realization of this ignorance , true knowledge can not be achieved . Dhumavati also represents yogic sleep ( Yoganidra ) , the pre @-@ creation state of consciousness , as well as the primal sleep ( the Void ) in which all creation would dissolve and reach ultimate reality of Brahman . This void is pure consciousness , the cessation of movements of the mind , and silence . Even Dhumavati 's ability to spread disease is also considered positive , as disease punishes the wicked and restores cosmic order . Dhumavati is also associated with the heart or middle region of the body . Dhumavati is sometimes regarded as an older form of Kali , in which she represents timelessness and unmanifest life @-@ force . Another tradition identifies Dhumavati with Smashana @-@ kali , " Kali who lives in the cremation ground . " She is considered a terrible aspect of the Goddess and included among the Kalikula ( " family of Kali " ) goddesses . Dhumavati 's nama stotras ( hymn with names of the deities ) identify her with Parvati , Sati , and glorify her as a slayer of demons . = = Worship = = Though Dhumavati may seem to be a goddess to be avoided due to her inauspiciousness , she is described as tender @-@ hearted and one who gives her devotees whatever they want . In several places , Dhumavati is described as a giver of siddhis ( supernatural powers ) , a rescuer from all troubles and granter of all desires and rewards , including ultimate knowledge and moksha ( salvation ) . Dhumavati 's worship is prescribed to ward off all the negativity that she stands for and to transcend the smoke screen to acquire true knowledge . By worshipping and confronting her , the embodiment of the impure , the inauspicious and outside the fringes of society , one can look beyond the arbitrary dichotomies of society and acquire ultimate knowledge to become spiritually enlightened . Married people , however , are advised not to worship Dhumavati . It is said that her worship creates a feeling of wanting solitude and distaste of worldly things , which is considered as highest characteristics of a spiritual quest . Thus , Dhumavati 's worship is appropriate for world renouncers who roam as lone wanderers and widows who parallel the life of world renouncers . Dhumavati is also described a being partial to single persons and especially partial to widows . Widows are considered the only beings who can withstand her power . The mantra of Dhumavati is " Dhum Dhum Dhumavati Svaha " , containing a repetition of her seed syllable Dhum . This mantra used in the worship of Dhumavati , sometimes with her yantra , is believed to create a protective smoke shielding the devotee from negativity and death . Her worship involves clearing one 's mind of all thoughts and leaving back the known , meditating on the unknown silence beyond , and the Void that Dhumavati represents . The Shaktisamgama Tantra says that Dhumavati can be worshipped for the Uchhatana ( eradication ) of a person . A worshipper should imagine the world as well as the goddess 's mantra as grey . He should blacken his teeth and wear black clothes and observe regulations , such as eating little , sleeping on the ground , and subduing his senses . In this worship procedure called kakakarma ( crow @-@ procedure ) , he should " transform his mind into a crow " by which one can cause harm to a person . Another Tantric text mentions the worshipper should burn a crow in a cremation flame and , while repeating the goddesses ' mantra , spread the ashes in the enemy 's house , which will lead to his destruction . The text further says Dhumavati should be worshipped only by Dakshinamarga ( " right @-@ handed path " ) . While the Kalarudra @-@ tantra says Dhumavati can be worshipped for destructive purposes , Shakta @-@ pramoda relates that her worship is useful to acquire siddhi to destroy one 's foes . Dhumavati 's worship is performed in the night in a cremation ground , bare @-@ bodied with the exception of a loincloth . The fourth lunar day of the dark fortnight ( Krishna Paksha ) is considered the special day to perform her puja ( worship ) . The worshipper should observe a fast and remain silent for a whole day and night . They should also perform a homa ( " fire sacrifice " ) , wearing wet clothes and a turban , repeating the goddess ' mantra in a cremation ground , forest , or any lonely place . Dhumavati temples are extremely rare . At a temple in Varanasi , Dhumavati is the main deity . Smaller Dhumavati temples exist in Rajrappa in Bihar and near the Kamakhya Temple near Guwahati . At the Varanasi temple , which claims to be a Shakti Peetha , Dhumavati 's idol rides a chariot and holds a winnowing fan , a broom , and a pot , while the fourth hand makes the fear @-@ not gesture ( abhaya @-@ mudra ) . The goddess is offered usual offerings like flowers and fruit , but also liquor , bhang , cigarettes , meat , and sometimes even blood sacrifices . Though traditional devotees of Dhumavati ( world renouncers and Tantrikas ) worship at the Varanasi temple , here the goddess transcends her traditional role as " the inauspicious , dangerous goddess who can be approached only by heroic tantric adepts " . Dhumavati acquires the role of a local guardian deity , or village deity , who protects the locals and even married couples worship her . There is also a temple dedicated to the goddess in Pitambara Peeth temple complex , Datia .
= No. 1 Flying Training School RAAF = No. 1 Flying Training School ( No. 1 FTS ) was a school of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . It was one of the Air Force 's original units , dating back to the service 's formation in 1921 , when it was established at RAAF Point Cook , Victoria . By the early 1930s , the school comprised training , fighter , and seaplane components . It was re @-@ formed several times in the ensuing years , initially as No. 1 Service Flying Training School ( No. 1 SFTS ) in 1940 , under the wartime Empire Air Training Scheme . After graduating nearly 3 @,@ 000 pilots , No. 1 SFTS was disbanded in late 1944 , when there was no further requirement to train Australian aircrew for service in Europe . The school was re @-@ established in 1946 as No. 1 FTS at RAAF Station Uranquinty , New South Wales , and transferred to Point Cook the following year . Under a restructure of flying training to cope with the demands of the Korean War and Malayan Emergency , No. 1 FTS was re @-@ formed in 1952 as No. 1 Applied Flying Training School ( No. 1 AFTS ) ; it moved to RAAF Base Pearce , Western Australia , in 1958 . For much of this period the school was also responsible for training the RAAF 's air traffic controllers . Its pilot trainees included Army , Navy , and foreign students as well as Air Force personnel . The RAAF 's reorganisation of aircrew training in the early 1950s had led to the formation at Uranquinty of No. 1 Basic Flying Training School ( No. 1 BFTS ) , which transferred to Point Cook in 1958 . In 1969 , No. 1 AFTS was re @-@ formed as No. 2 Flying Training School and No. 1 BFTS was re @-@ formed as No. 1 FTS . Rationalisation of RAAF flying training resulted in the disbandment of No. 1 FTS in 1993 . = = History = = = = = Early years = = = No. 1 Flying Training School ( No. 1 FTS ) was the first unit to be formally established as part of the new Australian Air Force on 31 March 1921 ( the term " Royal " was added in August that year ) . No. 1 FTS was formed from the remnants of Australia 's original military flying unit , Central Flying School , at RAAF Point Cook , Victoria . Squadron Leader William Anderson , who was also in charge of the Point Cook base , was No. 1 FTS 's first commanding officer . The school 's initial complement of staff was twelve officers and 67 airmen . In December 1921 , the Australian Air Board prepared to form its first five squadrons and allocate aircraft to each , as well as to the nascent flying school . The plan was for No. 1 FTS to receive twelve Avro 504Ks and four Sopwith Pups , and the squadrons a total of eight Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s , eight Airco DH.9s , and three Fairey IIIs . Funding problems forced the Air Force to disband the newly raised squadrons on 1 July 1922 and re @-@ form them as flights in a composite squadron under No. 1 FTS . The same month , Flight Lieutenant Frank McNamara , VC , took command of the school . The inaugural flying course commenced in January 1923 . Basic instruction took place on the Avro 504Ks , and more advanced or specialised training on the school 's other aircraft . Fourteen students commenced the year @-@ long course , and twelve graduated . As well as flying , they studied aeronautics , communications , navigation , armament and general military subjects . Squadron Leader Anderson resumed command of No. 1 FTS in 1925 ; the following year he handed over to Wing Commander Adrian Cole , who led the unit until 1929 . The first Citizen Air Force ( active reserve ) pilots ' course ran from December 1925 to March 1926 , 26 of 30 students completing the training . Although 24 accidents occurred , there were no fatalities , leading Cole to remark at the graduation ceremony that the students were either made of India rubber or had learned how to crash " moderately safely " . However , the 1926 Permanent Air Force ( PAF ) cadet course was marred by three fatal accidents . The following year , 29 students graduated — thirteen PAF , nine reserve , and seven destined for exchange with the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . In June 1928 , the school 's Avro 504Ks were replaced by de Havilland DH.60 Cirrus Moths ; these were augmented by Gipsy Moths commencing in 1930 . Squadron Leader McNamara resumed command of No. 1 FTS in October 1930 . By then , two sub @-@ units had been raised at Point Cook under the school 's auspices : " Fighter Squadron " , operating Bristol Bulldogs ; and " Seaplane Squadron " , operating Supermarine Southamptons , among other types . As of February 1934 , No. 1 FTS was organised into Training Squadron , operating Moths and Westland Wapitis , Fighter Squadron and Seaplane Squadron . Fighter and Seaplane Squadrons were formally established as units that month , but remained under the control of the flying school and were " really little more than flights " , according to the official history of the pre @-@ war RAAF . As well as participating in training exercises , Fighter Squadron was often employed for aerobatic displays and flag @-@ waving duties . One of No. 1 FTS 's leading instructors during the early 1930s , Flight Lieutenant Frederick Scherger , was also a flight commander in Fighter Squadron . Seaplane Squadron undertook naval co @-@ operation and survey tasks , as well as seaplane training . Fighter Squadron was dissolved in December 1935 when its Bulldogs were transferred to No. 1 Squadron at RAAF Laverton , while Seaplane Squadron continued to function until June 1939 , when it was separated to form the nucleus of No. 10 Squadron . In 1932 , No. 1 FTS started running two courses each year , the first commencing in January and the second in July ; it also ceased graduating non @-@ commissioned officers as pilots , and thus took on a character resembling the other armed services ' cadet colleges , the Royal Australian Naval College and the Royal Military College , Duntroon . The roughly 1 @,@ 200 applications for each flying course competed for around twelve places . Wing Commander Hippolyte De La Rue became commanding officer in early 1933 . The following year , No. 1 FTS commenced regular courses in signals , photography , air observation , and aircraft maintenance . In April 1936 , the school took delivery of its first Avro Cadets , procured as an intermediate trainer to bridge the gap between the Gipsy Moth employed for elementary flying instruction and the Wapiti used for advanced training . De La Rue was succeeded by Wing Commander Frank Lukis in January 1938 . By this time the school was training up to 96 new pilots per year , a small percentage of whom were slated for secondment to the RAF on short @-@ service commissions . Link Trainer simulators were introduced in March 1939 . = = = World War II = = = RAAF flying training was heavily reorganised soon after the outbreak of World War II , in response to Australia 's participation in the Empire Air Training Scheme ( EATS ) . Several elementary flying training schools were formed , to provide basic flight instruction to cadets , while more advanced pilot instruction was to take place at service flying training schools . On 1 May 1940 , No. 1 FTS was re @-@ formed at Point Cook as No. 1 Service Flying Training School ( No. 1 SFTS ) . Its inaugural commanding officer was Group Captain John Summers , who led Fighter Squadron in the early 1930s and had taken over No. 1 FTS in December 1939 . The school 's Instructors ' Training Squadron was detached to become the nucleus of a re @-@ formed Central Flying School , which relocated to Camden , New South Wales , in June . Courses at the service flying training schools consisted of two streams , intermediate and advanced ; the total duration varied during the war as demand for aircrew fluctuated . Initially running for sixteen weeks , the course was cut to ten weeks ( which included 75 hours flying time ) in October 1940 . A year later it was raised to twelve weeks ( including 100 hours flying time ) , and again to sixteen weeks two months later . It continued to increase after this , peaking at 28 weeks in June 1944 . At the time of formation , No. 1 SFTS came under the control of Southern Area Command , headquartered in Melbourne . The school 's complement of 52 aircraft included Wapitis , Cadets , Avro Ansons , Hawker Demons , and a de Havilland Tiger Moth . Group Captain John McCauley served as commanding officer from October 1940 until July 1941 , when he handed over to Wing Commander Roy King , who went on to take charge of Station Headquarters Point Cook in October . As of July , No. 1 SFTS was operating more than 100 aircraft , including Gipsy Moths , de Havilland DH.89 Dragon Rapides , Douglas C @-@ 47 Dakotas , CAC Wirraways and Airspeed Oxfords , the last two being the mainstays . In August 1941 , control of all training units in Victoria passed from Southern Area Command to the newly formed No. 1 Training Group . By September , the school had an establishment of 100 officers and over 2 @,@ 000 airmen , including 300 cadets . It was organised into Intermediate Training Squadron , Advanced Training Squadron , Maintenance Wing , Armament School , and Signal School . Wing Commander Charles Read held command of No. 1 SFTS from October 1943 until its disbandment on 15 September 1944 , by which time almost 3 @,@ 000 pilots had graduated . Among these were Nicky Barr , who became one of Australia 's leading fighter aces in North Africa , and Bill Newton , awarded the Victoria Cross for bombing raids in New Guinea . The RAAF had ordered the school 's closure in August 1944 as part of a general reduction in aircrew training , after being informed by the British Air Ministry that it no longer required EATS graduates for the war in Europe . Significant reserves of trained Commonwealth aircrew had been built up in the UK early in 1944 prior to the invasion of Normandy , but lower @-@ than @-@ anticipated casualties had resulted in an over @-@ supply that by 30 June numbered 3 @,@ 000 Australians . = = = Post @-@ war years = = = On 1 March 1946 , No. 5 Service Flying Training School at RAAF Station Uranquinty , New South Wales , was re @-@ formed as No. 1 FTS , under Southern Area Command . Its complement of aircraft included one Anson , two Tiger Moths , and 55 Wirraways , though the unit was mainly responsible for the maintenance of equipment and little flying was undertaken apart from refresher courses for pilots posting to the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan . By 1 September 1947 , No. 1 FTS had transferred to Point Cook , initially as " Flying Training School " , under Wing Commander Read . The RAAF 's first post @-@ war flying training course at the school consisted of 42 students and commenced in February 1948 , finishing in August the following year . Flight grading took place after six months of general military training , at which point students were selected to be trainee pilots or navigators ; the former remained at No. 1 FTS , while the latter transferred to the School of Air Navigation at RAAF Base East Sale . Unlike some other air forces , which placed students into specialised aircraft roles after basic training , the RAAF 's philosophy was to give all pilots essentially the same training from induction to graduation , so they would be able to convert more easily from one aircraft type to another as operational requirements evolved . In September 1949 , Read handed over to Squadron Leader Glen Cooper , who commanded the school until August 1951 . In response to demands for more aircrew to fulfil Australia 's commitments to the Korean War and Malayan Emergency , flying training underwent major changes in 1951 – 52 , the syllabus at No. 1 FTS being split among three separately located units . No. 1 Initial Flying Training School ( No. 1 IFTS ) was raised at RAAF Station Archerfield , Queensland , to impart students with general aeronautical and military knowledge , after which they received their flight grading during twelve hours on Tiger Moths . Graduate pilots of No. 1 IFTS went on to the newly formed No. 1 Basic Flying Training School ( No. 1 BFTS ) at Uranquinty , where they underwent a further 90 hours of aerial instruction that included instrument , formation and night flying , first on Tiger Moths and then on Wirraways . Successful students finally transferred to No. 1 FTS , which was renamed No. 1 Applied Flying Training School ( No. 1 AFTS ) in March 1952 . There they undertook 100 flying hours of advanced weapons and combat training on Wirraways , before graduating as sergeant pilots . RAAF College , formed at Point Cook in 1947 , was to be the Air Force 's primary source of commissioned officers . The Tiger Moths and Wirraways of No. 1 BFTS were subsequently replaced by the CAC Winjeel , first delivered in 1955 . By the time it was re @-@ formed as No. 1 AFTS , the flying school at Point Cook had also been made responsible for training the RAAF 's air traffic controllers ; this role was transferred to Central Flying School at East Sale in December 1956 . Southern Area Command was re @-@ formed as Training Command in September 1953 . On 28 May 1958 , No. 1 AFTS relocated to RAAF Base Pearce , Western Australia , where its Wirraways were replaced by de Havilland Vampire jet trainers , which required a runway longer than that at Point Cook . The school 's place at Point Cook was taken by No. 1 BFTS , which transferred from Uranquinty on 19 December . By this time the RAAF had decided to commission all pilots and navigators , who would be selected for these roles upon induction into the service ; navigators therefore went straight to the School of Air Navigation at East Sale , without attending flying training school . On 31 December 1958 , the Flying Training Squadron of RAAF College was disbanded , and the flight instruction component of the four @-@ year cadet course became the responsibility of No. 1 BFTS ( for basic training ) and No. 1 AFTS ( for advanced training ) . Previously , the cadets had used FTS aircraft under RAAF College instructors , but from 1959 their flight training was fully integrated with the FTS system . The demand for trained aircrew , which had lessened in the mid @-@ 1950s , rose again the following decade as a result of the RAAF embarking on a major re @-@ equipment program , and Australia 's increasing involvement in the Vietnam War . The RAAF also had an ongoing commitment to providing flying training to students from the Australian Army and Royal Australian Navy . By adding instructors and increasing the ratio of pupils to instructors , the number of Air Force graduates was progressively raised from 38 in 1963 , to 100 in 1968 . Also in 1968 , Macchi MB @-@ 326H jet trainers began replacing the Vampires of No. 1 AFTS . The introduction of the Macchi led to a brief flirtation with " all @-@ through " jet training in the Air Force , consisting of 210 hours on this one type of aircraft . The experiment was dropped after two courses as being , in the words of the official historian of the post @-@ war RAAF , " an expensive way of finding out that some pupils lacked the aptitude to become military pilots " ; by 1971 students were receiving 60 hours of basic training on Winjeels at Point Cook , and the Maachi course at Pearce was reduced to 150 hours . On 31 December 1968 , No. 1 AFTS was disbanded at Pearce , re @-@ forming on 1 January 1969 as No. 2 Flying Training School . At the same time , No. 1 BFTS was disbanded at Point Cook and re @-@ formed as No. 1 FTS . The Winjeels of No. 1 FTS were replaced by CT @-@ 4A Airtrainers in late 1975 . The first CT @-@ 4 pilots ' course of 34 students included six from the Royal Australian Navy and three from Malaysia . By 1977 , the school was organised into Air Training , Ground Training and Maintenance Squadrons . As well as maintaining its own aircraft , it was responsible for technical support of other units at Point Cook . The Queen 's Colour was presented to No. 1 FTS by the Governor @-@ General , Sir Zelman Cowen , in 1981 . In November 1989 , one of the school 's CT @-@ 4s re @-@ created the first trans @-@ Australia flight that had taken place 70 years before , when Captain Henry Wrigley and Sergeant Arthur " Spud " Murphy flew a Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2 biplane from Point Cook to Darwin , Northern Territory , between 16 November and 12 December 1919 . A review of undergraduate flying training , commissioned by the Chief of the Air Staff ( CAS ) , Air Marshal Ray Funnell , and aimed at reducing failure rates and improving cost @-@ effectiveness , saw the retirement of the CT @-@ 4s in December 1992 , followed by the closure of No. 1 FTS . The last RAAF flying course completed on 12 June 1992 , and the last Army pilots ' course in December . The school was disbanded on 31 January 1993 , bringing to an end almost 80 years of flying at Point Cook , Australia 's oldest military air base . The occasion was marked by a parading of the Queen 's Colour and a flypast by six CT @-@ 4s in front of the new CAS , Air Marshal Barry Gration . This was followed by a service at the RAAF Chapel of the Holy Trinity overflown by four Winjeels and a Tiger Moth , and later an all @-@ ranks dining @-@ in night . Concurrent with the phase @-@ out of training at No. 1 FTS , British Aerospace was contracted to conduct flight grading at its base in Tamworth , New South Wales . Subsequent all @-@ through flight training on the Pilatus PC @-@ 9 took place at No. 2 FTS , Pearce . In 1998 , British Aerospace was granted a contract to supply tri @-@ service basic flying instruction at the newly formed Australian Defence Force Basic Flying Training School ( ADFBFTS ) in Tamworth , the first course commencing in January 1999 on CT @-@ 4B Airtrainers , and No. 2 FTS again became responsible for advanced flying training only . ADFBFTS thus became , according to the school 's head of training , " the No. 1 Flying Training School you have when you don 't have a No. 1 Flying Training School " .
= Pholiota squarrosa = Pholiota squarrosa , commonly known as the shaggy scalycap , the shaggy Pholiota , or the scaly Pholiota , is a species of mushroom in the Strophariaceae family . Common in North America and Europe , it is often an opportunistic parasite , and has a wide range of hosts among deciduous trees , although it can also infect conifers . It can also live as a saprobe , deriving nutrients from decomposing wood . The mushroom is typically found growing in clusters at the base of trees and stumps . Both the cap and the stem are covered in small , pointed scales that are pointed downward and backward . The crowded gills are yellowish , then later rust @-@ brown . The mushroom has an odor that , depending on the author , has been described as resembling garlic , lemon , radish , onion , or skunk . It has a strong taste , resembling radishes . Once thought to be edible , it is now considered and known to be poisonous , especially if consumed in combination with alcohol . The mushroom contains unique chemicals thought to help it infect plants by neutralizing defensive responses employed by them . The very similar P. squarrosoides differs in having a paler cap that is sticky between the scales , and smaller spores . = = Taxonomy = = The species was first described scientifically as Agaricus squarrosus in 1790 by George Christian Edler von Oldenburg Oeder , and later sanctioned under this name by Elias Magnus Fries in his 1821 Systema Mycologicum . It was transferred to the genus Pholiota by the German Paul Kummer . It is the type species of the genus Pholiota . The specific epithet squarrosa is derived from Latin , and means " scurfy " . The mushroom is commonly known as the " scaly Pholiota " , the " shaggy scalycap " , or the " shaggy Pholiota " . = = Description = = Like other Pholiota mushrooms , P. squarrosa has a scaly cap and stem . The cap ranges from 3 to 12 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 to 4 @.@ 7 in ) in diameter , and depending on its age , can range in shape from bell @-@ shaped to rounded to somewhat flattened . The cap color is yellowish @-@ brown to tawny in older specimens . The scales on the cap are yellowish to tawny , and recurved . The stem is 4 to 12 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 to 4 @.@ 7 in ) long by 0 @.@ 5 to 1 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 20 to 0 @.@ 59 in ) thick , and roughly equal in width throughout . The partial veil that covers the young gills forms a thick , woolly ring on the upper part of the stem . Above the level of the ring , the stem is bare , while below it is scaly like the cap . The gills are covered by a partial veil when young and have a greenish @-@ brown color ; mature gills are rusty brown . They are crowded closely together , attached to the stem ( adnate ) , and usually notched ( sinuate ) . The spore print is cinnamon or rusty brown . The spores are elliptic , smooth @-@ walled , nonamyloid ( not absorbing iodine when stained with Melzer 's reagent ) , and measure 6 @.@ 6 – 8 by 3 @.@ 7 – 4 @.@ 4 μm . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are club @-@ shaped , and four @-@ spored , with dimensions of 16 – 25 by 5 – 7 μm . = = = Edibility = = = Fruit bodies have an odor described variously as resembling garlic , radish , lemon , onion , or skunk , and taste like radish . Although some older sources report P. squarrosa as edible , the mushroom has caused several cases of poisoning . The afflicted individuals had consumed alcohol with the mushroom , then experienced vomiting and diarrhea about ten hours later . The toxic effect may be due to the combination of eating the mushrooms and taking alcohol , although the extended time delay between consumption and symptoms suggests the mechanism of toxicity is different than the antabuse @-@ effect experienced from Coprinopsis atramentaria with alcohol . After correct identification , soaking for 2 hours in baking soda , blanching in boiling water for 3 min and subsequent frying of the mushrooms seems to render them a bland but palatable dish with no ill effects ( minus any alcohol of course ) . = = = Similar species = = = Pholiota squarrosa is similar in appearance to species in the genus Armillaria , but the latter produces white spore prints . Another similar mushroom is Pholiota squarrosoides , which can be distinguished microscopically by its smaller spores , and macroscopically by the stickiness of the cap between the scales . P. squarrosoides also lacks the odor of P. squarrosa , and has flesh that is white , not yellow . Leucopholiota decorosa can also be misidentified with P. squarrosa ; it has white , adnexed gills with finely scalloped edges , but it can be distinguished most reliably by its white , nonamyloid spores . = = Ecology , habitat and distribution = = Pholiota squarrosa is thought to be a white rot fungus , which use cellulose as a carbon source , and have the ability to degrade the lignin ( present in wood ) to carbon dioxide to access the cellulose molecule . The fungus can attack a wide variety of deciduous host trees , including sugar maple , red maple , yellow birch , paper birch , American beech , and white ash . It can also attack conifers , like spruce . The fungus is a secondary parasite , in that it attacks trees that have already been weakened from prior injury or infection by bacteria or other fungi . It also functions as a saprobe , and can obtain nutrients by breaking down organic matter in dead wood . P. squarrosa is found in North America and Europe . The North American distribution extends north to Canada , and south to Mexico , where its appearance is restricted to coniferous forests . In the Netherlands , P. squarrosa is one of many mushrooms that can regularly be found fruiting on ancient timber wharves . The fruit bodies are used as a primary food source by the red squirrel Sciurus vulgaris , and have a higher protein content than the other mushrooms typically consumed by this species . Decaying fruit bodies are also used as a food source by fruit flies belonging to the genus Drosophila . = = Chemistry = = The fruit bodies contain unique chemical compounds that are derived from phenylpropanoids . The compounds , named squarrosidine and pinillidine , inhibit the enzyme xanthine oxidase . Xanthine oxidase catalyzes the crystallization of uric acid in the joints , a main cause of gouty arthritis , and inhibitors of this enzyme are being used clinically to reduce this side effect . The natural function of these compounds may be to quench reactive oxygen species produced by plants as a defensive response to fungal infection .
= Laserblast = Laserblast is a 1978 American science fiction film about an unhappy teenage loner who discovers an alien laser cannon and goes on a murderous rampage , seeking revenge against those who he feels have wronged him . The low @-@ budget film was directed by Michael Rae and produced by Charles Band , who is widely known for producing B movies . Starring Kim Milford , Cheryl Smith , and Gianni Russo , the film features notable cameo appearances by Keenan Wynn and Roddy McDowall , and marked the screen debut of actor Eddie Deezen . The reptilian alien creatures in the film were works of stop motion animation by animator David W. Allen , marking the first chapter in a decades @-@ long history of collaboration between Allen and Band . The alien spacecraft model featured in Laserblast was designed and built by Greg Jein in two weeks , and the musical score was written in five days by Joel Goldsmith and Richard Band , the first film score for both composers . Laserblast has received overwhelmingly negative reviews and consistently ranks among the Bottom 100 list of films on the Internet Movie Database . Many critical reviews , however , cited Allen 's stop motion animation as one of the film 's only redeeming qualities . A 1988 sequel was planned , but ultimately abandoned due to financial difficulties . Laserblast was featured in the seventh season finale of the comedy television series Mystery Science Theater 3000 , marking the show 's final episode on Comedy Central before the series moved to the Sci @-@ Fi Channel . = = Plot = = A green @-@ skinned man wanders through the desert with a laser cannon attached to his arm . A spaceship lands and two aliens emerge , one of whom shoots the man , which disintegrates his body . The aliens depart on their spaceship , leaving behind the laser cannon and a metallic pendant the man was wearing . Teenager Billy Duncan wakes up in his bed , seemingly disturbed , and learns his mother is leaving for vacation . He goes to visit his girlfriend Kathy , but her deranged grandfather Colonel Farley makes him leave before he can see her . As Billy drives around town , he is harassed by bullies Chuck Boran and Froggy , and by two police deputies who give him a speeding ticket . Billy wanders into the desert and discovers the laser cannon and pendant . He starts playing with the cannon , pretending to shoot things , then realizes he can fire the weapon while wearing the pendant . Meanwhile , on the alien spacecraft , the two aliens converse with their leader who shows them footage of Billy using the cannon , prompting the aliens to turn their ship around to head back to Earth . Context implies that the two aliens , upon departing Earth , left the cannon and pendant behind under the presumption that no other human would be able to use them as the green @-@ skinned man had , but they have now learned that they were in error . Later that night , Billy and Kathy attend a party where Chuck and Froggy attempt to rape Kathy . When Billy discovers them , a fight breaks out . Later that night , Billy uses the laser cannon to explode Chuck 's car , and Chuck and Froggy barely escape the explosion alive . Government official Tony Craig arrives to investigate both the explosion and the desert where Billy found the cannon . Tony informs the local sheriff that the town must be sealed off . Feeling sick due to an unusual growth on his body , Billy visits Dr. Mellon , who surgically removes a metallic disc from Billy 's chest . Mellon calls the police laboratory technician Mike London to arrange for the disc to be investigated . A green @-@ skinned Billy opens fire on Mellon 's car that evening , killing him in an explosion . The next day , Tony investigates the wreckage and recovers unusual material , which he brings to Mike London , who concludes it is an alien material that cannot be destroyed . The next day , Kathy puts the pendant on Billy 's chest while they are laying together outside . Billy immediately wakes up with green skin and deformed teeth and attacks Kathy , but she escapes . Billy goes on a rampage , shooting random objects with the laser cannon and kills one of the police deputies at a gas station . Law enforcement officials shoot at Billy from an aircraft , but Billy destroys the aircraft with the cannon , and later kills Chuck and Froggy by blowing up their car . While Tony questions Colonel Farley and Kathy about Billy , the two aliens land on Earth and begin searching for Billy . After killing a man and stealing his van , Billy travels into a city where he randomly fires at his surroundings . Kathy and Tony arrive in the city and locate Billy , as the aliens spot Billy from atop a building and shoot him , which kills Billy and destroys the laser cannon . The aliens depart in their spacecraft and Kathy cries over Billy 's corpse . = = Cast = = = = Background = = = = = Writing = = = Laserblast was produced by Charles Band , who is widely known as a writer , producer , and director of B movies . Band described the film as a " revenge story " with a simple premise that he thought would be fun for the audience . It was Band who conceived the title of the film with the hopes that it would grab the attention of audiences . Band said , " Most of the films that I made , that I conceived , that I was very involved with and in some cases directed , definitely started with the title and usually a piece of artwork that made sense . Then I would work back to the script and the story and make the movie . " The script was written by Frank Ray Perilli and Franne Schacht . Elements of the story were inspired by science fiction films , such as Star Wars ( 1977 ) , and Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 ) , while the characteristics of protagonist Billy Duncan – a disenchanted middle @-@ class teen from a suburban setting – mirror those of James Dean 's character in Rebel Without a Cause ( 1955 ) . Band wanted Laserblast to be a " mini @-@ Star Wars " , and at one point in the film , a disparaging reference is made when Billy fires his laser gun at a Star Wars billboard , resulting in a tremendous explosion . During another scene , a police officer is confronted by a frightened teenager , who the officer dismissed as crazy by saying , " He 's seen Star Wars five times ! " Billy is ignored and abandoned by his mother early in the film , demonstrating the dangers that can result from uncaring parents , one of the major themes of the script . The film also highlights the hypocrisy of police officers , particularly during a scene in which the two deputies smoke marijuana they obtained from teenagers . Commentators have pointed out several inaccuracies and plot @-@ holes in the Laserblast script . John Kenneth Muir raised several of these issues in his book , Horror Films of the 1970s : " How does Kathy 's dad know Craig , the government agent ? Why do the aliens leave behind the rifle and the pendant in the first place ? Why does the weapon turn its owner into a monstrous green @-@ skinned brute ? " Band explained in a 2006 interview that the more Billy uses the gun , " the more it sort of takes over his soul " . Janet Maslin , film critic with The New York Times , pointed out that originally , when Billy wakes up immediately after the aliens kill the man with the laser cannon , it appears that incident was a dream . Later , however , it turns out to have actually happened after all . = = = Casting = = = Kim Milford , who had previously appeared in the original Broadway theatre production of Hair and the first production of The Rocky Horror Show , starred in the leading role of Laserblast , marking his first major motion picture appearance . Cheryl Smith , who later received greater recognition for her appearances in B movies and exploitation films , appeared in the lead female role of Kathy Farley . Smith disliked the role because she felt it was poorly written and that she did not receive enough rehearsal time . Gianni Russo , best known for playing Carlo Rizzi in The Godfather ( 1972 ) , was cast in as government investigator Tony Craig . Laserblast marked the screen debut of Eddie Deezen , who went on to play other archetypal nerd roles in films like Grease ( 1978 ) , which was filmed before Laserblast started production , Grease 2 ( 1982 ) , and Midnight Madness ( 1980 ) . During a 2009 interview , Deezen remembered little about Laserblast , other than that it was a " shoddy production " . Roddy McDowall portrays Dr. Mellon in the film , and his name is misspelled " McDowell " in the end credits . Keenan Wynn , a long @-@ time character actor from a show business family , portrayed Colonel Farley , who provides comic relief as Kathy 's crazed , paranoid delusional grandfather and former military man . The filming for Wynn 's small role was finished in one day . Screenwriter Franne Schacht made a cameo appearance as the sheriff 's secretary in the film . = = = Production = = = Laserblast was directed by Michael Rae , marking his only directorial credit . Filming took place over three weekends and was made " for virtually no money " , according to producer Band . The makeup effects in the film , including the gradual discoloration and degeneration of Kim Milford , were handled by makeup artist Steve Neill , who had previously worked with Band on the science fiction film End of the World ( 1977 ) . Neill makes a cameo appearance in Laserblast as the mutated person killed by the aliens in the opening scene . Neill introduced Band to David W. Allen , the film animator who created the stop motion alien creatures in Laserblast . When Band and Neill met , the former was working full @-@ time on his fantasy film The Primevals , which was ultimately never completed . Band had developed an interest and familiarity with animation , particularly the works of Ray Harryhausen , and wanted Allen to animate the reptilian creatures for his film . Although eager to work on The Primevals , Allen said he was not yet " sufficiently mature professionally " to undertake a project of that size , and he felt Laserblast was " something that was more manageable " . Band and Allen would go on to work together on several other films and projects over the next 20 years . The alien creatures were featured in 39 cuts of the film through five scenes . The first scene was in the beginning of the film where the aliens emerge from their spacecraft into the desert to shoot Neill 's character . Two matte set @-@ ups were used for effects , including one used to create the illusion of depth with Neill 's character in the foreground and the aliens in the background . The sequence where Neill 's character shoots the gun out of the hand of one of the aliens was done through wire @-@ supported animation . In the second and third sequences , the two aliens are on board their spaceship , which is a miniature set designed by Dave Carson . The aliens speak with their commander through a monitor in the second sequence , and animations of the commander alien were shot separately and implemented into the scene using a rear projection effect . Both sequences also used rear projection to show footage of Billy and his destruction on Earth . The fourth sequence shows the aliens on Earth , looking at a burnt @-@ out car destroyed by Billy . Footage of the car was rear projected behind the alien models ; however , the projected footage was shot at night and the scene took place between two daytime live @-@ action scenes , thus creating a continuity error in the film . The final scene is the shortest , and features a confrontation between the aliens and Billy . Matting was again used for the sequence where Billy is shot with a gun by one of the aliens from the top of a building . The aliens then fly off in their spaceship at the end of the scene through a cutout animation effect . Randall William Cook , an animator who worked with Allen on the horror film The Crater Lake Monster ( 1977 ) , provided uncredited animation work on Laserblast . Sculptor Jon Berg , who built the alien creature puppets based on Allen 's design , was also uncredited for his work . Allen said in a 1993 article that he and Berg created more shots in the film " than originally bargained for " . Special effects were assisted by Harry Woolman , and laser effects were provided by Paul Gentry . Greg Jein , the special effects model @-@ maker who also worked on The Crater Lake Monster , designed and built the spacecraft featured in Laserblast . Jein had recently completed his work on the Close Encounters of the Third Kind ( 1977 ) when Allen approached him to work on Laserblast , which was the first time Jein designed a project himself . He prepared several concept sketches and , after one was selected , he constructed the 18 @-@ inch model ( 46 cm ) in two weeks . Allen ultimately felt his animation sequences in Laserblast were not properly integrated with the rest of the film . Joel Goldsmith and Richard Band , the brother of film producer Charles Band , composed the music for Laserblast , marking the first film score for both composers . The score was written in five days , and makes heavy use of synthesizer , particularly synthesized brass instruments , as well as electronic music . The music was also used in the Charles Band @-@ produced film Auditions , released the same year , the 1986 science fiction film Robot Holocaust and the 1983 horror film The House on Sorority Row . The company Echo Film Services handled the sound effects . The alien language chatter between the aliens in Laserblast was later used as sound effects in the metal band Static @-@ X 's song " A Dios Alma Perdida " , which is featured in their 2001 album Machine . During several points in the film when something explodes after it is shot by the laser gun , the scene is edited so that multiple shots of the same explosion are shown in succession . This type of editing became a trademark of Charles Band 's films , and was done previously in his 1977 films Crash ! and End of the World . = = Release = = = = = Reception = = = The film was distributed by the Irwin Yablans Company , and released on March 1 , 1978 . Irwin Yablans , who later produced the first three Halloween films , specialized primarily in distributing B movies and low @-@ budget horror films . Laserblast was advertised in conjunction with End of the World , which was released the previous year and still playing theaters . At the time that Laserblast was released , audience interest in science fiction films was particularly high due to the release of Star Wars and the long wait until the release of its sequels , The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) and Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) . Laserblast has received largely negative reviews , and consistently ranks among the Bottom 100 list of films on the Internet Movie Database . A 1978 critique in The Review of the News said , " The only thing eerie about Laserblast is the thought that the people who made this loser are still running around loose . " In the review , Laserblast was described as " an incomprehensible blending " of popular recent films like Star Wars and Close Encounters of the Third Kind , with a script " so disordered we could not be certain that the reels were being run in proper sequence " . It also criticized the props , particularly the laser gun , which they compared to a cereal box prize . A review by Variety magazine said the special effects were decent , but the script " has more holes than the laser @-@ ravaged landscape . " Janet Maslin of The New York Times said Kim Milford 's performance was dull and that the script included plot @-@ holes and inconsistencies . The Los Angeles Times critic Linda Gross said the script lacked " credibility , psychological motivation and narrative cohesiveness " , although she praised Terry Bowen 's cinematography , saying it " effectively captures the ambience of desert small @-@ town life . " It was described as one of the worst films of the year in the book , The Golden Turkey Awards . Literary critic John Kenneth Muir felt the script had many plot @-@ holes left many unanswered questions , and that there was " little effort to forge a coherent story out of the mix " . New York Daily News writer David Bianculli described Laserblast as " numbingly bad " . In The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Movies , Phil Hardy describes it as " a wholly unimaginative film " , adding , " Even the non @-@ stop series of exploding cars becomes monotonous in the hands of director Rae . " The Time Out Film Guide described Laserblast as a rip @-@ off of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde , and said Billy 's reign of destruction seemed random and senseless rather than driven by plot or characterization . The review called the film " the epitome of what Frank Zappa once hymned as ' cheapness . ' " The Globe and Mail writer Robert Martin called the script inept , said Steve Neill 's make @-@ up effects were " frightful rather than frightening " , and said Cheryl Smith could " barely talk , let alone act " . Martin also stated the film was pulled from a Toronto theater after showing for one week . Not all reviews were negative . Blockbuster Entertainment gave the film three out of five stars , and film critic Leonard Maltin gave it two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of four stars . In their book about science fiction films , writers James Robert Parish and Michael R. Pitts called Laserblast " an stimulating , unpretentious little film in the same vein as I Was a Teenage Werewolf . Parish and Pitts praised the stop motion animation and the performance of Cheryl Smith . Laserblast was among several films universally considered terrible that film reviewer Michael Adams watched as part of a book about his quest to find the worst film of all time . However , Adams said he enjoyed watching it on a B movie level . Monthly Film Bulletin said that Laserblast was " Band 's first major box @-@ office success on the exploitation circuit " . According to Space.com , Laserblast has achieved cult film status . During a 2005 interview , Charles Band called the film " hilarious " and stated " it had its charm " like many films from its time . He also said that the film would have been made differently and would have had less critical reactions had it been produced with a larger budget . Several critical reviews cited the stop motion animation as one of the film 's only redeeming qualities . Richard Meyers , a novelist who also wrote about science @-@ fiction films , described Laserblast as " basically repetitive and predictable " , but included some redemptive qualities in the animation of Dave Allen and the makeup effects of Steve Neill . Science fiction literary scholar Peter Nicholls called it the worst of Charles Band 's films , calling it " badly scripted , badly paced rubbish , " describing Allen 's " o.k. aliens " as " the only plus " . Likewise , film essayist Dennis Fischer said Allen 's stop motion animation provides the film 's " sole moments of interest " , and Cinefex publisher Don Shay called it the film 's " only viable selling points " . In their DVD & Video Guide , Mick Martin and Marsha Porter called it a " dreadful low @-@ budget film with some excellent special effects by David Allen " . Doug Pratt , who criticized the poor acting and dull dialogue , said the special effects and stop motion animation " are well executed , but the sequences without effects are fairly dumb " . The authors of The DVD @-@ Laser Disc Newsletter called the film " a dull and padded revenge @-@ against @-@ bullies tale " , but said the stop motion animation were enjoyable enough that " fans are likely to be pleased with the low @-@ budget film 's positive attributes and willing to ignore the rest " . = = = Home media = = = Laserblast was initially released on home video in 1981 from Media Home Entertainment . It was released on Laserdisc on June 30 , 1993 by Shadow Entertainment , and was re @-@ released on VHS on November 25 , 1997 by Full Moon Entertainment , a distribution company started by Charles Band . It had a second VHS re @-@ release on October 9 , 1998 , by United American Home Video . Laserblast was released on DVD on July 6 , 1999 , again by Full Moon Entertainment . The picture was presented with an aspect ratio of 1 @.@ 66 : 1 and a stereophonic sound . The disc included no captions and no special features except for cast profiles and trailers for other Full Moon films . Doug Pratt , a DVD reviewer and Rolling Stone contributor , said the visual presentation was better than most films from its time , with fresh colors and only a few speckles , as well as a decent sound transfer . = = = Soundtrack = = = The original motion picture soundtrack was released as a limited edition CD by BSX Records on August 1 , 2005 . It consisted of about 46 minutes of music over 25 tracks . SoundtrackNet reviewer Mike Brennan said it was " actually quite enjoyable in parts " , but not the type of music meant to be listened to without the film . Brennan claimed it resembled some of the later and better @-@ known works of Joel Goldsmith , like the scores of Stargate SG @-@ 1 and Stargate Atlantis . Joe Sikoryak of Film Score Monthly gave the soundtrack one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five , claiming that about one @-@ third of the album sounded like " generic rock ' n ' roll cues for a production unable to afford licensing existing songs " . = = = Sequel = = = Band originally planned to produce a sequel called Laserblast II , with production work to begin in August 1986 and a theatrical release expected to follow shortly thereafter . A tagline released for the film read , " The ultimate alien weapon is back . " When plans for the sequel were announced , Atlanta @-@ based film critic Scott Journal wrote , " I am one of the few people in the world who saw the original and , believe me , it did not merit a followup . " However , Charles Band Productions fell into financial difficulties shortly after the production of Laserblast , and the project was eventually scrapped . However , the premise and elements of the abandoned sequel were later used in the 1988 Charles Band film , Deadly Weapon , which , like Laserblast , was about a bullied teenager who finds a powerful weapon and uses it to seek revenge against his enemies . Band continued to make films and eventually formed Empire Pictures . = = Mystery Science Theater 3000 = = Laserblast was featured in the seventh season finale episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000 , a comedy television series . In the show , the human character Mike Nelson and his two robot friends , Crow T. Robot and Tom Servo , are trapped in a satellite and forced to watch bad films as part of an ongoing scientific experiment . Laserblast was the sixth episode of the seventh season , which was broadcast on Comedy Central May 18 , 1996 . It marked the final episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000 on that network , before the series moved to the Sci @-@ Fi Channel for its eighth season . At the time of broadcast , the MST3K creators did not know the show would eventually be renewed at a different network . Mary Jo Pehl , an actress and writer with the show , felt Laserblast was a particularly bad film : " The lead guy , Kim Somebody , is another sterling example of how filmmaking is not a meritocracy . The fact that this film was even made proves that ' anybody can do it . ' You can find this either inspiring or depressing . " During the riffing of the film , the robot character Crow T. Robot claims the film " was run through a highly technical process called ' tension extraction ' " , and the other robot Tom Servo calls it so dull , " There 's a point where it stops being a movie " . Mike and the robots make particular note of film critic Leonard Maltin 's relatively high two and @-@ a @-@ half star rating of the original film . The episode also makes several references to McDowall 's performances in the Planet of the Apes films , and makes several jokes at the expense of Deezen and his stereotypically nerdy character , at one point dubbing him " heir to the Arnold Stang fortune " . Mike and the robots repeatedly sang " Are You Ready for Some Football ? " whenever Deputy Ungar appeared on screen due to his resemblance to country singer Hank Williams , Jr . The Laserblast episode was included in the 2008 DVD box @-@ set " Mystery Science Theater 3000 : 20th Anniversary Edition " , along with episodes featuring the films First Spaceship on Venus ( 1960 ) , Werewolf ( 1996 ) and Future War ( 1997 ) . They were also made available for instant online streaming through the Internet rental site , Netflix . Dan Cziraky of Cinefantastique , wrote , " If you 've never seen Laserblast , this is perfect MST3K viewing ! It typifies everything wrong with the late ' 70s . " During a 2009 interview , Eddie Deezen said he loved the show 's parody of Laserblast .
= 174th Infantry Brigade ( United States ) = The 174th Infantry Brigade is an infantry brigade of the United States Army based at Fort Drum , New York . A U.S. Army Reserve training unit , the brigade provides operational training readiness for units in the First Army . Tracing its lineage back to the American Civil War , the brigade was deployed for both World War I and World War II . Reorganized and redesignated numerous times , the 174th Infantry Brigade has been a reserve unit of the United States Army for most of its existence , seeing only short stints in the Active Duty forces and a combat role . Reactivated in 2006 as a training unit , the brigade is responsible for preparing other soldiers of the Reserve and National guard for deployment through battle training in maneuvers , equipment , and other details . As such , many personnel in the brigade are instructors who are themselves combat veterans of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom . = = Organization = = The brigade is a subordinate unit of the First Army . As a separate Reserve brigade , it does not report to a higher division level headquarters , and is a training unit rather than a combat one . The brigade is made up of six battalions . Its Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment is located at Fort Dix , New Jersey . Assigned to the brigade are the 1st Battalion , 314th Infantry Regiment ; the 2nd Battalion ( Logistics Support ) , 313th Regiment ; and the 3rd Battalion ( Field Artillery ) , 314th Regiment ; which are also headquartered at Fort Drum . Additionally , the brigade contains the 2nd Battalion ( Combat Support ) , 310th Regiment ; and 3rd Battalion ( Logistics Support ) , 313th Regiment , which are both headquartered at Fort Devens , Massachusetts . The 3rd Battalion ( Combat Support ) , 309th Regiment , also part of the brigade , is headquartered at Syracuse , New York . = = History = = = = = Origins = = = The brigade draws its origins back to the 174th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment , a unit that served during the American Civil War . The 174th , also called the 5th National Guard , was recruited in New York City under the auspices of the Metropolitan police ; it was organized at Riker 's Island , and there mustered into the U.S. service for three years on 13 November 1862 . The regiment sailed to Louisiana that December . Upon arrival , it was assigned to the 2nd brigade of Major General William Emory 's division . During the preliminary operations against Port Hudson , in the 3rd Brigade , Augur 's division , XIX Corps , it skirmished on the Clinton plank road , was engaged at Plains store , and then took part in the long siege of Port Hudson , during which it sustained a loss of 14 killed , wounded , and missing . After the fall of Port Hudson it engaged Confederate forces at Cox 's plantation , while under command of Maj. George Keating . In the end , the unit lost 54 soldiers , 18 killed , 29 wounded and 7 missing . This was the heaviest loss sustained by any regiment in the action . The remainder of the year was spent by the regiment in post and garrison duty at Baton Rouge , and on 8 February 1864 , the regiment was consolidated with the 162nd New York Infantry . During its independent existence , the unit suffered one officer and 22 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded , and one officer and 59 enlisted men killed from disease and other causes , bringing the total number of casualties suffered to 83 . = = = World War I = = = The 174th Infantry Brigade was first constituted on 5 August 1917 in the National Army . It was organized on 25 August 1917 at Camp Dix , New Jersey , and assigned to the 87th Division . It never saw combat in World War I , like the other units of the 87th Division , the brigade was used for labor duties and a pool of reinforcements . It received a campaign streamer for World War I without an inscription . After the war , it was demobilized on 23 May 1919 at Camp Dix , New Jersey . Reorganized in December 1921 at Shreveport , Louisiana , the brigade was redesignated on 23 March 1925 as the 174th Brigade . It was again redesignated on 24 August 1936 as the 174th Infantry Brigade . On 13 February 1942 , the unit was converted and redesignated as 3rd platoon , 87th Reconnaissance Troop , still assigned to the 87th Division . This consolidation also occurred to the 173rd Infantry Brigade . That December , the unit was ordered into active military service and reorganized along with the rest of the division at Camp McCain , Mississippi , which became an Infantry division . It was then mechanized the next year . = = = World War II = = = The 87th Infantry Division arrived in Scotland on 22 October 1944 , and trained in England until the end of November . It landed in France in early December , and moved to Metz , where , on the 8th , it went into action against and took Fort Driant . The troop followed its division as it shifted to the vicinity of Gross Rederching near the Saar @-@ German border on 10 December , and capturing Rimling , Obergailbach , and Guiderkirch . The 87th Division was moving into Germany when Von Rundstedt launched his offensive in the Ardennes . The Division was placed in reserve from 24 December until 28 December , before engaging in the Battle of the Bulge in Belgium on 29 December . In a fluctuating battle , it captured Moircy on 30 December and Remagne on 31 December . On 2 January 1945 , it took Germont , on 10 January Tillet , and reached the Ourthe by 13 January . On 15 January 1945 , the Division moved to Luxembourg to relieve the 4th Infantry Division along the Sauer and seized Wasserbillig on 23 January . The 87th moved to the vicinity of St. Vith on 28 January , then attacked and captured Schlierbach , Selz , and Hogden by the end of the month . After the fall of Neuendorf on 9 February , the Division went on the defensive until the 26 February , when Ormont and Hallschlag were taken in night attacks . The 87th crossed the Kyll River on 6 March , took Dollendorf on 8 March , and after a brief rest , returned to combat on 13 March 1945 , crossing the Moselle on 16 March and clearing Koblenz , on 18 – 19 March . The Division crossed the Rhine on 25 – 26 March and despite strong opposition , consolidated its bridgehead , and secured Grossenlinden and Langgöns . On 7 April , it jumped off in an attack which carried it through Thuringia into Saxony . Plauen fell on 17 April , and the Division took up defensive positions on 20 April , about 4 miles from the Czech border . On 6 May 1945 , it took Falkenstein and maintained its positions until VE @-@ day . The 87th Division returned to the United States in July 1945 expecting to be called upon to play a role in the defeat of the Japanese , but the sudden termination of the war in the Pacific while the division was reassembling at Fort Benning changed the future of the 87th . The Division was inactivated on 21 September 1945 . The 87th Reconnaissance Troop was deactivated on the same day . = = = Cold War era = = = The 87th Reconnaissance Troop was reorganized and redesignated in April 1947 as the 87th Mechanized Cavalry Reconnaissance Troop in the reserves . It was then activated the next month at Birmingham , Alabama . At the same time , the Organized Reserves were undergoing a transformation into the Army Reserve . The unit was again reorganized and redesignated in 1949 as the 87th Reconnaissance Company before being inactivated in December 1951 in Birmingham . The unit was once again designated as the 174th Infantry Brigade following a conversion and redesignation in March 1963 . For the next 30 years , the brigade would continue as a Reserve unit in inactive status and would never be called on to participate in any conflicts . In 1997 , the brigade was withdrawn from the Reserve and activated in the Regular Army at Fort Drum , New York , before being inactivated two years later . = = = Training brigade = = = The brigade headquarters were again reactivated on 1 December 2006 at Fort Drum , by reflagging 2nd Brigade , 78th Division ( Training Support ) . It was one of 16 reserve brigades to be activated for the purpose of training . The brigade , which is headquartered at Fort Drum and is subordinate to the First Army Division East , is responsible for early stages of training for other reserve soldiers who have been alerted for deployment . The brigade offers the opportunity for veterans of Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom to use their skills to train new soldiers who will be entering the field of operations in Iraq or Afghanistan . This training includes convoy live @-@ fire training exercises , and techniques in dealing with improvised explosive devices , which are the primary cause of casualties in the operations . During the summer of 2007 , the brigade was mobilized to Fort Dix for training along with the 72nd Field Artillery Brigade from April until September . Soldiers of the 174th Infantry Brigade trained other units in land navigation , area security , urban operations , marksmanship , and live fire exercises . Most of the soldiers being trained were members of the Army National Guard . The brigade received distinctive unit insignia and shoulder sleeve insignia in September 2007 . These items contained allusions to the brigade 's honors during World War I and II , and its history with the 78th Infantry Division . However , as it is subordinate to the First Army , soldiers of the brigade wear that patch on their shoulders instead . Later that month , the brigade was again mobilized to Fort Bragg , North Carolina for another training mission . = = Honors = = = = = Unit decorations = = = The brigade has never received a unit decoration from the United States military . = = = Campaign streamers = = =
= Algeciras Campaign = The Algeciras campaign ( sometimes known as the Battle or Battles of Algeciras ) was an attempt by a French naval squadron from Toulon under Contre @-@ Admiral Charles Linois to join a French and Spanish fleet at Cadiz during June and July 1801 during the French Revolutionary War prior to a planned operation against either Egypt or Portugal . To reach Cadiz , the French squadron had to pass the British naval base at Gibraltar , which housed the squadron tasked with blockading the Spanish port . The British squadron was commanded by Rear @-@ Admiral Sir James Saumarez . After a successful voyage between Toulon and Gibraltar , in which a number of British vessels were captured , the squadron anchored at Algeciras , a fortified port city within sight of Gibraltar across Gibraltar Bay . On 6 July 1801 , Saumarez attacked the anchored squadron , in the First Battle of Algeciras . Although severe damage was inflicted on all three French ships of the line , none could be successfully captured and the British were forced to withdraw without HMS Hannibal , which had grounded and was subsequently seized by the French . In the aftermath of the first battle , both sides set about making urgent repairs and calling up reinforcements . On 9 July a fleet of five Spanish and one French ship of the line and several frigates arrived from Cadiz to safely escort Linois 's squadron to the Spanish port , and the British at Gibraltar redoubled their efforts to restore their squadron to fighting service . In the evening of 12 July the French and Spanish fleet sailed from Algeciras , and the British force followed them , catching the trailing ships in the Second Battle of Algeciras and opening fire at 11 : 20 . A confused night action followed , in which the British ship HMS Superb cut through the disorganised allied rearguard , followed by the rest of Saumarez 's force . In the confusion one French ship was captured , a Spanish frigate sank and two huge 112 @-@ gun Spanish first rates collided and exploded , killing as many as 1 @,@ 700 men . The following morning the French ship Formidable came under attack at the rear of the combined squadron , but successfully drove off pursuit and reached Cadiz safely . Ultimately the French and Spanish fleets were successful in their aim of uniting at Cadiz , albeit after heavy losses , but they were still under blockade and in no position to realise either the Egyptian or Portuguese plans . The two battles , " generally regarded as a single linked battle " , proved decisive in cementing British control of the Mediterranean Sea and condemning the French army in Egypt to defeat , totally unsupported by reinforcements from the French Navy . = = Background = = On 1 August 1798 , a British fleet surprised and almost completely destroyed the French Mediterranean Fleet at the Battle of the Nile in the aftermath of the successful French invasion of Egypt . This immediately reversed the strategic situation in the Mediterranean Sea , eliminating the French fleet based at Toulon as a significant threat and granting the British and their allies in the War of the Second Coalition naval dominance in the region . Over the next three years , British and allied squadrons enforced blockades against all significant French and Spanish naval bases in the region , including Alexandria , Corfu and Malta but particularly the significant harbours at Toulon and Cadiz . This drastically limited the movement of French troops and military materials across the Mediterranean , with the result that Malta and Corfu were captured and the army in Egypt was steadily reduced in size and effectiveness . In January 1801 , in an attempt to increase the size of the French Mediterranean Fleet and to reinforce the beleaguered Egyptian garrison , First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte ordered a squadron of seven ships of the line to sail from Brest on the Atlantic coast to the Mediterranean under Rear @-@ Admiral Honoré Ganteaume . The squadron made three unsuccessful attempts to reach Egypt , eventually retiring to Toulon in late July 1801 . During the final effort , Ganteaume 's squadron sailed from Toulon on 27 April 1801 with instructions to briefly secure local naval supremacy around Elba to allow a seabourne invasion to go ahead , before travelling on into the Eastern Mediterranean . During these operations , Ganteaume discovered that several ships in his force were dangerously undermanned , and therefore decided to consolidate his crews and send three ships of the line , Formidable , Indomptable and Desaix , and the frigate Créole back to Toulon . The presence of this force at Toulon enabled the French to plan a secondary operation using Ganteaume 's new arrivals . A deal had been brokered earlier in the year between Bonaparte and Charles IV of Spain for the Spanish government to provide six ships of the line from the Cadiz fleet to the French Navy . Orders were given that the new squadron at Cadiz was to be joined by the three ships of the line detached from Ganteaume 's squadron , as well as the frigate Muiron under the overall command of Rear @-@ Admiral Charles Linois . This force of nine French ships , accompanied by six promised vessels from the Spanish fleet , was then to fulfil one of two mooted plans : the first was a large scale attack on Lisbon . Portugal and Spain were engaged in the War of the Oranges and Lisbon was a major British trading port : the French admiral Kerguelen had estimated some years earlier that an attack there could seize as much as " 2 millions " of British goods and shipping . The other planned operation , adopted following the end of the War of the Oranges on 2 June , was for the force to resupply Egypt using soldiers stationed at Italian ports . To facilitate the transfer of the Spanish ships to French control , Napoleon ordered Contre @-@ Admiral Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley to sail to Cadiz . Le Pelley arrived at the Spanish port on 13 June in the frigates Libre and Indienne with sailors to begin manning the newly purchased ships and Commodore Julien le Ray to command them . His arrival was noted by the British blockade squadron off Cadiz under Rear @-@ Admiral Sir James Saumarez , a veteran of the Battle of the Nile and one of Lord Nelson 's famous " Band of Brothers " : Le Pelley 's ships were chased by HMS Superb and HMS Venerable , but the French admiral managed to evade his pursuers and reach Cadiz safely . Saumarez had been ordered to Cadiz in May 1801 with orders not only to blockade the Spanish fleet , but also specifically to watch for an attempt by a French squadron to link with the Spanish fleet at Cadiz . = = Linois 's voyage = = Linois sailed from Toulon on 13 June 1801 with three ships of the line and one frigate carrying 1 @,@ 560 soldiers under Brigadier @-@ General Devaux . Ganteaume 's earlier expedition was still in the Eastern Mediterranean , and so the British blockade force under Sir John Borlase Warren detailed to watch Toulon was instead off Malta hoping to intercept Ganteaume on his return . Therefore , the only British ships on hand when Linois emerged from the port were a few frigates , which were easily chased away by the larger warships of the French squadron . Linois 's passage was slow , facing winds from the southwest that delayed his squadron so that by the 30 June they were only off Cape de Gata in the Alboran Sea . On 1 July they were spotted from Gibraltar , although the only warship there was the 14 @-@ gun HMS Calpe under Captain George Dundas which was unable to influence their advance . Instead , Captain Dundas ordered Lieutenant Richard Janvarin to take a boat and communicate with the Cadiz blockade force of seven ships of the line , under Saumarez . Linois passed Gibraltar on 3 July and during the night discovered the 14 @-@ gun brig HMS Speedy a short distance ahead . Linois 's squadron had captured a number of merchant vessels during their voyage but this was their first warship , and although it was no match for size , Speedy was an infamous vessel under the command of Captain Lord Cochrane . Cochrane had spent the last year raiding the Spanish coast with great success , taking or destroying more than 50 ships including the celebrated Action of 6 May 1801 in which Cochrane had attacked and captured the far larger Spanish privateer frigate Gamo off Barcelona . Cochrane 's initial belief that the strange ships were Spanish treasure vessels caused him to bring Speedy closer to the ships and by the time he realised his error escape was impossible . Rather than surrender however , Cochrane threw all of his guns and excessive weight overboard and manoeuvered his ship to avoid coming into range of the French broadsides . He then attempted to cut directly between the approaching Formidable and Desaix , the small target avoiding the concentrated fire of the French ships and pulling into open water . At this , Commodore Jean @-@ Anne Christy @-@ Pallière on Desaix swung his ship about and pursued , several shots damaging Speedy 's sails and rigging . As Speedy slowed , Desaix overtook the small brig and fired a full broadside at close range . This was fired as the French ship was on the uproll and therefore missed the deck entirely and failed to cause a single casualty . It did however tear away the remaining rigging and sails , leaving Speedy unmanageable . Rather than suffer another broadside , Cochrane surrendered his ship and was taken aboard Desaix , where Christy @-@ Pallière acknowledged his brave defence by refusing to accept Cochrane 's surrendered sword with the words " I will not accept the sword of an officer who has for so many hours struggled against impossibility " . From Cochrane , Linois learned of Saumarez 's presence ahead of him and , knowing that his presence would have been reported by the garrison at Gibraltar , his squadron returned eastwards around Cabrita Point and came to anchor at Algeciras , a fortified Spanish port which lay directly opposite and within sight of Gibraltar across the Bay of Gibraltar on the 4 July . Off Cadiz , the squadron under Saumarez was notified of Linois 's arrival by Lieutenant Janvarin at 02 : 00 on 5 July and immediately turned back towards Gibraltar , tacking against the wind . The frigate HMS Thames was detached and sent 18 nautical miles ( 33 km ) westwards to the mouth of the Guadalquivir River to collect HMS Superb under Captain Richard Goodwin Keats , which was blockading the river with the small brig HMS Pasley . Keats did follow Saumarez back to Algeciras , and was in distantly in sight when the battle commenced , but on hearing an inaccurate report from an American merchant ship that Linois had escaped the bay and was at sea once more , Keats reasoned that the French must be returning to Toulon and that he would be in a better position returning to the blockade of Cadiz than attempting to join Saumarez 's chase . The lugger HMS Plymouth was also detached to Lisbon with despatches for the Admiralty informing them of Saumarez 's intentions . The British admiral , knowing that Linois was still anchored in the bay , intended to descend on Algeciras immediately but was beset by a series of calm spells that prevented his squadron from doing more than slowly drifting eastwards away from Superb and towards Algeciras . It was not until the morning of 6 July therefore that Saumarez was in a position to attack the anchored French squadron . In anticipation of Saumarez 's arrival , Linois had formed his squadron into a strong defensive position , the three ships of the line anchored in a line north to south across in shallow waters off the mouth of Algeciras harbour , protected by Spanish forts at either extremity and around the town itself , where Murion was anchored in shallower water . Linois led the line himself in Formidable , but despatched parties from the crews of the ships of the line to augment the Spanish defences . = = First Battle of Algeciras = = At 07 : 00 , Saumarez ordered his squadron to advance into the bay without delay and engage the French directly , the attack to be led by Captain Samuel Hood in HMS Venerable . Hood was delayed by light winds however , and the first ship into action was HMS Pompée under Captain Charles Stirling , which attacked the anchored French ships in succession before anchoring close to Formidable . Pompée was followed by HMS Audacious , Saumarez 's flagship HMS Caesar and HMS Hannibal , with Venerable and HMS Spencer participating at a greater distance due to the unreliable wind . By 10 : 00 both squadrons were fully engaged except for Pompée at the head of the British line which had been caught by a current and swung so that the ship 's bow was facing Formidable 's broadside , allowing Linois to rake the British ship . Seeing the danger Stirling was in , Saumarez ordered Captain Solomon Ferris to take Hannibal around the head of the French line and rake Formidable . In the light wind , Ferris took almost an hour to reach the head of the lines , but as he turned inshore , Hannibal grounded on a shoal directly under the guns of the Spanish fort at Torre de Almirante . Saumarez ordered his squadron 's boats to assist Hannibal and Pompée , both of which were trapped under heavy fire and unable to effectively respond . As he did so , Linois ordered his ships to cut their anchor cables and drift into the shallows , away from the becalmed British squadron . Formidable successfully completed the manoeuvre , but both Desaix and Indomptable grounded inshore , where they were exposed to heavy fire from Saumarez 's ships , which had also cut their cables in an effort to close with their opponents . At 13 : 35 however , Saumarez recognised that his squadron was in danger of grounding directly under the fire of the Spanish batteries . With the squadron 's boats either sunk or employed towing Pompée back to Gibraltar , there was no possibility of launching an amphibious operation against the Spanish forts and Saumarez reluctantly called the attack off , the remainder of the squadron retiring to Gibratar but leaving the stranded Hannibal in the Bay of Gibraltar . Hannibal had been exposed to the combined French and Spanish fire for four hours , and had lost two masts and more than 140 men killed and wounded . In an effort to preserve the lives of his crew , Ferris ordered his men to shelter below decks , but at 14 : 00 fires broke out on the ship and Ferris , isolated by Saumarez 's withdrawal , surrendered his ship . French boarding parties extinguished the fires and rehung the struck ensign upside down to signify that Hannibal had surrendered . However , in the Royal Navy an inverted flag is a signal of distress , and at least one British ship 's boat was captured while attempting to bring assistance to Ferris before the misunderstanding was realised . The French victory had come at a heavy cost : more than 160 men were killed and 300 wounded and all three French ships had been severely damaged . Among the dead were the captains of both Formidable and Indomptable , although Linois was unhurt . The Spanish had suffered eleven men killed and five gunboats had been destroyed . The batteries and town had also been badly damaged in the fighting . British losses were also heavy , with more than 130 killed and more than 230 wounded , most of which had been lost on Hannibal and Pompée . In addition to the loss of Hannibal , Pompée was severely damaged and the remainder of the British squadron all required urgent repairs . = = Interlude = = Immediately following the battle , Linois used overland messengers to request the assistance of the Spanish fleet at Cadiz under Admiral Jose de Mazzaredo . Linois and Saumarez also embarked on a program of refitting and repairing their damaged squadrons in preparation for a resumption of the action . At Gibraltar , the wounded were transferred to the naval hospital and the dead buried in the gravesite later to be known as Trafalgar Cemetery . Saumarez ordered that the most damaged of the surviving ships , Pompée and Caesar , be laid up in dock and their crews distributed among the remaining ships to ensure that they could be repaired as rapidly as possible , a situation made necessary in part due to the seizure of many of Gibraltar 's shipwrights in the Bay of Gibraltar when they were sent to aid Hannibal in the last stages of the battle . The entire squadron needed extensive repairs , their requirements met by Captain Alexander Ball , naval commissioner at Gibraltar . Captain Jahleel Brenton of Caesar protested this order and Saumarez permitted him to continue with repairs : Caesar 's crew worked all day and in regular shifts throughout the night for the next week to ensure that when Saumarez sailed again , Caesar sailed with him , the crew having replaced the ship 's damaged masts in just four days . Saumarez also sent a boat under a flag of truce in to Algeciras to arrange for the repatriation under parole of Ferris and his officers . Following a brief correspondence between Linois and the British admiral , the captured British officers , including Ferris and Cochrane , were sent to Gibraltar , later joined by the wounded British sailors captured on Hannibal . Ferris was immediately sent to Britain on HMS Plymouth with despatches , to await the court @-@ martial for the loss of his ship . He and his officers were completely exonerated . Linois also began a programme of refloating and making extensive repairs to his ships , including the captured Hannibal , which he renamed Annibal . Jury masts were set up on the battered hulk , although such extensive repairs were required that when Linois sailed a week later the ship was still only just seaworthy , and was sent back to Algeciras . In Cadiz , despite Spanish hesitation , the messages from Linois coupled with strong representations from le Pelley prompted Mazzaredo to order a squadron to sea on the morning of 9 July , commanded by Vice @-@ Admiral Don Juan Joaquin de Moreno and including two very large first rate ships of the line : Real Carlos and San Hermenegildo , each mustering 112 guns . The remainder of the squadron consisted of a 96 @-@ gun Spanish ship , an 80 @-@ gun Spanish ship , a 74 @-@ gun Spanish ship as well as the 74 @-@ gun ship Saint Antoine , which a few days earlier had been the Spanish San Antonio . The first of the purchased ships of the line to be commissioned into the French Navy , Saint Antonine 's crew was drawn from the men brought to Cadiz on the frigates Libre and Indienne , supplemented by a number of Spanish sailors and commanded by Commodore Le Ray . Accompanying the squadron were the frigates Libre , the Spanish Sabina and the French lugger Vautour . The departure of this combined squadron was observed by Captain Keats on Superb , which after returning to Cadiz had retained station off the port with HMS Thames and HMS Pasley . Thames was inshore searching a seized American merchant ship , and witnessed the emergence of the squadron , retreating before four ships of the line that approached the British frigate . Superb was sighted shortly afterwards and also retreated before a ship of the line and two frigates , reconstituting his small squadron in the wake of Moreno 's force . Keats immediately sent Pasley ahead to Gibraltar to warn Saumarez , the brig arriving at 15 : 00 closely followed by the main body of the combined squadron , from which Saint Antoine had detached during the departure from Cadiz and was following behind , shadowed by Superb . Moreno 's squadron anchored in the Bay of Gibraltar , out of reach of the British batteries on Gibraltar and waited there for Linois to complete his repairs , Saint Antoine joining the squadron on the morning of 10 July . Keats then brought his ships into Gibraltar , where efforts to repair the squadron were increased , with the knowledge that Moreno would soon be sailing to Cadiz with Linois squadron . Saumarez , concerned by the size of the combined squadron , sent urgent messages to the Mediterranean Fleet under Lord Keith in the Eastern Mediterranean requesting support in the belief that Moreno would be delayed at least two weeks due to the condition of Linois 's ships . Saumarez was wrong : Moreno planned to convoy the battered squadron the short distance to Cadiz as soon as they were seaworthy . = = Second battle of Algeciras = = On the morning of 12 July the combined French and Spanish squadron put to sea , followed closely by the British squadron . Both sides took most of the day to assemble , hampered by light winds and damaged warships , but at 19 : 00 Moreno gave orders for his squadron to make all sail westwards towards the open ocean and Cadiz . Saumarez followed , but at 20 : 40 , with night drawing in and the wind picking up , he instructed Keats to take Superb , the fastest ship in his squadron , ahead and engage the rearguard of Moreno 's force . At 23 : 20 , Keats discovered the Real Carlos and pulled alongside , firing three broadsides into the Spanish ship that started a severe fire . Superb then pushed on towards Saint Antoine while Real Carlos drifted in darkness and confusion , encountering San Hermenegildo , the Spanish ships mistaking one another for an enemy and opening fire . Real Carlos then drifted into San Hermenegildo , the huge ships tangling together and the fire spreading from one to another until both were blazing wrecks in the darkness . They both exploded at 00 : 15 on 13 July , killing more than 1 @,@ 700 men . At some stage during the night , the independently sailing Spanish frigate Perla sailed through the battle and was fatally damaged in the crossfire , sinking the next morning . Keats meanwhile had engaged and defeated Saint Antoine , forcing the wounded Commodore Julien le Ray to surrender following an action that had lasted just half an hour . Casualties on Saint Antoine were heavy , although Superb had just 15 men wounded . The rest of the British squadron , following up in the darkness , mistook Saint Antoine as being still active , and all fired on the ship as they passed , intending to catch the remainder of Moreno 's squadron as it sailed northwest along the Spanish coastline . At 04 : 00 the Formidable , now under the command of Captain Amable Troude , was seen to the north in Conil Bay near Cape Trafalgar and Saumarez sent Venerable to chase the French ship , Hood accompanied by Thames under Captain Aiskew Hollis . At 05 : 15 , Venerable came within range and a close action soon followed , Hood ordering Hollis to bring his ship close to Troude 's stern and open up a raking fire . Formidable had the better of the action however and at 06 : 45 , with casualties mounting , Hood 's mainmast collapsed over the side . Taking advantage of the disability to the British ship , Troude pulled Formidable ahead in light winds , slowly rejoining the main squadron under Moreno , which was holding station off Cadiz harbour . As Formidable moved away , the remaining masts on Venerable collapsed and the ship grounded off Sancti Petri . There was concern in the British squadron that Moreno might counterattack the disabled ship , but the arrival on the horizon of Audacious and Superb persuaded the Spanish admiral to withdraw into Cadiz . Hood was able to refloat Venerable on 13 July and the ship was towed back to Gibraltar with the prize Saint Antoine . Saumarez left three ships to maintain the blockade at Cadiz , returning the situation off the port to that before the battle . = = Aftermath = = In France the campaign was represented as a victory , as Linois genuine achievements at Algeciras were followed by exaggerated reports of Troude 's defence in Conil Bay in which the second battle was represented as a significant success against a more numerous British force . Troude had shown skill and bravery in the engagement , but his subsequent reputation was largely built on the strength of a report sent to Paris by Dumanoir le Pelley which was based on a letter written by Captain Troude . In the letter , he claimed that he had fought not only Venerable and Thames , but also Caesar and Spencer ( misidentified in the report as Superb ) . Troude stated that he had not only driven all of these ships off , but that he had also completely destroyed Venerable by driving the ship ashore . Troude was subsequently promoted and highly praised , holding a number of important active commands in the French Navy . In Spain , the outcome of the campaign infuriated the Spanish government and contributed to the souring of the Franco @-@ Spanish alliance . The Spanish demanded that the Spanish forces then stationed at Brest on the French Atlantic coast return to Spanish waters , and Spanish pressure on Portugal was relaxed . This weakening of the Franco @-@ Spanish axis was a significant factor in the Treaty of Amiens in early 1802 that brought the French Revolutionary Wars to a close . Saumarez was lauded in Britain , the success of the second action mitigating the initial defeat . He was awarded the thanks of both Houses of Parliament and made a Knight of the Bath with a pension of £ 1 @,@ 200 annually ( the equivalent of £ 82 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) .. Nearly five decades later , the second battle ( although not the first ) was among the actions recognised by the Naval General Service Medal , awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847 . The campaign later played a prominent part in the novels Master and Commander by Patrick O 'Brian and Touch and Go by C. Northcote Parkinson . In British histories the campaign is usually considered a single linked battle , with the overall outcome favourable to the British force , despite the failure to prevent Linois from linking with Cadiz and the loss of Hannibal . The severe losses inflicted on the Spanish fleet at Cadiz and the reinstatement of the blockade meant that the French plan to reinforce the army trapped in Egypt was a total failure , the garrison there surrendering in September after a hard @-@ fought campaign against British and Ottoman forces . It also emphasised British dominance at sea by this stage of the war , reiterating that no force could sail from a French or allied port without detection and interception by the Royal Navy .
= I Not Stupid Too = I Not Stupid Too ( Chinese : 小孩不笨2 ; pinyin : Xiǎohái Bù Bèn Èr ; literally : " Children are not stupid 2 " ) is a 2006 Singaporean satirical comedy film and the sequel to the 2002 film , I Not Stupid . It portrays the lives , struggles and adventures of three Singaporean youths — 15 @-@ year @-@ old Tom , his 8 @-@ year @-@ old brother Jerry and their 15 @-@ year @-@ old friend Chengcai — who have a strained relationship with their parents . The film explores the issue of poor parent @-@ child communication . The director and screenwriter , Jack Neo , was inspired to make the film by a book about appreciating education . The movie was produced by MediaCorp Raintree Pictures on a budget of S $ 1 @.@ 5 million . It stars Jack Neo , Xiang Yun , Huang Yiliang , Shawn Lee , Joshua Ang and Ashley Leong . Filming took place at several Singaporean schools in June 2005 . I Not Stupid Too was released in cinemas on 26 January 2006 , and earned over S $ 4 million in total . The film became the second @-@ highest grossing Singaporean film in history , with only Money No Enough grossing more . At the 2006 Hong Kong Film Awards , it was nominated for Best Asian Film , but lost to Riding Alone for Thousands of Miles . Critical reception was also generally positive , although some criticized the movie as overly preachy . A serialised version of the film was aired later that year . = = Plot = = The plot revolves around the lives of Tom Yeo ( 杨学谦 Yáng Xuéqiān ; Shawn Lee ) , his younger brother Jerry ( 杨学强 , Yáng Xuéqiáng ; Ashley Leong ) and their friend Lim Chengcai ( 林成才 Lín Chéngcái ; Joshua Ang ) . 15 @-@ year @-@ old Tom is technologically inclined and a talented blogger , while 8 @-@ year @-@ old Jerry enjoys the performing arts and has the lead role in his school concert . Mr. and Mrs. Yeo 's ( Jack Neo and Xiang Yun ) busy schedules give them little time to spend with their children , leading to a strained relationship . With his mother absent , Chengcai was raised by his ex @-@ convict father ( Huang Yiliang ) , whose fighting skills he inherited . During a school check for mobile phones , Tom is caught with a pornographic VCD . As his teacher confiscates it , Chengcai makes a cheeky remark that provokes the teacher into slapping him , leading to an exchange that escalates into a massive scuffle . The principal decides to expel Chengcai , while Tom receives a public caning for his part in the scuffle . Tom and Chengcai join a local street gang ; as their initiation , they are forced to shoplift an iPod . However , they are caught by two conmen with connections to the street gang posing as police detectives , who demand that they pay the fine $ 2000 within two days or be arrested . While tutoring his sons , Mr. Yeo tells them that people will pay $ 500 for an hour of his time . Jerry , who wants his parents to come to his school concert , starts saving money , but he can 't save enough and eventually resorts to stealing . After he is caught , his furious father repeatedly canes him and shouts at him , but forgives him when the boy explains that he wanted $ 500 to " buy " an hour of his father 's time . This prompts Mr. and Mrs. Yeo to read Tom 's blog and realise how unappreciated and alienated their children feel . Unable to raise $ 2000 themselves , Tom and Chengcai rob an old lady of her necklace , but regret their action and try to return it to her . A struggle occurs , and Chengcai bumps into several gangsters , while Tom 's mobile phone falls out of his pocket as he is tackled by vicious vigilantes . The phone hits the ground , accidentally calling Mr. Yeo , who is doing a presentation about 3G phones for a contract worth $ 3 million . He rushes off to the scene and pleads the old lady to give Tom a second chance . When the police arrive , she tells them she made a prank call . Two days later , Mr. Yeo meets the conmen and gives them thousands of dollars of hell money ; the conmen are then arrested by real police officers who have been waiting in ambush close by . Having finally understanding their children , the Yeo parents watch Jerry 's concert , much to his delight . Later , the gangsters whom Chengcai bumped into earlier beat him up . Mr. Lim , who happens to be nearby , tries to protect his son , but suffers head trauma after being pushed down the stairs . He is taken to a hospital , critically injured . On his deathbed , Mr. Lim tells Chengcai that he loves him and that he should pursue his talent for fighting . Witnessing this scene , the principal is touched and allows Chengcai to return to school . The boy eventually becomes an internationally recognised martial artist . = = Production = = After the release of I Not Stupid , a sequel was suggested , but Neo had difficulty finding a suitable topic . His inspiration was a book on appreciation education , a method of teaching developed by Chinese educator Zhou Hong . Through the movie , Neo hoped to capture the culture of Singapore at the turn of the millennium , and to explore the issue of poor parent @-@ child communication . Neo and Rebecca Leow co @-@ wrote the script , which was completed in May 2005 . I Not Stupid Too was produced by MediaCorp Raintree Pictures on a budget of S $ 1 @.@ 5 million . Shanghai Film Studio had agreed to co @-@ produce I Not Stupid Too with Raintree Pictures , but backed out because they found the film too liberal . The production crew included Daniel Yun as executive producer , Chan Pui Yin and Seah Saw Yan as producers , Ardy Lam as cinematographer and Mo Ju Li as sound editor . Besides writing and directing , Neo starred as Mr. Yeo and composed the theme song , which was sung by Hong Junyang . Filming took place at Saint Hilda 's Primary School , Presbyterian High School and other locations during the school holidays in June . Neo hired real gangsters to act in several gangster scenes as he was dissatisfied with the extras . According to him , communicating with the gangsters was difficult , but when he decided to apply the lessons from the movie and praised them for a good take , they reacted well . Several members of the cast also said that I Not Stupid Too inspired them to communicate better with their family members . On 26 January 2006 , distributor United International Pictures released I Not Stupid Too on 36 screens in Singapore . = = Reception = = With earnings of over S $ 1 @.@ 41 million in the first six days , I Not Stupid Too achieved the biggest opening for a Singaporean film . The movie rose to the top of the local box office , beating Jet Li 's Fearless . In total , I Not Stupid Too grossed over S $ 4 million , becoming Singapore ’ s second @-@ highest grossing movie after Money No Enough . The film was then released in Malaysia , where it made RM1.1 million , and Hong Kong , taking in HK $ 3 @.@ 1 million . Following the success of the two I Not Stupid films , Neo has announced plans to make more sequels , as well as a remake set in China . I Not Stupid Too was well received when it was showcased at the Cannes Film Festival . It was also one of six Singaporean movies screened at the Singapore Season film festival in China . At the 2006 Moscow International Film Festival for Children and Youth , I Not Stupid Too captured the Children 's Jury Award . The film was also nominated for Best Asian Film at the Hong Kong Film Awards , but lost to Riding Alone for Thousands of Miles . Critics praised I Not Stupid Too for its touching portrayal of the problems faced by Singaporean teenagers . According to a review in the South China Morning Post , the movie " presents a candid portrait of Singaporean society at odds with its stereotypically squeaky clean image " . Nie Peng of Shenzhen Daily felt the film " captured the emotional depth and effectively conveyed the underlying theme of generation gaps " , while movieXclusive.com reviewer Jolene Tan called it " a good local movie that will have [ viewers ] laughing in stitches and crying at certain points " . However , I Not Stupid Too was also panned for being overly preachy : a reviewer for The Hindu said that the movie " feels like a public service program written by Singapore 's social welfare department " . Geoffrey Eu , a reviewer for The Business Times , commented that it " takes the line that the viewer needs to be clubbed into submission rather than persuaded via a more subtle line of reasoning " . = = Remake = = A Malaysian Remake Film produced by Ahmad Puah Onah was released on 2 December 2010 in cinemas in Malaysia nationwide , titled Aku Tak Bodoh in Malay language .
= The Oath of the Vayuputras = The Oath of the Vayuputras is a 2013 novel by Indian author Amish Tripathi and the final book in his Shiva trilogy . The book was released on 27 February 2013 , through Westland Press and completes the mythical story about an imaginary land Meluha and how its inhabitants were saved by a nomad named Shiva . Starting from where the previous installment left off , Shiva discovers that Somras is the true evil in The Oath of the Vayuputras . Shiva then declares a holy war on those who seek to continue to use it , mainly the Emperors Daksha and Dilipa , who are being controlled by the sage Bhrigu . The battle rages on and Shiva travels to the land of Pariha to consult with Vayuputras , a legendary tribe . By the time he returns , the war has ended with Sati , his wife , being murdered . An enraged Shiva destroys the capital of Meluha and Somras is wiped out of history . The story concludes with Shiva and his associates being popularized as Gods for their deeds and accomplishments . Tripathi had confirmed in September 2011 that he was writing The Oath of the Vayuputras , with Westland announcing the release date as 27 February 2013 . The book was longer than the previous installments of the series and Tripathi clarified that all the loose ends left out in the previous book would be addressed , with the death of certain characters . Following the release of the cover art , it was announced that the publication rights of the books have been bought by both US and UK publisher houses . Like The Immortals of Meluha and The Secret of the Nagas , the book contained innovative marketing techniques , including launching interactive apps , merchandise and a music album titled Vayuputras , containing music inspired by different events in the series . After its release , The Oath of the Vayuputras received positive reviews for the story and characterisation with Business Standard calling Tripathi ' India 's Tolkien ' . However , his continued insistence on using modern , easy English gave way to a negative review by Mint . The book was a commercial success with 350 @,@ 000 copies for pre @-@ order , and an initial print @-@ run of 500 @,@ 000 copies . On the first day of the release itself , the book sold the initial print @-@ run breaking the record for the fastest selling book in India . This prompted Westland to pay Tripathi an advance amount of ₹ 5 crore ( US $ 740 @,@ 000 ) for Tripathi 's next book series . As of June 2015 over 2 @.@ 5 million copies of the Shiva Trilogy have been sold with gross retail sales of over ₹ 60 crore ( US $ 8 @.@ 9 million ) , making it the fastest selling book series in the history of Indian publishing . = = Plot synopsis = = On meeting Brahaspati at the Naga capital of Panchavati , Shiva comes to know about the evil " Somras " , and its ill effects on the people of India . Brahaspati explains that the large amounts of water required to manufacture Somras has resulted in the depletion of the Saraswati River ’ s water . The waste generated in the process of manufacturing the Somras was dumped in the Tsangpo river , which flows through Branga territory as Brahmaputra , and resulted in their disastrous plague . Also the birth of Naga babies was credited to Somras as it results in the multiplication of cells at a very high rate which lead to their deformation and outgrowths . Shiva travels to the hidden city of Ujjain along with his entourage to meet the chief of Vasudev pandits , Gopal . He explains how the Vayuputra council — an ancient tribe left by the previous Mahadev Lord Rudra , dwelling in remote land of Pariha in the West — train a member of their tribe as the Neelkanth when " evil " rises . Shiva comes to the conclusion that it was his uncle Manobhu , who turns out to be a former Vayuputra member , trained him as Neelkanth . Seeing that Meluha is the center of manufacturing the Somras , Shiva declares a holy war on the Kingdom and appeals the people to stop using the drink . Parvateshwar decides to join Meluha , since he thinks that it is his duty to defend his motherland ; Anandamayi joins him . Shiva also realizes that Maharishi Bhrigu is the mastermind behind the attack on Panchavati , plotting against him along with the Swadweepan emperor Dilipa and Daksha . The preparation for the war mobilizes as Branga , Vaishali and Kashi come to Shiva 's aid . He takes the Nagas , the Brangas and the Vasudev elephant corps to attack Meluha , while Kartik and Ganesh attack Ayodhya and successfully prevent them from aiding Meluha . Shiva captures the city of Mrittikavatti and makes the citizens imprison the Meluhan army led by Vidyunmali , who believes Shiva to be a fraud . He escapes and persuades Bhrigu and Parvateshwar to attack Sati 's army by a thousand Meluhan troops , and defeat them . Following this defeat , Shiva abandons the plan of invading Meluha and leave for Pariha with Gopal ; they wanted to procure the deadly Brahmastra weapon , to threaten the Meluhans for peace with them . There he meets the chief of Vayuputras , Mithra , who turns out to be his maternal uncle . Mithra convinces the Vayuputras that Shiva is the real Neelkanth and gives him the Pashupathiastra which acts on a specific target , rather than annihilating everything like the Brahmastra . Meanwhile , Parvateshwar uses decoy ships to give an impression to Kali that he was going to attack Panchavati . Alarmed , Kali takes the bait and leaves with the finest Naga soldiers in their pursuit . However , she realizes her folly and returns . Daksha plans to assassinate Shiva and sends Vidyunmali to get Egyptian assassins . He frames a peace treaty for Shiva but in his absence , Sati attends the peace conference and finds out the truth . She fights the assassins valiantly , but is killed . The war ends with Sati 's death , but an enraged Shiva decides to use the Pashupatiastra to finish Devagiri forever . Parvateshwar , Anandmayi , Veerini decide to stay back in the city and die with it , but Kartik persuades Bhrigu to remain alive and share his vast knowledge with future generations . Shiva unleashes the astra and ends Devagiri 's history , along with the Somras manufacturing units hidden beneath the city . In the epilogue , Shiva retires to Mount Kailash where he lives the rest of his days peacefully , though missing Sati every day . Ganesh , Kali and Kartik become renowned as Gods for their prowess , all over India . They take revenge for Sati 's death by wiping out the whole clan of the Egyptian assassins . Bhrigu continues teaching and collates his knowledge in a book called Bhrigu Samhita . Sati 's death is not forgotten and she is later renowned as Goddess Shakti , and her ashes are spread throughout India , in places later known as Shakti Peethas ( Seat of Shakti ) . It is revealed that in order to ensure that the Somras is not mass @-@ manufactured again , the course of the Yamuna is turned towards the east , thus drying up the Saraswati River . = = Characters and locations = = Tripathi believes that " Myths are nothing but jumbled memories of a true past . A past buried under mounds of earth and ignorance . " The book has known characters from Hindu texts as well as those born from Tripathi 's imagination , however the characters from the Hinduism do not inherit all of their classical traits . Characters Shiva – The main character in the story . He is a Tibetan immigrant to Meluha and the chief of the Guna tribe . On arriving in Meluha and consuming the Somras ( a potion ) , his throat turns blue making him the Neelkanth of the Meluhan legend , which speaks of the appearance of Neelkanth as a destroyer of evil . The Meluhans end up believing that Shiva would be their saviour . Shiva searches for the source of Evil , and deciding that it is Somras which would destroy India , he declares war to eradicate the drink completely . His deeds and accomplishments in saving India from its dangers makes him the Mahadev ( Great God ) . Sati – A Meluhan princess , she is the daughter of King Daksha . Shiva falls in love with her and marries her . Sati is a skilled swords @-@ woman and is very brave since childhood . She assists Shiva on his journey to destroy Evil , but dies a valiant death while saving her people from a group of assassins . Her death becomes a trigger for the wars to cease . She is later renowned as Goddess Shakti , and her ashes are spread throughout India , in places later known as Shakti Peethas ( Seat of Shakti ) . Kali – Sati 's twin sister who was separated from her after birth , due to their father denouncing her . Kali was born with two extra functioning appendages , hence she was ostracized from society and declared a Naga . A very hot @-@ tempered woman , Kali assists and helps Shiva in his journey to destroy Evil . Kali is later renowned as a Goddess . Ganesh – Sati 's first child , who was declared dead by her father Daksha , as he was born with physical deformities . Ganesh was raised later by Kali , and they created the formidable Naga army . Ganesh becomes an ardent follower of Shiva and Sati , and later comes to be renowned as a God . Kartik – Son of Shiva and Sati , Kartik is a fearsome warrior and gains recognition for his battle skills and strategies . Kartik recognizes the importance of preserving Shiva 's legacy by not destroying everything in Meluha . He later moves to South India and is renowned as a God there . Nandi – A captain in the Meluhan army . A loyal devotee of Shiva , who is often considered for his opinion and suggestions by Shiva . Veer Bhadra – A captain of Shiva 's army and his close childhood friend . He was later renamed as Veer Bhadra , a title earned by once defeating a tiger single handedly.He is quick tempered and is husband to Krittika . Krittika — She is the best friend and hand maiden of Sati . She is like a second mother to Kartik and is the wife of Shiva 's best friend Veer Bhadra.She does not have children as she has become infertile due to the adverse effects of Somras . Bŗahaspati – The chief Meluhan scientist who becomes Shiva 's good friend . Though he does not believe the legend of the Neelkanth , he believes that Shiva is capable of taking Meluha to its new glory . Daksha – The King of the Meluhans , he wants to be the Emperor of the whole of India , and is bitter towards Shiva for bringing into light his injustices against his own daughter , Sati . Veerini – The Queen of the Meluhans , wife of Emperor Daksha , Veerini is against Daksha 's diabolical schemes to bring down Shiva . Parvateshvar – Head of Meluhan Army and a Suryavanshi , Parvateshvar is a follower of Shiva . However , he is caught in a dilemma when Shiva decides to destroy Meluha for ending the usage of Somras , and ultimately decides to help the country by leading it in the impending war , being bound to his duty as the protector of the country . He is a man of his word and places truth and honour even above God . He is a tall , well @-@ built giant of a man and is husband to Princess Anandamayi . Bhagirath – The prince of Ayodhya , he assists Shiva in his journey to destroy Evil . Anandamayi – The princess of Ayodhya . A strong @-@ willed woman , Anandamayi joins Parvateshwar as he decides to lead Meluha in the war . Ayurvati – The Chief of Medicine , Ayurvati is another intelligent and revered woman , who is capable of curing any disease . She is the first one to realize that Shiva is the " Neelkanth " , their savior . Bhrigu – Bhrigu is a renowned sage of India , who is extremely powerful and malevolent . He believes that the Somras is never Evil , and hence mobilizes the war against Shiva . Held in high @-@ esteem and fear by everyone , Bhrigu realizes the error of his ways after Sati is killed . Dilipa – King of Ayodhya and the father of Bhagirath and Anadamayi , Dilipa is obsessed about his looks and decaying body , and is black @-@ mailed by Bhrigu in helping him in the impending war against Shiva . Gopal – The chief of the Vasudevs , Gopal assists Shiva throughout his journey from the hidden city of Ujjain , to Pariha , the land of the Vayuputras . Kanakhala – Meluhan prime minister , Kanakhala is shocked at the criminal side and dark revelations about her King Daksha , and never supported him in his misdeeds . When she comes to know about Daksha 's plans to kill Shiva , she stealthily informs Parvateshvar about his plans and commits suicide . Parshuram- He was a Bandit @-@ Priest purely devoted to Shiva . He is a courageous man and will fight till his last breath for the Lord Neelkanth . Divodas- He is a Branga official who is Shiva 's major ally . Races Suryavanshis – The Suryavanshis are followers of Shri Ram and the Solar Calendar and try to lead a life that is as ideal as possible . The Suryavanshis believe in Satya , Dharma , Maan — truth , duty and honor . Chandravanshis – The Chandravanshis are followers of the Lunar Calendar . Traditionally the Chandravanshis and Suryavanshis are enemies . Naga – A cursed race of people who have physical deformities . They are extremely skilled warriors . Vasudevs – The Vasudevs are a secretive group of priests , who wait through the millennia to assist the Neel Kanth in destroying Evil . Vayuputras – The Vayuputras are a secret group of followers left by the previous Mahadev , Lord Rudra . Staying in remote Pariha , the Vayuputras are responsible for the creation of the Neel Kanth , when Evil approaches . Kingdoms Meluha – The empire of the Suryavanshis , also known as the land of pure life . Meluha is based in the areas of the modern Indian provinces of Kashmir , Punjab , Himachal Pradesh , Delhi , Haryana , Rajasthan , Gujarat and the whole of Pakistan . It also includes parts of eastern Afghanistan . Swadweep – The empire of the Chandravanshis , also known as the island of the individual . Swadweep comprises the modern Indian provinces of Uttarakhand , Uttar Pradesh , Bihar , Jharkhand , West Bengal , Sikkim , Assam , Meghalaya and all of the country of Bangladesh , besides most parts of Nepal and Bhutan . Brangaridai – The land of the Brangas , situated on the eastern part of India . Shiva travels there with his entourage in search of the recipe for a medicine and to know the truth about the Nagas . Dandak Forest – Located in the modern Indian province of Maharashtra and parts of Andhra Pradesh , Karnataka , Chhattisgarh , Orissa and Madhya Pradesh , Dandak is a dense and treacherous forest where the Nagas stay , at their capital Panchavati . Ujjain – A circular city situated beside the Chambal River and hidden completely to the outsiders , Ujjain is the home of the Vasudevs . Shiva travels there for counselling and asking their help . Pariha – Situated in far West , Pariha is the home of the Vayuputras . A secluded city formed from the Mesopotemian civilization , Pariha is the birthplace of Lord Rudra . Shiva travels there with Gopal for asking their help . Characters and locations adapted as per the books from the series and from the official website . = = Development and release = = Tripathi had initially decided to write a book on philosophy , but was dissuaded by his family members , so he wrote a book on Shiva , one of the Hindu gods . The story was of how a Tibetan tribal chief called Shiva became the fabled savior of the land of Meluha . His adventures nearly 4000 years ago , morphed into the mythical legends of the Hindu God Shiva . Titled The Immortals of Meluha , the book went on to become a huge commercial success , after its release in February 2010 , with film director Karan Johar 's Dharma Productions purchasing the film rights of the book . The success prompted Tripathi to pen a second part of the trilogy , titled The Secret of the Nagas . Following what happens in the life of Shiva , the plotline and the geography of the story was expanded to venture into unknown territories . Tripathi quit his job as a banker while writing the book , dedicating his whole time to the marketing and the promotion of the release . The Secret of the Nagas was also a commercial success , with both the books having crossed a print run of a million copies . These books have continued to top the bestseller lists of Nielsen BookScan , with the gross retail sales being impressive at ₹ 22 crore ( US $ 3 @.@ 3 million ) within two years of publishing . In September 2011 , Tripathi confirmed that from the next month he would start penning the third installment of the trilogy , The Oath of the Vayuputras . In January 2013 , it was revealed that The Oath of the Vayuputras would be released on 27 February of the same year , by Westland Publishing . Tripathi explained that the final version of the book was longer than he had expected it to be , and consisted of 53 chapters , making it twice as long as the other books . During an interview with The Times of India , the author discussed some of the important scenarios being presented in the book . He explained that since Shiva is a mortal in his series , he would have a fitting epilogue in the book , with many of the loose ends of the plot finally being deciphered . Shiva would meet the chief of the Vasudevas and the Vayuputras in the hidden cities of Ujjain and Pariha . " Some loose ends will be left deliberately open for the readers to interpret . As for losing someone we love ? The Shiva trilogy chronicles a battle against evil . And evil does not go quietly into the night ; instead , it puts up a strong fight against Good . So yes , people will die in Vayuputras , " he concluded . Explaining that he wrote it as per his whim , and not according to the need to have more philosophy or love or war , Tripathi was sure that The Oath of the Vayuputras would have a tragic ending . During an interview with Daily News and Analysis , Tripathi explained that he had purposefully used the modern terms for the different historical locations described in the book , including calling India by its name , rather than its ancient name , Jambudweep . He did not believe that India could be represented as a political concept in his book , since at the timeline followed in the Shiva trilogy , India was still a cultural concept . Since some of the characters have their mythological names , but do not follow the characteristic traits , Tripathi believed that such development was spontaneous and did not question his writing further . Giving an example , the author said : " When I was writing the first book , I was struggling with the Naga , because I wanted to desperately change his character – that he should be jovial and happy . But he kept ending up as a tormented and troubled a guy who was suffering . And I just had to surrender " The cover art of the book was launched in Mumbai , by Tripathi and Johar in a ceremony , which also saw the presence of Gautam Padmanabhan , CEO of Westland Publishers , and Rashmi Pusalkar , the designer of the cover of The Oath of the Vayuputras . The author added that Pusalkar had managed to merge in many of the symbolic elements represented in the storyline of the book , while maintaining the same visual appeal of the previous releases of the trilogy . He wanted the cover to have a symbolic meaning , portraying Shiva wielding Pinaka — the legendary bow of the God according to Mythology — and a burning bush behind him . The increasing brightness of the book covers signified the triumph of good over evil , according to Tripathi . The UK publication rights of the Shiva trilogy , including The Oath of the Vayuputras was purchased by Jo Fletcher Books , with the deal being made by Claire Roberts at Trident Media Group , acting on behalf of the author and the author 's Indian agent , Anuj Bahri of Red Ink Literary Agency . The Oath of the Vayuputras would be released in the United States in summer 2014 . The Oath of the Vayuputras was released in six different languages , namely English ( South Asia ) , English ( UK ) , Hindi , Telugu , Gujarati and Marathi . = = Marketing techniques = = Since both The Immortals of Meluha and The Secret of the Nagas had innovative marketing techniques , Tripathi spoke about similar innovativeness with the release of The Oath of the Vayuputras . One of the marketing strategies included a music album called Vayuputras , an original soundtrack based on the Shiva Trilogy . The idea for the album came from Sangram Surve , CEO of Tripathi 's advertisement agency , Think WhyNot . The album had nine songs dedicated to Lord Shiva with several Bollywood singers lending their voices , and was inspired by the different sections and storyline in the books . Titled " Jo Vayuputra Ho " ( " One Who is a Vayuputra " ) , the lead song was composed by musician Taufiq Qureshi and recorded by singer Sonu Nigam . A music video was also developed by Think WhyNot team , directed by Amit Pandirkar and music by Rajeev Sharma . The video was broadcast in popular television channels and across all social media platforms . The concept of the music video was the journey of the three books of the Shiva Trilogy in its five @-@ minute span . Other marketing strategies included launching interactive apps , merchandise and events that would follow the music and book launch . In an interview with Business Standard , Surve explained : " After tasting the stupendous marketing success of , The Secrets of the Nagas , we are very excited to partner with Amish for the launch of The Oath of the Vayuputras . The ' think big ' brief given to us was apt for the launch of the final book ... The challenge was to not just get existing fans of the franchise to buy The Oath of Vayuputras — that would happen anyway — but to expand the reader base . The campaign idea revolved around creating another ' first @-@ of @-@ its @-@ kind ' in book marketing , which this time around turned out to be the production of a world @-@ class music video which is poised at reaching out to the masses through television , in a bid to garner greater awareness about the book . " = = Critical response = = The book received mixed to positive responses from critics . R Krishna from Daily News and Analysis gave a positive review for the book . He observed that the criticism in the second book regarding bad editing and writing has been polished in The Oath of the Vayuputras . He complimented the fact that philosophical discussions in the book is rightly balanced by action sequences , commending the way in which Sati 's fight with the assassins is described . Krishna concluded that the different characters of the book make it a good reading and a fitting ending to the series . Phorum Dalal from Mid Day praised the urban dialect used by Shiva in the book and felt that Tripathi 's grip on the whole story is steady and has the reader 's undivided attention , ultimately " giving the Trilogy an end it deserves " . Sanjeev Sanyal from Business Standard gave a neutral review saying that although the fast @-@ paced and easy style from the earlier books has been retained , it is evident if one goes back and rereads the first few pages of The Immortals of Meluha that Tripathi has become much more comfortable and confident of his writing . " Of course , those whose literary tastes have not outgrown Wren and Martin will still find fault with his use of the English language . For the rest of us , it is delightful to see how Tripathi applies simple language to evoke great battle scenes and extraordinary landscapes " . Aadisht Khanna from Mint was disappointed with the book and gave a negative review . According to him poor grammar and bad editing of the book marred the possibility of The Oath of the Vayuputras becoming a classic . Adding that the scope of imagination was vast and ambitious , Khanna explained that he " really wanted to like this book . But the laziness in editing and rewriting is evident , and unforgivable ... It seems as though Westland Ltd , knowing that it has a guaranteed best @-@ seller on its hands , has decided to be as lazy as possible when it comes to the actual editing . " The Kolkata Statesman 's Mrityunjay Khurana gave a positive review to the book , saying " Amish has skillfully used Upanishadic , Puranic , Zoroastrian and Buddhist mythological images and their essence in lucid and contemporary language . " The review goes on to say that Tripathi had tried to bring out knowledge from the dogma @-@ box approach and that despite the author 's much criticized " clunky language and sloppy grammar " , the tale reached its goal of attraction the attention towards Mythology and traditions , along with inspiring readers . = = Commercial response = = According to Zee News , before its official release The Oath of the Vayuputras had about 350 @,@ 000 copies for pre @-@ order , with an initial print @-@ run of 500 @,@ 000 copies . On the first day of the release itself , the book sold the initial print @-@ run breaking the record for the fastest selling book in India . This prompted Westland to pay Tripathi an advance amount of ₹ 5 crore ( US $ 740 @,@ 000 ) for the next series that he would pen , even though Tripathi confessed that he did not have any idea regarding the subject that he would pursue for his next endeavor . Padmanabhan clarified that the advance included the book , audio and e @-@ publishing rights for Tripathi 's next series , and was only for the South @-@ Asian region and " It 's the largest advance we 've ever paid , and the largest Indian deal " . Anuj Bahri , who was the first publisher for The Immortals of Meluha , said that the deal could go up to US $ 4 million once they acquire the film , foreign and translation rights for the books . As of June 2015 over 2 @.@ 5 million copies of the Shiva Trilogy have been sold with gross retail sales of over ₹ 60 crore ( US $ 8 @.@ 9 million ) , making it the fastest selling book series in the history of Indian publishing .
= HMS Bellerophon ( 1786 ) = HMS Bellerophon was a 74 @-@ gun third @-@ rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy . Launched in 1786 , she served during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , mostly on blockades or convoy escort duties . Known to sailors as the " Billy Ruffian " , she fought in three fleet actions , the Glorious First of June , the Battle of the Nile and the Battle of Trafalgar , and was the ship aboard which Napoleon finally surrendered , ending 22 years of nearly continuous war with France . Built at Frindsbury , Bellerophon was initially laid up in ordinary , briefly being commissioned during the Spanish and Russian Armaments . She entered service with the Channel Fleet on the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars , and took part in the Glorious First of June in 1794 , the first of several fleet actions of the wars . Bellerophon narrowly escaped being captured by the French in 1795 , when her squadron was nearly overrun by a powerful French fleet , but the bold actions of the squadron 's commander , Vice @-@ Admiral Sir William Cornwallis , caused the French to retreat . She played a minor role in efforts to intercept a French invasion force bound for Ireland in 1797 , and then joined the Mediterranean Fleet under Sir John Jervis . Detached to reinforce Rear @-@ Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson 's fleet in 1798 , she took part in the decisive defeat of a French fleet at the Battle of the Nile . She then returned to England and went out to the West Indies , where she spent the Peace of Amiens on cruises and convoy escort duty between the Caribbean and North America . Bellerophon returned to European waters with the resumption of the wars with France , joining a fleet under Vice @-@ Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood blockading Cadiz . The reinforced fleet , by then commanded by Horatio Nelson , engaged the combined Franco @-@ Spanish fleet when it emerged from port . At the Battle of Trafalgar on 21 October Bellerophon fought a bitter engagement against Spanish and French ships , sustaining heavy casualties including the death of her captain , John Cooke . After repairs Bellerophon was employed blockading the enemy fleets in the Channel and the North Sea . She plied the waters of the Baltic Sea in 1809 , making attacks on Russian shipping , and by 1810 was off the French coast again , blockading their ports . She went out to North America as a convoy escort between 1813 and 1814 , and in 1815 was assigned to blockade the French Atlantic port of Rochefort . In July 1815 , defeated at Waterloo and finding escape to America barred by the blockading Bellerophon , Napoleon came aboard " the ship that had dogged his steps for twenty years " ( according to maritime historian David Cordingly ) to finally surrender to the British . It was Bellerophon 's last seagoing service . She was paid off and converted to a prison ship in 1815 , and was renamed Captivity in 1824 to free the name for another ship . Moved to Plymouth in 1826 , she continued in service until 1834 , when the last convicts left . The Admiralty ordered her to be sold in 1836 , and she was broken up . Bellerophon 's long and distinguished career has been recorded in literature and folk songs , commemorating the achievements of the " Billy Ruffian " . = = Construction and commissioning = = Bellerophon was ordered from the commercial shipbuilder Edward Greaves and Company , of Frindsbury in Kent , on 11 January 1782 to a modified design originally developed by Surveyor of the Navy Sir Thomas Slade . She was one of ten ships built to the modified Arrogant @-@ class design , originally developed by Slade in 1758 and used to build two ships , HMS Arrogant and HMS Cornwall . The design was resurrected and slightly altered in 1774 , and approved by the Admiralty on 25 August that year . The keel was laid down at Frindsbury in May 1782 . Measuring 168 ft ( 51 m ) on the gundeck and 138 ft ( 42 m ) on the keel , she had a beam of 46 ft 10 @.@ 5 in ( 14 @.@ 288 m ) , measured 1 @,@ 612 78 ⁄ 94 tons burthen and mounted 74 guns . This armament consisted of twenty @-@ eight 32 @-@ pounder guns on her lower gundeck , twenty @-@ eight 18 @-@ pounder guns on the upper gundeck , fourteen 9 @-@ pounder guns on the quarterdeck and four 9 @-@ pounder guns on the forecastle . The ship was named Bellerophon , a decision that had been arrived at by at least April 1782 , when it was entered into the minutes of the Surveyor 's Office . The First Lord of the Admiralty at the time , John Montagu , 4th Earl of Sandwich , had apparently selected the name from Lemprière 's Classical Dictionary , which he kept on his desk . The recently ordered 74 @-@ gun ship was thereafter to be named after the Greek warrior Bellerophon who rode the winged horse Pegasus and slew the monster Chimera . The pronunciation proved difficult for the ordinary sailors of the period , and she was widely known by variants , most commonly " Billy Ruffian " or " Billy Ruff 'n " , although " Belly Ruff One " appears in a satirical 1810 print by Thomas Rowlandson , and " Bellyruffron " in the novel Poor Jack by Frederick Marryat . She was decorated with a figurehead of Bellerophon . By the time Bellerophon was launched , there was no pressing need for new warships . The signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 brought the American War of Independence to an end while Bellerophon was still under construction . Though Greaves had been contracted to have her ready for launching by April 1784 , she spent another two years on the slipway , probably because the Navy Board ordered construction work to be delayed to allow her timber to be seasoned , a luxury available now that there were no pressing military needs . When the launch came , it was delayed several times , finally taking place during a period of heavy autumn storms in October 1786 . She was launched with little ceremony on 7 October 1786 , by Commissioner Charles Proby , of Chatham Dockyard . She was then towed across the River Medway and anchored off Chatham Dockyard . She was taken into the dry dock there on 7 March 1787 , where her hull was fitted with copper sheathing , and she was fitted for the Ordinary . Her final costs came to £ 30,232.14.4d paid to Greaves for building her , and a further £ 8,376.15.2d spent on fitting her for service . Laid up at Chatham during the years of peace , Bellerophon was not commissioned until July 1790 , when the crisis known as the Spanish Armament broke out . As war with Spain threatened , warships lying in ordinary began to be commissioned and fitted for sea . Bellerophon 's first commander , Captain Thomas Pasley , arrived on 19 July and began the process of preparing her for service . After a month spent fitting out the ship with guns , masts , stores and rigging , and recruiting a crew , Pasley gave the orders for his crew to slip the moorings on 16 August , and Bellerophon made her way down the Medway to the fleet anchorage at the Nore . From the Nore , Bellerophon proceeded to the Downs and joined the fleet stationed there . She spent three weeks in the roadstead , exercising her guns , before moving to Spithead . The diplomatic crisis with Spain had largely abated by October 1790 , and Bellerophon was sent to Sheerness in late November . She remained in commission , still under Pasley , during the Russian Armament in 1791 , but when this period of tension also passed without breaking into open war , Bellerophon was sent back to Chatham and paid off there on 9 September 1791 . = = French Revolutionary Wars = = With the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars , Bellerophon was commissioned in March 1793 , under her former captain , Thomas Pasley . Pasley fitted her for sea and sailed to join the Channel Fleet under Admiral Lord Howe . The Channel Fleet sailed on 14 July , with orders to patrol off Brest in the hope of intercepting and destroying the French fleet based there . While south @-@ west of the Scilly Isles on 18 July , Bellerophon collided with HMS Majestic in gale force winds . Bellerophon lost her bowsprit , foremast and main topmast , and had her figurehead and cutwater smashed , which necessitated putting into Plymouth for repairs . After being repaired , Bellerophon rejoined the Channel Fleet , which by now was patrolling the Western Approaches . She developed a reputation for speed during these duties , and was given the nickname of " The Flying Bellerophon " . In September 1793 Howe assigned her to a flying squadron made up of the fastest ships of the line , and gave Pasley command of the squadron , with the temporary rank of commodore . With Pasley now responsible for a squadron , Bellerophon received a new commander in January 1794 , Captain William Johnstone Hope , with Commodore Pasley continuing to fly his broad pennant aboard her . For the next five months the Channel Fleet patrolled off Ushant and the Brittany coast . = = = Glorious First of June = = = The Channel Fleet played an important role in the closing stages of the Atlantic campaign of May 1794 , when Howe moved out into the Atlantic in the hope of intercepting an approaching French convoy under Admiral Pierre Jean Van Stabel . The main French battlefleet was also known to be at sea , under Admiral Louis Thomas Villaret de Joyeuse . Howe sent Pasley , recently promoted to rear @-@ admiral , and his flying squadron , consisting of Bellerophon and the 74 @-@ gun ships HMS Russell , HMS Thunderer and HMS Marlborough , ahead to scout for French forces . At 6 am on 28 May the attached frigate HMS Phaeton signalled Bellerophon to report a sighting of a strange fleet . Pasley took the squadron south @-@ east to investigate , coming in sight of a large fleet at 9 am , and counting thirty @-@ three ships , of which at least twenty @-@ three appeared to be ships of the line . They were confirmed as French by noon , and Pasley signalled this news back to Howe . Howe ordered a pursuit , and by evening the leading British ships , with Pasley 's flying squadron forming the van , came in contact with the rear @-@ most French . Bellerophon was the first ship to come into action , when the 110 @-@ gun Révolutionnaire dropped back to block her approach . Pasley tacked to close the French ship and began exchanging broadsides . The heavy fire of the larger French ship caused considerable damage , particularly to Bellerophon 's main topmast , and she fought alone until the remainder of the flying squadron and two ships from the main fleet , HMS Audacious and HMS Leviathan , arrived to assist her . The damaged Bellerophon then drifted clear of the action , and as night fell Howe signalled for the fleet to reform in line ahead and wait for morning before resuming the engagement . The action resumed the following morning , with Howe closing on the French and then cutting through their line . Bellerophon followed Howe 's flagship , the 100 @-@ gun HMS Queen Charlotte , and sustained some damage from French fire . Howe isolated several French ships in the rear and pounded them with broadsides , but Villaret de Joyeuse was able to bring his van about to rescue them , and the two fleets parted again at night to reform their battle lines and repair damage . Poor weather on 30 May and 31 May prevented the fleets from making contact , but the following day , 1 June , Howe was able to bring about a decisive action , later known as the Glorious First of June . The British approached in line abreast , with Bellerophon at the end of the line . As they approached , the ships were heavily cannonaded by the French . Pasley was hit in the leg by a cannonball as he stood on the quarterdeck , with Midshipman Matthew Flinders reporting that " our brave admiral lost his leg by an 18 @-@ pounder shot which came in through the barricadoes of the quarter @-@ deck – it was in the heat of the action . " When two seamen expressed their sorrow , Pasley replied " Thank you , but never mind my leg : take care of my flag . " He was taken below where the shattered leg was amputated . Captain Hope kept the ship in the engagement , pounding the 74 @-@ gun Éole until the French ship was forced out of the line . Bellerophon had by then lost all three topmasts , and her mainsail and lower shrouds had been cut to pieces . Hope then signalled the frigate HMS Latona to tow the Bellerophon clear of the action . Despite being under heavy fire during the battle , Bellerophon 's casualties were comparatively light , amounting to four men killed and between twenty @-@ seven and thirty wounded . Bellerophon returned with the fleet to England after the battle , where the wounded Pasley left the ship . Bellerophon was taken into Portsmouth Dockyard for repairs , and then resumed her patrols in the Western Approaches with the Channel Fleet . Captain Hope was superseded in late November , and on 1 December 1794 Bellerophon received a new commander , Captain James Cranstoun , 8th Lord Cranstoun . = = = Cornwallis 's Retreat = = = Bellerophon returned to sea in May 1795 after three months anchored in the Solent . She had been at Spithead on 1 May , when the 98 @-@ gun HMS Boyne caught fire and blew up , with Bellerophon rescuing twelve men . Still with the Channel Fleet , she joined a squadron commanded by Vice @-@ Admiral Sir William Cornwallis which was patrolling off Ushant . The squadron had arrived on station on 7 June , and the following day captured a convoy of eight French merchants off Belle Île . The squadron remained in the area until 16 June , when a lookout on Bellerophon spotted a large fleet to the east @-@ south @-@ east . This was the Brest fleet , consisting of thirteen ships of the line , two frigates , two brigs and a cutter , under Admiral Villaret de Joyeuse . Heavily outnumbered , Cornwallis ordered a retreat , but the Bellerophon and HMS Brunswick sailed unusually slowly and he found himself being steadily overhauled by the French . Keeping his ships together , Cornwallis ordered Bellerophon to take up position at the head of his line , later explaining that " The Bellerophon I was glad to keep in some measure as a reserve , having reason at first to suppose there would be full occasion for the utmost exertions of us all ... I considered that ship a treasure in store , having heard of her former accomplishments , and observing the spirit manifested by all on board when she passed me , joined to the zeal and activity shewed by Lord Cranstoun during the whole cruize . " After a full day of pursuit , the leading French ships made an attempt to cut off HMS Mars , trailing in the British rear . Cornwallis dropped back to support Mars , while Captain Robert Stopford of HMS Phaeton began making signals implying a British fleet was in sight . When French lookouts spotted distant topsails , Villaret de Joyeuse decided that Cornwallis 's actions meant that a British fleet was approaching to support him , and called off the pursuit . There was no British fleet in the vicinity ; the topsails were those of a convoy of British merchantmen . = = = Irish waters = = = Bellerophon returned to England in June , before departing to patrol the Western Approaches until September . She entered Portsmouth Dockyard again in October and underwent a refit costing £ 8 @,@ 103 . She resumed patrol and blockade duty in the Western Approaches in January 1796 , at first under Cranstoun , but from April effectively under the acting @-@ captaincy of Lieutenant John Loring . Cranstoun 's replacement , Captain Henry D 'Esterre Darby , arrived to take command in September . Blockade duty continued until early January 1797 , when news reached the fleet that a French expedition had appeared off Ireland . Caught off guard , the Admiralty ordered Bellerophon and a number of other ships to patrol off Bantry Bay . By then the French expedition had been dispersed by bad weather , and after three weeks on patrol , Bellerophon put into Cork where she rendezvoused with the Irish squadron under Admiral Robert Kingsmill . Shortly after her return to Spithead in early March , Bellerophon was given new orders by the Admiralty . She sailed on 17 March , bound for Cadiz to join Sir John Jervis 's Mediterranean Fleet blockading the port . = = = Mediterranean duties = = = Bellerophon rendezvoused with Jervis 's fleet in the Bay of Cadiz on 30 May 1797 . Three days later she was visited for the only time by Horatio Nelson , then a rear @-@ admiral and in command of the inshore squadron of the blockading fleet . Bellerophon was with the fleet in the Bay of Cadiz until October , when Jervis took it to sea to patrol between Cape Trafalgar and Cape St. Vincent . These duties lasted until late May 1798 , when Bellerophon was assigned to a detached squadron under Captain Thomas Troubridge and ordered to rendezvous with and reinforce Nelson 's squadron . Nelson was in the Mediterranean hunting for a large French fleet which had sailed from Toulon carrying troops . The French had embarked on a complex land and naval campaign in the Mediterranean , with the ultimate aim of launching an invasion and occupation of Egypt . The British were aware that the French had amassed a large army , led by General Napoleon Bonaparte , but their destination was unknown . Rendezvousing with Troubridge 's squadron on 7 June , Nelson now had a sufficient force to engage the French , and began to comb the Mediterranean . The search lasted nearly two months , with the British force tracking westwards , and then back east , sometimes missing the French force by days . The French force , after invading and capturing Malta , arrived off Alexandria on 1 July and began landing troops . It was not until 25 July that news reached Nelson , by then at anchor off Sicily , that the French fleet had appeared off Egypt . He took his fleet to sea , and arrived off Alexandria on 1 August , but found the harbour empty . Heading east , he discovered the French fleet , consisting of thirteen ships of the line , four frigates and a number of gunboats , at anchor in Abu Qir Bay . = = = Battle of the Nile = = = It was late on 1 August when the British fleet appeared in the bay , and the French were at anchor in a strong defensive position . The French commander , Vice @-@ Admiral François @-@ Paul Brueys d 'Aigalliers , did not expect a night attack , but Nelson ordered his ships to form up and attack the head of the French van , taking advantage of a favourable wind which allowed his ships to drift down the line , while preventing the French rear from reinforcing the van and centre . Bellerophon was the eighth ship in the British line , and as the battle began , Darby turned her towards the French centre , eventually coming to anchor at 7 pm . Possibly due to some error on the part of the crew or because the anchor had dragged , Bellerophon came to rest alongside the French flagship , the 120 @-@ gun Orient . Bellerophon now found herself in a desperate position . The much more powerful three @-@ decked Orient fired several broadsides into the Bellerophon , smashing her boats , dismounting guns and cutting rigging . French marines on the higher decks poured volleys of musket fire onto Bellerophon 's exposed upper decks . Between 60 and 70 of her crew were killed or wounded in the first stages of the engagement , including Darby , who was rendered unconscious by a head wound . Command then devolved to the first lieutenant , Lieutenant Daniel . Daniel and the second lieutenant , Lieutenant Lander , were both wounded , but were able to direct the fighting until a shot took away Daniel 's left leg . As he was carried below he was hit by grapeshot and killed outright . The fourth lieutenant , John Hadaway , was wounded and was taken below to the surgeon , while the fifth lieutenant , George Joliffe , was killed on the deck . After an hour fighting Orient alone , Bellerophon 's mizzenmast collapsed , followed shortly afterwards by the mainmast . Lieutenant Lander was among those killed in the fall of the mainmast , and command devolved to the third lieutenant , the uninjured Lieutenant Robert Cathcart . Several fires had broken out on both Bellerophon and Orient . According to the Bellerophon 's logbook , at 9pm , when a further fire broke out on the Orient , Cathcart was down below on duty , and the 13 year old Midshipman John Hindmarsh was briefly the senior officer on deck . He ordered the anchor cable cut and the spritsail was hoisted , but put too great a strain on the foremast , which collapsed . Now totally dismasted , Bellerophon began to drift away from the action , her crew fighting fires . As she moved out of the line she received some long range shots from the French Tonnant . As Bellerophon slowly drifted away , she was sighted by the 74 @-@ gun HMS Swiftsure , approaching the centre . It was by now about 9 pm ; in the darkness Swiftsure 's captain , Benjamin Hallowell , was unable to identify the dismasted ship and presumed that she was a damaged French ship attempting to escape . He debated firing into her , but decided to hold fire and press on to the French centre , where he eventually came to anchor astern of Orient , close to Bellerophon 's original position . Darby had by this time recovered sufficiently to resume command , and at his order the battered Bellerophon came to anchor at the east end of the bay , and her crew began making repairs . The battle raged throughout the night , and eventually ended in a decisive victory for the British . The next five days were spent repairing the ship and burying the dead . 49 men were killed and 148 wounded on Bellerophon . Eight more died of their wounds in the following week . = = = Britain and West Indies service = = = After carrying out temporary repairs in Abu Qir Bay , Bellerophon hoisted jury masts and , towing the captured Spartiate with HMS Majestic , sailed to Gibraltar for a refit . When this was completed she returned to Britain , arriving at Spithead on 2 April 1800 , where she paid off and entered the dockyard for a more substantial refit in September . These works amounted to £ 32 @,@ 608 and lasted until August 1801 . She recommissioned on 25 June 1801 under the command of Captain Lord Garlies and sailed in August to rejoin the Channel Fleet , which was blockading Brest . Lord Garlies was superseded by Captain John Loring on 25 November , and Bellerophon continued on the blockade until receiving new orders in early March 1802 . Bellerophon was among five ships ordered to join Admiral John Duckworth 's squadron in the West Indies , and having stored , she sailed from Torbay on 2 March 1802 . By the time of her arrival on 27 March , the Treaty of Amiens had been signed , and Britain and France were at peace . For the next eighteen months Bellerophon took part in cruises in the Jamaica Passage and escorted merchant convoys between Jamaica and Halifax . = = Napoleonic Wars = = = = = West Indies and return to Britain = = = Bellerophon was in the West Indies when the Napoleonic Wars broke out in May 1803 . Her captain , John Loring , was appointed commodore of the British squadron , which quickly went on the offensive against French shipping in the Blockade of Saint @-@ Domingue . In mid @-@ 1803 , the squadron under Captain Henry William Bayntun , consisting of HMS Bellerophon , Cumberland , Hercule , Elephant , and Vanguard captured the French privateers Poisson Volant and Superieure . The Royal Navy took both into service . The corvette Mignonne and a brig were captured in late June , after which the British patrolled off Cap @-@ François . On 24 July the squadron , made up of Bellerophon and the 74 @-@ gun ships HMS Elephant , HMS Theseus and HMS Vanguard , came across two French 74 @-@ gun ships , Duquesne and Duguay @-@ Trouin , and the frigate Guerrière , attempting to escape from Cap @-@ François . The squadron gave chase , and on 25 July overhauled and captured Duquesne after a few shots were fired , while Duguay @-@ Trouin and Guerrière managed to evade their pursuers and escape to France . One man was killed aboard Bellerophon during the pursuit . She remained blockading Cap @-@ François until November , when the French commander of the garrison there , General Rochambeau , approached Loring and requested to be allowed to evacuate his men , which were being besieged by a native Haitian force led by Jean @-@ Jacques Dessalines . To prevent Rochambeau escaping , Loring sent launches from Bellerophon and Elephant into the Caracol Passage where they cut out the French schooner Découverte on 22 – 23 November . The French formally surrendered on 30 November and were allowed to evacuate on three frigates , Surveillante , Clorinde , and Vertu , and a number of smaller ships , and were escorted to Jamaica by the squadron . A particularly severe outbreak of malaria struck the ship in early February 1804 ; 212 members of Bellerophon 's crew fell ill . 17 died aboard the ship , while 100 had to be transferred to a shore @-@ based hospital , where a further 40 died . She was ordered back to Britain in June , escorting a large convoy , and arrived in the Downs on 11 August . She briefly paid off and was taken into Portsmouth Dockyard for a refit , before rejoining the Channel Fleet , still off Brest , and under the command of Admiral Sir William Cornwallis . These duties lasted until early 1805 , with Loring being superseded by Captain John Cooke on 24 April . = = = Approach to Trafalgar = = = In May 1805 a large French fleet under the command of Vice @-@ Admiral Pierre @-@ Charles Villeneuve escaped from Toulon . Bellerophon was dispatched with a squadron under Vice @-@ Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood to patrol the Straits of Gibraltar . Before they could arrive , Villeneuve had collected Spanish reinforcements under Admiral Federico Gravina , and had sailed into the Atlantic , pursued by Nelson 's Mediterranean Fleet . While Nelson chased Villeneuve around the West Indies without making contact , Collingwood mounted a blockade of Cadiz . His squadron was still there in mid @-@ August when Villeneuve appeared off the port with his fleet . Possessing too few ships to intercept the combined fleet , Collingwood allowed them to enter Cadiz , and then remounted the blockade . He was reinforced with a number of ships over the next few months , with Nelson taking over command on 28 September . = = = Battle of Trafalgar = = = Nelson mounted a loose blockade of the combined fleet , keeping most of his fleet out of sight , but with a line of frigates and larger ships stationed at intervals between himself and Cadiz . On 19 October the combined fleet was observed to be putting to sea , and the signal was passed down the line of ships . William Pryce Cumby , Bellerophon 's first lieutenant , was first in the main fleet to spot the signal , flying from the last ship in the communication link , HMS Mars . The British began to pursue the combined fleet as it made its way towards the Straits of Gibraltar , and came in sight with it on the morning of 21 October . The officer and sailors of Bellerophon prepared for battle , some of the gun crews chalking the words " Victory or Death " on their gun barrels . At 11 am Bellerophon 's signal midshipman , John Franklin , noted that Nelson had hoisted the signal " England expects that every man will do his duty " , and an hour and a half later Bellerophon entered the battle as the fifth ship in Collingwood 's lee column . She was astern of the 80 @-@ gun HMS Tonnant and ahead of the 74 @-@ gun HMS Achille , with the 74 @-@ gun HMS Colossus close by her port side . At 12 : 30 pm , Bellerophon cut through the enemy line , slipping under the stern of the Spanish 74 @-@ gun Monarca and firing two broadsides into her . Moving past the Spanish ship , Bellerophon collided with the French 74 @-@ gun Aigle , hitting Aigle 's port quarter with her starboard bow , and entangling the two ships ' yards . Locked together , they exchanged broadsides at close range , with soldiers aboard Aigle sweeping Bellerophon 's decks with musket fire and grenades . Cumby noticed that the officers were being targeted , and that Cooke 's distinctive epaulettes marked him out . Cumby urged him to take them off , only for Cooke to reply " It is too late now to take them off . I see my situation but I will die like a man . " Bellerophon was now sustaining fire from Aigle and three other ships , the Spanish San Juan Nepomuceno and Bahama , and the French Swiftsure . Bellerophon 's main and mizzenmasts were shot away at 1 pm , and at 1 : 11 pm , Captain Cooke was hit and killed . An eyewitness recorded that He had discharged his pistols very frequently at the enemy , who as often attempted to board , and he had killed a French officer on his own quarterdeck . He was in the act of reloading his pistols ... when he received two musket @-@ balls in the breast . He immediately fell , and upon the quartermaster going up and asking him if he should take him down below , his answer was " No , let me lie quietly one minute . Tell Lieutenant Cumby never to strike . " With Cooke dead , Cumby assumed command . Bellerophon 's decks had largely been cleared by French fire , and boarding parties began to make their way onto the ship . Several French sailors climbed out onto Bellerophon 's spritsail yard , but a Bellerophon crewman released the brace holding the yard , causing them to fall into the sea . French sailors holding onto Bellerophon 's rails had their hands beaten until they were forced to let go . Bellerophon 's ensign had been shot away three times , so infuriating her yeoman of signals , Christopher Beaty , that he took the largest Union Jack he could find and climbed up into the mizzen rigging and hoisted it across the shrouds . The French riflemen on Aigle reportedly held their fire as he did this , in admiration of his bravery . The two ships were so close together that gun crews on their lower decks were fighting hand to hand at the gunports , while grenades lobbed through the ports caused heavy casualties . One grenade thrown into Bellerophon exploded in the gunner 's storeroom , blowing open the door but fortunately blowing closed the door of the magazine . The resulting fire was quickly extinguished , preventing a catastrophic explosion . By 1 : 40 pm , having been under heavy fire for over an hour , Aigle 's crew lowered her gunports and slowly moved away . When the smoke cleared , Cumby noticed that the Spanish Monarca , which Bellerophon had first engaged , had struck her colours . Cumby sent an officer in a boat to take possession of her . Bellerophon 's crew now worked to make repairs and clear away wreckage . She briefly fired her guns again when the van of the combined fleet , led by Rear @-@ Admiral Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley , made a belated attempt to come to the assistance of the centre and rear . The attack was beaten off , and at 5 pm , Bellerophon 's guns ceased firing . At 5 : 30 pm Cumby sent a boat to take possession of the Bahama , which had also struck her colours . By the end of the battle Bellerophon had sustained casualties of 27 men killed and 123 wounded . Among the dead was her captain , the master , John Overton , and midshipman John Simmons . = = = Storm and return = = = For the next seven days , Bellerophon 's crew were occupied in repairing damage , rigging jury masts , and trying to ride out the storm that struck the area immediately after the battle . She put into Gibraltar on 28 October , and underwent emergency repairs to allow her to return to England as an escort for HMS Victory , together with HMS Belleisle . Both Belleisle and Bellerophon required urgent attention , but it was deemed appropriate that they should have the honour of accompanying Nelson 's body back to Britain aboard Victory . Cumby was superseded on 3 November , the day before beginning the voyage home , by Captain Richard Thomas . Thomas was himself superseded the next day however , by Captain Edward Rotheram , who had commanded Collingwood 's flagship , HMS Royal Sovereign , during the battle . The three ships sailed together as far as Start Point , where on 2 December Victory separated to head to Portsmouth , while Bellerophon and Belleisle put into Cawsand Bay . Bellerophon was then taken into Plymouth Dockyard to be repaired , returning to active duty on 26 February , still under Rotheram 's command . Joining the Channel Fleet once more , Bellerophon resumed her usual duties , blockading and patrolling off Ushant and Brest . = = = Baltic Sea = = = Rotheram 's command lasted for two and half years , until he was superseded on 8 June 1808 by Captain Samuel Warren . Warren was ordered to take Bellerophon and join the fleet in the North Sea , blockading the Dutch ports . She formed part of Rear @-@ Admiral Alan Gardner 's squadron . By 1809 the strategic situation in the Baltic had deteriorated after Russia signed the Treaties of Tilsit and began to support France . Bellerophon was ordered to join the fleet stationed in the Baltic under Admiral Sir James Saumarez . Saumarez dispatched Bellerophon and HMS Minotaur north to the Gulf of Finland in June , and on 19 June the two ships came across three suspicious looking luggers , anchored off Hango . The water was too shallow to allow them to approach the luggers , so a boat party was dispatched under Bellerophon 's Lieutenant Robert Pilch . The British boarded the luggers , but found themselves in a trap , when numerous Russian shore batteries and several gunboats opened fire on them . Pilch promptly ordered the luggers to be burnt , reboarded his men and landed them next to the nearest Russian shore battery . The battery , defended by 100 sailors , was stormed and carried , the British spiked the guns and destroyed the magazine , before returning to the ships with only five men wounded . By July Bellerophon was part of a squadron commanded by Captain Thomas Byam Martin of HMS Implacable . They were off Percola Point on 7 July when a flotilla of eight Russian gunboats was sighted . A boat party led by Lieutenant Hawkey of Implacable made an attempt to cut @-@ out the vessels that evening . Hawkey was killed in the attempt , but Bellerophon 's Lieutenant Charles Allen took over command , and six of the gunboats were captured , and a seventh destroyed , with 12 craft containing stores for the Russian Army also being taken . Bellerophon made several cruises during the rest of the year , visiting the Åland Islands and Karlskrona , before returning to Britain with a convoy in November 1809 . = = = Blockade duty = = = Bellerophon was briefly refitted in January 1810 , after which she was anchored at the Nore . She then resumed her blockade duties in the North Sea , serving under a succession of commanders . Warren was succeeded by Captain John Halsted on 23 August , and he by Captain Augustus Brine on 5 November . Brine 's command lasted until February 1813 , during which time Bellerophon remained with the North Sea blockading squadron . Captain Edward Hawker arrived to take over command on 11 February 1813 , and preparations were made for Bellerophon to become the flagship of Vice @-@ Admiral Sir Richard Goodwin Keats , the newly appointed Governor of Newfoundland . Bellerophon transported Keats to St. John 's , and then sailed south to Bermuda as a convoy escort . Returning to St John 's in the summer , she captured several American ships , including the 16 @-@ gun privateer Genie . She spent the rest of the year patrolling off Cape Race , before returning to Britain with a convoy in November . 1814 was spent on similar duties : Bellerophon escorted a convoy to St John 's between April and June , and then patrolled off Cape Race until December . She then moved to the Nore , and on 9 April 1815 Hawker was superseded by Captain Frederick Lewis Maitland . In May Bellerophon sailed to Plymouth and joined a squadron under Rear @-@ Admiral Sir Henry Hotham , with orders to join the blockade of the French Atlantic ports . Hotham , flying his flag in HMS Superb , sent Maitland in Bellerophon to watch Rochefort , where two frigates , a brig and a corvette were lying in the harbour . Bellerophon spent over a month on this station , patrolling the approaches to the port and intercepting coastal vessels . Meanwhile , Napoleon had been defeated at the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June and on 2 July he arrived in Rochefort . Following the defeat of his armies , and with the restoration of the Bourbon monarchy imminent , Napoleon hoped to be allowed to sail to the United States . News reached Maitland in early July that Napoleon was in Rochefort , and two 20 @-@ gun ships , HMS Myrmidon and HMS Slaney , were sent to reinforce Bellerophon and patrol the other entrances to the port . = = Napoleon 's surrender = = Napoleon was being pressured to leave French soil by the interim French government in Paris . If he delayed , he risked becoming a prisoner of the Bourbons , Prussians or Austrians . The alternative was to surrender to the British and request political asylum . On 10 July Napoleon sent two emissaries , General Anne Jean Marie René Savary and the Comte de Las Cases , out to Bellerophon to meet Maitland and discuss the possibility of allowing Napoleon to travel to the United States . Maitland was under orders to prevent this , and instead offered to take Napoleon on board his ship and transport him and his retinue to Britain . Further discussions and negotiations took place over the next few days , but with his options running out , Napoleon had decided by 13 July to surrender to the British . On 14 July Maitland was given a letter informing him that Napoleon would come out to Bellerophon the following morning to surrender . Napoleon embarked aboard the brig Épervier early in the morning of 15 July , and made his way out to the Bellerophon . As he approached , the 74 @-@ gun Superb , flying Vice @-@ Admiral Hotham 's flag , was sighted approaching . Concerned that the brig might not reach Bellerophon before the Superb arrived , and that consequently Hotham would take over and receive Napoleon himself , Maitland sent Bellerophon 's barge to collect the former Emperor and transfer him to the ship . At some point between 6 and 7 am , the barge pulled alongside Bellerophon and General Henri Gatien Bertrand climbed aboard , followed by Napoleon . The marines came to attention , and Napoleon walked to the quarterdeck , took his hat off to Maitland and in French announced " I am come to throw myself on the protection of your Prince and your laws . " Maitland bowed in response . With the former emperor in custody aboard a British warship , the Napoleonic Wars were finally over . To maritime historian David Cordingly , this moment was Bellerophon 's " crowning glory [ when ] six weeks after the battle of Waterloo , ... Napoleon , trapped in Rochefort , surrendered to the captain of the ship that had dogged his steps for more than twenty years . " = = = Napoleon on Bellerophon = = = Maitland showed Napoleon the great cabin , which he had placed at his disposal , and gave him a tour of his ship . At 10 : 30 am the Superb anchored in the roadstead and Maitland went to make his report . Hotham approved of his arrangements , and agreed that Napoleon should be transported to England aboard the Bellerophon . He came aboard himself to meet the former Emperor , and a grand dinner was held in the great cabin , attended by Napoleon 's retinue and British officers . The following day Napoleon visited Hotham on the Superb , and after his return , Maitland began the voyage to England in company with HMS Myrmidon . A routine was soon developed , with Napoleon usually taking a walk on deck around 5 pm , followed by a formal dinner at 6 pm . The sailors and officers removed their hats and kept their distance when Napoleon came on deck , only talking with him if he invited them to . The routine was broken slightly early in the morning of 23 July , when Napoleon appeared at dawn , as Bellerophon came in sight of Ushant , the last piece of French land visible for the remainder of the journey . He climbed up to the poop deck , attended by a midshipman , and spent the morning watching the coastline slowly recede from view . He was joined by members of his retinue , though he did not speak to any of them . Bellerophon anchored off Brixham on the morning of 24 July , and there Maitland received orders from Admiral Lord Keith to " prevent every person whatever from coming on board the ship you command , except the officers and men who compose her crew . " Despite turning away the shore boats which approached the anchored warship bringing fresh bread and fruit to sell , word eventually leaked out that Napoleon was aboard the ship . The news created a sensation , and large numbers of boats filled with sightseers soon surrounded the ship . Occasionally Napoleon would come out to look at them , but despite entreaties from some people to be allowed on board , Maitland refused to allow any contact between ship and shore . On 26 July Bellerophon received orders to proceed to Plymouth harbour where Lord Keith was anchored aboard his flagship HMS Ville de Paris . Napoleon remained on board Bellerophon and the ship was kept isolated from the throngs of curious sightseers by two guardships , HMS Liffey and HMS Eurotas , anchored close at hand . Bellerophon spent two weeks in Plymouth harbour while the authorities came to a decision about what to do with Napoleon . On 31 July they communicated their decision to the former emperor . Napoleon was to be exiled to the remote island of Saint Helena . He would be allowed to take three officers , his surgeon , and twelve servants . Napoleon , who had hoped to be allowed to settle quietly in Britain , was bitterly disappointed by the news . Bellerophon was not to take him into exile . The Admiralty was concerned that the ageing ship was unsuitable for the long voyage to the South Atlantic , and the 74 @-@ gun HMS Northumberland was selected for the task . On 4 August , Lord Keith ordered Bellerophon to go to sea and await the arrival of HMS Northumberland . On 7 August Napoleon thanked Maitland and his crew for their kindness and hospitality , and left the Bellerophon where he had spent over three weeks without ever landing in England . He boarded Northumberland , which then sailed for Saint Helena . Captain Maitland 's account of the time Napoleon spent on board his ship was published in 1826 . = = Prison hulk and disposal = = Having discharged Napoleon , Bellerophon sailed to Sheerness , and anchored there on 2 September . There she was paid off for the last time , and stripped of her guns and masts . With no further need for many ships following the end of the Napoleonic Wars , Bellerophon joined a number of ships laid up in this manner . A report on 16 October 1815 advised moving a number of convicts previously housed aboard the former HMS Portland into more suitable accommodation . The report suggested that " The class of ship , which I take the liberty of observing as most suitable for this service , would be a seventy @-@ four , of about the same dimensions as the Bellerophon in the river Medway , being of easy draft of water and lofty between decks . " The report was approved and the suggestion acted upon . Bellerophon was taken into Sheerness Dockyard in December 1815 and spent nine months fitting out as a prison ship . The work was completed at a cost of £ 12 @,@ 081 and the prisoners were transferred in January 1817 . Bellerophon generally held around 435 prisoners during her time in this role , although in 1823 changes in legislation resulted in the adult prisoners being transferred out of Bellerophon and the ship instead being used to house boy prisoners , with 320 arriving in early 1824 . In 1824 the decision was taken to rename HMS Waterloo , an 80 @-@ gun ship launched in 1818 , HMS Bellerophon . To free the name , the former HMS Bellerophon was renamed Captivity on 5 October 1824 . She continued as a prison ship for boys until early 1826 , when it was decided that the arrangement of the internal spaces made her unsuitable for workshops . The boys were transferred to another hulk , the former HMS Euryalus , and it was decided to move Captivity to Plymouth . The ship was taken into Sheerness Dockyard in April 1826 , and was fitted out for the journey to Plymouth . She arrived there in June and spent the last eight years of her working existence as a convict hulk in Plymouth . By 1834 the rate of penal transportation had been drastically increased to clear out the old hulks . When the last convicts had left Captivity , she was handed back to the Navy Department , who put her up for sale . The Commissioners for executing the office of Lord High Admiral of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland gave notice that they would offer several vessels for sale on 21 January 1836 , including Captivity , of 1613 tons , then lying at Plymouth . She sold on that day for £ 4 @,@ 030 . Advertisements in the local Plymouth , Devonport and Stonehouse News in September 1836 announced the auctioning off of her timber . = = Legacy = = Some of Bellerophon 's timber was bought at auction by George Bellamy , who had been Bellerophon 's surgeon at the Nile . Bellamy incorporated them into a cottage he was building at Plymstock . Captain Maitland bought part of her figurehead and some of her stern ornaments , later depositing them in the collections of what eventually became the Royal Naval Museum . The National Maritime Museum holds several relics relating to Bellerophon and the people connected with her , including Captain John Cooke 's dirk , sword and pistol , and a trophy presented to Admiral Pasley by Lloyd 's of London . Their collections also contain artefacts relating to her connection with Napoleon , including the couch from Maitland 's cabin , and the skull of a goat which supplied milk for Napoleon and his suite . = = = Bellerophon in art , music and literature = = = The ship and her crew feature or are mentioned in several historical novels set during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , including several of the Aubrey – Maturin series of novels by Patrick O 'Brian . Bellerophon appears in a number of artworks , including several depicting the ship 's role in Napoleon 's surrender . Sir William Quiller Orchardson painted Napoleon on the Bellerophon , depicting the former emperor standing on the poop deck , watching the French coastline recede as his retinue look on . Sir Charles Lock Eastlake painted a portrait of Napoleon in uniform , standing on Bellerophon 's deck , while John James Chalon produced Scene in Plymouth Sound in August 1815 , a seascape , with Bellerophon surrounded by crowds of people in small boats . Thomas Luny painted a similar scene , showing Bellerophon putting into Torbay to rendezvous with HMS Northumberland . Numerous popular prints and engravings were also produced , depicting moments from Napoleon 's arrival on Bellerophon to surrender , to his final transfer to Northumberland for his voyage into exile . The ship also appears in prints and paintings of the battles she had fought in . She is depicted on the Cadiz blockade with the rest of the inshore squadron in a work by Thomas Buttersworth , and is visible at the Glorious First of June in works by Nicholas Pocock , Cornwallis 's Retreat by William Anderson , and the Battles of the Nile and Trafalgar by Thomas Whitcombe . Bellerophon is mentioned in several verses in a song commemorating Cornwallis 's Retreat in 1795 , which celebrate both Cornwallis ( referred to by sailors ' popular nickname for him , " Billy Blue " ) , and Bellerophon 's fighting record at the Glorious First of June . The folk song " Boney was a Warrior " , about the life of Napoleon , includes a verse celebrating the ship 's links with his ultimate surrender . Boney went a @-@ cruisin 'Way @-@ aye @-@ yah ! Aboard the Billy RuffianJohnny Franswor !
= Love American Style ( Dexter ) = " Love American Style " is the fifth episode of the first season of the American television drama series Dexter , which first aired on October 29 , 2006 on Showtime in the United States . The episode was written by Melissa Rosenberg and was directed by Robert Lieberman . In the episode , Dexter Morgan ( Michael C. Hall ) hunts down Jorge Castillo ( José Zúñiga ) , a human trafficker and murderer . His sister , Ofr . Debra Morgan ( Jennifer Carpenter ) , attempts to extract information from a security guard whose limbs were amputated by the " Ice Truck Killer " . The episode was the first to be written by Rosenberg ; it was her first for a cable show , and she finished writing the script five weeks early . Filming took place at numerous locations in and around Miami , Florida and Los Angeles , California . The scenes filmed in Florida were shot in July 2006 and those in California were shot later . " Love American Style " received generally positive reviews from critics and was watched by 6 @.@ 7 million people when it was broadcast by CBS eighteen months after its Showtime premiere . = = Plot = = Dexter is called to a crime scene at the abandoned hospital where , last night , the Ice Truck Killer left security guard Tony Tucci ( Brad William Henke ) strapped to a table for Dexter to kill . Instead , Dexter had reported the crime scene and Tucci had been hospitalized after the Killer had amputated his hand and leg . Debra and Sgt. James Doakes ( Erik King ) question Tucci when he wakes up in hospital , but Doakes is unimpressed with Debra 's ways of extracting information from Tucci . He disapproves of her suggestion to blindfold Tucci to help him to remember his encounter with the Killer , but after she confronts him about his attitude toward her , he agrees to blindfold Tucci , who remembers that the Killer used throat lozenges . They return to the crime scene and find a lozenge wrapper , on which forensics expert Vince Masuka ( C.S. Lee ) finds a partial fingerprint . Dexter 's girlfriend Rita Bennett ( Julie Benz ) comforts her upset co @-@ worker , Yelina ( Monique Curnen ) , and learns that Yelina 's fiancé , who was immigrating from Cuba illegally with the help of a coyote , is missing . Rita asks Dexter to look into the problem using his police connections , and he finds a list of subjects from a past police case . He investigates Jorge Castillo , a salvage yard owner , and after Yelina 's fiancé washes up dead on a beach , he discovers that Castillo is murdering the smuggled immigrants who cannot pay for their freedom . Dexter leads Castillo into a trailer in his salvage yard , but as he prepares to kill him , Castillo 's wife Valerie ( Valerie Dillman ) arrives . Dexter realizes that the couple are working together , and decides to kill both Jorge and Valerie in the trailer . After killing them , he dumps their bodies in the ocean and frees their Cuban prisoners , not noticing the person watching him from the trunk of a car in the yard . In flashbacks , a teenage Dexter ( Devon Graye ) learns how to fake joy in a romantic date with a girl from his father Harry ( James Remar ) . = = Production = = " Love American Style " was written by Melissa Rosenberg and directed by Robert Lieberman . The episode was Rosenberg 's first for the series and her first on a show written for a premium network . Having had over 10 years ' experience in writing for free @-@ to @-@ air commercial networks — which typically have 22 – 26 episodes per season rather than 12 , with a much tighter schedule — she finished writing the script five weeks before it was due for preparation . She said that " There was time to think about storytelling . I never had that on any show ; it 's just wonderful . " Filming took place in both Los Angeles and Miami . The scenes filmed in Miami were shot in July 2006 ; those in Los Angeles were shot later . Scenes at the beach where Yelina talks with Rita and where her fiancé 's body washes up were filmed at South Beach Park in Fort Lauderdale , Florida , north of Miami . A waterfront house on Hibiscus Island in Biscayne Bay , Florida stood in for the Castillos ' home . The abandoned hospital where Dexter and the police find Tucci was filmed at the former Linda Vista Community Hospital in East Los Angeles , and Dexter 's childhood home was filmed at a house in a residential neighborhood of Long Beach , California , where Rita 's house is also filmed . Scenes in the salvage yard were filmed at LA Japanese Auto Parts in Sun Valley , California . The Airstream trailer in which Dexter commits the double murder was brought into the salvage yard for filming externally , but was assembled on a studio sound stage for shooting scenes inside the trailer . = = Reception = = " Love American Style " attracted 6 @.@ 7 million viewers when broadcast on CBS in March 2008 , 18 months after its original broadcast on Showtime . IGN 's Eric Goldman felt that the episode 's juggling of multiple storylines was " satisfying " , and that the scene in which Dexter prepares to kill Castillo was " terrific " . Though he praised Debra and Doakes ' storyline with Tucci , he wrote that " it was a bit disappointing to then see Deb be a bit too quickly vindicated at the end " . Paula Paige , writing for TV Guide , said that the episode " will go down in cable history as Dexter 's finest [ episode ] to date " . She was pleased with Debra 's character development and the " downright stylish " cinematography , but thought that Jorge and Valerie 's final , passionate words to each other were " too much for me " . Ray Ellis of Blogcritics believed that the episode " takes the series into a more three @-@ dimensional direction " . He described the episode 's subplots and themes as what " make Dexter compelling " , and wrote that Debra 's character reached a more " empathic level " in the episode . TV Squad critic Keith McDuffee praised the increasing complexity of Dexter 's relationship with his father through flashbacks , and thought that Dexter 's voiceovers were " the best thing about this show " . Jeff Lindsay , author of Darkly Dreaming Dexter upon which the show is based , was initially upset with the episode 's plot . In an interview , he said that " I was about to be really unhappy with [ the episode ] . But the twist at the end " , referring to the person watching Dexter from the car trunk , " That was wonderful . "
= Weeds ( Millennium ) = " ' Weeds " is the eleventh episode of the first season of the American crime @-@ thriller television series Millennium . It premiered on the Fox network on January 24 , 1997 . The episode was written by Frank Spotnitz , and directed by Michael Pattinson . " Weeds " featured guest appearances by Ryan Cutrona , Josh Clark and Terry David Mulligan . Forensic profiler Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) , a member of the private investigative organisation Millennium Group , investigates a series of kidnappings in a gated community , finding that the real danger in the neighborhood comes from within its own walls . " Weeds " was Spotnitz 's writing début for the series , and saw the return of recurring guest star C. C. H. Pounder , whose appearance received some critical appreciation . The episode , which begins with a quote from the Book of Jeremiah , was met with a mixed reception , with reviews complimenting the interesting , but poorly executed plot . = = Plot = = In the gated community of Vista Verde , teenager Josh Comstock is riding his motorcycle , unaware that he is being followed by an unseen man driving a van . He is later stopped by the driver and pacified with a cattle prod . The following morning , Comstock 's mother finds a corpse in his bed — but it is not that of her son . Sheriff Paul Gerlach ( Ryan Cutrona ) seeks the aid of private investigative firm the Millennium Group , who dispatch offender profiler Frank Black ( Lance Henriksen ) and pathologist Cheryl Andrews ( C. C. H. Pounder ) to help the investigation . Gerlach reveals that the dead boy , Kirk Orlando , had gone missing previously , and feels that Comstock 's kidnapping is his fault , as he did not alert the wider community about Orlando 's disappearance . Orlando 's father comes forward with a piece of evidence — his mailbox had been stuffed with shredded banknotes . That evening , Black and Gerlach visit a town meeting organised by Edward Petey ( Josh Clark ) , where another of the residents , Bob Birckenbuehl ( Terry David Mulligan ) , accuses Gerlach of knowing more than he is letting on . Gerlach tells the assembly that the killer is from the community . Comstock 's parents return home after the meeting to find the number 331 daubed on their son 's bed in blood . The father , Tom Comstock ( Michael Tomlinson ) confides in Black that the number is that of the hotel room he had been using to carry on an extramarital affair , which Black persuades him to come clean about with his wife . Birckenbuehl 's son Charlie is kidnapped from his bedroom , again subdued with a cattle prod . Andrews and Black discover that the boy 's goldfish had been poisoned with whiskey , which they believe to be another message like Comstock 's number . The town 's swimming instructor , Adam Burke ( Brian Taylor ) is interviewed , as he had contact with both missing boys through his coaching . Black discovers that Burke 's son had been killed in a hit @-@ and @-@ run accident ; Black also receives post containing a paint swatch with the number 528 on it , but he is unsure of its meaning .. Tom Comstock comes home the next day to find his son returned , alive but shaken . Black deduces that the paint swatch matches paint used on the vehicle that killed Burke 's son ; he also realizes that the boys are being kidnapped to force their fathers to confess hidden sins — Comstock 's son was returned after he revealed his affair , while Orlando 's son was killed because he kept a crime , involving money , a secret . From there , Black sees that Charlie 's kidnapping means that Birckenbeuhl is the hit @-@ and @-@ run driver . Black convinces Birckenbeuhl to confess publicly to the hit @-@ and @-@ run , in order to have his son returned . Birckenbeuhl does so , but continues to maintain his innocence in private . Charlie is not returned , however ; instead , a cassette is sent to Birckenbuehl by the killer , who explains that since Birckenbeuhl took a life , one must be taken from him in return . Black is able to deduce from the background noise on the tape that Charlie is being held near the local high school 's swimming pool . The boy is rescued , and killer — Edward Petey — is found and arrested . However , the elder Birckenbeuhl is found hanged in his bedroom , having committed suicide in his guilt . = = Production = = " Weeds " is the first of fives episodes of Millennium to be written by Frank Spotnitz , who would go on to write " Sacrament " later in the first season , as well as penning " TEOTWAWKI " , " Antipas " and " Seven and One " in the series ' third season . Spotnitz was a prolific writer for Millennium 's sister show The X @-@ Files , receiving his first writing credit for that series for the episode " End Game " . " Weeds " also marks director Michael Pattinson 's only work for the series . The episode features the second of five appearances by C. C. H. Pounder as Millennium Group pathologist Cheryl Andrews . Pounder had first appeared in the role in the earlier episode " The Judge " , and would go on to make another three appearances across all three seasons . Terry David Mulligan , who played Bob Birckenbuehl , would go on to appear in the third season episode " Collateral Damage " , in an unrelated role ; while Ryan Cutrona , who portrayed the town 's sheriff Paul Gerlach , would later be cast in The X @-@ Files ' ninth season opening episode , " Nothing Important Happened Today " , which was written by Spotnitz and Millennium creator Chris Carter . " Weeds " opens with a quotation from the Book of Jeremiah , one of the Latter Prophets of the Hebrew Bible . Biblical verses were also used at the beginning of other episodes in the series , including the Gospel of Luke in " Blood Relatives " ; the Book of Job in " Wide Open " and " Dead Letters " ; and the Book of Exodus in " Kingdom Come " . = = Broadcast and reception = = " Weeds " was first broadcast on the Fox Network on January 24 , 1997 ; and earned a Nielsen rating of 7 @.@ 6 , meaning that roughly 7 @.@ 6 percent of all television @-@ equipped households were tuned in to the episode . " Weeds " received mixed reviews from critics . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode three stars out of five , describing it as " a portrait of a community in fear " that " simmers with recrimination and vigilantism " . However , Shearman and Pearson felt that the individual characters lacked personality , as Spotnitz 's script " spends a lot of time introducing figures as potential suspects rather than giving a great deal of depth to any of them " . Bill Gibron , writing for DVD Talk , rated " Weeds " 3 out of 5 , noting that " something about [ the episode ] just isn 't right " . Gibron felt that it was " one of the weaker episodes in the series , but it also had some of the greatest potential " . Writing for The A.V. Club , Zack Handlen rated the episode a B. Handlen felt that the " black @-@ and @-@ white morality " of " Weeds " , and Millennium as a series , was a negative factor , adding " as always with Millennium , there 's the feeling that the only life worth living is one entirely free from sin , and I can 't say that I buy that " . However , Handlen praised C. C. H. Pounder 's guest role , finding that she " manages to put herself across quite well " despite the difficulty of standing out amidst the series ' sombre tone .
= Peregrine falcon = The peregrine falcon ( Falco peregrinus ) , also known as the peregrine , and historically as the duck hawk in North America , is a widespread bird of prey in the family Falconidae . A large , crow @-@ sized falcon , it has a blue @-@ grey back , barred white underparts , and a black head . As is typical of bird @-@ eating raptors , peregrine falcons are sexually dimorphic , females being considerably larger than males . The peregrine is renowned for its speed , reaching over 322 km / h ( 200 mph ) during its characteristic hunting stoop ( high speed dive ) , making it the fastest member of the animal kingdom . According to a National Geographic TV programme , the highest measured speed of a peregrine falcon is 389 km / h ( 242 mph ) . The peregrine 's breeding range includes land regions from the Arctic tundra to the tropics . It can be found nearly everywhere on Earth , except extreme polar regions , very high mountains , and most tropical rainforests ; the only major ice @-@ free landmass from which it is entirely absent is New Zealand . This makes it the world 's most widespread raptor and one of the most widely found bird species . In fact , the only land @-@ based bird species found over a larger geographic area is not always naturally occurring but one widely introduced by humans , the rock pigeon , which in turn now supports many peregrine populations as a prey species . Both the English and scientific names of this species mean " wandering falcon " , referring to the migratory habits of many northern populations . Experts recognize 17 to 19 subspecies which vary in appearance and range ; there is disagreement over whether the distinctive Barbary falcon is represented by two subspecies of Falco peregrinus , or is a separate species , F. pelegrinoides . The two species ' divergence is relatively recent , during the time of the last ice age , therefore the genetic differential between them ( and also the difference in their appearance ) is relatively small . It has been determined that they are only approximately 0 @.@ 6 – 0 @.@ 8 % genetically differentiated . While its diet consists almost exclusively of medium @-@ sized birds , the peregrine will occasionally hunt small mammals , small reptiles , or even insects . Reaching sexual maturity at one year , it mates for life and nests in a scrape , normally on cliff edges or , in recent times , on tall human @-@ made structures . The peregrine falcon became an endangered species in many areas because of the widespread use of certain pesticides , especially DDT . Since the ban on DDT from the early 1970s , populations have recovered , supported by large @-@ scale protection of nesting places and releases to the wild . The peregrine falcon is a well respected falconry bird due to its strong hunting ability , high trainability , versatility , and in recent years availability via captive breeding . It is effective on most game bird species from small to large . = = Description = = The peregrine falcon has a body length of 34 to 58 cm ( 13 – 23 in ) and a wingspan from 74 to 120 cm ( 29 – 47 in ) . The male and female have similar markings and plumage , but as in many birds of prey the peregrine falcon displays marked sexual dimorphism in size , with the female measuring up to 30 % larger than the male . Males weigh 330 to 1 @,@ 000 g ( 0 @.@ 73 – 2 @.@ 20 lb ) and the noticeably larger females weigh 700 to 1 @,@ 500 g ( 1 @.@ 5 – 3 @.@ 3 lb ) . In most subspecies , males weigh less than 700 g ( 1 @.@ 5 lb ) and females weigh more than 800 g ( 1 @.@ 8 lb ) , with cases of females weighing about 50 % more than their male breeding mates not uncommon . The standard linear measurements of peregrines are : the wing chord measures 26 @.@ 5 – 39 cm ( 10 @.@ 4 – 15 @.@ 4 in ) , the tail measures 13 – 19 cm ( 5 @.@ 1 – 7 @.@ 5 in ) and the tarsus measures 4 @.@ 5 to 5 @.@ 6 cm ( 1 @.@ 8 to 2 @.@ 2 in ) . The back and the long pointed wings of the adult are usually bluish black to slate grey with indistinct darker barring ( see " Subspecies " below ) ; the wingtips are black . The white to rusty underparts are barred with thin clean bands of dark brown or black . The tail , coloured like the back but with thin clean bars , is long , narrow , and rounded at the end with a black tip and a white band at the very end . The top of the head and a " moustache " along the cheeks are black , contrasting sharply with the pale sides of the neck and white throat . The cere is yellow , as are the feet , and the beak and claws are black . The upper beak is notched near the tip , an adaptation which enables falcons to kill prey by severing the spinal column at the neck . The immature bird is much browner with streaked , rather than barred , underparts , and has a pale bluish cere and orbital ring . = = Taxonomy and systematics = = Falco peregrinus was first described under its current binomial name by English ornithologist Marmaduke Tunstall in his 1771 work Ornithologia Britannica . The scientific name Falco peregrinus is a Medieval Latin phrase that was used by Albertus Magnus in 1225 . The specific name taken from the fact that juvenile birds were taken while journeying to their breeding location rather than from the nest , as falcon nests were difficult to get at . The Latin term for falcon , falco , is related to falx , the Latin word meaning sickle , in reference to the silhouette of the falcon 's long , pointed wings in flight . The peregrine falcon belongs to a genus whose lineage includes the hierofalcons and the prairie falcon ( F. mexicanus ) . This lineage probably diverged from other falcons towards the end of the Late Miocene or in the Early Pliocene , about 5 – 8 million years ago ( mya ) . As the peregrine @-@ hierofalcon group includes both Old World and North American species , it is likely that the lineage originated in western Eurasia or Africa . Its relationship to other falcons is not clear , as the issue is complicated by widespread hybridization confounding mtDNA sequence analyses . For example , a genetic lineage of the saker falcon ( F. cherrug ) is known which originated from a male saker producing fertile young with a female peregrine ancestor , and the descendants further breeding with sakers . Today , peregrines are regularly paired in captivity with other species such as the lanner falcon ( F. biarmicus ) to produce the " perilanner " , a somewhat popular bird in falconry as it combines the peregrine 's hunting skill with the lanner 's hardiness , or the gyrfalcon to produce large , strikingly coloured birds for the use of falconers . As can be seen , the peregrine is still genetically close to the hierofalcons , though their lineages diverged in the Late Pliocene ( maybe some 2 @.@ 5 – 2 mya in the Gelasian ) . = = = Subspecies = = = Numerous subspecies of Falco peregrinus have been described , with 19 accepted by the 1994 Handbook of the Birds of the World , which considers the Barbary falcon of the Canary Islands and coastal north Africa to be two subspecies ( pelegrinoides and babylonicus ) of Falco peregrinus , rather than a distinct species , F. pelegrinoides . The following map shows the general ranges of these 19 subspecies : Falco peregrinus anatum , described by Bonaparte in 1838 , is known as the American peregrine falcon , or " duck hawk " ; its scientific name means " duck peregrine falcon " . At one time , it was partly included in leucogenys . It is mainly found in the Rocky Mountains today . It was formerly common throughout North America between the tundra and northern Mexico , where current reintroduction efforts seek to restore the population . Most mature anatum , except those that breed in more northern areas , winter in their breeding range . Most vagrants that reach western Europe seem to belong to the more northern and strongly migratory tundrius , only considered distinct since 1968 . It is similar to peregrinus but is slightly smaller ; adults are somewhat paler and less patterned below , but juveniles are darker and more patterned below . Males weigh 500 to 700 g ( 1 @.@ 1 – 1 @.@ 5 lb ) , while females weigh 800 to 1 @,@ 100 g ( 1 @.@ 8 – 2 @.@ 4 lb ) . It has become extinct in eastern North America , and populations there are hybrids as a result of reintroductions of birds from elsewhere . Falco peregrinus babylonicus , described by P.L. Sclater in 1861 , is found in eastern Iran along the Hindu Kush and Tian Shan to Mongolian Altai ranges . A few birds winter in northern and northwestern India , mainly in dry semi @-@ desert habitats . It is paler than pelegrinoides , and somewhat similar to a small , pale lanner falcon ( Falco biarmicus ) . Males weigh 330 to 400 grams ( 12 to 14 oz ) , while females weigh 513 to 765 grams ( 18 @.@ 1 to 27 @.@ 0 oz ) . Falco peregrinus brookei , described by Sharpe in 1873 , is also known as the Mediterranean peregrine falcon or the Maltese falcon . It includes caucasicus and most specimens of the proposed race punicus , though others may be pelegrinoides , Barbary falcons ( see also below ) , or perhaps the rare hybrids between these two which might occur around Algeria . They occur from the Iberian Peninsula around the Mediterranean , except in arid regions , to the Caucasus . They are non @-@ migratory . It is smaller than the nominate subspecies , and the underside usually has rusty hue . Males weigh around 445 g ( 0 @.@ 981 lb ) , while females weigh up to 920 g ( 2 @.@ 03 lb ) . Falco peregrinus calidus , described by John Latham in 1790 , was formerly called leucogenys and includes caeruleiceps . It breeds in the Arctic tundra of Eurasia , from Murmansk Oblast to roughly Yana and Indigirka Rivers , Siberia . It is completely migratory , and travels south in winter as far as South Asia and sub @-@ Saharan Africa . It is often seen around wetland habitats . It is paler than peregrinus , especially on the crown . Males weigh 588 to 740 g ( 1 @.@ 296 – 1 @.@ 631 lb ) , while females weigh 925 to 1 @,@ 333 g ( 2 @.@ 039 – 2 @.@ 939 lb ) . Falco peregrinus cassini , described by Sharpe in 1873 , is also known as the Austral peregrine falcon . It includes kreyenborgi , the pallid falcon , a leucistic morph occurring in southernmost South America , which was long believed to be a distinct species . Its range includes South America from Ecuador through Bolivia , northern Argentina , and Chile to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands . It is non @-@ migratory . It is similar to nominate , but slightly smaller with a black ear region . The variation kreyenborgi is medium grey above , has little barring below , and has a head pattern like the saker falcon , but the ear region is white . Falco peregrinus ernesti , described by Sharpe in 1894 , is found from Indonesia to Philippines and south to Papua New Guinea and the nearby Bismarck Archipelago . Its geographical separation from nesiotes requires confirmation . It is non @-@ migratory . It differs from the nominate subspecies in the very dark , dense barring on its underside and its black ear coverts . Falco peregrinus furuitii , described by Momiyama in 1927 , is found on the Izu and Ogasawara Islands south of Honshū , Japan . It is non @-@ migratory . It is very rare , and may only remain on a single island . It is a dark form , resembling pealei in colour , but darker , especially on tail . Falco peregrinus japonensis , described by Gmelin in 1788 , includes kleinschmidti , pleskei , and harterti , and seems to refer to intergrades with calidus . It is found from northeast Siberia to Kamchatka ( though it is possibly replaced by pealei on the coast there ) and Japan . Northern populations are migratory , while those of Japan are resident . It is similar to peregrinus , but the young are even darker than those of anatum . Falco peregrinus macropus , described by Swainson in 1837 , is the Australian peregrine falcon . It is found in Australia in all regions except the southwest . It is non @-@ migratory . It is similar to brookei in appearance , but is slightly smaller and the ear region is entirely black . The feet are proportionally large . Falco peregrinus madens , described by Ripley and Watson in 1963 , is unusual in having some sexual dichromatism . If the Barbary falcon ( see below ) is considered a distinct species , it is sometimes placed therein . It is found in the Cape Verde Islands , and is non @-@ migratory ; it is endangered with only six to eight pairs surviving . Males have a rufous wash on crown , nape , ears , and back ; underside conspicuously washed pinkish @-@ brown . Females are tinged rich brown overall , especially on the crown and nape . Falco peregrinus minor , first described by Bonaparte in 1850 . It was formerly often perconfusus . It is sparsely and patchily distributed throughout much of sub @-@ Saharan Africa and widespread in Southern Africa . It apparently reaches north along the Atlantic coast as far as Morocco . It is non @-@ migratory and dark coloured . This is the smallest subspecies of peregrine , with smaller males weighing as little as approximately 300 g ( 11 oz ) . Falco peregrinus nesiotes , described by Mayr in 1941 , is found in Fiji and probably also Vanuatu and New Caledonia . It is non @-@ migratory . Falco peregrinus pealei , described by Ridgway in 1873 , is also known as Peale 's falcon , and includes rudolfi . It is found in the Pacific Northwest of North America , northwards from the Puget Sound along the British Columbia coast ( including the Queen Charlotte Islands ) , along the Gulf of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands to the far eastern Bering Sea coast of Russia , and may also occur on the Kuril Islands and the coasts of Kamchatka . It is non @-@ migratory . It is the largest subspecies , and it looks like an oversized and darker tundrius or like a strongly barred and large anatum . The bill is very wide . Juveniles occasionally have pale crowns . Males weigh 700 to 1 @,@ 000 g ( 1 @.@ 5 – 2 @.@ 2 lb ) , while females weigh 1 @,@ 000 to 1 @,@ 500 g ( 2 @.@ 2 – 3 @.@ 3 lb ) . Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides , first described by Temminck in 1829 , is found in the Canary Islands through north Africa and the Near East to Mesopotamia . It is most similar to brookei , but is markedly paler above , with a rusty neck , and is a light buff with reduced barring below . It is smaller than the nominate subspecies ; females weigh around 610 g ( 1 @.@ 34 lb ) . Falco peregrinus peregrinator , described by Sundevall in 1837 , is known as the Indian peregrine falcon , Shaheen falcon , Indian shaheen or shaheen falcon . It was formerly sometimes known as Falco atriceps or Falco shaheen . Its range includes South Asia from Pakistan across India and Bangladesh to Sri Lanka and Southeastern China . In India , the shaheen is reported from all states except Uttar Pradesh , mainly from rocky and hilly regions . The Shaheen is also reported from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal . It has a clutch size of 3 to 4 eggs , with the chicks fledging time of 48 days with an average nesting success of 1 @.@ 32 chicks per nest . In India , apart from nesting on cliffs , it has also been recorded as nesting on man @-@ made structures such as buildings and cellphone transmission towers . A population estimate of 40 breeding pairs in Sri Lanka was made in 1996 . It is non @-@ migratory , and is small and dark , with rufous underparts . In Sri Lanka this species is found to favour the higher hills while the migrant calidus is more often seen along the coast . Falco peregrinus peregrinus , the nominate ( first @-@ named ) subspecies , described by Tunstall in 1771 , breeds over much of temperate Eurasia between the tundra in the north and the Pyrenees , Mediterranean region and Alpide belt in the south . It is mainly non @-@ migratory in Europe , but migratory in Scandinavia and Asia . Males weigh 580 to 750 g ( 1 @.@ 28 – 1 @.@ 65 lb ) , while females weigh 925 to 1 @,@ 300 g ( 2 @.@ 039 – 2 @.@ 866 lb ) . It includes brevirostris , germanicus , rhenanus , and riphaeus . Falco peregrinus radama , described by Hartlaub in 1861 , is found in Madagascar and Comoros . It is non @-@ migratory . Falco peregrinus submelanogenys , described by Mathews in 1912 , is the Southwest Australian peregrine falcon . It is found in southwest Australia and is non @-@ migratory . Falco peregrinus tundrius , described by C.M. White in 1968 , was at one time included in leucogenys It is found in the Arctic tundra of North America to Greenland , and migrates to wintering grounds in Central and South America . Most vagrants that reach western Europe belong to this subspecies , which was previously united with anatum . It is the New World equivalent to calidus . It is smaller than anatum . It is also paler than anatum ; most have a conspicuous white forehead and white in ear region , but the crown and " moustache " are very dark , unlike in calidus . Juveniles are browner , and less grey , than in calidus , and paler , sometimes almost sandy , than in anatum . Males weigh 500 to 700 g ( 1 @.@ 1 – 1 @.@ 5 lb ) , while females weigh 800 to 1 @,@ 100 g ( 1 @.@ 8 – 2 @.@ 4 lb ) . = = = Barbary falcon = = = Two of the subspecies listed above ( Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides and F. p. babylonicus ) are often instead treated together as a distinct species , Falco pelegrinoides ( the Barbary falcon ) , although they were included within F. peregrinus in the 1994 Handbook of the Birds of the World . These birds inhabit arid regions from the Canary Islands along the rim of the Sahara through the Middle East to Central Asia and Mongolia . Barbary falcons have a red neck patch but otherwise differ in appearance from the peregrine proper merely according to Gloger 's Rule , relating pigmentation to environmental humidity . The Barbary falcon has a peculiar way of flying , beating only the outer part of its wings like fulmars sometimes do ; this also occurs in the peregrine , but less often and far less pronounced . The Barbary falcon 's shoulder and pelvis bones are stout by comparison with the peregrine , and its feet are smaller . Barbary falcons breed at different times of year than neighboring peregrine falcon subspecies , but they are capable of interbreeding . There is a 0 @.@ 6 – 0 @.@ 7 % genetic distance in the peregrine @-@ Barbary falcon ( " peregrinoid " ) complex . Another subspecies of Falco peregrinus , madens , has also sometimes been treated instead within a separately recognized F. pelegrinoides . = = Ecology and behaviour = = The peregrine falcon lives mostly along mountain ranges , river valleys , coastlines , and increasingly in cities . In mild @-@ winter regions , it is usually a permanent resident , and some individuals , especially adult males , will remain on the breeding territory . Only populations that breed in Arctic climates typically migrate great distances during the northern winter . The peregrine falcon reaches faster speeds than any other animal on the planet when performing the stoop , which involves soaring to a great height and then diving steeply at speeds of over 320 km / h ( 200 mph ) , hitting one wing of its prey so as not to harm itself on impact . The air pressure from such a dive could possibly damage a bird 's lungs , but small bony tubercles on a falcon 's nostrils guide the powerful airflow away from the nostrils , enabling the bird to breathe more easily while diving by reducing the change in air pressure . To protect their eyes , the falcons use their nictitating membranes ( third eyelids ) to spread tears and clear debris from their eyes while maintaining vision . A study testing the flight physics of an " ideal falcon " found a theoretical speed limit at 400 km / h ( 250 mph ) for low altitude flight and 625 km / h ( 388 mph ) for high altitude flight . In 2005 , Ken Franklin recorded a falcon stooping at a top speed of 389 km / h ( 242 mph ) . The life span of peregrine falcons in the wild is up to 15 @.@ 5 years . Mortality in the first year is 59 – 70 % , declining to 25 – 32 % annually in adults . Apart from such anthropogenic threats as collision with human @-@ made objects , the peregrine may be killed by larger hawks and owls . The peregrine falcon is host to a range of parasites and pathogens . It is a vector for Avipoxvirus , Newcastle disease virus , Falconid herpesvirus 1 ( and possibly other Herpesviridae ) , and some mycoses and bacterial infections . Endoparasites include Plasmodium relictum ( usually not causing malaria in the peregrine falcon ) , Strigeidae trematodes , Serratospiculum amaculata ( nematode ) , and tapeworms . Known peregrine falcon ectoparasites are chewing lice , Ceratophyllus garei ( a flea ) , and Hippoboscidae flies ( Icosta nigra , Ornithoctona erythrocephala ) . = = = Feeding = = = The peregrine falcon feeds almost exclusively on medium @-@ sized birds such as pigeons and doves , waterfowl , songbirds , and waders . Worldwide , it is estimated that between 1 @,@ 500 and 2 @,@ 000 bird species ( up to roughly a fifth of the world 's bird species ) are predated somewhere by these falcons . In North America , prey has varied in size from 3 g ( 0 @.@ 11 oz ) hummingbirds ( Selasphorus and Archilochus ssp . ) to a 3 @.@ 1 kg ( 6 @.@ 8 lb ) sandhill crane ( killed in Alaska by a peregrine in a stoop ) , although most prey taken by peregrines weigh from 20 g ( 0 @.@ 71 oz ) ( i.e. small passerines ) to 1 @,@ 100 g ( 2 @.@ 4 lb ) ( i.e. ducks and gulls ) . The peregrine falcon takes the most diverse range of bird species of any raptor in North America , with more than 300 species having fallen victim to the falcon , including nearly 100 shorebirds . Smaller hawks and owls are regularly predated , mainly smaller falcons such as the American kestrel , merlin and sharp @-@ shinned hawks . In urban areas , the main component of the peregrine 's diet is the rock or feral pigeon , which comprise 80 % or more of the dietary intake for peregrines in some cities . Other common city birds are also taken regularly , including mourning doves , common wood pigeons , common swifts , northern flickers , common starlings , American robins , common blackbirds , and corvids ( such as magpies or carrion , house , and American crows ) . Other than bats taken at night , the peregrine rarely hunts mammals , but will on occasion take small species such as rats , voles , hares , shrews , mice and squirrels . Coastal populations of the large subspecies pealei feed almost exclusively on seabirds . In the Brazilian mangrove swamp of Cubatão , a wintering falcon of the subspecies tundrius was observed while successfully hunting a juvenile scarlet ibis . Insects and reptiles make up a small proportion of the diet , which varies greatly depending on what prey is available . The peregrine falcon hunts most often at dawn and dusk , when prey are most active , but also nocturnally in cities , particularly during migration periods when hunting at night may become prevalent . Nocturnal migrants taken by peregrines include species as diverse as yellow @-@ billed cuckoo , black @-@ necked grebe , virginia rail , and common quail . The peregrine requires open space in order to hunt , and therefore often hunts over open water , marshes , valleys , fields , and tundra , searching for prey either from a high perch or from the air . Large congregations of migrants , especially species that gather in the open like shorebirds , can be quite attractive to hunting peregrines . Once prey is spotted , it begins its stoop , folding back the tail and wings , with feet tucked . Prey is typically struck and captured in mid @-@ air ; the peregrine falcon strikes its prey with a clenched foot , stunning or killing it with the impact , then turns to catch it in mid @-@ air . If its prey is too heavy to carry , a peregrine will drop it to the ground and eat it there . If they miss the initial strike , peregrines will chase their prey in a twisting flight . Although previously thought rare , several cases of peregrines contour @-@ hunting , i.e. using natural contours to surprise and ambush prey on the ground , have been reported and even rare cases of prey being pursued on foot . In addition , peregrines have been documented preying on chicks in nests , from birds such as kittiwakes . Prey is plucked before consumption . = = = Reproduction = = = The peregrine falcon is sexually mature at one to three years of age , but in healthy populations they breed after two to three years of age . A pair mates for life and returns to the same nesting spot annually . The courtship flight includes a mix of aerial acrobatics , precise spirals , and steep dives . The male passes prey it has caught to the female in mid @-@ air . To make this possible , the female actually flies upside @-@ down to receive the food from the male 's talons . During the breeding season , the peregrine falcon is territorial ; nesting pairs are usually more than 1 km ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) apart , and often much farther , even in areas with large numbers of pairs . The distance between nests ensures sufficient food supply for pairs and their chicks . Within a breeding territory , a pair may have several nesting ledges ; the number used by a pair can vary from one or two up to seven in a 16 @-@ year period . The peregrine falcon nests in a scrape , normally on cliff edges . The female chooses a nest site , where she scrapes a shallow hollow in the loose soil , sand , gravel , or dead vegetation in which to lay eggs . No nest materials are added . Cliff nests are generally located under an overhang , on ledges with vegetation . South @-@ facing sites are favoured . In some regions , as in parts of Australia and on the west coast of northern North America , large tree hollows are used for nesting . Before the demise of most European peregrines , a large population of peregrines in central and western Europe used the disused nests of other large birds . In remote , undisturbed areas such as the Arctic , steep slopes and even low rocks and mounds may be used as nest sites . In many parts of its range , peregrines now also nest regularly on tall buildings or bridges ; these human @-@ made structures used for breeding closely resemble the natural cliff ledges that the peregrine prefers for its nesting locations . The pair defends the chosen nest site against other peregrines , and often against ravens , herons , and gulls , and if ground @-@ nesting , also such mammals as foxes , wolverines , felids , bears , wolves , and mountain lions . Both nests and ( less frequently ) adults are predated by larger @-@ bodied raptorial birds like eagles , large owls , or gyrfalcons . The most serious predators of peregrine nests in North America and Europe are the great horned owl and the Eurasian eagle owl . When reintroductions have been attempted for peregrines , the most serious impediments were these two owls routinely picking off nestlings , fledglings and adults by night . Peregrines defending their nests have managed to kill raptors as large as golden eagles and bald eagles ( both of which they normally avoid as potential predators ) that have come too close to the nest by ambushing them in a full stoop . In one instance , when a snowy owl killed a newly fledged peregrine , the larger owl was in turn killed by a stooping peregrine parent . The date of egg @-@ laying varies according to locality , but is generally from February to March in the Northern Hemisphere , and from July to August in the Southern Hemisphere , although the Australian subspecies macropus may breed as late as November , and equatorial populations may nest anytime between June and December . If the eggs are lost early in the nesting season , the female usually lays another clutch , although this is extremely rare in the Arctic due to the short summer season . Generally three to four eggs , but sometimes as few as one or as many as five , are laid in the scrape . The eggs are white to buff with red or brown markings . They are incubated for 29 to 33 days , mainly by the female , with the male also helping with the incubation of the eggs during the day , but only the female incubating them at night . The average number of young found in nests is 2 @.@ 5 , and the average number that fledge is about 1 @.@ 5 , due to the occasional production of infertile eggs and various natural losses of nestlings . After hatching , the chicks ( called " eyases " ) are covered with creamy @-@ white down and have disproportionately large feet . The male ( called the " tiercel " ) and the female ( simply called the " falcon " ) both leave the nest to gather prey to feed the young . The hunting territory of the parents can extend a radius of 19 to 24 km ( 12 to 15 mi ) from the nest site . Chicks fledge 42 to 46 days after hatching , and remain dependent on their parents for up to two months . = = Relationship with humans = = = = = Use in falconry = = = The peregrine falcon is a highly admired falconry bird , and has been used in falconry for more than 3 @,@ 000 years , beginning with nomads in central Asia . Its advantages in falconry include not only its athleticism and eagerness to hunt , but an equitable disposition that leads to it being one of the easier falcons to train . The peregrine falcon has the additional advantage of a natural flight style of circling above the falconer ( " waiting on " ) for game to be flushed , and then performing an effective and exciting high speed diving stoop to take the quarry . The speed and energy of the stoop allows the falcon to catch fast flying birds , and to deliver a knock out blow with a fist @-@ like clenched talon against game that may be much larger than itself . Additionally the versatility of the species , with agility allowing capture of smaller birds and a strength and attacking style allowing capture of game much larger than themselves , combined with the wide size range of the many peregrine subspecies , means there is a subspecies suitable to almost any size and type of game bird . This size range , evolved to fit various environments and prey species , is from the larger females of the largest subspecies to the smaller males of the smallest subspecies , approximately five to one ( approximately 1500 g to 300 g ) . The males of smaller and medium @-@ sized subspecies , and the females of the smaller subspecies , excel in the taking of swift and agile small game birds such as dove , quail , and smaller ducks . The females of the larger subspecies are capable of taking large and powerful game birds such as the largest of duck species , pheasant , and grouse . Peregrine falcons handled by falconers are also occasionally used to scare away birds at airports to reduce the risk of bird @-@ plane strikes , improving air @-@ traffic safety . They were also used to intercept homing pigeons during World War II . Peregrine falcons have been successfully bred in captivity , both for falconry and for release back into the wild . Until 2004 nearly all peregrines used for falconry in the US were captive @-@ bred from the progeny of falcons taken before the US Endangered Species Act was enacted and from those few infusions of wild genes available from Canada and special circumstances . Peregrine falcons were removed from the United States ' endangered species list in 1999 . The successful recovery program was aided by the effort and knowledge of falconers – in collaboration with The Peregrine Fund and state and federal agencies – through a technique called hacking . Finally , after years of close work with the US Fish and Wildlife Service , a limited take of wild peregrines was allowed in 2004 , the first wild peregrines taken specifically for falconry in over 30 years . The development of captive breeding methods has led to peregrines being commercially available for falconry use , thus mostly eliminating the need to capture wild birds for support of falconry . The main reason for taking wild peregrines at this point is to maintain healthy genetic diversity in the breeding lines . Hybrids of peregrines and gyrfalcons are also available that can combine the best features of both species to create what many consider to be the ultimate falconry bird for the taking of larger game such as the sage @-@ grouse . These hybrids combine the greater size , strength , and horizontal speed of the gyrfalcon with the natural propensity to stoop and greater warm weather tolerance of the peregrine . = = = Decline due to pesticides = = = The peregrine falcon became an endangered species over much of its range because of the use of organochlorine pesticides , especially DDT , during the 1950s , ' 60s , and ' 70s . Pesticide biomagnification caused organochlorine to build up in the falcons ' fat tissues , reducing the amount of calcium in their eggshells . With thinner shells , fewer falcon eggs survived to hatching . In several parts of the world , such as the eastern United States and Belgium , this species became extirpated ( locally extinct ) as a result . An alternate point of view is that populations in the eastern North America had vanished due to hunting and egg collection . = = = Recovery efforts = = = Peregrine falcon recovery teams breed the species in captivity . The chicks are usually fed through a chute or with a hand puppet mimicking a peregrine 's head , so they cannot see to imprint on the human trainers . Then , when they are old enough , the rearing box is opened , allowing the bird to train its wings . As the fledgling gets stronger , feeding is reduced , forcing the bird to learn to hunt . This procedure is called hacking back to the wild . To release a captive @-@ bred falcon , the bird is placed in a special cage at the top of a tower or cliff ledge for some days or so , allowing it to acclimate itself to its future environment . Worldwide recovery efforts have been remarkably successful . The widespread restriction of DDT use eventually allowed released birds to breed successfully . The peregrine falcon was removed from the U.S. Endangered Species list on August 25 , 1999 . Some controversy has existed over the origins of captive breeding stock used by The Peregrine Fund in the recovery of peregrine falcons throughout the contiguous United States . Several peregrine subspecies were included in the breeding stock , including birds of Eurasian origin . Due to the extirpation of the eastern anatum ( Falco peregrinus anatum ) , the near extirpation of the anatum in the Midwest , and the limited gene pool within North American breeding stock , the inclusion of non @-@ native subspecies was justified to optimize the genetic diversity found within the species as a whole . Since peregrine eggs and chicks are still often targeted by illegal collectors , it is common practice not to publicize unprotected nest locations . = = = Current status = = = Populations of the peregrine falcon have bounced back in most parts of the world . In Britain , there has been a recovery of populations since the crash of the 1960s . This has been greatly assisted by conservation and protection work led by the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds . The RSPB has estimated that there are 1 @,@ 402 breeding pairs in the UK . Peregrines now breed in many mountainous and coastal areas , especially in the west and north , and nest in some urban areas , capitalising on the urban feral pigeon populations for food . In Southampton , a nest prevented restoration of mobile telephony services for several months , after Vodafone engineers despatched to repair a faulty transmitter mast discovered a nest in the mast , and were prevented by the Wildlife and Countryside Act , on pain of a possible prison sentence , from proceeding with repairs until the chicks fledged . In many parts of the world peregrine falcons have adapted to urban habitats , nesting on cathedrals , skyscraper window ledges , tower blocks , and the towers of suspension bridges . Many of these nesting birds are encouraged , sometimes gathering media attention and often monitored by cameras . From an ecological perspective , raptor populations in urban areas are highly beneficial . Compared with Europe where pigeon populations have exploded to the point they are both a tourist attraction and a public nuisance . Their faeces are highly acidic causing damage to historic buildings and statues made of soft stone . They nest in bridges where it compiles and damages iron work causing rust and corrosion . In the United States , falcon and other raptors are in numbers high enough to ward off pigeon nest building in major highrises . = = Cultural significance = = Due to its striking hunting technique , the peregrine has often been associated with aggression and martial prowess . Native Americans of the Mississippian culture ( c . 800 – 1500 ) used the peregrine , along with several other birds of prey , in imagery as a symbol of " aerial ( celestial ) power " and buried men of high status in costumes associating to the ferocity of " raptorial " birds . In the late Middle Ages , the Western European nobility that used peregrines for hunting , considered the bird associated with princes in formal hierarchies of birds of prey , just below the gyrfalcon associated with kings . It was considered " a royal bird , more armed by its courage than its claws " . Terminology used by peregrine breeders also used the Old French term gentil , " of noble birth ; aristocratic " , particularly with the peregrine . The peregrine falcon is the national animal of the United Arab Emirates . Since 1927 , the peregrine falcon has been the official mascot of Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green , Ohio . The 2007 U.S. Idaho state quarter features a peregrine falcon . The peregrine falcon has been designated the official city bird of Chicago . The Peregrine , by J. A. Baker , is widely regarded as one of the best nature books in English written in the twentieth century . Admirers of the book include Robert Macfarlane , Mark Cocker , who regards the book as " one of the most outstanding books on nature in the twentieth century " and Werner Herzog , who called it the " one book I would ask you to read if you want to make films , " and said elsewhere " ... it has prose of the calibre that we have not seen since Joseph Conrad . " In the book , Baker recounts , in diary form , his detailed observations of peregrines ( and their interaction with other birds ) near his home in Chelmsford , Essex , over a single winter from October to April .
= Cat 's Eye Nebula = The Cat 's Eye Nebula or NGC 6543 , is a relatively bright planetary nebula in the northern constellation of Draco , which was discovered by William Herschel on February 15 , 1786 . It was notably the first planetary nebula whose spectrum was investigated by the English amateur astronomer William Huggins , demonstrating that planetary nebulae were gaseous and not stellar in nature . Structurally , the object has had high @-@ resolution images by the Hubble Space Telescope revealing knots , jets , bubbles and complex arcs , being illuminated by the central hot planetary nebula nucleus ( PNN ) . It is a well @-@ studied object that has been observed from radio to X @-@ ray wavelengths . = = General information = = NGC 6543 is a high northern declination deep @-@ sky object and is near the apparent position of the North Ecliptic Pole . It has the combined magnitude of 8 @.@ 1 , with high surface brightness . Its small bright inner nebula subtends an average of 16 @.@ 1 arcsec , with the outer prominent condensations about 25 arcsec . Deep images reveal an extended halo about 300 arcsec or 5 arcmin across , that was once ejected by the central progenitor star during its red giant phase . Observations show the bright nebulosity has temperatures between 7000 and 9000 K , whose densities average of about 5000 particles per cubic centimetre . Its outer halo has the higher temperature around 15000 K , but is of much lower density . Velocity of the fast stellar wind is about 1900 km / s , where spectroscopic analysis shows the current rate of mass loss averages 3 @.@ 2 × 10 − 7 solar masses per year , equivalent to twenty trillion tons per second ( 20 Eg / s ) . Surface temperature for the central PNN is about 80000 K , being 10000 times as luminous as the sun . Stellar classification is O7 + [ WR ] – type star Calculations suggest the PNN is over one solar mass , from a theoretical initial 5 solar masses . Radius is about 0 @.@ 65 times the Sun or 910000 km . The Cat 's Eye Nebula , given in some sources , lies about three thousand light @-@ years from Earth . = = Observations = = The Cat 's Eye was the first planetary nebula to be observed with a spectroscope by William Huggins on August 29 , 1864 . Huggins ' observations revealed that the nebula 's spectrum was non @-@ continuous and made of a few bright emission lines , first indication that planetary nebulae consist of tenuous ionised gas . Spectroscopic observations at these wavelengths are used in abundance determinations , while images at these wavelengths have been used to reveal the intricate structure of the nebula . = = = Infrared observations = = = Observations of NGC 6543 at far @-@ infrared wavelengths ( about 60 μm ) reveal the presence of stellar dust at low temperatures . The dust is believed to have formed during the last phases of the progenitor star 's life . It absorbs light from the central star and re @-@ radiates it at infrared wavelengths . The spectrum of the infrared dust emission implies that the dust temperature is about 85 K , while the mass of the dust is estimated at 6 @.@ 4 × 10 − 4 solar masses . Infrared emission also reveals the presence of un @-@ ionised material such as molecular hydrogen ( H2 ) and argon . In many planetary nebulae , molecular emission is greatest at larger distances from the star , where more material is un @-@ ionised , but molecular hydrogen emission in NGC 6543 seems to be bright at the inner edge of its outer halo . This may be due to shock waves exciting the H2 as ejecta moving at different speeds collide . The overall appearance of the Cat 's Eye Nebula in infrared ( wavelengths 2 – 8 μm ) is similar in visible light . = = = Optical and ultraviolet observations = = = The Hubble Space Telescope image produced here is in false colour , designed to highlight regions of high and low ionisation . Three images were taken , in filters isolating the light emitted by singly ionised hydrogen at 656 @.@ 3 nm , singly ionised nitrogen at 658 @.@ 4 nm and doubly ionised oxygen at 500 @.@ 7 nm . The images were combined as red , green and blue channels respectively , although their true colours are red , red and green . The image reveals two " caps " of less ionised material at the edge of the nebula . = = = X @-@ ray observations = = = In 2001 , observations at X @-@ ray wavelengths by the Chandra X @-@ ray Observatory revealed the presence of extremely hot gas within NGC 6543 with the temperature of 1 @.@ 7 × 106 K. The image at the top of this article is a combination of optical images from the Hubble Space Telescope with the Chandra X @-@ ray images . It is thought that the very hot gas results from the violent interaction of a fast stellar wind with material previously ejected . This interaction has hollowed out the inner bubble of the nebula . Chandra observations have also revealed a point source at the position of the central star . The spectrum of this source extends to the hard part of the X @-@ ray spectrum , to 0 @.@ 5 – 1 @.@ 0 keV . A star with the photospheric temperature of about 100000 K would not be expected to emit strongly in hard X @-@ rays , and so their presence is something of a mystery . It may suggest the presence of a high temperature accretion disk within a binary star system . The hard X @-@ ray data remain intriguing more than ten years later : the Cat 's Eye was included in a 2012 Chandra survey of 21 central stars of planetary nebulae ( CSPNe ) in the solar neighborhood , which found : " All but one of the X @-@ ray point sources detected at CSPNe display X @-@ ray spectra that are harder than expected from hot ( ~ 100000 K ) central star photospheres , possibly indicating a high frequency of binary companions to CSPNe . Other potential explanations include self @-@ shocking winds or PN mass fallback . " = = Distance = = Planetary nebulae distances like NGC 6543 are generally very inaccurate and not well known . Some recent Hubble Space Telescope observations of NGC 6543 taken several years apart calculates its distance by measuring the angular expansion rate is 3 @.@ 457 milliarcseconds per year . Assuming a line of sight expansion velocity of 16 @.@ 4 km · s − 1 , implies that NGC 6543 's distance is 1001 ± 269 parsecs ( 3 × 1019 m or 3300 light @-@ years ) away from Earth . Several other distance references , like what is quoted in SIMBAD in 2014 Stanghellini , L. , et al . ( 2008 ) says distance is 1623 parsecs ( 5300 light @-@ years ) . = = Age = = The angular expansion of the nebula can also be used to estimate its age . If it has been expanding at a constant rate of 10 milliarcseconds a year , then it would take 1000 ± 260 years to reach a diameter of 20 arcseconds . This may be an upper limit to the age , because ejected material will be slowed when it encounters material ejected from the star at earlier stages of its evolution , and the interstellar medium . = = Composition = = Like most astronomical objects , NGC 6543 consists mostly of hydrogen and helium , with heavier elements present in small quantities . The exact composition may be determined by spectroscopic studies . Abundances are generally expressed relative to hydrogen , the most abundant element . Different studies generally find varying values for elemental abundances . This is often because spectrographs attached to telescopes do not collect all the light from objects being observed , instead gathering light from a slit or small aperture . Therefore , different observations may sample different parts of the nebula . However , results for NGC 6543 broadly agree that , relative to hydrogen , the helium abundance is about 0 @.@ 12 , carbon and nitrogen abundances are both about 3 × 10 − 4 , and the oxygen abundance is about 7 × 10 − 4 . These are fairly typical abundances for planetary nebulae , with the carbon , nitrogen and oxygen abundances all larger than the values found for the sun , due to the effects of nucleosynthesis enriching the star 's atmosphere in heavy elements before it is ejected as a planetary nebula . Deep spectroscopic analysis of NGC 6543 may indicate that the nebula contains a small amount of material which is highly enriched in heavy elements ; this is discussed below . = = Kinematics and morphology = = The Cat 's Eye Nebula is structurally a very complex nebula , and the mechanism or mechanisms that have given rise to its complicated morphology are not well understood . The central bright part of the nebular consists of the inner elongated bubble ( inner ellipse ) filled with hot gas . It in turn is nested into a pair of larger spherical bubbles conjoined together along their waist . The waist is observed as the second larger ellipse lying perpendicular to the bubble with hot gas . The structure of the bright portion of the nebula is primarily caused by the interaction of a fast stellar wind being emitted by the central PNN with the visible material ejected during the formation of the nebula . This interaction causes the emission of X @-@ rays discussed above . The stellar wind , blowing with the velocity as high as 1900 km / s , has ' hollowed out ' the inner bubble of the nebula , and appears to have burst the bubble at both ends . It is also suspected that the central WR : + O7 spectral class PNN star , HD 1064963 / BD + 66 1066 / PPM 20679 of the nebula may be generated by a binary star . The existence of an accretion disk caused by mass transfer between the two components of the system may give rise to polar jets , which would interact with previously ejected material . Over time , the direction of the polar jets would vary due to precession . Outside the bright inner portion of the nebula , there are a series of concentric rings , thought to have been ejected before the formation of the planetary nebula , while the star was on the asymptotic giant branch of the Hertzsprung @-@ Russell diagram . These rings are very evenly spaced , suggesting that the mechanism responsible for their formation ejected them at very regular intervals and at very similar speeds . The total mass of the rings is about 0 @.@ 1 solar masses . The pulsations that formed the rings probably started 15 @,@ 000 years ago and ceased about 1000 years ago , when the formation of the bright central part began ( see above ) . Further out , a large faint halo extends to large distances from the star . The halo again predates the formation of the main nebula . The mass of the halo is estimated as 0 @.@ 26 – 0 @.@ 92 solar masses . = = Cited sources = =
= Shonen Jump ( magazine ) = Shonen Jump , officially stylized SHONEN JUMP and abbreviated SJ , is a shōnen manga anthology published in North America by Viz Media . It debuted in November 2002 with the first issue having a January 2003 cover date . Based on Shueisha 's popular Japanese magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump , Shonen Jump is retooled for English readers and the American audience , including changing it from a weekly publication to a monthly one . It features serialized chapters from four manga series , and articles on Japanese language and culture , as well as manga , anime , video games , and figurines . Prior to the magazine 's launch , Viz launched an extensive marketing campaign to promote it and help it succeed where previous manga anthologies published in North America had failed . Shueisha purchased an equity interest in Viz to help fund the venture , and Cartoon Network , Suncoast , and Diamond Distributors became promotional partners in the magazine . In conjunction with the magazine , Viz launched new imprints for releasing media related to the series presented in the magazine , and other shōnen works . This includes two new manga imprints , an anime DVD imprint , a fiction line for releasing light novels , a label for fan and data books , and a label for the release of art books . Targeted towards young adult males , the first issue required three printings to meet consumer demand , with over 300 @,@ 000 copies sold . It was awarded the ICv2 " Comic Product of the Year " award in December 2002 , and has continued to enjoy high sales with a monthly circulation of 215 @,@ 000 in 2008 . Approximately half of its circulation comes from subscriptions rather than store sales . Shonen Jump published its final issue in April 2012 when Viz decided to focus on a weekly digital manga anthology . Weekly Shonen Jump ( initially named Weekly Shonen Jump Alpha ) launched in January 2012 and is still in production . = = History = = In June 2002 , Viz Media ( at the time called " Viz Communications " ) , and Shueisha announced that Viz would begin publishing Shonen Jump , an English spin on Shueisha 's highly popular manga anthology Weekly Shōnen Jump . Cartoon Network , Suncoast , and Diamond Distributors signed on as promotional partners . Though based on Weekly Shōnen Jump , Viz noted that it would not be a " word for word " copy . Rather , Viz would select series for its magazine that it felt were the most appropriate for its American readers . Viz 's version was also set to be monthly , rather than having weekly , to better fit the American comic distribution system . We will be selecting the material most appropriate for the American market . Bear in mind that Shonen Jump has been running since 1968 in Japan . At 500 pages a week , that gives us 884 @,@ 000 pages of material to draw from ! ... Our lead titles are Dragon Ball Z and Yu @-@ Gi @-@ Oh , selected for their already @-@ existing popularity in the US . The remainder of the titles will be a combination of those on the verge of breaking out in this country , and those we feel will especially appeal to the target demographic . Jason Thompson , one of Viz 's manga editors for series including Dragon Ball was selected as the magazine 's first editor @-@ in @-@ chief . Initially , Viz hoped to have the magazine targeted to all age groups , however to allow for greater freedom on content , the decision was made to mark the magazine as being for readers 13 years of age and older . However , with greater attention being focused on manga as it became available in mainstream outlets , some titles were edited for content . Thompson noted that it was a challenge working with some of the artists whose works would appear in the first issue , who worried about excessive alterations . With manga anthologies having met with little success in North America , Viz desired Shonen Jump to have a circulation of 1 million within its first three years . To aid in this goal , Viz launched the magazine with a multimillion @-@ dollar advertising budget , they advertised and distributed the title through mass market outlets rather than just pop culture stores , ensuring the magazine included series already popular with the North American audience due to their airing on Cartoon Network . To help fund the lengthy , expensive marketing campaign developed around Shonen Jump , Shueisha purchased an equity interest in Viz in August 2002 . Unlike with most magazine launches , Viz decided to allow retailers to return the first two issues . This gave retailers a chance to see how well the magazine would sell in markets where manga anthologies were an unknown . Retailers were also given a quantity of free samples , distributed 100 @,@ 000 free samples at Comic Con , and another 100 @,@ 000 were made available to its partner Suncoast . Cartoon Network began providing sample chapters and streaming video content to its Adult Swim website , along with prominent links to Shonen Jump 's official site . The first issue was released November 26 , 2002 , with a January 2003 cover date . It premiered with five series : Dragon Ball Z , Sand Land , Yu @-@ Gi @-@ Oh ! , YuYu Hakusho , and One Piece . With the launch of the magazine considered successful , Thompson was offered an opportunity to intern in Japan with Shueisha 's editors , but declined , due to a lack of interest in the management aspects of the business and a desire to work on his own projects . After six issues had been released , Thompson desired to work on authoring and illustrating his own comic The Stiff . Reflecting back later , he states in an interview with The Comics Journal that " I basically told Viz that I wanted to work part time or I 'd quit . It probably wasn 't a really nice thing to do . " He eventually stepped down as editor @-@ in @-@ chief , being replaced by his former boss Yumi Hoashi . In February 2005 , Viz announced the creation of Shojo Beat , a sister publication of Shonen Jump geared towards female readers . The first issue was released in June 2005 with a July 2005 date cover ; it ran for 47 issues until it was discontinued with the release of the July 2009 issue . In 2006 , Marc Weidenbaum was named as the Editor @-@ in @-@ Chief for both magazines . Weidenbaum remained the magazine 's editor until February 13 , 2009 , when Viz announced that he had left the company ; the magazine 's new editor @-@ in @-@ chief has not been named . As of the June 2011 issue , only 10 issues were published in a year . The magazine is printed at Transcontintental Printing RBW Graphics in Owen Sound , Ontario , Canada . In October 2011 , Viz announced that Weekly Shonen Jump Alpha , a weekly digital version of the magazine would be made available to the public beginning on January 30 , 2012 . Viz also released its final Shonen Jump print publication in March of that year after Weekly Shonen Jump Alpha was released . = = Features = = The bulk of each issue of Shonen Jump is composed of chapters from the seven manga titles currently in serialization . Each issue also includes product reviews for anime and manga related games and toys , articles on Japanese language and culture , interviews with manga artists , anime and manga related news , fan related sections such as fan art and letters from readers , and interactive games and trivia sections . Issues also regularly include free premiums , such as rare cards for manga and anime collectible card game adaptations , DVD previews , and video game demo discs . The magazine 's official website includes information on all series released under the " Shonen Jump " label , biographies of the manga artists whose works have been serialized in the magazine , and previews of upcoming issues . Subscribers to the magazine have access to an additional area of the site where they can view preview chapters of manga series in the magazine and being published under the various " Shonen Jump " imprints , download desktop wallpapers , send e @-@ cards , and play games . As with Weekly Shōnen Jump , special edition stand alone issues of Shonen Jump are released several times a year that focus on a manga series . These issues , which are considered collector 's items , include extensive details on the series plot and characters , information on related adaptations of the series , and free premium items , such as full @-@ size posters . Anniversary editions are released yearly , usually featuring higher page counts , color manga pages , and higher end premiums . To celebrate the fifth anniversary of the magazine , Viz also introduced hardback " Collector Editions " of some of the magazine 's most popular series as a part of their main " Shonen Jump " manga imprint . The new editions were larger sized , with color dust jackets and higher quality paper than the normal volumes . They also included several full @-@ color pages not seen in the initial releases . Viz also released Shonen Jump Fifth Anniversary Collector 's Edition , a hardcover book containing chapters from its best selling series , along with various articles and interviews that appeared in the magazine during its first five @-@ year history , a timeline tracking the history of manga , and essays written by editors from Shonen Jump and Weekly Shōnen Jump . = = = Series = = = The premiere issue of Shonen Jump contained chapters from five different manga series , before it was expanded to include chapters from seven series . Fourteen series were featured in the magazine , with seven having ended their runs to be replaced with other series . Only four of those remained in the magazine until all of their chapters had been published . Each title serialized in the magazine is also published in tankōbon volumes under the company 's related " Shonen Jump " and " Shonen Jump Advanced " labels . This is a complete list of all titles to be serialized in Shonen Jump . It does not include previews of titles . The titles that were running in the magazine when it was discontinued are highlighted . = = = Imprints = = = In conjunction with the Shonen Jump anthology , Viz Media has created multiple new imprints in its various divisions . " Shonen Jump " is the primary manga imprint for releasing the tankōbon volumes of the series that have appeared in the magazine , as well as other similar shōnen titles that were serialized in other Jump magazines in Japan . A second manga imprint , " Shonen Jump Advanced " , was launched in April 2005 to target older teenage and young adult readers with more " mature themes . " In October 2005 , Viz expanded the " Shonen Jump " imprint into their home video releases . " Shonen Jump Home Video " offers anime series and original video animations adapted from manga series appearing in Shonen Jump . In 2006 , the " SJ Fiction " imprint , part of the Viz Fiction line , was announced . The imprint is used for light novel releases related to manga series appearing in Shonen Jump . " SJ Profiles " prints fan books , data books , and other similar works for the Shonen Jump series , while art books are released under the " Art of SJ " imprint . = = Circulation and audience = = The initial issue of Shonen Jump sold over 300 @,@ 000 copies , far exceeding Viz 's expected 100 @,@ 000 copies and making it one of the top comic titles in 2002 . The first printing of 250 @,@ 000 copies was sold out before the issue was released , and two additional printings were necessary to fully meet the demand . After the initial launch , the magazine had an average monthly circulation of 190 @,@ 000 , but it quickly grew to 205 @,@ 000 by its first anniversary . The August 2003 issue , which included a demo version of an upcoming Yu @-@ Gi @-@ Oh ! PC game , was the top issue with 540 @,@ 000 copies sold . As of 2008 , the magazine has a circulation of 215 @,@ 000 , with subscriptions constituting 54 % of the copies distributed . Though targeted towards " tween & teen male consumers " , according to Viz Media the magazine enjoys a relatively high number of female and adult readers as well , comprising 36 % and 37 % of its readership , respectively . The Shonen Jump reader has a median age of 16 years , and over half of the audience is between the ages of 13 and 17 . Official measurements by Simmons notes that among minor age readers the female readership is slightly lower and the median age is 12 . = = Reception = = Shonen Jump is considered the " most successful and widely read " manga anthology in North America . In addition to the unparalleled circulation numbers , the " Shonen Jump " manga imprint has had consistently high sales , with many of its titles being top sellers . Naruto has been the line 's top seller , accounting for nearly 10 % of all manga sales in North America in 2006 . In December 2002 , the magazine received the ICv2 Award for " Comic Product of the Year " due to its unprecedented sales numbers and its successfully connecting comics to both the television medium and the Yu @-@ Gi @-@ Oh ! collectible card game – one of the top CCG games of the year . In the Society for the Promotion of Japanese Animation Awards from 2009 , Shonen Jump was the winner in the category " Best Publication " . Reviewers of the magazine applauded the selection of series and the various articles included in each issue . In his coverage of the magazine 's debut issue , John Jakala of Anime News Network , compared it to the debut issue of competing work Raijin Comics and was surprised to find himself preferring Shonen Jump , despite it being targeted for a younger age group than Raijin Comics . Calling it an " impressive debut issue " , Jakala predicted that its high quality content and high value for the price would result in the anthology becoming a successful anthology in North America . In succeeding reviews , Jakala stated that Shonen Jump put " American comics to shame " , particularly in terms of the size of the magazine for the price versus the normal size of a similarly priced issue of a regular comic book . He did , however , note that the episodic nature of some of the series included had started to become repetitive after three issues , and that while the articles might appeal to many readers , he himself skipped over them . In addition to praising the value for the dollar , Comic Book Bin 's Leroy Douresseaux felt that each of the chapters included were " a self @-@ sustaining and satisfying tale with a beginning , middle , and end " that , coupled with the character and story summaries included for each series , made it easy for readers to keep up with a series even if they missed an issue . Color me surprised . Largely as a show of support for the anthology format , I signed up for subscriptions for both RAIJIN COMICS and SHONEN JUMP , but I was sure that I would enjoy the former much more than the latter since RC was promoted as being targeted for an older audience , and since SJ featured series that I associated with young children 's cartoons . Instead , having read both first issues , I find that ( so far ) I much prefer SHONEN JUMP , both in terms of actual story content as well as in terms of the magazine 's production values .
= Capitol Limited ( B & O train ) = The Capitol Limited was an American passenger train run by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad , originally between New York City and Grand Central Station in Chicago , Illinois via Union Station , Washington , D. C. and Pittsburgh . For almost 48 years , it was the B & O 's flagship passenger train , noted for personalized service and innovation . At the time of its discontinuation on May 1 , 1971 , when Amtrak took over most rail passenger service in the U.S. , the Capitol Limited operated between Washington and Chicago . = = History = = The Capitol Limited was inaugurated on May 12 , 1923 , as an all @-@ Pullman sleeping car train running from Pennsylvania Station in New York City to Chicago , via Washington , D. C. Once west of the Pennsy 's Newark station in New Jersey , the train used the Lehigh Valley and Reading Railroad as far as Philadelphia , where it reached B & O 's own rails to Chicago . It was designed to compete against the luxury trains of the rival Pennsylvania Railroad and New York Central Railroad . Although the B & O 's longer route put it at a competitive disadvantage in New York for time @-@ sensitive travelers , the B & O offered such luxuries in the 1920s as onboard secretaries , barbers , manicures , and valets . The Capitol 's " Martha Washington " -series dining cars were particularly noted for their Chesapeake Bay cuisine , served in ornate cars with leaded glass windows , glass chandeliers , and colonial @-@ style furnishings . The Capitol Limited derived much of its passenger traffic from businessmen and government officials travelling between Washington and the midwest . On September 1 , 1926 , the Pennsylvania Railroad terminated its contract with the B & O , which had permitted the latter to use the " Pennsy 's " Hudson River tunnels and Pennsylvania Station in Manhattan . Thereafter , the Capitol Limited , along with all other B & O passenger trains to New York , operated over the Jersey Central 's main line from the connection with the Reading in Bound Brook into its Jersey City terminal , where passengers were then transferred to buses that met the train right on the platform . These buses were ferried across the Hudson River into Manhattan , where they proceeded to various " stations " including the Vanderbilt Hotel , Wanamaker 's , Columbus Circle , and Rockefeller Center , as well as Brooklyn . In 1938 , the B & O dieselized the train after purchasing two sets of the new EA and EB locomotives from General Motors ' Electro Motive Corporation . The B & O was heavily in debt during the Depression and could not afford to buy new equipment , so it rebuilt its old heavyweight passenger cars into streamlined ones when the diesels were introduced in 1938 , making the Capitol Limited the first dieselized streamlined train in the eastern U.S. By September , 1940 , the through sleeping cars operating to New York were all streamlined . For the aesthetic features of the train the B & O turned to renowned industrial designer Otto Kuhler who turned the Cap , as it was affectionately known , into a regal operation complete with a stunning royal blue , silver , and gold pin @-@ striping livery ( a paint scheme that would become one of the all @-@ time classics of the streamliner era ) . = = Route and equipment = = Following the end of World War II , the B & O and the Santa Fe railway launched through sleeping car service between Washington , D.C. and Los Angeles on the Capitol Limited and the Santa Fe 's Chief . In February , 1956 , the Capitol Limited departed Jersey City at 12 : 45 p.m. as train # 5 . As an express , all @-@ Pullman sleeping car train , the Capitol Limited made limited stops along its 991 @-@ mile ( 1 @,@ 595 km ) route to Chicago . See the table at right for a list of all station stops ( major cities are highlighted in blue and Jersey City bus / ferry connections are in yellow ) . Eastbound , the train departed Chicago at 4 : 30 p.m. as train # 6 . This scheduled departure was timed so that travelers riding western railroads such as the Santa Fe , Chicago and North Western Railway , or the Burlington could readily connect for an eastward journey on B & O 's deluxe train . During the height of train travel in the 1920s , the Capitol Limited occasionally ran in multiple sections , although never as frequently or extensively as the competing Pennsylvania Railroad 's Broadway Limited and New York Central Railroad 's 20th Century Limited . The B & O was the first railroad to introduce air conditioning on its trains , beginning with the Columbian in 1931 , followed by the Capitol Limited on May 22 , 1932 , well ahead of its competitors . This innovation received favorable comment nationwide by the news media . The Capitol Limited received streamlined heavyweight sleeping and dining cars in 1938 . A typical consist included the following : baggage @-@ dormitory , 8 @-@ section 1 @-@ drawing room 1 @-@ compartment sleeping car , dining car , three to four 8 @-@ section 5 @-@ double bedroom sleeping cars , 14 @-@ section sleeping car , two 12 @-@ section 1 @-@ drawing room sleeping cars , and a sleeper @-@ buffet @-@ lounge with a drawing room and three compartments . In 1941 these cars were augmented by several lightweight 10 @-@ roomette 5 @-@ bedroom sleeping cars . By the early 1950s , the B & O had combined through cars for the Capitol Limited , the Columbian ( # 25 ) , and the Ambassador ( # 19 ) into one train between New York and Washington . Beyond Washington , the three trains then operated separately , with several additional Washington – Chicago Pullman sleeping cars added to the Capitol Limited , along with a twin @-@ unit dining car , two Strata @-@ Dome dome cars , club car , and a flat @-@ end observation car . The B & O re @-@ equipped the Capitol Limited with new , streamlined sleeping cars in 1950 and 1954 , including the new duplex @-@ roomette type . The Pullmans were named after rivers and lakes along the train 's route , such as " Cacapon " and " Wawasee " . Dome cars " Moonlight Dome " and " Starlight Dome " , having sleeping compartments on their lower levels , were added on January 8 , 1951 . A twin @-@ unit dining car seating 64 passengers at a time was obtained from the New York Central in 1957 . = = Decline and final run = = The Capitol Limited , in common with most name trains in the U.S. by the mid @-@ 1950s , suffered steadily declining patronage as the traveling public abandoned trains in favor of airplanes and the automobile . The B & O gave up on competing with the Pennsylvania Railroad into New York , discontinuing all passenger service north of Baltimore on April 26 , 1958 . Thereafter , the Capitol Limited operated between Washington and Chicago as a through train , with a few cars originating in Baltimore until 1966 . Other B & O passenger trains were combined with the Capitol Limited : the Ambassador to Detroit and the formerly all @-@ coach Columbian to Chicago . The combined train in the early 1960s had as many as 22 cars pulled by five locomotives . To stem the loss of passengers and resulting deficits , the B & O in the early 1960s offered reduced mid @-@ week fares , auto shipment for passengers ( similar in concept to the Auto Train ) , and onboard movies , to attract more passengers . The train was marginally profitable , when mail and express revenue was included . The loss in 1967 of mail and express contracts , which by then accounted for almost 70 percent of total passenger train revenue for the B & O , severely affected the B & O 's passenger service . The Post Office Department 's cancellation of its mail contract for the Capitol Limited and other trains on October 28 , 1967 , was the death knell . Many passenger trains were dropped and the consist of the Capitol Limited was considerably reduced . B & O discontinued all long @-@ distance train service to Baltimore 's Camden Station . Between October , 1966 , and April , 1971 , a connecting RDC operated between Baltimore and Washington , D.C. , as train # 105 . By June , 1969 , two E diesel electric engines pulled a train of : 1 baggage , 1 sleeper ( 10 / 6 ) , 1 diner / lounge , 1 dome coach , and four coaches . With the advent of Amtrak on May 1 , 1971 , the Capitol Limited was discontinued by the B & O , along with all of its other passenger trains ( except for local commuter services ) . For the final run of the old Capitol Limited on April 29 , 1971 , the B & O ran the entire trainset from Baltimore 's Camden Station , including the dome car . The B & O printed special commemorative tickets and returned its bottled Deer Park spring water and B & O 's signature , " all @-@ you @-@ can @-@ eat " giant salad bowls to the final run 's dining car , some of the Capitol Limited ' s amenities from more prosperous times . A 31 @-@ year veteran dining car waiter on the last run of the Capitol Limited recalled to a Baltimore Sun reporter that , " all the vegetables we served were freshly cooked on board — no frozen or canned food at all . " At its inception , Amtrak did not continue any of the B & O 's former passenger train routes , and the Capitol Limited ended its 48 @-@ year run on the B & O. After a lapse of ten years , Amtrak revived Washington – Chicago service using the same B & O tracks ( now CSX Transportation ) between Washington and Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , for the Amtrak Capitol Limited .
= Ian Fleming = Ian Lancaster Fleming ( 28 May 1908 – 12 August 1964 ) was an English author , journalist and naval intelligence officer who is best known for his James Bond series of spy novels . Fleming came from a wealthy family connected to the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co . , and his father was the Member of Parliament for Henley from 1910 until his death on the Western Front in 1917 . Educated at Eton , Sandhurst and , briefly , the universities of Munich and Geneva , Fleming moved through several jobs before he started writing . While working for Britain 's Naval Intelligence Division during the Second World War , Fleming was involved in planning Operation Goldeneye and in the planning and oversight of two intelligence units , 30 Assault Unit and T @-@ Force . His wartime service and his career as a journalist provided much of the background , detail and depth of the James Bond novels . Fleming wrote his first Bond novel , Casino Royale , in 1952 . It was a success , with three print runs being commissioned to cope with the demand . Eleven Bond novels and two short @-@ story collections followed between 1953 and 1966 . The novels revolved around James Bond , an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service , commonly known as MI6 . Bond was also known by his code number , 007 , and was a commander in the Royal Naval Reserve . The Bond stories rank among the best @-@ selling series of fictional books of all time , having sold over 100 million copies worldwide . Fleming also wrote the children 's story Chitty @-@ Chitty @-@ Bang @-@ Bang and two works of non @-@ fiction . In 2008 , The Times ranked Fleming 14th on its list of " The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 " . Fleming was married to Ann Charteris , who was divorced from the second Viscount Rothermere owing to her affair with the author . Fleming and Charteris had a son , Caspar . Fleming was a heavy smoker and drinker for most of his life and succumbed to heart disease in 1964 at the age of 56 . Two of his James Bond books were published posthumously ; other writers have since produced Bond novels . Fleming 's creation has appeared in film twenty @-@ six times , portrayed by seven actors . = = Biography = = = = = Birth and family = = = Ian Fleming was born on 28 May 1908 , at 27 Green Street in the wealthy London district of Mayfair . His mother was Evelyn St Croix Rose , and his father was Valentine Fleming , the Member of Parliament for Henley from 1910 . Fleming was the grandson of the Scottish financier Robert Fleming , who founded the Scottish American Investment Trust and the merchant bank Robert Fleming & Co . In 1914 , with the start of the First World War , Valentine joined " C " Squadron , Queen 's Own Oxfordshire Hussars , and rose to the rank of major . He was killed by German shelling on the Western Front on 20 May 1917 ; Winston Churchill wrote an obituary that appeared in The Times . Because the family owned an estate at Arnisdale , Valentine 's death was commemorated on the Glenelg War Memorial . Fleming 's elder brother Peter ( 1907 – 1971 ) became a travel writer and married actress Celia Johnson . Peter served with the Grenadier Guards during the Second World War , was later commissioned under Colin Gubbins to help establish the Auxiliary Units , and became involved in behind @-@ the @-@ lines operations in Norway and Greece during the war . Fleming also had two younger brothers , Michael ( 1913 – 1940 ) and Richard ( 1911 – 1977 ) , and a younger maternal half @-@ sister born out of wedlock , cellist Amaryllis Fleming ( 1925 – 1999 ) , whose father was the artist Augustus John . Amaryllis was conceived during a long @-@ term affair between John and Evelyn that started in 1923 , some six years after the death of Valentine . = = = Education and early life = = = In 1914 Fleming attended Durnford School , a preparatory school on the Isle of Purbeck in Dorset . He did not enjoy his time at Durnford ; he suffered unpalatable food , physical hardship and bullying . In 1921 Fleming enrolled at Eton College . Although not a high achiever academically , he excelled at athletics and held the title of Victor Ludorum ( " Winner of the Games " ) for two years between 1925 and 1927 . He also edited a school magazine , The Wyvern . His lifestyle at Eton brought him into conflict with his housemaster , E. V. Slater , who disapproved of Fleming 's attitude , his hair oil , his ownership of a car and his relations with women . Slater persuaded Fleming 's mother to remove him from Eton a term early for a crammer course to gain entry to the Royal Military College at Sandhurst . He spent less than a year there , leaving in 1927 without gaining a commission , after contracting gonorrhea . In 1927 , to prepare Fleming for possible entry into the Foreign Office , his mother sent him to the Tennerhof in Kitzbühel , Austria , a small private school run by the Adlerian disciple and former British spy Ernan Forbes Dennis and his novelist wife , Phyllis Bottome . After improving his language skills there , he studied briefly at Munich University and the University of Geneva . While in Geneva , Fleming began a romance with Monique Panchaud de Bottomes and the couple were briefly engaged in 1931 . His mother disapproved and made him break off the relationship . He applied for entry to the Foreign Office , but failed the examinations . His mother again intervened in his affairs , lobbying Sir Roderick Jones , head of Reuters News Agency , and in October 1931 he was given a position as a sub @-@ editor and journalist for the company . In 1933 Fleming spent time in Moscow , where he covered the Stalinist show trial of six engineers from the British company Metropolitan @-@ Vickers . While there he applied for an interview with Soviet premier Joseph Stalin , and was amazed to receive a personally signed note apologising for not being able to attend . Fleming bowed to family pressure in October 1933 , and went into banking with a position at the financiers Cull & Co . In 1935 he moved to Rowe and Pitman on Bishopsgate as a stockbroker . Fleming was unsuccessful in both roles . Early in 1939 Fleming began an affair with Ann O 'Neill ( née Charteris ) , who was married to the 3rd Baron O 'Neill ; she was also having an affair with Esmond Harmsworth , the heir to Lord Rothermere , owner of the Daily Mail . = = = Second World War = = = In May 1939 Fleming was recruited by Rear Admiral John Godfrey , Director of Naval Intelligence of the Royal Navy , to become his personal assistant . He joined the organisation full @-@ time in August 1939 , with the codename " 17F " , and worked out of Room 39 at The Admiralty . Fleming 's biographer , Andrew Lycett , notes that Fleming had " no obvious qualifications " for the role . As part of his appointment , Fleming was commissioned into the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve in July 1939 , initially as lieutenant , but promoted to commander a few months later . Fleming proved invaluable as Godfrey 's personal assistant and excelled in administration . Godfrey was known as an abrasive character who made enemies within government circles . He frequently used Fleming as a liaison with other sections of the government 's wartime administration , such as the Secret Intelligence Service , the Political Warfare Executive , the Special Operations Executive ( SOE ) , the Joint Intelligence Committee and the Prime Minister 's staff . On 29 September 1939 , soon after the start of the war , Godfrey circulated a memorandum that , " bore all the hallmarks of ... Lieutenant Commander Ian Fleming " , according to historian Ben Macintyre . It was called the Trout Memo and compared the deception of an enemy in wartime to fly fishing . The memo contained a number of schemes to be considered for use against the Axis powers to lure U @-@ boats and German surface ships towards minefields . Number 28 on the list was an idea to plant misleading papers on a corpse that would be found by the enemy ; the suggestion is similar to Operation Mincemeat , the successful 1943 plan to conceal the intended invasion of Italy from North Africa , although that idea was developed by Charles Cholmondoley in October 1942 . The recommendation in the Trout Memo was titled : " A Suggestion ( not a very nice one ) " , and continued : " The following suggestion is used in a book by Basil Thomson : a corpse dressed as an airman , with despatches in his pockets , could be dropped on the coast , supposedly from a parachute that has failed . I understand there is no difficulty in obtaining corpses at the Naval Hospital , but , of course , it would have to be a fresh one . " In 1940 Fleming and Godfrey contacted Kenneth Mason , Professor of Geography at Oxford University , about the preparation of reports on the geography of countries involved in military operations . These reports were the precursors of the Naval Intelligence Division Geographical Handbook Series produced between 1941 and 1946 . Operation Ruthless , a plan aimed at obtaining details of the Enigma codes used by Nazi Germany 's navy , was instigated by a memo written by Fleming to Godfrey on 12 September 1940 . The idea was to " obtain " a German bomber , man it with a German @-@ speaking crew dressed in Luftwaffe uniforms , and crash it into the English Channel . The crew would then attack their German rescuers and bring their boat and Enigma machine back to England . Much to the annoyance of Alan Turing and Peter Twinn at Bletchley Park , the mission was never carried out . According to Fleming 's niece , Lucy , an official of the Royal Air Force pointed out that if they were to drop a downed Heinkel bomber in the English Channel , it would probably sink rather quickly . Fleming also worked with Colonel " Wild Bill " Donovan , President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's special representative on intelligence co @-@ operation between London and Washington . In May 1941 Fleming accompanied Godfrey to the United States , where he assisted in writing a blueprint for the Office of the Coordinator of Information , the department that turned into the Office of Strategic Services and eventually became the CIA . Admiral Godfrey put Fleming in charge of Operation Goldeneye between 1941 and 1942 ; Goldeneye was a plan to maintain an intelligence framework in Spain in the event of a German takeover of the territory . Fleming 's plan involved maintaining communication with Gibraltar and launching sabotage operations against the Nazis . In 1941 he liaised with Donovan over American involvement in a measure intended to ensure that the Germans did not dominate the seaways . = = = = 30 Assault Unit = = = = In 1942 Fleming formed a unit of commandos , known as No. 30 Commando or 30 Assault Unit ( 30AU ) , composed of specialist intelligence troops . 30AU 's job was to be near the front line of an advance — sometimes in front of it — to seize enemy documents from previously targeted headquarters . The unit was based on a German group headed by Otto Skorzeny , who had undertaken similar activities in the Battle of Crete in May 1941 . The German unit was thought by Fleming to be " one of the most outstanding innovations in German intelligence " . Fleming did not fight in the field with the unit , but selected targets and directed operations from the rear . On its formation the unit was only thirty strong , but it grew to five times that size . The unit was filled with men from other commando units , and trained in unarmed combat , safe @-@ cracking and lock @-@ picking at the SOE facilities . In late 1942 Captain ( later Rear @-@ Admiral ) Edmund Rushbrooke replaced Godfrey as head of the Naval Intelligence Division , and Fleming 's influence in the organisation declined , although he retained control over 30AU . Fleming was unpopular with the unit 's members , who disliked his referring to them as his " Red Indians " . Before the 1944 Normandy landings , most of 30AU 's operations were in the Mediterranean , although it secretly participated in the Dieppe Raid in a failed pinch raid for an Enigma machine and related materials . Because of its successes in Sicily and Italy , 30AU became greatly trusted by naval intelligence . In March 1944 Fleming oversaw the distribution of intelligence to Royal Navy units in preparation for Operation Overlord . He was replaced as head of 30AU on 6 June 1944 , but maintained some involvement . He visited 30AU in the field during and after Overlord , especially following an attack on Cherbourg for which he was concerned that the unit had been incorrectly used as a regular commando force rather than an intelligence @-@ gathering unit . This wasted the men 's specialist skills , risked their safety on operations that did not justify the use of such skilled operatives , and threatened the vital gathering of intelligence . Afterwards , the management of these units was revised . He also followed the unit into Germany after it located , in Tambach Castle , the German naval archives from 1870 . In December 1944 Fleming was posted on an intelligence fact @-@ finding trip to the Far East on behalf of the Director of Naval Intelligence . Much of the trip was spent identifying opportunities for 30AU in the Pacific , although the unit ultimately saw little action because of the Japanese surrender . = = = = T @-@ Force = = = = The success of 30AU led to the August 1944 decision to establish a " Target Force " , which became known as T @-@ Force . The official memorandum , held at The National Archives in London , describes the unit 's primary role : " T @-@ Force = Target Force , to guard and secure documents , persons , equipment , with combat and Intelligence personnel , after capture of large towns , ports etc. in liberated and enemy territory . " Fleming sat on the committee that selected the targets for the T @-@ Force unit , and listed them in the " Black Books " that were issued to the unit 's officers . The infantry component of T @-@ Force was in part made up of the 5th Battalion , King 's Regiment , which supported the Second Army . It was responsible for securing targets of interest for the British military , including nuclear laboratories , gas research centres and individual rocket scientists . The unit 's most notable discoveries came during the advance on the German port of Kiel , in the research centre for German engines used in the V @-@ 2 rocket , Messerschmitt Me 163 fighters and high @-@ speed U @-@ boats . Fleming would later use elements of the activities of T @-@ Force in his writing , particularly in his 1955 Bond novel Moonraker . In 1942 Fleming attended an Anglo @-@ American intelligence summit in Jamaica and , despite the constant heavy rain during his visit , he decided to live on the island once the war was over . His friend Ivar Bryce helped find a plot of land in Saint Mary Parish where , in 1945 , Fleming had a house built , which he named Goldeneye . The name of the house and estate where he wrote his novels has many possible sources . Fleming himself mentioned both his wartime Operation Goldeneye and Carson McCullers ' 1941 novel Reflections in a Golden Eye , which described the use of British naval bases in the Caribbean by the American navy . Fleming was awarded the Danish Frihedsmedalje in October 1947 for his contribution in assisting Danish officers escaping from Denmark to Britain during the occupation of Denmark . = = = Post @-@ war = = = Upon Fleming 's demobilisation in May 1945 , he became the Foreign Manager in the Kemsley newspaper group , which at the time owned The Sunday Times . In this role he oversaw the paper 's worldwide network of correspondents . His contract allowed him to take three months holiday every winter , which he took in Jamaica . Fleming worked full @-@ time for the paper until December 1959 , but continued to write articles and attend the Tuesday weekly meetings until at least 1961 . After Ann Charteris ' first husband died in the war , she expected to marry Fleming , but he decided to remain a bachelor . On 28 June 1945 , she married the second Viscount Rothermere . Nevertheless , Charteris continued her affair with Fleming , travelling to Jamaica to see him under the pretext of visiting his friend and neighbour Noël Coward . In 1948 she gave birth to Fleming 's daughter , Mary , who was stillborn . Rothermere divorced Charteris in 1951 because of her relationship with Fleming , and the couple married on 24 March 1952 in Jamaica , a few months before their son Caspar was born in August . Both Fleming and Ann had affairs during their marriage , she , most notably , with Hugh Gaitskell , the Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition . Fleming had a long @-@ term affair in Jamaica with one of his neighbours , Blanche Blackwell , mother of Chris Blackwell of Island Records . = = = 1950s = = = Fleming had first mentioned to friends during the war that he wanted to write a spy novel , an ambition he achieved within two months with Casino Royale . He started writing the book at Goldeneye on 17 February 1952 , gaining inspiration from his own experiences and imagination . He claimed afterwards that he wrote the novel to distract himself from his forthcoming wedding to the pregnant Charteris , and called the work his " dreadful oafish opus " . His manuscript was typed in London by Joan Howe ( mother of travel writer Rory MacLean ) , and Fleming 's red @-@ haired secretary at The Times on whom the character Miss Moneypenny was partially based . Clare Blanchard , a former girlfriend , advised him not to publish the book , or at least to do so under a pseudonym . During Casino Royale 's final draft stages , Fleming allowed his friend William Plomer to see a copy , and remarked " so far as I can see the element of suspense is completely absent " . Despite this , Plomer thought the book had sufficient promise and sent a copy to the publishing house Jonathan Cape . At first , they were unenthusiastic about the novel , but Fleming 's brother Peter , whose books they managed , persuaded the company to publish it . On 13 April 1953 Casino Royale was released in the UK in hardcover , priced at 10s 6d , with a cover designed by Fleming . It was a success and three print runs were needed to cope with the demand . The novel centres on the exploits of James Bond , an officer in the Secret Intelligence Service , commonly known as MI6 . Bond was also known by his code number , 007 , and was a commander in the Royal Naval Reserve . Fleming took the name for his character from that of the American ornithologist James Bond , an expert on Caribbean birds and author of the definitive field guide Birds of the West Indies . Fleming , himself a keen birdwatcher , had a copy of Bond 's guide , and later told the ornithologist 's wife , " that this brief , unromantic , Anglo @-@ Saxon and yet very masculine name was just what I needed , and so a second James Bond was born " . In a 1962 interview in The New Yorker , he further explained : " When I wrote the first one in 1953 , I wanted Bond to be an extremely dull , uninteresting man to whom things happened ; I wanted him to be a blunt instrument ... when I was casting around for a name for my protagonist I thought by God , [ James Bond ] is the dullest name I ever heard . " Fleming based his creation on individuals he met during his time in the Naval Intelligence Division , and admitted that Bond " was a compound of all the secret agents and commando types I met during the war " . Among those types were his brother Peter , whom he worshipped , and who had been involved in behind @-@ the @-@ lines operations in Norway and Greece during the war . Fleming envisaged that Bond would resemble the composer , singer and actor Hoagy Carmichael , although others , such as author and historian Ben Macintyre , identify aspects of Fleming 's own looks in his description of Bond . General references in the novels describe Bond as having " dark , rather cruel good looks " . Fleming also modelled aspects of Bond on Conrad O 'Brien @-@ ffrench , a spy whom Fleming had met while skiing in Kitzbühel in the 1930s , Patrick Dalzel @-@ Job , who served with distinction in 30AU during the war , and Bill " Biffy " Dunderdale , station head of MI6 in Paris , who wore cufflinks and handmade suits and was chauffeured around Paris in a Rolls @-@ Royce . Sir Fitzroy Maclean was another possible model for Bond , based on his wartime work behind enemy lines in the Balkans , as was the MI6 double agent Dušan Popov . Fleming also endowed Bond with many of his own traits , including the same golf handicap , his taste for scrambled eggs , his love of gambling , and use of the same brand of toiletries . After the publication of Casino Royale , Fleming used his annual holiday at his house in Jamaica to write another Bond story . Twelve Bond novels and two short @-@ story collections were published between 1953 and 1966 , the last two ( The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights ) posthumously . Much of the background to the stories came from Fleming 's previous work in the Naval Intelligence Division or from events he knew of from the Cold War . The plot of From Russia , with Love uses a fictional Soviet Spektor decoding machine as a lure to trap Bond ; the Spektor had its roots in the wartime German Enigma machine . The novel 's plot device of spies on the Orient Express was based on the story of Eugene Karp , a US naval attaché and intelligence agent based in Budapest who took the Orient Express from Budapest to Paris in February 1950 , carrying papers about blown US spy networks in the Eastern Bloc . Soviet assassins already on the train drugged the conductor , and Karp 's body was found shortly afterwards in a railway tunnel south of Salzburg . Many of the names used in the Bond works came from people Fleming knew : Scaramanga , the principal villain in The Man with the Golden Gun , was named after a fellow Eton schoolboy with whom Fleming fought ; Goldfinger , from the eponymous novel , was named after British architect Ernő Goldfinger , whose work Fleming abhorred ; Sir Hugo Drax , the antagonist of Moonraker , was named after Fleming 's acquaintance Admiral Sir Reginald Aylmer Ranfurly Plunkett @-@ Ernle @-@ Erle @-@ Drax ; Drax 's assistant , Krebs , bears the same name as Hitler 's last Chief of Staff ; and one of the homosexual villains from Diamonds Are Forever , " Boofy " Kidd , was named after one of Fleming 's close friends — and a relative of his wife — Arthur Gore , 8th Earl of Arran , known as Boofy to his friends . Fleming 's first work of non @-@ fiction , The Diamond Smugglers , was published in 1957 and was partly based on background research for his fourth Bond novel , Diamonds Are Forever . Much of the material had appeared in The Sunday Times and was based on Fleming 's interviews with John Collard , a member of the International Diamond Security Organisation who had previously worked in MI5 . The book received mixed reviews in the UK and US . For the first five books ( Casino Royale , Live and Let Die , Moonraker , Diamonds Are Forever and From Russia , with Love ) Fleming received broadly positive reviews . That began to change in March 1958 when Bernard Bergonzi , in the journal Twentieth Century , attacked Fleming 's work as containing " a strongly marked streak of voyeurism and sado @-@ masochism " and wrote that the books showed " the total lack of any ethical frame of reference " . The article compared Fleming unfavourably with John Buchan and Raymond Chandler on both moral and literary criteria . A month later , Dr. No was published , and Fleming received harsh criticism from a number of reviewers who , in the words of Ben Macintyre , " rounded on Fleming , almost as a pack " . The most strongly worded of the critiques came from Paul Johnson of the New Statesman , who , in his review " Sex , Snobbery and Sadism " , called the novel " without doubt , the nastiest book I have ever read " . Johnson went on to say that " by the time I was a third of the way through , I had to suppress a strong impulse to throw the thing away " . Although Johnson recognised that in Bond there " was a social phenomenon of some importance " , this was seen as a negative element , as the phenomenon concerned " three basic ingredients in Dr No , all unhealthy , all thoroughly English : the sadism of a schoolboy bully , the mechanical , two @-@ dimensional sex @-@ longings of a frustrated adolescent , and the crude , snob @-@ cravings of a suburban adult . " Johnson saw no positives in Dr. No , and said , " Mr Fleming has no literary skill , the construction of the book is chaotic , and entire incidents and situations are inserted , and then forgotten , in a haphazard manner . " Lycett notes that Fleming " went into a personal and creative decline " after marital problems and the attacks on his work . Goldfinger had been written before the publication of Dr. No ; the next book Fleming produced after the criticism was For Your Eyes Only , a collection of short stories derived from outlines written for a television series that did not come to fruition . Lycett noted that , as Fleming was writing the television scripts and the short stories , " Ian 's mood of weariness and self @-@ doubt was beginning to affect his writing " , which can be seen in Bond 's thoughts . = = = 1960s = = = In 1960 Fleming was commissioned by the Kuwait Oil Company to write a book on the country and its oil industry . The Kuwaiti Government disapproved of the typescript , State of Excitement : Impressions of Kuwait , and it was never published . According to Fleming : " The Oil Company expressed approval of the book but felt it their duty to submit the typescript to members of the Kuwait Government for their approval . The Sheikhs concerned found unpalatable certain mild comments and criticisms and particularly the passages referring to the adventurous past of the country which now wishes to be ' civilised ' in every respect and forget its romantic origins . " Fleming followed the disappointment of For Your Eyes Only with Thunderball , the novelization of a film script on which he had worked with others . The work had started in 1958 when Fleming 's friend Ivar Bryce introduced him to a young Irish writer and director , Kevin McClory , and the three , together with Fleming and Bryce 's friend Ernest Cuneo , worked on a script . In October McClory introduced experienced screenwriter Jack Whittingham to the newly formed team , and by December 1959 McClory and Whittingham sent Fleming a script . Fleming had been having second thoughts on McClory 's involvement and , in January 1960 , explained his intention of delivering the screenplay to MCA , with a recommendation from him and Bryce that McClory act as producer . He additionally told McClory that if MCA rejected the film because of McClory 's involvement , then McClory should either sell himself to MCA , back out of the deal , or file a suit in court . Working at Goldeneye between January and March 1960 , Fleming wrote the novel Thunderball , based on the screenplay written by himself , Whittingham and McClory . In March 1961 McClory read an advance copy , and he and Whittingham immediately petitioned the High Court in London for an injunction to stop publication . After two court actions , the second in November 1961 , Fleming offered McClory a deal , settling out of court . McClory gained the literary and film rights for the screenplay , while Fleming was given the rights to the novel , provided it was acknowledged as " based on a screen treatment by Kevin McClory , Jack Whittingham and the Author " . Fleming 's books had always sold well , but in 1961 sales increased dramatically . On 17 March 1961 , four years after its publication and three years after the heavy criticism of Dr. No , an article in Life listed From Russia , with Love as one of US President John F. Kennedy 's ten favourite books . Kennedy and Fleming had previously met in Washington . This accolade and the associated publicity led to a surge in sales that made Fleming the biggest @-@ selling crime writer in the US . Fleming considered From Russia , with Love to be his best novel , although he admitted , " the great thing is that each one of the books seems to have been a favourite with one or other section of the public and none has yet been completely damned . " In April 1961 , shortly before the second court case on Thunderball , Fleming had a heart attack during a regular weekly meeting at The Sunday Times . While he was convalescing , one of his friends , Duff Dunbar , gave him a copy of Beatrix Potter 's The Tale of Squirrel Nutkin and suggested that he take the time to write up the bedtime story that Fleming used to tell to his son Caspar each evening . Fleming attacked the project with gusto and wrote to his publisher , Michael Howard of Jonathan Cape , joking that " There is not a moment , even on the edge of the tomb , when I am not slaving for you " ; the result was Fleming 's only children 's novel , Chitty @-@ Chitty @-@ Bang @-@ Bang , which was published in October 1964 , two months after his death . In June 1961 Fleming sold a six @-@ month option on the film rights to his published and future James Bond novels and short stories to Harry Saltzman . Saltzman formed the production vehicle Eon Productions along with Albert R. " Cubby " Broccoli , and after an extensive search , they hired Sean Connery on a five @-@ film deal , beginning with Dr. No ( 1962 ) . Connery 's depiction of Bond affected the literary character ; in You Only Live Twice , the first book written after Dr. No was released , Fleming gave Bond a sense of humour that was not present in the previous stories . Fleming 's second non @-@ fiction book was published in November 1963 : Thrilling Cities , a reprint of a series of Sunday Times articles based on Fleming 's impressions of a number of world cities in trips taken during 1959 and 1960 . Approached in 1964 by producer Norman Felton to write a spy series for television , Fleming provided several ideas , including the names of characters Napoleon Solo and April Dancer , for the series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. However , Fleming withdrew from the project following a request from Eon Productions , who were keen to avoid any legal problems that might occur if the project overlapped with the Bond films . In January 1964 Fleming went to Goldeneye for what proved to be his last holiday and wrote the first draft of The Man with the Golden Gun . He was dissatisfied with it and wrote to William Plomer , the copy editor of his novels , asking for it to be rewritten . Fleming became increasingly unhappy with the book and considered rewriting it , but was dissuaded by Plomer , who considered it viable for publication . = = = Death = = = Fleming was a heavy smoker and drinker throughout his adult life , and suffered from heart disease . In 1961 , aged 53 , he suffered a heart attack and struggled to recuperate . On 11 August 1964 , while staying at a hotel in Canterbury , Fleming went to the Royal St George 's Golf Club for lunch and later dined at his hotel with friends . The day had been tiring for him , and he collapsed with another heart attack shortly after the meal . Fleming died at age 56 in the early morning of 12 August 1964 — his son Caspar 's twelfth birthday . His last recorded words were an apology to the ambulance drivers for having inconvenienced them , saying " I am sorry to trouble you chaps . I don 't know how you get along so fast with the traffic on the roads these days . " Fleming was buried in the churchyard of Sevenhampton village , near Swindon . Fleming 's last two books , The Man with the Golden Gun and Octopussy and The Living Daylights , were published posthumously . The Man with the Golden Gun was published eight months after Fleming 's death and had not been through the full editing process by Fleming . As a result , the novel was thought by publishing company Jonathan Cape to be thin and " feeble " . The publishers had passed the manuscript to Kingsley Amis to read on holiday , although they did not use his suggestions . Fleming 's biographer Henry Chandler observes that the novel " received polite and rather sad reviews , recognising that the book had effectively been left half @-@ finished , and as such did not represent Fleming at the top of his game " . The final Bond book , containing two short stories , Octopussy and The Living Daylights , was published in Britain on 23 June 1966 . In October 1975 , Fleming 's son Caspar , aged 23 , committed suicide by drug overdose and was buried with his father . Fleming 's widow , Ann , died in 1981 and was buried with her husband and their son . = = Writing = = The author Raymond Benson , who later wrote a series of Bond novels , noted that Fleming 's books fall into two distinct periods along stylistic lines . Those books written between 1953 and 1960 tend to concentrate on " mood , character development , and plot advancement " , while those released between 1961 and 1966 incorporate more detail and imagery . Benson argues that Fleming had become " a master storyteller " by the time he wrote Thunderball in 1961 . Jeremy Black divides the series based on the villains Fleming created , a division supported by fellow academic Christoph Linder . Thus the early books from Casino Royale to For Your Eyes Only are classed as " Cold War stories " , with SMERSH as the antagonists , followed by Blofeld and SPECTRE as Bond 's opponents in the three novels Thunderball , On Her Majesty 's Secret Service and You Only Live Twice , after the thawing of East – West relations . Black and Linder both classify the remaining books — The Man with the Golden Gun , Octopussy and The Living Daylights and The Spy Who Loved Me — as " the later Fleming stories " . = = = Style and technique = = = Fleming said of his work , " while thrillers may not be Literature with a capital L , it is possible to write what I can best describe as ' thrillers designed to be read as literature ' " . He named Raymond Chandler , Dashiell Hammett , Eric Ambler and Graham Greene as influences . William Cook in the New Statesman considered James Bond to be " the culmination of an important but much @-@ maligned tradition in English literature . As a boy , Fleming devoured the Bulldog Drummond tales of Lieutenant Colonel H. C. McNeile ( aka " Sapper " ) and the Richard Hannay stories of John Buchan . His genius was to repackage these antiquated adventures to fit the fashion of postwar Britain ... In Bond , he created a Bulldog Drummond for the jet age . " Umberto Eco considered Mickey Spillane to have been another major influence . In May 1963 Fleming wrote a piece for Books and Bookmen magazine in which he described his approach to writing Bond books : " I write for about three hours in the morning ... and I do another hour 's work between six and seven in the evening . I never correct anything and I never go back to see what I have written ... By following my formula , you write 2 @,@ 000 words a day . " Benson identified what he described as the " Fleming Sweep " , the use of " hooks " at the end of chapters to heighten tension and pull the reader into the next . The hooks combine with what Anthony Burgess calls " a heightened journalistic style " to produce " a speed of narrative , which hustles the reader past each danger point of mockery " . Umberto Eco analysed Fleming 's works from a Structuralist point of view , and identified a series of oppositions within the storylines that provide structure and narrative , including : Eco also noted that the Bond villains tend to come from Central Europe or from Slavic or Mediterranean countries and have a mixed heritage and " complex and obscure origins " . Eco found that the villains were generally asexual or homosexual , inventive , organisationally astute , and wealthy . Black observed the same point : " Fleming did not use class enemies for his villains instead relying on physical distortion or ethnic identity ... Furthermore , in Britain foreign villains used foreign servants and employees ... This racism reflected not only a pronounced theme of interwar adventure writing , such as the novels of Buchan , but also wider literary culture . " Writer Louise Welsh found that the novel Live and Let Die " taps into the paranoia that some sectors of white society were feeling " as the civil rights movements challenged prejudice and inequality . Fleming used well @-@ known brand names and everyday details to support a sense of realism . Kingsley Amis called this " the Fleming effect " , describing it as " the imaginative use of information , whereby the pervading fantastic nature of Bond 's world ... [ is ] bolted down to some sort of reality , or at least counter @-@ balanced . " = = = Major themes = = = = = = = Britain 's position in the world = = = = The Bond books were written in post @-@ war Britain , when the country was still an imperial power . As the series progressed , the British Empire was in decline ; journalist William Cook observed that " Bond pandered to Britain 's inflated and increasingly insecure self @-@ image , flattering us with the fantasy that Britannia could still punch above her weight . " This decline of British power was referred to in several of the novels ; in From Russia , with Love , it manifested itself in Bond 's conversations with Darko Kerim , when Bond admits that in England , " we don 't show teeth any more — only gums . " The theme is strongest in one of the later books of the series , the 1964 novel You Only Live Twice , in conversations between Bond and the head of Japan 's secret intelligence service , Tiger Tanaka . Fleming was acutely aware of the loss of British prestige in the 1950s and early 60s , particularly during the Indonesia – Malaysia confrontation , when he had Tanaka accuse Britain of throwing away the empire " with both hands " . Black points to the defections of four members of MI6 to the Soviet Union as having a major impact on how Britain was viewed in US intelligence circles . The last of the defections was that of Kim Philby in January 1963 , while Fleming was still writing the first draft of You Only Live Twice . The briefing between Bond and M is the first time in the twelve books that Fleming acknowledges the defections . Black contends that the conversation between M and Bond allows Fleming to discuss the decline of Britain , with the defections and the Profumo Affair of 1963 as a backdrop . Two of the defections had taken place shortly before Fleming wrote Casino Royale , and the book can be seen as the writer 's " attempt to reflect the disturbing moral ambiguity of a post @-@ war world that could produce traitors like Burgess and Maclean " , according to Lycett . By the end of the series , in the 1965 novel , The Man with the Golden Gun , Black notes that an independent inquiry was undertaken by the Jamaican judiciary , while the CIA and MI6 were recorded as acting " under the closest liaison and direction of the Jamaican CID " : this was the new world of a non @-@ colonial , independent Jamaica , further underlining the decline of the British Empire . The decline was also reflected in Bond 's use of US equipment and personnel in several novels . Uncertain and shifting geopolitics led Fleming to replace the Russian organisation SMERSH with the international terrorist group SPECTRE in Thunderball , permitting " evil unconstrained by ideology " . Black argues that SPECTRE provides a measure of continuity to the remaining stories in the series . = = = = Effects of the war = = = = A theme throughout the series was the effect of the Second World War . The Times journalist Ben Macintyre considers that Bond was " the ideal antidote to Britain 's postwar austerity , rationing and the looming premonition of lost power " , at a time when coal and many items of food were still rationed . Fleming often used the war as a signal to establish good or evil in characters : in For Your Eyes Only , the villain , Hammerstein , is a former Gestapo officer , while the sympathetic Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer , Colonel Johns , served with the British under Montgomery in the Eighth Army . Similarly , in Moonraker , Drax ( Graf Hugo von der Drache ) is a " megalomaniac German Nazi who masquerades as an English gentleman " , and his assistant , Krebbs , bears the same name as Hitler 's last Chief of Staff . In this , Fleming " exploits another British cultural antipathy of the 1950s . Germans , in the wake of the Second World War , made another easy and obvious target for bad press . " As the series progressed , the threat of a re @-@ emergent Germany was overtaken by concerns about the Cold War , and the novels changed their focus accordingly . = = = = Comradeship = = = = Periodically in the series , the topic of comradeship or friendship arises , with a male ally who works with Bond on his mission . Raymond Benson believes that the relationships Bond has with his allies " add another dimension to Bond 's character , and ultimately , to the thematic continuity of the novels " . In Live and Let Die , agents Quarrel and Leiter represent the importance of male friends and allies , seen especially in Bond 's response to the shark attack on Leiter ; Benson observes that " the loyalty Bond feels towards his friends is as strong as his commitment to his job " . In Dr. No , Quarrel is " an indispensable ally " . Benson sees no evidence of discrimination in their relationship and notes Bond 's genuine remorse and sadness at Quarrel 's death . = = = = The " traitor within " = = = = From the opening novel in the series , the theme of treachery was strong . Bond 's target in Casino Royale , Le Chiffre , was the paymaster of a French communist trade union , and the overtones of a fifth column struck a chord with the largely British readership , as Communist influence in the trade unions had been an issue in the press and parliament , especially after the defections of Burgess and Maclean in 1951 . The " traitor within " theme continued in Live and Let Die and Moonraker . = = = = Good versus evil = = = = Raymond Benson considered the most obvious theme of the series to be good versus evil . This crystallised in Goldfinger with the Saint George motif , which is stated explicitly in the book : " Bond sighed wearily . Once more into the breach , dear friend ! This time it really was St George and the dragon . And St George had better get a move on and do something " ; Black notes that the image of St. George is an English , rather than British personification . = = = = Anglo @-@ American relations = = = = The Bond novels also dealt with the question of Anglo @-@ American relations , reflecting the central role of the US in the defence of the West . In the aftermath of the Second World War , tensions surfaced between a British government trying to retain its empire and the American desire for a capitalist new world order , but Fleming did not focus on this directly , instead creating " an impression of the normality of British imperial rule and action " . Author and journalist Christopher Hitchens observed that " the central paradox of the classic Bond stories is that , although superficially devoted to the Anglo @-@ American war against communism , they are full of contempt and resentment for America and Americans " . Although Fleming was aware of this tension between the two countries , he did not focus on it strongly . Kingsley Amis , in his exploration of Bond in The James Bond Dossier , pointed out that " Leiter , such a nonentity as a piece of characterization ... he , the American , takes orders from Bond , the Britisher , and that Bond is constantly doing better than he " . For three of the novels , Goldfinger , Live and Let Die and Dr. No , it is Bond the British agent who has to sort out what turns out to be an American problem , and Black points out that although it is American assets that are under threat in Dr. No , a British agent and a British warship , HMS Narvik , are sent with British soldiers to the island at the end of the novel to settle the matter . Fleming became increasingly jaundiced about America , and his comments in the penultimate novel You Only Live Twice reflect this ; Bond 's responses to Tanaka 's comments reflect the declining relationship between Britain and America — in sharp contrast to the warm , co @-@ operative relationship between Bond and Leiter in the earlier books . = = Legacy = = In the late 1950s the author Geoffrey Jenkins had suggested to Fleming that he write a Bond novel set in South Africa , and sent him his own idea for a plot outline which , according to Jenkins , Fleming felt had great potential . After Fleming 's death , Jenkins was commissioned by Bond publishers Glidrose Productions to write a continuation Bond novel , Per Fine Ounce , but it was never published . Starting with Kingsley Amis 's Colonel Sun , under the pseudonym " Robert Markham " in 1968 , several authors have been commissioned to write Bond novels , including Sebastian Faulks , who was asked by Ian Fleming Publications to write a new Bond novel in observance of what would have been Fleming 's 100th birthday in 2008 . During his lifetime Fleming sold thirty million books ; double that number were sold in the two years following his death . In 2008 The Times ranked Fleming fourteenth on its list of " The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 " . In 2002 Ian Fleming Publications announced the launch of the CWA Ian Fleming Steel Dagger award , presented by the Crime Writers ' Association to the best thriller , adventure or spy novel originally published in the UK . The Eon Productions series of Bond films , which started in 1962 with Dr. No , continued after Fleming 's death . Along with two non @-@ Eon produced films , there have been twenty four Eon films , with the most recent , Spectre , released in October 2015 . The Eon Productions series has grossed over $ 6 @.@ 2 billion worldwide , making it the one of the highest grossing film series . The influence of Bond in the cinema and in literature is evident in films and books as diverse as the Austin Powers series , Carry On Spying and the Jason Bourne character . In 2011 Fleming became the first English @-@ language writer to have an international airport named after him : Ian Fleming International Airport , near Oracabessa , Jamaica , was officially opened on 12 January 2011 by Jamaican Prime Minister Bruce Golding and Fleming 's niece , Lucy . = = Works = = = = Biographical films = = Goldeneye : The Secret Life of Ian Fleming , 1989 . A television film starring Charles Dance as Fleming . The film focuses on Fleming 's life during the Second World War , his love life and the writing of James Bond . Spymaker : The Secret Life of Ian Fleming , 1990 . A television film starring Jason Connery ( son of Sean ) as Fleming in a Bond @-@ like adventure set during World War II . Ian Fleming : Bondmaker , 2005 . A television drama @-@ documentary , first broadcast on BBC on 28 August 2005 . Ben Daniels portrayed Fleming . Ian Fleming : Where Bond Began , 2008 . Television documentary about the life of Ian Fleming , broadcast 19 October 2008 by the BBC . Presented by former Bond girl , Joanna Lumley . The film Age of Heroes is based on the exploits of 30 Commando ; James D 'Arcy played Fleming . Fleming : The Man Who Would Be Bond , a BBC America television four @-@ episode mini @-@ series , broadcast in January and February 2014 , starring Dominic Cooper in the title role .
= Radioplane RP @-@ 77 = The Radioplane RP @-@ 77 was a small target drone missile , constructed largely of plastic materials , produced by the Radioplane division of the Northrop Corporation . Although the RP @-@ 77D was successfully tested by the United States Army , the decision was made not to procure the aircraft . = = Design and development = = The development of the RP @-@ 77 began in 1955 . Similar in outline to Radioplane 's earlier OQ @-@ 19 , four prototypes of the RP @-@ 77 were constructed , two each of the RP @-@ 77 , powered by a four @-@ cylinder McCulloch piston engine , and of the RP @-@ 77A , powered by a six @-@ cylinder Lycoming engine . Results of flight @-@ testing were insufficient to interest the U.S. Army , however in 1957 a proposal for an improved RP @-@ 77D , powered by a Boeing 502 turboprop , resulted in a contract for the construction of 20 aircraft . The design of the RP @-@ 77D made extensive use of glass @-@ polyester plastic materials . The drone was launched using a rocket @-@ assisted take @-@ off system consisting of four Loki rockets , and was fitted with a radio control apparatus that , with the assistance of radar tracking , allowed the drone to be operated at a considerable distance from its launching point . In addition to equipment typically carried by target drones , the RP @-@ 77D could be equipped with reconnaissance or meteorological sensors , or with air sampling equipment . The RP @-@ 77D utilised the RPTA tracking system , developed by Radioplane , using audio frequency tones for control . Tip tanks allowed for carriage of additional fuel to extend the aircraft 's range , and recovery at the end of the flight was by parachute . An improved version of the RP @-@ 77D was projected , with provision for launching RP @-@ 76 target missiles . = = Operational history = = Following its maiden flight in March 1958 , evaluation of the RP @-@ 77D by the U.S. Army took place throughout the remainder of that year , nearly 40 test flights being conducted . Although the test results were generally satisfactory , it was determined that the performance of the aircraft was an insufficient improvement over existing types in service to have the aircraft ordered into production , and the project was cancelled , along with the improved RP @-@ 86 , a dedicated reconnaissance variant . Following the termination of the Army 's evaluation , Radioplane , as a private venture , conducted an improvement program for the RP @-@ 77D , fitting the aircraft with a larger wing , along with other modifications that improved the performance of the drone . However these improvements were insufficient to produce a renewed interest from the Army . = = Variants = = RP @-@ 77 Prototype model powered by McCulloch piston engine ; two built . RP @-@ 77A Prototype model powered by Lycoming IMO @-@ 360 piston engine ; two built RP @-@ 77B Proposed version of RP @-@ 77 with turbo @-@ supercharged McCulloch engine , none built . RP @-@ 77C Proposed version of RP @-@ 77A with turbo @-@ supercharged Lycoming SO @-@ 360M engine , none built . RP @-@ 77D Production prototype with Boeing 502 turboprop ; twenty built for evaluation . RP @-@ 86 Proposed reconnaissance version of RP @-@ 77D ; none built . = = Specifications ( RP @-@ 77D ) = = Data from General characteristics Crew : None Length : 14 ft 10 in ( 4 @.@ 53 m ) Wingspan : 15 ft 3 in ( 4 @.@ 66 m ) Height : 5 ft 2 in ( 1 @.@ 58 m ) Gross weight : 1 @,@ 050 lb ( 476 kg ) Powerplant : 1 × Boeing 502 @-@ 10F turboprop , 285 shp ( 213 kW ) Propellers : 2 @-@ bladed Performance Maximum speed : 425 mph ( 684 km / h ; 369 kn ) Endurance : One hour at 40 @,@ 000 feet Service ceiling : 47 @,@ 000 ft ( 14 @,@ 326 m )
= Crimewave = Crimewave is a 1986 American comedy film directed by Sam Raimi written by him and the Coen brothers , and starring Louise Lasser , Paul L. Smith , Brion James , Sheree J. Wilson , Edward R. Pressman , Bruce Campbell , and Reed Birney , with Campbell also serving as a producer . Following the commercial success of The Evil Dead ( 1981 ) , Raimi and Campbell decided to collaborate on another project . Joel Coen of the Coen brothers served as one of the editors on The Evil Dead , and worked with Raimi on the screenplay . Production was difficult for several members of the crew , and the production studio , Embassy Pictures , refused to allow Raimi to edit the film . Several arguments broke out during the shoot for the film , because of continued interference by the studio . An unusual slapstick mix of film noir , black comedy and B @-@ movie conventions , the film portrays bizarre situations involving a death row inmate . The film was a box @-@ office flop , and has since fallen into obscurity outside of fans of Campbell and Raimi . Few critics reviewed the film , though the little amount of critical attention it received was mostly negative . Several elements of the film influenced later productions by Raimi , and the failure of Crimewave directly led to the inception of Evil Dead II ( 1987 ) . The film has achieved the status of a minor cult film . = = Plot = = Victor Ajax has been sentenced to death , sitting in an electric chair . In a flashback , we learn that Victor once was a promising young technician in the employ of Trend @-@ Odegard Security . Mr. Trend , co @-@ owner of the company , has learned of a plan by his partner to sell the company to Renaldo " The Heel " and responds by hiring two exterminators who promise to " kill all sizes " in order to eliminate Odegard and his plan . When Victor , who has been installing security cameras in Trend 's apartment building , seems about to go back to the store , Trend distracts him with a lecture about " the grand design " and sends Victor on a quest to find his dream girl . The dream girl is found in the form of Nancy , who responds minimally to Vic but is enamored of Renaldo . Victor and several residents of the building , including Mrs. Trend , run afoul of the killers , and a seemingly random series of slapstick murders occur , for all of which Victor is ultimately blamed . Nancy inevitably becomes target and Vic saves her and kills the exterminators after a long comical fight sequence . The flashback ends and Victor is in the electric chair , and awaits his execution while an elaborate race sequence occurs in which Nancy , accompanied by several nuns , drive manically , Nancy at the wheel , to the scene in order to prove his innocence . Before the switch is pulled however , Nancy arrives just in time and clears his name . The movie concludes with their marriage . = = Cast = = = = Production = = = = = Background = = = By 1983 , long @-@ time friends Campbell and Raimi had collaborated on several projects together . The duo had just completed the production of Within the Woods and The Evil Dead , the latter of which was a box @-@ office and critical hit . Following his involvement in The Evil Dead , Campbell had difficulty establishing a career as an actor . He appeared on the soap opera Generations , and in several local Detroit commercial ads . Meanwhile , Raimi had been collaborating with the Ethan and Joel Coen on a screenplay . Joel Coen had been one of the editors on The Evil Dead , which led to him befriending Raimi . Joel Coen 's experience editing The Evil Dead inspired him to complete his own film , Blood Simple , which was released to critical acclaim . The script would later develop into Relentless , a narrative about " two crazed killers . " Raimi was not initially optimistic about the talents of the Coen brothers . He recounted that Ethan was " just a statistic accountant at Macy 's at the time . " After reading the Blood Simple script , however , Campbell commented that the screenplay was " great " , comparing it to the work of Alfred Hitchcock . It featured " mild @-@ mannered leading men " who " get caught up in a web of fear , murder and mayhem " , elements that often defined the films directed by Hitchcock . Distributor Irvin Shapiro , who was instrumental in the commercial success of The Evil Dead , did not like the title of Relentless . He suggested putting " X " and " Murder " in the title , believing it would be more enticing to audiences . With Shapiro 's suggestion in mind , Raimi gave the film the tentative title of The XYZ Murders . = = = Filming = = = Given the commercial success of The Evil Dead , studio financial backing for the new project came quickly . Though Raimi and Campbell did not profit from the film , the studio believed in Raimi , initially allowing the director complete creative control on the project ; however , executives later took control of the production . Raimi and Campbell developed the project with Embassy Pictures ' producer Norman Lear , who supposedly had a " Midas touch " , because of the consistent success he had attained from various television productions . He suggested the title Crimewave , which was ultimately used . Raimi and the studio clashed several times during production . The first disagreement between the director and the executives stemmed from the latter 's insistence on casting a " Hollywood " actor in the lead role instead of Raimi 's long @-@ time collaborator and friend Campbell . In his 2002 autobiography If Chins Could Kill : Confessions of a B Movie Actor , Campbell commented about how difficult it was working with more established producers ; " jumping into the big time meant dealing with the excruciatingly specific and alternately vague demands of a studio , ... Hollywood executives took an interest in everything . " Campbell was surprised that he had to audition for the lead role , as he did not have to test for The Evil Dead . Campbell and his photographer friend Mike Ditz used a 16 mm film camera and shot a scene to show to the producers . Upon viewing it , the producers asserted that " Campbell will not star in this film " . In retaliation , Raimi lengthened a supporting role and gave it to Campbell : the character of Renaldo " The Heel " . This allowed for Campbell to be present through the production . Raimi budgeted the film at $ 2 @.@ 5 million , an amount the studio greenlit . But the calculations had not taken union fees and regulations into account , making the proposed budgeting and scheduling unrealistic . In addition , the crew were talked into spending three times the allotted money for one shooting location . The shoot quickly went both over budget and over schedule . At that point , the studio stepped in , with executives demanding cuts in the script , budget restrictions , layoffs , and their own supervision of the project . The studio also insisted on reviewing every batch of dailies , criticizing the decision to use cast and crew members ( including Campbell ) as extras in several scenes ( a Raimi trademark known as " Shemping " ) . Even without Embassy 's interference , however , the production was plagued with difficulties . According to Campbell , lead actress Lasser — under the influence of cocaine — fired her make @-@ up artist . She insisted that she apply all her own make @-@ up , despite objections from the cast . She would often show up on set with poorly applied " clown make @-@ up " and messed up hair , oblivious to how she appeared . There were occasions when she outright refused to leave her trailer , to the annoyance of the cast and crew . Production was often affected by " weird " events ; actor Brion James trashed his hotel room in an attempt to " exorcise a ghost from his light fixtures " . At one point , shooting was to take place at a bridge overlooking the Detroit River , which was frozen at the time . The script , however , called for clear and running water , meaning that the crew had to brave dangerously low temperatures and conditions to clear the ice ; finally they blew up the ice with dynamite . At another time , the crew spent a week filming on a Detroit street after dark , directly under a nursing home , with huge wind machines blowing for long hours . One evening a glass bottle with a note in it crashed to the ground from an upper floor . The note inside read , " The noise is keeping me awake all night long and I am getting sick . I am dying because of you . " John Cameron , second assistant director on the film , would later remark , " I see Crimewave as a real turning point in a certain way , because if you survived that experience , nothing in the business could ever be as hard again . " Raimi cited the experience as one of the least favorite moments of his career . = = = Post production = = = In post @-@ production , Embassy 's self @-@ imposed role in making Crimewave was even greater . Although Raimi , Tapert , and Campbell insisted that they had made the film as partners , the studio refused — because of the already ballooning costs — to pay for Campbell to stay in Los Angeles during post @-@ production ( although the executives later compromised ) . The studio replaced Raimi 's music composer , Joseph LoDuca , with one of its own choosing . It did the same with the editor , removing Raimi 's influence over the film 's final cut . An argument broke out near the end of the post @-@ production between Campbell and the producers . Campbell argued that he and Raimi had always closely been involved with their own film 's editing , describing the behavior of the producers as " nickel @-@ and @-@ dime @-@ bullshit " . One of the producers replied by calling Campbell an " asshole " , commenting that the crew had gone severely over budget . The difficulty during production left a negative impression on Campbell , who insisted that he wanted to never work with big @-@ budget producers again , insisting that the conduct was " soulless " and " just a business . " Raimi commented negatively about the process too , musing that " it was really wrong . It was such a horrible , horrible , horrible , depressing scene . " = = Release and reception = = After all the editing imposed by the studio , Crimewave still became a box @-@ office flop . Campbell reasoned that " cross @-@ genre " films " send marketing people scurrying under a desk " . According to him , the film was hard to market because it featured elements of horror films , comedies , and dramas . To make matters even more confusing , in France and Italy , the film 's title was changed to Death on the Grill and The Two Craziest Killers in the World respectively . In the United States , the film was only released in Kansas and Alaska , to make the film eligible for HBO broadcasting . Upon release , the film " went down in box @-@ office flames " , with Campbell commenting " it wasn 't released . It escaped ! " The " only good " screening came the Seattle International Film Festival , where the movie was promoted as a novelty film . Along with Raimi and Campbell , film critics were largely dismissive of the film . A writer for Time Out gave a negative review , writing " despite its ambition and a Coen Brothers script credit , Raimi 's second film was a disappointment after his astonishing debut The Evil Dead . " The writer did however compliment some of the set pieces featured in the film , ultimately commenting that only people interested in the early work by Raimi would be interested . Film Junk writer Sean Harley commented that the main appeal of the film is that it was directed and written by notable artists , insisting " based on their impressive filmographies and the cult followings that both have amassed , a collaboration of this magnitude would be a cinematic event like no other . " However , he commented that the film was a disappointment , noting that fans of the films by Raimi could likely enjoy it . He summarized that the film was " not a particularly brilliant movie , and it 's easily one of the weakest projects that any of these great filmmakers have been involved in " , giving it a weak recommendation . Leonard Maltin awarded the film two and a half stars out of four , describing it a " weird , almost incoherent crime story . " Celluloid Dream 's Simon Hill commented that the writing was a disappointment , musing that it did however feature " glimpses of director Raimi would become " . A scene in a dentist office reminded him of a scene from Spider @-@ Man 2 , a film also directed by Raimi . He commented that " even in his small part Campbell is the most memorable character in the film " , also praising the performance of the two exterminators . Campbell also criticized the film , describing it as a " lesson about abject failure " , writing " no matter how you slice it , the film was a dog , and everyone involved can pretty much line up and take forty whacks . As filmmakers , we failed to execute a misguided concept and our studio refused us the benefit of any doubt . " The film has achieved the status of a minor cult film . In one of the few positive notices , MTV writer Adam Rosenberg described the film as " criminally underrated " . Rosenberg disagreed with the consensus about the film , labeling it as a " hard @-@ to @-@ find classic " . Kim Newman also called the film underrated , writing that the film " revels " in its slapstick nature , taking influence from everything from horror comics to The Three Stooges . = = Aftermath = = The production of the film was a " disaster " according to Campbell , who stated that usually " missteps " like Crimewave lead to the end of a director 's career . Other people involved with the film expressed similar disappointment with the project . Fortunately , Raimi had the studio support to make a sequel to The Evil Dead , which he initially decided to make out of desperation . His career quickly recovered after Evil Dead II was filmed and released in 1987 , and was a box office success . The Coen brothers expressed similar dissatisfaction with the film , and have since directed every one of their screenplays with the exception of the 2012 film Gambit . Raimi and the Coens remained friends , and the duo cast Campbell in some of their films such as The Hudsucker Proxy ( 1994 ) and Intolerable Cruelty ( 2003 ) , the former of which was co @-@ written by Raimi . Elements of Crimewave were re @-@ used by frequent Raimi collaborator Josh Becker for the movie Lunatics : A Love Story , as well as by Raimi himself in Spider @-@ Man and its sequels . In 2010 , a Funny or Die comedy video featuring actors James Franco and Bill Hader paid tribute to Raimi , and in parody of a scene from Spider @-@ Man 2 the actors discussed Crimewave among Raimi 's other films . Collider 's Matt Goldberg stated , " I think this sketch features the first reference to Crimewave ever " . = = Home media = = Shout ! Factory released Crimewave on Blu @-@ ray / DVD Combo Pack on May 14 , 2013 .
= Starky 's = Starky 's Restaurant and Bar , or simply Starky 's ( sometimes stylized as Starkys ) , was a gay bar and restaurant in Portland , Oregon 's Kerns neighborhood , in the United States . Established in 1984 , the venue became a fixture in Portland 's gay community before closing in 2015 . It hosted LGBT events and served as a gathering space for leather enthusiasts and the Oregon Bears , among other groups . Starky 's received a generally positive reception and was most known for its Bloody Marys , brunch , and outdoor seating . = = Description and history = = Starky 's , located at 2913 Southeast Stark Street , was a gay bar and restaurant in Portland 's Kerns neighborhood . It was established in 1984 and housed in a building that was constructed in 1935 . Starky 's was known for its patio and outdoor seating , in addition to serving American cuisine , including burgers and steak . Joe Waldroff and Greg Simshaw purchased the bar in September 2004 . In 2015 , Willamette Week described the establishment as a " patioed mountain chalet with homestyle food that seems as domestic as Grandpa 's house , with busy Thursday karaoke , ' bottomless ' mimosas at its essential Sunday brunch , and a charmingly dirty @-@ avuncular bartender who seems to have an answer for everything " . Following its closure , the newspaper 's Matthew Korfage called Starky 's a " little mountain chalet " and " friendly little neighborhood bar catering to longtime regulars in the gay community with raucous karaoke , home @-@ style food and a Sunday brunch that offered up bottomless cheap @-@ bubbly mimosas unless you misbehaved " . Beginning in late 2014 , Waldroff and Simshaw listed the building and business for sale intermittently , and sold Starky 's for $ 1 @.@ 2 million in March 2015 . The duo planned to retire and expressed a willingness to sell the rights to the name and business . The bar and restaurant closed on September 13 , 2015 , after operating for 28 years . The building that housed Starky 's was demolished during November – December 2015 , and was replaced by a three @-@ story apartment building . = = = Events = = = Starky 's was a longtime fixture in Portland 's gay community . It served as a gathering space for groups such as Blackout Leather Productions , a nonprofit organization and volunteer group of leather enthusiasts in Oregon and southwest Washington , and the Oregon Bears . Historically , Starky 's sold tickets to Portland Gay Men 's Chorus performances and hosted ( or was as a starting location for ) gay pride events . The venue also hosted special events such as : a 2009 celebration and fundraiser to send eight musicians from the Rose City Gay Freedom Band to perform at Barack Obama 's inauguration , a 2013 PQ Monthly press party , Oregon Bears ' 2013 car wash fundraiser for Our House and other nonprofits , the Red Dress Party , and " Civic Pride " , which was presented by City Club of Portland in June 2014 to commemorate gay pride and LGBT Pride Month . The latter event featured guests from local organizations including : Basic Rights Oregon , Cascade AIDS Project , Equity Foundation , GLSEN Oregon , Oregon Gay and Lesbian Law Association , Oregon Safe Schools and Communities Coalition , PFLAG Portland and the PFLAG Black Chapter , Portland Latino Gay Pride , and Rosetown Ramblers . = = Reception = = Starky 's received a generally positive reception and was most known for its Bloody Marys , brunch , and outdoor seating . In 2013 , Jaime Dunkle of the Daily Vanguard , Portland State University 's student newspaper , included Starky 's as one of the " Top 5 Gay Clubs / Bars in Portland , " writing : " For maxing and relaxing : Starky 's is the best outdoor gay bar . Word on the street is that they make a killer Bloody Mary and have a yummy brunch menu . They 're old school and have been in Portland since 1984 . Check it out if you want to get away from the throbbing , meat @-@ market discos . " In 2014 , GoLocalPDX contributor Byron Beck included Starky 's in his list of the " Top 12 Gay Clubs in Portland " , writing : " Starky 's is for those who remember that brunch is best served on Sunday with a Bloody Mary . This true original is more restaurant than bar but that doesn 't stop people from coming here for some of the stiffest drinks in town . " In 2015 , Willamette Week contributors included Starky 's in their list of favorite Portland gay bars .
= Ki ( Devin Townsend Project album ) = Ki ( / ˈkiː / KEE ) is the eleventh studio album by Canadian musician Devin Townsend , and the first of six albums in the Devin Townsend Project series . The album was released on May 25 , 2009 , on Townsend 's independent record label HevyDevy Records . Townsend , the founder , songwriter , and frontman of extreme metal band Strapping Young Lad and progressive metal group The Devin Townsend Band , dissolved both bands in 2006 to spend time with his family and avoid the burnout of touring and interviewing . After a period of self @-@ discovery and a year @-@ long break from songwriting , Townsend began work on a four @-@ album series to clarify his identity as a musician . Ki includes themes of self @-@ control and sobriety , and is musically subtler than much of the artist 's previous work , consisting of ambient rock music interlaced with tentative bursts of heavy metal . The album was written , produced , mixed , and co @-@ engineered by Townsend , who also performed guitar and vocals . Townsend assembled a supporting group of Vancouver musicians including blues drummer Duris Maxwell , rock bassist Jean Savoie , keyboardist Dave Young , and guest vocalist Ché Aimee Dorval to play on the album . While some critics found the album uneven , Ki received generally positive reviews for its unexpected musical direction , along with its production , vocal dynamics , and mix of influences . = = Background = = After disbanding his extreme metal band Strapping Young Lad and his progressive metal project The Devin Townsend Band in 2006 , Townsend shaved off his trademark " skullet " hairstyle and gave up alcohol and marijuana . Townsend found it " disconcerting " that he had difficulty writing music without drugs , and that he had trouble identifying his purpose as a musician . He spent a year producing albums in absence of writing , but found it unrewarding and decided to " pick up the guitar and just write . " This began a period of self @-@ discovery where he learned " how to create without drugs " . Over two years , Townsend wrote over 60 songs , and found that they fit into " four distinct styles " . In March 2009 , Townsend announced his plans for a four @-@ album series called the Devin Townsend Project , with the goal of clarifying his musical identity and being " accountable " for the persona he projects to the public . Ki , the first album of the Devin Townsend Project , is written to " set the stage " for the subsequent albums . The word " ki " represents the Japanese concept of " life force " ( 氣 , " ki " ) . Townsend chose the name as an homage to the 1981 Kitarō album of the same name , which he " loved as a kid " . The project 's concept includes a different group of musicians for each album . For Ki , Townsend chose a group of musicians with whom he had not previously worked . He discovered Duris Maxwell , a blues drummer who has played with such acts as Heart , Jefferson Airplane , and Tommy Chong , in a blues club in northern Canada . Townsend was impressed by his energy and recruited him for Ki . Townsend also chose Jean Savoie , a music store employee who plays in a Beatles cover band , to play bass on the album . Maxwell and Savoie were ideal for the album , Townsend explained , because they had little experience playing heavy music , and had a fresh perspective that fit with Ki 's subtler sound . Townsend also brought back Dave Young , an ambient keyboardist who had played in The Devin Townsend Band , and recruited Vancouver artist Ché Aimee Dorval as a vocalist on several tracks . The album was primarily recorded , produced , and mixed from late 2008 to early 2009 at Devestate and Studio D ; the drums were recorded at Factory Studios in Vancouver . = = Music and lyrical themes = = Townsend channelled his new @-@ found self @-@ control and sobriety into Ki , a " restrained , melodic , and tranquil " album that is " a sharp contrast " to the heavy metal he is known for , while maintaining his " signature sound " . The album features undistorted guitar tones , live takes , no drum triggering , and relatively quiet mastering , with a musical style combining ambient , progressive rock , jazz rock , and psychedelic blues . The album 's recurring musical theme is " tension and release " , a gradual build in intensity which suddenly stops and gives way to " something relaxing " . The album 's musical style has been compared to Porcupine Tree , Chroma Key , and Pink Floyd , with Townsend 's vocals drawing comparisons to Steven Wilson and Steve Hackett . Ki was mixed by Townsend , and features very little compression , in contrast with his usual wall @-@ of @-@ sound production style . Townsend explained that he originally " tried doing the wall @-@ of @-@ sound with it and it just kind of ruined it ... it turned it into a not @-@ so @-@ good Strapping record . " The album deliberately eschews the loudness wars , the recent music industry practice of competitively mastering audio to seem as loud as possible . " I officially pull my hat out of the loudness wars " , Townsend told his mastering engineer . The album 's songs were primarily written in open C tuning , except for " A Monday " , " Trainfire " , and " Disruptr " in open B , " Heaven 's End " and " Winter " in open B ♭ , and " Quiet Riot " in standard tuning . Townsend has cited Second Nature by The Young Gods , Paul Horn , Chants of India by Ravi Shankar , and Ween as influences on the album . Townsend described Ki as both the introduction and the moral to the " larger concept " of the Devin Townsend Project . The album 's lyrical themes explore Townsend 's inner demons , past addictions , self @-@ acceptance , and his " newfound ability to say no . " The album opens with a brief instrumental that leads into " Coast " , a quiet , bass @-@ driven track that sets the stage for the album as a " metaphor for Devin 's newfound restraint . " Townsend described it as " the intro to the story , quiet , dark , haunted and unsure " . The track builds in intensity toward the end with layers of vocals , but rather than exploding into Strapping Young Lad – style metal , fades into " loose , bluesy guitar work " . " Disruptr " has been described as " a coffee @-@ house metal track " , contrasting light instrumentation with heavy metal – style songwriting and vocals in a way that one critic compared to Talking Heads . " Gato " proceeds in a similar vein , but is set apart with backing vocals by Dorval . " Disruptr " and " Gato " continue the musical theme ; each song builds in intensity toward the end but " stops and takes a deep breath " before proceeding . The album then fades into " Terminal " , an atmospheric track with quiet vocals that was co @-@ written by keyboardist Dave Young . Townsend 's restraint reaches a breaking point on " Heaven 's End " , which Jon Wiederhorn of Revolver described as " a groovy pop song that morphs into a violent , acid @-@ drenched nightmare . " It is followed by " Ain 't Never Gonna Win " , a live studio jam by the album 's four musicians which was described by David E. Gehlke of the online magazine Blistering as " trippy " . " Trainfire " , a classic country – style song inspired by Elvis Presley 's cover of " Mystery Train " , addresses Townsend 's former addiction to pornography , which he described as " this crazy , crack cocaine on the internet that nobody wants to talk about . " The song continues the album 's theme of honesty and self @-@ acceptance , both about pornography and musical tastes . Townsend explained the song 's musical style , saying " yes , I like heavy music and am good at making it , but that is not all that I listen to , and that is not all that I want to play . " The album 's climax is found in the title track , described by the artist as " a personal breakthrough " and is initially born out of a Grey Skies demo , " Soft , " previously released on Ass @-@ Sordid Demos II . " Ki " builds into a cyclical progression of arpeggios which Martin Popoff of Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles described as the album 's " proggiest " moment . It leads into " Quiet Riot " , an acoustic version of " Cum On Feel the Noize " with new lyrics . " Quiet Riot " , Townsend explained , " basically sums up the idea that , although I am ' damaged , ' I 'm fine , and have chosen to make my life better . " = = Release and artwork = = Ki was released on Townsend 's independent record label HevyDevy Records on May 25 , 2009 , in Canada . It was released May 22 , 2009 , in Germany , May 25 , 2009 , in the rest of Europe , and June 16 , 2009 , in the United States by distributor InsideOut Music . A Japanese release on Marquee / Avalon was released on August 26 , 2009 . When all four albums in the series are completed , Townsend plans to release an eight @-@ disc special edition box set , including a DVD and various bonus material . The album art was created by artist Konrad Palkiewicz , who created the art for Townsend 's ambient album The Hummer ( 2006 ) and directed the video for Strapping Young Lad 's " Almost Again " . The album art was designed to be viewed with a pair of 3 @-@ D glasses . The album cover is an image of " two faces in one " . Though " not authentic " , it is based on Native American and Chinese art . Palkiewicz directed a music video for the song " Coast " , which was released on Townsend 's website on July 28 , 2009 . The InsideOut releases come with an extra lyrics sheet and feature a green slipcase bearing the Devin Townsend Project logo , designed by Travis Smith . = = Sales and critical reception = = Ki reached number 26 on the Finnish Top 40 and number 179 on the French Top 200 , and appeared on the UK Indie and UK Rock charts . It sold 800 copies in its first week of release in the United States , and debuted at number 69 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart . Critical reception of the album was generally positive . Jon Wiederhorn of Revolver said the album is " well worth a listen " and praised the heavier tracks such as " Disruptr " and " Heaven 's End " , saying , " Townsend mostly contains his rage , but he 's at his best when he loses it . " Martin Popoff of Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles found the album to have an " odd identity " , with " all sorts of things going on just under the surface " that rewarded multiple listens . David E. Gehlke of Blistering was less impressed , and found the album inconsistent . Gehlke described " Winter " as " lush and gorgeous " , but felt that the album " fails to hit the mark " at other points , such as " Ain 't Never Gonna Win " and " Trainfire " . Tyler Munro of Sputnikmusic said Ki showed Townsend " at his loosest and most dynamic " , and praised Townsend 's and Dorval 's vocals , but felt the album was held back by musical repetition and its extended guitar jams . Greg Prato of Allmusic gave the album a moderate review , admiring Townsend 's unpredictability but feeling the album was not " the most gripping or groundbreaking album " in Townsend 's collection . Daniel Cairns of Chronicles of Chaos praised Ki as " a difficult , unusual collection of music " that " also might just be Townsend 's best yet . " = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by Devin Townsend except where noted . = = Personnel = = = = = Musicians = = = Devin Townsend – vocals , guitar , fretless bass guitar , ambience , programming , production , mixing , engineering Duris Maxwell – drums Jean Savoie – bass guitar Dave Young – keys , piano , ambience = = = Additional musicians = = = Ché Aimee Dorval – additional vocals Ryan Dahle – additional vocals ( " Gato " ) Bjorn Strid , Peter , Christopher , Grant , Corey , Jeremy , Ryan – additional vocals = = = Production = = = Adrian Mottrim – recording assistance Mike St. Jean – preproduction assistance Brennan Chambers – mixing assistance Sheldon Zaharko – recording Ryan Dahle – production , mixing ( " Quiet Riot " ) T @-@ Roy – mastering = = = Release = = = Konrad J. Palkiewicz – visual consulting , layout , artwork Erich Saide – photography Omer Cordell – photography Jeff Cohen – legal , management Mike Mowery – legal , management = = Charts = =
= Marcel Pronovost = Joseph René Marcel Pronovost ( June 15 , 1930 – April 26 , 2015 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman and coach . He played in 1 @,@ 206 games over 20 National Hockey League ( NHL ) seasons and for the Detroit Red Wings and Toronto Maple Leafs between 1950 and 1970 . A top defenceman , Pronovost was named to four post @-@ season NHL All @-@ Star Teams and played in 11 All @-@ Star Games . He was a member of four Stanley Cup championships with the Red Wings , the first in 1950 , and won a fifth title with the Maple Leafs in 1967 . Pronovost was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame as a player in 1978 . Pronovost began coaching in 1969 and spent several seasons behind the bench of the junior Hull Olympiques and Windsor Spitfires . He was head coach of the Chicago Cougars in the World Hockey Association 's inaugural season in 1972 – 73 , coached 104 games in the NHL for the Buffalo Sabres between 1977 and 1978 and was briefly an associate coach of the Red Wings . Pronovost worked for the NHL Central Scouting Bureau for five years until 1990 , when he was hired as a scout for the New Jersey Devils , with whom he was a member of three Stanley Cup championships , most recently in 2003 . The 53 @-@ year span between his first championship and the most recent is a Stanley Cup record . = = Early life = = Pronovost was born June 15 , 1930 , in the community of Lac @-@ à @-@ la @-@ Tortue , Quebec . He was the third of 12 children , nine boys and three girls , of Leo and Juliette Pronovost . Leo was a construction worker who worked with aluminum and occasionally moved around ; the family settled in the nearby town of Shawinigan Falls by the time Marcel was five years old . Cross @-@ country skiing was Pronovost 's first sport , but he quickly developed a passion for hockey . He began skating at the age of three years and was playing competitive hockey by age five . Pronovost played and studied at College Immaculate Conception Superior School ( CIC ) in Shawinigan Falls where he played centre and left wing . His team won the Quebec provincial midget hockey championship in 1944 – 45 . It was with CIC that Pronovost was discovered by National Hockey League ( NHL ) scouts . The Detroit Red Wings sent scout Marcel Côté to sign Larry and John Wilson at a Quebec tournament . Larry suggested that Côté observe Pronovost . As a result , he was also signed to the Red Wings . Hockey was a significant part of life for the Pronovosts , and two of Marcel 's brothers followed him to the NHL : Claude was a goaltender who played three games and Jean played nearly 1 @,@ 000 at forward . In his autobiography , A Life in Hockey , Marcel argued that the NHL having only six teams until 1967 prevented some of his other brothers from reaching the league . = = Playing career = = The Red Wings placed Pronovost with the Windsor Spitfires , one of their junior teams in the Ontario Hockey Association ( OHA ) , beginning in 1947 – 48 . The Spitfires were a dominant team that season ; Windsor finished with the best record in the OHA but lost the championship series to the Barrie Flyers after Detroit was forced to recall Windsor 's goaltender , Terry Sawchuk , to one of their minor league teams . Pronovost believed that the Spitfires would have won the league title and gone on to play for the Memorial Cup if they hadn 't lost Sawchuk . At the same time , Pronovost also played for the Detroit Auto Club team in the International Hockey League ( IHL ) . At the time an amateur league , the IHL based most of its teams in Detroit or Windsor and the majority of players were affiliated with the Red Wings . Playing in the two leagues prepared Pronovost for the rigors of an NHL schedule . He played 52 games that season , and 51 in 1948 – 49 . Pronovost permanently moved to defence during his tenure with the Spitfires . Upon starting his professional career in 1949 – 50 , the Red Wings assigned Pronovost to the Omaha Knights of the United States Hockey League ( USHL ) . He appeared in 69 games for the Knights and scored 13 goals and 52 points . Pronovost set a scoring record by a defenceman and was named the USHL 's rookie of the year . He was also named to the First All @-@ Star Team . At 19 years of age , Pronovost was compared to legendary defenceman Eddie Shore and Detroit coach Jack Adams described him as being " one of those guys who comes around once every 20 years " . = = = Detroit Red Wings = = = The Red Wings brought Pronovost to Detroit at the conclusion of his USHL season . Gordie Howe had suffered a serious injury early in Detroit 's 1950 Stanley Cup Playoff series against the Toronto Maple Leafs forcing the team to move Red Kelly to forward and insert Pronovost into the lineup at defence . He made his NHL debut on April 6 , 1950 , in the fifth game of the series . Pronovost appeared in nine playoff games as Detroit eliminated the Maple Leafs then came back from a 3 – 2 series deficit in the final and defeated the New York Rangers in the final two games of the series to win the Stanley Cup . The NHL All @-@ Star Game format of the time had the defending champion face a team of the all @-@ stars formed from the remaining teams . The 1950 All @-@ Star Game was played prior to the start of the 1950 – 51 season and Pronovost played in the contest , a 7 – 1 victory by Detroit . It was the first of 11 All @-@ Star Games which he would ultimately play . The Red Wings had been promoting Pronovost as their next great defenceman , but he suffered a broken cheekbone and a cracked bone in his ankle in separate incidents during the pre @-@ season . Not wanting to let the team down , he tried to play through the injuries but his performance suffered and by December 1950 , the Red Wings demoted him to their American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Indianapolis Capitals . Pronovost scored 32 points in 34 games with Indianapolis before the Red Wings recalled him back to the NHL . Though he played only a half season with the Capitals , he was named an AHL Second Team All @-@ Star on defence . He finished with seven points in 37 games with Detroit and scored his first NHL goal on February 19 , 1951 , on goaltender Jack Gelineau . It was a last @-@ minute goal that salvaged a 2 – 2 tie against the Boston Bruins . The Red Wings again won the Stanley Cup in 1951 – 52 , defeating the Montreal Canadiens in the final . It was Pronovost 's first full season in the NHL ; he appeared in 69 regular season games and eight more in the playoffs . The Red Wings set a record that post @-@ season by winning all eight games played – four by shutout – and the series spawned the Legend of the Octopus . When an octopus was thrown onto the ice near the end of the clinching game ( the eight tentacles meant to represent the eight wins required to win the Stanley Cup at that time ) , Pronovost was the only player willing to pick it up and remove it . He won his third and fourth Stanley Cup championships in 1953 – 54 and 1954 – 55 and played his second and third All @-@ Star Games after each victory . Pronovost 's 34 points in 1954 – 55 were the most of his NHL career . He also played in an ill @-@ fated game in Montreal on March 17 , 1955 , in which fan anger over the NHL 's suspension of Maurice Richard precipitated the Richard Riot . Awarded a forfeit victory in that game , Pronovost and the Red Wings won their final game of the season , also against Montreal , to clinch top spot in the NHL standings for a record seventh consecutive season . By the 1956 – 57 season , Pronovost had gained recognition as being one of the NHL 's top defencemen . The Red Wings named him an alternate captain of the team , a position he held until 1965 . He was named to represent the NHL All @-@ Stars at the 1957 All @-@ Star Game , the first of five consecutive appearances , and was named to the post @-@ season Second All @-@ Star Team in both 1958 and 1959 . Pronovost scored a career high 11 goals in 1958 – 59 and was named to the First All @-@ Star Team in both 1959 – 60 and 1960 – 61 . The Canadiens even fêted him by holding " Marcel Pronovost Night " on March 5 , 1960 , in which he received gifts and was cheered by the opposing Montreal crowd . It was reported as being the first time in NHL history that a team honoured an opposing player . The Red Wings were unable to duplicate the championship success Pronovost enjoyed in his first six seasons . In 1959 , Detroit missed the post @-@ season entirely and Pronovost worked those playoffs as an analyst for Hockey Night in Canada . The team reached , and lost , the Stanley Cup Finals to Chicago in 1961 . Pronovost suffered a broken bone in his ankle that caused him to miss two games of the series and play the remainder in significant pain . Toronto owner Harold Ballard argued that Detroit would have won the series if Pronovost had been healthy . Detroit also lost in the 1963 and 1964 finals , which marked eight appearances in the final for Pronovost . He is also one of four players in NHL history to play in four game 7 's in a Stanley Cup Final . = = = Toronto Maple Leafs = = = Pronovost 's tenure with the Red Wings came to an end on May 20 , 1965 , as he was involved in an eight @-@ player trade . He was dealt to the Maple Leafs , along with Aut Erickson , Larry Jeffrey , Eddie Joyal and Lowell MacDonald in exchange for Andy Bathgate , Billy Harris and Gary Jarrett . Pronovost , who heard about the trade on the radio before being contacted by either team , was shocked at being dealt away from an organization he played with for 18 years . He adjusted quickly and reached a career milestone early in the 1965 – 66 season . Pronovost became the seventh player in NHL history to play 1 @,@ 000 regular season games in a November 28 , 1965 , contest against the Rangers . He also missed 16 games after suffering strained knee ligaments after colliding with Earl Ingarfield . It was the first of several knee problems that would affect the remainder of Pronovost 's career ; he also missed games early in the 1966 – 67 season due to strained knee ligaments . The 1966 – 67 Maple Leafs had the oldest roster in the NHL and became known as the " Over the Hill Gang " . The team lost ten games in a row at one point , but qualified for the 1967 Stanley Cup playoffs in third place . The Maple Leafs were considered underdogs against both the Chicago Black Hawks in the semi @-@ final and the Canadiens in the final . So much so that organizers at Expo 67 in Montreal built a presentation space for the Stanley Cup in anticipation of victory before the series began . Sports Illustrated writer Pete Axthelm called Pronovost the best defenceman of the finals ; he and defensive partner Larry Hillman were on the ice for only one goal against at even strength during the entire post @-@ season . Pronovost also scored a key shorthanded goal in a 4 – 1 win in the fifth game of the series , and Toronto clinched the Stanley Cup with a 3 – 1 win at home in game six . It was also his 134th , and ultimately final , playoff game . At the time , only Red Kelly ( 164 ) and Gordie Howe ( 150 ) had appeared in more . Pronovost appeared in 70 games for the Maple Leafs in 1967 – 68 and recorded 20 points , but he was held to only 34 games the following season . He missed the majority of the season to injury , and it was at that time that Maple Leafs president Conn Stafford Smythe suggested Pronovost should be installed as a player @-@ coach of one of Toronto 's minor league affiliates . He was offered a position with the Tulsa Oilers of the Central Hockey League ( CHL ) , and though initially reluctant to go , the Oilers organization was able to convince Pronovost and his wife to move to the Oklahoma city . He played and coached for much of the year in Tulsa , but was briefly recalled back to Toronto part way through the 1969 – 70 NHL season . He recorded one assist in seven games with Toronto , the last of his NHL career . = = Coaching career = = Supported by Tulsa 's general manager Ray Miron , who helped him behind the bench , Pronovost appeared in 53 games for the Oilers in 1969 – 70 and coached the team to a 35 – 27 – 10 record . He ended his playing career after appearing in 17 games for Tulsa in 1970 – 71 , and coached two additional seasons for the Oilers before taking his first major league job . The Chicago Cougars of the newly founded World Hockey Association ( WHA ) announced Pronovost had signed a two @-@ year contract to become the franchise 's first head coach on July 6 , 1972 . He lasted only one season in Chicago before being fired as the Cougars posted a 26 – 50 – 2 record in 1972 – 73 . Pronovost returned to coaching in 1975 as he was hired mid @-@ season to take over the Hull Festivals of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League ( QMJHL ) . He remained with Hull , who were renamed the Olympiques , for two seasons before he hired to coach the Buffalo Sabres for the 1977 – 78 NHL season . Pronovost was reluctant to take the job , and did so only following the encouragement of Hull general manager Norm Baril . Among the highlights for Pronovost and the Sabres in his first season was Buffalo 's first regular season victory in franchise history against the Philadelphia Flyers in Philadelphia , on November 10 , 1977 . Buffalo had 15 losses and two ties in its previous 17 visits ( not counting the 1975 Stanley Cup Finals , in which the Sabres won two and lost four ) . The Sabres finished with a 44 – 17 – 19 record and finished second in the Adams Division . They defeated the Rangers in the first round of the playoffs before being eliminated by Philadelphia . However , after the Sabres recorded only eight wins in their first 24 games in 1978 – 79 , the organization fired Pronovost along with general manager Punch Imlach . Pronovost returned to Hull almost immediately , but left the team again in 1979 to become an assistant to head coach Bobby Kromm in Detroit . When Kromm was fired late in the 1979 – 80 season , general manager Ted Lindsay and Pronovost took over as the team 's coaches . Lindsay was the official coach of the team for the final nine games of the season , but Pronovost worked behind the bench as the Red Wings won only two contests and lost seven . Pronovost remained with Detroit as Lindsay 's assistant to begin the 1980 – 81 season , but both were dismissed after Detroit began with a 3 – 14 – 3 record . Returning again to junior hockey , Pronovost was hired as the coach of the Ontario Hockey League 's Windsor Spitfires . The team went 22 – 44 – 4 in 1981 – 82 , while Pronovost described the following season as being a " disaster " . He was given a ten @-@ game suspension for verbally harassing the officials and continuing to coach from the stands after being ejected from a game and was dismissed as Windsor 's coach after the team won only two of its first 15 games . Pronovost 's final season as a coach came in 1984 – 85 when he led the junior C Belle River Canadiens to the franchise 's first league title and a Clarence Schmalz Cup win as Ontario provincial champions . = = Scouting career = = Pronovost turned to scouting in 1985 when he joined the NHL Central Scouting Bureau . He already had some experience with the role as one of his duties as coach in Tulsa included searching for talent to improve his team . Pronovost spent five years traveling across North America for the Scouting Bureau . In 1990 , he joined the New Jersey Devils as one of the team 's scouts . The 2013 – 14 NHL season was his 24th with the franchise , during which Pronovost has been a member of three Stanley Cup champions , in 1995 , 2000 and 2003 . New Jersey 's goaltender for all three championships was Martin Brodeur , whom Pronovost helped convince the Devils to select with their first pick in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft . = = Legacy = = Known as an offensive defenceman at the outset of his NHL career , Pronovost played an aggressive rushing style that led Red Wings fans to call him " Detroit 's own Flying Frenchman " . He also established a reputation as a physical player who rarely missed time to serious injury . He overcame numerous injuries , including a cracked vertebrae suffered in 1954 . Among his other injuries , he suffered a broken jaw , broke his wrist twice , separated his shoulder and broke his nose 14 times . By age 32 , he had required over 200 stitches to close various cuts and lacerations . Pronovost viewed the injuries as part of the game : " My game is a contact sport . It 's a game of men . I expected to get bounced and get my lumps . I also expected to play in every single game . " 2012 marked Pronovost 's 65th year in professional hockey , tying King Clancy for the longest such tenure by anyone in NHL history . His name has been inscribed on the Stanley Cup eight times ; five as a player and three as a scout . The 53 @-@ year span between his first victory in 1950 and most recent in 2003 is a record for the trophy . He published an autobiography in 2012 titled A Life in Hockey that documents his career in the sport . In 1978 , Pronovost was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame . He has also been inducted into the Windsor and Essex County Sports Hall of Fame ( 1995 ) , had his uniform number 4 honoured by the Windsor Spitfires in 2005 and in 2012 was inducted into the Michigan Sports Hall of Fame . The Detroit Red Wings recognized Pronovost 's contribution to their organization in 2009 by presenting him with a championship ring from their 2009 title season . = = Personal life = = Pronovost adopted Windsor as his home having played or worked close to the city for most of his career . He earned a degree in electrical engineering , and during hockey off @-@ seasons drove a truck and did sales for Molson . He met his first wife , Cindy , while playing with her brother on a softball team in Shawinigan . They were married in 1951 and have three children : Michel , Brigitte and Leo . Cindy died of cancer in 1993 . Pronovost married his second wife , Eva , in 1994 , and he fought his own battle with bladder cancer in 2012 . Pronovost died on April 26 , 2015 , after a brief illness . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season and playoffs = = = = = = Coaching = = = = = Awards and honours = =
= Formula , Vol . 1 = Formula , Vol . 1 is the debut studio album by American singer @-@ songwriter Romeo Santos , released on November 8 , 2011 by Sony Music Latin . It is Santos 's first album as a solo artist following the breakup of American bachata group Aventura , of which he was the lead singer . The record contains fifteen tracks , most of which were composed by Santos and co @-@ produced with Ivan Chevere . The album experiments with the sound of bachata and other genres including R & B and flamenco . It features several Anglophone and Hispanophone guest artists including Usher , Tomatito , Mario Domm , and Lil Wayne . Recording for the album took place in 2011 at The Castle , Fight Klub , and EMG Studios in New York City . A deluxe edition of the album containing five extra tracks was released exclusively in Walmart retail stores in the United States . In the U.S. , Formula , Vol . 1 peaked at number one on the Billboard Top Latin Albums and Billboard Tropical Albums charts and was the best @-@ selling Latin album of 2012 . It was certified three times platinum ( Latin field ) by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipping 300 @,@ 000 copies and had sold 328 @,@ 000 copies in the U.S. by February 2014 . It ranked number thirteen , twenty @-@ six , and seventy @-@ seven on the Argentine , Mexican , and Spanish album charts respectively . Santos promoted the record by touring the U.S. , Latin America and Europe . It was generally well received by critics , who praised the production of the bachata tracks although some of the duets — including those with Mario Domm and Mala Rodríguez — were criticized as obvious attempts to appeal outside of the bachata audience . The album earned Santos several accolades , including a Grammy nomination , three Billboard Latin Music Awards , a Billboard Music award , a Lo Nuestro nomination , a Premios Juventud award , and a Soberano Award . Six singles were released from the record , four of which , " You " , " Promise " , " Mi Santa " , and " La Diabla " , reached number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart in the U.S. = = Background = = Romeo Santos began his career as the lead member of Aventura , an urban bachata infused band . The band rose to popularity in the 2000s , has sold over 1 @.@ 7 million albums in the U.S. , and had the best @-@ selling Latin album of 2009 , The Last . Soon after the band 's separation in early 2011 , Santos signed a record deal with Sony Music Latin and Jive Records to record his debut solo album , Formula , Vol . 1 . According to his manager Johnny Marines , the contract was worth US $ 10 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . Santos felt that the record was a continuation of his career rather than a new beginning . = = Composition = = Formula , Vol . 1 contains fifteen tracks , most of which were written by Romeo Santos and co @-@ produced by Ivan Chevere . Santos said that he intended to write more English @-@ language recordings on the album but did not want to stray far from his musical origins . The songs were recorded at The Castle , Fight Klub , and EMG Studios in New York City . The album begins with a skit featuring American comedian George Lopez , in which Santos confesses his " sins " about his fortune and fame to a priest played by Lopez . The first song " La Diabla " ( " She @-@ Devil " ) is a bachata track about a man who regrets making a deal with a she @-@ devil after losing the game of love . The third song , " Que Se Mueran " ( " Let Them Die " ) , attacks the public for their criticism of the age difference between lovers . " Mi Santa " ( " My Saint " ) incorporates elements of bachata and flamenco , and features Spanish guitarist Tomatito . " Promise " is a bilingual bachata tune that features American singer Usher and was produced by Rico Love . Santos said the collaboration was his idea , and that Usher enjoyed the duet despite not speaking Spanish . " Debate de 4 " ( " Battle of 4 " ) features Dominican bachata musicians Antony Santos , Raulín Rodríguez , and Luis Vargas , who also feature in a skit preceding the track . " You " is a bilingual bachata record and was the first composition written for the album . " Magia Negra " ( " Black Magic " ) is a mixture of bachata and hip hop music , and features Spanish rapper Mala Rodríguez . " Rival " is a ballad duet with Mario Domm , the lead singer of Mexican band Camila . It was recorded at Ocean Way Recording in Los Angeles . " All Aboard " is a hip hop track featuring American rapper Lil Wayne and produced by Rico Love . Santos said that he approached Wayne after writing the song . = = Singles = = " You " , the first single from the album , was released on May 10 , 2011 . In the US , the song peaked at number ninety @-@ seven on the Billboard Hot 100 and debuted at number one on the Billboard Hot Latin Songs . Santos is the eighth overall artist whose single has debuted at number one on the Hot Latin Songs chart . It also reached number one on the Billboard Tropical Songs charts . " You " was the eighth best @-@ performing Latin single of 2011 . The album 's second single , " Promise " was released on September 2 , 2011 . The song peaked at number eighty @-@ three on the Billboard Hot 100 , became his second number one single on the Hot Latin Songs and Tropical Songs charts , and peaked at number one on the Billboard Latin Pop Songs chart . " Promise " received airplay in Mexico , where it ranked at number twenty on the Monitor Latino charts . " Mi Santa " , the album 's third single , was released on January 24 , 2012 . It peaked at number one on the Hot Latin Songs , Latin Pop Songs , and Tropical Songs charts . The fourth single , " All Aboard " , was released on March 8 , 2012 , and peaked at number eight on the Latin Digital Songs chart . The fifth single , " Rival " , was released on March 19 , 2012 , peaking at number forty @-@ two on the Hot Latin Songs and number twenty @-@ two on the Latin Pop Songs charts . In Mexico , " Rival " peaked at number ten on the Monitor Latino charts . The sixth single , " La Diabla " , became the fourth single from the album to reach number one on the Hot Latin Songs chart ; making it the second @-@ most number one singles from an album . Only Spanish singer Enrique Iglesias has had more number one hits from a single album . " La Diabla " also peaked at number two on the Latin Pop Songs and number one on the Tropical Songs chart . = = Promotion = = To promote the album , Santos launched a 75 @-@ show The King Stays King tour , which started in New York City on February 11 , 2012 . Santos performed songs from the album and from his time with Aventura . Three men from the audience were selected to perform " Debate de 4 " with Santos . The tour opened with three consecutive shows — two of which sold out — at Madison Square Garden . The concerts at Madison Square Garden were recorded and later released as a live album titled The King Stays King : Sold Out at Madison Square Garden on November 6 , 2012 . By May 2012 , the tour ranked at number five on the Top 20 Concert Tours grossing over US $ 749 @,@ 885 in the country according to Pollstar . On May 31 , 2012 , Santos began a world tour in Venezuela . The tour continued to Chile , Ecuador , Peru , Paraguay , Argentina , . and Colombia . In October 2012 , Santos performed two concerts in Madrid and Barcelona . After his performances in Spain , he performed in Honduras , El Salvador , Guatemala , and the Dominican Republic . Santos announced that he would start the second leg of the tour on February 14 , 2013 , at the José Miguel Agrelot Coliseum in San Juan , Puerto Rico . Two weeks later , Santos performed in Chile and Argentina . The U.S. portion of the tour 's second leg began on March 22 , 2013 , in Newark , New Jersey , and ended on May 3 , 2013 , in Hollywood , Florida . Santos performed the final leg of his tour in Mexico , where he performed six concerts . = = Critical reception = = Thorn Jurek of Allmusic gave the album a positive review , and called " You " an " easy summertime groove " and " Promise " a " shimmering duet " . He also wrote that Santos 's mix of genres creates " an intoxicating brew . " Mikael Wood of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a B rating and wrote that Santos ' " solo aspirations include cracking the R & B mainstream " , and that the album " generally sticks to the successful blueprint advertised by [ its ] title . " An editor for Terra Networks gave the album 3 out of 5 stars , noting that while Santos takes risks with the sound and collaborates with other artists from different genres , the bachata tracks sound alike in the production . Peter Margasak of the Chicago Reader wrote a positive review for the album , describing the album as a successful " balancing act between past and present " . He said the production of the album " gives everything vivid colors and gauzy textures " , but that some songs — including the duets " Magia Negra , " with Mala Rodríguez and " Rival " with Mario Domm — were " less @-@ than @-@ convincing detours " , describing the former as a " throbbing EDM " and the latter as " treacly power balladry " . Sarah Godfrey of the Washington Post gave the album a favorable review , admiring Santos for appealing to the Anglophone market without the need to " sell out bachata die @-@ hards " , citing " Promise " as the main example . Godfrey said that Santos retains his style on the duet " All Aboard " , and that the collaborations were " obviously meant to pull in folks who ’ ve never heard of Aventura " . She praised the compositions , including " La Diabla " and " La Bella y Bestia " , which she said are " impossible to resist , whether one understands all of the lyrics or not . " At the 19th Billboard Latin Music Awards , Formula , Vol . 1 was nominated for Album of the Year , Digital Album of the Year , and Tropical Album of the Year . At the 20th Billboard Latin Music Awards , the record received the three aforementioned awards . It was also recognized as the Top Latin Album of the Year at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards and earned a nomination in the same category the following year . At the 2012 Juventud Awards , the album won a " Lo Toco Todo ( I Play Every Song ) " award and a nomination for the promotional tour for the album . At the 55th Grammy Awards , Formula , Vol . 1 received a nomination for Best Tropical Latin Album , which was awarded to Marlow Rosado and La Riqueña for his album Retro . At the 25th Lo Nuestro Awards in 2013 , the record was nominated for Tropical Album of the Year , but lost to Phase II by Prince Royce . In the Dominican Republic , the record was awarded Album of the Year at the 2013 Soberano Awards . At the 2013 Mexican Oye ! Awards , it was nominated for Urban Album of the Year by a Soloist or Group . = = Commercial performance = = Formula , Vol . 1 was released worldwide on November 8 , 2011 . As part of a deal with Walmart , a deluxe edition containing five extra tracks — the English version of " Promise " , Spanish and English versions of " Aleluya " featuring American rapper Pitbull , " Malevo " , and " Vale la Pena el Placer " — was released for sale exclusively at Walmart outlets . It also contained a DVD containing music videos for " You " and " Promise " . In the U.S. , the album debuted and peaked at number nine on the Billboard 200 chart and debuted at number one on the Billboard Top Latin Albums and the Billboard Tropical Albums charts . 65 @,@ 000 copies were sold in its first week , making it the biggest debut sales for a Latin album since El Cartel : The Big Boss by Daddy Yankee in 2007 . It was at number one for seventeen non @-@ consecutive weeks on the Top Latin Albums chart , and thirty non @-@ consecutive weeks on the Tropical Albums chart . Formula , Vol . 1 was the best @-@ selling Latin and Tropical album of 2012 in the U.S. The RIAA certified the album triple platinum ( Latin field ) for shipping 300 @,@ 000 copies . By February 2014 , Formula Vol . 1 had sold over 328 @,@ 000 copies in the U.S. The album peaked at number thirteen in Argentina and number seventy @-@ seven in Spain and certified gold in Venezuela . In Mexico , it peaked at number twenty @-@ six on the Top 100 Mexico albums chart and was certified gold by AMPROFON . = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by Anthony " Romeo " Santos , except where noted .. = = Credits and personnel = = The following credits are from Allmusic : = = = Performance credits = = = = = = Technical credits = = = = = Charts = = = = Certifications = =
= Taras Shevchenko Memorial = The Taras Shevchenko Memorial is a bronze statue and stone relief @-@ adorned wall located on the 2200 block of P Street NW in the Dupont Circle neighborhood of Washington , D.C. , United States . It is one of many monuments in Washington , D.C. which honor foreign heroes who symbolize freedom in their native countries . The memorial honors Taras Shevchenko ( 1814 – 1861 ) , a Ukrainian poet and artist who influenced the development of modern Ukrainian literature . The committee to build the memorial included former U.S. President Harry S. Truman as the honorary head . Opposition to the memorial 's installation was led by The Washington Post . It was dedicated in 1964 , the 150th anniversary of Shevchenko 's birth . Dignitaries at the dedication ceremony included prominent Ukrainian Americans , former U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower , members of the U.S. Congress , and Hollywood actors . Sculpted by Leo Mol , the statue is one of two Ukrainian monuments in the nation 's capital . The second , a memorial to the Ukrainian victims of the 1932 – 1933 famine , was completed in 2015 . The Taras Shevchenko Memorial and surrounding park are maintained by the U.S. federal government . = = History = = = = = Background = = = In addition to its numerous memorials and monuments which pay homage to famous Americans , Washington , D.C. is home to many artworks honoring foreign heroes . Examples in Dupont Circle include memorials honoring Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi of India , Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk of Czechoslovakia , and Lajos Kossuth of Hungary . The idea of a U.S. monument honoring Shevchenko began with the American Shevchenko Society , founded in 1898 . Although the group 's efforts never came to fruition , Ukrainian Americans continued to pursue the goal . A turning point was when Professor Ivan Dubrovsky wrote an article in Svoboda titled " In Favor of a Shevchenko Monument in Washington , D.C. " , asking for support from the Shevchenko Scientific Society and Ukrainian Congress Committee of America ( UCCA ) . Thousands of Ukrainian Americans sent letters to members of Congress while Lev Dobriansky , a Ukrainian American economist and anti @-@ communism activist , became a prominent advocate and lobbyist for erecting a monument honoring Shevchenko . The activists eventually gained the support of Senator Jacob K. Javits of New York and Representative Alvin Morell Bentley of Michigan . Javits said " Taras Shevchenko was a bard of freedom ... It is fitting that the statue of such a national hero , who taught the American ideals of patriotism and service to man , should stand in the capital of the U.S. " and Bentley stated , " In erecting a statue of Taras Shevchenko in Washington the United States will give full expression to its understanding and appreciation of Taras Shevchenko and all that he means to the brave and noble Ukrainian people . " In April 1960 , while a bill authorizing the erection of the statue was circulating through the House of Representatives , officials from the National Park Service and Interior Department lodged a complaint to the House Administration committee about the number of monuments being built in Washington , D.C. The bill was subsequently postponed . The resolution was later unanimously approved by the House of Representatives in June followed by the Senate in August . On September 13 , 1960 , U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed Public Law 86 @-@ 749 , authorizing the erection of the Shevchenko monument . The resolution stated in part : Whereas throughout Eastern Europe , in the last century and this , the name and works of Taras Shevchenko brilliantly reflected the aspirations of man for personal liberty and national independence ; and Whereas Shevchenko , the poet laureate of Ukraine , was greatly inspired by our great American tradition to fight against the imperialist and colonial occupation of his native land ; and Whereas in many parts of the free world observances of the Shevchenko centennial will be held during 1961 in honor of this immortal champion of liberty ; and Whereas in our moral capacity as free men in an independent Nation it behooves us to symbolize tangibly the inseparable spiritual ties bound in the writings of Shevchenko between our country and the forty million Ukraine nation : ... In September 1960 , UCCA president Dobriansky assisted with establishing the Taras Shevchenko Memorial Committee of America , Inc . It was headed by Dobriansky , president of the General Council of Shevchenko societies Roman Smal @-@ Stocky , and Ukrainian Free Academy of Sciences in the U.S.A. president George Shevelov , with former U.S. President Harry S. Truman serving as an honorary head . Later that year a design competition was announced with one of the requirements being " the public at large to see the poet depicted in his youth . " Seventeen sculpture designs were submitted and on July 14 , 1962 , the committee unanimously chose the one by Leonid Molozhanyn ( Leo Mol ) , a Ukrainian Canadian who would go on to sculpt works in several countries depicting Shevchenko . Mol was paid $ 1 @,@ 500 for winning the competition while two second place artists were each paid $ 1 @,@ 000 , and two third place artists paid $ 750 each . The total cost of the memorial was around $ 250 @,@ 000 , which was paid for by the UCCA and donations made by over 50 @,@ 000 people , mostly Ukrainian @-@ Americans . The design and layout of the memorial site was approved by the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts in April 1963 . The site was designed by architect Radoslav Zuk and the contractor was the M. Cain Company . The stonework was provided by the Jones Brother Company while the carving was completed by Vincent Illuzzi . = = = = Opposition = = = = The choice of Shevchenko as the subject for a statue was not without controversy . Opponents , such as The Washington Post editorial board , argued " the Ukrainian poet is known to only a few Americans , he is the idol of the Soviet Communist Party , he is anti @-@ Semitic and anti @-@ Polish . " Following the strongly worded editorial 's publication , there was a deluge of angry responses , including from members of Congress like Representatives Thaddeus J. Dulski of New York and Ed Derwinski of Illinois . Derwinski said erecting a memorial to Shevchenko seemed appropriate when compared with some of the other statues in the city , such as those honoring Dante , Edmund Burke , and Jose de San Martin . After more than 2 @,@ 000 people gathered at the memorial site for the groundbreaking ceremony on September 21 , 1963 , there were repeated calls during the next several months for the memorial plans to be scrapped . In November , a member of the National Capital Planning Commission , which was required to approve the statue according to the congressional resolution , called for the cancellation of the memorial . The next month Secretary of the Interior Stewart Udall said he wanted to review plans to construct the memorial . Attempts to derail the project ultimately failed when capital planners said they lacked the authority to stop the erection of the statue . Initially Soviet Union officials , including the Soviet embassy and Ukrainian SSR representatives at the United Nations , were opposed to the memorial and demanded the U.S. State Department cancel the plans . They eventually accepted the idea and the Soviet embassy requested to be involved with the memorial 's dedication . This did not occur though because the memorial 's inscription was " carefully worded by the statue 's sponsors to embarrass the Soviet Union and to discourage Soviet delegations from laying wreaths at the memorial . " = = = Dedication = = = The statue , founded by the Bedi @-@ Rassy Art Foundry , was placed on its pedestal on June 3 , 1964 . The memorial dedication ceremony took place a few weeks later on June 27 . The day @-@ long festivities included concerts at DAR Constitution Hall and a procession of around 35 @,@ 000 people of Ukrainian descent , many wearing native clothing , marching from the Ellipse to the memorial site . The parade marchers , arriving by buses and cars decorated with stickers , flags , and blue and yellow signs , had been gathering since early in the morning . Led by Colonel William Ryback , it took four hours for all the participants to march past the White House , west on Pennsylvania Avenue , and north on 23rd Street to the memorial site . There were approximately 100 @,@ 000 people in attendance at the ceremony , including delegations from Argentina , Australia , Belgium , Canada , France , Germany , and the United Kingdom , as well as U.S. government representatives and foreign ambassadors . In addition to Leo Mol , dignitaries in attendance included the following : Stepan Vytvytskyi , president of the Ukrainian People 's Republic in exile ; UCCA president Dobriansky and other leaders of Ukrainian American organizations like Ukrainian National Association president Joseph Sawyer , Archbishops Ambrose Senyshyn and Mstyslav Skrypnyk ; U.S. Representatives Derwinksi , Dulski , Michael A. Feighan of Ohio , and Daniel J. Flood of Pennsylvania ; actors Jack Palance and Mike Mazurki ; and Miss World United States Michele Metrinko . The ceremony was opened by Dobriansky followed by a rendition of the U.S. national anthem , " The Star @-@ Spangled Banner " . Senyshyn then read the invocation in English and Ukrainian and Roman Smal @-@ Stocki , president of the memorial committee , spoke about the significance of the monument . Perhaps the most prominent attendee was former U.S. President Eisenhower , who was chosen to unveil the statue . Before he did so , Eisenhower was cheered for several minutes as the crowd chanted " We Like Ike ! " Following a 12 @-@ minute speech , Eisenhower unveiled the statue , calling Shevchenko a Ukrainian hero and stated : " For my hope is that your magnificent march from the shadow of the Washington Monument to the foot of the statue of Shevchenko will here kindle a new world movement in the hearts , minds , words and actions of men ; a never @-@ ending movement dedicated to the independence and freedom of peoples of all captive nations of the entire world . " He also said the statue represented " millions of oppressed " in Eastern Europe and " gives them constant encouragement to struggle forever against Communist tyranny , until , one day final victory is achieved , as it most surely will be . " Following the unveiling , the Ukrainian Choral Societies of America led the crowd in a musical rendition of Shevchenko 's poem Testament . Additional speeches were then made by several U.S. Representatives and Archbishop Ioan Theodorovych of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church gave the benediction . The ceremony concluded with the crowd singing Ukraine 's national anthem , Shche ne vmerla Ukraina ( English : Ukraine Has Not Yet Died ) . = = = Later history = = = A stainless steel urn containing soil from Shevchenko 's grave was installed at the base of the memorial in May 1965 . A commemorative book which includes a brief history of the monument , a list of the memorial fund donors , and other documents related to the site were also installed in the base . The memorial was the site of protest rallies held by Ukrainian Americans who objected to the Soviet Union 's policies . It has been described as " a symbol of Ukrainian independence and a rallying point of the Ukrainian @-@ American community . " Ukrainian dignitaries still visit the memorial , such as President Viktor Yushchenko , who laid a wreath at the statue in April 2005 . Sviatoslav Shevchuk , head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church , and Olexander Motsyk , Ukrainian ambassador to the United States , each visited the site in 2014 . The memorial site is administered by the National Park Service , a federal agency of the Interior Department . = = = Second Ukrainian monument = = = In 2006 , the U.S. Congress approved a monument to honor the millions of Ukrainians who died as a result of the 1932 – 1933 Holodomor , a famine @-@ genocide caused by the Soviet Union . The memorial site is located on a triangular lot on Massachusetts Avenue NW near Union Station . On December 2 , 2008 , a dedication ceremony was held at the future site for the Holodomor Memorial , with Ukraine ’ s then @-@ First Lady Kateryna Yushchenko among the speakers . Formally dedicated on November 7 , 2015 , it is the second memorial in Washington , D.C. to honor victims of Communism , the other being the Victims of Communism Memorial , also located near Union Station . = = Design and location = = The memorial is located in the middle of a triangular park , bounded by P Street ( south ) and 22nd Street ( east and west ) NW , across the street from the Church of the Pilgrims and one block from Rock Creek Park . [ 1 ] It consists of a bronze statue on a Vermont granite base next to a Vermont granite wall with relief . The statue is approximately 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) tall , 4 @.@ 7 feet ( 1 @.@ 4 m ) wide , and 4 @.@ 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 4 m ) long while the base is approximately 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) tall . The statue , which faces south , depicts Shevchenko wearing a long suit coat and stepping forward as his left hand holds his jacket lapel . His slightly opened right hand is pointed downwards and hangs by his side . Shevchenko is also depicted as a young @-@ to @-@ middle age adult with short wavy hair and a moustache . The relief depicts the martyred Greek god Prometheus . The statue and wall are on a four @-@ stepped platform surrounded by a stone plaza . Inscriptions on the memorial include the following : BEDI @-@ RASSY ART FDRY . N.Y. ( statue , lower north side ) TARAS / SHEVCHENKO / 1814 @-@ 1861 / BARD OF UKRAINE ( base , south side ) DEDICATED TO / THE LIBERATION , FREEDOM AND / INDEPENDENCE OF ALL CAPTIVE NATIONS / THIS MONUMENT OF TARAS SHEVCHENKO , 19TH / CENTURY UKRAINIAN POET AND FIGHTER FOR / INDEPENDENCE OF UKRAINE AND THE FREEDOM / OF ALL MANKIND , WHO UNDER FOREIGN RUSSIAN / IMPERIALIST TYRANNY AND COLONIAL RULE / APPEALED FOR " THE NEW AND RIGHTEOUS LAW OF / WASHINGTON , " WAS UNVEILED ON JUNE 27 , 1964 . / THIS HISTORIC EVENT COMMEMORATED THE / 150TH ANNIVERSARY OF SHEVCHENKO 'S BIRTH . / THE MEMORIAL WAS AUTHORIZED BY THE 86TH / CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA / ON AUGUST 31 , 1960 , AND SIGNED INTO PUBLIC / LAW 86 @-@ 749 BY DWIGHT D. EISENHOWER , THE 34TH / PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , / ON SEPTEMBER 13 , 1960 . THE STATUE WAS ERECTED / BY AMERICANS OF UKRAINIAN ANCESTRY AND FRIENDS . ( base , north side ) LEO MOL - SCULPTOR / RADOSLAV ZUK - ARCHITECT ( base , lower north side ) WHEN WILL UKRAINE / HAVE ITS WASHINGTON / WITH FAIR AND JUST LAWS ? / SOMEDAY WE WILL ! ( base , west side ) [ 2 ] ... OUR SOUL SHALL NEVER PERISH , / FREEDOM KNOWS NO DYING , / AND THE GREEDY CANNOT HARVEST / FIELDS WHERE SEAS ARE LYING . / / CANNOT BIND THE LIVING SPIRIT / NOR THE LIVING WORD / CANNOT SMIRCH THE SACRED GLORY / OF TH 'ALMIGHTY LORD . / / TARAS SHEVCHENKO ' THE CAUCASUS . ' 1845 . ( wall , north side )
= William Stanley ( inventor ) = William Ford Robinson Stanley ( 2 February 1829 – 14 August 1909 ) was a British inventor with 78 patents filed in both the United Kingdom and the United States of America . He was an engineer who designed and made precision drawing and mathematical instruments , as well as surveying instruments and telescopes , manufactured by his company " William Ford Stanley and Co . Ltd . " Stanley was a skilled architect who designed and founded the UK 's first Trades school , Stanley Technical Trades School ( now Harris Academy South Norwood ) , as well as designing the Stanley Halls in South Norwood . Stanley designed and built his two homes . He was a noted philanthropist , who gave over £ 80 @,@ 000 to education projects during the last 15 years of his life . When he died , most of his estate , valued at £ 59 @,@ 000 , was bequeathed to trade schools and students in south London , and one of his homes was used as a children 's home after his death , in accordance with his will . Stanley was a member of several professional bodies and societies ( including the Royal Society of Arts , the Royal Meteorological Society , the Royal Astronomical Society and the British Astronomical Association ) . Besides these activities , he was a painter , musician and photographer , as well as an author of a variety of publications , including plays , books for children , and political treatises . = = Personal life = = = = = Early life = = = William Stanley was born on Monday 2 February 1829 in Islington , London , one of nine children of John Stanley ( a mechanic and builder ) and his wife , Selina Hickman , and a direct descendant of Thomas Stanley , the 17th @-@ century author of History of Philosophy . He was baptised on Wednesday 4 March 1829 at St Mary ’ s Church , Islington . At the age of 10 Stanley started going regularly to a day school run by a Mr Peil until he was 12 . From the age of 12 until he was 14 , his maternal uncle William Ford Hickman paid for his education at a different school . Despite having limited formal learning , Stanley taught himself mathematics , mechanics , astronomy , music , French , geology , chemistry , architecture and theology . He attended lessons in technical drawing at the London Mechanics ’ Institution ( now called Birkbeck College ) , where he enrolled in 1843 , attending engineering and phrenology lessons . While living in Buntingford between 1849 and 1854 , Stanley founded a literary society with a local chemist . They charged a subscription of five shillings a year . This was spent on books to form a library which grew to 300 volumes . They had many guest speakers , and on one occasion Lord Lytton , the author of The Last Days of Pompeii , came to address the Society on Pompeii . Being " intensely interested " in architecture , he submitted a design for a competition in The Builder magazine , but did not win . = = = Starting work = = = In 1843 , at the age of 14 , Stanley 's father insisted that he leave school and help him in his trade . Stanley worked in his father 's unsuccessful building business , becoming adept at working with metal and wood , later to obtain employment as a plumber / drainage contractor and joiner in London . He joined his father in 1849 at an engineering works at Whitechapel , working as a Pattern Maker 's Improver where he invented the steel wheel spider @-@ spokes . His father discouraged him from seeking a patent for this invention . For the following five years , he was in partnership with his maternal uncle ( a Mr Warren ) , a builder , at Buntingford . = = = Family life = = = In 1854 , Stanley fell in love with a girl in Buntingford , Bessie Sutton , but her family refused to let them marry . On 2 February 1857 ( Stanley 's 28th birthday ) , he married Eliza Ann Savory . They lived " above the shop " , as they could only afford to rent four rooms in the same street as his shop . Five years later , the couple moved to Kentish Town , later moving to South Norwood in the mid @-@ 1860s . The couple adopted Stanley 's niece Eliza Ann and another child , Maud Martin , whose father and brother drowned at sea . = = Entrepreneur = = = = = Starting own company = = = Stanley acted upon a remark made by his father in 1854 about the high cost and poor quality of English drawing instruments compared to those imported from France and Switzerland , and started a business making mathematical and drawing instruments . At first he rented a shop and parlour at 3 Great Turnstile , Holborn , and began the business with £ 100 capital . He invented a new T @-@ square which improved the standard one and became universally used . A cousin , Henry Robinson , joined him with a capital of £ 150 , but died in 1859 . Stanley stopped using the name Robinson and changed his signature as a consequence of being robbed of his cheque book during the early days of his business . Stanley produced a ' Panoptic Stereoscope ' in 1855 , which was financially successful . Stereoscopes had sold for five shillings each – Stanley discovered a simpler method to make them , which enable him to sell them for one shilling . He was able to take an additional shops at 3 – 4 Great Turnstile and 286 High Holborn , as well as a skilled assistant . He did not patent the Panoptic , so it was soon copied around the world , but he had sold enough to provide the capital required to manufacture scientific instruments . In 1861 he invented a straight line dividing machine for which he won first prize in the 1862 International Exhibition in London . Stanley brought out the first catalogue of his products in 1864 . By the fifth edition , Stanley was able to list important customers such as several government departments , the Army , the Royal Navy , railways at home and abroad , and London University . From 1865 , he worked on improving the elegance and stability of surveying instruments , especially the theodolite , whose construction he simplified . It had a rotating telescope for measuring horizontal and vertical angles and able to take sights on prominent objects at a distance . The component parts were reduced to fewer than half of the 226 used in the previous version , making it lighter , cheaper and more accurate . = = = Designing / building homes and factory = = = Stanley designed and set up a factory in 1875 or 1876 ( called The Stanley Works , it was listed in the 1876 Croydon Directories as Stanley Mathematical Instruments ) in Belgrave Road near Norwood Junction railway station , which produced a variety of instruments for civil , military , and mining engineers , prospectors and explorers , architects , meteorologists and artists , including various Technical drawing tools . The firm moved out of the factory in the 1920s , with the factory being occupied by a joinery firm until , following a fire , it was converted into residential use in 2000 . In South Norwood , Stanley designed and built his two homes Stanleybury , at 74 – 76 Albert Road and Cumberlow Lodge in Chalfont Road . Cumberlow Lodge was originally Pascall ’ s large brickfield dating from the early part of the 19th century , and subsequently a dairy farm . When it closed the 6 acres ( 0 @.@ 024 km2 ) of land was purchased in 1878 by Stanley . It was written into his will that the building should only be used as a children 's home , and it was used for this purpose for over a century . In 1963 , ownership was transferred to the London Borough of Lambeth and child murderer Mary Bell was housed there for a short time , until the local residents protested and she was removed to Wales . It was knocked down in 2006 before it could become a listed building . = = = The company expands = = = By 1881 , Stanley was employing 80 people and producing 3 @,@ 000 technical items , as detailed in his catalogue . A few years later , in 1885 , Stanley was given a gold medal at the International Inventors Exhibition at Wembley . The rapid growth of his business led to the opening of branches at Lincoln 's Inn , at London Bridge and at South Norwood . His 1890 catalogue shows that the company were selling Magic Lanterns , with a variety of slides including such subjects as the Siege of Paris ( 1870 – 1871 ) , the travels of Dr Livingstone and Dante 's Inferno , as well as improving stories for children such as Mother 's Last Words and The Drunkard 's Children , while in the catalogue for 1891 , Stanley refers to the company having 17 branches , with over 130 workmen . = = = Flotation of company = = = On 20 April 1900 his company was floated on the stock market , becoming a limited company under the name of William Ford Stanley and Co Ltd . Around 25 @,@ 000 shares in his company sold at £ 5 each , giving an authorised capital of £ 120 @,@ 000 . Stanley retired from the company ( although still acting as Chairman of the Board and Managing Director ) , leaving Henry Thomas Tallack ( a business partner ) and his brother Joseph to run the day @-@ to @-@ day operations . By 1903 ( when the company reached its golden jubilee ) , it claimed to be the " largest business of its kind in the world " . = = = Membership of professional bodies and societies = = = Stanley was a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts ( 1862 ) , the Geological Society of London ( elected 9 January 1884 ) , the Royal Astronomical Society ( elected 9 February 1894 ) , and a life fellow of the Royal Meteorological Society ( 1876 ) He was also a member of the Physical Society of London ( elected 25 February 1882 ) and the British Astronomical Association ( 1900 ) , as well as a member of the Croydon School Board from 1873 . Stanley read many papers to the various societies , including Clocks ( 1876 , to the Royal Meteorological Society ) , The Mechanical Conditions of Storms , Hurricanes and Cyclones ( 1882 , to the Royal Meteorological Society ) , Forms of Movements in Fluids ( 1882 , to the Physical Society of London ) , Integrating Anemometer ( 1883 , to the Royal Meteorological Society ) , Earth Subsidence and Elevation ( 1883 , to the Physical Society of London ) , Certain effects which may have been produced from the eruptions of Krakatoa and Mount St. Augustin ( 1884 , to the Royal Meteorological Society ) , Improvement in Radiation Thermometers ( 1885 , to the Royal Meteorological Society ) , Three years ' work with the chrono @-@ barometer and chrono @-@ thermometer ( 1886 , to the Royal Meteorological Society ) , The Phonometer ( 1891 , to the Royal Meteorological Society ) and Perception of Colour ( 1893 , to the Physical Society of London ) . = = Final years and death = = = = = Travels and art = = = Following his election as a Fellow of the Geologists ' Association , he went on an expedition to the Ardennes and the River Meuse . He visited Egypt and Palestine in 1889 , and Switzerland in 1893 . He engaged in different forms of art . In 1891 , three of his oil paintings were exhibited at the Marlborough Gallery and in May 1904 , a carved inlaid tray Stanley had made was shown at the Stanley Art Exhibition Club . He also enjoyed composing partsongs , painting , playing music and photography . = = = Building the UK 's first Technical Trades School and Stanley Halls = = = Stanley decided in 1901 to build and set up Stanley Technical Trades School , the first of its kind in the country . The school was designed to educate boys between the ages of 12 and 15 in general studies , as well as trade . It was made to Stanley ’ s own design and included an astronomy tower , and opened in 1907 . When it was presented to the public in 1907 , it had an endowment valued at £ 50 @,@ 000 . It was later renamed as Stanley Technical School ( now Harris Academy South Norwood ) . The William F. Stanley Trust ( originally The Stanley Foundation ) was set up as a charitable Trust to assist with the management of the Stanley Technical Trades School . On 23 November 2006 , Lady Harris ( wife of Philip Harris , Baron Harris of Peckham , founder of the Harris Federation ) and David Cameron ( at the time , the leader of the Conservative Party and the Leader of the Opposition ) placed a time capsule to recognise the contribution of Stanley to South Norwood . The capsule included a letter from Cameron , a copy of the speech given by William Stanley , on the opening of the Stanley Technical Trades School on 26 March 1907 , two reference books ( William Stanley the Man ; William Stanley ’ s School ) , as well as artefacts from both Stanley Technical High School for Boys and the Harris Federation of schools . Stanley Halls ( in South Norwood ) were opened on 2 February 1903 by Charles Ritchie , 1st Baron Ritchie of Dundee at a cost of £ 13 @,@ 000 ( as Stanley Public Hall ) to provide the local community with a public space for plays , concerts and lectures . It was the first building in Croydon to have electricity . In 1904 a clock tower and a hall were added . In 1993 , a blue plaque was installed on a wall of Stanley Halls by English Heritage . The plaque reads W.F.R. STANLEY ( 1829 – 1909 ) Inventor , Manufacturer and Philanthropist , founded and designed these halls and technical school . It is a Grade II listed building . = = = Legal work and Freedom of the City = = = Stanley became a magistrate ( Justice of the peace ) , and sat on the Croydon Bench on Mondays and Saturdays . He had a reputation for helping the poor , and when he retired from the Bench , one of his colleagues commented that there would be " no more £ 10 notes put in the poor @-@ box " . In July 1907 he was given the freedom of the borough of Croydon , an honour which is bestowed on people that the Council ( at that point , the Corporation of Croydon ) feel have made a significant contribution to the borough . Stanley was the fourth person to be accorded this honour . = = = Funeral = = = Stanley died on 14 August 1909 of a heart attack , aged 80 . His funeral was held on 19 August , and " local flags were flown at half mast , shops closed and local people drew their curtains as a mark of respect as a cortege of 15 carriages drew past . " The first 14 carriages were filled with family and dignitaries , whilst the 15th carried the domestic staff from Cumberlow . The cortege went to Elmers End Cemetery in Beckenham at walking pace and was met at the gates of the Cemetery by scholars from the School and members of staff from the firm . He was buried in the part of the Cemetery reserved for those who attended St. John 's Church , Upper Norwood . His tomb has a fine portrait carved in stone . When his widow died in 1913 , she was placed in the tomb beside Stanley . There were obituaries in several national and local newspapers and journals , including The Times , The Norwood Herald , The Norwood News , The Engineer , The Electrical Review , The Electrician , Engineering and The Journal of the Geological Society of London . On Saturday 22 August 2009 , a memorial service in his honour was held at his grave in Beckenham Cemetery to mark the centenary of his death . = = = Benefactions = = = During the last 15 years of his life , Stanley gave over £ 80 @,@ 000 to education projects . Most of his estate was bequeathed to trade schools and students in south London . Stanley 's will was signed on 20 March 1908 , and was probated on 26 October 1909 . When he died , his wealth was £ 58 @,@ 905 18s . 4d . The will provided for Stanley 's wife , and each nephew , niece , great @-@ nephew and great @-@ niece were mentioned by name , and left money and shares . His brother 's wife and his adopted daughter also received shares . Every servant received £ 5 , as did each teacher in the school . Every factory employee received £ 2 . Several individuals received monthly incomes of £ 1 or £ 2 a month . Croydon General Hospital , the Croydon Natural History Society , The British Home and Hospital for Incurables , Croydon Police Court Relief Fund and Croydon Society for the Protection of Women and Children all received shares , as did the Croydon Corporation , although these were to be used for the purchase of books annually to be used as prizes for students in Croydon . = = Legacy = = = = = Company = = = The W.F. Stanley and Co. company continued to expand after Stanley 's death , moving to a factory in New Eltham ( The Stanley Scientific Instrument Works ) in 1916 . During World War I , the factory was requisitioned by the government . Between the wars , it continued to expand its position in the market place for quality surveying instruments , although it was requisitioned by the British Government during World War II . After the war , the company continued to expand , participating in many large project – for example , RMS Queen Mary and Royal Navy ships used the company 's compasses and other navigational instruments . The company went into liquidation in July 1999 – the main factors were not investing the proceeds of the sale of the factory land to buying new machinery , the high value of the pound affecting export orders , and the loss of Ministry of Defence orders following the end of the Cold War . = = = Clock tower = = = A cast @-@ iron clock tower was erected in South Norwood at the junction of Station Road and the High Street in 1907 to mark the golden wedding anniversary of William and Eliza Stanley , as a measure of the esteem in which they were held in the locality . = = = Wetherspoon 's pub = = = On 18 December 1998 , the Wetherspoon 's pub chain opened The William Stanley on the High Street in South Norwood . It is a 19th @-@ century style of building , with a portrait of Stanley inside , as well as pictures of other Norwood notables ( Lillie Langtry , H. Tinsley ( another scientific instrument maker ) , Samuel Coleridge @-@ Taylor and John Brock ) . This pub is currently closed ( from 20 March 2016 ) due to its sale to the Antic Pub group and will re @-@ open after a refit . = = = Selected inventions and patents = = = 78 patents are attributed to Stanley ( sometimes the number is quoted as 79 , as in 1885 a proposed patent application was never followed through ) Many of the patents Stanley applied for were improvements on techniques or of other patents .
= SMS Nürnberg ( 1906 ) = SMS Nürnberg ( " His Majesty 's Ship Nürnberg " ) , named after the Bavarian city of Nuremberg , was a Königsberg @-@ class light cruiser built for the German Imperial Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) . Her sisters included Königsberg , Stettin , and Stuttgart . She was built by the Imperial Dockyard in Kiel , laid down in early 1906 and launched in April of that year . She was completed in April 1908 . Nürnberg was armed with ten 4 @.@ 1 @-@ inch ( 100 mm ) guns , eight 5 @.@ 2 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) guns , and two submerged torpedo tubes . Her top speed was 23 @.@ 4 knots ( 43 @.@ 3 km / h ; 26 @.@ 9 mph ) . Nürnberg served with the fleet briefly , before being deployed overseas in 1910 . She was assigned to the East Asia Squadron . At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , she was returning to the German naval base at Tsingtao from Mexican waters . She rejoined the rest of the Squadron , commanded by Vice Admiral Maximilian von Spee , which steamed across the Pacific Ocean and encountered a British squadron commanded by Rear Admiral Christopher Cradock . In the ensuing Battle of Coronel on 1 November , the British squadron was defeated ; Nürnberg finished off the British cruiser HMS Monmouth . A month later , the Germans attempted to raid the British base in the Falkland Islands ; a powerful British squadron that included a pair of battlecruisers was in port , commanded by Vice Admiral Doveton Sturdee . Sturdee 's ships chased down and destroyed four of the five German cruisers ; HMS Kent sank Nürnberg , with heavy loss of life . = = Construction = = Nürnberg was ordered under the contract name " Ersatz Blitz " and was laid down at the Imperial Dockyard in Kiel on 16 January 1906 . At her launching on 28 August 1906 , the mayor of her namesake , Dr. Georg von Schuh , christened Nürnberg , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 10 April 1908 . The ship was 116 @.@ 8 meters ( 383 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 13 @.@ 3 m ( 44 ft ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 24 m ( 17 @.@ 2 ft ) forward . She displaced 3 @,@ 902 t ( 3 @,@ 840 long tons ; 4 @,@ 301 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two 3 @-@ cylinder triple expansion engines powered by eleven coal @-@ fired Marine @-@ type boilers . These provided a top speed of 23 @.@ 4 kn ( 43 @.@ 3 km / h ; 26 @.@ 9 mph ) and a range of approximately 4 @,@ 120 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 630 km ; 4 @,@ 740 mi ) at 12 kn ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . Nürnberg had a crew of 14 officers and 308 enlisted men . The ship was armed with ten 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 45 guns in single pedestal mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were side by side aft . The guns had a maximum elevation of 30 degrees , which allowed them to engage targets out to 12 @,@ 700 m ( 41 @,@ 700 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 500 rounds of ammunition , for 150 shells per gun . The ship was also equipped with eight 5 @.@ 2 cm SK L / 55 guns with 4 @,@ 000 rounds of ammunition . She was also equipped with a pair of 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes with five torpedoes submerged in the hull on the broadside . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick amidships . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides . = = Service history = = After serving briefly with the fleet in German waters , Nürnberg was sent overseas in 1910 . She was assigned to the Kaiserliche Marine 's East Asia Station at Tsingtao as part of Admiral Count Maximilian von Spee 's East Asia Squadron . During the Mexican revolution she was positioned off the west coast of Mexico . After being relieved by Leipzig , Nürnberg returned to her home base at Tsingtao . In the summer of 1914 , Nürnberg was steaming across the Pacific to relieve Leipzig on the Mexico station . With the outbreak of World War I , Spee planned a return of his squadron to Germany , sailing through the Pacific , rounding Cape Horn , and then forcing his way north through the Atlantic . On 6 August 1914 , Nürnberg rendezvoused with the core of the East Asia Squadron , the armored cruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau , in Ponape . Spee decided the best place to concentrate his forces was Pagan Island in the northern Marianas Islands , a German possession in the central Pacific . All available colliers , supply ships , and passenger liners were ordered to meet the East Asia Squadron there . On 11 August , Spee arrived in Pagan ; he was joined by several supply ships , as well as Emden and the auxiliary cruiser Prinz Eitel Friedrich . The four cruisers then departed the central Pacific , bound for Chile . On 13 August the captain of the Emden , Commodore Karl von Müller , persuaded Spee to detach his ship for commerce raiding . The ships again coaled after their arrival at Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands on 20 August . On 6 September Spee detached Nürnberg , along with the tender Titania , to cut the British cable system at Fanning Island . The cruiser flew a French ensign to deceive the defenders , and succeeded in destroying the station on 7 September . Nürnberg then rejoined the fleet at Christmas Island. later that day . In order to keep the German high command informed of his activities , Spee sent Nürnberg on 8 September to Honolulu to send word through neutral countries . Spee chose the ship because the British were aware she had left Mexican waters , and so her presence in Hawaii would not betray the movements of the entire East Asia Squadron . She was also ordered to contact German agents to instruct them to prepare coal stocks in South America for the squadron 's use . Nürnberg brought back news of the Allied conquest of the German colony at Samoa . On 14 September , Spee decided to use his two armored cruisers to raid the British base at Apia ; he sent Nürnberg to escort the squadron 's colliers to the rendezvous location . At the Battle of Papeete on 22 September , Nürnberg and the rest of the East Asia Squadron bombarded the colony . During the bombardment , the French gunboat Zélée was sunk by gunfire from the German ships . Fear of mines in the harbor prevented von Spee from seizing the coal that lay in the harbor . By 12 October , the squadron had reached Easter Island . There they were joined by Dresden and Leipzig , which had sailed from American waters . After a week in the area , the ships departed for Chile . = = = Battle of Coronel = = = To oppose the German squadron off the coast of South America , the British had scant resources ; under the command of Rear Admiral Christopher Cradock were the armored cruisers HMS Good Hope and Monmouth , the light cruiser Glasgow , and the auxiliary cruiser Otranto . This flotilla was reinforced by the elderly pre @-@ dreadnought battleship Canopus and the armored cruiser Defence , the latter , however , did not arrive until after the Battle of Coronel . Canopus was left behind by Cradock , who likely felt that her slow speed would prevent him from bringing the German ships to battle . On the evening of 26 October , the East Asia Squadron steamed out of Mas a Fuera , Chile , and headed eastward . Spee learned that Glasgow had been spotted in Coronel on the 31st , and so turned towards the port . He arrived on the afternoon of 1 November , and to his surprise , encountered Good Hope , Monmouth , and Otranto as well as Glasgow . Canopus was still some 300 miles ( 480 km ) behind , with the British colliers . At 17 : 00 , Glasgow spotted the Germans ; Cradock formed a line with Good Hope in the lead , followed by Monmouth , Glasgow , and Otranto in the rear . Spee decided to hold off on engaging the British until the sun had set more , at which point the British ships would be silhouetted by the sun . Nürnberg was some distance behind the rest of the German squadron , and joined the ensuing action later ; she had been delayed from searches of neutral steamers . Arriving late to the battle , Nürnberg found the drifting Monmouth and finished her off with gunfire at a range of around 550 to 900 m ( 600 to 980 yd ) . On 3 November , Nürnberg , Scharnhorst , and Gneisenau steamed into Valparaiso , Chile to resupply their coal and other supplies . They were limited to 24 hours per international law , which also allowed only three warships in any neutral port at a time ; the other two cruisers , Leipzig and Dresden , had to return to Mas a Fuera . After regrouping at Mas a Fuera , Spee had decided to raid British shipping routes in the South Atlantic . On 21 November , the East Asia Squadron put into St. Quentin Bay to coal ; the crews piled up coal on the ships ' decks to allow them to steam all the way to the Port of Santa Elena , where Spee had arranged for colliers out of Montevideo to meet them on 5 December . = = = Battle of the Falkland Islands = = = In the aftermath of the Battle of Coronel , Spee decided to attack the British base at Port Stanley in the Falkland Islands . Nürnberg and Gneisenau were to raid the harbor , destroy the wireless station , and burn the coal stocks , while the rest of the squadron screened for British warships . Spee was under the incorrect impression that the Falkland Islands were undefended . The British had detached a pair of battlecruisers , Invincible and Inflexible , and four cruisers , under the command of Vice Admiral Doveton Sturdee , to track down Spee 's squadron and defeat it in return for Coronel . When Nürnberg and Gneisenau approached the islands early on 8 December , the old battleship Canopus opened fire and drove them off . The Germans were surprised to see the warships in the harbor , and Spee decided to retreat . The East Asia Squadron steamed away at 22 kn ( 41 km / h ; 25 mph ) in a single file line ; Nürnberg was the second ship in the line , between Gneisenau and Scharnhorst . Sturdee ordered his ships to raise steam and pursue the Germans . His battlecruisers caught up and opened fire at 12 : 50 ; Spee decided that he could hold off the battlecruisers with Scharnhorst and Gneisenau to allow the three light cruisers time to escape . In response , Sturdee sent his light cruisers to chase down Nürnberg , Dresden , and Leipzig . HMS Kent chased Nürnberg down ; at 17 : 00 , Nürnberg opened fire at extreme range , approximately 11 @,@ 000 m ( 12 @,@ 000 yd ) . Kent was unable to reply until the range fell to 6 @,@ 400 m ( 7 @,@ 000 yd ) , at which time she began firing salvos rapidly . Nürnberg turned to port in order to bring her entire broadside into action , which was mimicked by Kent . The two ships steered on converging courses , and the distance between the two cruisers dropped to 2 @,@ 700 m ( 3 @,@ 000 yd ) . By that time , Kent 's shells were raining down on Nürnberg and were causing major damage . A serious fire broke out forward at 18 : 02 , and by 18 : 35 , she was dead in the water and had ceased firing . Kent temporarily ceased fire , but after noticing Nürnberg was still flying her battle ensigns , resumed combat . After five more minutes of shelling , Nürnberg struck her colors , and Kent 's crew prepared to lower lifeboats to pick up survivors . Only twelve men were picked up before the ship capsized and sank at 19 : 26 , and five of them died after being rescued . Among the dead was one of Spee 's sons , Otto von Spee . In total , 327 officers and men were killed in the battle . In the course of the engagement , Nürnberg had hit Kent thirty @-@ eight times , but did not cause significant damage . One shell struck one of Kent 's casemate guns and ignited the propellant charges inside , but the magazine was flooded before the fire could destroy the ship . The sinking was commemorated in a painting entitled The Last Man by Hans Bohrdt , which depicted a German sailor waving the Imperial ensign as Nürnberg slipped beneath the waves .
= Gelou = Gelou ( Romanian : Gelu ; Hungarian : Gyalu ) was the Vlach ruler of Transylvania at the time of the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin around 900 AD , according to the Gesta Hungarorum . Although the Gesta Hungarorum , which was written after 1150 , does not indicate the enemies of the conquering Hungarians ( Magyars ) known from earlier annals and chronicles , it refers to local rulers — including Gelou — who are not mentioned in other primary sources . Consequently , historians debate whether Gelou was a historical person or an imaginary figure created by the unidentified author of the Gesta Hungarorum . In Romanian historiography , Gelou is one of three early @-@ 10th @-@ century Romanian dukes with lands in the intra @-@ Carpathian region of present @-@ day Romania . The Gesta Hungarorum describes pre @-@ conquest Transylvania as a country rich in salt and gold , which was raided by Turkic peoples — " Cumans and Pechenegs " — before the arrival of the Magyars . Archaeological research indicates that a people who cremated their dead inhabited the regions of the Transylvanian salt mines from the seventh to the ninth centuries . Although excavated weapons suggest a military elite , none of the early @-@ medieval Transylvanian fortresses uncovered can be reliably dated before the 10th century . The Gesta Hungarorum states that Gelou 's duchy was inhabited by Vlachs and Slavs ; most toponyms recorded by the chronicler in connection with Gelou 's duchy are of Magyar origin . According to the Gesta Hungarorum , Tétény ( or Tuhutum ) , who was one of seven Magyar chieftains , defeated Gelou 's army at the Mezeş Gates and Gelou was killed at the Căpuș River as he fled towards his unnamed fortress . Gelou 's subjects then yielded to Tuhutum without further resistance . = = Background = = What is known about Gelou comes from the Gesta Hungarorum ( The Deeds of the Hungarians ) , the earliest surviving Hungarian chronicle . The Gesta was written during the second half of the 12th century or the early 13th century by an unidentified author , now known as Anonymus . It describes the Magyar conquest of the Carpathian Basin around 900 . The Magyars , settled in the Pontic @-@ Caspian steppe by the 830s , began a westward migration after their defeat by a coalition of Pechenegs and Bulgarians in about 895 . They crossed the Carpathian Mountains , invading the surrounding area . Gelou is a local ruler described in the Gesta Hungarorum as an opponent of the invading Magyars . Anonymus did not write about Simeon I of Bulgaria , Svatopluk I of Moravia or other opponents known from contemporary sources , instead chronicling Magyar battles with local rulers ( including Gelou , Menumorut and Salan ) not mentioned in other primary sources . = = Transylvania on the eve of the Hungarian conquest = = The nomadic Avars dominated the Carpathian Basin from about 567 . In Transylvania , archaeological evidence attributed to them around 630 is clustered in the region of the salt mines at Ocnişoara , Ocna Mureș and Turda , and along the rivers Mureș and Someș . The cremation cemeteries of the Mediaș group , a sedentary population , were also concentrated around the salt mines in the seventh to ninth centuries . Although the Mediaș cemeteries have been attributed to Slavs , according to Madgearu " the presence of Romanians in this context should not be ruled out " . The names of many rivers in Transylvania — for instance , Bistrița ( " swift " ) , Cerna ( " black " ) , Dobra ( " good " ) and Târnava ( " thorny " ) — are of Slavic origin , indicating the historical presence of a Slavic @-@ speaking population . According to Madgearu , two eighth @-@ century spurs unearthed at Șura Mică and Medişoru Mare " suggest the existence of cavalry troops of Slavs and , perhaps , Romanians in Avar service " ( since Avar spur use is uncertain ) . The Avar Khaganate disintegrated after the Franks invaded its western regions three times between 791 and 803 . A stone column erected during the reign of Omurtag of Bulgaria commemorates the 829 death of a Bulgarian commander named Onegavon at the river Tisa , indicating that the Bulgarians invaded the eastern regions of the one @-@ time khaganate . According to the Annals of Fulda , in 894 Emperor Arnulf sent envoys to the Bulgarians to " ask that they should not sell salt to the Moravians " ; this demonstrates that the Bulgarians controlled , at a minimum , the roads between the Transylvanian salt mines and Moravia . According to Kurdt Horedt , István Bóna and other historians , Dridu B pottery unearthed in the Alba Iulia region which was similar to ceramic utensils found along the lower Danube demonstrates that the Bulgarians expanded their authority over this region . Other historians ( including Victor Spinei ) reject this theory , saying that Dridu B ceramics can only prove cultural influences from the Balkan Peninsula . The so @-@ called " Ciumbrud group " of cemeteries , which were also unearthed near Alba Iulia , yielded earrings and clothing accessories analogous to finds from the lower Danube region and Moravia . Spurs , weapons and other Frankish objects unearthed at Iernut , Tărtăria and other Transylvanian sites demonstrate ninth @-@ century trade with the Carolingian Empire ; similar spurs were also commonly used in Bulgaria and by 10th @-@ century Magyars . According to historians Vlad Georgescu , Ioan @-@ Aurel Pop and Alexandru Madgearu , the existence of a ninth @-@ century Vlach polity in the Carpatho @-@ Danubian region is verified by the Gesta Hungarorum and contemporary sources . Alfred the Great 's translation of the Historiae Adversus Paganos — a fifth @-@ century work by Orosius — referred to " the Dacians , who were formerly Goths " and lived east of the Moravians and the " Vistula country " . The 11th @-@ century Persian scholar Gardizi , who studied the works of the late ninth @-@ century al @-@ Jayhani , wrote about the Nandars — " a people of Rûm who are all Christians " — who inhabited the lower Danube and the Carpathians . Pop identifies them as Romanians , but Bóna and Kristó consider them Bulgarians because nándor was the Bulgarians ' Hungarian exonym . An Armenian geographical work mentions " an unknown country called Balak " north of Bulgaria . According to Pop and Georgescu , this demonstrates that a Vlach country existed in the region at the end of the ninth century . Manuscript studies indicate that the reference to Balak was interpolated after 1000 , with the original text describing the " large country of Dacia " and its 25 Slavic tribes . According to the early @-@ 12th @-@ century Russian Primary Chronicle , although the Slavs were the first settlers west of the Carpathians , the Volokhs seized their territory . The Volokhs were expelled in turn by the Magyars , who " took their lands and settled among the Slavs " . Many scholars , including Georgescu and Madgearu , identify the Volokhs as Vlachs fighting the invading Magyars . Other historians , including Kristó and Dennis Deletant , say that the context indicates that these Volokhs were Franks driven out of the March of Pannonia by the Magyars . Although Romanian scholars have identified about a dozen Transylvanian fort sites in Gelou 's duchy , none can be definitively dated before the turn of the ninth and tenth centuries . The forts at Dăbâca and Şirioara were destroyed between the last decades of the 10th century and the first half of the 11th , but their existence before 900 is unproven . At Dăbâca , " the evidence published so far , albeit poorly , does contain evidence of a ninth @-@ century occupation of the site " , according to archaeologist Florin Curta . Curta mentions two pairs of bell @-@ shaped pendants , found outside the fort , which are similar to 9th @-@ century Moravian artefacts . An other Romanian archaeologist , Alexandru Madgearu , writes that the bell @-@ shaped pendants were only made after around 965 , because similar jewellery was found at sites dated between the last third of the 10th century and the first half of the 11th century . Pottery finds suggest that the fortress at Cluj @-@ Mănăştur may have been built during the ninth or tenth century . Early @-@ medieval forts at Moigrad , Ortelec , Șimleu Silvaniei and Zalnoc were built at the turn of the 10th and 11th centuries , and the fort at Moldovenești even later . Legends identify the ruins of forts at Gheorgheni , Gilău and Ugruţiu as Gelou 's , but they were built during the Iron Age . According to Vlad Georgescu , more than 40 excavated Transylvanian sites can be identified as settlements in Gelou 's duchy . = = Anonymus ' narrative = = = = = Gelou and his duchy = = = According to Anonymus , " Slavs , Bulgarians , Vlachs , and the shepherds of the Romans " inhabited the Carpathian Basin when the Magyars invaded the territory . The chronicler describes Transylvania ( terra ultrasilvana , " the land beyond the woods " ) as a rich country with salt mines and gold @-@ yielding rivers , inhabited by " Vlachs and Slavs " when the Magyars arrived , and records the names of five Transylvanian rivers or mountain passes . Most — Almaş , Aștileu , Căpuş and Mezeş — are of Hungarian origin . In the Gesta Hungarorum Gelou is described as " a certain Vlach " and " prince of the Vlachs " , indicating that the Vlachs were considered the dominant Transylvanian population . According to Anonymus , Gelou " was not steadfast and did not have around him good warriors " . The Vlachs and Slavs of Transylvania were " the basest of the whole world " because " they had nothing else for arms than bows and arrows " ; Transylvanian weakness was the result of frequent raids by " the Cumans and Pechenegs " . According to Ioan Aurel Pop , Anonymus ' description of Gelou 's subjects indicates a sedentary people called to arms . Carlile Aylmer Macartney writes that the Blasii and Picenati words for Vlachs and Pechenegs and the reference to their " bows and arrows " suggest that Anonymus borrowed the text from a work describing the route of the Third or Fourth Crusade across the Balkans ; the late @-@ 12th @-@ century Historia de expeditione Friderici imperatoris refers to Vlachs and Cumanians and their bows and arrows . Based on Anonymus 's narrative , Sălăgean says that Gelou 's polity was small compared with the other five mentioned in the Gesta Hungarorum . = = = Conquest of Transylvania = = = Anonymus and the late 13th @-@ century Simon of Kéza wrote that the Magyars bypassed Transylvania after crossing the northern Carpathians . However , 14th @-@ century Hungarian chronicles preserve a tradition contradicting these narratives . In the Illuminated Chronicle , the Magyars first arrived in Transylvania ( Erdelw ) with their conquest , " remain [ ing ] quietly in Erdelw and rest [ ing ] their herds " before moving further west . The Gesta Hungarorum recounts a meeting of three Hungarian chieftains — Teteny ( or Tuhutum ) , Szabolcs and Tas — after their victory over Menumorut , who is described as lord of Bihor . They decided that " the border of the realm of Prince Árpád " ( the head of the Magyars ) " should be at the Mezeş Gates " , forcing the local population to build a stone @-@ and @-@ timber enclosure at the new border . Tétény soon sent a spy , " father Agmánd Apafarkas " , to reconnoitre the land east of the Mezeş Gates . The spy informed him of Transylvania 's wealth and its ruler 's weakness . Before the invasion , Tétény " sent his envoys " to Árpád for permission . With Árpád 's consent , Tétény hurried to the Mezeş Gates ; according to Madgearu , his attack was " clearly targeted toward the salt mine district " of Transylvania . Gelou " gathered his army and rode speedily " to the border to stop the invaders . Tétény crossed the forest in one day , forcing Gelou to retreat to the Almaş River and fight the Magyars there . The next day , Tétény divided his army and " sent one part a little way upstream " to cross the Almaş and surprise Gelou . Gelou was defeated , with many of his men killed or captured . Although he fled from the battlefield towards " his castle beside the Someş River " , Tétény 's soldiers chased and killed him on the banks of the Căpuș River , near the place where the village Gilău ( which was first mentioned in the 13th century ) is located . When they heard about their lord 's death the inhabitants of Transylvania conceded , acknowledging Tétény as their new lord . They swore an oath of loyalty to him at a place later named Așchileu ( in Hungarian , Eskellő , which derived from eskü , meaning " oath " in Hungarian , according to Anonymus ) . Anonymus ends his account of the Hungarian conquest of Transylvania by saying that Tétény governed Transylvania " peacefully and happily from that day , but his posterity possessed it only up to the times of the holy King Stephen " ( who conquered the province around 1000 ) . = = In modern historiography = = The Gesta Hungarorum 's reliability — particularly regarding Gelou , Glad , Menumorut and the other rulers described as fighting the conquering Magyars — has been debated by scholars since the publication of the chronicle during the late 18th century . Most Romanian historians ( including Vlad Georgescu , Alexandru Madgearu and Victor Spinei ) believe that Anonymus ' story of the three dukes and their realms is reliable . According to Florin Curta , Romanian archaeologists " made every possible effort ... to prove that the Gesta was a reliable source for the medieval history of ( Romanian ) Transylvania " during the excavations at Dăbâca ( Gelou 's assumed seat ) between the late 1960s and 1980s , but they were " embarrassed that no substantial evidence was found to prove the Gesta right " . Madgearu says that Anonymus ' " account about the conquest " of Transylvania " combines data taken from oral tradition with invented facts " , but " Gelou was a real person and his name could be considered authentic " . Spinei also writes that most reports in the Gesta Hungarorum " are not inventions , but they have a real support , even if here and there some anachronisms occurred . " He cites the role of the Cumans as an example , saying that the Hungarian word translated by Anonymus as " Cumans " ( kun ) originally referred to any nomadic Turkic tribe . Other historians ( including István Bóna , Dennis Deletant , Pál Engel and Gyula Kristó ) write that Anonymus had no real knowledge of the Carpathian Basin ( including Transylvania ) at the time of the Hungarian conquest and invented all the opponents of the Hungarians because he needed characters to be defeated by the conquerors . According to this view , Gelou is one of a half @-@ dozen " imaginary figures " — including Laborec , Menumorut and Zobor — named by Anonymus for a river , hill or settlement . If this theory is true , Gelou was named after Gilău ( Gyalu in Hungarian ) , a Transylvanian village in which Gelou dies in the Gesta . According to Tudor Sălăgean , the village of Gilău was apparently named for the duke . Zoltán Kordé says that the names of the village and the duke may have Hungarian or Turkic origins .
= Merle Reskin Theatre = The Merle Reskin Theatre is a performing arts venue located in the Loop community area of Chicago , Illinois . Originally named the Blackstone Theatre , it was founded in 1910 . The Merle Reskin Theatre is now part of DePaul University , although it is still used for events not affiliated with the university . It serves as the home of the Chicago Playworks for Families and Young Audiences series produced by The Theatre School . The building was designed by Marshall and Fox and developed by Tracy C. Drake and John Drake of Drake Hotel fame on the former site of Timothy Blackstone 's mansion . The theatre has a rich history of live performances that have traditionally been touring productions of hit and prize @-@ winning shows . = = Building = = The architects who designed the new theatre in 1910 were Benjamin Marshall and Charles Fox of the firm Marshall and Fox , who also designed the adjacent Blackstone Hotel in 1909 . As with the hotel , the theatre took its name from Timothy Blackstone , whose mansion had previously occupied the site . The original address was on Hubbard Court , which was later renamed Seventh Street , and renamed once again to East Balbo Drive , the current name . The building is six stories tall and built in a French Renaissance style . Constructed only seven years after the Iroquois Theater Fire , the theater was required to be fireproof and the management claimed the auditorium could be cleared in three minutes . Seating capacity was 1 @,@ 400 people until 1988 , when renovations to reinstate the orchestra pit and to create seating for handicapped persons reduced the seat count to 1 @,@ 325 . The developers of both the Blackstone Hotel and Blackstone Theatre were Tracy C. Drake and John Drake , better known as developers and proprietors of the Drake Hotel . Their father , John Drake ( 1826 @-@ 1895 ) had been a business partner of Blackstone 's . The building of the Blackstone Theatre directly resulted in the shuttering of an older , nearby theatre , the Olympia . = = Blackstone Theatre Company = = In an era when most entertainment was performed live on stage , the opening of a new theatre was considered so newsworthy that major newspapers reported on it . The proposed opening of the Blackstone was even noted by the New York Times , which wrote in mid @-@ July 1909 that " ... The new Blackstone Theatre , soon to be erected on Hubbard Place in Chicago ... [ will ] have a large seating capacity , and is to be equipped with every modern theatrical device . The stage is to be patterned on that of the New Amsterdam Theatre in this city [ New York ] ... " The Chicago Tribune also announced the up @-@ coming event , and in a front page story , the newspaper elaborated on what the Times had reported . The new theatre would feature the productions of Charles Frohman , who would operate the theatre jointly with impresarios Klaw & Erlanger ; the three had incorporated under the name " Blackstone Theatre Company " ( which was part of their larger Theatrical Syndicate , formed in 1896 ) . The July 1909 Tribune article also pointed out that this new theatre would be an ornate " movie palace " , able to seat about 1 @,@ 200 people and costing in excess of half a million dollars to build . The Blackstone Theatre officially opened on December 31 , 1910 , with the premiere of a Chicago playwright George Ade 's newest play " U.S. Minister Bedloe . " It was a comedy that starred William H. Crane , and the critics were impressed by the play and by the beauty of the venue . The Blackstone was managed by Harry J. Powers , a Chicago businessman with extensive experience in the theatre : he had worked his way up from his early days as an usher to ultimately become one of Mr. Erlanger 's most trusted associated ; Powers remained as the Blackstone 's manager throughout its first two decades . The Blackstone 's first productions featured some of that era 's best known performers and playwrights — for example , after " U.S. Minister Bedloe " came a David Belasco production , " The Return of Peter Grimm " , starring David Warfield . Many of the productions had already been well received in New York before coming to the Blackstone , such as another play that featured comic actor William H. Crane , " The Senator Keeps House . " But while some of these productions were the equal of the version that played in New York , Tribune theatre critic Hammond observed on several occasions that the Chicago companies lacked the biggest stars . Despite this , the touring companies that performed at the Blackstone tended to do a good job and Hammond praised them for their " effective " productions . This trend of presenting touring company versions would continue in later years , when most of the performances at the Blackstone were plays which had already won the Pulitzer Prize or the Tony Award , and were presented by touring companies from New York . During the first decade of operation , the Blackstone Theatre featured a number of unique productions . Among them were the performances of the Stratford @-@ upon @-@ Avon Players . Under the direction of F.R. Benson , they offered fourteen of Shakespeare 's plays in two weeks during early November 1913 . Also noteworthy was a presentation of George Bernard Shaw 's " Pygmalion " in 1914 ; performances by the Boston Opera Company , featuring Mlle. Anna Pavlova in 1916 and Louis N. Parker 's " Disraeli . " And during periods of time when there was no play being performed , the Blackstone opened its doors to events sponsored by civic and fraternal organizations such as the Elks or Chicago 's University Club . When Big Sisters was still a new organization , it held one of its first benefits at the Blackstone . The Blackstone was also the home to a large women 's suffrage rally and conference in 1916 ; in attendance were 1 @,@ 200 suffragists from all over the United States . And keeping up with the times , some of the performances from the stage of the Blackstone were heard on Chicago @-@ area radio station WTAS , thanks to station owner Charles Erbstein , who thought it was a good idea to use the theatre for live broadcasts , and began doing so in early 1925 . Because the Blackstone Theatre was a touring theatre , many actors appeared there who would not have otherwise had that opportunity if the venue had specialized in new productions . Some of the actors who graced the stage of the Blackstone include William Gillette , Ethel Barrymore , John Barrymore , Helen Hayes , Ruth Gordon , Katharine Cornell , Cornelia Otis Skinner , and Spencer Tracy . During the 1920s the Blackstone presented 60 plays by playwrights such as George Bernard Shaw , Eugene O 'Neill , Seán O 'Casey , Sir Arthur Wing Pinero , Richard Sheridan , Ben Jonson , Oliver Goldsmith , Frank Craven , Ring Lardner , and George M. Cohan . = = Post Blackstone Theatre Company = = = = = Lease = = = At the end of 1930 , it was announced that the Blackstone Theatre Company was terminating its lease . Mr. Erlanger had died in March , the country was in the midst of the Depression , and newspaper reports remarked on how many businesses were suffering . Building owners John and Tracy Drake managed the theatre for a year before foreclosure loomed in 1932 . In 1934 , they leased the theatre to Playgoer 's Incorporated , although this group only lasted a year . The Blackstone was saved in the 1930s by the Federal Theatre Project , which leased the theatre in 1936 and continued to use it for rehearsals and productions until the program was abolished by Congress in 1939 . During this period , the Blackstone played host to original plays . In 1940 , the theater was rented by Oscar Sertin , who staged " Life with Father " starring Lillian Gish , which opened in February and ran for more than a year . The following year , Buddy Ebsen starred in " Good Night Ladies ! " , which ran for 100 weeks . From 1942 through 1945 , the theatre was run by Slavin Amusement Company . = = = Shubert Brothers = = = In 1945 , a reconstituted Blackstone Theatre Company managed the hall until 1948 when the Shubert Brothers bought the theatre . With the rise of other forms of entertainment , such as television , attendance at live theaters declined and the Shubert Organization scaled back the Blackstone 's season from 28 weeks to as few as 14 weeks each year . 1959 saw the premiere of Lorraine Hansberry 's " A Raisin in the Sun . " Although the play was successful , after four weeks it left Chicago for New York . Around the same time , a renaissance in Chicago theatre was taking place on the city 's north side . The Blackstone was dark from 1986 until August 1988 , when it reopened to Lily Tomlin 's one woman show " The Search For Signs of Intelligent Life in the Universe . " At this time , the Shubert Organization decided it was time to divest itself of all Chicago theatres except for the Shubert Theatre on Monroe Street . = = = The Theatre School = = = The Goodman School of Drama , renamed The Theatre School in 1985 , was founded in 1925 . It joined DePaul University in 1978 . Alumni include Gillian Anderson , John C. Reilly , Scott Ellis , Joe Mantegna , Theoni V. Aldredge , Karl Malden , Michael Rooker , Elizabeth Perkins , Judy Greer and Eugene Lee . When the Shubert Organization decided to divest the majority of its Chicago theatres , the Blackstone Theatre building was offered to DePaul University . Although DePaul 's Theatre School began officially performing in the Blackstone on March 21 , 1989 , with a production of The Misanthrope by Molière , it had an earlier production of " The Phantom Tollbooth " . The Theatre School 's main performance space is the Merle Reskin Theatre . Each year The Theatre School presents the Chicago Playworks series as well as The Theatre School Showcase , which both run throughout the academic year at the Merle Reskin Theatre . Chicago Playworks presents works intended for families and young audiences , while the Showcase series offers contemporary plays and classics . In 1992 , Harold and Merle Reskin made a sizable donation to the Theatre School and on November 20 , the theatre was renamed the Merle Reskin Theatre . Merle Reskin ( née Muskal ) had spent five years as a professional actress , portraying Ensign Janet MacGregor in " South Pacific " on Broadway and appearing with Etta Moten . She gave up her career upon marrying Reskin in 1955 ; however , she spent thirty years as the Midwest Regional Auditioner for the American Academy of Dramatic Arts . In addition to The Theatre School , the building is also used by other arts organizations .
= Soviet cruiser Voroshilov = Voroshilov ( Russian : Ворошилов ) was a Project 26 Kirov @-@ class cruiser of the Soviet Navy that served during World War II and into the Cold War . She bombarded German troops during the Siege of Odessa before being badly damaged in November 1941 by German bombers . Upon her return from repairs in March 1942 she supported Soviet troops during the Siege of Sevastopol , the Kerch @-@ Feodosiya Operation and the amphibious landings at Novorossiysk at the end of January 1943 . Her active participation in the war ended in October 1943 when three destroyers were lost to air attack and Joseph Stalin forbid missions using large ships without his permission . Postwar she was converted to a missile test ship before being sold for scrap in 1973 . = = Description = = Voroshilov was 191 @.@ 3 meters ( 627 ft 7 in ) long , had a beam of 17 @.@ 66 meters ( 57 ft 11 in ) and had a draft of 6 @.@ 15 meters ( 20 ft 2 in ) . She displaced 7 @,@ 890 metric tons ( 7 @,@ 765 long tons ) at standard load and 9 @,@ 436 metric tons ( 9 @,@ 287 long tons ) at full load . Her two steam turbines proved to be more powerful than anticipated , producing a total of 122 @,@ 500 shaft horsepower ( 91 @,@ 300 kW ) . This was almost enough to achieve the ship 's designed speed of 37 knots during her sea trials , reaching 36 @.@ 72 knots ( 68 @.@ 01 km / h ; 42 @.@ 26 mph ) despite being over 650 metric tons ( 640 long tons ) overweight . Voroshilov carried nine 180 @-@ millimeter ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) 57 @-@ caliber B @-@ 1 @-@ P guns in three electrically powered MK @-@ 3 @-@ 180 triple turrets . Her secondary armament consisted of six single 100 @-@ millimeter ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) 56 @-@ caliber B @-@ 34 anti @-@ aircraft guns fitted on each side of the rear funnel . The ship 's light AA guns consisted of six semi @-@ automatic 45 @-@ millimeter ( 1 @.@ 8 in ) 21 @-@ K AA guns and four DK 12 @.@ 7 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 50 in ) machine guns . Six 533 @-@ millimeter ( 21 @.@ 0 in ) 39 @-@ Yu torpedo tubes were fitted in two triple mountings . = = = Wartime modifications = = = When war broke out in 1941 , Voroshilov was not equipped with any radars , but she received a number of British Lend @-@ Lease radars by 1944 . One Type 284 and two Type 285 radars were used for main battery fire control . One Type 291 was used for air search , while anti @-@ aircraft fire control was provided by two Type 282 radars . = = Service = = Voroshilov was laid down at the Marti South shipyard in Nikolayev on 15 October 1935 ; the second of the Project 26 , to use their industrial designation , Kirov @-@ class cruisers . She was launched on 28 June 1937 , but she had to wait for her Soviet @-@ built machinery to be delivered before she was completed on 20 June 1940 . On 23 June 1941 Voroshilov covered Soviet destroyers bombarding Constanta , after the Germans attacked the Soviet Union , and was slightly damaged by a mine exploded by the destroyer Soobrazitelny 's paravanes . She bombarded Axis troops near Odessa on 19 September with 148 180 mm shells and was transferred to Novorossiysk shortly afterwards . On 2 November the ship was bombed in harbor by Junkers Ju 88 bombers of Kampfgeschwader 51 . She was hit twice ; one hit started a fire in # 3 magazine that was extinguished by water flooding in from the second hit . Voroshilov had to be towed to Poti for repairs , which lasted until February 1942 . She shelled Axis positions near Feodosiya on 19 March and 3 April 1942 , but was damaged by fragments from bombs from Ju 88s on 10 April and had to return to Batumi for minor repairs . On 8 and 11 May she provided fire support for Soviet troops around Kerch and the Taman Peninsula . On 27 May one of her turbines broke down , while helping to transfer the 9th Naval Infantry Brigade from Batumi to Sevastopol , and required repairs lasting until 24 July 1942 . On 29 November 1942 she was damaged by nearby mine explosions while bombarding Feodonisi with 46 180 mm and 57 100 mm shells , but managed to return to Poti under her own power . Just after her repairs were completed she assisted Soviet forces landing behind German lines at Malaya Zemlya with 240 180 mm shells at the end of January 1943 . On 17 February the ship transferred from Poti to Batumi . Voroshilov was withdrawn from active operations , however , after the loss of three destroyers that were attempting to interdict the German evacuation of the Taman Bridgehead to air attack on 6 October 1943 . This loss caused Stalin to forbid the deployment of large naval units without his express permission which was not granted during the rest of the war . The ship was transferred to Novorossiysk on 18 August 1944 and to Sevastopol on 5 November . She was awarded the Order of the Red Banner on 8 July 1945 . = = Postwar = = Voroshilov was inspected in 1946 and found unsatisfactory , but she was given routine servicing . She began her postwar modernization in April 1954 , but the Navy reevaluated the scope of the work in 1955 and deemed it insufficient to create a fully modern ship . Unlike her half @-@ sister Maxim Gorky , she was selected for conversion as a testbed for missile development as Project 33 on 17 February 1956 . The conversion process was prolonged , as her armament was removed and she received an entirely new superstructure and masts . She consequently was not recommissioned as OS @-@ 24 until 31 December 1961 . The ship was modernized under Project 33M from 11 October 1963 to 1 December 1965 . Her final conversion was to a floating barracks on 6 October 1972 and she was redesignated as PKZ @-@ 19 . Voroshilov was sold for scrapping on 2 March 1973 . Voroshilov 's 14 @-@ ton propeller and 2 @.@ 5 @-@ ton stop anchor are on display at the Museum of Heroic Defense and Liberation of Sevastopol on Sapun Mountain in Sevastopol .
= Amy Adams = Amy Lou Adams ( born August 20 , 1974 ) is an American actress and singer . She began her career on stage performing in dinner theatre and went on to make her feature film debut in Drop Dead Gorgeous ( 1999 ) . After moving to Los Angeles , she made several appearances on television and in B movies before portraying the part of Frank Abagnale 's girlfriend in Steven Spielberg 's Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) . Her breakthrough role came in the 2005 independent film Junebug , in which she played a young pregnant woman , for which she received critical acclaim and her first Oscar nomination for Best Supporting Actress . In 2007 , Adams starred as a princess in the Disney animated musical film Enchanted , a critical and commercial success . She received her second Oscar nomination for playing a nun in the 2008 film Doubt . Adams received two more Academy Award nominations for her supporting roles in the 2010 sports drama The Fighter and the 2012 psychological drama The Master . She achieved further success in 2013 , portraying Lois Lane in Man of Steel and a troubled con artist in David O. Russell 's crime film American Hustle . The latter won her a Golden Globe Award and garnered her a fifth Oscar nomination , her first in the Best Actress category . In 2014 , she portrayed Margaret Keane in Big Eyes , for which she won a second Golden Globe Award . Adams reprised the role of Lois Lane in 2016 's Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice , her highest @-@ grossing release . Adams is the recipient of two Golden Globe Awards , and has received five nominations each from the Academy Award and BAFTA Award ceremonies . She was named one of 100 most influential people by Time magazine in 2014 . She is married to the artist Darren Le Gallo , with whom she has one child . = = Early life = = Adams was born on August 20 , 1974 in Vicenza , Veneto , Italy , the fourth of seven children of American parents Kathryn ( née Hicken ) and Richard Adams . She has four brothers and two sisters . Her father is a U.S. Army veteran and was stationed at Caserma Ederle at the time of her birth . After years of moving from base to base , Adams 's family settled in Castle Rock , Colorado , when Adams was eight years old . Following his Army discharge , her father sang professionally in restaurants and her mother became a semi @-@ professional bodybuilder . Until her parents ' divorce in 1985 , Adams was raised in the LDS Church . Regarding her religious upbringing , Adams said , " I can 't speak for everybody , but I know it instilled in me a value system I still hold true . The basic ' Do unto others ... ' — that was what was hammered into me . And love . " During her years at Douglas County High School , Adams sang in the school choir and trained as an apprentice at a local dance company with ambitions of becoming a ballerina . Her parents had hoped that she would continue her athletic training , which she gave up to pursue dance , as it would have given her a chance to obtain a college scholarship . Adams later reflected on her decision not to go to college : " I wasn 't one of those people who enjoyed being in school . I regret not getting an education , though . " After graduating from high school , she moved to Atlanta with her mother . Deciding that she was not gifted enough to be a professional ballerina , she entered musical theater , which she found was " much better suited to [ her ] personality . " She said that ballet was " too disciplined and too restrained and I was always told off in the chorus lines " and her body at the time was " just wrecked from dancing all these years . " When she turned eighteen , Adams supported herself by working as a greeter at a Gap store while performing in community theater . For a few weeks after graduating from high school , she took her first full @-@ time job as a hostess at Hooters , a fact that became her " entire press career " for a while . Adams left the job three weeks later after having saved enough money to buy her first car . She later admitted , " So there was definitely an innocence to my interpretation of what Hooters was about . Though I did learn , quickly , that short shorts and beer don 't mix ! " = = Career = = = = = 1995 – 2004 = = = Adams began working professionally as a dancer at Boulder 's Dinner Theatre , Country Dinner Playhouse and Heritage Square Music Hall . There , she was spotted by a Minneapolis dinner theater director , Michael Brindisi , in 1995 . Adams relocated to Chanhassen , Minnesota , and worked at the Chanhassen Dinner Theatres for the next three years . While she was off work nursing a pulled muscle , she auditioned for the satirical 1999 comedy Drop Dead Gorgeous , which was being filmed in Minnesota , and was cast in her first film role . Adams moved to Los Angeles in January 1999 . Describing her first year there as her " dark year " and " bleak , " she recalled that she would " pine for that time " at Chanhassen because she " really loved that security and schedule , " and said , " The people I worked with there were also a great family to me . " Shortly after arriving in Los Angeles , she was cast in Fox Network 's television series spin @-@ off of Cruel Intentions , Manchester Prep , in the role of Kathryn Merteuil . The series did not live up to the network 's expectations and following numerous script revisions and two production shutdowns , it was canceled . The filmed episodes were then re @-@ edited to be released as the direct @-@ to @-@ video film , Cruel Intentions 2 . From 2000 to 2002 , Adams appeared in a series of small films like Psycho Beach Party , while guest @-@ starring on television series such as That ' 70s Show , Charmed , The Office , Buffy the Vampire Slayer , Smallville and The West Wing . She appeared in Steven Spielberg 's Catch Me If You Can as Brenda Strong , a nurse with whom Frank Abagnale , Jr . ( Leonardo DiCaprio ) falls in love . It was , in Spielberg 's words , " the part that should have launched her career , " but she was unemployed for a year after that . However , Adams said , " It was the first time I knew I could act at that level with those people . To be believed in by Steven Spielberg . … it was a huge confidence booster . " In 2004 , she starred in The Last Run as well as voicing characters on the animated television series King of the Hill . She was also cast as a regular in the television series , Dr. Vegas , in the role of Alice Doherty but was later fired after a contract dispute . = = = 2005 – 2007 = = = Prior to leaving Dr. Vegas , she had received the script for the low @-@ budget independent film Junebug and auditioned for the role of Ashley Johnsten , a young , cheerful and talkative pregnant woman . Director Phil Morrison explains his decision to cast Adams : " Lots of people looked at Ashley and thought , ' What 's the sorrow she 's masking ? ' To me , the fact that Amy didn 't approach it from the angle of ' What 's she covering up ? ' was key . " The film was shot in 21 days in Winston @-@ Salem , North Carolina . During that time , Adams turned 30 and was worried about her film career : " I thought maybe I should move to New York , maybe I should do something else . It wasn 't that I was quitting or making a dramatic statement . It was more like maybe this just wasn 't a good fit . " On the experience of making Junebug , Adams said , " It was really empowering . At the end of the summer I was unemployed but I was happy and I was proud . I was like , you know what , I 'm done with being pushed around . " Junebug premiered at the 2005 Sundance Film Festival with Adams winning a Special Jury Prize for her performance . After the February 2005 theatrical release of The Wedding Date , in which Adams appeared alongside Debra Messing and Dermot Mulroney , Junebug was released in theaters by Sony Pictures Classics later in the year , in August . Adams earned critical accolades for her work in Junebug ; Carina Chocano of Los Angeles Times noted , " Adams 's performance in a role that could have easily devolved into caricature is complex and nuanced . " Joe Leydon of Variety commented , " Partly due to her character 's generosity of spirit , but mostly due to her own charisma , Adams dominates pic with her appealing portrayal of a nonjudgmental optimist savvy enough to recognize the shortcomings of others , but sweet enough to offer encouragement , not condemnation . " She received several awards for Best Supporting Actress including the National Society of Film Critics award and the Independent Spirit Award . She was also nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award and an Academy Award . The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences invited Adams to become a member in 2006 . Although Junebug had a limited audience , Adams 's critically acclaimed performance in the film helped to increase interest in her acting career . Adams went on to appear in films like Standing Still and Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby , and played the recurring guest role of Katy on the television series The Office . After providing the voice for Polly Purebred in Walt Disney Pictures ' Underdog , Adams starred in Disney 's 2007 big @-@ budget animated / live @-@ action feature film , Enchanted . The film , which co @-@ stars Patrick Dempsey , Idina Menzel , Susan Sarandon and James Marsden , revolves around Giselle , who is forced from her hand @-@ drawn animated world to real @-@ life New York City . Adams was among 300 or so actresses who auditioned for the role of Giselle , but she stood out to director Kevin Lima because her " commitment to the character , her ability to escape into the character 's being without ever judging the character was overwhelming . " Enchanted was a commercial success , grossing more than $ 340 million worldwide . Her performance was well received by critics . Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun @-@ Times commented that Adams was " fresh and winning , " Wesley Morris of The Boston Globe stated that she " demonstrates a real performer 's ingenuity for comic timing and physical eloquence . " She garnered a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy , a Critics ' Choice Award nomination for Best Actress , and the Saturn Award for Best Actress . Three of the film 's songs were nominated for Best Original Song at the 80th Academy Awards . Adams performed one of the songs , " Happy Working Song " , live on stage during the Oscar ceremony . " That 's How You Know , " originally performed by Adams in the film , was sung by Kristin Chenoweth at the ceremony . In an interview , Adams remarked that the song was " perfect " for Chenoweth since Chenoweth " was a huge inspiration for how [ she ] approached Giselle . " The success of Enchanted increased Adams 's media exposure during the 2007 – 08 film awards season . As well as appearing on the covers of Interview , Elle and the Hollywood issue of Vanity Fair , which named her as one of the " 10 fresh faces of 2008 , " Adams hosted the seventh episode of the 33rd season of Saturday Night Live in March 2008 . In the episode , she played various characters , including Heidi Klum , as well as singing " What is this Feeling " from Wicked in a mock battle with SNL cast member Kristen Wiig during the opening monologue . Adams appeared in Charlie Wilson 's War as Bonnie Bach , the title character 's administrative assistant . On the experience of making the film , Adams said , " It was so much fun . Just to be on that set and learn from these people and get to watch Philip Seymour Hoffman and Tom Hanks do these amazing scenes together , directed by Mike Nichols , it was for me like going to school . " Adams 's next project was Sunshine Cleaning playing a single mother who starts her own crime scene clean @-@ up business in order to make enough money to send her son to a private school . The film premiered at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival and received mixed reviews . When it received a limited theatrical release in March 2009 , it was generally well received . Mick LaSalle of San Francisco Chronicle gave the film a positive review , saying , " The play of emotion on Amy Adams 's face is the main reason to see Sunshine Cleaning . " = = = 2008 – 2012 = = = Her first theatrically released film of 2008 was the 1939 @-@ set film Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day , in which she plays Delysia Lafosse , an aspiring American actress living in London whose life is changed after meeting a governess named Miss Pettigrew , played by Frances McDormand . While the film received generally favorable reviews , Adams 's role was noted to be similar to her joyful and naïve characters in Junebug and Enchanted . Carina Chocano of the Los Angeles Times stated that " Adams is amazingly adept at playing smart playing dumb . " Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter wrote that " Adams more or less reprises her princess from Enchanted , only with a beguiling touch of ditzy naughtiness . " When asked whether she is in danger of being typecast , Adams responded , " Not at this point . … Right now I 'm just doing what I enjoy and I 've done some different films , I 've done some different types of roles . I 've done drama this year , we had a film at Sundance ( Sunshine Cleaning ) , but I enjoy playing upbeat characters , I really do because you take your characters home with you whether you intend to or not . " In another interview , Adams said , " I think I just respond to those kinds of characters . … They 're so layered , and I love the fact that they 've made this choice to be joyful . … I really identify with that sense of hope . " She noted that before dyeing her naturally blonde hair red , she mostly played the role of " the bitchy girl . " In late 2008 , Adams starred in Doubt , an adaptation of John Patrick Shanley 's play of the same name , as the young and innocent Sister James alongside Meryl Streep , Philip Seymour Hoffman and Viola Davis . After being informed of the project by her Sunshine Cleaning co @-@ star , Emily Blunt , Adams pursued the role of Sister James but was told that it had already been offered to another actor . Shanley eventually cast Adams in the role because " she 's got this Ingrid Bergman thing going on , this luminosity . You see a good person struggling in this complicated world . She 's fiercely intelligent but has this peculiar innocence about her . She has a beautiful face of light . " On acting alongside Streep and Hoffman , Adams revealed that there was " a sense of uncertainty , a sense of doubt , a sense of wanting to please these amazing actors . " The film was well received by critics , while Adams 's role was noted to be the " least @-@ showy " among the four major parts . Although her performance was criticized by Manohla Dargis of The New York Times as " unsteady , " Todd McCarthy of Variety commented that " Adams does all anyone could with the role of a nice young nun . " Mick LaSalle of San Francisco Chronicle wrote , " Adams provides one of the film 's singular advantages . She takes the role of Sister James , which onstage seemed little more than a sounding board for Sister Aloysius , and turns the young nun into someone quite specific and lovely . " Adams was nominated for Best Supporting Actress at the 81st Academy Awards , the 66th Golden Globe Awards , the 15th Screen Actors Guild Awards , and the 62nd British Academy Film Awards . Adams 's next role was as Amelia Earhart in Night at the Museum 2 : Battle of the Smithsonian , opposite Ben Stiller . The film premiered over the 2009 Memorial Day weekend and topped the U.S. box office with a gross of $ 15 @.@ 3 million on its first day , beating Terminator Salvation . Although the film received " mixed or average reviews , " Adams 's performance was praised by most critics . Among those to give it a positive review , Michael Phillips of the Chicago Tribune thought that the film " radically improves whenever Amy Adams pops up as aviatrix Amelia Earhart … she 's terrific — a sparkling screen presence " ; and Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote that " Battle of the Smithsonian has plenty of life . But it 's Adams who gives it zing . " On the other hand , Ty Burr of The Boston Globe disliked the film , describing Adams 's Earhart as " a flighty pill with no resemblance to the woman herself . " While Lael Loewenstein of Variety thought Adams was " trying a bit too hard , " Roger Ebert commented that she was the only actor who surpassed the material . The film 's director , Shawn Levy , says of her , " I don 't know that there 's a better actress in her generation . … I mean , there are other big female actors , but someone who can do Doubt and Julie & Julia , and Night at the Museum 2 , all in the same year ? Her range is almost unparalleled . It 's a huge part of why we feel that this movie is even better than the first . " That same year Adams starred in Julie & Julia alongside her Doubt co @-@ star Meryl Streep as Julia Child , with Adams as government secretary Julie Powell , who decides to cook all of the recipes in Child 's Mastering the Art of French Cooking . Carrie RicKey of the Philadelphia Inquirer said that the film showed Adams " at her most winsome " and that " Adams is superb . " In 2010 , Adams began the new decade with roles in two films : the romantic comedy Leap Year and The Fighter , in which she portrayed Charlene Fleming , the aggressive and gritty girlfriend of boxer " Irish " Micky Ward . The Best Picture nominated @-@ film received critical praise for its actors in which Adams starred alongside Mark Wahlberg , Christian Bale and Melissa Leo . Adams later said about being cast in The Fighter that the director , David O. Russell , said , " ' Oh you are so not a princess type — we 'll have to do something about that ! I just want to expose that side of you , and give you the opportunity to shed the whole princess thing , because that isn 't who you are — it 's just one aspect of the work you 've done . " She won acclaim for her work . Joe Morgenstern of Wall Street Journal wrote that she 's " as tough , tender , smart and funny as she was ethereal and delightful in Enchanted . What an actress , and what range ! " For her role in The Fighter , Adams was nominated for the BAFTA Award , Broadcast Film Critics Association Award , two Screen Actors Guild Awards , Golden Globe and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress losing the latter three awards to her co @-@ star Leo . In 2011 , she again worked with Disney , starring in the acclaimed film The Muppets alongside Jason Segel and The Muppets ; in the film , she returned to singing . In July 2012 , Adams played the role of the Baker 's Wife in Stephen Sondheim 's Into the Woods at The Public Theater as part of their annual Shakespeare in the Park summer festival at their outdoor home , The Delacorte Theater in Central Park , marking her New York Stage debut and her first appearance in theater in 13 years . Adams received some of the best reviews of her career for her performance in Paul Thomas Anderson 's The Master . In the film , Adams plays Peggy Dodd , the ruthless and manipulative wife of a religious organization leader played by Philip Seymour Hoffman . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote that she " deserves serious award attention for the subtle authority she brings to this so @-@ called dutiful wife . " She was nominated for an Academy Award , Golden Globe Award , and BAFTA Award for this role . Adams also starred as the daughter of Clint Eastwood 's character in the baseball drama Trouble with the Curve . Whilst the film itself received mixed reviews , Adams 's performance was praised by critics . Roger Ebert wrote that she " takes a standard role and makes us value it . " Adams also stars in Walter Salles ' film On the Road opposite Viggo Mortensen . The film is an adaptation of the Jack Kerouac novel of the same name . In the film , Adams plays Jane Lee , a junkie and beat poet based on Joan Vollmer . The film debuted in Cannes to mixed reviews . In December 2012 , the French luxury brand Lacoste announced that Adams will be the face of Lacoste 's fragrance for women . = = = 2013 – present = = = Adams portrayed Lois Lane , opposite Henry Cavill as Superman , in the 2013 comic book reboot film , Man of Steel . Before production began , director Zack Snyder said , " We are excited to announce the casting of Amy Adams , one of the most versatile and respected actresses in films today . Amy has the talent to capture all of the qualities we love about Lois : smart , tough , funny , warm , ambitious and , of course , beautiful . " That same year , Adams earned critical acclaim starring alongside Christian Bale , Bradley Cooper , and Jennifer Lawrence in the film , American Hustle , directed by David O. Russell . In the film , she played the character of Sydney Prosser , a former stripper and a con artist who creates the fake persona of a British heiress named Lady Edith Greensley , based on Evelyn Knight . Peter Travers of Rolling Stone said that " Adams , decked out in boob @-@ baring Seventies fashions , owns the role . Whether putting on a Brit accent to fool a mark or showing the emotional toll of trying to fool herself , Adams scores a knockout . With four supporting @-@ Oscar nominations ( Junebug , Doubt , The Fighter , The Master ) , Adams fully earns the spotlight she inhabits here . " She won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy and the BFCA award for Best Comedy Actress and received Academy Award and BAFTA nominations for the role as well . Adams also appeared in Spike Jonze 's critically acclaimed film , Her . In 2014 , Adams was named one of 100 most influential people by Time magazine . That year , she starred in Tim Burton 's Big Eyes , playing artist Margaret Keane , alongside Christoph Waltz , and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical . In July 2014 , Adams was named the face of Max Mara 's accessories campaign . In October 2015 , Max Mara premiere the “ A ” bag , a new line of handbag inspired by and dedicated to Adams . Adams reprises her role as Lois Lane in the 2016 film Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice . She will also star in the upcoming Justice League film . Adams is set to star in an adaptation of Steve Martin 's novella , Object of Beauty , which she will also be producing . Adams is also confirmed to star in a biopic of Janis Joplin , provisionally titled Get It While You Can . Adams will star in the Denis Villeneuve film Arrival as Dr. Louise Banks , an expert linguist . The film is based on the short story by Hugo Award @-@ winning author Ted Chiang . Adams is also set to star in the film Nocturnal Animals , based on Austin Wright 's novel Tony and Susan , directed by Tom Ford and co @-@ starring Jake Gyllenhaal . In February 2016 , it was announced that Adams will star and co @-@ produce the television adaptation of Gillian Flynn ’ s novel , Sharp Objects , as Camille Preaker , a reporter returning to her hometown to cover a violent murder . The project marks Adams ' first return to television since 2006 . The series has been picked up by HBO with an eight @-@ episode straight @-@ to @-@ series first @-@ season order . Sharp Objects will have UnReal co @-@ creator Marti Noxon as showrunner and Jean @-@ Marc Vallée as director . = = Personal life = = In 2001 , Adams began dating actor and artist Darren Le Gallo , whom she met in an acting class . Adams and Le Gallo became engaged in April 2008 . They have a daughter together , Aviana Olea Le Gallo , born on May 15 , 2010 . In May 2015 , she married Le Gallo in California . = = Filmography = = Since 1999 , Adams has appeared in over forty feature films , as well as numerous television shows . Her most acclaimed and highest @-@ grossing films , according to the online portal Box Office Mojo and the review @-@ aggregate site Rotten Tomatoes , include Catch Me If You Can ( 2002 ) , Junebug ( 2005 ) , Talladega Nights : The Ballad of Ricky Bobby ( 2006 ) , Enchanted ( 2007 ) , Doubt ( 2008 ) , Julie and Julia ( 2009 ) , The Fighter ( 2010 ) , The Muppets ( 2011 ) , The Master ( 2012 ) , Man of Steel ( 2013 ) , Her ( 2013 ) , American Hustle ( 2013 ) , Big Eyes ( 2014 ) and Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) . = = Discography = = = = Awards and nominations = =
= Damageplan = Damageplan was an American heavy metal band from Dallas , Texas , formed in 2003 . Following the demise of their previous group Pantera , brothers Dimebag Darrell and Vinnie Paul Abbott wanted to start a new band . The pair recruited former Diesel Machine and Halford guitarist Pat Lachman on vocals , and later Bob Zilla on bass . Damageplan released their only studio album New Found Power in the United States on February 10 , 2004 , which debuted at number 38 on the Billboard 200 , selling 44 @,@ 676 copies in its first week . While Damageplan was promoting the album at a concert on December 8 , 2004 , at the Alrosa Villa in Columbus , Ohio , a man named Nathan Gale climbed on stage and killed lead guitarist Darrell and three others , and wounding another seven , before being shot dead by police officer James Niggemeyer . Although no motive was found , some witnesses claimed Gale blamed the brothers for Pantera 's breakup and believed that they had stolen his lyrics . The band 's manager confirmed there are unreleased Damageplan recordings , although they have not surfaced , and the band has not performed since the incident . Abbott and Zilla have joined the band Hellyeah , and Lachman joined The Mercy Clinic . = = History = = = = = Formation = = = By 2003 , guitarist Dimebag Darrell and drummer Vinnie Paul Abbott were not pleased with the difficulties heavy metal band Pantera was experiencing . Abbott described the performance level of Pantera 's vocalist , Phil Anselmo , as " hit and miss , depending on what type of chemicals he was on . " Following the release of Pantera 's 2000 album Reinventing the Steel , Anselmo and bassist Rex Brown started to focus on their side projects and did not discuss or record any further Pantera material , while Darrell and Vinnie wanted to continue to write and play music . They thought it was time to move on and , upon disbanding Pantera , began writing new material . A demo of the song " Crawl " was sent to former Halford guitarist Pat Lachman who auditioned as vocalist . Lachman was hired , and New Found Power was formed in early 2003 with former Jerry Cantrell guitarist Shawn Matthews on bass initially , who was replaced after the album recording with the brothers ' tattoo artist , Bob Zilla . When writing music , Vinnie claimed ; " we put no boundaries on it ... we wanted it to be very diverse " , and Darrell said " We wanted to stretch out and expand our capabilities to their fullest . " The band changed its name to Damageplan and decided to name the first album New Found Power . = = = New Found Power = = = The single " Save Me " debuted on American radio on January 26 , 2004 and the band 's debut album , New Found Power , was released in the United States on February 10 , 2004 . The album was recorded at the brothers ' backyard studio , Chasin ' Jason in Arlington , Texas , where previous Pantera albums were recorded . Abbott found that during recording everyone was willing to contribute and " put 100 % effort into it " , while with Pantera he found it difficult to get Anselmo in the recording studio . Corey Taylor of Slipknot , Zakk Wylde of Black Label Society and Jerry Cantrell of Alice in Chains made guest appearances on the tracks " Fuck You " , " Soul Bleed " , and the bonus track " Ashes To Ashes " respectively , and Sterling Winfield handled co @-@ production duties . New Found Power sold 44 @,@ 676 copies in its first week to debut at number 38 on the Billboard 200 . The album received mixed reviews from music critics ; Christine Klunk of PopMatters commented " I 'm not in the least bit interested in where this band goes or what new and exciting ways they 'll think of to abuse the listeners , " while Johnny Loftus of AllMusic felt it was a " blazing new beginning " . Alice in Chains ' vocalist / guitarist Jerry Cantrell attended a Thanksgiving party hosted by the brothers . Darrell and Vinnie had a demo of the first song they wrote titled " Ashes to Ashes " . Lachman insisted it was on the " backburner " until Cantrell showed interest . The band entered the brothers ' backyard studio with Cantrell to record " Ashes to Ashes " . Although the song was not completed in time to be featured on New Found Power , it was included on the Japanese version and the soundtrack The Punisher : The Album . To promote New Found Power , the band toured with Hatebreed , Drowning Pool , and Unearth on the second installment of the Headbangers Ball . = = = Murder of Dimebag Darrell = = = On December 8 , 2004 , the band was on a tour at Alrosa Villa , a Columbus , Ohio nightclub . Moments into the concert , Nathan Gale , a former U.S. marine , climbed onto the stage and shot Dimebag Darrell in the head multiple times . Head of Security for the band Jeffery " Mayhem " Thompson engaged in a hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat with Nathan Gale , which allowed Vinnie Abbott and other members to escape ; Thompson was also killed . A fan named Nathan Bray attempted to give CPR to Jeffrey Thompson and Dimebag Darrell ; he was killed by the shooter too . Erin Halk , a roadie , also a former U.S. marine , was killed when he charged at Nathan Gale while he was reloading . Once the police arrived , an officer named James Niggemeyer approached the stage from the side and saw Nathan Gale holding a gun to a hostage . James Niggemeyer killed him with a single shotgun blast to the head . 15 shots were fired by the shooter , and an additional 36 rounds were found on him . A police investigation did not find a motive behind the shooting , although Nathan Gale 's mother said that he suffered from paranoid schizophrenia and that he believed the brothers had stolen his lyrics while trying to steal his identity too . She did not know if her son took the medication he was given for his condition , but was proud of his military service following his discharge , and had given him the Beretta 92F that was used in the attacks . Major Jason Johnston , a marine corps spokesman at The Pentagon , was unable to comment on Nathan Gale 's discharge . A foundation called The Dimebag Darrell Memorial Fund was created after the incident , which donated its profits to cover medical expenses of drum technician John Brooks and tour manager Chris Paluska , who were injured on December 8 . A public memorial service for Darrell took place on December 14 , 2004 at Arlington Convention Center in Arlington , Texas . Many musicians paid tribute to Darrell on message boards and at live performances . In May 2005 , Niggemeyer was called before a grand jury , which was convened by the Franklin County prosecutor 's office to examine the actions taken that night , a standard practice when deadly force is used . The jury found there was no wrongdoing on Niggemeyer 's part . Franklin County prosecutor Ron O 'Brien commented , " There was little doubt [ the shooting ] was lawful , given the 200 eyewitnesses and the circumstances that surrounded the shooting . Nevertheless , we still have an independent body review the facts " . Niggemeyer was nominated for a bravery award on the TV show America 's Most Wanted . = = = Post @-@ murder events = = = In a 2005 interview , Damageplan manager Paul Bassman said unreleased recordings before Darrell 's death were near completion . He commented , " Vinnie Paul has said there will be a follow @-@ up album down the road , as Dime would have wanted his music to be heard . " Rumors circulated of another album , although nothing has been released . Following the events of December 8 , 2004 , Abbott was unsure if he wanted to continue playing music . He was invited to join Hellyeah , which included members of Mudvayne and Nothingface , but declined the offer . However , bassist Jerry Montano repeatedly called Abbott and he accepted to join the project as he thought " Everybody had their head in the right place . " Hellyeah released its debut album on April 10 , 2007 . One week later , Zilla joined the band as its new bassist , after Montano left due to " personal reasons " . The album was recorded at Abbott 's backyard studio , Chasin ' Jason , where New Found Power was recorded . Vocalist Lachman joined The Mercy Clinic , which aided the grieving process . He commented , " you have to get back on the horse . You could easily let a decade go by and not do anything . I 'm happy to have walked away with my life after the situation I was thrown into . But , I mean , what do you do ? I 'm a musician . I 'm going to make music . What Dime would have told me was , ' You make music , motherfucker . Get back on it . Do what you do . ' So , that 's what I did . " Before the shooting , Phil Anselmo made the statement " Dimebag deserves to be severely beaten " in the December 2004 edition of Metal Hammer . He denied making the comments and apologized , although Abbott requested Metal Hammer to provide the audio tapes to prove the authenticity of what Anselmo said . Abbott found the quote authentic and referred to him as the " master of lies " . A book titled A Vulgar Display of Power : Courage and Carnage at the Alrosa Villa was penned by author Chris Armold . For 14 months , Armold interviewed people and researched the events leading up to December 8 , stating " It 's not a book about rock stars , but heroes , regular guys who made the ultimate sacrifice . " In his research , Armold found no evidence that the comments Anselmo made before Darrell 's death had influenced Gale 's actions . The book was released in 2007 . = = Lyrical themes and style = = Damageplan incorporated elements of heavy metal , post @-@ grunge , metalcore and death metal . Their sound has mainly been described as nu metal . The lyrical process was a collaborative effort consisting of Vinnie , Darrell , and Lachman . Themes explored on the album included the brothers ' experiences , Darrell commented , " the crumbling of one empire and then starting over ... So there are a lot of lyrics about being reborn in a sense , about it being a new day , moving forward , letting go of the past and becoming something new . " This is exemplified in the songs " Reborn " , " Wake up " , and " Breathing New Life " . " Blunt Force Trauma " is about when someone or something comes up behind you when you least expect it , " it could be a situation in your life , it could be a person you know with a beer bottle " . When writing music , Abbott and Darrell suggested guitar riffs and " grooves " , while Lachman added his input to modify the song 's structure . The band 's sound has been described by music critics to be similar to Pantera . Christine Klunk of PopMatters disliked the similarities and commented , " aside from a constant , driving rhythm , repetitive riffs , and unintelligible lyrics about ( I 'm assuming ) kicking ass — there 's nothing of interest to pay attention to " . The song " Breathing New Life " features 180 beats @-@ per @-@ minute bass drum pedaling , what Vik Bansal of MusicOMH described as " exploding into a blaze of riffage and a cool chorus " . Bansal was impressed with certain elements of the song such as the switch from downbeat singing to " a big chorus lodged in power chord heaven " , and the incorporated groove rhythms . However , he felt Darrell " borrows " Anthrax 's guitar solo from the song " Only " . = = Band members = = = = Discography = = = = = Albums = = = New Found Power ( 2004 ) = = = Singles = = = = = = Music videos = = =
= Jack Verge = Arthur " Jack " Verge ( 12 February 1880 – 8 September 1915 ) was a rugby union player who represented Australia , New South Wales and Sydney University . Playing as a fullback , Verge won both his caps for Australia in 1904 against a touring team from the British Isles . Although he was relatively light for his position , he was repeatedly praised for his tackling and all @-@ round defensive work , and in attack , he was a fast and deceptive runner . His kicking , on the other hand , was inconsistent . Verge went to The King 's School , Parramatta , and from 1900 to 1904 , studied medicine at St Paul 's College , University of Sydney . After graduating , he practised as a dermatologist . In 1907 , he won a fellowship at the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh . In October 1914 , soon after the start of the First World War , he was commissioned captain in the Australian Army Medical Corps of the First Australian Imperial Force , and was attached as medical officer to the 6th Light Horse Regiment . He embarked for Alexandria , Egypt in December 1914 , and was deployed in May 1915 to Gallipoli , where he contracted dysentery . He was evacuated to Egypt , but died of his illness in September 1915 . = = Early life and family = = Arthur " Jack " Verge was the second son of Austral and Matilda Verge of Hampden Hall , Kempsey , New South Wales . He attended the King 's School , Parramatta , which at the time produced many senior rugby players . From 1900 to 1904 , he studied medicine at St Paul 's College , University of Sydney , and after graduating , practised as a dermatologist . He had two elder siblings , Mary Elizabeth and John . His younger brother , Cuthbert , also played rugby for Sydney University and New South Wales , and went on to become a doctor . = = Rugby career = = Jack Verge went to Sydney University in 1900 and for the first two years played fullback for the University second rugby team . In his second year , he began to be noticed by the rugby press , both for his defensive play and kicking skills . In the July 1901 match between University II and Balmain II , Verge scored two tries , and was then selected to play for the New South Wales ( NSW ) second team . He also played cricket at University , initially for the second team , and he was considered to be as good a cricketer as he was at rugby . He was a slow @-@ pace bowler , and at one time , he was the most successful bowler at the University . He played in two matches against Melbourne University : in 1903 , he took two wickets for 22 runs in the first innings , and six wickets for 20 in the second ; in 1904 , he took four for 70 and three for 69 . = = = Selection for University XV and NSW XV ( 1902 ) = = = At the start of the 1902 rugby season in May , Verge was up for selection to the University first XV , either at fullback or threequarter , and also for NSW as fullback . He took the place at fullback on the University XV from A. J. McKenzie . By June 1902 , Verge was gaining recognition in the press . The Referee reported : " Verge , as full back , deserves a special word of praise for quickness and all @-@ round ability : he has steadily improved until he now may be compared with any man we have in the position . And he is likely to still further improve . " After a lacklustre performance by John Maund at fullback in the first inter @-@ state match between NSW and Queensland , Verge gained his first cap for NSW in the return match on 19 July 1902 at University Oval , Sydney . Some 16 @,@ 000 spectators turned out to watch . From the start , both sides had good attacking opportunities . Early on , through the kicking of Verge and Blarney ( playing threequarter ) , NSW got to within 25 yards of the Queensland try line but the visitors managed to get the ball away . Shortly after , Queensland kicked the ball hard towards Verge , who was back at the NSW goal line , and the Queensland threequarter — and captain — Lonnie Spragg , chased fast after it but Verge kicked the ball away safely . NSW scored the first points with a goal from a mark by Stan Wickham and Queensland responded with a penalty goal before half time . The score at the break was 4 – 3 to NSW . Verge 's defensive work in the first half was noted by The Sunday Times of Sydney . Straight after the break , Wickham kicked a drop goal for NSW but Queensland scored a try moments later , which was converted and gave Queensland the lead 7 – 8 . Another penalty and a try for NSW put the home side ahead 13 – 8 for the victory . The game was considered one of the best between the two states . Verge , according to The Sunday Times , " made a highly creditable debut in representative football , in a match that required the full back to have his wits about him . " The Sydney Morning Herald noted that " Verge on several occasions saved splendidly , generally finding the line with useful punts and never losing his head . " Playing for University against South Sydney soon after , Verge gave a " brilliant exposition ... sure in catching , very quick and tricky on his feet , and excellent in finding the line , he could not have done better work . " The premiership competition of 1902 was decided in the match between University and Western Suburbs on 27 August 1902 . After the match , Verge and other players from both teams departed for Brisbane with the NSW team , where neither he , nor several others of his teammates , had ever played . Western beat University and one commentator thought that Western 's fullback , Richard Simpson , had outplayed Verge . The first match against Queensland on 30 August was won by the home side , 16 – 11 . Verge 's performance was less well received than in the previous inter @-@ state match , with comments that his tackling was unreliable , although he kicked well . The following week , on 6 September , NSW played Queensland again and won a hard @-@ fought victory 8 – 13 , although a man short for the final 20 minutes . According to The Brisbane Courier , Verge " played a game at full back that could not have been improved on " . Three players were considered for selection to play fullback for NSW in 1903 for the New Zealand tour of Australia : Maund , Verge and Hawthorne . Maund was selected and Verge continued to play for University . = = = 1904 season = = = Early in the 1904 season , according to " Rhabdos " writing in The Town and Country Journal , Verge was " showing fine form ... kicking and tackling splendidly , and [ was ] , in addition , very sure . " The selectors for NSW had a difficult choice at fullback between Maund , who had played in 1903 , Verge , and two or three others . The Sunday Times praised Verge 's handling , kicking and rush @-@ stopping . " Gulliver " writing for The Arrow preferred Verge 's quickness and positioning judgment ahead of Maund 's weight advantage but thought that both were playing a " first @-@ rate " game at fullback . It was Verge , in the end , who was selected to represent NSW on 11 June against Queensland . A crowd of 22 @,@ 000 spectators gathered at the University Oval for the NSW v Queensland match on 11 June . It was not considered a good game , with the home side 's 11 – 6 victory coming through stronger defence . The fast pace of the Queensland backs almost resulted in a try early in the first half but the ball was knocked on over the line after the defenders were beaten . Instead it was NSW who got the first points through a converted try . Repeated attacks from Queensland failed to provide points and NSW scored another try for an 8 – 0 lead at the end of the first half . A further try came for NSW from " some sparkling work " , and Queensland gained two penalty goals , being prevented from scoring any tries by the defensive work of Verge , J. McMahon and Iggy O 'Donnell , the NSW skipper . In the final moments , Pat Walsh , the NSW forward , got close to scoring but lost the ball in the tackle . A scrum ensued and Queensland won the ball and kicked it away . Verge caught the ball running at full pace and went for the corner , but was pushed off the field just before he could score . Verge 's good game at fullback earned him selection for the return match on 15 June . The match on 15 June was played at the Agricultural Ground in front of 12 @,@ 000 spectators . NSW soon put points on the scoreboard when O 'Donnell marked and Verge kicked a goal . Queensland responded soon after with an unconverted try , and then , after some fast play , scored a second try , this one converted to put the visitors ahead 4 – 8 . Verge then kicked a penalty goal to bring the difference to one point . The second half was a demonstration of good attacking play and strong defensive work on both sides . The only points scored were from a try for Queensland , giving them a 7 – 11 win . = = = = The British Isles tour of Australia = = = = The NSW backs , with the exception of Verge and Wickham , did not play very well in the two inter @-@ state matches , but the forwards , ahead of the match against the British Isles touring team , were seen to be good . The British team , in contrast , led by David Bedell @-@ Sivright , arrived in Australia with a reputation for the excellence of its back line . The tourists ' first game was against NSW on 18 June in front of 35 @,@ 000 spectators at the Sydney Cricket Ground . The game had barely begun when the visitors were already attacking the tryline and NSW was forced to defend . Percy Bush , the British halfback , scored a drop goal within the first ten minutes , and soon after the British scored a try . They were proving to be very quick and aggressive , and the home side had to defend right on its tryline for much of the first half , which ended 0 – 12 . Another try came for the British within three minutes of the second half . NSW 's chance to score came when Britain was penalised inside its 25 but Wickham missed what should have been an easy goal . Instead the visitors scored another two converted tries and ended victors , 0 – 27 . It was said by The Sunday Times that it was the best rugby team to have visited Australia , whether from Britain or New Zealand . NSW played well but were " outclassed in every point of play " ; Verge , for his part , did " as well as could be expected " , although his attempt at a drop goal in the second half failed . For the return match between NSW and the British Isles on 25 June , each side made four changes . In the opening period , the sides were evenly matched but eventually the British scored a try in the corner , which was converted , and a second try soon after took them eight points clear . The visitors were up 13 – 0 at half time after another converted try : the home side had made numerous attacking attempts but had failed to cross the line . The second half started as the first had ended , with NSW dominating , but they failed to score ; instead , the British managed to counter @-@ attack to score another converted try . NSW then managed to score a try but Verge failed to convert . The tourists then scored another three tries , one of them converted . With Britain leading 3 – 29 in the closing minutes , NSW scored a second try ; this time Wickham missed the conversion . The final score was 6 – 29 . After the first match between NSW and the tourists , the Metropolitan Union made its selection for the team to play the tourists on 29 June , Verge amongst them ; some of the other eligible NSW players were not picked . On the day , however , it was Maund , not Verge , who played at fullback . Verge was selected to play fullback for Australia against the British team in the first of the three test matches , on 2 July 1904 at the Sydney Cricket Ground . With 35 @,@ 000 spectators , the first half was dominated by the home team . Britain was forced to defend , and prevented Australia from scoring . Britain gained the upper hand after halftime , scoring 17 points with no response from Australia . The Australians played the second half with a man short after Charlie White , the threequarter , broke a rib towards the end of the first half . The Sunday Times reported that it was a " very fast and excellent contest with Britishers very little superior . " Verge was active in preventing the British scoring , making a try @-@ saving tackle early in the first half , and numerous crucial defensive plays throughout the game . Although his tackling was commended , his kicking game received some criticism . The second test match , on 23 July at the Exhibition Ground in Brisbane , started well for Australia . In the first quarter , a kick from Wickham towards the British corner was picked up by Pat McEvedy , the New Zealand @-@ born winger playing for Britain , and he was tackled into touch by the Australian forward Alec Burdon . The ball then came to Verge , who kicked towards the British halfback Bush , and Burdon took it and ran over the tryline for the opening score , with no conversion . The British levelled the score at the start of the second half with an unconverted try by Bush , and then immediately after , he scored a drop goal to put the visitors 3 – 7 ahead . The British added a further ten points to their tally , and won the match 3 – 17 . Verge kicked well in this game , according to The Sunday Times . Verge was not selected to play in the third test , and returned to play for the University team . = = = End of rugby career = = = At the end of the 1904 season , after passing his final medical examinations , Verge left Sydney University and stopped playing rugby for the team . A. J. McKenzie , whom he had displaced in 1902 , took over at fullback , although he soon gave way to Verge 's brother , Cuthbert . The older Verge was granted a blue , and was elected a vice @-@ president of the club . However , he returned to the team for the tour of New Zealand in September 1906 . Both Verge and his brother were selected for the tour squad . The first game was against Otago University on 10 September , which the home side won easily , 21 – 0 . Jack Verge was the only one of the team to play well , preventing the home side scoring through his tackling . For the return match on 15 September , the younger Verge was brought in at five @-@ eighth , which helped strengthen the team . No points were scored in the first half , although the visitors came close to getting a try but were held up on the line . In the second half , Otago scored six points to Sydney 's three , and again came away the winners . Verge missed scoring from a penalty kick , which hit the crossbar . Jack Verge departed for England aboard the RMS Mongolia on 25 May 1907 , to spend three years in the UK and Europe undertaking further studies in medicine , while also playing rugby . He was awarded a Fellowship at the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh , and played rugby for Edinburgh University in 1908 . Verge 's brother , meanwhile , continued to play for University and also played fullback for Metropolitan against the Anglo @-@ Welsh touring team in Sydney on 15 August 1908 , which the tourists won 13 – 16 with a try in the final moments , and against the Ponsonby team on tour from New Zealand in August 1909 . On his return from Europe , Verge practised as a doctor in Macquarie Street before joining the army , and did not play competitive rugby again . = = = International appearances = = = = = Military service = = On 2 October 1914 , shortly after the outbreak of the First World War , Verge enlisted in the Australian Imperial Force as a captain in the Australian Army Medical Corps . He was subsequently attached to the 6th Light Horse Regiment as its medical officer . After completing rudimentary training in Sydney , his regiment embarked on HMAT A29 Suevic on 21 December , reaching Egypt on 1 February 1915 . When the light horse regiments were sent to Gallipoli as reinforcements following the initial landing , Verge was attached to the 1st Australian Division . The reinforcements landed on 20 May , just after the failed Turkish attack on Anzac Cove . The 6th Light Horse Regiment was tasked with securing the right hand flank of the Allied lodgement , and during the months that followed undertook mainly defensive duties around the beachhead . The conditions on the peninsula were very harsh , and sanitation was poor . Several months after landing , Verge contracted dysentery and was evacuated to No. 17 British General Hospital in Alexandria , Egypt . He died on 8 September 1915 , and was buried at the Chatby War Memorial Cemetery ( Row Q , Grave No. 523 ) in Alexandria .
= Battle of the Baggage = The Battle of the Baggage was fought between the forces of the Umayyad Caliphate and the Turkic Turgesh tribes in September / October 737 . The Umayyads under the governor of Khurasan , Asad ibn Abdallah al @-@ Qasri , had invaded the principality of Khuttal in Transoxiana , and the local ruler called upon the Turgesh for aid . The Umayyad army retreated in haste before the Turgesh arrived , managing to cross the Oxus river just in time , while their rearguard engaged the pursuing Turgesh . The Turgesh crossed immediately after , and attacked the exposed Muslim baggage train , which had been sent ahead , and captured it . The main Umayyad army came to the rescue of the baggage train 's escort , which suffered heavy casualties . The failure of the Umayyad campaign meant the complete collapse of the Arab control in the Upper Oxus valley , and opened Khurasan itself to the Turgesh . = = Background = = The region of Transoxiana ( Arabic : Ma wara ' al @-@ nahr ) had been conquered by the Arab Muslims under Qutayba ibn Muslim in 705 – 715 , following the Muslim conquest of Persia and of Khurasan in the mid @-@ 7th century . The loyalty of Transoxiana 's native Iranian and Turkic populations to the Umayyad Caliphate remained questionable , however , and in 719 the various Transoxianian princes sent a petition to the Chinese court and their Turgesh vassals for military aid against the Caliphate 's governors . In response , from 720 on the Turgesh launched a series of attacks against the Muslims in Transoxiana , coupled with uprisings among the native Sogdians . The Umayyad governors initially managed to suppress the unrest , but control over the Ferghana Valley was lost and in 724 the Arabs suffered a major disaster ( the " Day of Thirst " ) while trying to recapture it . Half @-@ hearted efforts by the Umayyad government to placate the local population and win their support were soon reversed , and heavy @-@ handed Arab actions further alienated the local elites . Consequently , in 728 a large @-@ scale Transoxianan uprising broke out with Turgesh aid , which led to the Caliphate losing most of Transoxiana except for the region around Samarkand . The Muslims suffered another major defeat in the Battle of the Defile in 731 , in which they lost some 20 @,@ 000 – 30 @,@ 000 men , crippling the native Khurasani Arab army and necessitating the transfer of new troops from Iraq . In the years after the Defile , Samarkand too was lost and the Sogdians under Ghurak regained their independence , while Muslim military activity north of the Oxus River was severely curtailed : what little campaigning is mentioned in the contemporary sources before 735 concerns operations to maintain the allegiance of the principalities of Tokharistan in the upper Oxus valley . In addition , the Umayyad authorities were preoccupied by the rebellion of al @-@ Harith ibn Surayj , which broke out in early 734 , spread quickly and gathered the support of a large portion of the indigenous Iranian population . At one point , the rebel army even threatened the provincial capital , Marw . The arrival of the experienced Asad ibn Abdallah al @-@ Qasri , who had already served as governor of Khurasan in 725 – 727 , and who brought with him twenty thousand veteran and loyal Syrian troops , managed to reverse the tide and suppress Harith 's revolt , although the rebel leader himself managed to escape to Badakhshan . During the year 736 , Asad devoted himself to administrative matters in his province , the most important of which was the rebuilding of Balkh , to which he transferred his seat . In the meantime , Asad sent Junayd al @-@ Kirmani against the remnants of Harith 's followers , whom Junayd succeeded in evicting from their strongholds in Upper Tokharistan and Badakhshan . = = Battle = = In 737 , Asad launched a campaign into the principality of Khuttal , whose rulers had supported the Turgesh and Harith 's rebellion . Asad was initially successful , but the Khuttalan regent , Ibn al @-@ Sa 'iji , called upon the Turgesh for aid . While the Muslim army was scattered pillaging , the Turgesh khagan Suluk brought his army , allegedly 50 @,@ 000 strong , from his capital Tokmok into Khuttal within 17 days . Ibn al @-@ Sa 'iji , who tried to play both sides off against each other , informed Asad of the Turgesh expedition only shortly before its arrival . Asad had time enough to send ahead his heavy baggage train , laden with the plunder and captives from Khuttal , back south under the command of Ibrahim ibn Asim al- ' Uqayli , accompanied by the contingent from the allied principality of al @-@ Saghaniyan . Asad with the main Muslim army remained behind , but at the arrival of the Turgesh host , Asad 's troops broke into a headlong flight for the Oxus , which they managed to reach just ahead of the Turgesh . The crossing of the river was a confused affair , as Asad ordered each of his soldiers to carry across one of the sheep the army had brought with it as provisions . In the end , the sheep had to be abandoned as the pursuing Turgesh attacked the Arab rearguard , composed of the Azdi and Tamimi tribal contingents , on the north bank . As the rear guard was thrown back , Asad 's army hurried to cross the river in panic . Once south of the river , Asad , believing himself to be safe from pursuit , ordered his men to set up camp and sent orders to Ibrahim to halt the baggage train and likewise set up camp . The Turgesh khaghan , after consulting the local rulers , followed the advice of the ruler of al @-@ Ishtikhan and led his army to cross the river en masse . Faced with a full @-@ scale charge of the Turgesh and their allies ' cavalry , the Arabs withdrew to their camp . The Turgesh attacked the camp but were turned back after a fight in which , according to al @-@ Tabari , the Arabs ' servants put on pack @-@ saddle cloths as armour and used the tent @-@ poles to strike at the riders ' faces . During the night the Turgesh departed , and rode south to overtake the Arab baggage train . Ibrahim ibn Asim had dug a trench around his encampment and his troops managed to beat off the first attacks by the khaghan 's Sogdian allies . Then the khagan , after climbing a hill and scouring out the dispositions of the baggage escort , dispatched a portion of his men to attack the camp from behind , focusing on the allied Iranian troops from Saghaniyan , while the rest of the army attacked the Muslims from the front . The Turgesh attack almost annihilated the defenders : the greater part of the troops of Saghaniyan , along with their king , the Saghan Khudah , fell , and the Turgesh seized most of the baggage train . Only the timely arrival of Asad with the main Arab army saved the remnant of the baggage train escort from destruction . According to the account of al @-@ Tabari , the Turgesh launched another unsuccessful attack on Asad 's camp the following day , 1 October 737 , and then departed . = = Aftermath = = While the Arab army returned to its base at Balkh , the Turgesh wintered in Tokharistan , where they were joined by Harith . The campaign had been a disaster for Asad and his now mainly Syrian army ; Muslim control north of the Oxus had collapsed entirely , and while the Arab governor had been able to escape complete destruction , he had suffered considerable casualties . The losses suffered by the Syrians under Asad 's command in the 737 campaign in Khuttal were of particularly grave importance in the long term , as the Syrian army was the main pillar of the Umayyad regime . Its numerical decline in Khurasan meant that the Khurasan @-@ born Arabs could no longer be completely controlled by force ; this opened the way for the appointment of a native Khurasani Arab governor , Nasr ibn Sayyar , to succeed Asad , and , eventually , for the outbreak of the Abbasid Revolution that toppled the Umayyad regime . As the Arabs customarily did not campaign during winter , Asad demobilized his men . On Harith 's urging , on the other hand , the Turgesh khagan decided to launch a winter attack south of the Oxus , hoping to raise the local population in revolt against the Arabs . In this he was joined not only by Harith and his followers , but by the great majority of the native princes of Sogdiana and Tokharistan . Asad quickly mobilized his forces and managed to catch the khagan himself with a small part of his army and defeat them at Kharistan . Although both the khagan and Harith escaped capture , the Battle of Kharistan struck a blow to the khagan 's prestige , and Suluk 's murder by his rivals a short while afterwards saved the Muslims from worse . Under Asad 's successor , Nasr ibn Sayyar , the Muslim armies recovered most of Transoxiana , and with the Battle of Talas in 751 and the turmoil of the An Shi Rebellion , which terminated Chinese influence in Central Asia , Muslim dominance in the region was secured .
= Augie March = Augie March are an Australian indie / pop rock band . Formed in 1996 in Shepparton , Victoria , the band currently consists of vocalist and rhythm guitarist Glenn Richards , lead guitarist Adam Donovan , bassist Edmondo Ammendola , drummer David Williams , and keyboardist Kiernan Box . Box replaced Rob Dawson , the band 's initial piano player , who died in 2001 . Augie March 's rise to fame was slow ; their first two EPs failed to make an impact on the market , despite Waltz being nominated for two ARIA Awards . Their first album , Sunset Studies , was released in 2000 . Despite poor sales , it was critically acclaimed and received an ARIA Award nomination . Critics in both Australia and the United States also lauded its 2002 successor , Strange Bird , but it sold and charted poorly in both countries . Augie March 's third album , Moo , You Bloody Choir ( 2006 ) , received a much better reception in terms of sales ; its lead single " One Crowded Hour " attained critical acclaim and appeared on the ARIA Charts at number 29 , while the album was nominated for numerous ARIA Awards and won an Australian Music Prize . Having achieved mainstream success , the band toured Australia and the United States regularly through 2006 and 2007 . In 2008 they released their fourth album , Watch Me Disappear . It became their most commercially successful album , but received the least favourable critical reception . Augie March 's distinctive musical style is directed by songwriter and vocalist Richards . His lyrics often draw critical acclaim for their poetic style . The band 's music is generally described as intricate , lush , and dense , acting as a backdrop for Richards ' complex and poetic vocals . = = History = = = = = Formation and early EPs ( 1996 – 1999 ) = = = Glenn Richards , Adam Donovan and David Williams grew up and attended school in Shepparton , Victoria . Richards began writing songs while studying English at university in 1996 . He invited Donovan and Williams , who had been studying music at the Northern Melbourne Institute of TAFE , to join him ; they in turn asked classmate Edmondo Ammendola to join in . The band took their name from the 1954 novel The Adventures of Augie March by Saul Bellow , citing its poetic , complex prose as a reflection of Richards ' vocals . Augie March 's first performance was in Brunswick at a friend 's nudist exhibition . After playing several other gigs , the band were signed by record label Rag Records ( a RooArt subsidiary distributed by BMG ) , at the time considered to be prestigious . Augie March 's first EP , Thanks for the Memes , was produced by Victor Van Vugt and released in early 1998 . Despite very positive reviews it received very little airplay . Williams later remarked that he was surprised the band had been able to find a producer considering the obscure music on the EP , which at the time the band had considered " hip and cool , and intellectual " . Augie March followed up with their second EP , Waltz , in October 1999 . Produced by Richard Pleasance , the EP included " Asleep in Perfection " , which became the most requested song on ABC 's rage program . The song was nominated for " Breakthrough Artist - Single " , and Pleasance for " Producer of the Year " , at the 2000 ARIA Music Awards . The band began touring around Australia , getting as far as Perth , and their popularity increased through word of mouth . BMG offered Augie March a recording contract , which they accepted . = = = Early albums ( 2000 – 2003 ) = = = Augie March went into the studio in March 2000 to begin work on their first full @-@ length album . Rob Dawson , a long @-@ time friend of Richards , joined the band on keyboard and piano . The band worked in nine studios with six different engineers over the course of six months . In July 2000 , prior to the album 's completion , they released their first single , " Hole in Your Roof " . In October 2000 , Augie March released Sunset Studies . Album launches in Sydney and Melbourne were attempted , but were unsuccessful as both cities were very crowded with musicians at the time ; Donovan said " it seemed like every band in the country was doing a tour then and we couldn 't get any venues " . Thus , they played a small tour along Australia 's east coast . The album did not chart well ; it spent one week on the ARIA Albums Chart at number 35 . Sunset Studies ' critical reception , however , was very positive ; Noel Mengel of The Courier @-@ Mail said that on the album , " songs of quiet reflection , starkly beautiful melodies and intimate poetry collide on the canvas without a thought to sales graphs or what radio program directors might think " , while Allmusic 's Jack Rabid told American readers " it 's worth the effort to track down [ the album ] , particularly for those who think there are no more musical craftsmen out there " . The album 's production earned it the 2001 ARIA Award for " Engineer of the Year " , as well as nominations for " Producer of the Year " , " Breakthrough Artist - Album " and " Best Cover Art " . Of the album 's six engineers , Paul McKercher , Chris Thompson , Richard Pleasance , and Chris Dickie were credited with the ARIA Award for best engineer . McKercher and Pleasance , as well as the band , were named producers . Of the singles released from the album , " There Is No Such Place " was the most popular , charting at number 47 on the Triple J Hottest 100 , 2001 . Preparations for a follow @-@ up to Sunset Studies were thrown into disarray on 2 January 2001 when Dawson died in a car crash . The event had a significant impact on the band and especially on Richards as he wrote their next album . However , the resulting work was not mournful ; Richards described it as optimistic and humorous . To replace Dawson , Melbournian Kiernan Box joined the band as a keyboardist . The band produced Strange Bird independently ; Donovan said this worked to their advantage as they felt more comfortable in their own studio , and that as a result Strange Bird was a better album than Sunset Studies , though the band 's debut album was " probably received better by our fans " . In response to complaints concerning Richards ' Sunset Studies wordplay , Augie March included a lyrics booklet with Strange Bird . Strange Bird was released by BMG as the band 's second studio album in October 2002 . It was also released by spinART Records in the UK in that month . It was re @-@ released in the United States in September 2004 . Like its predecessor , Strange Bird failed to make an impact on the charts , spending one week on the ARIA Albums Chart at number 34 . Its first single , " The Vineyard " , spent one week on the ARIA Singles Chart at number 31 . Augie March began touring around Australia almost immediately following the album 's release . The critical response to Strange Bird , unlike its brief chart history , was overwhelmingly positive . The enthusiastic response even caught the band by surprise ; Williams told Rip It Up " I could see a few holes in the album and I 'd say , ' how come no one else has picked this up ? ' " Reviewers , however , focused on the positives ; Guy Garvey of The Independent said " My favourite of the year is Augie March 's Strange Bird " , while David Fricke wrote in Rolling Stone of " luxuriant melees of chiming guitars , mountain @-@ stream voices and keyboard grandeur " . Donovan said the band found it hard to take the positive reviews too seriously ; " if we did our heads would explode or overinflate " , he told Beat . = = = Mainstream breakthrough ( 2004 – 2009 ) = = = Augie March returned to the studio in 2004 to record a follow @-@ up to Strange Bird . The band worked with two producers , Paul McKercher and Eric Drew Feldman , and recorded in Melbourne , San Francisco , and their own studio in Nagambie , Victoria . Donovan said it was more suited to the band 's style ; as they co @-@ produced on all their albums , they took a great deal of interest in production . He said it also enabled them to work at their own pace , hence the four @-@ year gap between releases . They released a DVD , Drones & Vapid Ditties , containing live performances and music videos , in mid @-@ 2004 . The band 's upcoming album , according to Triple J , was inspired by the streets of Melbourne . Upon completion of the initial recording sessions of Moo , You Bloody Choir , there was a six @-@ month delay before release , as Augie March meticulously added finishing touches to it . In March 2006 , the album was finally released . Moo , You Bloody Choir saw the band move from receiving only critical acclaim to achieving mainstream success as well . The album spent 21 weeks on the ARIA Albums Chart , peaking at number ten , while lead single " One Crowded Hour " reached number 29 in its 20 @-@ week ARIA Singles Chart stint . The album was certified platinum in Australia . Work by Augie March was nominated for six ARIA Awards in 2006 , including " One Crowded Hour " for " Single of the Year " . Despite the hype , the band did not win any further ARIAs . Augie March were still more successful underground than in the mainstream ; " One Crowded Hour " topped Triple J Hottest 100 , 2006 . The album 's popularity also saw it nominated for the 2006 J Award . A 2008 The Australian poll ranked " One Crowded Hour " the tenth best Australian song of the past 20 years . Augie March 's musical abilities were recognised when they became the winner of the second annual Australian Music Prize in 2006 for " the most outstanding and creative Australian album released in the past year " . Ammendola told Drum Media winning the award was more significant than an ARIA Award , as " it 's an award that 's nominated on the grounds of music , and the art of it - not necessarily record sales " . The band used the A $ 25 @,@ 000 prize money to help fund a US tour . Richards later said that the band had no great expectations of breakthrough through in the US , and that if their second attempt was not successful , they would not try again . In August 2007 , Moo , You Bloody Choir was released in the United States on the Jive Zomba record label . In the lead @-@ up to its release , Augie March toured regularly , playing in Los Angeles and New York in May . The shows continued following the album 's release , as Augie March were praised by US media . Pitchfork Media called it a " crime " that the band had not broken through in North America earlier , though Allmusic remarked that Strange Bird was a higher quality album than its follow @-@ up . Despite the success of Moo , You Bloody Choir , much of Augie March 's post @-@ album touring involved supporting other bands . They played shows supporting The Aliens and Andrew Bird in the United States , before returning to Australia to open for Crowded House . Richards said the band 's status as an opening act , rather than headlining their own shows , was something they saw as a challenge — their intention was to win over fans who came to see the main act . However , he called the tour with The Aliens depressing ; the bands played very different types of music , and the attendance at shows was small . Augie March later earned a prime slot at the 2008 Big Day Out . The success of Moo , You Bloody Choir saw Richards expected by record label Sony BMG to produce a quality follow @-@ up . He denied being under significant pressure , though the persistence of the label — " Richo , have you got a single ? Do you have singles ? Please , do you have singles ? " — was noted . Much of the writing for Augie March 's fourth album took place while touring the United States , which Richards argued minimised the band 's opportunities to be creative . In 2008 , Augie March began recording Watch Me Disappear at Neil Finn 's Auckland studios ; they also recorded in Melbourne , Sydney , and Los Angeles . The band worked primarily in New Zealand to get away from the distraction of Melbourne , their hometown , thus allowing them to focus solely on recording . Augie March worked with producer Joe Chiccarelli , who took a significant pay cut to work on the album after declaring an interest in Augie March 's music . According to Richards , the production of Watch Me Disappear was a process that contained " a fair bit of friction " . Ammendola was critical of Chiccarelli 's style of production and the short amount of time spent in the studio . The recording process also took its toll on the relationships in the band . Ammendola has said that " It tore us to bits . It was really really shit , we ’ re slowly patching up now . " After placing the album 's title track on their website for free downloading , Augie March announced their first " proper headline tour of their homeland " , in which they would play music from the new album . The album was released in October 2008 . Watch Me Disappear 's reception was more mixed than that of its predecessors . Patrick Donovan of The Age said , " [ Y ] ou get the feeling that Watch Me Disappear will please more than just their mates and old fans " , but Bernard Zuel wrote in the The Sydney Morning Herald that it was " an album that no doubt will polarise fans " . Watch Me Disappear entered the ARIA Albums Chart at number four . Augie March played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground on 14 March 2009 for Sound Relief , a multi @-@ venue rock music concert in support of relief for the Victorian Bushfire Crisis . The event was held simultaneously with a concert at the Sydney Cricket Ground . All the proceeds from the Melbourne concert went to the Red Cross Victorian Bushfire relief . Appearing with Augie March in Melbourne were , Bliss N Eso with Paris Wells , Gabriella Cilmi , Hunters & Collectors , Kasey Chambers & Shane Nicholson with Troy Cassar @-@ Daley , Jack Johnson , Jet , Kings Of Leon , Liam Finn , Midnight Oil , Paul Kelly , Split Enz and Wolfmother . In July 2009 , " One Crowded Hour " was voted number 59 by the Australian public in Triple J Hottest 100 of all time . That same month , the band headed out on what was dubbed the " Watch Me Set My Strange Sun You Bloody Choir " tour which saw them play every capital city and many regional areas , giving each of their four albums an equal showing . Beginning in December 2009 , the band began a multi @-@ year hiatus . Glenn Richards released Glimjack , his first solo album , in 2010 . = = = Reformation after hiatus ( 2014 – present ) = = = After five years on hiatus and their apparently permanent disbanding , on 16 June 2014 Augie March announced — via their official Facebook page — that they are off hiatus . A week later the band posted that they have been working on a full @-@ length album for the last two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years . The band 's new album , Havens Dumb , was released on 3 October 2014 . = = Musical style = = While Augie March generally fall into an indie / pop rock genre , their ability to mix other genres into their style at times makes classifying their musical style difficult . A common thread that runs through the band 's sound is Richards ' literate and often verbose lyrics , which have set the band apart from much of the rest of the Australian music scene . Even early on in their career , Richards ' unique style attracted attention and he has drawn critical acclaim for his poetic style , with one reviewer describing him as " unique " , " refreshing " , and " intellectual " . Allmusic 's Jack Rabid said Richards " exhibits a honey voice " on Sunset Studies , but Grok pointed out that the album was rendered too complex or intricate for many . Richards ' passion for poetry and literary studies again stood out on Strange Bird . John D. Luerssen of Rolling Stone said " poetry aficionado Richards puts his own literary stamp " on the album , and James Christopher Monger of Allmusic said the album contained " pastoral beauty , labyrinthine arrangements , and breathtaking prose " . Pitchfork Media 's Joe Tangari described the album as " so stuffed with ideas and instruments that it 's wont to rupture from time to time " . This was both a positive and negative criticism ; Tangari complained that at times " there is a surplus of sound " , but also said that the combination of the first two tracks — " The Vineyard " ( " slow beauty " ) and " This Train Will Be Taking No Passengers " ( " a wailing rockabilly psych raver " ) — was an excellent set @-@ up . Derek Miller of Stylus Magazine called the opening trio — the third song being the " simple acoustic guitar and arcing piano " of " Little Wonder " — bewildering , and that the album remained consistently as such throughout . PopMatters ' Zeth Lundy described Richards ' wordplay as frenzied , and said the " refined , worldly wit " on Strange Bird was striking . Where Strange Bird was brimming with musical content , on Moo , You Bloody Choir Augie March were more simplified , while still maintaining some of the critically acclaimed aspects of their music . Ammendola considered their third album , led by " One Crowded Hour " , to be significantly different from their previous releases . Chad Grischow of IGN wrote of " lush , mesmerizing music meld with gorgeous melodies brought to life by Richards ' rich vocals that wrap themselves around each instrument " . In The Sydney Morning Herald , Bernard Zuel argued the album was more subdued ; " the tempos and the arrangements are a little quieter and simpler " . Richards ' lyrics , however , still drew praise ; " he writes with a 19th @-@ century novelist 's ear and a Dylanesque tongue " . Miller of Stylus also touched on the fact that " Moo is as direct a shot as you 'll ever get at Augie March " , but that it was nonetheless a " refining and continuation " of the band 's work thus far . Shirley Halperin , writing for Entertainment Weekly , said the album featured " smooth , emotive vocals mingle with soaring melodies that 'd make Paul McCartney proud " . Dan Raper of PopMatters said the lyrics to " One Crowded Hour " were poetic , citing the lines " Well put me in a cage full of lions / I 'll learn to speak lion / In fact I know the language well " , as well as the " full and glorious " chorus ; And for one crowded hour , you were the only one in the room And I sailed around all those bumps in the night to your beacon in the gloom I thought I had found my golden September in the middle of that purple June But one crowded hour would lead to my wreck and ruin Watch Me Disappear was Augie March 's most mainstream pop work to date , described as a further distillation of the band 's earlier , even more complex , music . Richards considered it to be more streamlined than their early work , despite their attempts to maintain a sense of spontaneity . Zuel also noted a removal of much of the backing instrumentation which had acted as " clutter " around Richards ' vocals on earlier work . Scott Podmore wrote in the Herald Sun that the album did not have a standout song or an instant appeal but that it was " a slow burner that takes time to get to know you , but once it does , it 's a friend for good " . Triple J reviewer Jenny Valentish argued that multiple songs from the album could take the place of " One Crowded Hour " as " likely to become wailed for and misquoted at festivals " . She noted a " commercial potential " for the album , despite its more disconcerting and confrontational content . = = Songwriting = = Songwriting for Augie March is primarily initiated by Richards ; he delivers demos to the rest of the band members who then collaborate with him to develop the music . Kathy McCabe of The Daily Telegraph suggests " almost every songwriter in Australia has name @-@ checked [ Richards ] as one of the finest tunesmiths of his generation " and that " Richards is a storyteller who is spoken of in reverential terms by peers " . Richards simply states that he enjoys " dabbling with words " , and that people often appreciate him doing so . Despite this , Richards rejects the " literary " reputation he believes the band have gained . At the 2006 ARIA Awards , Midnight Oil 's Rob Hirst called for more political songs ; Richards told Simon Collins of The West Australian he saw great risk in writing political music , and would rather write music that rung true , so that " I can sing the song a thousand times after it 's been written " . Richards asserts he preferred to draw on everyday experiences than on literary influences . He also says that some of the music he writes is intentionally confusing . The band , and especially Richards , are noted for their perfectionism . In a post @-@ Sunset Studies interview with Grok magazine in 2000 , Williams criticised the song " The Good Gardener ( On How He Fell ) " , to which the interviewer noted " the Augie March perfectionism ... a slavish , romantic , almost passionate pursuit " . This meme continued throughout Augie March 's career ; following the release of Moo , You Bloody Choir , Richards said he was not truly happy with anything he had produced so far . Ammendola agreed , and added that the band considered Moo , You Bloody Choir the weakest of their first three albums , and Sunset Studies the best . Richards later stated that he considered Watch Me Disappear his best album yet . Andrew Murfett wrote in The Age that for Augie March , " creative tension , adverse circumstances and perfectionism seem to go hand in hand " . Whereas Augie March 's first two albums saw Richards maintain control over production , Moo , You Bloody Choir and Watch Me Disappear " became community projects " , and for that reason Richards declared he was not as much a fan of the latter works , though other band members have described the songs on Watch Me Disappear as the band 's best yet . = = Live concerts = = Augie March 's live performances have been highly criticised for supposedly failing to live up to the quality of their recorded work . Interruptions are common ; at a 2000 concert following the release of Sunset Studies , Richards rhetorically asked the audience " what 's an Augie gig without glitches ? " , and Inpress ' Jayson Argall described a 2001 performance as " absolutely captivating one moment , utterly frustrating the next " , pointing to numerous instances of Richards halting the show due to minor nigglings . Richards will sometimes refuse to play songs popular with fans ; in 2007 Williams told Beat Richards no longer played " Asleep in Perfection " as " Glenn cannot fathom to sing the words that he wrote back then ... he 's moved on from that place " . He is also reluctant to play " One Crowded Hour " , having " played that song in every possible format and so many times it 's just a ridiculous joke " . Richards once forgot the song 's lyrics during a live performance at Federation Square . A 2002 live review quoted an overwhelmed Richards as telling his audience " I don 't have anything to say tonight , there 's too many of you " . Another 2002 live review , however , stated that " the band seemed both at ease and happy to be back " when playing one of their first post @-@ Strange Bird concerts. dB magazine 's Steven Hocking , in a review of the band 's 2004 Drones & Vapid Ditties live DVD , said the band are " either unable or unwilling to engage the large audience " , and that they were " just not very visually engaging " live , when compared to the sound of their albums . Performances post @-@ Moo , You Bloody Choir have earned more positive remarks , however , as Richards has focused on improving his stage presence . David Fricke of Rolling Stone lauded an Augie March concert he saw in New York , which assisted the band in making inroads in the United States . = = Discography = = = = = Studio albums = = = Sunset Studies - BMG ( 2000 ) AUS No. 35 Strange Bird - BMG ( 2002 ) AUS No. 34 Moo , You Bloody Choir - Sony BMG ( 2006 ) AUS No. 10 Watch Me Disappear - Sony BMG ( 2008 ) AUS No. 4 Havens Dumb - Caroline ( 2014 ) = = = Singles / EPs = = = Thanks for the Memes - Ra Records ( 1998 ) Waltz - Ra Records ( 1999 ) " The Mothball " ( 1999 ) " The Hole in Your Roof " - BMG ( 2000 ) " Heartbeat and Sails " - BMG ( 2000 ) " There Is No Such Place " - BMG ( 2001 ) " Here Comes the Night " - BMG ( 2001 ) " The Vineyard " - BMG ( 2002 ) AUS No. 31 " Thanks for the Memes " - BMG re @-@ release ( 2003 ) " Little Wonder " - BMG ( 2003 ) " One Crowded Hour " - Sony BMG ( 2006 ) AUS No. 29 " The Cold Acre " - Sony BMG ( 2006 ) " Pennywhistle " - Sony BMG ( 2008 ) " After the Crack Up " - Caroline ( 2014 ) " A Dog Starved " - Caroline ( 2014 ) " Never Been Sad " - Caroline ( 2015 ) = = = DVDs = = = Drones & Vapid Ditties - BMG ( 2004 )
= The Robbery = " The Robbery " is the third episode of the first season of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld . It aired as the third episode of the season on June 7 , 1990 . It was written by Matt Goldman , therefore making this the first Seinfeld episode not written by the show 's creators : Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David . In the episode , Jerry leaves Elaine in charge of his apartment while he goes on tour . When he returns , he finds the apartment has been robbed after Kramer left the front door open . While Kramer promises to find the robbers , George offers him the chance to move into a much better apartment — a move he accepts , allowing Elaine to move in Jerry 's apartment and away from her annoying roommate Tina . = = Plot = = Jerry goes away to perform some stand @-@ up in Minneapolis , leaving Elaine to look after his apartment . Elaine is having trouble with an annoying roommate , Tina , who is a " Waitress / Actress " hoping to get a part , and asks George if he can find her some new accommodation . She then tries to persuade Jerry to give her his current apartment , with George offering Jerry a new apartment on West 83rd Street by Central Park which he claims is great , but Jerry turns the offer down . When Jerry returns he finds the apartment has been burglarized because Kramer left the front door open by mistake . As a way of making up , Kramer promises to find the items that were stolen from Jerry . After the robbery , Elaine still asks Jerry to give her the apartment . Jerry decides to have a look around the new apartment first . The apartment is great and Jerry takes it , allowing Elaine to move into the old apartment . Jerry is about to sign the lease to the apartment , but George tells him that if he has having second thoughts , he should not take it . This results in him thinking that George may want the new apartment for himself . The two have an argument resulting in neither of them wanting to move . They gamble for the apartment and Jerry wins . Meanwhile , Kramer claims that he thinks he knows where Jerry 's stolen objects are , and suspects an Englishman along the hallway who denies having any " stuff " on him . Later in Monk 's Cafe , Jerry goes back on the deal and decides not to take the place because George wants it . The two continue to argue about who should own it , and decided that neither of them should take it . A waitress , Carolyn , played by Anita Wise , overhears them and George offers the place to her , which she accepts . The waitress invites them and Elaine to her housewarming , but it is clear that Jerry , George and Elaine are not enjoying themselves . They overhear two people having a conversation about someone else moving out of their apartment , to which all three ask what the apartment 's rent is . = = Production = = " The Robbery " was written by Matt Goldman , a firstimer , therefore making this episode the first not to be written by Seinfeld or David and the only one not written by Seinfeld and David for the season , and directed by Tom Cherones , during the course of the first production season . The idea for the episode was inspired by Seinfeld 's own experiences of his apartment being robbed when he was a student , although rather than the door being unlocked as it was in the episode , the burglars broke through the walls . Co @-@ creator of the series Larry David was given a $ 20 @,@ 000 bonus by Castle Rock and was promoted to executive producer for his work on the episode . During the shooting of the episode , an earthquake struck the set , but no one was hurt . The episode is the first to mention the character of Tina , Elaine 's actress roommate , although she does not appear in this episode . It is also the first episode to feature Kramer making a sliding entrance into Jerry 's apartment , which became a trademark in all the later episodes . Carolyn the waitress , played by Anita Wise , and her husband Larry , are named after Seinfeld 's own sister and brother @-@ in @-@ law . In the original draft of the script , the Englishman is called " Berbick . " In the same script , Elaine asks Jerry what happened between Kramer and the Englishman . Jerry replies , " Kramer stayed there three hours . They 're like best friends now . " = = Reception = = When " The Robbery " first aired on June 7 , 1990 , it received a Nielsen rating of 13 @.@ 6 / 24 . This means that the episode was watched by 13 @.@ 6 % of American households , and that 24 % of all televisions in use at the time were tuned into it . Reviews of the episode are mixed . Andy Patrizio from IGN.com wrote that " The Robbery " was the best episode of the first season of Seinfeld , saying that it showed " the dynamics that would come to define the show . " However , Colin Jacobson for DVD Movie Guide said , " It lacks the great banter and play that marks the best episodes , but it doesn 't come across as a total dud . It just seems a bit uninspired in the greater scheme of things . "
= Master System = The Sega Master System ( Japanese : セガマスターシステム , Hepburn : Sega Masutā Shisutemu ) is a third @-@ generation home video game console that was manufactured by Sega . It was originally released in 1985 as the Sega Mark III in Japan . After being redesigned prior to its North American launch , the console was renamed Master System and released in 1986 in North America , 1987 in Europe , and 1989 in Brazil . The redesigned Master System was also released in Japan in 1987 . Both the Mark III and the original Master System models could play with both cartridges ( or " Mega Cartridges " , as they were officially called ) and the credit card @-@ sized Sega Cards , which retailed at lower prices than cartridges but had lower storage capacity ; the Master System II and later models did not have the card slot . The Master System also featured accessories such as a light gun and 3D glasses which were designed to work with a range of specially coded games . Succeeding the SG @-@ 1000 , the Master System was released as a direct competitor to the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) in the third generation of video game consoles . The Master System was constructed with hardware superior to that of the NES , but failed to overturn Nintendo 's significant market share advantage in Japan and North America . However , it attained significantly more success in Europe and Brazil . The hardware of the Master System also shared many similarities with Sega 's handheld game console , the Sega Game Gear . Compared to its competition from Nintendo , the Master System 's game library lacks a number of well @-@ received titles due to Nintendo 's licensing practices that restricted third @-@ party developers from creating games for any system other than the NES . Sales of the console have been estimated between 10 and 13 million units , not including recent Brazil sales , compared to 62 million NES units sold . Reception to the system given in retrospect gives credit to the system 's role in Sega 's development of the Sega Genesis , as well as for having a number of well @-@ received titles , particularly in PAL regions , but is generally critical of its smaller game library compared to the NES . As of 2015 , the Master System is the longest @-@ lived game console ( 30 years and continuing ) , due to its popularity in Brazil . = = Background = = In the early 1980s , Sega Enterprises , Inc . , then a subsidiary of the conglomerate Gulf and Western , was one of the largest arcade game manufacturers active in the United States , with company revenues of $ 214 million by mid @-@ 1982 . A downturn in the arcade business starting in 1982 negatively impacted the company , leading Gulf and Western to sell the North American manufacturing and licensing of its arcade games to Bally Manufacturing . The company retained its Japanese subsidiary , Sega Enterprises , Ltd . , as well as Sega 's North American research and development division . With its arcade business in decline , Gulf and Western executives turned to Sega Enterprises , Ltd . ' s president , Hayao Nakayama , for advice on how to proceed . Nakayama advocated that the company leverage its hardware expertise gained through years working in the arcade industry to move into the home console market in Japan , which was in its infancy at the time . Nakayama received permission to proceed with this project , leading to the release of Sega 's first home video game system , the SG @-@ 1000 . The SG @-@ 1000 was first released in Japan on July 15 , 1983 , at a price of JP ¥ 15 @,@ 000 . It was launched on the same day that Nintendo released the Famicom in Japan . Shortly after the launch of the SG @-@ 1000 , Gulf and Western began to divest itself of its non @-@ core businesses after the death of company founder , Charles Bluhdorn , so Nakayama and former Sega CEO David Rosen arranged a management buyout of the Japanese subsidiary in 1984 with financial backing from CSK Corporation , a prominent Japanese software company . Nakayama was then installed as CEO of the new Sega Enterprises , Ltd . Following the buyout , Sega released another console , the SG @-@ 1000 II , for ¥ 15 @,@ 000 . It featured a few hardware tweaks from the original model , including detachable controllers . The SG @-@ 1000 II did not sell well , however , leading to Sega 's decision to continue work on the video game hardware used for the system . This resulted in the release of the Sega Mark III in Japan in 1985 . = = = Development = = = Engineered by the same internal Sega team that had created the SG @-@ 1000 , the Mark III was a redesigned iteration of the previous console . The CPUs in the SG @-@ 1000 and SG @-@ 1000 II were Zilog Z80s running at 3 @.@ 58 MHz , while the Mark III , SC @-@ 3000 — a computer version of the SG @-@ 1000 — and Master System feature a Z80 running at 4 MHz . The Mark III and Master System also carried over the Sega Card slot used in the SG @-@ 1000 . According to Edge , lessons from the SG @-@ 1000 's lack of commercial success were used in the hardware redesign of the Mark III , and the console was designed to be more powerful than the Famicom . For the console 's North America release , Sega restyled and rebranded the Mark III under the name " Master System " , similar to Nintendo 's own reworking of the Famicom into the Nintendo Entertainment System . The " Master System " name was one of several proposals Sega 's American employees considered , and was ultimately chosen by throwing darts against a whiteboard , although plans to release a cheaper console similarly referred to as the " Base System " also influenced the decision . Sega Enterprises Chairman Isao Okawa endorsed the name after being told it was a reference to the competitive nature of both the video game industry and martial arts , in which only one competitor can be the " Master " . The futuristic final design for the Master System was intended to appeal to Western tastes . = = = Launch = = = The Sega Mark III was released in Japan in October 1985 at a price of ¥ 15 @,@ 000 . Despite featuring technically more powerful hardware than its chief competition , the Famicom , the Mark III did not prove to be successful at its launch . Difficulties arose from Nintendo 's licensing practices with third @-@ party developers at the time , whereby Nintendo required that titles for the Famicom not be published on other consoles . To overcome this , Sega developed its own titles and obtained the rights to port games from other developers , but they did not sell well . NEC later used the same strategy on some of Sega 's titles when developing games for the TurboGrafx @-@ 16 . In preparation for the launch , Mark Cerny has stated that " pressure was very , very high " , with a typical game being allotted only three months of development time . After being restyled the " Master System " , the console was released in North America in 1986 at a price of US $ 200 ( equivalent to $ 432 in 2015 ) , including a multicart of the games Hang @-@ On and Safari Hunt . It and Nintendo , which was similarly exporting the Famicom to the US as the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) , planned to spend $ 15 million in fall and winter 1986 to market their consoles ; Sega hoped to sell 400 @,@ 000 to 750 @,@ 000 consoles in 1986 . By the end of 1986 , the Master System had sold 125 @,@ 000 consoles , more than the Atari 7800 's 100 @,@ 000 but less than Nintendo 's 1 @.@ 1 million . As in Japan , the Master System in North America had a limited game library that was not as well received as the NES . Against Nintendo 's licensing practices , Sega only had two third @-@ party American developers , Activision and Parker Brothers . By 1988 , Nintendo commanded 83 percent of the North American video game market share . Sega claimed that " our system is the first one where the graphics on the box are actually matched by the graphics of the game " , and marketing for the Master System was targeted at bringing home the arcade experience , but its marketing department was run by only two men , giving Sega a disadvantage in advertising . The console was re @-@ released as the Master System in Japan in October 1987 for ¥ 16 @,@ 800 . However , similar to the Mark III , this launch was not successful . The console in neither of its forms posed a serious challenge to Nintendo in Japan . The European launch of the Master System occurred in 1987 . It was distributed by Mastertronic in the United Kingdom , Master Games in France , and Bertelsmann in Germany . Mastertronic advertised the Master System as " an arcade in the home " and launched the system at £ 99 ( equivalent to £ 251 in 2015 ) . Advance orders from retailers were high , but Sega proved unable to deliver inventory until Boxing Day on December 26 , causing many retailers to cancel their orders . As a result , Master Games and Mastertronic both entered financial crises and Bertelsmann vowed never to work with Sega again . Mastertronic had already sold a minority interest to Richard Branson and the Virgin group to enter the console business and now sold the remainder of the company to avoid bankruptcy . The newly rebranded Virgin Mastertronic then took over all European distribution in 1988 . Virgin Mastertronic consequently focused marketing the Master System on ports of Sega 's arcade games and positioning it as a superior alternative to the Commodore 64 and the ZX Spectrum home computers in terms of video games . As a result of this marketing and of Nintendo 's less effective approaches in Europe , the Master System began to attract European @-@ based developers . The Master System held a significant part of the video game console market in Europe through the release of Sega 's succeeding console , the Mega Drive . Brazil was also a successful market for the Master System , where the console was released in 1989 and distributed by Tectoy . = = = Transition to Genesis and decline = = = Sega released the Mega Drive , a 16 @-@ bit video game console , in Japan on October 29 , 1988 . The final commercial release for the Mark III and Master System in Japan was Bomber Raid in 1989 . During the same year , Sega was preparing to release the new Mega Drive , relabeled as the " Genesis " , in North America . Displeased with Tonka 's handling of the Master System , Sega reacquired the marketing and distribution rights to the Master System for the United States . In 1990 , Sega released the remodeled Master System II , designed to be a lower @-@ cost version of the console which also removed the Sega Card slot . Sega promoted the new model themselves , but the console still sold poorly in the region despite Tonka no longer being involved with the Master System 's marketing . In 1991 , Nintendo was found guilty of violating United States antitrust law and forced to abandon some of its licensing practices , but the Master System had already been in decline long before . By early 1992 , Master System production ceased in North America . By the time of its discontinuation , Master System had sold between 1 @.@ 5 million and 2 million units in the United States , finishing behind both Nintendo and Atari , which controlled 80 percent and 12 percent of the market , respectively . The last licensed release in North America was Sonic the Hedgehog in 1991 . Contrary to its performance in Japan and North America , the Master System was eventually a success in Europe , where it outsold the NES by a considerable margin . As late as 1993 , the Master System 's active installed user base in Europe was 6 @.@ 25 million units , larger than that of the Mega Drive 's 5 @.@ 73 million base that year . Combined with the Mega Drive , Sega represented the majority of the console user base in Europe that year . The Master System 's largest markets in the region were France and the United Kingdom , which had active user bases of 1 @.@ 6 million and 1 @.@ 35 million , respectively , in 1993 . The remodeled Master System II also proved to be successful and helped Sega to sustain the Master System 's significant market share in Europe . More new releases would continue into the 1990s in Europe , including Sonic the Hedgehog 2 , Streets of Rage 2 , and Mercs . The Master System has also had continued success in Brazil , where new variations have continued to be released long after the console was discontinued elsewhere . These include the Master System Compact and the Master System 3 . By 2012 , the Master System had sold 5 million units in Brazil . In 2015 , it was reported that the Master System sells around 150 @,@ 000 units per year in Brazil , a level that holds its own against modern systems such as the PlayStation 4 . = = = Game Gear = = = Developed under the name " Project Mercury " and designed based on the Master System 's hardware , the Game Gear is a handheld game console . It was first released in Japan on October 6 , 1990 , in North America and Europe in 1991 , and in Australia in 1992 . Originally retailing at JP ¥ 19 @,@ 800 in Japan , US $ 149 @.@ 99 in North America , and GB £ 99 @.@ 99 in Europe , the Game Gear was designed to compete with the Game Boy , which Nintendo had released in 1989 . Despite the similarities the Game Gear shared with the Master System , the games of the latter were not directly playable on the handheld , and were only able to be played on the handheld by the use of an accessory called the Master System Converter . A large part of the Game Gear 's game library consists of Master System ports . Because of the landscape orientation of the Game Gear 's screen and the similarities in hardware between the handheld console and the Master System , it was easy for developers to port Master System games to the handheld . = = Technical specifications = = The main CPU of the Master System is a Zilog Z80 , an 8 @-@ bit processor running at 4 MHz . It has 8 kB of ROM , 8 kB of RAM and 16 kB of video RAM . Video is provided through an RF switch and displays at a resolution of 256 × 192 pixels and up to 32 colors at one time from a total palette of 64 colors . Physically , the Master System measures 365 by 170 by 70 millimetres ( 14 @.@ 4 in × 6 @.@ 7 in × 2 @.@ 8 in ) , while the Mark III measures 318 by 145 by 52 millimetres ( 12 @.@ 5 in × 5 @.@ 7 in × 2 @.@ 0 in ) . Both the Mark III and the Master System possess two slots for game input : one for Mega Cartridges and one for Sega Cards , along with an expansion slot and 2 controller ports . Sound is provided by the SN76489 PSG chip . The Japanese version also integrates the YM2413 FM chip , which had been an optional feature on the Mark III . With few exceptions , Master System hardware is identical to the hardware in the Mark III . Titles for the console are playable on the Sega Genesis by use of an accessory known as the Power Base Converter , as well as on the Game Gear by use of the Master System Converter . The Master System was designed with superior hardware when compared to the NES . It contains twice as much memory as its competitor from Nintendo . The CPU of the Master System runs at a faster clock rate than the processor in the NES , which is a Ricoh NMOS 6502 running at 1 @.@ 79 MHz , though a Z80 requires more cycles to execute an instruction than the 6502 . The NES is capable of displaying 25 colors at a time from a master palette of 54 , in contrast to the 32 colors at a time from a 64 color master palette on the Master System . A number of accessories were created for the Mark III and Master System , which are cross @-@ compatible with one another . The controller for each console consists of a rectangular shape with a control pad and two buttons . Sega also introduced additional controllers , such as a bike handle controller and paddle controller , for the Mark III and a special sports controller for the Master System . A pair of 3D glasses known as SegaScope 3 @-@ D were also created for games such as Space Harrier 3D , although Mark III users need an additional converter to use them . The Mark III also had an optional RF transmitter accessory , allowing wireless play that broadcast the game being played on a UHF television signal . A light gun peripheral known as the Light Phaser was also released . Its design was based on the weapon of the same name from the Japanese anime Zillion . The Master System was produced in several variations . Released in 1990 , the Master System II removed a number of components in order to reduce the cost of the console , including the Sega Card slot , reset button , power light , expansion port , and activation music and logo upon turning on the system . Several licensed variations of the console also exist in Brazil , created by Tectoy . A variation known as the Master System 3 Compact was capable of functioning wirelessly with an RF transmitter , while Tectoy also sought to appeal to female gamers in Brazil with the Master System Girl , which was molded in bright pink plastic . A more recent version , released in 2006 in Brazil known as the Master System 3 Collection , contains 120 built @-@ in games . Another Master System , built as a handheld game console , was released under several brands including Coleco in 2006 . = = Game library = = Games for the Master System are in two formats : ROM cartridges are capable of holding up to 4 Mbit of game code , while Sega Cards can hold up to 256 kbit . Cards were cheaper to manufacture than the cartridges and included titles such as Spy vs. Spy and Super Tennis , but Sega Cards were eventually dropped due to their lack of memory . Some games manufactured for the system include Psycho Fox , Golvellius , and Phantasy Star , which became a successful franchise for Sega and is considered one of the benchmark role @-@ playing games . The Master System also hosts games featuring Sega 's flagship character at the time , Alex Kidd , including Alex Kidd in Miracle World . Wonder Boy III : The Dragon 's Trap has garnered recognition as " a genuine milestone in video game design " due to its innovative blend of platforming gameplay with RPG elements . Built @-@ in titles are common in Master System hardware , including Snail Maze and Hang @-@ On , as well as Alex Kidd in Miracle World and Sonic the Hedgehog . Additional titles were also released in Brazil by Tectoy , including ports of Street Fighter II and Dynamite Headdy after the Master System was discontinued elsewhere . A number of writers have criticized the game library for its lack of depth compared to the NES . Computer Gaming World compared new Sega titles to " drops of water in the desert " . Due to Nintendo 's licensing practices , few third @-@ party developers contributed games for the Master System . According to Damien McFerran , " Nintendo requested that developers keep their games ' NES exclusive ' , and given the unassailable position the console enjoyed , few had the will to defy this request . " In addition , according to game designer Mark Cerny , most of Sega 's early Master System titles were developed within a strict three @-@ month deadline , which negatively impacted game quality . Titles for the Master System , however , did take advantage of the advanced hardware of the console in comparison to the NES ; Alex Kidd in Miracle World , for example , showcases " blistering colors and more detailed sprites " than competing NES games . In addition , the Master System version of R @-@ Type has garnered retrospective praise for its quality , with its visuals considered comparable to those found in the TurboGrafx @-@ 16 port of the same title . On the other hand , Retro Gamer praised the system 's PAL library , referring to it as a " superb library of interesting ports and excellent exclusives " and noting that it offered significantly greater depth than what was available in North America . They praised its " drip @-@ feed of quality titles " that continued to be released in Europe up until the mid @-@ 1990s . Such titles ranged from 8 @-@ bit entries of Mega Drive franchises such as Sonic the Hedgehog and Streets of Rage to dozens of exclusive PAL releases such as Lucky Dime Caper , Asterix , Ninja Gaiden , Master of Darkness and Power Strike II . = = Reception and legacy = = Sales of the Master System have been estimated between 10 million and 13 million units , not including recent Brazil sales , in contrast to the 62 million units sold by its chief competitor , the Famicom . Sega would later close the market share gap between itself and Nintendo in the next generation with the release of the Genesis , which sold 40 million consoles compared to the 49 million Super Nintendo Entertainment System consoles sold by Nintendo . The Master System saw much more continued success in Europe and Brazil than it did in Japan and North America . In 1989 , the Sega Master System was listed in the top 20 products of NPD Group 's Toy Retail Sales Tracking Service . However , reception in 1992 by Electronic Gaming Monthly indicated a souring interest in the console . Four reviewers scored the console 5 , 4 , 5 , and 5 out of a possible 10 points each in the magazine 's 1992 Buyer 's Guide , focusing on the better value of the Genesis and lack of quality titles for the Master System . By 1993 , reviewers scored the console 2 , 2 , 3 , and 3 out of 10 , noting its abandonment by Sega in North America and lack of new releases . According to Bill Pearse of Playthings , the NES gained an advantage over the Master System through the use of better software and stronger character identification . Retrospective feedback of the console praises its support toward development of the Sega Genesis , but is generally critical of its smaller game library compared to the NES . Writing for AllGame , Dave Beuscher notes that " it was doomed by the lack of third party software support and all but disappeared from the American market by 1992 . " On the other hand , Retro Gamer praised the system 's PAL library as a " superb library of interesting ports and excellent exclusives " , noting that it was significantly larger than its North American library . Damien McFerran of Retro Gamer recognizes its value to the future success of the Genesis , stating , " Without this criminally undervalued machine , Sega would not have enjoyed the considerable success it had with the Mega Drive . The Master System allowed Sega to experiment with arcade conversions , original IP and even create a mascot in the form of the lovable monkey @-@ boy Alex Kidd . " In 2009 , the Master System was named the 20th best video game console of all time by the video gaming website IGN , behind both of its main competitors , the Atari 7800 ( ranked 17th best ) and the Nintendo Entertainment System ( 1st ) . They praised it for having " plenty of great , original games " but criticized the Master System 's smaller games library compared to the NES , coupled with the sometimes uneven quality of the games that were released , as the console 's major issues , stating , " Months could go by between major releases and that made a dud on the Master System feel even more painful . " The Master System and its software still retains some popularity . According to IGN , " Despite its narrow mass audience , the Master System had — and still has — a very loyal fan base . " In 2005 , Sega reached a deal with Chinese company AtGames to release Master System software in the form of emulation products in Taiwan , Hong Kong , and China . A number of Master System games are available for download on Nintendo 's Wii Virtual Console in North America , PAL territories and Japan . The first game released for this service was Fist of the North Star , on February 26 , 2008 , and later , Fantasy Zone , released on March 11 . Both were released in Japan . In North America , Wonder Boy was the first Master System game released for the service on March 31 , 2008 . Master System games have also been made available via the GameTap online service .
= Stuart Milner @-@ Barry = Sir Philip Stuart Milner @-@ Barry KCVO CB OBE ( 20 September 1906 – 25 March 1995 ) was a British chess player , chess writer , World War II codebreaker and civil servant . He represented England in chess both before and after World War II . He worked at Bletchley Park during World War II , and was head of " Hut 6 " , a section responsible for deciphering messages which had been encrypted using the German Enigma machine . He was one of four leading codebreakers at Bletchley to petition the then @-@ Prime Minister Winston Churchill directly for more resources for their work . After the war he worked in the Treasury , and later administered the British honours system . In chess , he represented England in international tournaments , and lent his name to three opening variations . = = Early life and education = = Born in Hendon , London , Philip Stuart was the second of six children to a schoolteacher , Edward Leopold Milner @-@ Barry , who died in 1917 , and his wife , Edith Mary . A talented chess player , he won the first British Boys ' Championship in 1923 . He was a pupil at Cheltenham College , and won a scholarship to Trinity College , Cambridge , where he obtained firsts in classics and moral sciences . He represented Cambridge in chess . At Cambridge , he befriended another chess player , C.H.O 'D . ( Hugh ) Alexander , and composed a number of chess puzzles . Between 1929 and 1938 he was a city stockbroker , although he was unhappy with the work . From 1938 , he was the chess correspondent for The Times , succeeded in 1945 by Harry Golombek . = = = Early chess contributions = = = He made his debut in international @-@ class chess at the strong London 1932 tournament , which World Champion Alexander Alekhine won . Milner @-@ Barry 's best results in international competition were achieved in three straight years at the Margate tournaments from 1937 – 39 , and at Hastings 1938 . In all four events he finished just above the middle against strong fields , with performance ratings ( as calculated by Chessmetrics ) between 2538 and 2565 . This places him at a solid International Master standard , although he never received this title . He reached as high as No. 65 in the world between June and August 1941 , according to Chessmetrics , which ranks historical chess performances retrospectively , using modern algorithms . He represented England in chess , and played in the international Chess Olympiads of 1937 and 1939 . The latter tournament , held in Buenos Aires , Argentina , coincided with Britain 's declaration of war on Germany in September 1939 . Milner @-@ Barry , with teammates who included Hugh Alexander ( at that time the British chess champion ) and Harry Golombek , abandoned the tournament unfinished , and returned to Britain . His full Olympiad results are listed later in the article . = = Bletchley Park = = Upon their return , all three soon joined the Government Code and Cypher School ( GC & CS ) at Bletchley Park . Milner @-@ Barry was recruited by mathematician Gordon Welchman , who had been his contemporary at Trinity College ; in turn Milner @-@ Barry recruited Hugh Alexander . Arriving in early 1940 , he joined Welchman 's " Hut 6 " section , whose task was to solve the Enigma cipher machine as used by the German Army and Air Force . In 1993 , Milner @-@ Barry wrote that " to this day I could not claim that I fully understood how the machine worked , let alone what was involved in the problems of breaking and reading the Enigma cipher " . Nonetheless , with his knowledge of the German language , he made a study of the decrypts and found that they contained stereotyped patterns and forms of address that could be exploited as " cribs " – reliable guesses for the plain language message that matched a given piece of encrypted text . Finding reliable cribs was a critical task for Hut 6 , as Enigma was broken primarily with the aid of " bombes " , large electromechanical machines which automatically searched for parts of the correct settings . Bombes were reliant on a suitable crib in order to succeed . In autumn 1940 , Milner @-@ Barry was put in charge of the " Crib Room " . He was billeted with Alexander , who was working in Hut 8 , the counterpart to Hut 6 working on German Naval Enigma . Their close friendship let them easily resolve the competing needs of their sections for the limited available bombe time . By October 1941 , he was deputy head of Hut 6 under Welchman . At this time , Bletchley Park was experiencing a shortage of clerical staff which was delaying the work on Enigma , and the management of GCCS appeared unable to obtain the resources needed . This affected both Hut 6 and Hut 8 , which was run by mathematician Alan Turing with Hugh Alexander as his deputy . Together , Welchman , Milner @-@ Barry , Turing and Alexander bypassed the chain of command and wrote a memorandum directly to the Prime Minister , Winston Churchill , outlining their difficulties . It fell to Milner @-@ Barry to deliver the message to 10 Downing Street in person , on 21 October 1941 . The next day , Churchill responded , " Action this day : Make sure they have all they want on extreme priority and report to me that this has been done . " Within a month their needs were being met . In autumn 1943 , Milner @-@ Barry took over as head of Hut 6 , which by that time had grown to over 450 staff , Welchman having been appointed the Assistant Director of Mechanisation at Bletchley Park . He remained in charge until the end of the war , presiding over a number of technical challenges presented by the introduction of extra security devices to the German Enigma , including the Enigma Uhr and a rewireable " reflector " rotor . His entry in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography notes that , " although he increasingly felt that Hut 6 was on the verge of losing the ability to decode Enigma , it held on until the end of the war , and this was due in no small part to his gifted leadership . " The official history of Hut 6 , written immediately after the end of World War II , comments on his early " most vital technical achievement " in finding cribs , and on his " administrative and diplomatic talents " in his later role as head of the section . = = After World War II = = Milner @-@ Barry joined the Treasury in 1945 with the grade of Principal . In 1947 , he married Thelma Tennant Wells , with whom he had a son and two daughters . The same year , he was promoted to Assistant Secretary , and Under @-@ secretary in 1954 . Apart from a stint in the Ministry of Health from 1958 – 60 , he remained with the Treasury until 1966 , when , aged 60 , he had reached the normal retirement age for the civil service . He was persuaded instead to carry on as a ceremonial officer administering the honours system . In this role , he supported the knighthoods of P. G. Wodehouse and Noël Coward . Milner @-@ Barry eventually retired in 1977 . He was appointed OBE in 1946 for his work in World War II , CB in 1962 , and KCVO in 1975 . = = Later chess contributions = = He had also continued to play chess , competing in the 1952 and 1956 Olympiads . This 1956 Olympiad trip to Moscow was risky , since Britain and the USSR , which had been allies during World War II , were by then locked into the Cold War , and Milner @-@ Barry 's wartime codebreaking knowledge would have been of great interest to the Soviets ; the very fact that Britain had broken German codes on a massive scale was kept secret until 1974 , when Frederick Winterbotham 's book The Ultra Secret was published . He placed second in the British Chess Championship at Hastings 1953 ( finishing behind only Daniel Yanofsky ) , with a score of 8 / 11 ; this would be his best result in British Championships . He was president of the British Chess Federation between 1970 and 1973 , competed in the British Championship as late as 1978 , and was still competing in club and county @-@ level tournaments and matches into his 80s . His obituary in The Independent recalled his " savagely effective attacking style , honed to perfection through a series of ' serious friendly games ' against his old rival Hugh Alexander " . In 1972 , George Koltanowski wrote that , " his style was very pleasing to spectators because he was always looking for dangerous continuations and quite often he found them ! " His name is associated with three chess opening variations : Milner @-@ Barry Variation of the Nimzo @-@ Indian Defence ( ECO E33 ) : 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.Qc2 Nc6 Milner @-@ Barry Gambit in the French Defence ( ECO C02 ) : 1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.e5 c5 4.c3 Nc6 5.Nf3 Qb6 6.Bd3 cxd4 7.cxd4 Bd7 8 @.@ 0 @-@ 0 ! ? Nxd4 9.Nxd4 Qxd4 10.Nc3 Milner @-@ Barry variation in the Petroff Defence ( ECO C42 ) : 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nf6 3.Nxe5 d6 4.Nf3 Nxe4 5.Qe2 Qe7 6.d3 Nf6 7.Bg5 Nbd7 = = = Olympiad results = = = Milner @-@ Barry 's detailed results while competing for England in chess Olympiads are as follows : Stockholm 1937 : board 3 , 3 / 9 ( + 2 − 5 = 2 ) Buenos Aires 1939 : board 3 , 4 / 5 ( + 3 − 0 = 2 ) Helsinki 1952 : board 3 , 5 ½ / 12 ( + 2 − 3 = 7 ) Moscow 1956 : board 4 , 6 / 12 ( + 5 − 5 = 2 ) Overall , he scored ( + 12 − 13 = 13 ) , 18 ½ / 38 , for 48 @.@ 7 per cent . = = Final years = = In 1985 , Milner @-@ Barry fiercely defended the reputation of Gordon Welchman , who had come under posthumous criticism for publishing details about the wartime work of Hut 6 . In 1992 , echoing his wartime visit to 10 Downing Street , Milner @-@ Barry was a member of a party who delivered a petition to the Prime Minister calling on the government to help preserve Bletchley Park , which was then under threat from demolition . He died on 25 March 1995 in Lewisham Hospital , London . A memorial service was held for him at Westminster Abbey on 15 June .
= Boshin War = The Boshin War ( 戊辰戦争 , Boshin Sensō , " War of the Year of the Yang Earth Dragon " ) , sometimes known as the Japanese Revolution , was a civil war in Japan , fought from 1868 to 1869 between forces of the ruling Tokugawa shogunate and those seeking to return political power to the Imperial Court . The war found its origins in dissatisfaction among many nobles and young samurai with the shogunate 's handling of foreigners following the opening of Japan during the prior decade . Increasing Western influence in the economy led to a decline similar to other Asian countries at the time . An alliance of western samurai , particularly the domains of Chōshū , Satsuma and Tosa , and court officials , secured control of the imperial court and influenced the young Emperor Meiji . Tokugawa Yoshinobu , the sitting shogun , realizing the futility of his situation , abdicated political power to the emperor . Yoshinobu had hoped that by doing this , the Tokugawa house could be preserved and participate in the future government . However , military movements by imperial forces , partisan violence in Edo , and an imperial decree promoted by Satsuma and Choshu abolishing the house of Tokugawa led Yoshinobu to launch a military campaign to seize the emperor 's court at Kyoto . The military tide rapidly turned in favor of the smaller but relatively modernized imperial faction , and after a series of battles culminating in the surrender of Edo , Yoshinobu personally surrendered . Those loyal to the Tokugawa retreated to northern Honshū and later to Hokkaidō , where they founded the Ezo republic . Defeat at the Battle of Hakodate broke this last holdout and left the imperial rule supreme throughout the whole of Japan , completing the military phase of the Meiji Restoration . Around 120 @,@ 000 men were mobilised during the conflict , and of these about 3 @,@ 500 were killed . In the end , the victorious imperial faction abandoned its objective to expel foreigners from Japan and instead adopted a policy of continued modernization with an eye to eventual renegotiation of the Unequal Treaties with the Western powers . Due to the persistence of Saigō Takamori , a prominent leader of the imperial faction , the Tokugawa loyalists were shown clemency , and many former shogunate leaders and samurai were later given positions of responsibility under the new government . When the Boshin War began , Japan was already modernizing , following the same course of advancement as that of the industrialized Western nations . But Japan protected its vulnerable economy by rejecting Western @-@ enforced free trade . And since those Western nations , especially Britain and France , were deeply involved in the country 's politics , the installation of Imperial power added more turbulence to the conflict . Over time , the war has been romanticized as a " bloodless revolution " , despite its large number of casualties . = = Political background = = = = = Early discontent against the Shogunate = = = For the two centuries prior to 1854 , Japan had severely limited exchange with foreign nations , with the notable exceptions of Korea via Tsushima , Qing China via the Ryūkyūs , and the Dutch through the trading post of Dejima . In 1854 , Commodore Perry opened Japan to global commerce with the implied threat of force , thus initiating a period of rapid development in foreign trade and Westernization . In large part due to the humiliating terms of the Unequal Treaties , as agreements like those conveyed by Perry are called , the Shogunate soon faced internal hostility , which materialized into a radical movement , the sonnō jōi ( literally " Revere the Emperor , expel the barbarians " ) . The Emperor Kōmei agreed with such sentiments , and — breaking with centuries of imperial tradition — began to take an active role in matters of state : as opportunities arose , he fulminated against the treaties and attempted to interfere in the shogunal succession . His efforts culminated in March 1863 with his " Order to expel barbarians " . Although the Shogunate had no intention of enforcing it , the order nevertheless inspired attacks against the Shogunate itself and against foreigners in Japan : the most famous incident was that of the English trader Charles Lennox Richardson , for whose death the Tokugawa government had to pay an indemnity of one hundred thousand British pounds . Other attacks included the shelling of foreign shipping in Shimonoseki . During 1864 , these actions were successfully countered by armed retaliations by foreign powers , such as the British Bombardment of Kagoshima and the multinational Bombardment of Shimonoseki . At the same time , the forces of Chōshū , together with rōnin , raised the Hamaguri rebellion trying to seize the city of Kyoto , where the Emperor 's court was held , but were repelled by Shogunate forces under the future Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu . The Shogunate further ordered a punitive expedition against Chōshū , the First Chōshū expedition , and obtained Chōshū 's submission without actual fighting . At this point initial resistance among the leadership in Chōshū and the imperial court subsided , but over the next year the Tokugawa proved unable to reassert full control over the country as most daimyo began to ignore orders and questions from Edo . = = = Foreign military assistance = = = Despite the bombardment of Kagoshima , the Satsuma domain had become closer to the British and was pursuing the modernization of its army and navy with their support . The Scottish dealer Thomas Blake Glover sold quantities of warships and guns to the southern domains . American and British military experts , usually former officers , may have been directly involved in this military effort . The British ambassador Harry Smith Parkes supported the anti @-@ Shogunate forces in a drive to establish a legitimate , unified Imperial rule in Japan , and to counter French influence with the Shogunate . During that period , southern Japanese leaders such as Saigō Takamori of Satsuma , or Itō Hirobumi and Inoue Kaoru of Chōshū cultivated personal connections with British diplomats , notably Ernest Mason Satow . The Shogunate also was preparing for further conflict by modernizing its forces . In line with Parkes ' designs , the British , theretofore the Shogunate 's primary partner , proved reluctant to provide assistance . The Tokugawa thus came to rely mainly on French expertise , comforted by the military prestige of Napoleon III at that time , acquired through his successes in the Crimean War and the War of Italy . The Shogunate took major steps towards the construction of a modern and powerful military : a navy with a core of eight steam warships had been built over several years and was already the strongest in Asia . In 1865 , Japan 's first modern naval arsenal was built in Yokosuka by the French engineer Léonce Verny . In January 1867 , a French military mission arrived to reorganize the shogunal army and create the Denshūtai elite force , and an order was placed with the United States to buy the French @-@ built ironclad warship CSS Stonewall , a relic of the American Civil War . Due to the Western powers ' declared neutrality , the Americans refused to release the ship , but once neutrality was lifted , the imperial faction obtained the vessel and employed it in engagements in Hakodate under the name Kōtetsu ( " Ironclad " ) . = = = Coups d 'état = = = Following a coup within Chōshū which returned to power the extremist factions opposed to the Shogunate , the Shogunate announced its intention to lead a Second Chōshū expedition to punish the renegade domain . This in turn prompted Chōshū to form a secret alliance with Satsuma . In the summer of 1866 , the Shogunate was defeated by Chōshū , leading to a considerable loss of authority . In late 1866 , however , first Shogun Iemochi and then Emperor Kōmei died , respectively succeeded by Yoshinobu and Emperor Meiji . These events , in the words of historian Marius Jansen , " made a truce inevitable " . On November 9 , 1867 , a secret order was created by Satsuma and Chōshū in the name of Emperor Meiji commanding the " slaughtering of the traitorous subject Yoshinobu " . Just prior to this however , and following a proposal from the daimyo of Tosa , Yoshinobu resigned his post and authorities to the emperor , agreeing to " be the instrument for carrying out " imperial orders . The Tokugawa Shogunate had ended . While Yoshinobu 's resignation had created a nominal void at the highest level of government , his apparatus of state continued to exist . Moreover , the shogunal government , the Tokugawa family in particular , would remain a prominent force in the evolving political order and would retain many executive powers , a prospect hard @-@ liners from Satsuma and Chōshū found intolerable . Events came to a head on January 3 , 1868 when these elements seized the imperial palace in Kyoto , and the following day had the fifteen @-@ year @-@ old Emperor Meiji declare his own restoration to full power . Although the majority of the imperial consultative assembly was happy with the formal declaration of direct rule by the court and tended to support a continued collaboration with the Tokugawa ( under the concept of " just government " ( 公議政体 , kōgiseitai ) ) , Saigō Takamori threatened the assembly into abolishing the title " shogun " and ordering the confiscation of Yoshinobu 's lands . Although he initially agreed to these demands , on January 17 , 1868 , Yoshinobu declared that he would not be bound by the Restoration proclamation and called for its rescission . On January 24 , he decided to prepare an attack on Kyoto , occupied by Satsuma and Chōshū forces . This decision was prompted by his learning of a series of arsons in Edo , starting with the burning of the outerworks of Edo Castle , the main Tokugawa residence . This was blamed on Satsuma ronin , who on that day attacked a government office . The next day shogunate forces responded by attacking the Edo residence of the daimyo of Satsuma , where many opponents of the shogunate , under Takamori 's direction , had been hiding and creating trouble . The palace was burned down , and many opponents killed or later executed . = = Opening conflicts = = On 27 January 1868 , Shogunate forces attacked the forces of Chōshū and Satsuma , clashing near Toba and Fushimi , at the southern entrance of Kyoto . Some parts of the 15 @,@ 000 @-@ strong Shogunate forces had been trained by French military advisers , but the majority remained medieval samurai forces . Of those samurai forces there were the Shinsengumi . Meanwhile , the forces of Chōshū and Satsuma were outnumbered 3 : 1 but fully modernized with Armstrong howitzers , Minié rifles and a few Gatling guns . After an inconclusive start , on the second day , an Imperial banner was remitted to the defending troops , and a relative of the Emperor , Ninnajinomiya Yoshiaki , was named nominal commander in chief , making the forces officially an imperial army ( 官軍 , kangun ) . Moreover , convinced by courtiers , several local daimyo , up to this point faithful to the Shogun , started to defect to the side of the imperial court . These included daimyo of Yodo on February 5 , and the daimyo of Tsu on February 6 , tilting the military balance in favour of the Imperial side . On February 7 , Tokugawa Yoshinobu , apparently distressed by the imperial approval given to the actions of Satsuma and Chōshū , fled Osaka aboard the Kaiyō Maru , withdrawing to Edo . Demoralized by his flight and by the betrayal by Yodo and Tsu , Shogunate forces retreated , making the Toba @-@ Fushimi encounter an Imperial victory , although it is often considered the Shogunate forces should have won the encounter . Osaka Castle was soon invested on February 8 ( on March 1 , Western calendar ) , putting an end to the battle of Toba @-@ Fushimi . At the same time , on 28 January 1868 , the naval Battle of Awa between the Shogunate and elements of the Satsuma Navy took place . This was Japan 's second engagement between two modern navies . The battle , although small in scale , ended in favour of the Shogunate . On the diplomatic front , the ministers of foreign nations , gathered in the open harbor of Hyōgo ( present day Kobe ) in early February , issued a declaration according to which the Shogunate was still considered the only rightful government in Japan , giving hope to Tokugawa Yoshinobu that foreign nations ( especially France ) might consider an intervention in his favour . A few days later however an Imperial delegation visited the ministers declaring that the Shogunate was abolished , that harbours would be open in accordance with International treaties , and that foreigners would be protected . The ministers finally decided to recognize the new government . The rise of anti @-@ foreign sentiment nonetheless led to several attacks on foreigners in the following months . Eleven French sailors from the corvette Dupleix were killed by samurai of Tosa in the Sakai incident on March 8 , 1868 . Fifteen days later , Sir Harry Parkes , the British ambassador , was attacked by a group of samurai in a street of Kyoto . = = Surrender of Edo = = Beginning in February , with the help of the French ambassador Léon Roches , a plan was formulated to stop the imperial court 's advance at Odawara , the last strategic entry point to Edo , but Yoshinobu decided against the plan . Shocked , Léon Roches resigned from his position . In early March , under the influence of the British minister Harry Parkes , foreign nations signed a strict neutrality agreement , according to which they could not intervene or provide military supplies to either side until the resolution of the conflict . Saigō Takamori led the victorious imperial forces north and east through Japan , winning the Battle of Kōshū @-@ Katsunuma . He eventually surrounded Edo in May 1868 , leading to its unconditional defeat after Katsu Kaishū , the Shogun 's Army Minister , negotiated the surrender . Some groups continued to resist after this surrender but were defeated in the Battle of Ueno on 4 July 1868 . Meanwhile , the leader of the Shogun 's navy , Enomoto Takeaki , refused to surrender all his ships . He remitted just four ships , among them the Fujisan , but he then escaped north with the remnants of the Shogun 's Navy ( eight steam warships : Kaiten , Banryū , Chiyodagata , Chōgei , Kaiyō Maru , Kanrin Maru , Mikaho and Shinsoku ) , and 2 @,@ 000 members of the navy , in the hope of staging a counter @-@ attack together with the northern daimyo . He was accompanied by a handful of French military advisers , notably Jules Brunet , who had formally resigned from the French Army in order to accompany the rebels . = = Resistance of the Northern Coalition = = After Yoshinobu 's surrender , most of Japan accepted the emperor 's rule , but a core of domains in the North , supporting the Aizu clan , continued the resistance . In May several northern daimyo formed an Alliance to fight Imperial troops , the coalition of northern domains composed primarily of forces from the domains of Sendai , Yonezawa , Aizu , Shōnai and Nagaoka , with a total of 50 @,@ 000 troops . An Imperial Prince , Kitashirakawa Yoshihisa had fled north with partisans of the Tokugawa shogunate and was made the nominal head of the Northern Coalition , with the intention of naming him " Emperor Tobu " . Enomoto 's fleet joined Sendai harbour on August 26 . Although the Northern Coalition was numerous , it was poorly equipped , and relied on traditional fighting methods . Modern armament was scarce , and last @-@ minute efforts were made to build cannons made of wood and reinforced with roping , firing stone projectiles . Such cannons , installed on defensive structures , could only fire four or five projectiles before bursting . On the other hand , the daimyo of Nagaoka managed to procure two of the three Gatling guns in Japan and 2 @,@ 000 modern French rifles from the German weapons dealer Henry Schnell . In May 1868 , the daimyo of Nagaoka inflicted high losses on the Imperial troops in the Battle of Hokuetsu , but his castle ultimately fell on May 19 . Imperial troops continued to progress north , defeating the Shinsengumi at the Battle of Bonari Pass , which opened the way for their attack on the castle of Aizuwakamatsu in the Battle of Aizu in October 1868 , thus making the position in Sendai untenable . The coalition crumbled , and on October 12 , 1868 the fleet left Sendai for Hokkaidō , after having acquired two more ships ( Oe and Hōō , previously borrowed by Sendai from the Shogunate ) , and about 1 @,@ 000 more troops : remaining Shogunate troops under Ōtori Keisuke , Shinsengumi troops under Hijikata Toshizō , the guerilla corps ( yugekitai ) under Hitomi Katsutarō , as well as several more French advisers ( Fortant , Garde , Marlin , Bouffier ) . On October 26 , Edo was renamed Tokyo , and the Meiji period officially started . Aizu was besieged starting that month , leading to the mass suicide of the Byakkotai ( White Tiger Corps ) young warriors . After a protracted month @-@ long battle , Aizu finally admitted defeat on November 6 . = = Hokkaidō campaign = = = = = Creation of the Ezo Republic = = = Following defeat on Honshū , Enomoto Takeaki fled to Hokkaidō with the remnants of the navy and his handful of French advisers . Together they organized a government , with the objective of establishing an independent island nation dedicated to the development of Hokkaidō . They formally established the Republic of Ezo on the American model , Japan 's only ever republic , and Enomoto was elected as President , with a large majority . The republic tried to reach out to foreign legations present in Hakodate , such as the Americans , French , and Russians , but was not able to garner any international recognition or support . Enomoto offered to confer the territory to the Tokugawa Shogun under Imperial rule , but his proposal was declined by the Imperial Governing Council . During the winter , they fortified their defenses around the southern peninsula of Hakodate , with the new fortress of Goryōkaku at the center . The troops were organized under a Franco @-@ Japanese command , the commander @-@ in @-@ chief Ōtori Keisuke being seconded by the French captain Jules Brunet , and divided between four brigades . Each of these was commanded by a French non @-@ commissioned officer ( Fortant , Marlin , Cazeneuve , Bouffier ) , and were themselves divided into eight half @-@ brigades , each under Japanese command . = = = Final losses and surrender = = = The Imperial navy reached the harbour of Miyako on March 20 , but anticipating the arrival of the imperial ships , the Ezo rebels organized a daring plan to seize the Kōtetsu . Led by Shinsengumi commander Hijikata Toshizō , three warships were dispatched for a surprise attack , in what is known as the Battle of Miyako Bay . The battle ended in failure for the Tokugawa side , owing to bad weather , engine trouble and the decisive use of a Gatling gun by Imperial troops against samurai boarding parties . Imperial forces soon consolidated their hold on mainland Japan , and , in April 1869 , dispatched a fleet and an infantry force of 7 @,@ 000 to Ezo , starting the Battle of Hakodate . The Imperial forces progressed swiftly and won the naval engagement at Hakodate Bay , Japan 's first large @-@ scale naval battle between modern navies , as the fortress of Goryōkaku was surrounded with 800 remaining men . Seeing the situation had become desperate , the French advisers escaped to a French ship stationed in Hakodate Bay — Coëtlogon , under the command of Dupetit @-@ Thouars — from where they were shipped back to Yokohama and then France . The Japanese requested that the French advisers be given judgement in France ; however , due to popular support in France for their actions , the former French advisers in Japan were not punished for their actions . Enomoto had resolved to fight to the end , and had sent his valuables to his adversary for safekeeping . These included the Naval Codes he had brought back from Holland , which he entrusted to the general of the Imperial troops , Kuroda Kiyotaka , but Otori convinced him to surrender , telling him that deciding to live through defeat is the truly courageous way : " If it 's dying you want you can do it anytime . " Enomoto surrendered on June 27 , 1869 , accepting the Meiji Emperor 's rule , and the Ezo Republic ceased to exist . = = Aftermath = = Following victory , the new government proceeded with unifying the country under a single , legitimate and powerful rule by the imperial court . The emperor 's residence was effectively transferred from Kyoto to Edo at the end of 1868 , and the city renamed to Tokyo . The military and political power of the domains was progressively eliminated , and the domains themselves were soon transformed into prefectures , whose governors were appointed by the emperor . A major reform was the effective expropriation and abolition of the samurai class , allowing many samurai to change into administrative or entrepreneurial positions , but forcing many others into poverty . The southern domains of Satsuma , Chōshū and Tosa , having played a decisive role in the victory , occupied most of the key posts in government for several decades following the conflict , a situation sometimes called the " Meiji oligarchy " and formalized with the institution of the genrō . In 1869 , the Yasukuni Shrine in Tokyo was built in honour of the victims of the Boshin War . Some leading partisans of the former Shogun were imprisoned , but narrowly escaped execution . This clemency derives from the insistence of Saigō Takamori and Iwakura Tomomi , although much weight was placed on the advice of Parkes , the British envoy . He had urged Saigō , in the words of Ernest Satow , " that severity towards Keiki [ Yoshinobu ] or his supporters , especially in the way of personal punishment , would injure the reputation of the new government in the opinion of European Powers . " After two or three years of imprisonment , most of them were called to serve the new government , and several pursued brilliant careers . Enomoto Takeaki , for instance , would later serve as an envoy to Russia and China and as the education minister . The Imperial side did not pursue its objective to expel foreign interests from Japan , but instead shifted to a more progressive policy aiming at the continued modernization of the country and the renegotiation of unequal treaties with foreign powers , later under the " rich country , strong army " ( 富国強兵 , fukoku kyōhei ) motto . The shift in stance towards the foreigners came during the early days of the civil war : on April 8 , 1868 , new signboards were erected in Kyoto ( and later throughout the country ) that specifically repudiated violence against foreigners . During the course of the conflict , Emperor Meiji personally received European envoys , first in Kyoto , then later in Osaka and Tokyo . Also unprecedented was Emperor Meiji 's reception of Alfred , Duke of Edinburgh , in Tokyo , " ' as his equal in point of blood . ' " Although the early Meiji era witnessed a warming between the imperial court and foreign powers , relations with France temporarily soured due to the initial support by France for the Shogun . Soon however a second military mission was invited to Japan in 1874 , and a third one in 1884 . A high level of interaction resumed around 1886 , when France helped build the Imperial Japanese Navy 's first large @-@ scale modern fleet , under the direction of naval engineer Louis @-@ Émile Bertin . The modernization of the country had started during the last years of the Shogunate , and the Meiji government ultimately adopted the same policy . Upon his coronation , Meiji issued his Charter Oath , calling for deliberative assemblies , promising increased opportunities for the common people , abolishing the " evil customs of the past " , and seeking knowledge throughout the world " to strengthen the foundations of imperial rule " . Prominent reforms of the Meiji government included the 1871 abolition of the domain system , by which the feudal domains and their hereditary rulers were replaced by prefectures with governors appointed by the emperor . Others included the introduction of compulsory schooling and the abolition of Confucian class distinctions . The reforms culminated in the 1889 issuance of the Meiji Constitution . However , despite the support given to the imperial court by samurai , many of the early Meiji reforms were seen as detrimental to their interests : the creation of a conscript army made of commoners , as well as the loss of hereditary prestige and stipends antagonized many former samurai . Tensions ran particularly high in the south , leading to the 1874 Saga Rebellion , and a rebellion in Chōshū in 1876 . Former samurai in Satsuma , led by Saigō Takamori , who had left government over foreign policy differences , started the Satsuma Rebellion in 1877 . Fighting for the maintenance of the samurai class and a more virtuous government , their slogan was " new government , high morality " ( 新政厚徳 , shinsei kōtoku ) . It ended with a heroic but total defeat at the Battle of Shiroyama . = = Later depictions = = In modern summaries , the Meiji Restoration is often described as a " bloodless revolution " leading to the sudden modernization of Japan . The facts of the Boshin War , however , clearly show that the conflict was quite violent : about 120 @,@ 000 troops were mobilized altogether with roughly 3 @,@ 500 known casualties during open hostilities but much more during terrorist attacks . Later Japanese depictions of the war tended to be highly romanticized , showing the Shogunal side fighting with traditional methods , against an already modernized Imperial side . Although traditional weapons and techniques were used , both sides employed some of the most modern armaments and fighting techniques of the period , including the ironclad warship , Gatling guns , and fighting techniques learned from Western military advisors . Such Japanese depictions include numerous dramatizations , spanning many genres . Notably , Jirō Asada wrote a four @-@ volume novel of the account , Mibu Gishi @-@ den . A film adaptation of Asada 's work , directed by Yōjirō Takita , is known as When the Last Sword Is Drawn . A ten @-@ hour television jidaigeki based on the same novel starred Ken Watanabe . The 2001 Goryokaku film is another jidaigeki highlighting the resistance in Hokkaidō . Among Japanese anime , Bakumatsu Kikansetsu Irohanihoheto in part dramatizes the Boshin War , while Rurouni Kenshin is set 10 years after . The Rurouni Kenshin OVA Trust & Betrayal is set during the Boshin War and depicts several events of the war ( such as the raid on the daimyo of Satsuma 's residence and the failed boarding of the Kōtetsu at the Battle of Miyako Bay ) . Western interpretations include the 2003 American film The Last Samurai directed by Edward Zwick , which combines into a single narrative historical situations belonging both to the Boshin War , the 1877 Satsuma Rebellion , and other similar uprisings of ex @-@ samurai during the early Meiji period . The elements of the movie pertaining to the early modernization of Japan 's military forces as well as the direct involvement of foreign ( mostly French ) forces relate to the Boshin War and the few years leading to it . However , the suicidal stand of traditionalist samurai forces led by Saigō Takamori against the modernized Imperial army relate to the much later Satsuma Rebellion . The main campaign in the 2012 expansion to Creative Assembly 's game Total War : Shogun 2 : Fall of the Samurai depicts the Boshin War . Players can choose from various historical clans , such as the Imperial Satsuma or the Shogunate Aizu . = = Weaponry of the Boshin War = = The forces of Chōshū and Satsuma were fully modernized with Armstrong guns , Minié rifles and one Gatling gun . The Shogunate forces had been slightly lagging in term of equipment , although the French military mission to Japan ( 1867 – 1868 ) had recently trained a core elite force . The Shogun also relied on troops supplied by allied domains , which were not necessarily as advanced in terms of military equipment and methods , composing an army that had both modern and outdated elements . = = = Individual guns = = = Numerous types of more or less modern smoothbore guns and rifles were imported , from countries as varied as France , Germany , the Netherlands , Britain , or the United States , and coexisted with traditional types such as the Tanegashima matchlock . Most Shogunate troops used Büchse ( Gewehr ) smoothbore guns , which had been imported in Japan since around 1840 , initially from the Netherlands by Takashima Akiho . These guns were rather ancient and had limited capabilities , with an effective lethal range of about 50 meters , and a firing rate of about 2 rounds per minute . The Daimyo of Nagaoka however , an ally of the Shogun , possessed two Gatling guns and several thousand modern rifles . The Shogunate is known to have placed an order for 30 @,@ 000 modern Dreyse needle guns in 1866 . Napoleon III provided Tokugawa Yoshinobu with 2 @,@ 000 state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art Chassepot rifles , which he used to equip his personal guard . Antiquated Tanegashima matchlock guns are also known to have been used by the Bakufu however . Imperial troops mainly used Minié rifles , which were much more accurate , lethal , and had a much longer range than the smoothbore Gewehr guns , although , being also muzzle @-@ loading , they were similarly limited to two shots per minute . Improved breech @-@ loading mechanisms , such as the Snider , developing a rate of about ten shots a minute , are known to have been used by troops of the Tosa Domain against the Shogunate 's Shōgitai , at the Battle of Ueno in July 1868 . In the second half of the conflict , in the northeast theater , Tosa Province troops are known to have used American @-@ made Spencer repeating rifles . American @-@ made handguns were also popular , such as the 1863 Smith & Wesson Army No 2 , which was imported to Japan by the Scottish trader Thomas Blake Glover and used by the Satsuma forces . = = = Artillery = = = For artillery , wooden cannons , only able to fire 3 or 4 shots before bursting , coexisted with state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art Armstrong guns using explosive shells . Armstrong guns were efficiently used by the troops of Satsuma and Saga throughout the war . = = = Warships = = = In the area of warships also , some of the most recent ironclads such as the Kōtetsu coexisted with older types of steamboats and even traditional sailboats . The Shogunate initially had a rather strong edge in warships , and it had the vision to order the state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art French @-@ made Kotetsu , although the ship was blocked from delivery by foreign powers on ground of neutrality once the conflict had started , and was ultimately remitted to the Imperial faction shortly after the Battle of Toba – Fushimi . = = = Uniforms = = = Uniforms were Western @-@ style for modernized troops ( usually dark , with variations in the shape of the helmet : tall conical for Satsuma , flat conical for Chōshū , rounded for the Shogunate ) . Officers of the Shogunate often wore French and British uniforms . Traditional troops however retained their samurai clothes . Some of the headgear for some of the Imperial troops was quite peculiar , involving the use of long , colored , " bear " hair . The " red bear " ( 赤熊 , shaguma ) wigs indicate officers from Tosa , the " white bear " ( 白熊 , haguma ) wigs officers from Chōshū , and the " black bear " ( 黒熊 , koguma ) wigs officers from Satsuma .
= The Ladies of Grace Adieu and Other Stories = The Ladies of Grace Adieu and Other Stories , published in October 2006 , is a collection of eight short stories by Susanna Clarke and illustrated by Charles Vess . The stories , which are sophisticated fairy tales , focus on the power of women and are set in the same alternate history as Clarke 's debut novel Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell ( 2004 ) , in which magic has returned to England . The stories are written in a pastiche of 18th- and 19th @-@ century styles and their tone is macabre as well as satirical . The volume was generally well received , though some critics compared it unfavorably to Jonathan Strange . = = Contents and themes = = The collection , presented as the work of several different writers , contains an introduction and eight fairy tales , seven of which had been previously anthologized . The volume 's focus on " female mastery of the dark arts " is reflected in the ladies of Grace Adieu 's magical abilities and the prominent role needlework plays in saving the Duke of Wellington and Mary , Queen of Scots . The collection is a " sly , frequently comical , feminist revision " of Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell . In tone , the stories are similar to the clear yet impassive narrator 's voice of Jonathan Strange . " Introduction " by Professor James Sutherland , Director of Sidhe Studies , University of Aberdeen . Written in the same postmodern style as Jonathan Strange , the " introduction " to the collection by fictional Professor Sutherland speculates on the " sources " for the stories . Clarke begins by describing his " two very modest aims " : " The first is to throw some sort of light on the development of magic in the British Isles at different periods ; the second is to introduce the reader to some of the ways in which Faerie can impinge upon our own quotidian world , in other words to create a sort of primer to Faerie and fairies . " " The Ladies of Grace Adieu " was Clarke 's first published story . While working on Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell , she enrolled in a writing course co @-@ taught by Colin Greenland and Geoff Ryman , which required each student to submit a completed short story before the course began . Clarke culled " The Ladies of Grace Adieu " from her incipient novel . Greenland was so impressed with the story that , without Clarke 's knowledge , he sent an excerpt to his friend , the fantasy writer Neil Gaiman . Gaiman later said , " It was terrifying from my point of view to read this first short story that had so much assurance ... It was like watching someone sit down to play the piano for the first time and she plays a sonata . " Gaiman showed the story to his friend , science @-@ fiction writer and editor Patrick Nielsen Hayden . Clarke learned of these events when Hayden called and offered to publish her story in his anthology Starlight 1 ( 1996 ) , which featured pieces by well @-@ regarded science @-@ fiction and fantasy writers . She accepted and the book won the World Fantasy Award for best anthology in 1997 . The story is set in early 19th century Gloucestershire and concerns the friendship of three young women , Cassandra Parbringer , Miss Tobias , and Mrs. Fields . Though the events of the story do not actually appear in Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell , they are referenced in a footnote in Chapter 43 . Clarke has said : For a long time it was my hope that these three ladies should eventually find a place in [ Jonathan Strange ] ... I decided there was no place for them ... I deliberately kept women to the domestic sphere in the interests of authenticity ... it was important that real and alternate history appeared to have converged . This meant that I needed to write the women and the servants , as far as possible , as they would have been written in a 19th @-@ century novel . Reviewers of the short story collection highlighted this tale , one calling it " the most striking story " of the volume and " a staunchly feminist take on power relations " . Victoria Hoyle in Strange Horizons writes in particular that " there is something incredibly precise , clean , and cold about Clarke 's portrayal of ' women 's magic ' in this story ( and throughout the collection ) — it is urgent and desperate , but it is also natural and in the course of things . " " On Lickerish Hill " is a retelling of the Rumplestiltskin tale . Narrated by the 17th @-@ century Suffolk bride Miranda Sowreston , it tells of how she resorts to magic to spin enough flax to satisfy her husband 's demands . As Hoyle explains , in order to avoid " imprisonment , murder , dismemberment , or sexual slavery " , Miranda must defeat not only her captor but also the man attempting to save her . The story satirizes the antiquarian John Aubrey and his ilk , as Aubrey 's advice to Miranda and her husband turns out to be largely worthless . Written in the form of an old diary , the text includes archaic spellings ; for example , Miranda 's assistant is described as " [ a ] small black thinge . Hairie . Legges like jug @-@ handles . Face – not a bitt handsome . " " Mrs Mabb " is a story about a 19th @-@ century woman , Venetia Moore , whose fiancé , Captain Fox , leaves her for the mysterious Mrs. Mabb ( who turns out to be Queen Mab ) . Devastated , Venetia attempts to get him back . In the process , she becomes enchanted and , for example , ends up wandering around a cemetery with bleeding bare feet . The community assumes she is insane . However , as Lucy Atkins in The Times notes , who calls this " most memorable " story of the collection , " for her this is not madness , it is persistence . " As Hoyle argues , in this story Clarke toys with the stereotypes of women as both hysterical and intuitive . " The Duke of Wellington Misplaces His Horse " is set in the village of Wall , which is part of Gaiman 's novel Stardust ( also illustrated by Vess ) . In this story , the Duke enters Faerie , where he finds a Lady of Shalott figure embroidering a tapestry of what appears to be his future . Frustrated by the seeming inevitability of his fate , he unweaves her tapestry and resews his own future to match his desires . Hoyle calls this story " trite " and " cliched " , however . " Mr Simonelli , or the Fairy Widower " is presented as an extract from Allessandro Simonelli 's journal and describes his conflict with an amoral Faerie aristocrat . It is presented , in the words of Tim Martin of The Independent , in " the creaking diary form of Bram Stoker " . Simonelli must propose to each of the five Gathercole sisters , who resemble the Bennetts from Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice , in order to save them from John Hollyshoes . The tale is related by : Simonelli , the unreliable and otherwise morally deplorable narrator ... [ and ] the bastard child of an elusive stranger who might have been Italian , but was actually a fairy . In this story Clarke plays ( as she did in her novel ) with analogies between racial otherness and the uncanny , while simultaneously presenting us with a narrative of subtly layered ironies set in a vividly evoked landscape , part Peak District , part fantasy of Burkean sublimity . " Tom Brightwind , or How the Fairy Bridge was Built at Thoresby " is set during the 18th century and tells the story of a Jewish @-@ Venetian doctor , David Montefiore , and his fairy friend , Tom Brightwind . The fictional Professor Sutherland remarks in a note to the story that it " suffers from all the usual defects of second @-@ rate early @-@ 19th @-@ century writing " . In his review of the collection , Steven H. Silver writes that " the story is diverting , made even more interesting by the copious asides explaining fairy culture . " " Antickes and Frets " is a fictionalized version of the detention of Mary , Queen of Scots , by Bess of Hardwick and George Talbot , 6th Earl of Shrewsbury . After discovering that Bess murdered her husband using magic , Mary attempts to learn her secret knowledge to assist in her own political plots . The story was first published in The New York Times immediately after the release of Jonathan Strange . " John Uskglass and the Cumbrian Charcoal Burner " is a " ribald piece of pseudo @-@ folklore " about John Uskglass , who was a central figure in Jonathan Strange . It is " an anarchic medieval triumph @-@ of @-@ the @-@ peasantry tale " in which the " pagan power of faerie [ is ] outwitted by the Christian saints " . Hoyle notes that this story , the only one not previously published , was used to sell the volume , but that it is not as " sinister " as the others and lacks " Clarke 's usual imaginative feeling " . = = Illustrations = = Vess 's black @-@ and @-@ white line drawings are " reminiscent of the great Arthur Rackham , harking back to the early 20th @-@ century golden age of children 's book illustrations " . Mary Ann Gwinn praises them in The Seattle Times , describing them as " delightful " and inspired by art deco and Edward Gorey . Lucy Hughes @-@ Hallett , however , argues that the volume is " insistently and inappropriately illustrated " . Agreeing that the images are indebted to Rackham , she contends that they are " anachronistic " and a " kind of mimsy @-@ whimsy " . Reviewers praised the design and construction of the book itself , praising its similarity to products of late 19th @-@ century publishing . Hoyle notes that the hardback was " embossed rather than jacketed , shaded in a discreet grey and black palette with flashes of a lively petunia pink ; inside the paper is thick and creamy , the font is bold and each story has its own title page , provided by Vess . " = = Reception = = Published in October 2006 , the collection received many positive reviews , though some critics compared the short stories unfavorably with the highly acclaimed and more substantial Jonathan Strange and Mr Norrell ( 2004 ) . Karen Luscombe of The Globe and Mail called the collection " mesmerizing " . She praised the tone of the collection , describing it as " delicious [ ly ] macabre ... exquisitely balanced by an equally delectable sense of satire " . For example , a magician tries to find a spell " for turning Members of Parliament into useful members of society " but cannot find one . However , Graham Joyce of The Washington Post complained that while Jonathan Strange " was celebrated for its literary touch and its filigree attention to detail " , The Ladies of Grace Adieu lacks of the " density " of the novel and " without the scope and the escapist hermetical seal of Strange & Norrell , the stories become suddenly exposed as light @-@ as @-@ a @-@ feather whimsies " . She furthered criticized the characters ' asexuality and " emotionally disengage [ ment ] " , arguing that " there is a kind of darkness , but there is no shadow . " In her review in Strange Horizons , Hoyle agreed with Joyce 's general review , writing " the stories ... are consistently subtle and enchanting , and as charismatic as any reader could wish , but , while the collection has the panache of the novel , it lacks its glorious self @-@ possession . " In the end , she said that : we would be best to read these stories as a series of extended footnotes , the kind for which Clarke is famous . They continue to play on the riffs — of Faerie , power , and gender — that were established in her novel , but really , they 're something else , a sideline in storytelling and representative of Clarke 's much wider interests as a writer of English mythology and folklore . The story Mrs Mabb was dramatised on BBC Radio 4 in 2008 , starring Bertie Carvel as Captain Fox . He went on to play Jonathan Strange in the 2015 BBC TV dramatisation of Clarke 's novel Jonathan Strange and Mr Norrell . = = Audio book = = Audio Renaissance released an audio book read by Simon Prebble and Davina Porter . In her review of the recording in The Boston Globe , Rochelle O 'Gorman writes that : narrator Davina Porter has one of those pretty , well @-@ trained British voices that one could listen to forever . She does a remarkable job of changing her voice and accent . She can manage deep and growly in one sentence and then sound delicate and extremely feminine in the next . Almost her match is Simon Prebble , who is also adept at interpreting various characters , but his narration lacks the brio Porter brings .
= Parks and Recreation ( season 3 ) = The third season of Parks and Recreation originally aired in the United States on the NBC television network between January 20 and May 19 , 2011 . Like the previous seasons , it focused on Leslie Knope ( Amy Poehler ) and her staff at the parks and recreation department of the fictional Indiana town of Pawnee . The season featured 16 episodes , most of which were approximately 22 minutes long each and aired at 9 : 30 p.m. on Thursdays . All of the members of the original cast returned for the third season except Paul Schneider , who previously played city planner Mark Brendanawicz . Rob Lowe and Adam Scott , who appeared as guest stars in the second season , began season three as regular cast members playing Chris Traeger and Ben Wyatt , respectively . The season also featured guest appearances by Megan Mullally , Will Forte and Parker Posey , among others . To accommodate Amy Poehler 's pregnancy , the first six episodes of the third season were filmed immediately after season two wrapped so they could be saved for a projected September 2010 air date . However , after the episodes were finished , NBC postponed the season premiere until January to accommodate their new series , Outsourced . The third season consisted of several major story arcs , including a complete shutdown of the Pawnee government for budgetary reasons , inspired by the real @-@ life global financial crisis . Other storylines included the parks department 's organization of a harvest festival , a romance between Leslie and Ben , and the dating and eventual marriage of Andy Dwyer ( Chris Pratt ) and April Ludgate ( Aubrey Plaza ) . As in the previous season , Parks and Recreation was critically acclaimed during its third season , and was declared by several reviewers to be one of the best comedies on television . Entertainment Weekly featured it on its cover in February 2011 and declared it " the smartest comedy on TV " . The episodes " Harvest Festival " and " Li 'l Sebastian " received particularly positive reviews , as did Nick Offerman in his role as parks director Ron Swanson . Parks and Recreation received its first nomination for Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series for its third season , and Poehler received her second nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series . Nevertheless , Parks and Recreation continued to struggle in the Nielsen ratings and averaged about 4 @.@ 75 million household viewers per week . = = Cast = = = = = Main = = = Amy Poehler as Leslie Knope Rashida Jones as Ann Perkins Aziz Ansari as Tom Haverford Nick Offerman as Ron Swanson Aubrey Plaza as April Ludgate Chris Pratt as Andy Dwyer Adam Scott as Ben Wyatt Rob Lowe as Chris Traeger Jim O 'Heir as Jerry Gergich Retta as Donna Meagle = = Episodes = = † denotes an extended episode . = = Production = = = = = Cast = = = Almost the entire original cast from season two returned for the third season , including Amy Poehler , Rashida Jones , Aziz Ansari , Nick Offerman , Aubrey Plaza and Chris Pratt . The only permanent cast member not to return was Paul Schneider , who previously played city planner Mark Brendanawicz . Schneider departed from the series at the end of season two . Jim O 'Heir and Retta , who made regular appearances as parks employees Jerry Gergich and Donna Meagle during the first two seasons , were considered members of the regular cast starting in season three , although they still do not appear in the opening credits . Adam Scott , who portrayed state auditor Ben Wyatt in the final two episodes of the second season , became a regular cast member starting in season three , and Rob Lowe , who appeared in the same two second season episodes as state auditor Chris Traeger , also joined the cast in season three . Lowe was originally meant only to make a string of performances in seasons two and three and then depart the show , but he instead become a regular cast member starting with the third season , having signed a multi @-@ year contract to remain on the show . After actor Charlie Sheen was fired from the CBS comedy series Two and a Half Men in March 2011 , rumors circulated that Rob Lowe would depart Parks and Recreation and replace Sheen , but they proved unfounded . Nick Offerman 's wife Megan Mullally , who previously played Ron Swanson 's ex @-@ wife Tammy in the episode " Ron and Tammy " , reprised that role in " Ron & Tammy : Part Two " , and briefly appeared as the character in the season finale " Li 'l Sebastian " . Will Forte , a comedian who previously starred on the sketch comedy series Saturday Night Live along with Amy Poehler , guest @-@ starred in " Time Capsule " as a Pawnee resident demanding the Twilight books be added to the town 's time capsule . Parker Posey , who previously starred with Poehler in the 2009 comedy film Spring Breakdown , appeared in " Eagleton " as Leslie 's former best friend and rival official from a neighboring town . Posey had been in discussions with the Parks and Recreation staff to make a guest appearance since the show debuted , and grew frustrated when it took several months before she received an invitation . Several actors who had appeared in previous seasons of Parks and Recreation continue to appear in the third season , including Ben Schwartz as Tom 's cocky and entrepreneurial friend Jean @-@ Ralphio Saperstein ; Natalie Morales as bartender and Tom 's girlfriend Lucy ; Jama Williamson as Wendy , Tom 's ex @-@ wife who starts dating Ron ; Pamela Reed as Leslie 's mother Marlene Griggs @-@ Knope ; Alison Becker as newspaper reporter Shauna Malwae @-@ Tweep ; Darlene Hunt as conservative activist Marcia Langman ; Mo Collins as morning talk show host Joan Callamezzo ; Jay Jackson as television newscaster Perd Hapley ; Andy Forrest as Andy 's frequent shoeshine customer Kyle , and Kirk Fox as sleazy sewage department employee Joe . Eric Pierpoint appeared in " Ron & Tammy : Part Two " and " Eagleton " as Hugh Trumple , chief of the Pawnee police department . Comedians Matt Besser and Nick Kroll appeared in " Media Blitz " as " Crazy Ira and The Douche " , the hosts of a Pawnee morning zoo @-@ style radio show . Besser had previously been on the sketch comedy show and troupe Upright Citizens Brigade with Poehler . Detlef Schrempf , a retired Indiana Pacers basketball player who played himself in the second season episode " Telethon " , appeared again in " Li 'l Sebastian " . Jonathan Joss , who previously voiced John Redcorn in the animated television series King of the Hill — which was co @-@ created by Parks and Recreation co @-@ creator Greg Daniels — guest starred in " Harvest Festival " as the local Native American tribe leader . = = = Filming = = = Toward the end of production on the second season , lead actor Amy Poehler became pregnant and the producers of the show were forced to go into production on season three early and film an additional six episodes to accommodate not only Poehler 's pregnancy , but also a projected September 2010 air date . Amy Poehler said the cast was " a little fried " by the intense shooting schedule , but that the addition of Adam Scott and Rob Lowe to the cast provided an energy boost . Since Poehler was six months pregnant at the time of filming the first six episodes , she was often strategically placed behind items to conceal her belly . Although the third episode to be shown , " Time Capsule " was the last of these six episodes to be filmed because the story presented the highest amount of props to place Poehler in front of objects to hide her pregnancy , most notably the time capsule itself . However , NBC eventually opted not to put the show on the fall schedule , and instead delayed the premiere of the third season until the beginning of 2011 . This allowed for the network to run its new comedy , Outsourced , in two @-@ hour comedy schedule block rather than Parks and Recreation . The schedule change meant that all sixteen episodes from the third season would be filmed before any of them were shown ; the rest of the episodes , starting with the seventh , were filmed in the fall of 2010 . NBC chief executive officer Jeff Gaspin said this move was not a reflection on Parks and Recreation , and suggested the extended hiatus would not only have no negative effect on the show , but could actually build anticipation for its return . Series co @-@ creator Michael Schur said the schedule changes were frustrating , but said : " It sounds a little corny , maybe even a little community theater @-@ ish , but when we got the bad news our thinking was to just put our heads down and keep making the best show we could . " Amy Poehler said of the hiatus , " It was an NBC decision and certainly we were confused . But I think , weirdly , there 's a momentum that comes from people waiting for us , which is nice . " Poehler also said it gave them the luxury of time to go back and reedit episodes or shoot and add new material . As in previous seasons , filming of the third season of the series included a large amount of improvisation from the cast . For example , during one scene in " The Fight " in which almost the entire cast becomes intoxicated at the Snakehole Lounge bar , each actor spent about two days on their own filming their own individual scenes . Much of the filming was improvised , including shots used in a montage sequence that showed how drunk each character had become by the end of the night . Amy Poehler described the filming as " the most fun I 've ever had " . Nick Offerman and Megan Mullally also improvised a great deal of their scenes during the filming of " Ron & Tammy : Part Two " . The third season continued to use several visual and camera techniques that had been introduced in past seasons . In the past , Poehler would improvise several different jokes during a take , and they would be intermingled into a montage of jump cuts featuring many of the jokes . That technique was used prominently in " Indianapolis " during a scene in which Leslie comforts Ann with stories about multiple times Leslie was dumped in the past . The same technique was used by Aziz Ansari in " Soulmates " , during a scene in which Tom describes many slang nicknames he has given to foods , and in " The Fight " , in which Tom describes many strange entrepreneurial idea he has come up with . The " Harvest Festival " episode featured an elaborate festival setting and corn maze sets . Due to budget restraints , the Parks and Recreation set department did not build the set , but instead used a real @-@ life setting at Los Angeles Pierce College , a community college in California which holds an annual festival event . Michael Schur said the aerial shot of the harvest festival at the end of the episode was the most expensive shot in the entire series . The episode was filmed out of sequence from the rest of the season so the weather would be cooler when the scenes were shot ; Schur jokingly said if this was not done , " the week that we would have been shooting it was like 148 degrees here and the actors would be dead now " . The Eagleton public forum scene in the episode " Eagleton " was shot at the Toluca Lake Sports Center in the Toluca Lake district of Los Angeles . The season finale " Li 'l Sebastian " saw the introduction of the headquarters for Tom and Jean @-@ Ralphio 's new company , Entertainment 720 . The setting was a completely white 15 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 1 @,@ 400 m2 ) room with modern decor and unusual furniture , and Michael Schur described the setting as , " Maybe the craziest thing that 's ever been on our series ... It 's truly nuts . It 's like a hallucinogenic nightmare . " After the original broadcast of " Ron & Tammy : Part Two " , NBC ran a commercial advertising " April and Andy 's wedding registry " on the official Parks and Recreation website . At this point in the season , April and Andy were separated and had not yet reconciled . Shortly after the episode aired , HitFix television reviewer Alan Sepinwall wrote that the commercial mistakenly used the wrong names and was actually referring to Ron and Tammy 's wedding registry . However , after " Andy and April 's Fancy Party " aired , Schur admitted the commercial was intended to run with that episode , but ran with " Ron & Tammy : Part Two " due to an error by NBC employees : Schur said afterward , " We sincerely hope that fans of the show are cool with us gently lying to them , in an effort to maintain the surprise nuptials as much as we could . " = = = Writing = = = The financial difficulties Pawnee experiences during the third season were reflective of the financial crisis facing the nation and much of the world when the episodes were produced . The idea of state auditors visiting Pawnee , and the subsequent government shutdown , were inspired by news reports at the time of a number of states that were considering a shut down of schools , parks and other services due to the global recession . Amy Poehler described one of the early themes of the season as Leslie Knope trying to maintain her optimism about public service in the face of economic cutbacks and cynicism about government : " How does one person work in government and not become cynical ? How does someone believe that change could happen without losing faith ? " Much of the first seven episodes of the season revolved around the characters organizing a harvest festival , which had previously been a Pawnee tradition before it ended . The storyline stemmed from serious budget problems facing Pawnee and the major cuts threatened to the parks department , which prompts Leslie to bring the harvest festival back and stake the future of the entire department on its success and failure . The festival served as a device to bring all the characters together working toward a common goal , similar to efforts to turn a construction pit into a park during the first two seasons . Schur said the harvest festival story arc was written in part because the first six episodes were written and filmed early , so the writing staff felt having one concise storyline to tie them together kept the show focused . Schur also said the writers were fatigued from working on six third season episodes immediately after the second season , so the harvest festival story arc helped " organize our tired , end @-@ of @-@ the @-@ year brains " . One of the biggest story arcs of the third season was the romance between Leslie and Ben , which slowly developed throughout the series until they officially began dating in the episode " Road Trip " despite a strict policy against workplace dating at city hall . The development of Ben 's feelings for Leslie coincide with his growing appreciation for Pawnee ; the character never had a firm sense of home due to the excessive amount of traveling with his job , but throughout the season Ben gradually falls in love with the town due to the optimism and enthusiasm Leslie Knope shows for Pawnee and her job . The no @-@ dating policy , imposed by Chris , stemmed from real life policies in small town governments , which Schur said were considered very important because " these people are handling taxpayer money , so relationships are even more frowned upon than they are in the private sector " . During the season finale " Li 'l Sebastian " , Leslie is encouraged by political operatives to run for office , but is asked whether there any potential scandals that could risk becoming public . Leslie denies there are any , but it is suggested her secret relationship with Ben could become such a scandal . The first five episodes of the season involve Andy and his attempt to win back the affections of April , who previously had feelings for Andy , but became angry after Ann kissed him in the second season finale , " Freddy Spaghetti " . The two reconcile in " Media Blitz " , which Schur described as a " key moment " in their relationship , " almost like Andy 's a Knight of the Round Table , and he 's got a lot of different obstacles that he 's got to overcome in order to win the love of a fair maiden " . Andy and April become married during a surprise wedding four episodes later in " Andy and April 's Fancy Party " . Schur said the decision to have them marry after only briefly dating stemmed from the writing staff 's desire to " avoid the standard @-@ issue TV romance plots : fights , other men / women driving them apart , and so on " . They decided a fast marriage was funny , but also made sense because the characters are " two impulsive goofballs who don ’ t approach their lives in a responsible , adult manner " . Michael Schur said another goal of the third season was to better demonstrate the comedic abilities of Rashida Jones , whose Ann Perkins character had often been portrayed as a straight man role to the other characters . This was done by placing Jones in a romantic relationship with Rob Lowe 's character Chris Traeger , who is so overly @-@ optimistic and seemingly @-@ perfect that Ann has trouble finding any flaws and is taken aback by him . Schur said : " Rashida is a very intelligent and attractive woman , and it 's hard to knock someone like that off balance . And the way to knock that person off balance is to get Rob Lowe in a relationship with you . " Ann is further taken out of her element when it is revealed in " Indianapolis " that Chris broke up with her , but did so in such a positive and upbeat way that Ann did not realize it for several days . Afterward , Ann continues to move away her previous straight man role by going on a string of dates with many random men . During the final episodes of the season , Ann takes a part @-@ time job at city hall as the health department public relations director , which Schur described as " the natural full circle from the beginning of the season " . This marked her process of getting over Chris and becoming a " more mature person " . Schur also said having Ann work at city hall would make it easier to integrate her into storylines with the other characters . The character Tom Haverford also undergoes changes during the final episodes of the season , in which the character begins to consider leaving his city hall position to pursue his own business ambitions . The storyline is advanced particularly strongly in " The Bubble " , when Tom becomes frustrated with an assignment by Chris , and culminates in the season finale " Li 'l Sebastian " , in which he ultimately quits the parks department to form an entertainment company . " Li 'l Sebastian " ends with several cliffhanger twists including Tom 's departure from city hall , Leslie being approached to run for office , and the arrival of Ron 's first ex @-@ wife Tammy , although the actress who will play her was not revealed . Schur said the writing staff had a general idea of where the newly introduced storylines should go , but the exact stories had not been completely worked out yet when the episodes broadcast . Schur said they sought to " write the juiciest , most exciting cliffhanger @-@ y possible scenario you can write , and then you have all summer to figure out how to get yourself out of it " . = = Reception = = = = = Broadcast = = = While Parks and Recreation previously aired on 8 : 30 p.m. EST on Thursdays , the third season marked its debut in a 9 : 30 p.m. Thursday timeslot effective January 20 , 2011 , airing between the two popular series The Office and 30 Rock . Poehler said of the time @-@ slot , " ' The Office ' is such an amazing show and to be behind it is an honor . " The Parks producers hoped the Office lead @-@ in would bring new viewers , and so the season premiere " Go Big or Go Home " included an introductory sequence that described the previous events of the series . In some cases , " Producer 's Cut " versions of third season episodes were made available on the official NBC website after they were broadcast . These cuts were about five minutes longer than the televised version and included several scenes that were originally cut due to length limitations . The episodes to receive " Producer 's Cuts " included " Harvest Festival " , " The Fight " and " Li 'l Sebastian " . During its original broadcast , the episode " Jerry 's Painting " ran for an extended 40 minutes rather than the usual 30 minutes because it followed " Goodbye , Michael " , an extended episode of The Office that featured the final appearance of Steve Carell as a regular cast member . " The Fight " and " Road Trip " ran back @-@ to @-@ back during their original broadcast on May 12 , 2011 , as did " The Bubble " and " Li 'l Sebastian " on May 19 . The four were stand @-@ alone episodes that were not originally designed to be shown together , However , because the third season premiered late as a mid @-@ season replacement in January , the episodes aired together so the series ' season would conclude at the end of the television season . = = = Reviews = = = Parks and Recreation continued to receive critical acclaim , as it did during the second season . The show was featured on the February 11 cover of Entertainment Weekly , where it was called " the smartest comedy on TV " and which included the article " The 101 Reasons We Love Parks and Recreation " . James Poniewozik of Time magazine called it " a fabulous season – the best thing on TV in 2011 so far " . Maureen Ryan of TV Squad called it one of the ten best shows of 2011 , and said the season saw major growth of both its major characters , especially Leslie Knope , along with the expansion of a strong cast of secondary and tertiary characters as well . New York magazine writer Willa Paskin praised the show for comedy grounded in optimism and characters who genuinely like each other , rather than the cynical humor more prevalent in other comedy shows of the time . Alan Sepinwall of HitFix called it a " remarkable season of TV comedy " without a single bad episode . Steve Heisler of The A.V. Club said although he considered Parks and Recreation the funniest sitcom on television during its second season , " it somehow got even better " during the third . Scott Meslow of The Atlantic said during the third season , Parks and Recreation was " the funniest , sweetest , most consistent sitcom on television " , and that the way the characters were seeking new opportunities outside the parks department by the end of the season demonstrates the show is willing to change and is " not content to simply spin its wheels " . Eric Sundermann of Hollywood.com said he believed that the third season " will become to be recognized as one of the best seasons of any sitcom ever " , and that the characters and setting of Pawnee were so fully developed that he felt a close , personal connection to them . Henry Hanks of CNN called it " a near @-@ flawless season " . " Harvest Festival " received particularly strong reviews , with New York magazine writer Steve Kandell calling it the most pivotal episode of the season in terms of " resolving and resetting narrative stakes " . Likewise , " Li 'l Sebastian " was praised by several reviewers as one of the best episodes of the season , and Henry Hanks called it " one of the funniest half @-@ hours of any show this season " . As in past seasons , Nick Offerman continued to receive critical acclaim for his performance as Ron Swanson . By the third season , the character had taken on a cult status , and the term " Ron Swanson " was so commonly discussed on the social @-@ networking website Twitter after " Andy and April 's Fancy Party " aired that it was listed among the site 's trending topics , which are indicative of being the most popular topics being discussed on Twitter at a given moment . Rob Lowe received particularly strong reviews for his performance in " Flu Season " where his normally extraordinarily @-@ physically fit character becomes extremely ill and hallucinatory when infected with the flu . Aziz Ansari received very positive reviews for his performance in " Soulmates " , as did Adam Scott for his performance in " Media Blitz " . While some commentators felt the Ann Perkins character seemed adrift and not working as well as the other cast members , others said they liked the new direction the character had taken this season . Eric Sundermann declared the relationship between Chris and Ann was described as " one of the most interesting parts of the show " , whereas Joel Keller of TV Squad felt it was poorly handled and made Ann too passive . Some reviewers said the town of Pawnee itself has developed into a rich and interesting setting , comparing it to Springfield in the Fox animated series The Simpsons . = = = Ratings = = = Despite the critical success , the third season of Parks and Recreation continued to suffer in the Nielsen ratings , just as it had during the second season . The average viewership for the 16 episodes of season three were 4 @.@ 75 million household viewers , a slight increase over season two 's 4 @.@ 68 million average , but lower than season one 's average of 5 @.@ 45 million households . Michael Schur partially attributed the continually low viewership to a decline in ratings for NBC in general , as well as changing viewer trends due to a large amount of available channels . He added : " I would love it if our ratings went up and up , and we 've done a pretty good job of making our show inviting and friendly , welcoming to new viewers . Other than that , I 'm not sure what else we can do . It ’ s very disconcerting . " Parks and Recreation saw a slight increase in viewership during its first episodes . The season debut , " Go Big or Go Home " , was seen by an estimated 6 @.@ 19 million household viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research , with a 3 @.@ 2 rating / 8 share among viewers between ages 18 and 49 . It marked the series ' highest rating in that demographic , and the highest overall viewership since the series premiere episode from April 2009 , which was seen by 6 @.@ 77 million household viewers . The ratings quickly dropped , however , and by the third episode " Time Capsule " had dipped to 4 @.@ 95 million household viewers , a more than 17 percent decline from the previous episode , " Flu Season " . By the seventh episode , " Harvest Festival " , viewership had dropped to 4 @.@ 08 million households , one of the lowest ratings of the series . The ratings increased slightly after that point , with the viewership for the next episode " Camping " jumping up 39 percent to 5 @.@ 15 million households . Ratings for the eleventh episode , " Jerry 's Painting " , were expected to be high due to a lead @-@ in from Steve Carell 's final episode as a regular cast member on The Office . However , the Parks and Recreation episode was seen by an estimated 4 @.@ 71 million household viewers , a drop from the previous episode " Soulmates " . Ratings were unusually low for Parks and Recreation during its last four episodes due to the timeslot changes and back @-@ to @-@ back pairing of the episodes : " The Fight " and " Road Trip " were seen by 4 @.@ 55 million and 3 @.@ 54 million households , respectively , while " The Bubble " and season finale " Li 'l Sebastian " were seen by 4 @.@ 27 and 3 @.@ 72 million households , respectively . = = = Awards = = = In 2011 , Parks and Recreation was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series , the first such nomination for the series . Amy Poehler received her second Emmy nomination for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series . Poehler said she was considering submitting the episodes " Flu Season " or " The Fight " for Emmy Award consideration . In June 2011 , Parks and Recreation was nominated for three of the inaugural Critics ’ Choice Television Awards . The show itself was nominated for " Best Comedy Series " , Amy Poehler was nominated for " Best Actress in a Comedy Series " and Nick Offerman was nominated for " Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series " . Also that month , Parks and Recreation was nominated for four TCA Awards : Program of the Year , Outstanding Achievement in Comedy and Individual Achievement in Comedy awards for Offerman and Poehler . Offerman also hosted the TCA Awards in 2011 .
= Heinrich event = A Heinrich event is a natural phenomenon in which large armadas of icebergs break off from glaciers and traverse the North Atlantic . First described by marine geologist Hartmut Heinrich , they occurred during the past glacial periods or " ice ages " and are particularly well documented for the last glacial period . The icebergs contained rock mass , which has been eroded by the glaciers , and as they melted , this matter was dropped onto the sea floor as ice rafted debris ( abbreviated to " IRD " ) . The icebergs ' melting caused prodigious amounts of fresh water to be added to the North Atlantic . Such inputs of cold and fresh water may well have altered the density @-@ driven thermohaline circulation patterns of the ocean , and often coincide with indications of global climate fluctuations . Various mechanisms have been proposed to explain the cause of Heinrich events , most of which implies instability of the massive Laurentide ice sheet , a continental glacier covering North America during the last glacial period . Other northern hemisphere ice sheets were potentially involved as well ( Scandinavia , Iceland , Greenland ) . However , the initial cause of this instability is still debated . = = Description = = The strict definition of Heinrich events is the climatic event causing the IRD layer observed in marine sediment cores from the North Atlantic : a massive collapse of northern hemisphere ice shelves and the consequent release of a prodigious volume of icebergs . By extension , the name Heinrich events can also refer to the associated climatic anomalies registered at other places around the globe , at approximately the same time periods . The events are rapid : they last probably less than a millennium , a duration varying from one event to the next , and their abrupt onset may occur in mere years ( Maslin et al .. 2001 ) . Heinrich events are clearly observed in many North Atlantic marine sediment cores covering the last glacial period ; the lower resolution of the sedimentary record before this point makes it more difficult to deduce whether they occurred during other glacial periods in the Earth 's history . Some ( Broecker 1994 , Bond & Lotti 1995 ) identify the Younger Dryas event as a Heinrich event , which would make it H0 . Heinrich events appear related to some , but not all , of the cold periods preceding the rapid warming events known as Dansgaard @-@ Oeschger ( D @-@ O ) events , which are best recorded in the NGRIP Greenland ice core . However , difficulties in synchronising marine sediment cores and Greenland ice cores to the same time scale cast aspersions on the accuracy of that statement . = = Potential climatic fingerprint of Heinrich events = = Heinrich 's original observations were of six layers in ocean sediment cores with extremely high proportions of rocks of continental origin , " lithic fragments " , in the 180 μm to 3 mm size range ( Heinrich 1988 ) . The larger size fractions cannot be transported by ocean currents , and are thus interpreted as having been carried by icebergs or sea ice which broke off glaciers or ice shelves , and dumped on the sea floor as the icebergs melted . Geochemical analyses of the IRD can provide information about the origin of these debris : mostly the large Laurentide ice sheet then covering North America for Heinrich events 1 , 2 , 4 and 5 , and on the contrary European ice sheets for the minor events 3 and 6 . The signature of the events in sediment cores varies considerably with distance from the source region . For events of Laurentide origin , there is a belt of IRD at around 50 ° N , known as the Ruddiman belt , expanding some 3 @,@ 000 km ( 1 @,@ 865 mi ) from its North American source towards Europe , and thinning by an order of magnitude from the Labrador Sea to the European end of the present iceberg route ( Grousset et al . , 1993 ) . During Heinrich events , huge volumes of fresh water flow into the ocean . For Heinrich event 4 , based on a model study reproducing the isotopic anomaly of oceanic oxygen 18 , the fresh water flux has been estimated to 0 @.@ 29 ± 0 @.@ 05 Sverdrup with a duration of 250 ± 150 years ( Roche et al . , 2004 ) , equivalent to a fresh water volume of about 2 @.@ 3 million km ³ or a 2 ± 1 m sea @-@ level rise . Several geological indicators fluctuate approximately in time with these Heinrich events , but difficulties in precise dating and correlation make it difficult to tell whether the indicators precede or lag Heinrich events , or in some cases whether they are related at all . Heinrich events are often marked by the following changes : Increased δ18O of the northern ( Nordic ) seas and East Asian stalactites ( speleothems ) , which by proxy suggests falling global temperature ( or rising ice volume ) ( Bar @-@ Matthews et al . 1997 ) Decreased oceanic salinity , due to the influx of fresh water Decreased sea surface temperature estimates off the West African coast through biochemical indicators known as alkenones ( Sachs 2005 ) Changes in sedimentary disturbance ( bioturbation ) caused by burrowing animals ( Grousett et al . 2000 ) Flux in planktonic isotopic make @-@ up ( changes in δ13C , decreased δ18O ) Pollen indications of cold @-@ loving pines replacing oaks on the North American mainland ( Grimm et al . 1993 ) Decreased foramaniferal abundance – which due to the pristine nature of many samples cannot be attributed to preservational bias and has been related to reduced salinity ( Bond 1992 ) Increased terrigenous runoff from the continents , measured near the mouth of the Amazon River Increased grain size in wind @-@ blown loess in China , suggesting stronger winds ( Porter & Zhisheng 1995 ) Changes in relative Thorium @-@ 230 abundance , reflecting variations in ocean current velocity Increased deposition rates in the northern Atlantic , reflected by an increase in continentally derived sediments ( lithics ) relative to background sedimentation ( Heinrich 1988 ) The global extent of these records illustrates the dramatic impact of Heinrich events . = = Unusual Heinrich events = = H3 and H6 do not share such a convincing suite of Heinrich event symptoms as events H1 , H2 , H4 , and H5 , which has led some researchers to suggest that they are not true Heinrich events . That would make Bond 's suggestion of Heinrich events fitting into a 7000 @-@ year cycle suspect . Several lines of evidence suggest that H3 and H6 were somehow different from the other events . Lithic peaks : a far smaller proportion of lithics ( 3000 vs. 6000 grains per gram ) is observed in H3 and H6 , which means that the role of the continents in providing sediments to the oceans was relatively lower . Foram dissolution : Foraminifera tests appear to be more eroded during H3 and H6 ( Gwiazda et al . , 1996 ) . That may indicate an influx of nutrient @-@ rich , hence corrosive , Antarctic Bottom Water by a reconfiguration of oceanic circulation patterns . Ice provenance : Icebergs in H1 , H2 , H4 , and H5 appear to have flowed along the Hudson Strait ; H3 and H6 icebergs appear to have flowed across it ( Kirby and Andrews , 1999 ) . Ice rafted debris distribution : Sediment transported by ice does not extend as far East during H3 / 6 . Hence some researchers have been moved to suggest a European origin for at least some H3 / 6 clasts : America and Europe were originally adjacent to one another ; hence , the rocks on each continent are difficult to distinguish , and the source is open to interpretation ( Grousset et al . 2000 ) . = = Causes = = As with so many climate related issues , the system is far too complex to be confidently assigned to a single cause . There are several possible drivers , which fall into two categories . = = = Internal forcings — the " binge – purge " model = = = This model suggests that factors internal to ice sheets cause the periodic disintegration of major ice volumes , responsible for Heinrich events . The gradual accumulation of ice on the Laurentide ice sheet led to a gradual increase in its mass — the " binge phase " . Once the sheet reached a critical mass , the soft , unconsolidated sub @-@ glacial sediment formed a " slippery lubricant " over which the ice sheet slid — the " purge phase " , lasting around 750 years . The original model ( MacAyeal , 1993 ) proposed that geothermal heat caused the sub @-@ glacial sediment to thaw once the ice volume was large enough to prevent the escape of heat into the atmosphere . The mathematics of the system are consistent with a 7 @,@ 000 @-@ year periodicity , similar to that observed if H3 and H6 are indeed Heinrich events ( Sarnthein et al .. 2001 ) . However , if H3 and H6 are not Heinrich events , the Binge @-@ Purge model loses credibility , as the predicted periodicity is key to its assumptions . It may also appear suspect because similar events are not observed in other ice ages ( Hemming 2004 ) , although this may be due to the lack of high @-@ resolution sediments . In addition , the model predicts that the reduced size of ice sheets during the Pleistocene should reduce the size , impact and frequency of Heinrich events , which is not reflected by the evidence . = = = External forcings = = = Several factors external to ice sheets may cause Heinrich events , but such factors would have to be large to overcome attenuation by the huge volumes of ice involved ( MacAyeal 1993 ) . Gerard Bond suggests that changes in the flux of solar energy on a 1 @,@ 500 @-@ year scale may be correlated to the Dansgaard @-@ Oeschger cycles , and in turn the Heinrich events ; however the small magnitude of the change in energy makes such an exo @-@ terrestrial factor unlikely to have the required large effects , at least without huge positive feedback processes acting within the Earth system . However , rather than the warming itself melting the ice , it is possible that sea level change associated with the warming destabilised ice shelves . A rise in sea level could begin to corrode the bottom of an ice sheet , undercutting it ; when one ice sheet failed and surged , the ice released would further raise sea levels — further destabilizing other ice sheets . In favour of this theory is the non @-@ simultaneity of ice sheet break up in H1 , 2 , 4 , and 5 , where European breakup preceded European melting by up to 1 @,@ 500 years ( Maslin et al . 2001 ) . The Atlantic Heat Piracy model suggests that changes in oceanic circulation cause one hemisphere 's oceans to become warmer at the other 's expense ( Seidov and Maslin 2001 ) . Currently , the Gulf stream redirects warm , equatorial waters towards the northern Nordic Seas . The addition of fresh water to northern oceans may reduce the strength of the Gulf stream , and allow a southwards current to develop instead . This would cause the cooling of the northern hemisphere , and the warming of the southern , causing changes in ice accumulation and melting rates and possibly triggering shelf destruction and Heinrich events ( Stocker 1998 ) . Rohling 's 2004 Bipolar model suggests that sea level rise lifted buoyant ice shelves , causing their destabilisation and destruction . Without a floating ice shelf to support them , continental ice sheets would flow out towards the oceans and disintegrate into icebergs and sea ice . Freshwater addition has been implicated by coupled ocean and atmosphere climate modeling ( Ganopolski and Rahmstorf 2001 ) , showing that both Heinrich and Dansgaard @-@ Oeschger events may show hysteresis behaviour . This means that relatively minor changes in freshwater loading into the Nordic Seas — a 0 @.@ 15 Sv increase , or 0 @.@ 03 Sv decrease — would suffice to cause profound shifts in global circulation ( Rahmstorf et al . 2005 ) . The results show that a Heinrich event does not cause a cooling around Greenland but further south , mostly in the subtropical Atlantic , a finding supported by most available paleoclimatic data . This idea was connected to D @-@ O events by Maslin et al .. ( 2001 ) . They suggested that each ice sheet had its own conditions of stability , but that on melting , the influx of freshwater was enough to reconfigure ocean currents — causing melting elsewhere . More specifically , D @-@ O cold events , and their associated influx of meltwater , reduce the strength of the North Atlantic Deep Water current ( NADW ) , weakening the northern hemisphere circulation and therefore resulting in an increased transfer of heat polewards in the southern hemisphere . This warmer water results in melting of Antarctic ice , thereby reducing density stratification and the strength of the Antarctic Bottom Water current ( AABW ) . This allows the NADW to return to its previous strength , driving northern hemisphere melting and another D @-@ O cold event . Eventually , the accumulation of melting reaches a threshold , whereby it raises sea level enough to undercut the Laurentide ice sheet — causing a Heinrich event and resetting the cycle . Hunt & Malin ( 1998 ) proposed that Heinrich events are caused by earthquakes triggered near the ice margin by rapid deglaciation .
= Nate Parker = Nate Parker ( born November 18 , 1979 ) is an American actor , director , producer , writer and musical performer who has appeared in Beyond the Lights , Red Tails , The Secret Life of Bees , The Great Debaters , Arbitrage , Non @-@ Stop , Felon and Pride . He was an All @-@ American wrestler at both Great Bridge High School and the University of Oklahoma . Parker has been active in charitable work , donating his time both as a volunteer wrestling coach and a political activist . = = Background = = Parker was born in Norfolk , Virginia , to Carolyn , a 17 @-@ year @-@ old mother at the time . His mother never married his biological father , but did wed the man who gave Parker his last name . Parker has four younger sisters . According to a DNA analysis , some of his ancestry is from the Tikar people of modern @-@ day Cameroon . During Parker 's time in middle school , his mother fell in love with Walter Whitfield , who was stationed in Bath , Maine , in the United States Air Force . Although his mother married Whitfield and moved to Maine , Parker , despite the physical distance after the move , remained close to his biological father emotionally . His father died when Parker was eleven , however . Parker became involved in classroom fights and home power struggles with his stepfather , Whitfield . Parker moved to Virginia Beach , Virginia to stay with his maternal uncle , Jay Combs , a former wrestler , at age 14 . Nate 's great @-@ grandmother got sick and his mother moved back to Hampton Roads , Virginia and lived in the Churchland High School zone , where Nate joined her . Sharing a three @-@ bedroom apartment with four uncles , his mom , aunt , and grandmother , Parker said " we didn 't have many material things but we loved each other unconditionally . " Parker was accused of rape while a sophomore at Pennsylvania State University in 1999 and was cleared of those charges in 2001 . Parker married Sarah DiSanto — a native of Erie , Pennsylvania whom he met while they were attending Penn State — in Erie 's Frontier Park during the summer of 2007 . He is a University of Oklahoma alumnus . = = Athletic career = = Because Parker looked up to Combs , Combs was able to get Parker started in Wrestling at Princess Anne High School . Parker placed third in the Virginia High School League state wrestling championships as a junior while attending Churchland after reuniting with his mother . Carolyn Whitfield moved to the Great Bridge High School district so Parker could participate in its powerhouse wrestling program . He was a member of the 1997 – 98 state champion Great Bridge wrestling team and was a state champion 135 @-@ pound ( 61 kg ) wrestler who placed third in the High School National Wrestling Championships , while becoming a high school All @-@ American . He earned a full scholarship to wrestle at Penn State University . At Penn State , Parker was nationally ranked as a freshman . After transferring he continued to be ranked as a redshirt junior 141 @-@ pound ( 64 kg ) wrestler . In 2002 , he placed fifth at the National Collegiate Athletic Association wrestling championships and became an All @-@ American at Oklahoma . Following his fifth @-@ place finish , he was ranked second nationally as a redshirt senior . In 2003 , he earned an undergraduate degree in computer programming from Oklahoma . After graduating from Oklahoma , he worked as a computer programmer until he was noticed at a modeling convention in Dallas , Texas , while accompanying a model friend . = = Acting career = = Parker 's first profession was as a computer programmer , which he described as being " in a cubicle writing code " . Then , he attended an event in Dallas with a model he was in a relationship with . Los Angeles talent manager Jon Simmons noticed Parker at the convention and talent search while Parker was waiting for his friend to finish her audition . Simmons felt Parker had " the look " and inquired about whether Parker was an actor or a model . After Parker denied both , he asked Parker to read a monologue from The Fast and The Furious . He then asked Parker to videotape himself doing lines from Antwone Fisher and Parker delivered a video within a week . Simmons told him to move to Los Angeles , California right away . Parker packed his clothes and computer and moved to sleep on another aspiring actor 's couch . He quickly landed a part in a television commercial . Bit parts and guest appearances followed . He has been working with acting coach Cary Anderson since arriving in Los Angeles . As of early 2008 , Parker continued to live in North Hollywood , California with his wife , mother and three of his sisters in a 650 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 60 m2 ) one @-@ bedroom apartment . Parker played the male lead in Rome & Jewel , a hip @-@ hop take on Romeo and Juliet in 2006 . He had a smaller role in Pride , about an African American swim team , but one that allowed him to display his athletic physique . Denzel Washington directed The Great Debaters and selected Parker for the role of Henry Lowe . Parker heard Washington requires biographies of the characters that he directs . He wrote a 100 @-@ page biography of the Henry Lowe character . To prepare for his role and write a character biography , he read the works of James Joyce , D.H. Lawrence , W.B. Yeats , Countee Cullen and Langston Hughes . The character was based on the real @-@ life debater , Henry Heights . Parker 's character is the love interest of Jurnee Smollett 's character and has a bad @-@ boy streak . Parker also performed on the soundtrack . Parker , and co @-@ stars Forest Whitaker , and Denzel Washington were nominated for the 2008 NAACP Image Awards in the best supporting actor category , which Denzel Washington won . In The Secret Life of Bees he played the love interest of Alicia Keys ' character . The movie co @-@ starred Queen Latifah , Dakota Fanning , Jennifer Hudson , Alicia Keys , and Sophie Okonedo and was written and directed by Gina Prince @-@ Bythewood based on the book of the same name by Sue Monk Kidd . In 2014 he reunited with his The Secret Life of Bees director Gina Prince @-@ Bythewood playing the male lead in her film Beyond the Lights . His performance was nominated for a Black Reel Award for Best Actor and a Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture . = = Directing = = For years Parker was interested in making a film based on the life of Nat Turner . In 2014 he announced that he had funding and was working on assembling his team , and that the film would be called The Birth of a Nation in an ironic tribute to the famously racist 1915 film of the same name . In addition to writing and directing Parker cast himself as Turner . Aja Naomi King , Armie Hammer and Gabrielle Union were also cast in key roles . Fox Searchlight Pictures acquired the distribution rights to the film for $ 17 @.@ 5 million at the 2016 Sundance Film Festival , which broke the record for the most paid for a Sundance Film Festival production surpassing Little Miss Sunshine , which had been acquired by Searchlight for $ 10 million ten years earlier . = = Public charity = = Parker aspires to provide scholarships to youth between the ages of 17 and 25 at Wiley College through the 100 Men of Excellence Initiative . He has been a supporter of Boys & Girls Clubs of America as well as a program called Peace4Kids , which is a program for foster youths and underprivileged youth in South Los Angeles , California where kids are involved in daily activities that stimulate and nurture creativity and intellect . Parker also coaches a wrestling team of 10- , 11- and 12 @-@ year @-@ olds at Rosemead High School and he assists in coaching wrestling at Rio Hondo College . Parker was an active supporter of and volunteer for the 2008 Barack Obama presidential campaign . = = Filmography = = = = Awards and nominations = =
= March of loyalty to martyrs = The March of loyalty to martyrs ( Arabic : مسيرة الوفاء للشهداء ) was a protest on 22 February 2011 in Manama , Bahrain . Tens of thousands participated in the protest , one of the largest in the Bahraini uprising . Named after the seven victims killed by police and army forces during previous protests , the march filled the space between Bahrain mall and Pearl Roundabout . Protesters carried Bahrain 's flag and demanded the fall of the government , implementation of a constitutional monarchy and other reforms , with some of them also demanding the end of the regime . The march was named the largest in the country 's history by organizers ; sources estimated that over 100 @,@ 000 protesters ( 8 percent of Bahrain 's population ) participated , although other sources gave higher and lower estimations . A number of ambulance drivers , police and army officers joined the protest . Security forces were not present and unlike previous protests , it ended peacefully . = = Background = = Protests inspired by the successful uprisings in Egypt and Tunisia erupted in Bahrain on 14 February . Security forces responded by firing tear gas , rubber bullets , sound bombs and birdshot into the crowd of protesters . More than thirty protesters were injured and one died from birdshot injuries in his back . Another protester was killed the same way the next day , on 15 February , when over 10 @,@ 000 protesters occupied Pearl Roundabout . On 17 February , police launched a pre @-@ dawn raid on sleeping protesters . Four protesters were killed and more than 300 were injured . Health workers and a journalist were allegedly attacked by security forces . The army was deployed after Pearl Roundabout was cleared of protesters and checkpoints were set up . Protesters moved to Salmaniya Hospital 's car parks where thousands protested against the government . The following day , army forces stationed in the Pearl Roundabout fired live ammunition on hundreds of protesters who tried to re @-@ occupy the site . At least 120 protesters were hurt and one was fatally wounded , bringing the number of deaths to seven . The Crown Prince offered dialogue with opposition parties . On 19 February , tens of thousands of protesters re @-@ occupied Pearl Roundabout after the army was ordered to withdraw . On 21 February , the king canceled the Formula 1 race originally scheduled for 13 March . The Associated Press named the decision " another victory " for protesters who had called for its cancellation . " We felt it was important for the country to focus on immediate issues of national interest and leave the hosting of Bahrain 's Formula One race to a later date " , the king stated . In the evening , tens of thousands of government supporters , borrowing the anti @-@ government protesters ' slogan " no Sunni , no Shia , only Bahraini " , gathered in Al Fateh Mosque in Juffair . One participant interviewed by The New York Times said , " The democracy they have been asking for is already here , but the Shias , they have their ayatollahs , and whatever they say , they will run and do it . If they tell them to burn a house , they will . I think they have a clear intention to disrupt this country " . The next day , appearing on Bahrain 's official news agency , the king ordered the release of 50 political prisoners , including 25 Shia activists arrested during the 2010 crackdown and accused of forming a " terrorist network " whose goal was to overthrow the government . Ali Abdulemam , a prominent blogger and founder of Bahrain Online opposition forum , was among those who were released . Blogger and human rights activist Abduljalil al @-@ Singace , who called the move " a good step " and a " positive gesture " , was also released . However , according to human rights activist Nabeel Rajab , about 400 more activists remained in prison on " politically inspired charges " . = = Loyalty to Martyrs = = In the afternoon of 22 February tens of thousands of children , men and women occupied and marched on the main streets of Manama . The march was called " The march of loyalty to martyrs " in reference to those killed in previous protests . It stretched for several miles , filling the eastern side of Sheik Khalifa bin Salman Highway from Bahrain Mall to Pearl Roundabout located in Manama 's business district . The protesters , while carrying the white @-@ and @-@ red flag of Bahrain and posters of the seven victims , chanted : " Ash @-@ shab yurid isqat an @-@ nizam " ( " the people want to bring down the regime " ) , " Egypt , Tunisia , are we any different ? " and " No Shia , No Sunni , only Bahraini " . Most demanded the fall of the Bahrain government . " Some want the family out but most only the prime minister " , said a protester interviewed by BBC . The march was led by ambulance drivers who reported being attacked by security forces while trying to help treat protesters from the Pearl Roundabout injured on 17 February , which came to be called Bloody Thursday . Protest organizers , which consisted of a loose coalition of seven political parties including Al Wefaq and Wa 'ad , named the march the largest in Bahrain 's history . Associated Press , The Huffington Post , The New York Times and Voice of America estimated that there were over 100 @,@ 000 participants . The New York Times described the number as " astonishing " , because Bahrain 's total population is a little over 500 @,@ 000 . The BBC described the course of march as a " sea of red and white flags " . Other estimates varied between 30 @,@ 000 and 200 @,@ 000 participants . In their documentary film Bahrain : Shouting in the Dark , Al Jazeera English stated , " Bahrain held its largest march in history ; the world media recorded nearly a quarter of all citizens in the streets " . The BICI report mentioned that " by many accounts more than 100 @,@ 000 people were marching " and that the number of protesters at Pearl Roundabout peaked at over 150 @,@ 000 . IFEX estimated the number to be as high as 200 @,@ 000 ; however , CNN Arabic said the number was just about 30 @,@ 000 . Security forces did not intervene to disperse the march , however a state @-@ owned helicopter hovered overhead . A small number of police and army officers participated in the protest . Denouncing army troops who opened fire on protesters , an officer said , " What we did to the people was not heroic . We ask the people to forgive us , we ask the people for forgiveness " . Another officer added , " The weapons that have been used against the people are weapons of shame , these weapons should be used to protect the people , and not be used against them . That ’ s why we 've decided to be with the people " . The widow of one of the seven " martyrs " read a statement after the march that listed the opposition 's demands ; the most important demands were the resignation of the forty @-@ year @-@ long government headed by the king 's uncle and the implementation of a constitutional monarchy . Other demands included the immediate commencement of an " impartial " investigation into the deaths , the neutralization of the state media and the release of the remaining " political " prisoners . Analysts stated that the large size of the protest pressured the government to concede to the protesters ' demands . Al Jazeera English said that " unless they offered deep reforms , the Khalifas will likely fall " . = = Aftermath = = Peaceful protests , including one pro @-@ government rally , continued throughout February and the first half of March , and drew tens of thousands of participants . On 8 March , unsatisfied by the government response , a coalition of three hard @-@ line Shia groups called for the abdication of the monarchy and the establishment of a democratic republic through peaceful means . Al Wefaq continued to demand an elected government and a constitutional monarchy . In the following days protests intensified , moving to the Royal Court in Riffa , a royal palace in Safiriyya and finally blocking roads leading to the financial district in Manama . Security forces clashed with protesters using tear gas and rubber bullets , but police were overwhelmed by protesters . The government then requested help from neighbor countries , which sent about 1 @,@ 500 security forces to assist the government . A state of emergency was declared and the government launched a crackdown campaign to put down protests by force . The Pearl Roundabout , now cleared of protesters , was torn down by government and protesters found themselves pushed back into their villages . The government arrested over 1 @,@ 000 protesters including leading opposition and rights activists ( known as the Bahrain Thirteen ) as well as sportsmen , academics , businessmen , doctors , engineers , journalists and teachers . Despite the brutal crack @-@ down , smaller @-@ scale protests and clashes continued , mostly outside Manama 's business districts . By April 2012 , more than 80 people had died during the uprising . As of December 2012 , protests are ongoing . = = External videos = = The march of Loyalty to Martyrs rally − 1 The march of Loyalty to Martyrs rally – 2 The march of Loyalty to Martyrs rally – 3
= SS Ohioan ( 1914 ) = SS Ohioan was a cargo ship built in 1914 for the American @-@ Hawaiian Steamship Company . During World War I , she was taken over by the United States Navy and commissioned as USS Ohioan ( ID @-@ 3280 ) . Ohioan was built by the Maryland Steel Company as one of eight sister ships ordered by the American @-@ Hawaiian Steamship Company for inter @-@ coastal service cargo via the Panama Canal . When the canal was temporarily closed by landslides in late 1915 , Ohioan sailed via the Straits of Magellan until the canal reopened in mid 1916 . During World War I , USS Ohioan carried cargo , animals , and a limited number of passengers to France , and returned over 8 @,@ 000 American troops after the Armistice , including the highly decorated American soldier Alvin York . After Ohioan 's naval service ended in 1919 , she was returned to her original owners . Ohioan 's post @-@ war career was relatively uneventful until 8 October 1936 , when she ran aground near Seal Rock at the Golden Gate , the entrance to San Francisco Bay . Attempts to free the ship were unsuccessful and , because of the close proximity of the wreck to San Francisco , the grounded Ohioan drew large crowds to watch salvage operations . Angelo J. Rossi , the mayor of San Francisco , toured the wreck on 19 October . Ohioan 's hulk caught fire in March 1937 , and the wreck broke into two pieces in a storm in December . As late as 1939 , some of Ohioan 's rusty steel beams were still visible on the rocks . = = Design and construction = = In May 1912 , the American @-@ Hawaiian Steamship Company placed an order with the Maryland Steel Company of Sparrows Point , Maryland , for two new cargo ships — Iowan and Ohioan . The contract cost of the ships was set at the construction cost plus an 8 % profit for Maryland Steel , but with a maximum price of $ 640 @,@ 000 per ship . Maryland Steel financed the construction with a credit plan which called for a 5 % down payment in cash followed by nine monthly installments for the balance . The deal allowed for some of the nine installments to be converted into longer @-@ term notes or mortgages . The final cost of Ohioan , including financing costs , was $ 73 @.@ 58 per deadweight ton , which came out to just under $ 730 @,@ 000 . Ohioan ( Maryland Steel yard no . 133 ) was the second ship built under the contract . She was launched on 24 January 1914 , and delivered to American @-@ Hawaiian on 30 June . The ship was 6 @,@ 649 gross register tons ( GRT ) , and was 407 feet 7 inches ( 124 @.@ 23 m ) in length ( between perpendiculars ) and 53 feet 8 inches ( 16 @.@ 36 m ) abeam . She had a deadweight tonnage of 9 @,@ 920 LT DWT , and her cargo holds , which had a storage capacity of 438 @,@ 154 cubic feet ( 12 @,@ 407 @.@ 1 m3 ) , were outfitted with a complete refrigeration plant so that she could carry perishable products from the West Coast — such as fresh produce from Southern California farms — to the East Coast . Ohioan had a single steam engine powered by oil @-@ fired boilers that drove a single screw propeller at a speed of 12 knots ( 22 km / h ) . = = Early career = = When Ohioan began sailing for American @-@ Hawaiian , the company shipped cargo from East Coast ports via the Straits of Magellan to West Coast ports and Hawaii , and vice versa . Eastbound shipments were primarily sugar and pineapple from Hawaii , but westbound cargoes were more general in nature . Following the opening of the Panama Canal on 15 August 1914 , American @-@ Hawaiian ships switched to take that route . As World War I continued in Europe and increased the demand for defense @-@ related shipping , American @-@ Hawaiian stopped its sugar service . Ohioan 's specific activities during this time are not known . She may have been in the half of the American @-@ Hawaiian fleet that was chartered for transatlantic service , or she may have been in the group of American @-@ Hawaiian ships chartered for service to South America , delivering coal , gasoline , and steel in exchange for coffee , nitrates , cocoa , rubber , and manganese ore . = = World War I = = Unlike her surviving sister ships , there is no evidence that Ohioan was ever chartered by the United States Army ; Ohioan 's activities between the United States ' declaration of war on Germany in April 1917 , and her acquisition by the United States Navy on 5 August 1918 , are unknown . She was commissioned into the Naval Overseas Transportation Service ( NOTS ) two days later , under a loan charter . After a refit and taking on a load of cargo , Ohioan sailed for Saint @-@ Nazaire , France , where she arrived on 29 August . Dividing the next month between that port and Brest , Ohioan sailed for New York on 1 October . Fitted there with horse stalls , she loaded 60 officers and men , and equestrian and general cargo , before sailing on 1 November for La Pallice . With the signing of the Armistice on 11 November the fighting came to an end , and the task of bringing home American soldiers began almost immediately . Upon her return to the United States on 5 December , Ohioan was selected to become a troop transport and transferred from the NOTS to the Cruiser and Transport Force . Before she could begin returning troops , Ohioan had to be converted from a cargo and animal ship . Although sources do not indicate the specific modifications Ohioan underwent , typical conversions for other ships included the installation of berths , and adding greatly expanded cooking and toilet facilities to handle the large numbers of men aboard . Similar modifications on Ohioan 's sister ship Minnesotan took three months , but it is not known how long Ohioan 's refit took . In March , Ohioan returned 1 @,@ 627 men to New York , mostly from the 348th Infantry Regiment of the U.S. 87th Infantry Division , followed by another 1 @,@ 596 officers and men , and 1 @,@ 000 homing pigeons on 16 April . Among the pigeons was Cher Ami — the only bird sent out by the Lost Battalion that was able to get a message through — and 100 captured German pigeons . Cher Ami had received the French Croix de Guerre with Palm and had been recommended for the U.S. Army Distinguished Service Cross by General John J. Pershing . Ohioan docked at New York on 22 May on her next voyage with a portion of the 328th Infantry Regiment of the U.S. 82nd Infantry Division . One of the members of the unit was Sergeant Alvin C. York , who had led an attack on a German machine gun nest during the Meuse @-@ Argonne Offensive and captured 132 German officers and men . York had been honored with the U.S. Medal of Honor and the French Croix de Guerre with Palm ( among other awards ) , both of which he wore on his coat on arrival at New York . After Ohioan docked , York held a well @-@ attended press conference on board . On 20 June , Ohioan returned another load of troops that included Base Hospital 98 , and the 20th Engineers . By the time Ohioan had completed her sixth and final trooping voyage on 16 September 1919 , Ohioan had carried home 8 @,@ 383 healthy and wounded men . USS Ohioan was decommissioned on 6 October 1919 , and returned to American @-@ Hawaiian . = = Later career = = Ohioan resumed cargo service with American @-@ Hawaiian after her return from World War I service . Although the company had abandoned its original Hawaiian sugar routes by that time , Ohioan continued inter @-@ coastal service through the Panama Canal relatively uneventfully for the next 17 years . On 23 November 1933 , Ohioan collided with Liberty in the Ambrose Channel . She was consequently beached near the West Bank Light . Ohioan was refloated on 26 November . In early morning hours of 8 October 1936 , however , Ohioan ran aground near Seal Rock on the south shore of the Golden Gate , just outside San Francisco Bay . The ship , sailing in a dense fog , strayed too close to shore and grounded on the rocks , sending a shower of sparks that lit up the night . When the fog cleared later in the morning , the ship was firmly seated on the rocks at the base of a 250 @-@ foot ( 76 m ) cliff , and some 300 feet ( 91 m ) from the mainland . Coast Guardsmen on shore attached three lines to the ship and set up a breeches buoy to take off the harbor pilot , but the crew stayed on board the ship in hopes that the high tide would free her from the rocky perch . As word of the shipwreck spread , spectators clambered over the cliff to get a view of the scene ; one man died from a heart attack and two women broke ankles in separate falls . Newsboys soon arrived on the scene , selling newspapers telling of Ohioan 's woe within sight of the stranded ship . Policemen were called out to keep order as the crowd grew into the thousands . The next day , as the seas battered the ship and drove her farther on the rocks , two Coast Guard boats took 31 men from the ship . American @-@ Hawaiian announced that a Los Angeles salvage firm had been hired to retrieve the 1 @,@ 500 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 1 @,@ 520 t ) cargo , which included explosives and oil . Two heavy @-@ duty electric pumps were lowered to the ship via the breeches buoy , and plans were drawn up for connecting them to the San Francisco municipal electric system in order to pump out the ship . The crowds of onlookers continued to watch as salvage efforts progressed ; a 75 @-@ year @-@ old woman from Oakland fell down the embankment while watching the action on 13 October . The mayor of San Francisco , Angelo J. Rossi , rode the breeches buoy to the ship and toured it for 45 minutes on 19 October . On 22 October , the Los Angeles Times ran an Associated Press story saying that marine experts were considering the use of a method first patented by Abraham Lincoln in May 1849 in order to re @-@ float the stranded ship . All efforts , however , were unsuccessful , and by 31 October , American @-@ Hawaiian placed an advertisement in the Los Angeles Times requesting bids for the purchase of the ship and her cargo " as and where she now lies ... on the rocks near Point Lobos , San Francisco " . E. J. Mitchell was the winning bidder , securing rights to the ship and its cargo for $ 2 @,@ 800 . In March 1937 , five months after the wreck , the hulk of Ohioan — still aground near Seal Rock — caught fire when a watchman aboard the ship attempted to burn some meat in a refrigerator . The flames died out before reaching the explosives that remained aboard the wreck . A Pacific storm in December the same year caused the hulk of Ohioan to break in two . By 1939 , only remnants of some of Ohioan 's rusty steel beams were still visible on the rocks . Author Mark Ellis Thomas suggests that English poet and novelist Malcolm Lowry may have been inspired by the wreck of Ohioan in his poem " In Tempest 's Tavern " . One excerpt from the poem refers to " The Ohio [ sic ] smoking in Frisco on a sharp pen / Of rock " . At the time of Ohioan 's grounding , Lowry was in San Diego , preparing to sail to Acapulco .
= Continuous distillation = Continuous distillation , a form of distillation , is an ongoing separation in which a mixture is continuously ( without interruption ) fed into the process and separated fractions are removed continuously as output streams . Distillation is the separation or partial separation of a liquid feed mixture into components or fractions by selective boiling ( or evaporation ) and condensation . The process produces at least two output fractions . These fractions include at least one volatile distillate fraction , which has boiled and been separately captured as a vapor condensed to a liquid , and practically always a bottoms ( or residuum ) fraction , which is the least volatile residue that has not been separately captured as a condensed vapor . An alternative to continuous distillation is batch distillation , where the mixture is added to the unit at the start of the distillation , distillate fractions are taken out sequentially in time ( one after another ) during the distillation , and the remaining bottoms fraction is removed at the end . Because each of the distillate fractions are taken out at different times , only one distillate exit point ( location ) is needed for a batch distillation and the distillate can just be switched to a different receiver , a fraction @-@ collecting container . Batch distillation is often used when smaller quantities are distilled . In a continuous distillation , each of the fraction streams is taken simultaneously throughout operation ; therefore , a separate exit point is needed for each fraction . In practice when there are multiple distillate fractions , the distillate exit points are located at different heights on a fractionating column . The bottoms fraction can be taken from the bottom of the distillation column or unit , but is often taken from a reboiler connected to the bottom of the column . Each fraction may contain one or more components ( types of chemical compounds ) . When distilling crude oil or a similar feedstock , each fraction contains many components of similar volatility and other properties . Although it is possible to run a small @-@ scale or laboratory continuous distillation , most often continuous distillation is used in a large @-@ scale industrial process . = = Industrial application = = Distillation is one of the unit operations of chemical engineering . Continuous distillation is used widely in the chemical process industries where large quantities of liquids have to be distilled . Such industries are the natural gas processing , petrochemical production , coal tar processing , liquor production , liquified air separation , hydrocarbon solvents production and similar industries , but it finds its widest application in petroleum refineries . In such refineries , the crude oil feedstock is a very complex multicomponent mixture that must be separated and yields of pure chemical compounds are not expected , only groups of compounds within a relatively small range of boiling points , which are called fractions . These fractions are the origin of the term fractional distillation or fractionation . It is often not worthwhile separating the components in these fractions any further based on product requirements and economics . Industrial distillation is typically performed in large , vertical cylindrical columns ( as shown in images 1 and 2 ) known as " distillation towers " or " distillation columns " with diameters ranging from about 65 centimeters to 11 meters and heights ranging from about 6 meters to 60 meters or more . = = Principle = = The principle for continuous distillation is the same as for normal distillation : when a liquid mixture is heated so that it boils , the composition of the vapor above the liquid differs from the liquid composition . If this vapor is then separated and condensed into a liquid , it becomes richer in the lower boiling point component ( s ) of the original mixture . This is what happens in a continuous distillation column . A mixture is heated up , and routed into the distillation column . On entering the column , the feed starts flowing down but part of it , the component ( s ) with lower boiling point ( s ) , vaporizes and rises . However , as it rises , it cools and while part of it continues up as vapor , some of it ( enriched in the less volatile component ) begins to descend again . Image 3 depicts a simple continuous fractional distillation tower for separating a feed stream into two fractions , an overhead distillate product and a bottoms product . The " lightest " products ( those with the lowest boiling point or highest volatility ) exit from the top of the columns and the " heaviest " products ( the bottoms , those with the highest boiling point ) exit from the bottom of the column . The overhead stream may be cooled and condensed using a water @-@ cooled or air @-@ cooled condenser . The bottoms reboiler may be a steam @-@ heated or hot oil @-@ heated heat exchanger , or even a gas or oil @-@ fired furnace . In a continuous distillation , the system is kept in a steady state or approximate steady state . Steady state means that quantities related to the process do not change as time passes during operation . Such constant quantities include feed input rate , output stream rates , heating and cooling rates , reflux ratio , and temperatures , pressures , and compositions at every point ( location ) . Unless the process is disturbed due to changes in feed , heating , ambient temperature , or condensing , steady state is normally maintained . This is also the main attraction of continuous distillation , apart from the minimum amount of ( easily instrumentable ) surveillance ; if the feed rate and feed composition are kept constant , product rate and quality are also constant . Even when a variation in conditions occurs , modern process control methods are commonly able to gradually return the continuous process to another steady state again . Since a continuous distillation unit is fed constantly with a feed mixture and not filled all at once like a batch distillation , a continuous distillation unit does not need a sizable distillation pot , vessel , or reservoir for a batch fill . Instead , the mixture can be fed directly into the column , where the actual separation occurs . The height of the feed point along the column can vary on the situation and is designed so as to provide optimal results . See McCabe – Thiele method . A continuous distillation is often a fractional distillation and can be a vacuum distillation or a steam distillation . = = Design and operation = = Design and operation of a distillation column depends on the feed and desired products . Given a simple , binary component feed , analytical methods such as the McCabe – Thiele method or the Fenske equation can be used to assist in the design . For a multi @-@ component feed , computerized simulation models are used both for design and subsequently in operation of the column as well . Modeling is also used to optimize already erected columns for the distillation of mixtures other than those the distillation equipment was originally designed for . When a continuous distillation column is in operation , it has to be closely monitored for changes in feed composition , operating temperature and product composition . Many of these tasks are performed using advanced computer control equipment . = = = Column feed = = = The column can be fed in different ways . If the feed is from a source at a pressure higher than the distillation column pressure , it is simply piped into the column . Otherwise , the feed is pumped or compressed into the column . The feed may be a superheated vapor , a saturated vapor , a partially vaporized liquid @-@ vapor mixture , a saturated liquid ( i.e. , liquid at its boiling point at the column 's pressure ) , or a sub @-@ cooled liquid . If the feed is a liquid at a much higher pressure than the column pressure and flows through a pressure let @-@ down valve just ahead of the column , it will immediately expand and undergo a partial flash vaporization resulting in a liquid @-@ vapor mixture as it enters the distillation column . = = = Improving separation = = = Although small size units , mostly made of glass , can be used in laboratories , industrial units are large , vertical , steel vessels ( see images 1 and 2 ) known as " distillation towers " or " distillation columns " . To improve the separation , the tower is normally provided inside with horizontal plates or trays as shown in image 5 , or the column is packed with a packing material . To provide the heat required for the vaporization involved in distillation and also to compensate for heat loss , heat is most often added to the bottom of the column by a reboiler , and the purity of the top product can be improved by recycling some of the externally condensed top product liquid as reflux . Depending on their purpose , distillation columns may have liquid outlets at intervals up the length of the column as shown in image 4 . = = = = Reflux = = = = Large @-@ scale industrial fractionation towers use reflux to achieve more efficient separation of products . Reflux refers to the portion of the condensed overhead liquid product from a distillation tower that is returned to the upper part of the tower as shown in images 3 and 4 . Inside the tower , the downflowing reflux liquid provides cooling and partial condensation of the upflowing vapors , thereby increasing the efficacy of the distillation tower . The more reflux that is provided , the better is the tower 's separation of the lower boiling from the higher boiling components of the feed . A balance of heating with a reboiler at the bottom of a column and cooling by condensed reflux at the top of the column maintains a temperature gradient ( or gradual temperature difference ) along the height of the column to provide good conditions for fractionating the feed mixture . Reflux flows at the middle of the tower are called pumparounds . Changing the reflux ( in combination with changes in feed and product withdrawal ) can also be used to improve the separation properties of a continuous distillation column while in operation ( in contrast to adding plates or trays , or changing the packing , which would , at a minimum , require quite significant downtime ) . = = = = Plates or trays = = = = Distillation towers ( such as in images 3 and 4 ) use various vapor and liquid contacting methods to provide the required number of equilibrium stages . Such devices are commonly known as " plates " or " trays " . Each of these plates or trays is at a different temperature and pressure . The stage at the tower bottom has the highest pressure and temperature . Progressing upwards in the tower , the pressure and temperature decreases for each succeeding stage . The vapor – liquid equilibrium for each feed component in the tower reacts in its unique way to the different pressure and temperature conditions at each of the stages . That means that each component establishes a different concentration in the vapor and liquid phases at each of the stages , and this results in the separation of the components . Some example trays are depicted in image 5 . A more detailed , expanded image of two trays can be seen in the theoretical plate article . The reboiler often acts as an additional equilibrium stage . If each physical tray or plate were 100 % efficient , then the number of physical trays needed for a given separation would equal the number of equilibrium stages or theoretical plates . However , that is very seldom the case . Hence , a distillation column needs more plates than the required number of theoretical vapor – liquid equilibrium stages . = = = = Packing = = = = Another way of improving the separation in a distillation column is to use a packing material instead of trays . These offer the advantage of a lower pressure drop across the column ( when compared to plates or trays ) , beneficial when operating under vacuum . If a distillation tower uses packing instead of trays , the number of necessary theoretical equilibrium stages is first determined and then the packing height equivalent to a theoretical equilibrium stage , known as the height equivalent to a theoretical plate ( HETP ) , is also determined . The total packing height required is the number theoretical stages multiplied by the HETP . This packing material can either be random dumped packing such as Raschig rings or structured sheet metal . Liquids tend to wet the surface of the packing and the vapors pass across this wetted surface , where mass transfer takes place . Unlike conventional tray distillation in which every tray represents a separate point of vapor – liquid equilibrium , the vapor – liquid equilibrium curve in a packed column is continuous . However , when modeling packed columns it is useful to compute a number of theoretical plates to denote the separation efficiency of the packed column with respect to more traditional trays . Differently shaped packings have different surface areas and void space between packings . Both of these factors affect packing performance . Another factor in addition to the packing shape and surface area that affects the performance of random or structured packing is liquid and vapor distribution entering the packed bed . The number of theoretical stages required to make a given separation is calculated using a specific vapor to liquid ratio . If the liquid and vapor are not evenly distributed across the superficial tower area as it enters the packed bed , the liquid to vapor ratio will not be correct in the packed bed and the required separation will not be achieved . The packing will appear to not be working properly . The height equivalent to a theoretical plate ( HETP ) will be greater than expected . The problem is not the packing itself but the mal @-@ distribution of the fluids entering the packed bed . Liquid mal @-@ distribution is more frequently the problem than vapor . The design of the liquid distributors used to introduce the feed and reflux to a packed bed is critical to making the packing perform at maximum efficiency . Methods of evaluating the effectiveness of a liquid distributor can be found in references . = = = Overhead system arrangements = = = Images 4 and 5 assume an overhead stream that is totally condensed into a liquid product using water or air @-@ cooling . However , in many cases , the tower overhead is not easily condensed totally and the reflux drum must include a vent gas outlet stream . In yet other cases , the overhead stream may also contain water vapor because either the feed stream contains some water or some steam is injected into the distillation tower ( which is the case in the crude oil distillation towers in oil refineries ) . In those cases , if the distillate product is insoluble in water , the reflux drum may contain a condensed liquid distillate phase , a condensed water phase and a non @-@ condensible gas phase , which makes it necessary that the reflux drum also have a water outlet stream . = = Examples = = = = = Continuous distillation of crude oil = = = Petroleum crude oils contain hundreds of different hydrocarbon compounds : paraffins , naphthenes and aromatics as well as organic sulfur compounds , organic nitrogen compounds and some oxygen containing hydrocarbons such as phenols . Although crude oils generally do not contain olefins , they are formed in many of the processes used in a petroleum refinery . The crude oil fractionator does not produce products having a single boiling point ; rather , it produces fractions having boiling ranges . For example , the crude oil fractionator produces an overhead fraction called " naphtha " which becomes a gasoline component after it is further processed through a catalytic hydrodesulfurizer to remove sulfur and a catalytic reformer to reform its hydrocarbon molecules into more complex molecules with a higher octane rating value . The naphtha cut , as that fraction is called , contains many different hydrocarbon compounds . Therefore , it has an initial boiling point of about 35 ° C and a final boiling point of about 200 ° C. Each cut produced in the fractionating columns has a different boiling range . At some distance below the overhead , the next cut is withdrawn from the side of the column and it is usually the jet fuel cut , also known as a kerosene cut . The boiling range of that cut is from an initial boiling point of about 150 ° C to a final boiling point of about 270 ° C , and it also contains many different hydrocarbons . The next cut further down the tower is the diesel oil cut with a boiling range from about 180 ° C to about 315 ° C. The boiling ranges between any cut and the next cut overlap because the distillation separations are not perfectly sharp . After these come the heavy fuel oil cuts and finally the bottoms product , with very wide boiling ranges . All these cuts are processed further in subsequent refining processes .
= Peter I Island = Peter I Island ( Norwegian : Peter I Øy ) is an uninhabited volcanic island in the Bellingshausen Sea , 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) from Antarctica . It is claimed as a dependency of Norway , and along with Queen Maud Land and Bouvet Island comprises one of the three Norwegian dependent territories in the Antarctic and Subantarctic . Peter I Island is 11 by 19 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 8 by 11 @.@ 8 mi ) long and 156 square kilometres ( 60 sq mi ) , slightly larger than Staten Island . The tallest peak is the ultra and 1 @,@ 640 @-@ meter ( 5 @,@ 380 ft ) tall Lars Christensen Peak . Nearly all of the island is covered by a glacier and it is surrounded most of the year by pack ice , making it inaccessible almost all year round . There is little life on the island apart from seabirds and seals . The island was first sighted by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen on 21 January 1821 and was named for Peter I of Russia . Not until 2 February 1929 did anyone set foot on the island , when Nils Larsen and Ola Olstad 's Second Norvegia Expedition , financed by Lars Christensen , was successful . They claimed it for Norway , who annexed it in 1931 and made it a dependency in 1933 . The next landing occurred in 1948 and the island has been subject to some scientific research and a limited amount of tourism . The island became subject to the Antarctic Treaty in 1961 . Since 1987 , there has been an automated meteorological station on the island . Three amateur radio DX @-@ peditions have visited the island and there are sporadic landings by tourists . = = History = = The first sighting of Peter I Island was made on 21 January 1821 by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen 's expedition , who commanded the ships Vostok and Mirnyy under the Russian flag . He named the island for Tsar Peter I the Great of Russia . Drift ice made it impossible for Bellinghausen to come nearer than 25 kilometers ( 16 mi ) from the island . It was the first land to have been spotted south of the Antarctic Circle , and was thus also the southernmost sighted land at the time of its discovery . In January 1910 , the French expedition led by Jean @-@ Martin Charcot and his ship Pourquoi @-@ Pas confirmed Bellingshausen 's discovery , but they also did not land , being stopped 5 kilometers ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) from the island by pack ice . In 1926 and 1927 , Norwegian Eyvind Tofte circumnavigated and surveyed the island from Odd I. However , he was also prevented from landing . The Norwegian whale @-@ ship owner Lars Christensen financed several expeditions to the Antarctic , in part for research and in part to claim land for Norway . The latter was motivated by the British taxation of whaling stations in the Antarctic , and Christensen hoped to be able to establish stations on Norwegian territory to gain better privileges and so at least the taxes went to his home country . The first expedition to land on the island was the Christensen @-@ financed second Norvegia expedition , led by Nils Larsen and Ola Olstad . They landed on 2 February 1929 and claimed the island for Norway . Larsen attempted to land again in 1931 , but was hindered by pack ice . On 6 March 1931 , a Norwegian royal proclamation declared the island under Norwegian sovereignty and on 23 March 1933 the island was declared a dependency . The next landing occurred on 10 February 1948 by Larsen 's ship Brategg . Biological , geological and hydrographic surveys underwent for three days , before the pack ice forced the expedition to leave . The expedition built a hut and placed a copy of the document of occupation from 1929 inside . On 23 June 1961 , Peter I Island became subject to the Antarctic Treaty , after Norway 's signing of the treaty in 1959 . Since then , there have been several landings on the island by various nations for scientific investigations , as well as a limited number of ships that have successfully landed tourists on the island . In 1987 , the Norwegian Polar Institute sent five scientists to spend eleven days on the island . The main focuses were aerial photography and topographical measurements to allow an accurate map of the island to be produced . The second important area was marine biological investigations , although also geological , biological and other surveys were conducted . The team also built an automatic weather station . Three DX @-@ peditions have been sent to the island , in 1987 , 1994 and 2006 . = = Geography = = Peter I Island is a volcanic island located 450 kilometres ( 280 mi ) off the coast of Ellsworth Land of continental Antarctica . It has an area of 154 square kilometres ( 59 sq mi ) . The island is almost entirely covered by glacier , with about 95 % of the surface covered by ice . Surrounding the island is a 40 @-@ meter ( 130 ft ) tall ice front and vertical cliffs . The long stretches of ice caps are supplemented with rock outcrops . Landing is only possible at three points , and only during the short period of the year in which the island is not surrounded by pack ice . These landings take place on the west side at Kapp Ingrid Christensen , a peninsula which divides the bays Norvegiabukta and Sandefjordbukta . On the cape are some narrow strips of beach , which are suitable for landing . The beach in Norvegiabukta is just 4 meters ( 13 ft ) wide and is entered via the natural arch Tsarporten . On the west side is a plateau , while the north and south coasts feature ice shelves . The eastern side is the steepest and features two rock columns with flat tops in the sea . The island is a shield volcano , although it is not known if it is still active , and it has been categorized as either Holocene or historic , based on date samples ranging from 0 @.@ 1 to 0 @.@ 35 million years ago . The summit , Lars Christensen Peak , is a 100 @-@ metre ( 330 ft ) wide circular crater . An ultra prominent peak at 1 @,@ 640 metres ( 5 @,@ 380 ft ) elevation , it is named for Lars Christensen . It is not known whether this volcano is extinct or not , because the upper part is apparently unmodified by glaciation — indicating an eruption several centuries ago . = = Environment = = The island 's vegetation consists exclusively of mosses and lichens which have adapted to the extreme Antarctic climate . The island has a very harsh climate with strong winds and freezing temperatures . The steady snowfall keeps vegetation to a minimum . The island is a breeding ground for a few seabirds , particularly southern fulmars , but also Wilson 's storm petrels and Antarctic terns . Penguins , including Adélie and chinstrap penguins , visit the island infrequently . There are numerous seals , particularly crabeater seals , leopard seals and smaller numbers of southern elephant seals . = = Politics = = Peter I Island is one of Norway 's two territorial claims in Antarctica , the other being Queen Maud Land . Peter I Island is the only claim within 90 ° W and 150 ° W and is also the only claim which is not a sector . Being south of 60 ° S , the island is subject to the Antarctic Treaty . The treaty ensures free access to the island for any scientific investigation , and states that it can only be used for peaceful purposes . Norway , Australia , France , New Zealand and the United Kingdom have all mutually recognized each other 's claims in Antarctica . Norwegian administration of the island is handled by the Polar Affairs Department of the Ministry of Justice and Public Security , located in Oslo . The annexation of the island is regulated by the Dependency Act of 24 March 1933 . It establishes that Norwegian criminal law , private law and procedural law applies to the island , in addition to other laws that explicitly state they are valid on the island . It further establishes that all land belongs to the state , and prohibits the storage and detonation of nuclear products . Since 5 May 1995 , Norwegian law has required all Norwegian activity in Antarctica , including Peter I Island , to follow international environmental law for Antarctica . All Norwegian citizens who plan activities on Peter I Island must therefore report to the Norwegian Polar Institute , who may deny any non @-@ conforming activity . All people visiting the island must follow laws regarding protection of nature , treatment of waste , pollution and insurance for search and rescue operations .
= Great Northern Highway = Great Northern Highway links Western Australia 's capital city Perth with its northernmost port , Wyndham . With a length of almost 3 @,@ 200 kilometres ( 2 @,@ 000 mi ) , it is the longest highway in Australia , with the majority included as part of the Perth Darwin National Highway . The highway is constructed as a sealed , predominantly two @-@ lane single carriageway , but with some single @-@ lane bridges in the Kimberley . Great Northern Highway travels through remote areas of the state , and is the only sealed road link between the Northern Territory and northern Western Australia . Economically , it provides vital access through the Wheatbelt and Mid West to the resource @-@ rich regions of the Pilbara and Kimberley . In these areas , the key industries of mining , agriculture and pastoral stations , and tourism are all dependent on the highway . In Perth , the highway begins in Midland near Great Eastern Highway , and further north intersects the Reid and Roe highways , which together form Perth 's ring road . There are also three rural highways that spur off Great Northern Highway . Brand Highway and North West Coastal Highway provide an alternative coastal route between Muchea and Port Hedland , while Victoria Highway carries the National Highway route and interstate traffic into the Northern Territory . Various road routes are allocated to sections of Great Northern Highway , including the Highway 1 routes National Route 1 and National Highway 1 , as well as National Highway 95 . The highway was created in 1944 from existing roads in the Wheatbelt and a series of tracks through remote pastoral areas . However , it was a hazardous route that could be dusty in the dry season , and boggy or washed away in the wet season . Some sections were effectively impassable sand , while others contained limestone outcrops . Economic growth and development in northern Western Australia prompted initial improvement efforts , and the federal government 's Beef Roads Scheme in the 1960s resulted in a noticeably higher @-@ quality road in the Kimberley . Construction of a sealed road from Perth to Wyndham , including numerous bridges to reduce the impact of seasonal flooding , took many years to complete . The last section opened on 16 December 1989 , and received national media coverage . However , by then many older sections were either worn out or not up to modern standards . Various upgrades have been carried out in small sections , across the length of the highway , with further works planned . A major realignment of the highway in Perth is scheduled for construction between 2016 and 2019 , as part of the NorthLink WA project that will also upgrade Tonkin Highway . = = Route description = = Great Northern Highway is the main north @-@ south route between Perth and the northern areas of Western Australia . Covering a distance of 3 @,@ 195 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 985 mi ) , it is the longest highway in Australia . From Midland in Perth 's north @-@ east , the highway heads generally north @-@ east through the Wheatbelt and Mid West to Newman , north @-@ west to the coastal Pilbara town of Port Hedland , along the coastline to Broome , east to Halls Creek , and finally north to Wyndham , on the state 's northern coastline . Sixty kilometres ( 37 mi ) out from Wyndham , the highway intersects the start of Victoria Highway , which carries interstate traffic to the Northern Territory via Kununurra . Various road routes are allocated to sections of Great Northern Highway , which is mostly a National Highway route , and also forms part of Australia 's Highway 1 . It is signed as National Route 1 from Midland to Middle Swan , National Highway 95 and National Route 1 concurrently from Middle Swan to Muchea , National Highway 95 from Muchea to Mundabullangana , and National Highway 1 from Mundabullangana to Victoria Highway . The vast majority of the highway is a two @-@ lane single carriageway , although as of 2014 there are thirteen single @-@ lane bridges and four single @-@ lane floodways in the Kimberley . The speed limit is 110 kilometres per hour ( 70 mph ) except in and around built up areas . Great Northern Highway travels to remote areas of Western Australia , including the Munjina Roadhouse near the Hamersley Ranges , and the communities of Eighty Mile Beach , Wallal , Sandfire and Mandora , which are located between Broome and Port Hedland . It is the only sealed road between the Northern Territory border and major population centres in the north of the state . Economically , Great Northern Highway is also a vital link in the resource rich regions of the Wheatbelt , Mid West , Pilbara , and Kimberley . The key industries of mining , agriculture , and pastoral stations are all dependent on the highway as a significant and in some cases only method of transport . Tourism accounts for a significant portion of the road 's traffic , and is a growing part of or potential growth source for the regional economies . The highway provides access to a variety of tourist attractions , including New Norcia , the Yilgarn area , and various national parks , including Karijini . Parts of the highway itself are included in the tourist routes Swan Valley Tourist Drive ( Tourist Drive 203 ) in Perth , Chittering Valley Tourist Way ( Tourist Drive 359 ) in Bullsbrook , Midlands Tourist Way ( Tourist Drive 360 ) from Upper Swan to Walebing , and Geikie – Windjana Tourist Way ( Tourist Drive 350 ) from Geikie Gorge National Park to Fitzroy Crossing . Main Roads Western Australia monitors traffic volume across the state 's road network , including various locations along Great Northern Highway . From 2007 / 08 to 2008 / 09 , the recorded traffic volumes ranged between 7 @,@ 830 and 17 @,@ 710 vehicles per weekday in Perth , 510 to 2 @,@ 990 in the Wheatbelt , 470 to 590 in the Mid West , 390 to 10 @,@ 840 in the Pilbara , and 170 to 4 @,@ 090 in the Kimberley . The highest percentage of heavy traffic was 52 @.@ 5 % , north of Newman Drive in the Pilbara . Overall , Great Northern Highway performs favourably in terms of road safety , compared to other major highways in Western Australia . Whilst making up two thirds of the state 's National Highway network , it was the location of only half of all recorded fatalities for 2005 – 2009 . For that period , the sections of the highway from Wubin to the Sandfire Roadhouse , north @-@ east of Port Hedland , were considered by the Australian Automobile Association to be among the lowest risk highway links in the state . However , the section from Perth to Wubin was rated as medium risk , and the northern sections of the highway were rated medium @-@ high and high risk . In 2013 , Great Northern Highway received a similar rating , still higher overall than the other highways . Out of five stars , 21 % was rated as one- or two @-@ star , and 79 % was rated three- or four @-@ star , with the southern and northern ends of the highway generally less safe than the portion from Wubin to the Sandfire Roadhouse . = = = Perth = = = Great Northern Highway begins at Morrison Road , Midland , in Perth 's north @-@ eastern suburbs , signed as National Route 1 . Though it originally commenced at Great Eastern Highway , that section is no longer contiguous , and is now named Old Great Northern Highway . The highway heads north through Middle Swan , intersecting the start of Toodyay Road after 1 @.@ 3 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 8 mi ) , and then the meeting point of Reid and Roe Highways after another 1 @.@ 4 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 9 mi ) . Those highways come together from Perth 's ring road , signed as State Route 3 , and north of this intersection Great Northern Highway is concurrently allocated National Highway 95 and National Route 1 . It continues north through the Swan Valley for 9 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 6 mi ) , passing many wineries , restaurants , and other tourist attractions . The highway crosses the Swan River and intersects West Swan Road , before turning north @-@ east to travel around the residential part of Upper Swan . Great Northern Highway continues north for thirteen kilometres ( 8 mi ) beyond West Swan Road , past larger agricultural properties , to reach Bullsbrook , the last urban area within the Perth Metropolitan Region . After 11 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 7 mi ) beyond Bullsbrook , the highway reaches the edge of the Perth metropolitan area at the City of Swan – Shire of Chittering boundary , where it passes into the Wheatbelt . = = = Wheatbelt = = = In the Wheatbelt , Great Northern Highway links small town sites with the surrounding rural farmland , occasionally passing by remnant patches of woodlands . From the north @-@ eastern edge of Perth , the highway travels north for three kilometres ( 2 mi ) to Muchea , where the Brand Highway and National Route 1 branch off to the north @-@ west . Great Northern Highway and National Highway 95 continue north @-@ east for 26 kilometres ( 16 mi ) . It passes to the west of Lake Chittering , curves east to cross the Brockman River , and then back north to Bindoon . Five kilometres ( 3 mi ) further north , Bindoon – Moora Road branches off to the north @-@ west , while the highway skirts east briefly then continues north , reaching New Norcia after 46 kilometres ( 29 mi ) . The starting point of The Midlands Road is located at Walebing , 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) further north ; from there , Great Northern Highway heads north @-@ east for 18 kilometres ( 11 mi ) to Bindi Bindi , north for 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) to Miling , then east for 33 kilometres ( 21 mi ) to the northern end of Northam – Pithara Road , and shortly thereafter Pithara . From here , another 16 kilometres ( 10 mi ) takes the road to Dalwallinu , and Wubin is 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) further north . = = = Mid West = = = As Great Northern Highway heads north @-@ east from Wubin out of the Wheatbelt , the vegetation changes to arid shrubland . In the Mid West region , the long stretches between settlements show few signs of human activity , other than the highway itself . The first such settlement is Paynes Find , 154 kilometres ( 96 mi ) out from Wubin . At this point the highway heads north again , reaching Mount Magnet after 143 kilometres ( 89 mi ) , and then Cue after another 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) . The road travels north @-@ east for 115 kilometres ( 71 mi ) to Meekatharra , and then has a long 412 @-@ kilometre ( 256 mi ) stretch up to the northern edge of the Mid West at the Fortescue River , near Newman Airport . Halfway along this stretch the highway passes a roadhouse at Kumarina . = = = Pilbara = = = Four kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) after crossing the Fortescue River , Great Northern Highway intersects Marble Bar Road , the highway 's original alignment . It proceeds north to Marble Bar , mostly as an unsealed road , whilst the highway deviates north @-@ west , reaching Newman after three kilometres ( 2 mi ) . The flat landscape gives way to gentle ranges , which the highway meanders around as it heads west @-@ north @-@ west for 109 kilometres ( 68 mi ) . It then curves around to the north , proceeding over a distance of 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) to Karijini Road , the entrance road to the Karijini National Park . The highway continues north for another 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) , travelling through the north @-@ eastern corner of the national park to Nanutarra Munjina Road . Great Northern Highway proceeds on its journey north , crossing the Yule River and its tributaries . The highway then runs parallel to the Turner River over a 220 @-@ kilometre ( 140 mi ) distance until it reaches North West Coastal Highway . This junction is the northern terminus of the National Highway 95 , and Great Northern Highway continues north @-@ east as National Highway 1 – part of Australia 's Highway 1 , which is signed as National Route 1 along North West Coastal Highway . The turnoff for Port Hedland is 32 kilometres ( 20 mi ) north @-@ east of the intersection , and from there the highway heads east for 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) to the northern end of Marble Bar Road , and reaching Pardoo after another 72 kilometres ( 45 mi ) . It parallels the coastline thereafter , passing into the Kimberley region shortly after the Pardoo Roadhouse . = = = Kimberley = = = From Pardoo , Great Northern Highway travels north @-@ east , paralleling the coastline for 455 kilometres ( 283 mi ) , and passing Eighty Mile Beach near the Sandfire Roadhouse . The vegetation becomes denser woodlands once more as the highway heads into the Kimberley 's tropical monsoon climate . At Roebuck the highway turns east , heading inland , while Broome Roads spurs off to the west , connecting to Broome . After 145 kilometres ( 90 mi ) , the highway crosses the Fitzroy River on Willare Bridge and reaches the turnoff for Derby , Derby Highway , in Willare . Great Northern Highway continues east for 217 kilometres ( 135 mi ) to Fitzroy Crossing , where it crosses the Fitzroy River a second time . It continues east , curving around the southern side of the Margaret River , and reaching Tanami Road after 272 kilometres ( 169 mi ) . The town of Halls Creek and the Duncan Road turnoff are 17 kilometres ( 11 mi ) north @-@ east of there . From here the highway heads north for 313 kilometres ( 194 mi ) , past Warmun to Victoria Highway . The national highway route turns off at Victoria Highway , travelling past Kununurra to cross into the Northern Territory . Great Northern Highway , however , continues north @-@ west without a route number , passing the eastern end of Gibb River Road after eight kilometres ( 5 mi ) , and reaching Wyndham following another 48 kilometres ( 30 mi ) . The highway continues on for six kilometres ( 3 @.@ 7 mi ) to reach the original townsite and the harbour , where it takes on the local names Odonnell Street , McPhee Street , and Harbour Road . = = History = = = = = Highway origins = = = The name Great Northern Highway was first proposed in October 1940 by the state 's Nomenclature Advisory Committee , to describe the main route from Midland to Geraldton , Western Australia . This was following the naming of the Great Eastern and Great Southern highways . The Midland Junction Municipal Council approved the name , however at the Geraldton Municipal Council meeting , one councillor suggested that Great Midland Highway would be a better name . The reasoning was that Geraldton was in the centre of the state 's coastline , not in the north . It was explained that the highway would continue north past Geraldton , and the council voted to approve the name . By July 1941 , the Nomenclature Advisory Committee 's proposal had expanded to three highway names for the roads in the state 's northern areas : Great Northern Highway for " the road from Midland Junction Town Hall to Wyndham , via Walebing , Pithara , Wubin , Payne 's Find , Mt . Magnet , Cue , Nannine , Meekatharra , Roy Hill , Nullagine , Marble Bar , Mulyee , De Grey , Pardoo , Wallal , Anna Plains , Le Grange , Broome , Derby , Noonkanbah , Fitzroy Crossing , Christmas Creek , Louisa Downs , Hall 's Creek and Turkey Creek " , North West Coastal Highway for " the road from Geraldton to De Grey , via Northampton , Galena , Carnarvon , Boolaganoo , Winning Pool , Giralia , Yanrey , Onslow , Peedamullah , Mardie , Karratha , Roebourne , Whim Creek , Mundabullangana and Port Hedland " , and Geraldton Highway for " the road from Walebing to Geraldton via Mingenew " . The proposal was well received by the local municipal councils and road boards . The name Great Northern Highway was gazetted on 10 March 1944 , under section 10 of the Land Act , 1933 – 1939 . However , the highway was mostly a series of tracks through remote pastoral areas , with the sealed road ending just past the Wheatbelt town of Miling in 1950 . Driving was difficult and hazardous all year round . The road was very dusty in the dry season , and some sections of the road were effectively impassable sand , while other sections contained limestone outcrops that damaged tyres . During the wet season , when rivers flooded , sections of road were essentially bogs , or worse still , were completely washed away . = = = Sealing the highway = = = = = = = Initial efforts = = = = Economic growth and development in Western Australia 's northern regions in the 1940s prompted the state to quadruple road funding between 1946 and 1952 . Five " gangs " of workers were allocated to a 1 @,@ 600 @-@ mile ( 2 @,@ 600 km ) length of Great Northern Highway between Meekatharra and Wyndham . However , given the vast distance the highway travelled , and destructive cyclones in the Pilbara and Gascoyne that could destroy multiple weeks worth of work , the overall improvement was relatively insignificant . Over time , though , the road was improved . New alignments were constructed , such as between Derby and Fitzroy Crossing in the late 1940s , which had originally followed the curve of the Fitzroy River , along its floodplain , and could only be used in the dry season . The new alignment was a more direct 180 @-@ mile ( 290 km ) section , with the first five miles ( 8 km ) sealed , a total of 68 miles ( 109 km ) of gravel road , and the remainder simply formed earth . Despite this low construction standard , the road remained passable except for short periods during heavy rain . = = = = Beef Roads Scheme = = = = In 1961 , the federal government passed the Western Australian Grants ( Beef Cattle Roads ) Act 1961 , known as the Beef Roads Scheme , that encouraged road building in the Kimberley . This had followed on from an earlier federal grant scheme in 1949 for the construction of a road from Nicholson to Wyndham . The road allowed trucks to efficiently transport cattle to port , rather than the slow cattle drives that could lose stock and take weeks to complete . The 1961 Beef Roads Scheme initially included upgrading the Wyndham to Halls Creek section of Great Northern Highway as one of three projects in the region . One year later the scheme was expanded to include the Broome to Halls Creek section of the highway , and several bridge construction projects . However , the resources allocated to Great Northern Highway were needed to maintain the highway as an unsealed road in a usable condition , rather than to completely seal the roadway . In 1963 , work was completed on stabilising a 42 @-@ mile ( 68 km ) sandy section to prevent vehicles from becoming bogged , a 29 @-@ mile ( 47 km ) section was realigned to avoid the Fortescue River floodplain , and 25 miles ( 40 km ) between Marble Bar and Port Hedland was also realigned to minimise the effects of wet weather . = = = = Perth to Newman = = = = The projects funded by the Beef Roads Scheme resulted in a noticeably higher quality road in the Kimberley , but work still progressed on other sections of the highway . In 1970 , a single @-@ lane sealed section was completed between Perth and Meekatharra . The project was one of the first in the state to be constructed by contractors rather than by Main Roads directly . It cost $ 9 million , two @-@ thirds of which was spent after 1959 . The next section to be upgraded and sealed was from Meekatharra to Newman , a 414 @-@ kilometre @-@ long ( 257 mi ) project that would take four and a half years to construct . Due to the remoteness of the location , airstrips were built alongside the highway , so that workers could be flown in from Geraldton . The highway was realigned in several spots , to avoid difficult areas , improve river crossings , or give drivers a more scenic view of the surrounding area . New bridges were constructed along the route , including a reinforced concrete bridge at the Fortescue River , and a four @-@ span bridge over the Gascoyne River 's Middle Branch . By December 1978 , the sealed road reached Newman , with the project completed three months ahead of schedule , and at a cost of $ 20 million , $ 1 million under budget . With a 7 @.@ 4 @-@ metre @-@ wide ( 24 ft ) seal and 2 @.@ 4 @-@ metre @-@ wide ( 8 ft ) shoulders , the road could easily accommodate two lanes of traffic . Previously sealed sections , totalling 485 kilometres ( 301 mi ) of the highway , were less than half that width . Premier Charles Court opened the new and improved highway on 12 December 1978 . = = = = Port Hedland to Wyndham = = = = The two @-@ lane sealed road between Halls Creek and Wyndham was also completed in 1978 . It involved the construction of 21 bridges , and extensive earthworks designed to blend the road into the terrain . The section was opened on 23 July 1978 by the Minister for Transport , at a cost of over $ 20 million . Meanwhile , work on sealing and upgrading the 476 @-@ kilometre @-@ long ( 296 mi ) section from Port Hedland and Broome began in 1976 . With up to five contractors and four Main Roads teams working throughout the project , it was completed at an extraordinarily rapid pace . It opened in April 1981 at a cost of $ 56 million . With the opening of this section , tourist traffic escalated . Cape Keraudren , Eighty Mile Beach , and Broome became increasingly favoured destinations , especially for residents of the Pilbara . Work accelerated in the 1980s as part of the Australian Bicentenary Road Development program . From October 1982 , the program provided $ 2 @.@ 5 billion to upgrade the country 's roads in the lead up to Australia 's bicentenary in 1988 . By this time , the only sections of Great Northern Highway yet to be sealed were a 275 @-@ kilometre ( 171 mi ) stretch from Fitzroy Crossing to Halls Creek , and another 416 kilometres ( 258 mi ) between Newman and Port Hedland . Construction of the Fitzroy Crossing to Halls Creek section began in October 1981 . The route had been surveyed in 1979 ; with the collaboration of the Western Australian Museum , Main Roads ensured it would not impact important Aboriginal heritage sites . After five years of work , including the construction of nine bridges , the widened and sealed section was completed on 7 September 1986 . At the time , this was the final section of the nationwide Highway 1 to be sealed , and there was national interest . The media captured the completion on camera , while the federal Minister for Transport , Peter Morris , together with the Western Australian Minister for the North West , Ernie Bridge , rode on the bitumen truck for the final spray . With this section completed , the Newman to Port Hedland section of Great Northern Highway was the only significant section of unsealed highway in Western Australia . = = = = Newman to Port Hedland = = = = A realignment of the highway between Newman and Port Hedland had been proposed since 1976 , which would see the road deviate to the west at Newman , and travel via Wittenoom instead of Marble Bar . In the early 1980s , eleven route corridors were investigated by Main Roads . The potential impacts on the natural environment , regional economy , tourism , and resident population were considered , with particular concern for the crossing of the Hamersley Range . As the highway would pass through the Hamersley National Park , the Environmental Protection Authority decided in 1983 that an Environment Review and Management Program report was required for the Newman to White Springs section . Consultants prepared the report for Main Roads , which found that the key risks were erosion , visual impact , and possible damage to flora . A detailed survey was carried out , which included the use of laser and infra @-@ red measuring devices from within a helicopter , and numerous field trips to determine the final alignment and bridge sites . A comprehensive Environmental Impact Statement was then produced , and the project was approved in mid @-@ 1984 . In early 1986 , the contract for this 12 @-@ kilometre ( 7 @.@ 5 mi ) segment through the Munjina and Mungina East gorges was awarded . Construction of this segment involved tight control over earthworks and machinery movements , to protect the National Park ecology . The finished road was a scenic route curving down through the Munjina Gorge and out onto the Fortescue River flood plain , with cuttings and embankments blending it in with the natural environment . It was opened on 12 June 1987 by the federal Minister for Transport , Peter Morris , having cost $ 28 @.@ 4 million . Other portions of the Newman – Port Hedland link were completed over the next two years , with the last part officially opened on 16 December 1989 by Bob Brown and Bob Pearce , the federal and state transport ministers . This last section of Great Northern Highway also completed the sealing of the National Highway , and the opening ceremony , held on location 212 kilometres ( 132 mi ) south of Port Hedland , received national media coverage . = = = Fitzroy River crossing , Willare = = = In the late 1960s , Main Roads investigated alternative crossing points over the Fitzroy River , to replace the existing low @-@ level bridge at Yeeda . Flooding in January 1966 had demonstrated that Willare was the best site . The new route would be eight miles ( 13 km ) longer , and required two bridges , but would result in a better quality road . When tenders were called , the river flooded again , washing away 170 feet ( 52 m ) of the old bridge . Rather than reconstruct the low @-@ level crossing , the construction timeframe was shortened from 18 months to 38 weeks . The 1 @,@ 280 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 390 m ) Willare Bridge and 640 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 200 m ) Minnie River Bridge opened on 12 June 1968 , having cost almost $ 700 @,@ 000 . While situated seven feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) higher than the worst known flood level , the single @-@ lane bridges were designed to accommodate more extensive flood levels , with the water flowing over them if necessary . By the early 1980s , it was clear that the Fitzroy River crossing was still inadequate . Seasonal flooding had closed the road several times , and damaged the embankments leading up the bridges . The crossing had been closed for twenty four days in 1982 ; while in 1983 , the most severe flooding since 1914 extensively damaged 2 @.@ 6 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 6 mi ) of the highway , closing it for twenty @-@ five days . To alleviate the problem , two new bridges were built in 1985 , and the road was widened and raised two to three metres ( 6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in ) above the flood plain . The earthworks for the project included constructing guide banks to direct excess water to flow over floodways , which were protected with rocks . This was designed to minimise the time the road would be closed in such a scenario . The $ 11 million upgraded crossing was opened on 19 December 1985 by the federal Minister for Transport , Peter Morris . Then , one month later , Cyclone Hector produced 70 % more water than the crossing had been designed for . Water overflowed the road all along the flood plain , not just at designated floodways , ravaging the shoulders and then destroying sections of road . Four to five kilometres ( 2 @.@ 5 to 3 @.@ 1 mi ) of the highway was washed away , leaving the bridges isolated and disconnected . The road was closed from 27 January to 14 February 1986 , with $ 200 @,@ 000 spent just to make the crossing passable . It was then redesigned and rebuilt at a cost of $ 1 @.@ 9 million to make it more flood resistant . = = = Further improvements = = = Despite the provision of a completely sealed road , there was still much work to be done on the highway , with many older sections either worn out or not up to modern standards . Narrow sections were widened to a full seven metres ( 23 ft ) , and repairs made to the road , shoulders , fencing , and line markings as required , with work carried out in sections and progressing along the length of the highway . Four overtaking lanes were constructed between Mount Magnet and Cue in 1991 ; and between 1991 and 1993 , there were eight contracts awarded to widen , reconstruct , and seal a combined total of more than 190 kilometres ( 120 mi ) of the highway . A range of projects were carried out across the length of the highway between 1996 and 2006 . By 1998 , a 157 @-@ kilometre ( 98 mi ) section between the Sandfire Roadhouse and Victoria Highway had been improved at a cost of $ 1 @.@ 1 million , and another 42 kilometres ( 26 mi ) north of Meekatharra was improved for $ 12 million in 1999 . Two bridges were constructed in the vicinity of Halls Creek in 2000 , and another four in 2004 / 05 , replacing floodways so that the highway would remain open during floods . Similarly , 100 kilometres ( 62 mi ) north of Halls Creek , the 240 @-@ metre @-@ long ( 0 @.@ 15 mi ) Jarlalu Bridge over the Ord River was constructed to replace a single @-@ lane floodway , and was opened in January 2003 . That same year , the bridges over the Fortescue and Gascoyne Rivers were strengthened to increase the highway 's load capacity . Modifications were made to the steep ascent of the Darling Scarp at Bindoon Hill between February 2002 and April 2003 , and Great Northern Highway was realigned to bypass the Dalwallinu town centre . Work on Great Northern Highway has been continuous . From 2004 to 2010 , the Muchea to Wubin section was upgraded , with parts reconstructed and realigned , and traffic lights installed at the intersection with Brand Highway . In the Kimberley , five sections between Halls Creek and Victoria Highway were improved between 2008 and 2009 with regards to pavement strength , alignment , safety , and flood resistance . From 2005 to 2010 , the Perth section , through the Swan Valley , was upgraded , with the road widened , turning and overtaking lanes constructed , and street lighting improved . Construction of a realignment around Port Hedland 's Wedgefield industrial area , including a new parclo interchange at Wilson Street , began towards the end of 2012 . It was opened to traffic on 17 June 2014 , and on 23 July 2014 , Deputy Prime Minister Warren Truss , Federal Member for Durack Melissa Price , and Pilbara MLA Brendon Grylls officially opened the project . It was finalised in August . In October 2013 , construction began on a project to straighten and widen Great Northern Highway 's curves around Bindi Bindi . The project was completed and opened to traffic on 27 February 2015 , and allowed the speed limit to be raised from 80 to 110 km / h ( 50 to 70 mph ) . A 21 @-@ kilometre @-@ long ( 13 mi ) section between Batty Bog Road ( north of New Norcia ) and Walebing was reconstructed between September 2014 and 2015 . = = Future = = Further upgrading is planned for Great Northern Highway at its southern end , as well as elsewhere along the highway . Planning has been completed for widening an 11 @.@ 4 @-@ kilometre ( 7 @.@ 1 mi ) section of Fitzroy Crossing , including replacing two single @-@ lane bridges . As of 2014 , the project is awaiting federal approval , and construction is unfunded . = = = Perth Darwin National Highway = = = In the early 1990s , a corridor study conducted by Main Roads into the long @-@ term needs of the Perth to Darwin National Highway concluded the existing Great Northern Highway , with bypasses around rural towns and the Swan Valley , was the most suitable route for the National Highway . Planning the alignment for the southernmost section , from Reid Highway in Perth to Bindoon , was undertaken from 2003 to 2013 . It resulted in the planned alignment commencing from Tonkin Highway , bypassing the Swan Valley and Bullsbrook before reconnecting with Great Northern Highway near Brand Highway . Great Northern Highway is then followed until the Brockman River , where the planned route deviates to the east to bypass Bindoon , reconnecting with the existing Highway near Bindoon – Moora Road . The first stage of construction is being undertaken as part of the NorthLink WA project . Tonkin Highway 's northern section will be grade separated , and the road extended northwards past Ellenbrook to Great Northern Highway near Brand Highway . The previously planned route of the bypass , prior to 2012 , followed Lord Street , east of Whiteman Park . The project is funded by both the state and federal governments . Construction is expected to begin in 2016 , and be completed by 2019 . = = = Muchea to Wubin Stage 2 Upgrade = = = In late 2015 Main Roads completed a planning review for an upgrade of the highway between Muchea and Wubin . Known as Muchea to Wubin Stage 2 Upgrade , the project continues work undertaken on this section from 2000 to improve the road to National Highway standards . Several bypasses , realignments , and other improvements have been planned at or near Muchea , Bindoon , New Norcia , Walebing , Miling , Pithara , Dalwallinu , Nugadong , and Wubin . Sections near Bindi Bindi and Batty Bog , completed in 2015 , were included in the review . The highest priority works are scheduled to be completed between 2016 and 2019 . These include the New Norcia Bypass , Milling Straight section , Muchea North section ( designed to link to the NorthLink WA project ) , and Milling Bypass . As of November 2015 , designs are being finalised for the Walebing Curve , Dalwallinu Bypass , Nugadong , and Wubin Bypass section , while funding has not been confirmed for the Bindoon upgrades . = = Major intersections = =
= Dexter ( episode ) = " Dexter " , or " Pilot " , is the pilot episode of the first season television drama series Dexter , which premiered on October 1 , 2006 on Showtime in the United States . The episode was written by developer James Manos , Jr. and directed by Michael Cuesta . It was based on the opening of the novel Darkly Dreaming Dexter by Jeff Lindsay . The pilot introduces the series ' protagonist , Dexter Morgan ( Michael C. Hall ) , a Miami Metro Police Department blood spatter analyst with a double life as a serial killer . While solving murders in the Homicide division , Dexter also spends his time hunting and killing murderers and criminals who have escaped the justice system . The pilot introduces the " Ice Truck Killer " , a serial killer who targets prostitutes and leaves their bodies dismembered and bloodless , and the rivalry that develops between the killer and Dexter . Jeff Lindsay was initially against casting Michael C. Hall to play Dexter , but changed his mind after seeing him speak only one line of the script . The crew began filming the pilot in Miami , but were unable to finish due to the overlap of production with the hurricane season . In spite of a subsidy from the state of Florida , the crew moved to Los Angeles , where the remainder of filming took place ; footage shot in both Miami and Los Angeles were used in the episode . " Dexter " was watched by over one million viewers , giving Showtime its highest ratings in almost two years . Critical reception of the pilot was mostly positive , though critics of Variety , LA Weekly , and The Wall Street Journal found that it was " unpleasant " to watch . In 2007 , CBS announced that it would broadcast the show over the public airwaves , which sparked controversy with the Parents Television Council ( PTC ) . The PTC did not want the show to be broadcast because it " compelled viewers to empathize with a serial killer " ; in response , CBS replaced expletives , cut out bloody scenes and gave the show a TV @-@ 14 rating . The eventual premiere of the show on CBS was on February 17 , 2008 , and was watched by 8 @.@ 1 million viewers . = = Plot = = The pilot commences with Dexter driving through Miami , summarizing , in a monologue , that something is to occur on that night . After a choir performance at a bandstand , Dexter kidnaps Mike Donovan ( Jim Abele ) , a pastor who rapes and murders young boys , takes him to a remote cabin in the Everglades , and forces him to look at the bodies of his victims . Before sedating him , Dexter explains that he could never kill a child , because he abides by a moral code . Later , Donovan awakes to find himself strapped to a table . Dexter makes an incision in Donovan 's cheek with a scalpel and collects his blood in a slide , and then proceeds to kill him . Dexter , returning from dumping Donovan 's remains , narrates that he is not sure why he feels the need to kill , and speaks of his adoptive parents , Harry and Doris Morgan , both of whom are dead . At his apartment , Dexter stores Donovan 's blood in a case containing the blood of his other victims . Dexter explains that he kills according to a code taught to him by his foster father who , as a Miami police officer , instructed Dexter on how to avoid being caught , and to kill only those who " deserve it " . Flashbacks throughout the episode reveal that Harry first decided to impart these " lessons " upon Dexter after discovering that the boy had been killing neighborhood pets . Dexter receives a voice message from his foster sister Debra Morgan ( Jennifer Carpenter ) , a police officer in the vice department and , Dexter believes , the only person who loves him . Debra says she is at a crime scene and wants him to be there , because she needs his help . Dexter arrives and Debra , undercover as a prostitute , informs him that another hooker has been killed , the third in five months . Dexter inspects the victim and is shocked to learn that the chopped up corpse is bloodless . Dexter leaves , awed by the killer 's technique , and says that due to the lack of blood he can 't help out . At the police station , Dexter discusses another murder case being handled by James Doakes ( Erik King ) , who hates Dexter and suspects he is hiding something . Dexter suggests that it was a crime of passion , rather than the bad drug deal Doakes believes it to be . Dexter surveils Jamie Jaworski , a murderer who escaped justice due to a faulty warrant , and breaks into his home to find proof of his crime . Once he confirms that Jaworski is guilty , Dexter meets with his girlfriend Rita Bennett ( Julie Benz ) , a domestic violence victim . Because of her violent past with her husband , Rita has no interest in sex , and Dexter secretly feels comfortable with the lack of intimacy . Rita has two young children , Astor and Cody , whom Dexter genuinely feels for . While on a date with Rita , Dexter finds another crime scene in which the victim has been cut into pieces with no traces of blood ; this time , however , the head is missing . Dexter theorizes that the killer murders his victims in extreme cold , explaining the absence of blood . Dexter further suggests that a stolen refrigerated truck is being used for the murders . Dexter allows Debra to pitch the theory , but their superior officer , Lt. María LaGuerta ( Lauren Vélez ) , who dislikes Debra , dismisses it . Dexter captures Jaworski , who admits his guilt and explains that he has no remorse for his act . After killing Jaworski , Dexter drives to see Rita , but is sidetracked when he sees a refrigerated truck . Dexter follows the truck , and the driver throws a severed head at Dexter 's car . When the police squad arrives , LaGuerta confirms that Doakes ' case was indeed a crime of passion . Dexter arrives at Rita 's apartment , where she expresses interest in taking their relationship to a more intimate level , under the impression that this is what Dexter wants . Dexter feels uncomfortable and is saved when Rita 's son , Cody , gets sick next door and needs his mother to pick him up . When Dexter arrives home , he finds a doll 's head on his refrigerator door . Inside the freezer , he finds the other parts of the doll , severed just like the bloodless bodies of the dead women . Dexter views the doll as an invitation to play , which he accepts gladly . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = Showtime began developing the series at the start of 2005 , planning for it to be based on the novel by Jeff Lindsay . By February , Emmy @-@ winning writer James Manos , Jr . ( a writer for The Sopranos ) was on board to write the pilot script with John Goldwyn , with Sara Colleton as executive producer . By June 13 , 2005 , Showtime had given the show a green @-@ light to be aired for the next year . The premise of the episode follows the same storyline as Jeff Lindsay 's novel Darkly Dreaming Dexter , the first in the series of novels on which the television show is based , albeit with many additional elements and altered characters . Dexter was released on Showtime as part of a batch of new programs for the network , along with Brotherhood , This American Life and a reality TV series called Sexual Healing . = = = Casting = = = Michael C. Hall received the script for Dexter in July 2005 , after just having finished the fifth and final season of HBO 's Six Feet Under . Hall was one of the few cast members not to audition for their roles ; Robert Greenblatt and Michael Cuesta approached him with the script . Hall said that he didn 't think " the role was created with me in mind but I think that once the pilot script emerged at Showtime , both Robert Greenblatt and Michael Cuesta independently thought of me for the role and then approached me about it . " Hall was in New York and thinking of going back to theatre work , and had no intention of returning to television so quickly . However , he changed his mind after reading the script , because he was " intrigued by the macabre mix of dark humor , chilling violence , and a unique central character . " He also said that he " realized it was a big commitment and certainly appreciated that coming off of Six Feet Under " but said that he " couldn 't pass it up " . Lindsay was initially against casting Hall , based on seeing him on Six Feet Under , but after he saw Hall speak one line of the script , Lindsay changed his mind , describing Hall as " absolutely perfect " to portray Dexter . To prepare for the part , Hall read various books on the psychology of serial killers , read transcripts of interviews with serial killers , and spent time with the head blood @-@ spatter analyst at the Miami precinct . He also watched people in New York restaurants to get a feel for what it would be like to stalk them . Julie Benz was given a copy of the script in 2005 , and was asked to audition for the part of Rita Bennett . She was surprised she was asked to audition , because the script was " one of the best pilot scripts [ she ] ever read . " She also read for the part of Debra , and joked that she would have auditioned for Dexter 's role had she been able to . Benz had been a " disgustingly huge " fan of Michael C. Hall from his role in Six Feet Under and she said in an interview with Vanity Fair that " I was such a fan of his from Six Feet Under , to the point where my cell @-@ phone ring was the show ’ s theme song . I had to change it once I got cast ! " . The script was also presented to James Remar , who auditioned for the part of Harry Morgan , because it was a character he " really related to " and had waited for most of his life to play . As a former police officer , actor David Zayas was immediately interested in the role of Sgt. Angel Batista . After appearing in Oz for a season , Erik King , was looking for a " different " acting chance , he " loved " the character of Sgt. Doakes , after reading the script . South Korean actor C.S. Lee , who has a recurring role on the show as forensics specialist Vince Masuka , was asked for the part after Dexter producers recognized him in guest parts on Spin City , Law & Order : Criminal Intent and The Sopranos . Lee accepted the part because of the " fantastic " writing . By September 15 , Jennifer Carpenter had joined the cast to play the part of Debra Morgan . Carpenter had enough time before her audition to read the Dexter books , but admitted that she " didn ’ t exactly see myself in the books . I knew that it was going to be a TV show and that it had the potential to go for five to seven years , so I tried to make Deb as similar to me as possible and to bring out the parts of myself that were like Deb . I think that may have helped in the audition and it has certainly helped sustain such a long run with one character . " She also stated that she enjoyed cursing on television , but found it hard to stop it creeping into her real life . In June 2006 Geoff Pierson was cast as Cpt . Matthews . The series stars Lauren Vélez ( Maria LaGuerta ) , David Zayas ( Angel Batista ) and Erik King ( James Doakes ) , all previously starred in the American HBO television drama series Oz . = = = Filming , editing and cinematography = = = Filming of the episode took place in Miami and Los Angeles . Shooting began on the first episode on 18 September . The network took advantage of the Florida Film Commission incentive program which provided a 15 % rebate of all money spent in Florida on the production ( which was up to $ 2 million ) to encourage film and television production in the state . The incentive was first launched in 2003 , and was refunded by the state legislature for 2006 with $ 10 million , its largest budget to date . President of Entertainment at Showtime , Robert Greenblatt said " I 've always felt that location is a strong starring character and adds to the success of many shows . " The crew originally wanted to shoot the entire pilot in Miami , but during the first two weeks of filming , three hurricanes went by : Katrina , Rita , and Wilma . Since further filming was to take place during the hurricane season , and it was not possible to get insurance , the crew was forced to move to elsewhere . Though the state of Florida offered a US $ 450 @,@ 000 subsidy , the Dexter crew relocated to Los Angeles . Executive producer Sara Colleton explained that the filming crew tried to create a different version of Miami in Los Angeles , that differed from the " glossy look " Miami has in CSI : Miami and Miami Vice . " Dexter " was shot in HD ; cinematographer Romeo Tirone said he experienced some difficulties because HD " sees everything . " As opposed to Dexter 's " disturbing " environment , Tirone tried to give Rita 's home a " warmer , safer , happier place " with " a dark side to it , " doing so by letting more light come through the windows . Editor Elena Maganini was contacted by episode director Michael Cuesta after he saw her previous work with director John McNaughton ; Maganini had previously worked on a serial killer movie entitled Henry : Portrait of a Serial Killer . Michael Cuesta said that when he met Elena he " ... thought she had great instincts , was relaxed and didn ’ t pretend to know exactly who this character was . " He said that " ... that , and all her work with John McNaughton , helped convince me to bring her onto the pilot . She ’ s done serial killers ; she ’ s done noirs . She gets that world . " Veteran television editor Scott K. Wallace was hired later , on Maganini 's suggestion . Wallace and Maganini had already worked with each other on Tarzan . They worked on the flashback sequences in the episode , which they tried to make " very dreamlike , " identifying as Dexter 's " Dark Passenger , " which urges Dexter to kill as explained in Lindsay 's novels . After the pilot was filmed , the footage filmed in Miami was mixed with the footage of Los Angeles . = = = Shooting locations = = = = = = = Miami = = = = The first scene , with Dexter cruising through the Miami streets , was filmed on location , along Ocean Drive in South Beach . They used Ocean Drive again for the scene in which Dexter strolls through the streets with an ice cream , before meeting with Rita and once more , in the same street , for the next episode , Crocodile , for the scene whereby Dexter and Debra find the Ice truck killer 's truck . They also used a gazebo in a park in Miami Springs , Florida , located around seven miles northwest of Miami , for the boy choir scene in which shortly after the choir ends , Dexter kidnaps Mike Donovan . They used several water locations in Miami , to illustrate Dexter on his boat , the " Slice of Life " . These locations include Biscayne Bay and Virginia Key island ( used for the flashbacks of the 8 @-@ year old Dexter , talking with Harry about his homicidal tendencies , and then later re @-@ used in Crocodile ) . The condo used to portray Dexter 's apartment is also in Miami . The Seven Seas Motel is an actual location and they didn 't change the name for the motel . There is genuinely a pool outside and the room 105 was rented for the day for them to shoot in it . They also shot in Doral Park Country Club to portray the valet station where Jaworski works . = = = = Los Angeles = = = = The house used for Rita 's abode is actually in Long Beach , California , and is in a residential area known as Los Altos . The Los Altos neighborhood has been used extensively in shooting Dexter . The team used 6 different homes in that area alone in the first season : Dexter 's childhood home , Angel 's house , the house of the neighbor with the noisy dog , the Dade City house that Dexter inherits from his biological father , and the house of the old lady across the street . It 's also close to the intersection where the " Ice Truck Killer " stopped his car to check on his captive ( Debra ) in the car trunk . = = = Promotion = = = As promotion for the show , Showtime posted a preview of the pilot on their website . In September 2006 , CBS and YouTube struck a strategic content and advertising partnership , and the YouTube CBS Brand Channel started including daily contributions from the Showtime network , including promotional video clips from its critically acclaimed original series , such as Dexter . On October 28 , after the first few episodes had aired , Showtime made it easier for viewers to catch up with the show by dedicating a whole night to showing the first five episodes . = = CBS broadcast controversy = = In December 2007 , CBS announced that it was considering Dexter for broadcast over the public airwaves , making Dexter the first show in 20 years to air on a broadcast network after it had been shown on a premium cable channel . However , the Parents Television Council ( PTC ) publicly protested the decision , because of the show 's graphic violence . In a 2008 press release , PTC president Tim Winter stated the following : We are formally asking CBS to cancel its plan to air the first season of Dexter on its television network . This show is not suitable for airing on broadcast television ; it should remain on a premium subscription cable network . The biggest problem with the series is something that no amount of editing can get around : the series compels viewers to empathize with a serial killer , to root for him to prevail , to hope he doesn ’ t get discovered . Dexter introduces audiences to the depths of depravity and indifference as it chronicles the main character 's troubled quest for vigilante justice by celebrating graphic , premeditated murder . Although some critics objected to Dexter 's edited broadcast , CBS , in response to the PTC , moved it up to a later timeslot and replaced expletives , using substitutes such as " frickin ' " and " mother lover " . Also , the scene in the car , in which Dexter inappropriately touches Rita thinking of bloodless bodies was removed . In addition , bloody scenes were cut out by the network , as well as giving the show a TV @-@ 14 Rating . While the PTC was still against CBS airing the episode , CBS eventually broadcast the episode on February 17 , 2008 . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings and viewership = = = The pilot premiered on October 1 , 2006 . It was watched by 603 @,@ 000 viewers , the highest audience numbers for a series premiere since Fat Actress aired in March 2005 . Dexter bested the series premieres of Weeds , Brotherhood , Sleeper Cell and Huff . An encore from 10 : 00 to 11 : 00 , one hour after the initial broadcast , brought in 443 @,@ 000 viewers , bringing the total number of viewers to over a million , giving Showtime its highest ratings in nearly two years . The edited version of the pilot episode that was broadcast on CBS on February 17 , 2008 , was watched by 8 @.@ 1 million viewers , finishing third in its timeslot and giving CBS its best ratings in the 10 p.m. timeslot since December 2007 . Just under 300 @,@ 000 viewers watched Dexter 's premiere on FX in the United Kingdom , on July 10 , 2007 . On July 7 , 2008 Dexter premiered in Australia on Network Ten , where it was watched by a little less than a million viewers , finishing highest in the 18 @-@ 49 , 16 @-@ 39 and 25 @-@ 54 demographics . = = = Critical reaction = = = Reviews of the pilot were generally positive . David Hinckley of the New York Daily News called it " bold , different and exciting , with a central character and performance that take your breath away " . Hinckley praised Hall 's dynamic Emmy @-@ worthy performance , and the " indispensable and haunting " narration . Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune claimed " to deny yourself the engrossing Dexter based on its subject matter would be to miss out on one of television 's most fiendishly intelligent new dramas " . Ryan enjoyed the series ' black comedy aspects , which she thought were " infused with the most pitch @-@ dark irony on television " . Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe was impressed by Hall 's grand performance , especially in his ability to make Dexter likable . Gilbert praised the set designers , comparing the crime scenes to a Vanity Fair photo spread . Critics reacted positively to the character of Dexter . Entertainment Weekly 's Josh Wolk called him " the hippest @-@ looking killer since American Psycho 's Patrick Bateman " . The San Francisco Chronicle 's Tim Goodman said " What makes the series work so well is twofold . Hall is magnificent ; it 's another sterling performance from him . But instead of being pent up yet emotionally explosive , like his David Fisher on " Six Feet Under , " he 's cool and calculated and entirely without compassion as Dexter . That makes him alluring , in a strange way. while Ryan found him to be " among the more compelling characters on the small screen " . Gilbert described Dexter as a cross between Hannibal Lecter and Clarice Starling , calling him a vigilante obsessive murderer with a slippery personality , but " also a hero of sorts " . InsidePulse.com reviewer Mathan Erhardt said that the episode did not quite meet his expectations and that " to me the major flaw in the show is Dexter ’ s noir @-@ esque narration " , although he finished the review by saying " Dexter , despite it ’ s [ sic ] flaws is yet another reason why Sunday night is one of my favorite nights to watch TV . " IGN gave the pilot episode an " Outstanding " rating of 9 out of 10 , with Dan Iverson starting his review by saying " Every once and a while [ sic ] a show will come along that will be so creepy and so intriguing that you feel compelled to watch . Dexter is one of those shows . " and summarized with " The pilot episode did an extremely good job hooking us into the world of Dexter . We are meant to feel confused by his actions , and only time will tell how the show deals with this topic - will Dexter ever go too far , making us turn on our protagonist ? There are so many questions that we have about this show , and that is a good thing . Personally we cannot wait to see how long this game of cat @-@ and @-@ mouse goes on with the unknown serial killer and Dexter . With the solid introduction to the series , characters , and future storylines , we can 't help but recommend Dexter to anybody that is at all curious about the show . " IGN reviewer Matt Fowler later placed Mike Donovan third on a list of " Dexter 's Top 10 Kills " , saying " We all remember our first . First car . First love . First staph infection . And when it comes to Dexter , first kill . No Mike Donovan , the church choir master , wasn 't Dexter first dead body , but he was our televisual introduction into Dexter 's wicked world of revenge and reckoning . " IGN also declared the show as the " Best New Psycho Drama of 2006 " . TVSquad reviewer Jonathon Toomey gave the first episode 9 out of 10 and said of it that " This show is legit , well @-@ worth watching . The only reason I 'm holding back that last star is because the screener DVD I received only had the pilot episode and I suppose it 's possible that the show could go downhill after that . But I wouldn 't bet on it . " Toomey also later added another review of the premiere , stating that " I 'm worried though . Dexter is good . In fact , it 's really good . That 's why I 'm worried . Why ? Because Showtime has a nasty little habit of canceling great shows . There was The Chris Isaak Show . Then Dead Like Me . The most recent casualty ? Huff . All three of those shows were spectacular . And you know what ? Dexter is better than all of them . So , yeah ... I 'm worried . " However , not all reviews were as positive . Robert Abele of LA Weekly thought the pilot was average , containing " fashionable gore , occasionally witty dialogue , serviceable suspense and boilerplate police @-@ department politics " . Abele felt that the series was a superhero tale , rather than the dark comedy , police thriller and brooding drama that it was promoted to be . Brian Lowry of Variety did not think that Dexter would impress critics , and noted , " antics of the deranged ... aren 't really all that pleasant to watch " , but praised Hall 's acting saying that he " ... quickly dispatches any thoughts of his " Six Feet " character , which , by itself , represents quite an accomplishment . " Nancy DeWolf Smith of The Wall Street Journal felt that the " grotesqueries of Dexter are not something that can easily be dismissed with the old ' you don 't have to watch ' line . We don 't have to watch . We do have to live among the viewers who will be desensitized , or aroused , by this show " . = = = Awards = = = Elena Maganini won a Creative Arts Primetime Emmy Award in 2007 for " Outstanding Single Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series " . Also , the episode was nominated for two Artios awards , for " Best Dramatic Pilot Casting " and Best Dramatic Episodic Casting . The nominees for the Best Dramatic Pilot Casting were Deborah Aquila , Mary Tricia Wood , Jennifer L. Smith , Julie Tucker ( for the New York casting ) and Lori Wyman ( for the Florida casting ) .
= De Lackner HZ @-@ 1 Aerocycle = The HZ @-@ 1 Aerocycle , also known as the YHO @-@ 2 and by the manufacturer 's designation DH @-@ 4 Heli @-@ Vector , was an American one @-@ man " personal helicopter " developed by de Lackner Helicopters in the mid @-@ 1950s . Intended to be operated by inexperienced pilots with a minimum of 20 minutes of instruction , the HZ @-@ 1 was expected to become a standard reconnaissance machine with the United States Army . Although early testing showed that the craft had promise for providing mobility on the atomic battlefield , more extensive evaluation proved that the aircraft was in fact too difficult to control for operation by untrained infantrymen , and after a pair of crashes the project was abandoned . A single model of the craft was put on display . = = Design and development = = During the early 1950s , Charles H. Zimmerman of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics ( NACA ) developed a system for control of a rotorcraft in which , with the rotors mounted on the underside of the aircraft , the machine could be steered by the pilot through the simple shifting of his weight , and kept stable through the actions of his natural reflexes . Known as kinesthetic control , and similar in principle to the mechanics of riding a bicycle or a surfboard , it was hoped that the concept would allow for pilots to operate an aircraft with little to no training time . NACA testing proved that the idea had merit , and several companies , including Bensen Aircraft , Hiller Aircraft , and de Lackner Helicopters , began development of rotorcraft using the concept . The concept proposed by de Lackner Helicopters was a one @-@ man flying platform , and it received the company designation " DH @-@ 4 " . The DH @-@ 4 was expected to be able to carry up to 120 pounds ( 54 kg ) of cargo or an auxiliary 5 @-@ US @-@ gallon ( 19 l ; 4 @.@ 2 imp gal ) fuel tank to extend its range up to 50 miles ( 80 km ) in addition to its pilot ; in addition , a cargo lifting line could be threaded through the rotor shaft for the carrying of slung loads underneath the craft . The machine was a simple , cross @-@ shaped frame , with the pilot standing on a platform , secured by a safety harness . The harness also secured the aircraft 's engine , which was an outboard motor manufactured by Mercury Marine . The engine was controlled by a twist @-@ grip motorcycle @-@ style throttle and transferred power to the 15 @-@ foot ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) diameter , contra @-@ rotating rotors via belt drive with a chain reduction unit . The aircraft 's landing gear consisted of airbags at the end of each arm of the frame along with a large rubber float in the middle , allowing for amphibious capability , although this arrangement was later replaced by a pair of conventional helicopter @-@ type skids . = = Testing = = Originally designated YHO @-@ 2 by the U.S. Army , then later re @-@ designated HZ @-@ 1 and named " Aerocycle " , the prototype made its first tethered flight on 22 November 1954 , with its first free flight taking place in January 1955 at the Brooklyn Army Terminal . Over 160 flights totaling more than 15 hours of flight time were conducted , and the results of this early test flight program were considered promising enough that a dozen examples of the type were ordered ( serial numbers 56 @-@ 6928 to 56 @-@ 6939 ) . Predictions were made that the craft could provide transport to a modern version of the old horse cavalry , providing airborne " eyes and ears " for the Army . In 1956 , the test program was transferred to Fort Eustis , Virginia , where Captain Selmer Sundby took over test @-@ flying duties . The HZ @-@ 1 had been designed to be very easy to fly , and early testing indicated that untrained soldiers could learn to operate the craft in less than 20 minutes , and some claiming that only five minutes of instruction were required . In addition , the HZ @-@ 1 proved to be faster than other flying platform designs evaluated by the Army . Sundby , however , quickly determined that the craft was much more difficult to fly than had been expected , and would not be safe in the hands of an inexperienced pilot . In addition , the low @-@ mounted rotors proved to be prone to kicking up small rocks and other debris . Over a series of tethered and free @-@ flying test flights lasting up to 43 minutes , the HZ @-@ 1 suffered a pair of accidents . Both crashes occurred under similar conditions – the contra @-@ rotating rotors intermeshed and collided , the blades shattering , causing an immediate loss of control resulting in a crash . Aerodynamic testing was conducted in the full @-@ scale wind tunnel at the Langley Research Center , and it was discovered that the Aerocycle 's forwards speed was limited by an uncontrollable pitching motion , but rotor @-@ tip clearance was always sufficient . The inability to determine the precise cause of the intermeshing , combined with the fact that the " personal lifting device " concept was failing to live up to its expectations , led to the decision to terminate the project . Sundby was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for his test @-@ flying work with the HZ @-@ 1 , going on to test @-@ fly the H @-@ 21 and H @-@ 34 helicopters , as well as seeing combat in the Vietnam War before retiring with the rank of colonel . = = = Parachute development = = = An entirely new type of parachute with extremely fast opening characteristics , the " Ultra @-@ Fast Opening Personnel Parachute Type XMP @-@ 2 " , was developed for use in testing of the HZ @-@ 1 and Hiller VZ @-@ 1 flying platforms . Designed for use from 0 to 50 miles per hour ( 0 – 80 km / h ) and at altitudes as low as 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) , the XMP @-@ 2 proved to have insufficient reliability for use as a personnel parachute . = = Aircraft on display = = Of the dozen examples of the type ordered by the U.S. Army , only a single example of the HZ @-@ 1 has survived , and this aircraft is currently on display in the U.S. Army Transportation Museum at Fort Eustis , Newport News , Virginia . = = Specifications = = Data from General characteristics Crew : 1 ( pilot ) Height : 7 ft ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) from air bags to handle bars Empty weight : 172 lb ( 78 kg ) Gross weight : 454 lb ( 206 kg ) Fuel capacity : 1 US gallon ( 3 @.@ 8 l ; 0 @.@ 83 imp gal ) Powerplant : 1 × Mercury Marine 20H outboard motor , 40 hp ( 30 kW ) Main rotor diameter : 2 × 15 ft ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) Performance Maximum speed : 75 mph ( 121 km / h ; 65 kn ) Cruise speed : 55 mph ( 48 kn ; 89 km / h ) Range : 15 mi ( 13 nmi ; 24 km ) Endurance : 45 minutes Service ceiling : 5 @,@ 000 ft ( 1 @,@ 524 m )
= Tuberculosis = Tuberculosis ( TB ) is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis ( MTB ) . Tuberculosis generally affects the lungs , but can also affect other parts of the body . Most infections do not have symptoms , known as latent tuberculosis . About 10 % of latent infections progress to active disease which , if left untreated , kills about half of those infected . The classic symptoms of active TB are a chronic cough with blood @-@ containing sputum , fever , night sweats , and weight loss . The historical term " consumption " came about due to the weight loss . Infection of other organs can cause a wide range of symptoms . Tuberculosis is spread through the air when people who have active TB in their lungs cough , spit , speak , or sneeze . People with latent TB do not spread the disease . Active infection occurs more often in people with HIV / AIDS and in those who smoke . Diagnosis of active TB is based on chest X @-@ rays , as well as microscopic examination and culture of body fluids . Diagnosis of latent TB relies on the tuberculin skin test ( TST ) or blood tests . Prevention of TB involves screening those at high risk , early detection and treatment of cases , and vaccination with the bacillus Calmette @-@ Guérin vaccine . Those at high risk include household , workplace , and social contacts of people with active TB . Treatment requires the use of multiple antibiotics over a long period of time . Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem with increasing rates of multiple drug @-@ resistant tuberculosis ( MDR @-@ TB ) . One @-@ third of the world 's population is thought to be infected with TB . New infections occur in about 1 % of the population each year . In 2014 , there were 9 @.@ 6 million cases of active TB which resulted in 1 @.@ 5 million deaths . More than 95 % of deaths occurred in developing countries . The number of new cases each year has decreased since 2000 . About 80 % of people in many Asian and African countries test positive while 5 – 10 % of people in the United States population tests positive by the tuberculin test . Tuberculosis has been present in humans since ancient times . = = Signs and symptoms = = Tuberculosis may infect any part of the body , but most commonly occurs in the lungs ( known as pulmonary tuberculosis ) . Extrapulmonary TB occurs when tuberculosis develops outside of the lungs , although extrapulmonary TB may coexist with pulmonary TB . General signs and symptoms include fever , chills , night sweats , loss of appetite , weight loss , and fatigue . Significant nail clubbing may also occur . = = = Pulmonary = = = If a tuberculosis infection does become active , it most commonly involves the lungs ( in about 90 % of cases ) . Symptoms may include chest pain and a prolonged cough producing sputum . About 25 % of people may not have any symptoms ( i.e. they remain " asymptomatic " ) . Occasionally , people may cough up blood in small amounts , and in very rare cases , the infection may erode into the pulmonary artery or a Rasmussen 's aneurysm , resulting in massive bleeding . Tuberculosis may become a chronic illness and cause extensive scarring in the upper lobes of the lungs . The upper lung lobes are more frequently affected by tuberculosis than the lower ones . The reason for this difference is not clear . It may be due either to better air flow , or to poor lymph drainage within the upper lungs . = = = Extrapulmonary = = = In 15 – 20 % of active cases , the infection spreads outside the lungs , causing other kinds of TB . These are collectively denoted as " extrapulmonary tuberculosis " . Extrapulmonary TB occurs more commonly in immunosuppressed persons and young children . In those with HIV , this occurs in more than 50 % of cases . Notable extrapulmonary infection sites include the pleura ( in tuberculous pleurisy ) , the central nervous system ( in tuberculous meningitis ) , the lymphatic system ( in scrofula of the neck ) , the genitourinary system ( in urogenital tuberculosis ) , and the bones and joints ( in Pott disease of the spine ) , among others . When it spreads to the bones , it is also known as " osseous tuberculosis " , a form of osteomyelitis . Sometimes , bursting of a tubercular abscess through skin results in tuberculous ulcer . An ulcer originating from nearby infected lymph nodes is painless , slowly enlarging and has an appearance of " wash leather " . A potentially more serious , widespread form of TB is called " disseminated tuberculosis " , also known as miliary tuberculosis . Miliary TB makes up about 10 % of extrapulmonary cases . = = Causes = = = = = Mycobacteria = = = The main cause of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis , a small , aerobic , nonmotile bacillus . The high lipid content of this pathogen accounts for many of its unique clinical characteristics . It divides every 16 to 20 hours , which is an extremely slow rate compared with other bacteria , which usually divide in less than an hour . Mycobacteria have an outer membrane lipid bilayer . If a Gram stain is performed , MTB either stains very weakly " Gram @-@ positive " or does not retain dye as a result of the high lipid and mycolic acid content of its cell wall . MTB can withstand weak disinfectants and survive in a dry state for weeks . In nature , the bacterium can grow only within the cells of a host organism , but M. tuberculosis can be cultured in the laboratory . Using histological stains on expectorated samples from phlegm ( also called " sputum " ) , scientists can identify MTB under a microscope . Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution , it is classified as an acid @-@ fast bacillus . The most common acid @-@ fast staining techniques are the Ziehl – Neelsen stain and the Kinyoun stain , which dye acid @-@ fast bacilli a bright red that stands out against a blue background . Auramine @-@ rhodamine staining and fluorescence microscopy are also used . The M. tuberculosis complex ( MTBC ) includes four other TB @-@ causing mycobacteria : M. bovis , M. africanum , M. canetti , and M. microti . M. africanum is not widespread , but it is a significant cause of tuberculosis in parts of Africa . M. bovis was once a common cause of tuberculosis , but the introduction of pasteurized milk has almost completely eliminated this as a public health problem in developed countries . M. canetti is rare and seems to be limited to the Horn of Africa , although a few cases have been seen in African emigrants . M. microti is also rare and is seen almost only in immunodeficient people , although its prevalence may be significantly underestimated . Other known pathogenic mycobacteria include M. leprae , M. avium , and M. kansasii . The latter two species are classified as " nontuberculous mycobacteria " ( NTM ) . NTM cause neither TB nor leprosy , but they do cause pulmonary diseases that resemble TB . = = = Risk factors = = = A number of factors make people more susceptible to TB infections . The most important risk factor globally is HIV ; 13 % of all people with TB are infected by the virus . This is a particular problem in sub @-@ Saharan Africa , where rates of HIV are high . Of people without HIV who are infected with tuberculosis , about 5 – 10 % develop active disease during their lifetimes ; in contrast , 30 % of those coinfected with HIV develop the active disease . Tuberculosis is closely linked to both overcrowding and malnutrition , making it one of the principal diseases of poverty . Those at high risk thus include : people who inject illicit drugs , inhabitants and employees of locales where vulnerable people gather ( e.g. prisons and homeless shelters ) , medically underprivileged and resource @-@ poor communities , high @-@ risk ethnic minorities , children in close contact with high @-@ risk category patients , and health @-@ care providers serving these patients . Chronic lung disease is another significant risk factor . Silicosis increases the risk about 30 @-@ fold . Those who smoke cigarettes have nearly twice the risk of TB compared to nonsmokers . Other disease states can also increase the risk of developing tuberculosis . These include alcoholism and diabetes mellitus ( three @-@ fold increase ) . Certain medications , such as corticosteroids and infliximab ( an anti @-@ αTNF monoclonal antibody ) , are becoming increasingly important risk factors , especially in the developed world . Genetic susceptibility also exists , for which the overall importance remains undefined . = = Mechanism = = = = = Transmission = = = When people with active pulmonary TB cough , sneeze , speak , sing , or spit , they expel infectious aerosol droplets 0 @.@ 5 to 5 @.@ 0 µm in diameter . A single sneeze can release up to 40 @,@ 000 droplets . Each one of these droplets may transmit the disease , since the infectious dose of tuberculosis is very small ( the inhalation of fewer than 10 bacteria may cause an infection ) . People with prolonged , frequent , or close contact with people with TB are at particularly high risk of becoming infected , with an estimated 22 % infection rate . A person with active but untreated tuberculosis may infect 10 – 15 ( or more ) other people per year . Transmission should occur from only people with active TB – those with latent infection are not thought to be contagious . The probability of transmission from one person to another depends upon several factors , including the number of infectious droplets expelled by the carrier , the effectiveness of ventilation , the duration of exposure , the virulence of the M. tuberculosis strain , the level of immunity in the uninfected person , and others . The cascade of person @-@ to @-@ person spread can be circumvented by segregating those with active ( " overt " ) TB and putting them on anti @-@ TB drug regimens . After about two weeks of effective treatment , subjects with nonresistant active infections generally do not remain contagious to others . If someone does become infected , it typically takes three to four weeks before the newly infected person becomes infectious enough to transmit the disease to others . = = = Pathogenesis = = = About 90 % of those infected with M. tuberculosis have asymptomatic , latent TB infections ( sometimes called LTBI ) , with only a 10 % lifetime chance that the latent infection will progress to overt , active tuberculous disease . In those with HIV , the risk of developing active TB increases to nearly 10 % a year . If effective treatment is not given , the death rate for active TB cases is up to 66 % . TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the pulmonary alveoli , where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages . Macrophages identify the bacterium as foreign and attempt to eliminate it by phagocytosis . During this process , the bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored temporarily in a membrane @-@ bound vesicle called a phagosome . The phagosome then combines with a lysosome to create a phagolysosome . In the phagolysosome , the cell attempts to use reactive oxygen species and acid to kill the bacterium . However , M. tuberculosis has a thick , waxy mycolic acid capsule that protects it from these toxic substances . M. tuberculosis is able to reproduce inside the macrophage and will eventually kill the immune cell . The primary site of infection in the lungs , known as the " Ghon focus " , is generally located in either the upper part of the lower lobe , or the lower part of the upper lobe . Tuberculosis of the lungs may also occur via infection from the blood stream . This is known as a Simon focus and is typically found in the top of the lung . This hematogenous transmission can also spread infection to more distant sites , such as peripheral lymph nodes , the kidneys , the brain , and the bones . All parts of the body can be affected by the disease , though for unknown reasons it rarely affects the heart , skeletal muscles , pancreas , or thyroid . Tuberculosis is classified as one of the granulomatous inflammatory diseases . Macrophages , T lymphocytes , B lymphocytes , and fibroblasts aggregate to form granulomas , with lymphocytes surrounding the infected macrophages . When other macrophages attack the infected macrophage , they fuse together to form a giant multinucleated cell in the alveolar lumen . The granuloma may prevent dissemination of the mycobacteria and provide a local environment for interaction of cells of the immune system . However , more recent evidence suggests that the bacteria use the granulomas to avoid destruction by the host 's immune system . Macrophages and dendritic cells in the granulomas are unable to present antigen to lymphocytes ; thus the immune response is suppressed . Bacteria inside the granuloma can become dormant , resulting in latent infection . Another feature of the granulomas is the development of abnormal cell death ( necrosis ) in the center of tubercles . To the naked eye , this has the texture of soft , white cheese and is termed caseous necrosis . If TB bacteria gain entry to the blood stream from an area of damaged tissue , they can spread throughout the body and set up many foci of infection , all appearing as tiny , white tubercles in the tissues . This severe form of TB disease , most common in young children and those with HIV , is called miliary tuberculosis . People with this disseminated TB have a high fatality rate even with treatment ( about 30 % ) . In many people , the infection waxes and wanes . Tissue destruction and necrosis are often balanced by healing and fibrosis . Affected tissue is replaced by scarring and cavities filled with caseous necrotic material . During active disease , some of these cavities are joined to the air passages bronchi and this material can be coughed up . It contains living bacteria , so can spread the infection . Treatment with appropriate antibiotics kills bacteria and allows healing to take place . Upon cure , affected areas are eventually replaced by scar tissue . = = Diagnosis = = = = = Active tuberculosis = = = Diagnosing active tuberculosis based only on signs and symptoms is difficult , as is diagnosing the disease in those who are immunosuppressed . A diagnosis of TB should , however , be considered in those with signs of lung disease or constitutional symptoms lasting longer than two weeks . A chest X @-@ ray and multiple sputum cultures for acid @-@ fast bacilli are typically part of the initial evaluation . Interferon @-@ γ release assays and tuberculin skin tests are of little use in the developing world . IGRA have similar limitations in those with HIV . A definitive diagnosis of TB is made by identifying M. tuberculosis in a clinical sample ( e.g. , sputum , pus , or a tissue biopsy ) . However , the difficult culture process for this slow @-@ growing organism can take two to six weeks for blood or sputum culture . Thus , treatment is often begun before cultures are confirmed . Nucleic acid amplification tests and adenosine deaminase testing may allow rapid diagnosis of TB . These tests , however , are not routinely recommended , as they rarely alter how a person is treated . Blood tests to detect antibodies are not specific or sensitive , so they are not recommended . = = = Latent tuberculosis = = = The Mantoux tuberculin skin test is often used to screen people at high risk for TB . Those who have been previously immunized may have a false @-@ positive test result . The test may be falsely negative in those with sarcoidosis , Hodgkin 's lymphoma , malnutrition , and most notably , active tuberculosis . Interferon gamma release assays ( IGRAs ) , on a blood sample , are recommended in those who are positive to the Mantoux test . These are not affected by immunization or most environmental mycobacteria , so they generate fewer false @-@ positive results . However , they are affected by M. szulgai , M. marinum , and M. kansasii . IGRAs may increase sensitivity when used in addition to the skin test , but may be less sensitive than the skin test when used alone . = = Prevention = = Tuberculosis prevention and control efforts rely primarily on the vaccination of infants and the detection and appropriate treatment of active cases . The World Health Organization has achieved some success with improved treatment regimens , and a small decrease in case numbers . = = = Vaccines = = = The only available vaccine as of 2011 is Bacillus Calmette @-@ Guérin ( BCG ) . In children it decreases the risk of getting the infection by 20 % and the risk of infection turning into disease by nearly 60 % . It is the most widely used vaccine worldwide , with more than 90 % of all children being vaccinated . The immunity it induces decreases after about ten years . As tuberculosis is uncommon in most of Canada , the United Kingdom , and the United States , BCG is administered only to those people at high risk . Part of the reasoning against the use of the vaccine is that it makes the tuberculin skin test falsely positive , reducing the test 's use in screening . A number of new vaccines are currently in development . = = = Public health = = = The World Health Organization declared TB a " global health emergency " in 1993 , and in 2006 , the Stop TB Partnership developed a Global Plan to Stop Tuberculosis that aims to save 14 million lives between its launch and 2015 . A number of targets they have set are not likely to be achieved by 2015 , mostly due to the increase in HIV @-@ associated tuberculosis and the emergence of multiple drug @-@ resistant tuberculosis . A tuberculosis classification system developed by the American Thoracic Society is used primarily in public health programs . = = Management = = Treatment of TB uses antibiotics to kill the bacteria . Effective TB treatment is difficult , due to the unusual structure and chemical composition of the mycobacterial cell wall , which hinders the entry of drugs and makes many antibiotics ineffective . The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid and rifampicin , and treatments can be prolonged , taking several months . Latent TB treatment usually employs a single antibiotic , while active TB disease is best treated with combinations of several antibiotics to reduce the risk of the bacteria developing antibiotic resistance . People with latent infections are also treated to prevent them from progressing to active TB disease later in life . Directly observed therapy , i.e. , having a health care provider watch the person take their medications , is recommended by the WHO in an effort to reduce the number of people not appropriately taking antibiotics . The evidence to support this practice over people simply taking their medications independently is poor . Methods to remind people of the importance of treatment do , however , appear effective . = = = New onset = = = The recommended treatment of new @-@ onset pulmonary tuberculosis , as of 2010 , is six months of a combination of antibiotics containing rifampicin , isoniazid , pyrazinamide , and ethambutol for the first two months , and only rifampicin and isoniazid for the last four months . Where resistance to isoniazid is high , ethambutol may be added for the last four months as an alternative . = = = Recurrent disease = = = If tuberculosis recurs , testing to determine to which antibiotics it is sensitive is important before determining treatment . If multiple drug @-@ resistant TB is detected , treatment with at least four effective antibiotics for 18 to 24 months is recommended . = = = Medication resistance = = = Primary resistance occurs when a person becomes infected with a resistant strain of TB . A person with fully susceptible MTB may develop secondary ( acquired ) resistance during therapy because of inadequate treatment , not taking the prescribed regimen appropriately ( lack of compliance ) , or using low @-@ quality medication . Drug @-@ resistant TB is a serious public health issue in many developing countries , as its treatment is longer and requires more expensive drugs . MDR @-@ TB is defined as resistance to the two most effective first @-@ line TB drugs : rifampicin and isoniazid . Extensively drug @-@ resistant TB is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second @-@ line drugs . Totally drug @-@ resistant TB is resistant to all currently used drugs . It was first observed in 2003 in Italy , but not widely reported until 2012 , and has also been found in Iran and India . Bedaquiline is tentatively supported for use in multiple drug @-@ resistant TB . XDR @-@ TB is a term sometimes used to define extensively resistant TB , and constitutes one in ten cases of MDR @-@ TB . Cases of XDR TB have been identified in more than 90 % of countries . = = Prognosis = = Progression from TB infection to overt TB disease occurs when the bacilli overcome the immune system defenses and begin to multiply . In primary TB disease ( some 1 – 5 % of cases ) , this occurs soon after the initial infection . However , in the majority of cases , a latent infection occurs with no obvious symptoms . These dormant bacilli produce active tuberculosis in 5 – 10 % of these latent cases , often many years after infection . The risk of reactivation increases with immunosuppression , such as that caused by infection with HIV . In people coinfected with M. tuberculosis and HIV , the risk of reactivation increases to 10 % per year . Studies using DNA fingerprinting of M. tuberculosis strains have shown reinfection contributes more substantially to recurrent TB than previously thought , with estimates that it might account for more than 50 % of reactivated cases in areas where TB is common . The chance of death from a case of tuberculosis is about 4 % as of 2008 , down from 8 % in 1995 . = = Epidemiology = = Roughly one @-@ third of the world 's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis , with new infections occurring in about 1 % of the population each year . However , most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease , and 90 – 95 % of infections remain asymptomatic . In 2012 , an estimated 8 @.@ 6 million chronic cases were active . In 2010 , 8 @.@ 8 million new cases of TB were diagnosed , and 1 @.@ 20 – 1 @.@ 45 million deaths occurred , most of these occurring in developing countries . Of these 1 @.@ 45 million deaths , about 0 @.@ 35 million occur in those also infected with HIV . Tuberculosis is the second @-@ most common cause of death from infectious disease ( after those due to HIV / AIDS ) . The total number of tuberculosis cases has been decreasing since 2005 , while new cases have decreased since 2002 . China has achieved particularly dramatic progress , with about an 80 % reduction in its TB mortality rate between 1990 and 2010 . The number of new cases has declined by 17 % between 2004 – 2014 . Tuberculosis is more common in developing countries ; about 80 % of the population in many Asian and African countries test positive in tuberculin tests , while only 5 – 10 % of the US population test positive . Hopes of totally controlling the disease have been dramatically dampened because of a number of factors , including the difficulty of developing an effective vaccine , the expensive and time @-@ consuming diagnostic process , the necessity of many months of treatment , the increase in HIV @-@ associated tuberculosis , and the emergence of drug @-@ resistant cases in the 1980s . In 2007 , the country with the highest estimated incidence rate of TB was Swaziland , with 1 @,@ 200 cases per 100 @,@ 000 people . India had the largest total incidence , with an estimated 2 @.@ 0 million new cases . In developed countries , tuberculosis is less common and is found mainly in urban areas . Rates per 100 @,@ 000 people in different areas of the world were : globally 178 , Africa 332 , the Americas 36 , Eastern Mediterranean 173 , Europe 63 , Southeast Asia 278 , and Western Pacific 139 in 2010 . In Canada and Australia , tuberculosis is many times more common among the aboriginal peoples , especially in remote areas . In the United States Native Americans have a fivefold greater mortality from TB , and racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 84 % of all reported TB cases . The rates of TB varies with age . In Africa , it primarily affects adolescents and young adults . However , in countries where incidence rates have declined dramatically ( such as the United States ) , TB is mainly a disease of older people and the immunocompromised ( risk factors are listed above ) . Worldwide , 22 " high @-@ burden " states or countries together experience 80 % of cases as well as 83 % of deaths . = = History = = Tuberculosis has been present in humans since antiquity . The earliest unambiguous detection of M. tuberculosis involves evidence of the disease in the remains of bison in Wyoming dated to around 17 @,@ 000 years ago . However , whether tuberculosis originated in bovines , then was transferred to humans , or whether it diverged from a common ancestor , is currently unclear . A comparison of the genes of M. tuberculosis complex ( MTBC ) in humans to MTBC in animals suggests humans did not acquire MTBC from animals during animal domestication , as was previously believed . Both strains of the tuberculosis bacteria share a common ancestor , which could have infected humans even before the Neolithic Revolution . Skeletal remains show prehistoric humans ( 4000 BC ) had TB , and researchers have found tubercular decay in the spines of Egyptian mummies dating from 3000 – 2400 BC . Genetic studies suggest TB was present in the Americas from about 100 AD . Before the Industrial Revolution , folklore often associated tuberculosis with vampires . When one member of a family died from it , the other infected members would lose their health slowly . People believed this was caused by the original person with TB draining the life from the other family members . Although the pulmonary form associated with tubercles was established as a pathology by Dr Richard Morton in 1689 , due to the variety of its symptoms , TB was not identified as a single disease until the 1820s . It was not named " tuberculosis " until 1839 , by J. L. Schönlein . During 1838 – 1845 , Dr. John Croghan , the owner of Mammoth Cave , brought a number of people with tuberculosis into the cave in the hope of curing the disease with the constant temperature and purity of the cave air ; they died within a year . Hermann Brehmer opened the first TB sanatorium in 1859 in Görbersdorf ( now Sokołowsko ) , Silesia . The bacillus causing tuberculosis , M. tuberculosis , was identified and described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch . He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery . Koch did not believe the bovine ( cattle ) and human tuberculosis diseases were similar , which delayed the recognition of infected milk as a source of infection . Later , the risk of transmission from this source was dramatically reduced by the invention of the pasteurization process . Koch announced a glycerine extract of the tubercle bacilli as a " remedy " for tuberculosis in 1890 , calling it " tuberculin " . While it was not effective , it was later successfully adapted as a screening test for the presence of pre @-@ symptomatic tuberculosis . The World Tuberculosis Day was established on 24 March for this reason . Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin achieved the first genuine success in immunization against tuberculosis in 1906 , using attenuated bovine @-@ strain tuberculosis . It was called bacille Calmette – Guérin ( BCG ) . The BCG vaccine was first used on humans in 1921 in France , but received widespread acceptance in the US , Great Britain , and Germany only after World War II . Tuberculosis caused the most widespread public concern in the 19th and early 20th centuries as an endemic disease of the urban poor . In 1815 , one in four deaths in England was due to " consumption " . By 1918 , one in six deaths in France was still caused by TB . After TB was determined to be contagious , in the 1880s , it was put on a notifiable disease list in Britain ; campaigns were started to stop people from spitting in public places , and the infected poor were " encouraged " to enter sanatoria that resembled prisons ( the sanatoria for the middle and upper classes offered excellent care and constant medical attention ) . Whatever the ( purported ) benefits of the " fresh air " and labor in the sanatoria , even under the best conditions , 50 % of those who entered died within five years ( circa 1916 ) . In Europe , rates of tuberculosis began to rise in the early 1600s to a peak level in the 1800s , when it caused nearly 25 % of all deaths . By the 1950s , mortality had decreased nearly 90 % . Improvements in public health began significantly reducing rates of tuberculosis even before the arrival of streptomycin and other antibiotics , although the disease remained a significant threat to public health such that when the Medical Research Council was formed in Britain in 1913 , its initial focus was tuberculosis research . In 1946 , the development of the antibiotic streptomycin made effective treatment and cure of TB a reality . Prior to the introduction of this drug , the only treatment ( except sanatoria ) was surgical intervention , including the " pneumothorax technique " , which involved collapsing an infected lung to " rest " it and allow tuberculous lesions to heal . Because of the emergence of MDR @-@ TB , surgery has been re @-@ introduced as an option within the generally accepted standard of care in treating TB infections . Current surgical interventions involve removal of pathological chest cavities ( " bullae " ) in the lungs to reduce the number of bacteria and to increase the exposure of the remaining bacteria to drugs in the bloodstream , thereby simultaneously reducing the total bacterial load and increasing the effectiveness of systemic antibiotic therapy . Hopes of completely eliminating TB ( cf. smallpox ) from the population were dashed after the rise of drug @-@ resistant strains in the 1980s . The subsequent resurgence of tuberculosis resulted in the declaration of a global health emergency by the World Health Organization in 1993 . = = Society and culture = = = = = Names = = = Phthisis is a Greek word for consumption , an old term for pulmonary tuberculosis ; around 460 BC , Hippocrates described phthisis as a disease of dry seasons . The abbreviation " TB " is short for tubercle bacillus . = = = Public health efforts = = = The World Health Organization , Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation , and US government are subsidizing a fast @-@ acting diagnostic tuberculosis test for use in low- and middle @-@ income countries . In addition to being fast @-@ acting , the test can determine if there is resistance to the antibiotic rifampicin which may indicate multi @-@ drug resistant tuberculosis and is accurate in those who are also infected with HIV . Many resource @-@ poor places as of 2011 have access to only sputum microscopy . India had the highest total number of TB cases worldwide in 2010 , in part due to poor disease management within the private and public health care sector . Programs such as the Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program are working to reduce TB levels amongst people receiving public health care . A 2014 the EIU @-@ healthcare report that the need to address apathy and urging for increased funding . The report cites among others Lucica Ditui " [ TB ] is like an orphan . It has been neglected even in countries with a high burden and often forgotten by donors and those investing in health interventions . " Slow progress has led to frustration , expressed by the executive director of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria – Mark Dybul : " we have the tools to end TB as a pandemic and public health threat on the planet , but we are not doing it . " Several international organizations are pushing for more transparency in treatment , and more countries are implementing mandatory reporting of cases to the government , although adherence is often sketchy . Commercial treatment providers may at times overprescribe second @-@ line drugs as well as supplementary treatment , promoting demands for further regulations . The government of Brazil provides universal TB @-@ care , which reduces this problem . Conversely , falling rates of TB @-@ infection may not relate to the number of programs directed at reducing infection rates , but may be tied to increased level of education , income , and health of the population . Costs of the disease , as calculated by the World Bank in 2009 may exceed 150 billion USD per year in " high burden " countries . Lack of progress eradicating the disease may also be due to lack of patient follow @-@ up – as among the 250M rural migrants in China . = = = Stigma = = = Slow progress in preventing the disease may in part be due to stigma associated with TB . Stigma may be due to the fear of transmission from affected individuals . This stigma may additionally arise due to links between TB and poverty , and in Africa , AIDS . Such stigmatization may be both real and perceived , for example ; in Ghana individuals with TB are banned from attending public gatherings . Stigma towards TB may result in delays in seeking treatment , lower treatment compliance , and family members keeping cause of death secret – allowing the disease to spread further . At odds is Russia , where stigma was associated with increased treatment compliance . TB stigma also affects socially marginalized individuals to a greater degree and varies between regions . One way to decrease stigma may be through the promotion of " TB clubs " , where those infected may share experiences and offer support , or through counseling . Some studies have shown TB education programs to be effective in decreasing stigma , and may thus be effective in increasing treatment adherence . Despite this , studies on the relationship between reduced stigma and mortality are lacking as of 2010 , and similar efforts to decrease stigma surrounding AIDS have been minimally effective . Some have claimed the stigma to be worse than the disease , and healthcare providers may unintentionally reinforce stigma , as those with TB are often perceived as difficult or otherwise undesirable . A greater understanding of the social and cultural dimensions of tuberculosis may also help with stigma reduction . = = Research = = The BCG vaccine has limitations , and research to develop new TB vaccines is ongoing . A number of potential candidates are currently in phase I and II clinical trials . Two main approaches are being used to attempt to improve the efficacy of available vaccines . One approach involves adding a subunit vaccine to BCG , while the other strategy is attempting to create new and better live vaccines . MVA85A , an example of a subunit vaccine , currently in trials in South Africa , is based on a genetically modified vaccinia virus . Vaccines are hoped to play a significant role in treatment of both latent and active disease . To encourage further discovery , researchers and policymakers are promoting new economic models of vaccine development , including prizes , tax incentives , and advance market commitments . A number of groups , including the Stop TB Partnership , the South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative , and the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation , are involved with research . Among these , the Aeras Global TB Vaccine Foundation received a gift of more than $ 280 million ( US ) from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation to develop and license an improved vaccine against tuberculosis for use in high burden countries . A number of medications are being studied for multi drug resistant tuberculosis including : bedaquiline and delamanid . Bedaquiline received U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) approval in late 2012 . The safety and effectiveness of these new agents are still uncertain , because they are based on the results of a relatively small studies . However , existing data suggest that patients taking bedaquiline in addition to standard TB therapy are five times more likely to die than those without the new drug , which has resulted in medical journal articles raising health policy questions about why the FDA approved the drug and whether financial ties to the company making bedaquiline influenced physicians ' support for its use = = Other animals = = Mycobacteria infect many different animals , including birds , rodents , and reptiles . The subspecies Mycobacterium tuberculosis , though , is rarely present in wild animals . An effort to eradicate bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis from the cattle and deer herds of New Zealand has been relatively successful . Efforts in Great Britain have been less successful . As of 2015 , tuberculosis appears to be widespread among captive elephants in the US . It is believed that the animals originally acquired the disease from humans , a process called reverse zoonosis . Because the disease can spread through the air to infect both humans and other animals , it is a public health concern affecting circuses and zoos .
= P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) = " P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) " is a song by American recording artist Michael Jackson . It is the sixth single from Jackson 's sixth solo album , Thriller ( 1982 ) . The original demo version of the song was written by Jackson and Greg Phillinganes . Quincy Jones passed on the song itself but liked the title and , with James Ingram , fashioned a totally new song with that title . The demo version is featured on The Ultimate Collection . " P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) " was released on September 19 , 1983 , as the penultimate single from Thriller . The single charted at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and no . 46 on the Hot Black Singles chart , becoming the sixth Top 10 hit from the album . In the UK , the song reached a peak position of 11 . The single was most successful in Belgium , charting within the Top 10 at no . 6 . The song has been covered and sampled by numerous artists , including Monica , Justin Guarini and Kanye West . The original demo was also remixed by The Black Eyed Peas singer will.i.am for Thriller 25 . " P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) " was never performed live by Jackson . In a rehearsal for the Dangerous World Tour , however , Jackson sang a small part of the demo version , describing it as " something I wrote that I haven 't recorded yet . " = = Recording = = James Ingram later described working with Jackson and Jones as being in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz . " It 's almost like I got the chance to go to Oz and Quincy was the Wizard of Oz and Michael Jackson was who he was dealing with in his world . Their work ethic is unbelievable . " He noted how Jones would fall asleep on the board , waking up to answer a question . " He works in the Alpha state a lot " , Ingram added . Two of Jackson 's sisters , Janet and La Toya , provided backing vocals in the guise of the P.Y.T.s. The two sisters sang " na na na " back at their brother towards the end of the song . It has a tempo of 126 beats per minute , making it one of Jackson 's fastest songs . = = Release and reception = = " P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) " was released on September 19 , 1983 , as the sixth single from Thriller . The single charted at no . 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and no . 46 on the Hot Black Singles chart , becoming the sixth Top 10 hit from Thriller . In the United Kingdom , the song reached a peak position of 11 . It was most successful in Belgium , charting within the Top 10 at no . 6 . The single was placed at no . 14 in the Netherlands . " P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) " charted at number 24 in Canada and peaked at number 51 in Germany . Response to " P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) " was mixed to positive . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic thought that it was " frizzy funk . " Eric Henderson of Slant Magazine believed that " P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) " was a " lush disco paradise . " However , Rolling Stone reviewer Christopher Connelly , while discussing the album in a review , stated that the song " isn 't up to the spunky character of the other tracks . " Connelly mentioned that one of Jackson 's weaknesses was " a tendency to go for the glitz , " and cited the song as one example of this . Davitt Sigerson , from the same magazine , also agreed with Connelly , calling it one of Thriller 's " forgettables " . Jon Pareles of The New York Times called the song " fluff " , and believed that the other songs from the album were what made Thriller such a hit . = = Cover versions and references to the song = = 2002 : American Idol runner @-@ up Justin Guarini sang " P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) " on the first season of the show . 2007 : A part of the lyrics to Justice 's " D.A.N.C.E. " refer to Jackson 's song , and are said to be in homage to the singer . 2008 : Similar to " D.A.N.C.E " , the song " New Classic " , featured in Warner Bros. ' film Another Cinderella Story , refers to the Jackson song ( creating the backronym " paid , young , and taking on the world from the driver 's seat / trying everything just to reach your dreams " ) . 2010 : San Franciscan pop band Snowblink covered the song for their 3 / 12 / 2010 Daytrotter session . 2010 : R & B singers T @-@ Pain and Robin Thicke covered the song for Quincy Jones ' album , Q : Soul Bossa Nostra . 2011 : The song is performed in the twelfth episode , " Silly Love Songs " , of musical television series Glee , by character Artie Abrams ( played by Kevin McHale ) . 2012 : The Wood Brothers performed a version of the song for The A.V. Club 's A.V. Undercover series . = = = Sampling = = = 2002 : Jackson 's demo version of " P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) " was sampled on Monica 's single " All Eyez on Me " . " We used vocals from the song that didn 't make the Thriller album " , stated producer Rodney Jerkins . " He [ Jackson ] had more vocals and ad @-@ libs that were never heard , and we used the ones that were not heard . " Jackson hand delivered his original masters to Monica , who , as a longtime Jackson fan , was touched by the move . 2003 : The chorus of " P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) " was sampled by rapper Memphis Bleek on " I Wanna Love U " . The song , sung by Donell Jones , featured on Bleek 's M.A.D.E. album . 2005 : The song has been interpolated by Johntá Austin on rapper Bow Wow 's song " Is That You ( P.Y.T. ) " , from his album Wanted . 2007 : " P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) " was also sampled on rapper Kanye West 's " Good Life " , the third single from his Graduation album . = = P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) 2008 = = For Thriller 25 , The Black Eyed Peas rapper will.i.am remixed the demo version of " P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) " . The singer commented on Jackson and the project , " You always just dream of meeting him , let alone working with him . I wouldn 't have believed it . I grew up in the projects in East Los Angeles and Thriller was filmed about two blocks from my house , but my mother was really strict and she wouldn 't let me go to the factories — she didn 't care who was filming a video there ; but I 'm on the 25th anniversary , 25 years later — that 's pretty awesome . " Entitled " P.Y.T. ( Pretty Young Thing ) 2008 " , the remix was well received by Rolling Stone . The publication described the track , along with " The Girl Is Mine 2008 " , as being one of the best songs on the album . They noted that will.i.am " updates the songs ' original sound to make them dancefloor @-@ worthy twenty @-@ five years after their release " . = = Personnel = = Written , composed and arranged by James Ingram and Quincy Jones Produced by Quincy Jones Greg Phillinganes – synthesizer , synthesizer programming Michael Boddicker – vocoder , E @-@ mu Emulator James Ingram – Portasound keyboard Paul Jackson , Jr . – guitars Louis Johnson – electric bass N 'dugu Chancler – drums Michael Jackson , Louis Johnson , Greg Phillinganes , James Ingram , Steven Ray – handclaps P.Y.T. ' s : Janet Jackson La Toya Jackson Becky Lopez Bunny Hull Additional background vocals : James Ingram Howard Hewett = = Track listing = = = = = 45 RPM = = = A @-@ Side P.Y.T ( Pretty Young Thing ) – 3 : 58 B @-@ Side Workin ' Day and Night ( Live @-@ Jacksons ) – 4 : 26 = = = Disco single = = = A @-@ Side P.Y.T ( Pretty Young Thing ) – 3 : 58 B @-@ Side This Place Hotel – 4 : 41 Thriller ( Instrumental ) – 5 : 56 = = Official versions = = Album Version – 3 : 58 Demo Version – 3 : 47 2008 Remix with will.i.am – 4 : 21 Instrumental Version ( Unreleased ) – 3 : 58 = = Charts = = = = = Weekly charts = = =
= Steve Lukather = Steven Lee Lukather ( born October 21 , 1957 ) is an American guitarist , singer , songwriter , arranger and record producer , best known for his work with the rock band Toto . A prolific session musician , Lukather has recorded guitar tracks for more than 1 @,@ 500 albums representing a broad array of artists and genres . He has also contributed to albums and hit singles as a songwriter , arranger and producer . Lukather has released seven solo albums , the latest of which , Transition , was released in January 2013 . In 1976 , when Lukather was nineteen years old , he was invited by his high school friends David Paich and the Porcaro brothers Steve and Jeff to join them in forming their band , Toto . He has been a member of the band ever since it began , and is still fully contributing to their album composition and touring . Lukather 's reputation as a guitarist and his association with Paich and Jeff Porcaro , who also became established artists , allowed him to secure a solid flow of session work in the 1970s and 1980s . Lukather has been nominated for twelve Grammy Awards , and has won five . While his work with Toto was predominantly based on pop rock music and his solo work ventures into progressive rock and hard rock , many of Lukather 's side @-@ projects are focused on jazz fusion . He held a long @-@ time collaboration with jazz guitarist Larry Carlton that produced a Grammy @-@ winning live album , and he was a member of the jazz fusion band Los Lobotomys , a collaboration of notable session musicians . Influenced by such blues @-@ rock guitarists as Jimi Hendrix and Jimmy Page , and such jazz fusion players as Al Di Meola and Frank Gambale , Lukather is known for a " melodic and intense " playing style . He is also recognized for his efficiency in the studio , often recording tracks in one take using minimal sound processing . While he once used many guitar effects in the studio and on stage , he now frequently disparages such practice , and instead advocates clean tones and minimal studio processing . Lukather plays primarily a signature electric guitar manufactured by Ernie Ball Music Man bearing his nickname , Luke . He also plays Yamaha and Ovation Adamas series acoustic – electric guitars . = = Biography = = = = = Early life = = = Steven Lee Lukather was born on October 21 , 1957 , in San Fernando Valley , California . In an interview with online publication Guitarhoo ! he said : " I had a music teacher in Grammar school that made me play the violin . It was 1965 . I had been playing guitar for a year , ( after the Beatles changed our lives ) and they had NO use for a guitar player . " He then played keyboards and drums , and then taught himself how to play the guitar starting at age seven , when his father bought him a Kay acoustic guitar and a copy of the Beatles album Meet the Beatles . Lukather has said that the album " changed his life " and that he was greatly influenced by the guitar playing of George Harrison in particular . In high school , Lukather met David Paich and the Porcaro brothers ( Jeff , Steve , and Mike ) , all of whom eventually became members of Toto . Lukather , who had been a self @-@ taught musician , began taking guitar lessons from Jimmy Wyble . With Wyble , Lukather expanded his knowledge of wider aspects of music , including orchestration . It was during this period in the early 1970s that Lukather became interested in the idea of becoming a session musician , a vocation that provided opportunities to play with a variety of famous musicians . Jeff Porcaro , who had been playing drums with Steely Dan since 1973 , became a mentor to Lukather and furthered his interest in session work . Lukather 's first job in the music industry was studio work with Boz Scaggs , after which Paich and Jeff Porcaro — who had become prominent session musicians in their own right — asked Lukather to join them in forming Toto in 1976 along with Bobby Kimball , David Hungate , and Steve Porcaro . = = = Toto = = = Lukather is the original lead guitarist for Toto , serving in that capacity for the band 's entire history , as well as a lead and backing vocalist and composer . Lukather won three of his five Grammy Awards for work with Toto , twice as an artist and once as a producer . David Paich led the band 's songwriting efforts during the development of 1978 's Toto — he penned all but two of the album 's tracks , including all four of its singles . Lukather also credits Jeff Porcaro for his leadership within the band during that period . However , Lukather 's role in Toto evolved over time owing to the changing needs of the band . He contributed songwriting to Toto albums starting with the eponymous lead track on 1979 's Hydra . Miles Davis was featured on the song Don 't Stop Me Now , the last track of 1986 's Fahrenheit album . After the session , he invited Lukather to join his band , but Lukather was already committed to the upcoming Toto tour . In August 1992 , Jeff Porcaro collapsed while doing yard work at home and subsequently died of heart failure . The death profoundly affected Toto and Lukather in particular , who considered Porcaro a mentor . Lukather felt that he needed to step up and make sure the band kept going . Thus , he began taking more of a leadership role . Toto went through several lead vocalists over the years , including Kimball , Fergie Frederiksen , and Joseph Williams . After the 1990 dismissal of their fourth vocalist , Jean @-@ Michel Byron , Toto was without a lead singer until around 1997 ; Lukather assumed most of the vocal duties for the band during that time . He performed lead vocals for every track on 1992 's Kingdom of Desire and 1995 's Tambu except for two instrumental tracks . The Tambu single " I Will Remember " , co @-@ written by Lukather and Stan Lynch , reached number 64 on UK charts . Some Tambu reviewers contrasted Lukather 's vocals with those of former singers Kimball and Williams ( and indeed , heavily criticized the entire album ) , some concert reviewers noted that he struggled vocally on certain songs , and a number of backup singers and guest vocalists accompanied the band 's live shows during that period . It was not until Toto brought back former lead singers Joseph Williams and Bobby Kimball to collaborate on 1998 's Toto XX that Lukather returned to predominantly backup vocals . Lukather 's songwriting contributions grew from a smattering of tracks on early Toto albums to almost every track starting in the late 1980s . He wrote very few of Toto 's songs by himself , an exception being the hit single " I Won 't Hold You Back " from Toto IV . Lukather has said that writing lyrics is not one of his strengths . Thus , he collaborated with other band members to complete song ideas and make them into viable album tracks . Lukather contributed to all of the songs on Toto 's 2006 album Falling in Between . By 2008 , Lukather was the only remaining original Toto member still performing with the band ( Kimball was also in the band at the time , but had earlier been absent from it for a long period of time , whereas Lukather has been with Toto since its formation ) . In June of the same year , Lukather decided to leave Toto . This decision directly led to the official dissolution of the band . In a 2011 interview discussing his career with Toto , Lukather indicated that the band had evolved too far from its original incarnation and that he was dealing with the physical and mental toll of recording and performing . In February 2010 , the band announced that they would reunite to support Toto bassist Mike Porcaro , who was diagnosed with Lou Gehrig 's disease . They continued to tour on a limited basis in 2011 and 2012 . Although Lukather indicated in April 2011 that the band would not record any further material , Toto announced a heavy international tour schedule and new studio album in March 2014 . In March 2015 Toto XIV was released . = = = Session work = = = Lukather achieved notability in the 1970s and 1980s as one of the most sought @-@ after session guitarists in Los Angeles , playing with a wide range of artists from Aretha Franklin to Warren Zevon . He has performed on over 1 @,@ 500 records spanning 36 years . Music journalist Jude Gold noted , " It 's hard to name a guitarist who has had a more prolific and fulfilling career than Steve Lukather . " Lukather credits fellow Toto members David Paich and Jeff Porcaro for getting him exposure in the industry — although he lamented in an April 2011 interview that opportunities for session musicians have curtailed in recent years : " There is no ' session guy ' thing any more — not like it was . It 's not like the old days when I was doing 25 sessions a week . All the studios are gone . The budgets are gone . The record companies are all gone . " His own output as a session musician has slowed along with the rest of the industry — as of 2009 , Lukather stated he was only doing a few sessions a year . Named by Gibson Guitar Corporation as one of the top 10 session guitarists of all time , Lukather has performed on many notable tracks . He performed the guitar solo for Olivia Newton @-@ John 's popular 1981 single " Physical " , which was Billboard 's number 1 single of the 1980s . Other notable session performances include Earth , Wind & Fire 's Faces album soloing on the tracks " Back On the Road " and " You Went Away " , Michael Jackson 's " Beat It " , two tracks from the Lionel Richie album Can 't Slow Down , and the Richard Marx album Repeat Offender . Lukather and Jeff Porcaro were heavily involved in the recording of virtually all of Michael Jackson 's Thriller . In addition to recording guitar tracks , Lukather has also written or produced music for Lionel Richie , Richard Marx , Chicago , Donna Summer , and The Tubes . He won a Grammy award in 1982 for the George Benson song " Turn Your Love Around " . = = = Solo albums = = = Lukather has released six solo studio albums : Lukather ( 1989 ) , Candyman ( 1994 ) , Luke ( 1997 ) , Santamental ( 2003 ) , Ever Changing Times ( 2008 ) , and All 's Well That Ends Well ( 2010 ) . In December 2011 , he began work on his seventh , Transition , a collaboration with C. J. Vanston featuring musicians Chad Smith , Gregg Bissonette , Leland Sklar , and others . The album was released January 21 , 2013 . = = = = 1989 – 1997 : Lukather , Candyman , and Luke = = = = The 1989 album Lukather came about after Toto had been recording and playing for 11 years , and the consensus among the band members was to take a break . As Lukather had written a number of songs that did not appear on Toto albums , he decided to pursue a solo album , with the intention of presenting a dimension of his music that fans would be unfamiliar with . He collaborated with many notable musicians , including Eddie Van Halen , Richard Marx , Jan Hammer , Steve Stevens , and fellow Toto members Jeff Porcaro and David Paich . Lukather has said that the album was produced very simply , and that a lot of ambient studio noise — counting off on various tracks , for instance — is audible on it . He also credits bands Pink Floyd , Cream , Led Zeppelin , and guitarists Jimi Hendrix , David Gilmour , Jeff Beck , and Eric Clapton as influences on the album . The single " Swear Your Love " came from the album . Candyman , recorded and mastered from March 1993 through November 1993 , was a collaboration of musicians who were for the most part also in Lukather 's band Los Lobotomys . Toto familiars Simon Phillips and David Paich participated as well as David Garfield , John Peña , Chris Trujillo , Lenny Castro , Larry Klimas , Fee Waybill , Richard Page , and Paul Rodgers . Lukather recorded the album in mostly live takes with little overdubbing . Some international fans were confused about whether Candyman was a Steve Lukather album or a Los Lobotomys album . The Japanese and US releases of Candyman were under the Los Lobotomys name rather than Lukather 's ; the Japanese release also featured a version of the Hendrix song " Red House " . The European release of Candyman was credited to Lukather alone . Additionally , the touring band for the album was sometimes introduced as " Steve Lukather and Los Lobotomys " and sometimes as just " Los Lobotomys " . The song " Borrowed Time " was released as a single in Europe and included " Red House " as a B @-@ side . Lukather describes 1997 's Luke as a much different and more " introspective " album than his previous two solo efforts . The album is a concentrated collection of many of Lukather 's musical influences , and he deliberately let those influences come out on the album . Luke is an experimental album , and like Candyman it was recorded mostly in live sessions with minimal overdubbing and processing afterwards . Luke also features instrumentation not heard on previous Lukather albums : pedal steel , harmonicas , Mellotrons , and experimental guitar , bass , and drum sounds . The US version of Luke includes a version of the Jeff Beck song " The Pump " . The song " Hate Everything About U " was released as a single . = = = = 2003 : Santamental = = = = Santamental , released in October 2003 , is a collaborative project featuring several prominent musicians such as guitarists Eddie Van Halen , Slash , Steve Vai , and drummer Gregg Bissonette . When Lukather 's record company , Bop City Records , approached him about recording a Christmas album , he responded with a quip about his suitability for the project . The company wanted him to do the record knowing he would approach the project with a unique angle and produce something different from the typical Christmas album . Lukather recruited keyboardist Jeff Babko and guitarist Larry Carlton , who Lukather had worked with previously , to help arrange the songs . The project was a challenge to Lukather , who had to be creative to turn the traditionally simple songs into something interesting for listeners without altering the fundamental structures . He said of the album , " But I never dreamt in a million years that I 'd do a Christmas record . " The musicians Lukather chose for Santamental , most of whom were involved in the hard @-@ rock genre , lent a heavy feel to the album . Van Halen recorded guitar tracks for " Joy to the World " after not having been in the studio for some time but immediately made an impression on Lukather with his level of playing . Vai provided guitar work for " Carol of the Bells " along with Lukather 's son Trevor , then 14 years old . Slash , who recorded his part in one take , played on the Lukather / Stan Lynch composition " Broken Heart for Christmas " . Lukather spoke highly of Slash after the project , calling him the " Keith Richards of our generation " . Well @-@ known session guitarist Michael Landau played on the song " Look Out For Angels " , and there is a version of " Jingle Bells " featuring a big band and sung by Sammy Davis , Jr . Santamental was recorded in six days , after which Lukather proclaimed it " his first and last Christmas album " . = = = = 2008 – present : Ever Changing Times , All 's Well That Ends Well , and Transition = = = = Ever Changing Times , released on February 22 , 2008 , is a collection of songs Lukather recorded in 2007 between Toto tours . The album contains contributions from fellow session musicians Bill Champlin , Abe Laboriel , Jr . , Leland Sklar , Steve Porcaro , and many others . Lukather 's son Trevor contributed as well . Joseph Williams provides backing vocals on five of the tracks . Lukather wrote the songs for the album in a hotel room with his son and a handful of other musicians , using basic equipment . His song @-@ writing philosophy is that if a song sounds good with only guitars and vocals , it will likely sound good after a full production . Lukather collaborated with Grammy Award @-@ winning engineer and producer Steve MacMillan on the project , with the goal of introducing some new methods and techniques into the recording process . Lukather described the final tracks as " perfectly imperfect " , preferring to record with the five @-@ piece backing band in one room and in one take . MacMillan encouraged Lukather to use " organic , vintage tones " . As a result , Lukather eschewed effects and played the guitar parts directly through tube amplifiers manufactured by Marshall , Vox , and some boutique brands . Lukather commented that MacMillan served as a valuable " second set of ears " in the studio , often encouraging him to keep parts that he normally would have discarded . As Toto had recently disbanded when Ever Changing Times was released , Lukather embarked on a solo tour to promote the album . The shows featured a mixture of songs from the album , songs written for other side projects , and " a few Toto obscurities " . Lukather 's sixth studio album , All 's Well That Ends Well , was released on October 11 , 2010 , in Europe and Japan , and November 16 as a digital download worldwide . The material was written predominantly in collaboration with longtime associate C. J. Vanston , and the album features stalwart musicians from Lukather 's touring band . Songwriter Randy Goodrum , who has collaborated with Lukather many times over the years including on the 1986 Toto single " I 'll Be over You " , contributes to the track " Brody 's " . All 's Well That Ends Well draws from Lukather 's personal experiences in the two years since Ever Changing Times . Critic Arlene Weiss noted that the album features three distinct flavors of music : one that " bares [ Lukather 's ] soul and emotional heartache " , one that pans elements of popular culture like TMZ.com , and one that expresses optimism and enthusiasm about the future . While Lukather focused on instrumental writing and production on previous albums but collaborated with lyricists , he wrote much of the lyrics for All 's Well That Ends Well himself . Lukather describes the album as being a " real " and " honest " reflection of the period between 2008 and 2010 , when he experienced difficulties within his private life . In December 2011 , Lukather announced the beginning of work on Transition . The album was produced with songwriter and record producer C.J. Vanston and involved musicians Chad Smith , Gregg Bissonette , Leland Sklar , Steve Weingart , and others . Throughout 2012 , Lukather released notes and news of the album development through his web site . The title was announced on October 12 , 2012 . The album was released January 21 , 2013 . = = = Side projects = = = When not working with Toto , Lukather has participated in numerous side projects including playing with jazz fusion band Los Lobotomys and with other session musicians , and touring with Larry Carlton , Joe Satriani , Steve Vai , and others . Lukather was a long @-@ time member of the band Los Lobotomys , a collaboration of session musicians including jazz and be @-@ bop player David " Creatchy " Garfield and Toto drummer Jeff Porcaro , replaced after his death by Simon Phillips , who also replaced Porcaro in Toto . Los Lobotomys formed in the mid @-@ 1980s and played regular shows in the Los Angeles area , often inviting whatever session musicians happened to be available and in the area . They recorded an album under the Los Lobotomys name in 1989 , and the band was heavily involved in the recording of Lukather 's Candyman . Los Lobotomys recorded a live album in 2004 comprising several tracks from Candyman and from the 1989 album . In 1998 , Lukather received an invitation to tour Japan with fellow guitarist Larry Carlton after Japanese promoters requested that Carlton 's annual tours each be different from the last . Lukather and Carlton exchanged some recorded material and decided that a collaboration would be interesting . Lukather was flattered by the invitation to tour with Carlton , citing him as his favorite guitarist . Lukather speaks highly of their stage efforts , although the two were admittedly outside their normal realm of work . He stated in an interview that " you can hear us having fun on the record — you can hear the smiles on our faces . " After several shows , the duo realized that they should record their collaboration even if just for their own use . Guitarist and producer Steve Vai heard one of the subsequent recordings and expressed interest in releasing it under his Favored Nations label , also home to such artists as Eric Johnson and Dweezil Zappa . Vai and Lukather mixed and produced the recording , which is said to be a mixture of jazz , blues , and fusion music . The resulting album , No Substitutions : Live in Osaka , won a 2001 Grammy award for Best Pop Instrumental Album . Album reviewers described Lukather as having a heavier style than Carlton . Lukather and Carlton later did an international tour in support of the album . In 2005 , Lukather won critical praise for his rendition of the Jimi Hendrix song " Little Wing " at a gala 90th birthday celebration for jazz guitarist Les Paul . Returning after a five @-@ year absence , the 2012 G3 Tour featured Lukather alongside Joe Satriani and Steve Vai . In the autumn 2006 , Lukather contributed his cover @-@ version of the Michael Landau @-@ song " I 'm Buzzed " ( originally from Landau 's Tales From The Bulge album ) from a live recording of his side band project , El Grupo , to the album project Artists for Charity – Guitarists 4 the Kids , produced by Slang Productions , to assist World Vision Canada in helping underprivileged kids in need . In February 2012 , Ringo Starr announced that Lukather would be the guitarist in his All Starr Band for their summer tour . Lukather has been touring with that ensemble since that time , performing three Toto songs ( " Hold The Line , " " Rosanna , " and " Africa " ) nightly . Lukather periodically contributes material and expertise to instructional and educational enterprises . In 1985 , he released the instructional " Star Licks " guitar video featuring many of the guitar parts from the first five Toto studio albums . It was released on DVD in 2005 . The guitarist has also been participating in the Fermatta Master Class Series project , an educational cooperative organized by the Fermatta Music Academy in Mexico . = = Musical style and equipment = = Influenced by such blues @-@ rock guitarists as Jimi Hendrix and Jimmy Page , and such jazz fusion players as John McLaughlin , Al Di Meola and Frank Gambale , Lukather is known for a " melodic and intense " playing style . He has also cited Steely Dan as a major long @-@ time influence — one that emerges prominently in later solo work such as All 's Well That Ends Well . Journalist Jude Gold notes that his vibrato is very pronounced and his " exaggerated wide bends " are distinctive and quickly recognizable . Well @-@ versed in music theory , Lukather can follow chord charts and changes in a way typical of jazz musicians — this ability enhances his value as a session musician . In interviews , he has explained how he thinks of the guitar in a " chordal cluster " format , and not the typical " linear scale " format . Lukather 's approach to engineering his sound in the studio is usually simple . He is not known for doing a large number of takes or for incorporating much overdubbing — rather , he has a reputation for doing only single takes for many parts . He has said about this approach : " If a solo didn 't work — either because I didn 't have the right sound , or because I wasn 't inspired at that moment — I 'd just move on . A part either works or it doesn 't . You can 't batter it into submission , or force inspiration to save you . It 's always better to just surrender , and then come back later to give it a go with fresh ears . " Although he enjoys the technical mastery that is possible in the studio , Lukather prefers the dynamic of performing live on stage . He has stated that dynamics are the most important element of producing a recording with good sound quality . Despite being known in the past for having an intricate set of effects units , Lukather now says he plays mostly free of such modifications after seeing some overdone commercial unit configurations named after him . Other than some delay , he has not used many effects in recent years . He has held a long association with Bob Bradshaw of Custom Audio Electronics , who designed and manufactured key elements of Lukather 's effects rack . Lukather was one of the few official endorsers of EMG pickups , having collaborated on his own Lukather signature " SL20 " pickup system , which is a single unit incorporating two single coils and an EMG 85 humbucker . The system has a single volume and tone knob , and a pickguard . In December 2012 , Lukather collaborated with DiMarzio pickups on a new set of signature pickups called " Transition . " He has been using these pickups in his Music @-@ Man Luke 3 guitar . Lukather endorses Music Man guitars and has a signature model named " Luke " that incorporates his signature EMG pickup system . The guitar started out with only MusicMan specifications ( including a Floyd Rose locking vibrato , later replaced with a vintage @-@ style fulcrum bridge ) , but in 1998 , the manufacturer made several customizations to the model to better fit Lukather 's playing style . Music Man also produces a Ball Family Reserve Steve Lukather Model that features an alder body with a mahogany " tone block " inlaid under the pickups , capped with a figured maple top and transparent finish . In 2012 a new version of the guitar called the LIII was introduced with a 3 % larger but similarly contoured body , all @-@ rosewood neck and passive pickup options ( dual humbucker or single single humbucker ) combined with an active preamp and 12 db boost activated from a push / push tone pot . In 2013 Lukather changed to a roasted maple neck with a rosewood fret board , citing the exceptional stability of roasted maple while touring as a factor in his decision . As a result , the LIII specification and production was changed to match Lukather 's preference . Lukather has also been known to play Ibanez and Valley Arts guitars . His relationship with Ibanez and Valley Arts yielded an endorsement for a brief time in the 1980s with the release of the Ibanez Roadstar RS1010SL and Valley Arts Custom Pro Steve Lukather Signature guitars in 1984 – 85 . He has played Ovation Adamas series acoustic – electric guitars . Starting before his 2010 All 's Well That Ends Well tour , Lukather began playing and endorsing Yamaha Studio Response Technology acoustic – electric guitars . Information about his current rig can be found on Lukather 's website which is kept up to date . = = Discography = = Solo Lukather ( 1989 ) Candyman ( 1994 ) Luke ( 1997 ) No Substitutions : Live in Osaka ( 2001 ) Santamental ( 2003 ) Ever Changing Times ( 2008 ) All 's Well That Ends Well ( 2010 ) Transition ( 2013 ) With Toto With Los Lobotomys Los Lobotomys ( 1989 ) = = Awards = = 1982 – Grammy Award for Best R & B Song : Steve Lukather , Jay Graydon , Bill Champlin ( for George Benson ) – " Turn Your Love Around " 1982 – Grammy Award for Producer of the Year : Toto – Toto IV 1982 – Grammy Award for Album of the Year : Toto – Toto IV 1982 – Grammy Award for Record of the Year : Toto – " Rosanna " 2002 – Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Album : Larry Carlton & Steve Lukather – No Substitutions : Live in Osaka 2010 – Eddy Christiani Award
= Brenda Song = Brenda Song ( born March 27 , 1988 ) is an American actress , model , spokesperson , and taekwondo practitioner . Song started in show business as a child fashion model . Her early television work included roles in the television shows Fudge ( 1995 ) and 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd ( 1999 ) . After many commercials and television roles in the late 1990s , Song won a Young Artist Award for her performance in The Ultimate Christmas Present ( 2000 ) . In 2002 , Song signed a contract with Disney Channel and starred in " Get A Clue " 2002 and since then made significant contributions to the channel , Stuck in the Suburbs ( 2004 ) and many other productions . In 2005 , Song began playing the lead female role of London Tipton in the The Suite Life of Zack & Cody and The Suite Life on Deck . The character is noted as one of Disney 's longest continuous characters . Song made her transition into mainstream movies in 2010 when she appeared in the critically acclaimed film , The Social Network . She also starred in the short indie film First Kiss . In 2012 and 2013 , she had recurring roles in Scandal and New Girl . In 2013 @-@ 2014 , she starred in the Fox TV series Dads . In October 2014 , Song signed a talent holding deal with Fox and 20th Century Fox Television to star in a television project . Since then , Song has been cast in several television pilots for NBC and CBS . = = Early life = = Brenda Song was born in Carmichael , California , a suburb of Sacramento , to a Hmong father and a Thai mother . Her paternal grandparents were from the Xiong clan , but changed their last name to Song when the family immigrated to the United States . Her parents were born in Asia and met as adults in Sacramento . Her father works as a schoolteacher and her mother is a homemaker . She has two younger brothers , Timmy and Nathan . When she was six years old , Song moved with her mother to Los Angeles , California , to support her acting career ; the rest of the family followed two years later . As a young girl , Song wanted to do ballet , while her younger brother wanted to take taekwondo . She said , " My mom only wanted to take us to one place , " so they settled on taekwondo . Although Song cried all the way through her first class , she now holds a black belt in taekwondo . Song was named an All @-@ American Scholar in the ninth grade . She was homeschooled and earned a high school diploma at age 16 , then took courses at a community college and online from the University of California , Berkeley , with a major in psychology and a minor in business . = = Acting = = = = = 1995 – 2004 : Early work = = = Song started in show business as a child fashion model in San Francisco after being spotted in a shopping mall by an agent from a modeling school . She began acting at the age of five or six in a Little Caesars commercial , and then a Barbie commercial . Her first film role was in the 1995 Requiem , an AFI student short film by actress Elizabeth Sung . " She came in confident [ at the auditions ] . She was very focused , and it was very obvious that she loved what she was doing , " said Sung . The film is about a waitress / dancer named Fong who remembers her loving brother and their bittersweet childhood in Hong Kong . The seven @-@ year @-@ old Song played a young version of " Fong " , who is portrayed as an adult by Tamlyn Tomita . The film won a CINE Golden Eagle award . She appeared in another short film directed by Elizabeth Sung called The White Fox . Song appeared in two episodes of the television program Thunder Alley , and was a regular in the children 's television series Fudge , in which she portrayed Jenny . Her theatrical film debut was in Santa with Muscles , a 1996 independent film starring professional wrestler Hulk Hogan . After a small role in Leave It to Beaver ( 1997 ) , she appeared in the Nickelodeon television series 100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd , where she played Sariffa Chung in thirteen episodes . After 100 Deeds , she had a number of small parts in television shows such as 7th Heaven , Judging Amy , ER , Once and Again , The Brothers García , Popular , Bette , The Bernie Mac Show , The Nightmare Room , For the People and George Lopez . Two of Song 's early roles led to recognition in the Young Artist Awards . Her role in the 2000 Disney Channel Original Movie , The Ultimate Christmas Present , won her the award for " Best Performance in a TV Movie Comedy , Supporting Young Actress " . The film centers on two teenage girls , Allison Thompson ( Hallee Hirsh ) and Samantha Kwan ( Song ) , who find a weather machine and make it snow in Los Angeles . Her 2002 appearance on The Bernie Mac Show led to her nomination for " Best Performance in a TV Comedy Series , Guest Starring Young Actress " . In the same year , she was in the 20th Century Fox family film Like Mike , which grossed over $ 60 million . The film stars rapper Bow Wow as an orphan who can suddenly play NBA @-@ level basketball . Song portrays the character Reg Stevens , a thirteen @-@ year @-@ old orphan . Although the film was criticized for its " frightening myths about adoption " , it was successful enough to spawn a sequel . Song did not participate in the sequel . In 2002 , Song signed a contract with Disney and appeared in the Disney Channel movie Get a Clue . After 2002 , Song continued to make guest appearances in American situation comedies such as That 's So Raven and One on One . She had a recurring role as Tia in the Disney Channel series Phil of the Future , appearing in seven episodes of the series in 2004 and 2005 . In late 2004 , Song starred in the Disney Channel Original Movie Stuck in the Suburbs , portraying Natasha Kwon @-@ Schwartz . The television premiere received 3 @.@ 7 million viewers . The film is about two teenage girls living in suburbia who accidentally exchange cell phones with a famous teen musician . She later said : " When Stuck came out it was crazy ' cause we went to Six Flags and we were there and so many kids recognized us from Stuck in the Suburbs , I 'm like wow that movie must have done really well . " = = = 2005 – 2010 : Wendy Wu and Suite Life shows = = = In 2005 , Song began appearing in the role of spoiled heiress London Tipton in the Disney Channel Original Series , The Suite Life of Zack & Cody . The role was named " Paris " in an early script and alludes to Paris Hilton ( London spoofing Paris , and Tipton is the name of the hotel her father owns in the show ) . She got the role without an audition and was surprised to find her friend , Ashley Tisdale , working in the show . Song says , " London is my fantasy person , I wish I could be her . I wish I had her closet . " The series is about the residents and workers at the fictional Tipton Hotel in Boston and mainly centers around the trouble @-@ making twins , Zack and Cody Martin ( Dylan and Cole Sprouse ) , and London Tipton ( Song ) . The series premiered on the Disney Channel on March 18 , 2005 , receiving four million viewers , making it the most successful premiere for the Disney Channel in 2005 . Critics often praised Song 's performance in the Suite Life series . An April 2009 andPOP.com article stated that as London Tipton , " Song is the One to Steal the Spotlight " on the Disney Channel . It said , " if you ever watched an episode of ' The Suite Life with Zack & Cody ' you should realize that show is watchable because of one character : London Tipton . Brenda plays the ditzy spoiled hotel heiress London ( an allusion to Paris Hilton ) and , if I could say so myself , she does quite an excellent job doing so . " While commenting on Song , MSN 's 2009 cover story on the series stated , " Song is one of the main reasons why the " Suite Life " franchise remains one of the most successful and highly rated series in the Disney stable . " In a 2009 People magazine article , the character was described as a " melodramatic high @-@ seas diva . " The series eventually earned a 2007 Young Artist Award for " Best Family Television Series ( comedy ) " , Emmy nominations for " Outstanding Children 's Program " ( twice ) and " Outstanding Choreography " , and three Nickelodeon Kids ' Choice Award nominations for " Favorite TV show " in 2007 , 2008 , and 2009 . In 2006 Song earned an Asian Excellence Award nomination for " Outstanding Newcomer " for her part in the series . After her debut on the Suite Life series , Song became a regular on the Disney Channel , and had a voice role in Disney Channel 's American Dragon : Jake Long series . In 2006 , Song had a voice @-@ over role in Holidaze : The Christmas That Almost Didn 't Happen . She later starred in an online series called London Tipton 's Yay Me ! . Song 's first starring role as the title character was in the 2006 Disney Channel Original Movie Wendy Wu : Homecoming Warrior , which had over 5 @.@ 7 million viewers at its premiere . Wendy Wu was planned to be a comedy , but the directors of the film were having trouble finding a suitable actor with both the comedic presence and taekwondo ability to play the main character , originally named Kenny Lu . Lydia Cook , one of the films 's directors , said , " Brenda was originally brought in to play the [ supporting ] monk 's role . We started training with her in martial arts , and that 's when we realized that she should be Kenny Lu . They quickly switched things around and offered Brenda the lead in the movie . She had the perfect combination of wit and martial arts . " Song had to break a brick with her hand in a screen test before landing the title role . According to The New York Times , the film became a " star vehicle " for Song . The film was about an average , popular Chinese @-@ American teenager whose life is turned upside down by a visit from a young Chinese monk ( Shin Koyamada ) . The monk claims she is the reincarnation of a powerful female warrior and the only person who can prevent an ancient evil spirit from destroying the world . In a second story line , Wendy and most of her family struggle with keeping their culture and heritage . Song felt she could relate to the message since she knew little about her own people before making the film . She said , " I really identified with Wendy because I don 't want to not know where I came from " . To promote the film , she posed for the cover of Seventeen , Teen People , Teen , Seventeen Malaysia , and several other magazines , and traveled to Malaysia , Singapore , and Costa Rica . A Wendy Wu : Homecoming Warrior sequel , starring Song and Koyamada , was announced in the end of 2007 . The film received positive reviews from critics . UltimateDisney.com called the role " a strong departure from her flaky London Tipton character in The Suite Life of Zack & Cody " , adding that Song " shows in this movie that she no longer has to restrict herself to playing the dumb one . " The site praised the film , stating , " Wendy Wu : Homecoming Warrior is an enjoyable little telefilm , rife with killer action sequences ( for a DCOM ) , and a great showcase of talent in both acting and martial for Brenda Song . Aside from a few totally cliched characters and situations , it 's worth 91 minutes of your time . " Allmovie described Song as a " charming and appealing personality , even when playing a shallow airhead " . While commending Disney for the strong Asian cast , a BellaOnline review noted that that it is rare to see a female martial arts star with a black belt . Song did most of her own stunt work for the film , with guidance from Koichi Sakamoto , executive producer for the Power Rangers series . Song was inspired to endure the stunt training by the way her mother dealt with breast cancer in 2005 . Disney Channel executive vice president Gary Marsh called the film " Buffy the Vampire Slayer meets Crouching Tiger Hidden Dragon " and said of Song : " She 's incredibly talented , she 's smart . She adds diversity to our network , and she 's a real kid . " Song reprised her role as London Tipton in the Suite Life spin @-@ off , The Suite Life on Deck . The show 's premiere on the Disney Channel drew 5 @.@ 7 million viewers , and it became the most @-@ watched series premiere on Canada 's Family Channel . The show became the most @-@ watched scripted series among children aged 6 to 11 and among tweens in 2008 . In 2009 , the show was the most @-@ watched scripted series among children and the second most @-@ watched scripted series among pre @-@ teens . Disney ordered second and third seasons for the series . In May 2009 , Disney Channel 's executive vice president Gary Marsh issued a press release , which stated : " with this second @-@ season extension , the cast of ' The Suite Life ' makes Disney Channel history by becoming the longest running continuous characters on our air – 138 half @-@ hour episodes . We are thrilled for them , and for the brilliant , inspired production team that made this extraordinary run possible . " According to the Wall Street Journal , Song 's participation in the series led to her becoming highly popular among children between the ages of seven and ten . = = = 2010 – present : Film work and television = = = In 2009 , she starred in the telefilm Special Delivery , a film about bonded courier , Maxine ( Lisa Edelstein ) and 14 @-@ year @-@ old troubled teen , Alice ( Song ) . The Daily Record called it a " likeable comedy " . The Australian publication Urban CineFilm gave Song a positive review for her performance in the film . Song also appeared in the theatrical film College Road Trip with Raven @-@ Symoné and Martin Lawrence . Song starred as Paige in an animated television special for NBC , " Macy 's Presents Little Spirit : Christmas in New York " . In late 2008 , Song made a special appearance at the grand opening of the RTA HealthLine in Cleveland . In 2010 , Song joined the main cast of Columbia Pictures ' The Social Network alongside Jesse Eisenberg , Andrew Garfield and Justin Timberlake . The film was about the founders of the popular social networking site , Facebook . Song portrayed Christy Lee , a Harvard University student who dates Eduardo . The film was critically acclaimed and received nominations for eight Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay . In 2012 , Song starred in the short film First Kiss along with her Social Network costar Joseph Mazzello . First Kiss was screened at numerous film festivals throughout the US and won the Best Short Film award at the Omaha Film Festival and TriMedia Film Festival . In 2012 and 2013 , Song had a recurring role as Alissa in the TV show Scandal in the first and second seasons . In 2013 , Song had a recurring role as Daisy in New Girl . In August 2013 , Song was cast in a leading role in the Fox television series Dads . Song portrayed the character Veronica . The show 's pilot episode was significantly criticized by Asian American watchdog groups because Song 's character wore a stereotypical " sexy Asian schoolgirl " costume , which was deemed " racist " by watchdog groups . In an interview with Entertainment Weekly , Song defended the show and denied the racism allegations . Fox refused to re @-@ shoot the scenes which were deemed racist by watchdog groups . The show premiered September 17 , 2013 but in May 2014 , Fox canceled the series after only one season . In October 2014 , Song signed a talent holding deal with Fox and 20th Century Fox Television to star in a television project . In April 2015 , Song was cast in a regular role in the NBC comedy pilot Take It From Us . In November 2015 , Song was cast in the show Life in Pieces as Bonnie , Matt 's crazy hot mess of an ex @-@ wife . In February 2016 , Song was cast in CBS pilot Bunker Hill . Later renamed Pure Genius , the series was picked up by CBS and is scheduled to begin airing in the 2016 @-@ 2017 television season . = = Public image and personal life = = In 2006 , Song was hostess for the " A World Of Change " annual charity fashion show to benefit Optimist Youth Homes & Family Services . She also supported the 10th Annual L.A. Cancer Challenge . In 2008 , Song was part of the " Power of Youth carnival " , a benefit for the St. Jude 's Children 's Research Hospital . In 2006 and 2007 , she participated in the YMCA Healthy Kids Day in Chicago . She began hosting a Disney special daily segment called Pass the Plate in 2007 , in which she helps children and their families learn more about nutrition and healthy food . The series is produced in ten countries in association with Disney Channel . Song returned for the second season of the miniseries . In 2005 , an article " Maths Spotlight on ... Brenda Song " in Scholastic Math included facts about Song and mathematical guidance from her . Song appeared alongside Paula Abdul and several other celebrities in a " Our Time to Vote " commercial , which aimed to encourage American citizens to vote during the 2008 presidential election . In 2009 , Song participated in the " Diet Pepsi Easter Holiday House " event . She decorated an egg at the event that was sold in an online auction benefiting Feeding America . According to Time , Song is one of the three Disney starlets who have not been involved in the Hollywood party girl scene , along with Hilary Duff and Raven @-@ Symoné . Asiance Magazine calls her a " great role model " for young girls . She said in 2005 , " Besides Hollywood grand @-@ openings and award shows , I try to stay away from the parties . It 's so easy to be swept away from that whole scene because it 's expected of you . I 've never drank or smoked in my entire life , but I 've seen 15 @-@ year @-@ olds drinking and smoking and I just think that 's gross . " On being a young role model to kids , Song said : " Oh goodness , I hope I can set a good example . If I can do it , anyone can . I 'm living my dream every single day . " In 2006 , Cosmogirl Magazine named Song the " Queen of Disney " , citing her major contributions on the Disney Channel . Song ranked ninth in Netscape 's 2007 " Top 10 Pretty Petites in Entertainment " , was voted one of AOL 's " Top 20 Tween ( and Teen ) TV Stars " , and was ranked # 3 on Maxim 's Asian Hot 100 of 2008 list . Song was also ranked # 45 in AIM 's " Top 100 Celebs Under 25 " list . TV Guide listed her in its 2008 list of " 13 Hottest Young Stars to Watch " . In 2009 , Song was featured in Celebuzz 's " Rising Stars " list and was described as one of " young Hollywood 's most promising rising stars " . In 2009 , the blog Angry Asian Man named her one of the most influential Asian Americans under the age of 30 . Song was a spokesperson for Disney 's environmental campaign , Disney 's Friends for Change . She was featured in several commercials on the Disney Channel for the campaign . The charity 's aim was to explain how children can help preserve the Earth and invited them to go to the Friends for Change website to register and pledge , offering them the chance to help choose how Disney will invest $ 1 million in environmental programs . In 2010 , she was the celebrity endorser of the Walt Disney Company 's Disney Cruise Line . In 2011 , she was also the spokesperson of the clothing brand Op. In April 2008 a picture of Song was used in an ad for an escort agency in the LA Weekly . A rep from Disney told TMZ : " This is an unauthorized use of Brenda Song 's image and her personal attorney has issued a cease and desist to the advertiser . " Song filed a libel suit seeking $ 100 @,@ 000 in damages . Song said : " As a role model to millions of young people , I feel I have to take a stand against this company in regard to its exploitation of my image . " The settlement was announced in March 2009 . On October 14 , 2011 , People reported that Song was engaged to Trace Cyrus . On June 11 , 2012 , Cyrus announced that the couple had ended their relationship . = = Music credits = = Song was part of the Disney Channel Circle of Stars , a group of performers from several different Disney Channel television series . She took part in the recording and music video of a version of " A Dream Is a Wish Your Heart Makes " . The recording was included on the special edition Cinderella DVD and on the DisneyMania 4 CD . The album CD was released in April 2005 under the Walt Disney Records label and peaked at # 15 on the Billboard 200 , and # 2 on the Top Kids Audio chart and Top Compilation Albums chart . In 2004 , Song appeared in Jesse McCartney 's music video for " Good Life " . Film clips from Stuck in the Suburbs , which included Song , appeared in music videos for Anneliese van der Pol 's song " Over It " and Taran Killam 'a " More Than Me " , " On Top of the World " , and " Make a Wish " . In the Suite Life High School Musical @-@ themed episode , Song performed " Bop To The Top " and " Really Great " . " Really Great " became the theme song for the online series , London Tipton 's Yay Me ! . She sang " Bling Is My Favourite Thing " on another Suite Life episode . In these episodes , Song purposefully sang poorly to create the impression that her character , London Tipton , is tone @-@ deaf . Ian Scott wrote and produced demo songs for her . The songs are credited to Mark Jackson Productions , which is associated with Warner Bros. Records . = = Filmography = = = = = Films = = = = = = Television = = = = = = Web = = = = = Awards and nominations = =
= SMS Posen = SMS Posen was one of four battleships in the Nassau class , the first dreadnoughts built for the German Imperial Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) . The ship was laid down at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel on 11 June 1907 , launched on 13 December 1908 , and commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 31 May 1910 . She was equipped with a main battery of twelve 28 cm ( 11 in ) guns in six twin turrets in an unusual hexagonal arrangement . The ship served with her three sister ships for the majority of World War I. She saw extensive service in the North Sea , where she took part in several fleet sorties . These culminated in the Battle of Jutland on 31 May – 1 June 1916 , where Posen was heavily engaged in night @-@ fighting against British light forces . In the confusion , the ship accidentally rammed the light cruiser SMS Elbing , which suffered serious damage and was scuttled later in the night . The ship also conducted several deployments to the Baltic Sea against the Russian Navy . In the first of these , Posen supported a German naval assault in the Battle of the Gulf of Riga . The ship was sent back to the Baltic in 1918 to support the White Finns in the Finnish Civil War . At the end of the war , Posen remained in Germany while the majority of the fleet was interned in Scapa Flow . In 1919 , following the scuttling of the German fleet in Scapa Flow , she was ceded to the British as a replacement for the ships that had been sunk . She was then sent to ship @-@ breakers in the Netherlands and scrapped in 1922 . = = Construction = = Posen was ordered under the provisional name Ersatz Baden , as a replacement for the Baden , one of the elderly Sachsen @-@ class ironclads . She was laid down on 11 June 1907 at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel . As with her sister Nassau , construction proceeded under absolute secrecy ; detachments of soldiers guarded the shipyard and also guarded contractors that supplied building materials , such as Krupp . The ship was launched a year and a half later , on 12 December 1908 . Wilhelm August Hans von Waldow @-@ Reitzenstein gave a speech at her launching , and Posen was christened by Johanna von Radolin , the wife of Hugo Fürst von Radolin , a German diplomat who hailed from the ship 's namesake province . Initial trials were conducted through April 1910 , followed by final fitting @-@ out in May . The ship was commissioned into the fleet on 31 May . Sea trials were conducted afterward and completed by 27 August . In total , her construction cost the German government 36 @,@ 920 @,@ 000 marks . Posen was 146 @.@ 1 m ( 479 ft 4 @.@ 0 in ) long , 26 @.@ 9 m ( 88 ft 3 @.@ 1 in ) wide , and had a draft of 8 @.@ 9 m ( 29 ft 2 @.@ 4 in ) . She displaced 18 @,@ 873 t ( 18 @,@ 575 long tons ) with a standard load , and 20 @,@ 535 t ( 20 @,@ 211 long tons ) fully laden . The ship had a crew of 40 officers and 968 enlisted men . Posen retained three @-@ shafted triple expansion engines with coal @-@ fired boilers instead of more advanced turbine engines . Her propulsion system was rated at 28 @,@ 000 PS ( 27 @,@ 617 ihp ; 20 @,@ 594 kW ) and provided a top speed of 20 knots ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) . She had a cruising radius of 8 @,@ 300 nautical miles ( 15 @,@ 400 km ; 9 @,@ 600 mi ) at a speed of 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) . This type of machinery was chosen at the request of both Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz and the Navy 's construction department ; the latter stated in 1905 that the " use of turbines in heavy warships does not recommend itself . " This decision was based solely on cost : at the time , Parsons held a monopoly on steam turbines and required a 1 million gold mark royalty fee for every turbine engine . German firms were not ready to begin production of turbines on a large scale until 1910 . Posen carried twelve 28 cm ( 11 @.@ 0 in ) SK L / 45 guns in an unusual hexagonal configuration . Her secondary armament consisted of twelve 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) SK L / 45 guns and sixteen 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) SK L / 45 guns , all of which were mounted in casemates . Later in her career , two of the 8 @.@ 8 cm guns were replaced with high @-@ angle Flak mountings of the same caliber for defense against aircraft . The ship was also armed with six 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) submerged torpedo tubes . One tube was mounted in the bow , another in the stern , and two on each broadside , on either ends of the torpedo bulkhead . The ship 's belt armor was 300 mm ( 11 @.@ 8 in ) thick in the central portion of the hull , and the armored deck was 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick . The main battery turrets had 280 mm ( 11 @.@ 0 in ) thick sides , and the conning tower was protected with 400 mm ( 15 @.@ 7 in ) of armor plating . = = Service history = = After completing her trials in August 1910 , Posen left Kiel for Wilhelmshaven , where she arrived on 7 September . As the German Imperial Navy had chronic shortages of trained sailors , many of the crew were then assigned to other ships . These crewmembers were replaced with personnel from the old pre @-@ dreadnought Wittelsbach , which was decommissioned on 20 September . After their commissioning , all four Nassau @-@ class ships served as a unit , the II Division of I Battle Squadron , with Posen as the flagship . Posen participated in several training exercises with the rest of the fleet before the outbreak of war . In late 1910 the fleet conducted a training cruise into the Baltic Sea . The following year the fleet conducted maneuvers in May ; the annual summer cruise to Norway followed in July . The fleet participated in another round of fleet exercises in the Baltic in September , followed by another set at the end of the year . The next year followed a similar pattern , though the summer cruise to Norway was interrupted by the Agadir crisis ; as a result , the summer cruise only went into the Baltic . The September exercises were conducted off Helgoland in the North Sea ; another winter cruise into the Baltic followed at the end of the year . The training schedule returned to normal for 1913 and 1914 , and the summer cruises again went to Norway . For the 1914 cruise , the fleet departed for Norwegian waters on 14 July , some two weeks after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo . The probability of war cut the cruise short ; Posen and the rest of the fleet were back in Wilhelmshaven by 29 July . = = = World War I = = = At midnight on 4 August , the United Kingdom declared war on Germany . Posen and the rest of the fleet conducted several advances into the North Sea to support Rear Admiral Franz von Hipper 's I Scouting Group battlecruisers . The battlecruisers raided British coastal towns in an attempt to lure out portions of the Grand Fleet where they could be destroyed by the High Seas Fleet . The first such operation was the raid on Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby on 15 – 16 December 1914 . On the evening of 15 December , the German battle fleet of 12 dreadnoughts — including Posen and her three sisters — and eight pre @-@ dreadnoughts came to within 10 nmi ( 19 km ; 12 mi ) of an isolated squadron of six British battleships . Skirmishes between the rival destroyer screens in the darkness convinced the German fleet commander , Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl , that he was faced with the Grand Fleet , now deployed in its battle formation . Under orders from Kaiser Wilhelm II to avoid risking the fleet unnecessarily , von Ingenohl broke off the engagement and turned the battlefleet back toward Germany . = = = = Battle of the Gulf of Riga = = = = In August , a special unit from the German fleet attempted to clear the Russian @-@ held Gulf of Riga in order to assist the German Army , which was planning an assault on Riga . To do so , the German planners intended to drive off or destroy the Russian naval forces in the Gulf , which included the pre @-@ dreadnought battleship Slava and some smaller gunboats and destroyers . The German battle fleet was accompanied by several mine @-@ warfare vessels . These ships were tasked with clearing Russian minefields and laying a series of their own minefields in the northern entrance to the gulf , to prevent Russian naval reinforcements from reaching the area . The assembled German flotilla included Posen and her three sister ships , the four Helgoland @-@ class battleships , the battlecruisers Von der Tann , Moltke , and Seydlitz , and several pre @-@ dreadnoughts , operating under the command of von Hipper , now a Vice Admiral . The eight battleships were to provide cover for the forces engaging the Russian flotilla . The first attempt on 8 August was unsuccessful , as it had taken too long to clear the Russian minefields to allow the minelayer Deutschland to lay a minefield of her own . On 16 August 1915 , Posen and Nassau led a second attempt to breach the defenses of the gulf , with Posen as Admiral Schmidt 's flagship . The two dreadnoughts were accompanied by 4 light cruisers and 31 torpedo boats . On the first day of the assault the Germans broke through the Russian forces , but two German light craft — the minesweeper T46 and the destroyer V99 — were sunk . Posen and Nassau engaged a pair of Russian gunboats , Sivuch and Korietz . Sivuch was sunk that day and Korietz was severely damaged ; the ship managed to limp away but had to be scuttled the following day . On the 17th , Posen and Nassau engaged Slava at long range ; they scored three hits on the Russian ship and forced her to return to port . By 19 August , the Russian minefields had been cleared and the flotilla entered the Gulf . Reports of Allied submarines in the area prompted the Germans to call off the operation the following day . Admiral Hipper later remarked , " To keep valuable ships for a considerable time in a limited area in which enemy submarines were increasingly active , with the corresponding risk of damage and loss , was to indulge in a gamble out of all proportion to the advantage to be derived from the occupation of the Gulf before the capture of Riga from the land side . " In fact , the battlecruiser Moltke had been torpedoed that morning . On 21 August , Schmidt had his flag hauled down from Posen and disbanded the special unit . = = = = Return to the North Sea = = = = By the end of August Posen and the rest of the High Seas Fleet had returned to their anchorages in the North Sea . The next operation conducted was a sweep into the North Sea on 11 – 12 September , though it ended without any action . Another fleet sortie followed on 23 – 24 October without encountering any British forces . On 4 March 1916 , Posen , Nassau , Westfalen , and Von der Tann steamed out to the Amrumbank to receive the auxiliary cruiser Möwe , which was returning from a raiding mission . Another uneventful advance into the North Sea took place on 21 – 22 April . A bombardment mission followed two days later ; Posen joined the battleship support for Hipper 's battlecruisers while they attacked Yarmouth and Lowestoft on 24 – 25 April . During this operation , the battlecruiser Seydlitz was damaged by a British mine and had to return to port prematurely . Due to the poor visibility , the operation was soon called off , leaving the British fleet no time to intercept the raiders . = = = = Battle of Jutland = = = = Admiral Reinhard Scheer , who had succeeded Admirals von Ingenohl and Hugo von Pohl as the fleet commander , immediately planned another attack on the British coast . The damage to Seydlitz and condenser trouble on several of the III Battle Squadron dreadnoughts delayed the plan until the end of May . The German battlefleet departed the Jade at 03 : 30 on 31 May . Posen was assigned to the II Division of the I Battle Squadron as the flagship of Rear Admiral W. Engelhardt . Posen was the first ship in the division , ahead of her three sisters . The II Division was the last unit of dreadnoughts in the fleet ; they were followed by only the elderly pre @-@ dreadnoughts of the II Battle Squadron . Between 17 : 48 and 17 : 52 , Posen and ten other German battleships engaged the British 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron , though the range and poor visibility prevented effective fire . Shortly thereafter , two British destroyers — Nomad and Nestor — came under intense fire from the German line . Posen fired at Nestor with both her main battery and secondary guns . At 18 : 35 , Nestor exploded and sank under the combined fire of eight battleships . By 20 : 15 , the German fleet had faced the Grand Fleet for a second time and was forced to turn away ; in doing so , the order of the German line was reversed . Posen was now the fourth ship in the line , astern of her three sisters . At around 21 : 20 , Posen and her sister ships were engaged by the battlecruisers of the 3rd Battlecruiser Squadron . Posen was the only ship on the I Battle Squadron to be able to make out a target , which turned out to be the battlecruisers HMS Princess Royal and Indomitable . Posen opened fire at 21 : 28 at a range of 10 @,@ 000 m ( 11 @,@ 000 yd ) ; she scored one hit on Princess Royal at 21 : 32 and straddled Indomitable several times , surrounding her with a salvo of shells , before ceasing fire at 21 : 35 . At about 00 : 30 , the leading units of the German line encountered British destroyers and cruisers . A violent firefight at close range ensued ; the leading German battleships , including Posen , opened fire on several British warships . In the confusion , the light cruiser Elbing passed through the German line directly in front of Posen and was rammed . Posen was undamaged , but both of Elbing 's engine rooms were flooded and the ship came to a halt . Two and a half hours later , Elbing spotted several approaching British destroyers , and her captain gave the order to scuttle the ship . Shortly before 01 : 00 , the German line engaged a flotilla of British destroyers . Posen spotted the destroyers Fortune , Porpoise , and Garland at very close range ; she opened fire on the first two ships at ranges between 800 and 1 @,@ 600 m ( 870 and 1 @,@ 750 yd ) , seriously damaging Porpoise . Fortune quickly sank under fire from Posen and several other battleships , but not before firing two torpedoes which Posen had to evade . At 01 : 25 , Westfalen illuminated the destroyer Ardent and opened fire ; Posen joined her shortly thereafter and reported several hits at ranges of 1 @,@ 000 to 1 @,@ 200 m ( 1 @,@ 100 to 1 @,@ 300 yd ) . Despite the ferocity of the night fighting , the High Seas Fleet punched through the British destroyer forces and reached Horns Reef by 04 : 00 on 1 June . The German fleet reached Wilhelmshaven a few hours later , where Posen and several other battleships from the I Battle Squadron took up defensive positions in the outer roadstead . Over the course of the battle , the ship had fired fifty @-@ three 28 cm shells , sixty @-@ four 15 cm rounds , and thirty @-@ two 8 @.@ 8 cm shells . The ship and her crew emerged from the battle completely unscathed by enemy fire . Beginning in June 1917 , Wilhelm von Krosigk served as the ship 's commanding officer ; he held this position until the end of the war in November 1918 . = = = = Expedition to Finland = = = = In February 1918 , the German navy decided to send an expedition to Finland to support German army units to be deployed there . The Finns were engaged in a civil war ; the White Finns sought a conservative government free from the influence of the newly created Soviet Union , while the Red Guards preferred Soviet @-@ style communism . On 23 February , two of Posen 's sister ships — Westfalen and Rheinland — were assigned as the core of the Sonderverband Ostsee ( Special Unit Baltic Sea ) . The two ships embarked the 14th Jäger Battalion . They departed for the Åland Islands on the following morning . Åland was to be a forward operating base , from which the port of Hanko would be secured . From Hanko , the German expedition would assault the capital of Helsingfors . The task force reached the Åland Islands on 5 March , where they encountered the Swedish coastal defense ships HSwMS Sverige , Thor , and Oscar II . Negotiations ensued , which resulted in the landing of the German troops on Åland on 7 March ; Westfalen then returned to Danzig , where Posen was stationed . On 31 March Posen and Westfalen left Danzig ; the ships arrived at Russarö , which was the outer defense for Hanko , by 3 April . The German army quickly took the port . The task force then proceeded to Helsingfors ; on 11 April the ship passed into the harbor at Helsingfors and landed the soldiers . This included a detachment from the ship which was landed two days later on 13 April . During the operation , Posen 's crew suffered four men killed and twelve wounded . From 18 to 20 April , Posen assisted with the efforts to free Rheinland , which had been grounded . Two days later , Posen struck a sunken wreck in Helsingfors harbor , which caused minor damage . On 30 April the ship was detached from the Sonderverband Ostsee . The ship returned to Germany , reaching Kiel by 3 May , where she entered drydock . Repair work lasted until 5 May . = = = = Later actions in the North Sea = = = = On 11 August 1918 , Posen , Westfalen , Kaiser , and Kaiserin sortied from Wilhelmshaven to support torpedo boats on patrol off Terschelling . On 2 October , Posen moved out into the outer roadsteads of the Jade to provide cover for the returning U @-@ boats of the Flanders Flotilla . Posen was to have taken part in the last fleet operation of the war , planned for 30 October . The operation was intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy , in order to retain a better bargaining position for Germany , whatever the cost to the fleet . War @-@ weary sailors mutinied , which led to the operation being canceled . In an attempt to suppress the spread of mutinous sentiments , Admiral Hipper ordered the fleet dispersed . Posen and the other ships of the I Battle Squadron were sent out into the roadstead on 3 November , then returned to Wilhelmshaven on 6 November . = = = Fate = = = On 11 November 1918 , the Armistice took effect ; according to its terms , eleven battleships and five battlecruisers were to be interned in Scapa Flow for the duration of negotiations for the peace treaty . Posen was not among the ships interned , and she was instead decommissioned on 16 December . The ships in Scapa Flow were scuttled by their crews on 21 June 1919 to prevent them from being seized by the Allies . As a result , Posen and the other battleships that remained in Germany were seized as replacements for the ships that had been lost . On 5 November , Posen was stricken from the German navy list to be handed over to Great Britain . The ship was transferred on 13 May 1920 ; the British subsequently sold her to ship @-@ breakers in the Netherlands . Posen was broken up in Dordrecht in 1922 .
= Trash of the Titans = " Trash of the Titans " is the 22nd episode of The Simpsons ' ninth season . The 200th episode of the series overall , it originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 26 , 1998 . The episode , which was written by Ian Maxtone @-@ Graham and directed by Jim Reardon , sees Homer Simpson run for the job of Springfield 's Sanitation Commissioner . Steve Martin guest stars as Ray Patterson , the incumbent commissioner , while U2 play themselves after requesting an appearance on the show . Inspired by a friend 's experience in politics , Maxtone @-@ Graham decided to have Homer run for Sanitation Commissioner , although one draft of the episode saw him running for mayor . The staff also wanted the episode to be about trash , and created the concept of " Love Day " as a means of generating waste . The episode 's resolution was discussed extensively by the staff , with one proposed idea being that Springfield would be raised up and the excess rubbish swept underneath it . The episode also features a parody of the song " The Candy Man " and an incident involving comedian Redd Foxx . " Trash of the Titans " won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program ( For Programming One Hour or Less ) , something the staff believe was due to the environmental message at the end . Over ten years after the original broadcast , an airing of the episode in the United Kingdom courted controversy when it was aired on Channel 4 in April 2008 before the 9pm watershed , with the word " wanker " left unedited . The episode is dedicated to the memory of Linda McCartney , who appeared alongside her husband Paul in the episode " Lisa the Vegetarian " . = = Plot = = A local department store announces the formation of a new August holiday intended to boost sales : Love Day . The Simpsons celebrate it , but the vast amount of packaging it produces causes the garbage to build up . When Homer eventually takes it out , he is infuriated with the garbage men as they drive away without collecting the Simpson family 's trash . Angered by their ignorance , Homer insults the men by calling them " trash @-@ eating stinkbags " , but this only angers them into a fight with Homer , and as a result , the family 's garbage service is cut off , leading to the Simpsons ' garbage piling up on their front lawn . Homer awakens one morning to find that the pile of trash at the front of the house has been removed . He proudly boasts that he beat city hall only to learn that Marge had written a letter of apology to the Springfield Sanitation Commissioner , forging Homer 's name . Homer then goes to see the Sanitation Commissioner Ray Patterson , demanding the apology letter to be returned . Despite returning the letter , Patterson tries to be civil with Homer , but Homer insists he will get in a fight with the sanitation department . Eventually Homer decides that he will run for Sanitation Commissioner , remaking it into his image . Homer begins to promote his campaign . It starts off badly with Homer being beaten up after interrupting U2 's PopMart Tour concert , but picks up when Homer thinks of a slogan for his campaign : " Can 't someone else do it ? " Homer spreads his message to the town and promises expensive services such as round @-@ the @-@ clock garbage service and having the sanitation workers do all the cleaning , leading to his landslide victory in the election . After being sworn in to the office , he shows what he plans to do by singing a parody of " The Candy Man " entitled " The Garbage Man " . However , fulfilling his promises proves quite costly and after Homer 's mass spending spree , Mayor Quimby denounces him for spending the Sanitation Department 's yearly budget of $ 4 @.@ 6 million in only a month . To solve the budget crisis and pay the workers for their services , Homer gets cities all over the United States to pay him to store their excess garbage into the abandoned mine shaft on the outskirts of Springfield . Eventually , despite the budget crisis having ended and the workers receiving their salaries as promised , the garbage builds up underground and begins to erupt , pouring trash all over the town . At a town hall meeting , Homer gets fired from his post and replaced with Ray Patterson , but Patterson declines reinstatement to the position . With no one else to fill for Sanitation Commissioner to clean up the trash , Quimby then takes extreme measures by moving the entire town five miles down the road . = = Production = = The production team wanted the episode to be about trash , and show runner Mike Scully pitched the idea that Homer should run for office . Writer Ian Maxtone @-@ Graham had a friend who had made their way in Chicago politics , through the Sanitation Commission , and so he decided that Homer should run for Sanitation Commissioner . They then spent a lot of time trying to get to the point that Homer would have an " over filled trash can " , and through its extensive use of packaging , the concept of Love Day was formed . Originally the episode saw Homer running for mayor , but this idea was abandoned . The ending was talked about for a while , with the original idea being that the whole town would be raised up and the rubbish be swept underneath . The ending was not intended to carry an environmental message , but it played well and is what the staff believe won the episode an Emmy . U2 contacted the show about doing a guest spot , rather than the other way around . The writers immediately wrote them one , in case they changed their minds . The band 's head of Principal Management Paul McGuinness and Susie Smith , an employee of Principal Management , also make brief appearances in the episode . U2 's drummer Larry Mullen , Jr. appears in the episode , although he has no dialogue . Steve Martin guest stars as Ray Patterson . The episode marked the first appearance of Costington 's department store , whose slogan is " Over a Century Without a Slogan " . It took " a lot of wasted man @-@ hours " to come up with both the name and slogan . The scene where Ray Patterson is reinstated ( to which he enters and exits to the Sanford and Son theme song ) was a reference to a moment that occurred during a stand up show of comedian Redd Foxx ( who starred on Sanford and Son ) . During a show in Vegas , Redd Foxx came on stage to the Sanford and Son theme song , only to find that there were very few people in the audience . Foxx angrily stated that he refused to do a show with such a small audience and walked off the stage . The house orchestra , puzzled by Foxx 's leaving , simply played him off with the Sanford and Son theme song again . The same incident was the basis for the joke in " The Two Mrs. Nahasapeemapetilons " where Moe Szyslak walks onto the stage and , without breaking his stride , walks off . = = Reception = = In its original broadcast , " Trash of the Titans " finished 16th in ratings for the week of April 20 – 26 , 1998 , with a Nielsen rating of 10 @.@ 5 , equivalent to approximately 10 @.@ 2 million viewing households . It was the highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , beating King of the Hill . This episode won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program ( For Programming One Hour or Less ) in 1998 . Jim Reardon won the Annie Award for " Outstanding Individual Achievement for Directing in an Animated Television Production " . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , said : " Although not a great episode , this one has a series of high points that keep you amused until the end . " In a 2006 article in USA Today , " The Trash of the Titans " was highlighted among the six best episodes of The Simpsons season nine , along with " The Joy of Sect " , " The Last Temptation of Krust " , " The Cartridge Family " , " Dumbbell Indemnity " , and " Das Bus " . During Toronto City Council deliberations over the proposal to turn the abandoned Adams Mine in Northern Ontario into a massive dump site for Toronto 's garbage , then @-@ councillors Jack Layton and Olivia Chow surprised their council colleagues by playing " Trash of the Titans " . " It was absolutely stunning " , Layton later told The Globe and Mail . " It was so accurate to what was going on . " Layton , who would later become leader of Canada 's New Democratic Party and Leader of the Official Opposition , called The Simpsons " the single most important influence on progressive social commentary in the world . " = = = Controversy = = = In 2008 , the episode caused controversy in the United Kingdom , for use of the word " wanker " . The word is first used by Adam Clayton , and later by Mr. Burns , at the end of the episode . While the word is not well known in the United States , it is considered offensive in the United Kingdom . On April 15 , 2008 , " Trash of the Titans " was broadcast on Channel 4 at 6pm , with both mentions of the word broadcast . Ofcom , which deals with television complaints in the United Kingdom , received 31 complaints from viewers who felt that the episode should not have been shown before the 9pm watershed . Channel 4 said that the error was caused by a member of the compliance staff , who had incorrectly certified the programme as suitable to be shown from 6pm . The error was not corrected by the acquisitions department . Ofcom said that while they were " concerned " , it would not look into the incident any further because it was " an isolated incident " .
= Linwood House = Linwood House was built as the homestead for Joseph Brittan , who as surgeon , newspaper editor , and provincial councillor , was one of the dominant figures in early Christchurch , New Zealand . The suburb of Linwood was named after Brittan 's farm and homestead . Brittan 's daughter Mary married William Rolleston , and they lived at Linwood House following Joseph Brittan 's death . During that time , Rolleston was the 4th ( and last ) Superintendent of the Canterbury Province , and Linwood House served for many important political and public functions . The property went through many changes in ownership . Land was successively subdivided ; at its peak , 110 acres ( 450 @,@ 000 m2 ) of land belonged to Linwood House , of which only 2 @,@ 013 square metres ( 21 @,@ 670 sq ft ) remain . For some years , Linwood House was used as a private day and boarding school for girls . The house declined during the mid 20ths century , was used for flats for several decades , and was in 1985 described by an historian as the " city 's worst example of a house which should be preserved being left to decay " . The house 's fortunes improved when it was purchased in 1988 by people sympathetic to heritage . Gradually being restored , Linwood House suffered significant damage in the 2010 Canterbury earthquake and partially collapsed in the 2011 Christchurch earthquake . Civil Defence ordered the building 's demolition , which was carried out in the second half of 2011 . Architecturally , Linwood House was a rare example of a late Georgian / Regency style house in Canterbury . It had historical importance as one of the oldest surviving houses in Christchurch . The building 's association with Joseph Brittan and especially William Rolleston made it socially important . = = Geography = = Linwood House was located at 30 Linwood Avenue in Linwood , Christchurch . Originally located on 50 acres ( 20 ha ) of rural section ( RS ) 300 , and after the adjacent RS 301 was added , the total size of the land holding was 110 acres ( 45 ha ) . After numerous subdivisions , the size of the section was 2 @,@ 013 square metres ( 21 @,@ 670 sq ft ) . The Christchurch suburb of Linwood was named after Brittan 's farm and homestead . = = History and ownership = = = = = Joseph Brittan ( 1857 – 1867 ) = = = Brothers Guise and Joseph Brittan , and their friend Charles Fooks had in common that they all married one of the four Chandler daughters . The Brittans were surgeons , whilst Fooks was an architect . Guise Brittan held a role of responsibility for the Canterbury Association , and he came to Christchurch on the Sir George Seymour in December 1850 , and his wife and four children travelled with him . Fooks went with them , but left his family behind in England . Joseph Brittan 's wife Elizabeth Mary had died in 1849 . He remarried in a manner that was illegal at the time , socially unacceptable and causing a scandal — he took Elizabeth 's sister Sophia , the fourth Chandler daughter , as his second wife . The newly @-@ weds reacted to the scandal in a way that was not unusual at the time ; they left their problems behind and emigrated , which they did a month after the ceremony . They sailed for Christchurch on the William Hyde , which left Deal , Kent on 21 October 1851 and arrived in Lyttelton on 5 February 1852 . Mrs Fooks and her two daughters came to New Zealand with Joseph Brittan 's family . By mid @-@ 1852 , Joseph Brittan purchased RS 300 , comprising rural land about 2 kilometres ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) east of Cathedral Square . In 1855 / 56 , Guise Brittan had Englefield Lodge built on land alongside the Avon River just outside the initial town area ( these days the area to the east of Fitzgerald Avenue ) . Joseph Brittan chose land a short distance downstream along the Avon River and had his homestead , Linwood House , built in 1857 . Fooks was the architect for Linwood House , and , based on an assessment by art historian Dr Ian Lochhead , it is likely that he also designed Englefield Lodge . Joseph Brittan called his property and farm Linwood after his home in Linwood , Hampshire . Joseph Brittan had varied interests and immediately upon arrival in Christchurch , joined others in various activities . He played cricket in Hagley Park within a fortnight of reaching Christchurch , and later helped improve the grounds and raised money for fencing the area . He was into horse racing , later bred horses , and Canterbury 's first steeplechase was held on his Linwood farm . The Brittans were into music and his wife Sophia Brittan brought her piano from England . Joseph Brittan had a portable harmonium and as in the early years , Lyttelton was culturally more important than Christchurch , he joined a musical group in the port town . For performances , he walked over the Bridle Path with the instrument strapped to his back . Musical evenings were also held at the Brittan home . About half way between Englefield and Linwood was Holy Trinity Avonside , at the time a cob church . Guise Brittan was its churchwarden . The whole Brittan family had a close connection to the church , with Joseph Brittan helping to raise money for its construction , and his daughter Mary singing in the church choir . They faithfully attended church on Sundays . Tragedy struck on 1 January 1862 , when his son Arthur drowned in the Avon River while learning to swim . He got entangled in watercress , which the Brittans themselves had introduced to the Avon , and his body was only found after a good half @-@ hour . Arthur had left school by then and was helping his father on the farm . Joseph Brittan was heartbroken and signs were that he had a period of depression . Soon after the drowning , he advertised for both a dairyman and a farmworker . He even put Linwood House up for sale , but no property transaction was recorded . William Rolleston , at the time Provincial Secretary , proposed to Mary Brittan in early 1865 . He was 34 at the time , and she was 19 . Both Joseph and Sophia Brittan were opposed to a marriage , which is surprising , given that Rolleston was intelligent , well educated , successful , and if anything , of higher social standing . They thought him too old for their daughter , her too young to marry . Maybe Sophia Brittan did not want to lose her daughter , who was in effect running the household and entertained guests , as she was often too ill to look after these tasks herself . But Rolleston was offered and accepted the role of Under Secretary for Native Affairs , which required moving to Wellington . Hence , the wedding went ahead on 24 May 1865 at Avonside Trinity Church , before the newly @-@ weds moved to the capital . Joseph Brittan 's health declined during 1867 . Of distress for the family were the financial affairs , with various debts that only Joseph knew about . Rolleston tried to give financial advice to both Sophia and her son Frank , but he was ignored . Joseph Brittan died on 27 October 1867 at Linwood House . Brittan Street in Linwood , named after Joseph Brittan , first appeared in street directories in 1892 . Today , the Linwood House section fronts onto both Linwood Avenue and Brittan Street . = = = Sophia Brittan ( 1867 – 1877 ) = = = Sophia Brittan inherited the house and land from her late husband . Initially , it was left to her son Frank to run the farm . In 1868 , there were rumours that William Sefton Moorhouse would resign as Canterbury Superintendent , and Rolleston was encouraged to make himself available . He returned to Christchurch , whilst his wife Mary and their two children remained in Wellington . Rolleston was elected unopposed on 22 May 1868 . And on 8 June , he was elected to Parliament in the 1868 by @-@ election in the Avon electorate . Late in 1868 , the Rollestons moved back to Christchurch to live at Linwood House . This was a delicate affair , as this made conditions cramped ( Sophia , her sons Joe and Frank , the Rollestons with their two children , plus servants made for cramped living in the eight rooms ) , and there has always been tension between William Rolleston and Frank Brittan . Mary Rolleston arranged for her oldest brother Joe , who had some disability , to live with his aunt , Mrs Fooks . Charles Fooks was imprisoned at that time , and it was good for Mrs Fooks to have a male live with her . The Rollestons paid rent , which helped Sophia Brittan service the mortgage . With Rolleston Superintendent until the abolition of Provincial Government at the end of 1876 , Linwood House hosted many important social and political functions . Linwood farm was used for sporting events . In July 1876 , the Christchurch rugby team met their South Canterbury counterparts from Timaru ( Christchurch won the game ) , and in May 1877 , the Canterbury Hunt Club met for a steeplechase in the sand hills of the farm . = = = Frank Brittan ( 1877 – 1889 ) = = = Sophia Brittan died in August 1877 . Whilst the Rollestons had carried the Brittan family financially over the last decade , their contributions went practically unrecognised . Mary Rolleston inherited £ 400 and the piano , her oldest brother received an annual annuity of £ 20 , and Frank Brittan was given the farm , the house and all its contents . William Rolleston was " shocked , hurt and astonished " by the unfairness of this distribution . Contact between the Rollestons and Frank Brittan all but ceased . Much later in life , Mary Rolleston would see her brother briefly once a year on New Year 's Day at his home , and that was all the contact that they had . In May 1878 , Frank Brittan sold 58 acres ( 23 ha ) of land subdivided into 231 sections for a total of £ 18 @,@ 489 . He made a handsome profit , as much of the land was purchased three years earlier for £ 49 per hectare , and he sold the land for some £ 318 per acre ( £ 127 per ha ) . Linwood Estate was located east of Stanmore Road , and comprised the extensions of Cashel , Hereford , and Worcester Streets . At the same auction , Brittan sold all his stock and farming implements , as he had bought Kelsie Estate in Selwyn County . Further subdivision followed in 1886 . = = = Edward Hiorns ( 1889 – 1912 ) = = = Edward Hiorns ( 1838 – 7 July 1912 ) emigrated in 1862 from England . Originally a plumber and tinsmith , he became a hotelier . From 1881 to 1883 , he was a member of Christchurch City Council , and later stood for office on the Linwood Borough Council . Hiorns was Masonic Grand Master of New Zealand , and attended the 1897 Queen Victoria Golden Jubilee in England in that capacity . Frank Brittan sold Linwood House to Hiorns in 1889 , who commissioned architect John Whitelaw to design an extension . This resulted in a drawing room , a billiard room and a study to be added to the house . In 1898 , Hiorns leased Linwood House to Sir John Denniston for five years . Hiorns had retired from business and spent some of his time in Sydney . Denniston , the oldest son of Thomas Denniston and married to the daughter of John Bathgate , was a judge at the Supreme Court in Christchurch . After Denniston had moved out , Hiorns carried out further subdivisions in 1903 and 1905 . For a time , Linwood House was reputedly leased to Alexander Boyle . He was one of the founders of Pyne and Co , which later became Pyne Gould Guinness , of which Boyle was chairman of the board . In September 1903 , Helen McKee and her mother relocated their boarding and day school for girls , Avonside College , from Inveresk ( the former dwelling of John Anderson ) to Linwood House . Helen McKee was a daughter of the highly esteemed Rev. David McKee , who came to New Zealand in January 1880 as the first vicar of North Belt Church ( later known as Knox Church ) . The Reverend died after only ten months in New Zealand , though . The congregation provided generously for his widow and her children , and at some point , his wife started a school . Helen McKee became a pupil teacher at Riccarton School in 1887 . Avonside College remained at Linwood House until 1911 , when it relocated to Rhodes Street and was renamed Meriden College . The Hiorns returned from Sydney in 1911 and lived at Linwood House . Amelia Hiorns died in December of that year , and Edward Hiorns died on 7 July 1912 . = = = Various owners ( 1913 – 1988 ) = = = Although the Hiorns had descendants , the estate was managed by the Public Trustee , who put Linwood House up for sale as four sections , with one of those holding the house itself . Three of the sections were purchased by Thomas Marker on 4 June 1913 in an auction , including the one containing the building . Marker paid ₤ 200 each for the building sections , and ₤ 1 @,@ 250 for the section containing the house . The furniture of Linwood House was sold in a separate auction . The house was rented to lawyer Francis Ion Cowlishaw , son of prominent provincial councillor William Patten Cowlishaw ( 1839 – 1903 ) . Cowlishaw senior had lived nearby in a house named ' Chaddesden ' , and Cowlishaw Street and Chaddesden Lane are named after the family . Francis Cowlishaw purchased Linwood House in 1916 for ₤ 1 @,@ 592 . In 1920 , a dance of Christchurch 's social elite was held at Linwood House . Cowlishaw sold the house later that year to Mrs Ethel Pyne , the widow of Frederick Pyne ( d . 1915 ) , who was a business partner of former Linwood House lessee Alexander Boyle . Immediately after the purchase , Ethel Pyne engaged Sidney and Alfred Luttrell to design a ₤ 700 extension to the house , and it is assumed that this was the addition of a second storey to an earlier service wing . Further subdivisions were carried out in 1927 and 1932 , after which Linwood House was sold to Florence Simpson in the latter year . Simpson in turn undertook subdivision in 1935 , before selling the remainder to Gordon Branthwaite , a solicitor , in 1945 . Records reveal that by 1948 , there were six residents living at Linwood House , indicating that the house had been set up for flatting in the meantime . Branthwaite subdivided the land behind Linwood House in 1958 . He died in 1972 , and his widow sold the property in the same year to Advance Buildings ( Nelson ) Ltd ; her daughter was a partner in that company . Local historian John Wilson , who in 1984 wrote the book Lost Christchurch , that year called Linwood House the " city 's worst example of a house which should be preserved being left to decay " . = = = Paddy and Jacky Snowdon ( 1988 – present ) = = = Paddy and Jacky Snowdon bought the property in 1988 . They increased occupancy to seven flats , carried out alterations and achieved compliance with fire regulations . The Snowdons undertook renovations that were long overdue , and that were sympathetic to the historic significance of the building . By 2002 , a conservation report had been completed . Linwood House suffered significant damage in the 2010 Canterbury earthquake . The upstairs and the roof got braced after the event , and this was beneficial when the 2011 Christchurch earthquake struck , but internal walls and fireplaces just " crumbled " . Civil Defence ordered the building 's demolition in March 2011 . It was demolished during the second half of 2011 . A symposium was held on 7 December 2012 in Wellington on New Zealand architecture in the 1850s . One of the papers given was " Gentlemen 's residences in 1850s Christchurch : An examination of the homes of William Rolleston and John Cracroft Wilson " . = = Heritage listing = = Linwood House was registered as a heritage building by the New Zealand Historic Places Trust on 17 August 1982 with registration number 3119 classified as D. With the change of the classification system , the building later became a Category II listing . = = Architectural and building history = = The 1857 house is in Regency architectural style . It was oriented so that its long side , facing north @-@ east , was roughly parallel to Linwood Avenue . Rectangular in floor plan , the Linwood Avenue frontage had five bays , with the central bay pedimented , which gave the house a symmetrical look . An 1871 photo by Alfred Charles Barker , held by the Canterbury Museum , shows a verandah on the north @-@ west side of the building only . This verandah was later extended to cover the front as well , and it mirrors the pedimented central bay . A hipped roof was hidden behind a balustrade . The house was constructed in double brick , and it is this unreinforced masonry construction that was unable to cope with the earthquake forces . Upstairs , windows were round @-@ headed . Downstairs , many of the openings were French doors . The New Zealand Historic Places Trust ( NZHPT ) was for a time uncertain who the architect was . In about 1995 , the last owner 's daughter , when undertaking research for a school assignment , came across the architect 's sketch of Linwood House in the Anglican Church archives , and this proved that Charles Fooks , the brother @-@ in @-@ law of Joseph Brittan , designed the house . A significant extension was designed in 1889 by John Whitelaw . The south @-@ west wing , ' behind ' the original house , used the different architectural style of a Victorian villa for the two @-@ storey addition . The NZHPT assumes that at the same time , a single storey extension was built onto the south @-@ east side . The last significant extension was added in 1920 , which was designed by the Luttrell Brothers . The south @-@ east wing was much more in keeping with the original design . It is possible that the architects designed a second storey for the service wing that had been built in 1889 . This extension connected the original house with the original washhouse . In 1972 , a kitchen and small toilet were added as a lean @-@ to . These were removed again in ca 1990 .
= No One Knows = " No One Knows " is a song by American rock band Queens of the Stone Age written by band members Josh Homme and Mark Lanegan . It was the first single and second track from their third album , Songs for the Deaf , and was released on November 26 , 2002 . " No One Knows " was a chart success , becoming the band 's only single to top the US Modern Rock charts . The song was also critically acclaimed , receiving a nomination for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 2003 Grammy Awards . = = Background and writing = = According to Homme , " No One Knows " existed before the recording sessions for Songs for the Deaf : We have patience with music , a year or five years down the road it may kind of rewrite itself and become what it 's supposed to be . There 's two songs on this record that are over five years old , you know ? ' God is the Radio ' and ' No One Knows ' . Recording for Songs for the Deaf began in March 2002 at three studios across California . Though the liner notes credit Homme and Eric Valentine with producing the majority of the album – including " No One Knows " – Homme credits Valentine with merely recording the beginning of the album for contractual reasons . = = Reception = = The critical response to " No One Knows " was generally positive . In The Guardian review of Songs for the Deaf , Dave Simpson said " ' No One Knows ' has killer riffs to spare " . Playlouder were similarly enthused , calling the song " soulful , like the last gasp of the hero in an old western " . Eric Carr of Pitchfork Media called it an " easy groove " and " four @-@ to @-@ the @-@ floor slime of the highest quality " . " No One Knows " was awarded the number one position on Australian national radio station Triple J 's annual Hottest 100 2002 , with four other Queens of the Stone Age tracks also charting . The March 2005 edition of Q magazine placed it at number 70 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks , saying of the song , " Possibly the only full @-@ on , legs akimbo guitar great to be based around a rhythm that goes oompah @-@ oompah , here Josh Homme joined the ranks of the immortal . " In September 2006 , it was placed at number 13 on NME 's list of the 50 Greatest Tracks Of The Decade . Rolling Stone placed " No One Knows " at number 97 on their list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time , saying of the track , " QOTSA guitarist and overall mastermind Josh Homme found the sweet spot between hooky hard rock and the pulverizing metal he 'd grown up playing . " The song was listed at number eleven on the 2002 Pazz & Jop list , a survey of several hundred music critics conducted by Robert Christgau . " No One Knows " was nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 2003 Grammys and was the band 's first , but they lost the award to Foo Fighters for " All My Life , which was also credited to Dave Grohl . In 2011 , NME placed it at number 18 on its list , " 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years " . In 2013 , " BBC 6 Music " placed it at number 16 on its " 6 music 's greatest hits " voted for by over 100 @,@ 000 listeners . To celebrate the twentieth anniversary of its " Hottest 100 " poll , Australian radio station Triple J ran a " Hottest 100 of the last 20 years " poll in June 2013 . Songs that were released between 1994 and 2012 were eligible for the poll and " No One Knows " was voted into eleventh position . In 2014 , NME placed it at number 99 on its list of the " 500 Greatest Songs of All Time " . = = Chart performance = = " No One Knows " was released as a single on November 26 , 2002 and became the most successful single from Songs for the Deaf . The song 's peak placings of number one , number five and number 51 on the US Modern Rock , US Mainstream Rock ( where it lasted for twenty @-@ eight weeks ) and the Billboard Hot 100 charts respectively remain the highest of the band 's career . " No One Knows " is also the band 's highest charting single on the Dutch Singles Chart ( where it reached number 39 ) and on the Irish Singles Chart , ( where it peaked at number 26 ) . It reached number 15 on the UK Singles Chart . It was voted number 1 in Australia 's Triple J Hottest 100 countdown for 2002 . = = Music video = = The music video for " No One Knows " was directed by Dean Karr and Michel Gondry ; Gondry filmed the first half on June 26 and 27 , 2002 , with Karr taking over on July 15 . Josh Homme has said Gondry was chosen because he " did all those videos for Björk and we 're huge fans of Björk , so we 're excited " . The video is split into two sections and switches between them throughout . The first has band members Homme , Nick Oliveri and Mark Lanegan driving a truck at night , whereupon they hit a deer . When they get out to inspect , the deer proceeds to attack them before going on a rampage in their International Harvester Scout . The second section of the video is of Homme , Oliveri , Troy Van Leeuwen and Dave Grohl performing the song against a black background . " No One Knows " received heavy rotation on music video channels culminating in a nomination for the MTV2 Award at 2003 MTV Video Music Awards , where it lost to AFI for " Girl 's Not Grey " . = = Subsequent recordings = = " No One Knows " has been covered by numerous groups , including The Section Quartet on their 2007 album , Fuzzbox , and Franco Saint de Bakker , with the song appearing on their 2004 release Live At The Ancienne Belgique . It was also covered by Razorlight as part of Jo Whiley 's Live Lounge Tour on September 26 , 2008 . The Divine Comedy often covered " No One Knows " at live shows and one such performance appears on their 2004 DVD , Live At The Palladium . Mark Ronson also covered the song as a B @-@ side to his single " Stop Me " , and it later charted in the UK by itself . The song was the first Queens of the Stone Age track to be remixed by British musical outfit Unkle . The " No One Knows " remix appeared as a B @-@ Side on the follow @-@ up single , " Go with the Flow " as well as the EP Stone Age Complication . = = In popular culture = = The song has been featured in numerous video games including NHL 2003 , Guitar Hero Smash Hits , and Guitar Hero , though the latter appearance is a cover . It also appears in Rock Band 3 . The UNKLE remix of " No One Knows " also appears on the soundtracks for video games SSX 3 , Test Drive Unlimited , and Race Driver : Grid and its advertising campaign . In 2012 , restaurant franchise Chili 's used a backing track in its ad for " $ 20 Dinner for Two " that bears a strong resemblance to " No One Knows " . The UNKLE remix of " No One Knows " was also featured in one of the trailers for Dwayne Johnson 's Hercules . In Chile , the song was used in one episode of puppet show 31 Minutos . In the UK , the song was featured in the opening scenes of Scottish TV drama Wedding Belles ( 2007 ) . = = Track listing = = = = Personnel = = Josh Homme – rhythm & lead guitar , lead vocals Dave Grohl – drums Nick Oliveri – bass Mark Lanegan – backing vocals = = Chart = = = = Certifications = =
= Speed 2 : Cruise Control = Speed 2 : Cruise Control is a 1997 American disaster thriller film , and a sequel to Speed ( 1994 ) . The film was produced and directed by Jan de Bont , and written by Randall McCormick and Jeff Nathanson , based on a story by de Bont and McCormick . Sandra Bullock stars in the film , reprising her role from Speed , while Jason Patric and Willem Dafoe co @-@ star . The film was released by 20th Century Fox on June 13 , 1997 . The plot involves couple Annie and Alex taking a vacation in the Caribbean aboard a luxury cruise ship , which is hijacked by a villain named Geiger who hacked into the ship 's computer system . As they are trapped aboard the ship , Annie and Alex work with the ship 's first officer to try to stop the ship , which they discover is programmed to crash into an oil tanker . De Bont came up with the idea for the film after he had a recurring nightmare about a cruise ship crashing into an island . Speed star Keanu Reeves was initially supposed to reprise his role as Jack Traven for the sequel , but decided not to commit and was replaced by Patric prior to filming . Production took place aboard Seabourn Legend , the ship on which the film is set . The film 's final scene , where the ship crashes into the island of Saint Martin , cost almost a quarter of the film 's budget , and set records as the largest and most expensive stunt ever filmed . Many interior scenes aboard the ship were shot on soundstages in the Greater Los Angeles Area . The film 's soundtrack featured mostly reggae music . Mark Mancina returned to compose the film score , which was released as an album 13 years after the film 's release . The critical reception was extremely negative , criticizing its acting , story , and characters . One major criticism was that the film 's setting on a slow @-@ moving cruise ship was much less thrilling than Speed 's setting on a fast @-@ moving bus . The film was also a financial disappointment , earning $ 164 million worldwide against a budget of $ 110 million . It was nominated for eight Golden Raspberry Awards , and won the award for " Worst Re @-@ Make or Sequel " . = = Plot = = Alex Shaw is on a motorcycle chase after a vehicle with stolen goods . He eventually catches the driver of the vehicle , but his girlfriend Annie runs into him during her driving test . She finds out that Alex is on the SWAT team after he lied and told her he was a beach cop . As an apology , Alex surprises her with a Caribbean cruise on Seabourn Legend . Aboard the ship , passenger John Geiger hacks into the ship 's computer system , and the following evening , he destroys the ship 's communication systems and kills the captain by throwing him overboard . After remotely shutting down the ship 's engines , Geiger calls the bridge to tell the first officer , Juliano , that the captain is dead and Juliano is now in charge . He is ordered by Geiger to evacuate the ship , during which Geiger steals jewelry from the ship 's vault . As passengers evacuate , Drew , a young deaf girl , becomes trapped in an elevator , and a group of people become trapped behind locked fire doors in a hallway filling up with smoke . Annie and Alex try to board the last lifeboat , however , Geiger programs the ship to start moving and the winch lowering the lifeboat gets jammed . Alex jumps onto the boat to rescue the passengers falling off , and Annie and Juliano use the ship 's gangplank to get the passengers back onto the deck . Alex realizes Geiger is controlling the ship and goes with Juliano to Geiger 's cabin armed with skeet guns , but Geiger remotely sets off explosives inside the room . Annie and Dante , the ship 's photographer , notice the people trapped behind the fire doors , and Annie uses a chainsaw to cut the door open and let them out . Meanwhile , Alex orders the navigator , Merced , to flood the ship and slow it down by opening the ballast doors . As the ship floods , Alex sees Drew on a monitor after she climbed out of the elevator , and runs to save her . Alex notices Geiger exiting the vault and holds him at gunpoint , but Geiger escapes by closing the fire door in front of Alex . Using the ship 's intercom , Geiger explains that he designed the ship 's autopilot system and is taking revenge against the cruise line after getting fired once he got sick from copper poisoning . Geiger again escapes from Alex by attaching a grenade to a door . The crew notice that Geiger has set the ship to crash into an oil tanker off the coast of Saint Martin . Alex decides to stop the ship by diving underneath it and jamming the propeller with a steel cable . Geiger realizes Alex is trying to stop the ship , so he jams the cable winch while Alex is underwater , causing it to break off the ship and free the cable . Geiger takes Annie hostage and escapes with her on a boat from the back of the ship . To avoid collision with the oil tanker , Alex and Dante go into the bilge pump room and use the bow thrusters to turn the ship . The ship screeches down the side of the tanker , but manages to withstand the damage , and heads straight into a marina . It then crashes into a Saint Martin town , which eventually brings the ship to a halt . Alex jumps off to rescue Annie and hijacks a speed boat from Maurice , forcing him to chase after Annie . Geiger takes Annie onto a seaplane , and Alex shoots it from the boat with a speargun and reels himself in through the water . Alex climbs onto the plane and rescues Annie , and both escape from the plane on one of its floats , which falls onto the water . Geiger loses control of the plane and crashes into the oil tanker , causing it to explode . The tanker crew however are safe , because they launched their lifeboat just in time . Annie and Alex travel back to shore in Maurice 's boat , and Alex gives Annie an engagement ring , asking her if she will " wear it for a while " , and she accepts . = = Cast = = Sandra Bullock as Annie Porter Jason Patric as Alex Shaw Willem Dafoe as John Geiger , the main antagonist in the film Temuera Morrison as Juliano Brian McCardie as Merced Christine Firkins as Drew Mike Hagerty as Harvey Colleen Camp as Debbie Lois Chiles as Celeste Francis Guinan as Rupert Tamia as Sheri Silver Jeremy Hotz as Ashton Bo Svenson as Captain Pollard Enrique Murciano as Alejandro Glenn Plummer as Maurice Kimmy Robertson as Liza Joe Morton ( uncredited cameo ) as Lieutenant McMahon , or " Mac " = = Production = = = = = Background and writing = = = Speed was released in June 1994 , starring Keanu Reeves and Sandra Bullock , and dealt with the story of a runaway bus armed with a bomb that would explode if it dropped under 50 miles per hour ( 80 km / h ) . The film was a success , grossing almost $ 350 million worldwide , and holds a 93 % " fresh " rating at review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 60 critic reviews . De Bont felt the film was a " one @-@ time story " with no sequel potential , and its studio , 20th Century Fox , made no obligations for the actors to appear in a follow @-@ up film . However , Speed had such positive word @-@ of @-@ mouth prior to its release that Fox began to discuss plans for a sequel . After its initial box office success within the first week of release , plans for a sequel to Speed were officially announced , and Fox mentioned the possibility of the sequel beginning with Reeves and Bullock 's characters being married . De Bont was contractually obligated to direct Speed 2 , and was paid a reported $ 5 – 6 million salary for the sequel . Fox expected Reeves and Bullock to reprise their roles without obligation , and negotiations with the actors began later that year . Hundreds of ideas for a sequel were submitted to de Bont , all of which he turned down in favor of his own idea , based on a recurring nightmare he experienced about a cruise ship crashing into an island . Speed screenwriter Graham Yost had an idea for a film involving a boat , with a Vietnam War @-@ era vessel loaded with weapons that would explode if its ammunition came in contact with water . He also had an idea for a story about a plane that has to fly through the Andes mountains , but cannot ascend above 10 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) . Neither Yost nor Speed producer Mark Gordon were asked to participate in the sequel , although Yost received a " characters created by " credit and Gordon was credited as executive producer for Speed 2 . Randall McCormick was hired to write the sequel in 1994 and received a story credit along with de Bont . McCormick and Jeff Nathanson collectively wrote the screenplay , working back from the idea based on de Bont 's nightmare , while writers Kevin Peterka and Greg Chabot provided additional uncredited work to the screenplay . Prior to production , details about the film were kept secret , and de Bont refused to confirm rumors about the film taking place on a ship , although he did state that the sequel would be " funnier " . Speed 2 star Jason Patric said that details were kept secret because " people do tend to steal other people 's ideas " , but said the sequel is a " very complex movie " and would have " bigger sequences " . De Bont produced Speed 2 with his company Blue Tulip Productions and producer Steve Perry . Producer Michael Peyser later joined the project during production in late 1996 , after joining Blue Tulip as de Bont 's partner . While Speed was produced for $ 30 million , the sequel was green @-@ lit at " just under $ 100 million " due to the larger production and higher cast salaries . The director began working on the pre @-@ production prior to the release of his previous film , Twister ( 1996 ) . He started location scouting in the Caribbean in May 1996 , and chose Saint Martin as the primary filming location because he felt it was unlikely to be subjected to a hurricane , as it was struck by a hurricane the previous year for the first time in 100 years . De Bont wanted a cruise liner that was luxurious enough to possibly have millions of dollars of jewelry aboard and that was sleek enough for the film 's poster . He learned about the Seabourn Legend in a hotel brochure , and chose the ship for the film after visiting ships from other cruise lines . = = = Casting = = = Bullock agreed to star in the sequel to get financial backing for the drama film Hope Floats ( 1998 ) , and was paid a reported $ 11 – $ 12 @.@ 5 million to reprise her role as Annie . Reeves was offered $ 12 million to reprise his role as Jack Traven , but turned it down as he did not like the script and was financially secure from the success of Speed . Having recently starred in the action film Chain Reaction ( 1996 ) , Reeves felt he was not " ready to mentally and physically " star in another action film . He instead chose to star in the horror film The Devil 's Advocate ( 1997 ) , which was filmed at the same time as Speed 2 , and subsequently toured with his band , Dogstar . He said that Fox was " furious " with his decision and released " propaganda " against him , claiming that he turned down the role to tour with his band , which Reeves stated had nothing to do with his decision . De Bont said that the character in the sequel was not specific to Reeves and could be played by any young actor , as long as he could have chemistry with Bullock . Many actors were considered to replace Reeves in Speed 2 , including Jon Bon Jovi , Patrick Muldoon , Johnathon Schaech , Christian Slater , and Billy Zane . Matthew McConaughey was the first to be considered , suggested by Bullock after starring with him in the film A Time to Kill ( 1996 ) . After McConaughey passed up the role to star in Contact ( 1997 ) , Bullock suggested Jason Patric , with whom she had wanted to work since seeing his performance in After Dark , My Sweet ( 1990 ) . De Bont was skeptical of featuring a relatively unknown actor such as Patric , but was reminded by the studio that Bullock and Reeves were also relatively unknown prior to Speed . He chose Patric based on his role in Sleepers ( 1996 ) . Patric was paid a reported $ 4 @.@ 5 – $ 8 million for his role in Speed 2 and also used his salary to finance a 1998 drama , Your Friends & Neighbors . After accepting the role , Patric stated that he never saw Speed or had any intentions of seeing it , and Reeves said he was looking forward to seeing Patric star in the sequel . After Reeves declined to appear in Speed 2 , the screenplay was rewritten to remove his character from the story , which de Bont wanted to deal with early in the film . His absence is explained in the first scene , where Annie talks about how her relationship with Jack did not work out , and mentions her current relationship with Alex ( Patric ) , before his character is introduced in the film . Gary Oldman turned down the role of the villain , Geiger , and instead chose to star as another villain in Air Force One ( 1997 ) . Willem Dafoe was cast as Geiger after Dafoe wanted to star in a " big movie " and once again play a villain . De Bont cast Kiwi actor Temuera Morrison as Juliano based on his role in Once Were Warriors ( 1994 ) . Despite not liking the script , Brian McCardie accepted the role as Merced as his agents assured him it would be good for his acting career . Comedian Royale Watkins was hired by de Bont for the part of Dante after discovering Watkins performing at a comedy club . Glenn Plummer was cast as a character named Maurice whose boat gets hijacked by Alex , reprising his role from Speed as a Jaguar owner whose car gets hijacked by Jack . To add comic relief , de Bont cast comedian Tim Conway as Annie 's driving instructor , and hoped it would be a comeback role for Conway . Singer Tamia was cast as Sheri , an entertainer on the ship , because de Bont wanted a singer who could also act . She did not plan on doing any film acting that early in her career , as she had yet to release her debut album , but said the part was " too perfect for [ her ] to resist " . Joe Morton reprised his role from Speed as SWAT lieutenant " Mac " in an uncredited cameo appearance in the beginning of the film . = = = Filming = = = Principal photography took place from September 23 , 1996 , to late February 1997 . The film 's opening scene with the driving test and the motorcycle chase was filmed in Elysian Park , Los Angeles . During a motorcycle stunt on a Ducati 916 on the second day of filming , Patric flew off the bike 30 feet ( 9 m ) into the air , and Bullock said the incident was so dangerous that Patric " should be dead " . Stunt coordinator Dick Ziker was very impressed with Patric 's physical stunts in the film , and said that Patric " is so physical he probably could be one of the top stunt men in the world " . Patric 's stunts included being dragged by a seaplane through the water , jumping onto collapsing buildings , and scuba diving while pulled by a moving ship . He was also required to tread water for multiple hours at a time . De Bont said the most frightening incident was when a stunt woman was hit in the face by a boat cable and required reconstructive surgery . De Bont persuaded Bullock , Patric , and Dafoe to perform most of their own stunts , as opposed to using stunt doubles , so the scenes would appear more realistic . The three starring actors were also required to get in physical shape and engage in physical exercise sessions before and during filming . Bullock had to overcome her fear of water that she developed after almost drowning at age 14 , while learning to surf . While filming in the middle of the ocean , Bullock was smacked into the ship several times and was saved by Patric from decapitation by the ship 's rudder . Bullock and Patric also had a scene filmed in an underwater tank where they had to kiss underwater with Bullock 's hands tied together . Navy SEALs with scuba gear were present inside the tank during shooting , as the actors had to hold their breath during the scene . According to Bullock , she performed all of her own stunts " except for a quarter of one stunt " ; her stunt double worked for only three days during production . Film crews moved to West Palm Beach and Miami , Florida in July 1996 with the anticipation of shooting in each location for several weeks later that year . However , due to scheduling issues with Patric , production did not take place in West Palm Beach and only filmed in Miami for " just a few days " . The Miami production took place in a gymnasium and a boat hangar at Dinner Key in the Coconut Grove neighborhood of Miami , which were rented by Fox . After spending over $ 55 @,@ 000 in repairs to both facilities , Fox refused to pay the $ 35 @,@ 000 in rental fees to the City of Miami . The city sued for the rent since Fox did not seek approval for the repairs , and a compromise was reached when the city credited some of the repair costs , resulting in Fox paying around $ 26 @,@ 000 for the rent . Production later moved to the Seabourn Legend , and the crew lived aboard it for six weeks . During filming , the ship provided accommodations for the film 's cast and crew , and housed the makeup and wardrobe departments . The Seabourn Legend 's captain and other crew members appear as extras the film . The evacuation sequence was among the first scenes filmed on the ship , and was shot in Key West , Florida . Several days after shooting began , the National Hurricane Center issued an alert for Hurricane Lili , which was predicted to be headed towards the Florida Keys . Shooting the evacuation scene was put on hold , and the ship was forced to sail to safe waters . The producers rearranged the shooting schedule and shot additional scenes on the ship 's bridge while sailing towards Cuba . As Hurricane Lili approached Cuba , the ship 's violent movements caused seasickness among those on board . The ship was again forced to relocate , sailed from Cuba towards the Gulf of Mexico , and returned to the Keys three days later . The filming of the evacuation sequence continued and took place over the next two weeks . Approximately 30 hoses and the ship 's fire sprinkler system were used to simulate heavy rainfall in the scene . De Bont said that during shooting , he learned to " never film a boat from a stationary point of view " . To make the ship appear faster , all exterior shots of the ship were filmed from a moving vehicle . Following the production at sea , de Bont said that filming on water " was 100 percent more difficult than [ he ] imagined " . For the climatic scene where the ship crashes into an island , de Bont wanted to create and destroy an actual town . He opted against miniature scale models and computer @-@ generated imagery ( CGI ) because he wanted the scene to be real for both the actors and the audience viewing the film . Additionally , creating the entire scene in CGI was deemed too expensive and would have cost around $ 500 million . Production designer Joseph Nemec III designed a set in Marigot , Saint Martin that extended the town 's architecture , which included 35 buildings and was built in six months for $ 5 million . Despite de Bont 's reason for choosing Saint Martin for filming , a hurricane struck the town and destroyed the set during construction , which had to be rebuilt with hurricane @-@ proof buildings . Before destroying the town for the film , some of the buildings on the set were used as production offices . To stand in for the Seabourn Legend during the finale , two mock @-@ ups were constructed in Florida and towed to Saint Martin . The first mock @-@ up , dubbed the " bridge ship " , was a reconstruction of the bow and bridge built atop the hull of the Sturgeon Atlantic cargo ship . 60 short tons ( 54 t ) of steel were used to construct the bridge ship mock @-@ up , which was 18 percent smaller than the original . The bridge ship was used in the first part of the finale when the cruise ship is crashing into boats in the harbor prior to hitting the island . A cargo ship was used for the scene because the actual Seabourn Legend could not navigate in the harbor 's shallow waters . The second mock @-@ up was a full @-@ scale replica of the Seabourn Legend 's bow , known as the " rail ship " . The rail ship was 150 feet ( 46 m ) , about one @-@ third the length of the Seabourn Legend , and weighed 300 short tons ( 270 t ) . A 1 @,@ 000 @-@ foot long ( 300 m ) rail was built 60 feet ( 18 m ) underwater , and the rail ship was placed on top and sat on 50 wheels . Filming the finale scene with the rail ship was initially delayed because it could not be hoisted onto the track due to large waves caused by the hurricane . The scene was filmed using 14 cameras , with the rail ship traveling 50 feet ( 15 m ) at a time into the set , with debris from the destruction cleared between each take . The ship was powered by four diesel engines and pulled by a large chain at a speed of 18 miles per hour ( 29 km / h ) . The three planned collisions in the scene were aided by explosives and hydraulics to ensure the set 's structures collapsed precisely . Concrete was also removed from the buildings and replaced with sand @-@ coated balsa wood so the buildings would " crumble " more effectively after being hit by the rail ship . In the scene 's final shot , the ship had to stop within a 6 @-@ inch ( 15 cm ) area , and was completely successful on the first take . The five @-@ minute scene cost $ 25 million to produce , roughly one quarter of the film 's entire budget , and set records as both the largest and the most expensive stunt ever filmed . The remaining two @-@ thirds of the ship was added into the film during post @-@ production by Industrial Light & Magic using computer @-@ generated imagery ( CGI ) . Following production in Saint Martin , filming moved to The Bahamas to shoot the underwater shots in the scene where Alex swims underneath the ship to try to jam the propeller . A location in the Tongue of the Ocean off the coast of New Providence was chosen for filming due to the clarity of the water . The scene was filmed underneath a propeller @-@ less barge , and the barge 's hull was designed to resemble that of the Seabourn Legend . A propeller was later added into the scene using CGI during post @-@ production . To provide a sense of velocity to the scene , the barge was towed by tugboats at one and a half knots . The production crew did not have a winch system available for the underwater shoot as depicted in the scene , so a pulley system was created by feeding Patric a rope that was attached to the axle of a car that drove along the barge . After reviewing the dailies from shooting , de Bont was unhappy with the footage because the water was so clear that " it looked like a swimming pool " . The scene was later reshot with divers above the camera dusting the area in front of the lens with sediment to alter the clarity of the footage . Interiors of the ship were filmed at Sony Pictures Studios and Warren Entertainment in Culver City and Valencia , California , respectively . Full @-@ scale replicas of the ship 's atrium , cabins , and engine rooms were constructed at the soundstages where production took place for over a month . The scene where Alex rescues Drew while the ship is being flooded was filmed by camera operators wearing wet suits inside a tank at Sony Pictures Studios . The set inside the tank was constructed with plywood and included a hydraulic lift that gave the effect that the water level was rising . Part of the seaplane scene was filmed outdoors in Valencia . The seaplane was suspended from a crane , with its engines and fuel tanks removed to ease its lift , and large fans were used to simulate wind . The outdoor shoot was filmed in one day for a brief , " one- or two @-@ second " shot in the film , according to Nemec . = = = Music = = = = = = = Soundtrack = = = = To go along with the film 's Caribbean setting , the soundtrack consists of mostly reggae music . De Bont also wanted musicians to appear in the film as entertainers on the cruise ship . A cameo appearance for reggae band UB40 was written into the script after the filmmakers heard a demo of their song " Tell Me Is It True " , and wanted them to perform it in the film . Brazilian singer Carlinhos Brown was also chosen to be featured as a performer on the ship because de Bont wanted music that was " lively " and felt that Brown 's music was " full of energy " . Tamia worked with de Bont and musician Quincy Jones to choose a song for her character to perform in the film , and selected " Make Tonight Beautiful " , which was written by Diane Warren . The Speed 2 : Cruise Control soundtrack was released by Virgin Records on May 20 , 1997 , about one month before the film 's release . The soundtrack album featured 12 songs , all of which were featured in the film , and five of the songs were distributed to radio stations for promotion . In addition to UB40 and Brown , the album features reggae music from Jimmy Cliff , Common Sense , Maxi Priest , Shaggy , Rayvon , and Betty Wright . Shaggy wanted to feature his cover of the Erma Franklin song " Piece of My Heart " ; however , because the song was being using in an upcoming Janis Joplin biopic , he instead featured his song " My Dream " . Priest was assigned to cover a song in his style for the soundtrack after contributing to the soundtrack for Jungle 2 Jungle ( 1997 ) , and Common Sense 's appearance on the soundtrack led to a recording contract with Virgin the following year . Speed 2 score composer Mark Mancina wrote a dance @-@ rage track for the soundtrack based on the score , which was produced by Japanese musician Tetsuya " TK " Komuro , who made his debut in the United States performing the track , called " Speed TK Re @-@ mix " . = = = = Score = = = = Mancina wrote the film score for Speed 2 after previously composing the scores for Speed and Twister . He started composing the music on March 1 , 1997 , and it was later recorded at the end of April . He began by creating themes and melodies , then working them into the film where he felt they would fit . The score includes a reworking of the 20th Century Fox fanfare , in which the final chord is sustained and " slithers down " into the opening theme , while the studio logo fades into a traveling shot of the ocean on screen . Originally , the studio was hesitant to feature an altered version of the fanfare , but allowed the alteration after being convinced by de Bont and hearing it performed by an orchestra . Specific action cues were scored on the piano down to each second of film . Noting how the film was set in the Caribbean and had a different , slower pace than Speed , Mancina gave the score a " Jamaican / Latin feel " by incorporating reggae music in between action sequences . The reggae music was written to give the feel of being on vacation and serve as a love theme for the characters . Some of the themes from Speed were included in the score between sections of the newly written material . He wrote new themes for Annie and Alex because he felt the original themes written for Reeves ' character would not work well with Patric . After viewing the scene where Geiger attaches leeches to his body to cleanse his blood , Mancina felt the scene was " so gross " that he wrote a " slimy theme " for the character , which is distinctively different from the rest of the music . He mixed the score at the same time the film was being edited , which caused the music to be constantly re @-@ edited into the film . During the scoring of Speed 2 , Mancina said in an interview that keeping up with the editing of the film was the " hardest thing [ he had ] ever done " . Over 100 minutes of score are present in Speed 2 , more than Mancina wrote for Speed and Twister combined . After the score was written , Mancina created a demo of the entire score on a synthesizer to play for de Bont . While the score for Speed only used strings , French horns , and percussion , Speed 2 used a wider variety of instruments including trombones , large woodwinds , bass clarinets , and contrabassoons . Mancina , himself , played a nylon string guitar on several cues . The reggae music featured a band with steel drums , in addition to Cuban drums and Latin percussion . De Bont wanted 16 steel drum players , but due to the lack of players available , Mancina used eight drums which were double @-@ tracked . The orchestra had 96 players , which was significantly larger than the orchestra of 63 players that performed the score for Speed . Music was recorded on an Electro @-@ Voice microphone that allowed the music to be recorded directly to a computer without the need for equalization or compression , due to the microphone 's high clarity . Mancina 's score was initially not released on CD to avoid competition with sales of the soundtrack album . De Bont made a deal with Virgin Records that the score could not be released until at least six months after the release of the soundtrack . An official release of the score was not made until 13 years after the film 's release . La @-@ La Land Records released the Speed 2 : Cruise Control Original Motion Picture Score on June 15 , 2010 , as a limited edition of 3000 units . The album features 70 minutes of music across 14 tracks , and according to La @-@ La Land , it also features a " notable amount of music " that was not used in the film , due to the film 's constant re @-@ edits prior to its release date . Daniel Schweiger of Film Music Magazine said that Mancina 's score was " arguably a better one than Speed " , praising the album 's " thrilling themes " , " epic orchestrations " , and " Jamaican @-@ style grooves " . Filmtracks.com gave the release four out of five stars , saying the album was " perhaps [ La @-@ La Land 's ] finest offering of a previously unreleased score " , although it also stated that " [ s ] ome of the action and suspense material in the latter half of the score becomes a bit generic . " = = Reception = = The film was and continues to be widely regarded as a travesty in filmmaking and it received many scathing reviews both upon its release and in subsequent years . Rotten Tomatoes reported a 3 % approval score with an average score of 3 @.@ 4 / 10 based on 68 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , " Speed 2 falls far short of its predecessor , thanks to laughable dialogue , thin characterization , unsurprisingly familiar plot devices , and action sequences that fail to generate any excitement . " Website Metacritic rated the film " generally unfavorable " based on 22 reviews , with an average score of 23 / 100 . Time said that Patric 's character was " fundamentally uninteresting " , but blamed de Bont and the screenwriters for " not providing their actors with stuff to act " . Many critics stated that a major issue with the film was the lack of thrill due to the setting of the slow @-@ moving ship . Entertainment Weekly heavily criticized the lack of story and said the film is " as slow @-@ moving as a garbage scow " . According to the Los Angeles Times , even children who saw the film felt it was strange that it took place on a ship " not capable of going more than a few knots per hour [ sic ] " , and claimed that Speed was " much more logical " . It is also considered to be one of the worst film sequels of all time , and many publications have placed Speed 2 on lists of the worst film sequels . Complex ranked the film first on a list of " The 50 Worst Sequels of All Time " , calling it " one of the worst ' event ' movies ever conceived " , while praising Reeves ' choice to not return for the sequel , and referring to Patric as " wooden and woefully miscast " . In 2010 , New York film critic David Edelstein featured an article on Speed 2 that described it as the " Worst Sequel of All " , mainly due to the film 's explanation for the absence of Reeves ' character . In addition to being ranked among the worst sequels , Empire ranked the film at number 24 on a list of " The 50 Worst Movies Ever " . Bullock has since regretted starring in the film , and stated that the script was to blame for the negative reception of the film . She stated she had doubts about its success during production and " knew it was going to be a big flop " once she saw the final product . Patric also admitted " it wasn 't a good movie " and said that its lack of success was due to de Bont 's directing , while praising Bullock and the rest of the film 's crew . Mark Gordon and Graham Yost stated they felt " bitter and happy " after initially not being asked to be involved in Speed 2 , then seeing how the film was unsuccessful . Despite the overwhelming negative reviews , the film did receive some positive feedback . Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun Times and Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune both gave Speed 2 three out of four stars , and wrote the film 's only two positive reviews , respectively , on Rotten Tomatoes . On their film review TV series Siskel & Ebert , they collectively gave Speed 2 a positive rating of " Two Thumbs Up " , calling it a " truly rousing ocean liner adventure story " , although Ebert criticized Bullock 's more limited role in the sequel while Patric " stole all the action sequences " . Since his original review , Ebert claimed that he enjoyed Speed 2 more than Bullock , and wrote an article in 2013 that his favorable review of the film " inspired more disbelief " than any other he had written and was frequently cited as an example of him being a poor film critic . At the Conference on World Affairs in 1999 , Ebert spoke about the difficulty of making films such as Speed 2 and defended his review by offering a " Speed 3 " contest for anyone to create a five @-@ minute short film that takes place on something that cannot stop moving . Speed 2 was listed on About.com 's " Top 9 Cruise Ship or Ocean Liner Movies " , which said it had " [ g ] ood shots of the ship and a spectacular ending " , but also described the plot as " lame " . The Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution , Los Angeles Daily News , and The Sacramento Bee all gave favorable reviews , while stating that the film was not as good as Speed . Empire Magazine 's Andrew Collins gave the film a 3 / 5 stars , while commenting " ... top @-@ billed Sandra Bullock , formerly an accidental heroine , is insultingly sidelined here to boyfriend 's little helper and hostage @-@ in @-@ waiting . Patric is the film 's actual seabourn legend , and a watchable one , but the pair 's gooey relationship sorely lacks Speed 's thrown @-@ together dynamic . " = = = Release and box office = = = Speed 2 : Cruise Control premiered at the Cineplex Odeon in Century City , Los Angeles on June 9 , 1997 , and was released into theaters on June 13 . The release date was rescheduled twice — originally set for July 2 and pushed up to June 6 to avoid competition with Men in Black and Titanic ( which was then scheduled for July ) , then moved back one week to avoid competition with Con Air . During its opening weekend , Speed 2 was shown on 2 @,@ 615 screens and grossed $ 16 @.@ 2 million . Despite its negative reviews , it ranked at number one in the box office , grossing just $ 500 @,@ 000 more than Con Air in second place . Box office sales for Speed 2 dropped 54 percent the following weekend , grossing only $ 7 @.@ 8 million and ranking at number five . The film grossed only $ 48 million in the United States , and had a total gross of $ 164 @.@ 5 million worldwide . Moviefone and Time have both ranked the film among the biggest box office bombs of all time . = = = Razzie Awards = = = The film received eight Razzie Award nominations out of 12 possible categories at the 18th Golden Raspberry Awards , and had the second @-@ highest number that year following Batman and Robin ( 1997 ) , which had 11 nominations . Speed 2 won the award for " Worst Re @-@ Make or Sequel " , but lost the award for " Worst Picture " to The Postman ( 1997 ) . = = Legacy = = Speed 2 : Cruise Control has been referenced and parodied in pop culture . A 1998 episode of the British sitcom Father Ted titled " Speed 3 " involves a bomb planted on a milk float that will explode if the float travels under 4 mph ( 6 @.@ 4 km / h ) . While the plot is a parody of Speed , writers Graham Linehan and Arthur Mathews got the idea for the episode after asking themselves if it was possible to come up with a " worse idea for a sequel than Speed 2 " . The Simpsons episode " Bye Bye Nerdie " ( 2001 ) features a scene on a racing school bus where character Milhouse Van Houten says " It 's like Speed 2 , only with a bus instead of a boat ! " The Family Guy episode " Blind Ambition " ( 2005 ) includes a parody of the film 's finale where a cruise ship crashes into a pier and through a city before stopping in the middle of an airport .
= Montreal Laboratory = The Montreal Laboratory in Montreal , Quebec , Canada , was established by the National Research Council of Canada during World War II to undertake nuclear research in collaboration with the United Kingdom , and to absorb some of the scientists and work of the Tube Alloys nuclear project in Britain . After the Fall of France , a small number of French scientists escaped to Britain with their stock of heavy water . They were temporarily installed in the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge , where they made progress on the design of a nuclear reactor . The Maud Committee was uncertain as to whether this was relevant to the main task of Tube Alloys , that of building an atomic bomb , although there remained a possibility that a reactor could be used to breed plutonium , which might be used in one . It therefore recommended that they be relocated to America , and co @-@ located with the American Manhattan Project 's reactor effort . Due to American concerns about security ( as many of the scientists were foreign nationals ) and patent claims by the French scientists and Imperial Chemical Industries ( ICI ) , it was decided to relocate them to Canada instead . The Canadian government agreed to the proposal , and the Montreal Laboratory was established in a house belonging to McGill University . It moved to permanent accommodation at the Université de Montréal in March 1943 . The first eight laboratory staff arrived in Montreal at the end of 1942 . These were Bertrand Goldschmidt and Pierre Auger from France , George Placzek from Czechoslovakia , S. G. Bauer from Switzerland , Friedrich Paneth and Hans von Halban from Austria , and R. E. Newell and F. R. Jackson from Britain . The Canadian contingent included George Volkoff , Bernice Weldon Sargent and George Laurence , and promising young Canadian scientists such as J. Carson Mark , Phil Wallace and Leo Yaffe . Although Canada was a major source of uranium ore and heavy water , these were controlled by the Americans . Anglo @-@ American cooperation broke down , denying the Montreal Laboratory scientists access to the materials they needed to build a reactor . In 1943 , the Quebec Agreement merged Tube Alloys with the American Manhattan Project . The Americans agreed to help build the reactor . Scientists who were not British subjects would leave , and John Cockcroft became the new Director of the Montreal Laboratory in May 1944 . The Chalk River Laboratories opened in 1944 , and the Montreal Laboratory was closed in July 1946 . Two reactors were eventually built at Chalk River . The small ZEEP went critical on 5 September 1945 , and the larger NRX on 21 July 1947 . NRX was for a time the most powerful research reactor in the world . = = Early nuclear research in Canada = = Canada has a long history of involvement with nuclear research , dating back to the pioneering work of Ernest Rutherford at McGill University in 1899 . In 1940 , George Laurence of the National Research Council ( NRC ) began experiments in Ottawa to measure neutron capture and nuclear fission in uranium in order to demonstrate the feasibility of a nuclear reactor . For the purpose , he obtained 450 kilograms ( 990 lb ) of uranium dioxide in paper bags obtained from the Eldorado Mine at Port Radium in the Northwest Territories . For a neutron moderator , he used carbon in the form of petroleum coke . This was placed with the bags of uranium oxide in a large wooden bin lined with paraffin wax , another neutron moderator . A neutron source was added , and a Geiger counter used to measure radioactivity . The experiments continued in 1942 , but were ultimately unsuccessful ; the problems posed by impurities in the coke and uranium oxide had not been fully appreciated , and as a result too many neutrons were captured . But Laurence 's efforts attracted some attention , and in the summer of 1940 he was visited by R. H. Fowler , the British scientific liaison officer in Canada . This was followed by a visit from John Cockcroft of the British Tizard Mission to the United States in the autumn . They brought news of the similar research being carried out under the supervision of the Maud Committee in Britain and the National Defense Research Committee ( NDRC ) in the United States . Fowler became the channel of communication between the NDRC and its counterparts in Britain and Canada . Through him , Laurence obtained an introduction to Lyman J. Briggs , the chairman of the NDRC 's S @-@ 1 Uranium Committee , who supplied copies of American studies . On returning to England , Cockcroft arranged through Lord Melchett for Laurence to receive a $ 5 @,@ 000 grant to continue his research . This payment was made by Imperial Chemical Industries ( ICI ) through a Canadian subsidiary . It had the desired side effect of impressing the Canadian authorities with the importance of Laurence 's work . = = French connection = = Laurence had chosen to use carbon instead of heavy water because it was cheaper and more readily available . A team of scientists in France that included Hans von Halban , Lew Kowarski , and Francis Perrin had been conducting similar experiments since 1939 . By 1940 , they had decided to use heavy water as a moderator , and through the French Minister of Armament obtained about 185 kilograms ( 408 lb ) from the Norsk Hydro hydroelectric station at Vemork in Norway . After the Fall of France , they had escaped to Britain with their stock of heavy water . They were temporarily installed in the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge , but , believing that Britain would soon fall as well , were eager to relocate to the United States or Canada . Canada was an alternative source of heavy water . Cominco had been involved in heavy water research since 1934 , and produced it at its smelting plant in Trail , British Columbia . On 26 February 1941 , the NRC inquired about its ability to produce heavy water . This was followed on 23 July 1941 by letter from Hugh Taylor , a British @-@ born scientist working at Princeton University , on behalf of the Office of Scientific Research and Development ( OSRD ) . Taylor offered a NDRC contract to produce 2 @,@ 000 pounds ( 910 kg ) , for which the NDRC was prepared to pay $ 5 per pound for low @-@ grade and $ 10 for high @-@ grade heavy water . At the time it was selling for up to $ 1 @,@ 130 a pound . Cominco 's president , Selwyn G. Blaylock , was cautious . There might be no post @-@ war demand for heavy water , and the patent on the process was held by Albert Edgar Knowles , so a profit @-@ sharing agreement would be required . In response , Taylor offered up $ 20 @,@ 000 for plant modifications . There the matter rested until 6 December 1941 , when Blaylock had a meeting with the British physicist G. I. Higson , who informed him that Taylor had become discouraged with Cominco , and had decided to find an another source of heavy water . Blaylock invited Taylor to visit Trail , which he did from 5 to 8 January 1942 . The two soon found common ground . Blaylock agreed to produce heavy water at Trail , and quickly secured approval from the Chairman of the Board , Sir Edward Beatty . A contract was signed on 1 August 1942 . The heavy water project became known as the P @-@ 9 Project in October 1942 . The French scientists made good progress on the design of an aqueous homogeneous reactor , but there were doubts that their work was relevant to the main task of the British Tube Alloys project , that of building an atomic bomb , and resources were tightly controlled in wartime Britain . There was a possibility that a reactor could be used to breed plutonium , but its use in a bomb seemed a remote possibility . The Maud Committee therefore felt that they should relocate to America . It made sense to pool resources , and America had advantages , notably proximity to materials such as heavy water . American scientists such as Henry D. Smyth , Harold Urey and Hugh Taylor urged that the Cambridge team be sent to America . On the other hand , American officials had concerns about security , since only one of the six senior scientists in the Cambridge group was British , and about French patent claims . These included patents on controlling nuclear chain reactions , enriching uranium , and using deuterium as a neutron moderator . There were also two patent applications in conjunction with Egon Bretscher and Norman Feather on the production and use of plutonium . George Thomson , the chairman of the Maud Committee , suggested a compromise : relocating the team to Canada . = = Establishment = = The next step was to broach the matter with the Canadians . The Lord President , Sir John Anderson , as the minister responsible for Tube Alloys , wrote to the British High Commissioner to Canada , Malcolm MacDonald , who had been involved in Tube Alloys negotiations with Canada regarding the Eldorado 's uranium mine at Port Radium and its refinery in Port Hope , Ontario . On 19 February 1942 , MacDonald , Thomson and Wallace Akers , the Director of Tube Alloys , met with C. J. Mackenzie , the president of the NRC , who enthusiastically supported the proposal . The following day he took them to see C. D. Howe , the Minister of Munitions and Supply . Howe cabled Anderson expressing the Canadian government 's agreement in principle , but requesting a more detailed appraisal of the cost of the proposed laboratory . Sir John Anderson replied that he envisaged a laboratory with about 30 scientists and 25 laboratory assistants , of whom 22 scientists and 6 laboratory assistants would be sent from Britain . The estimated running cost was £ 60 @,@ 000 per annum . He agreed that the costs and salaries would be divided between the British and Canadian governments , but the British share would come from a billion dollar war gift from Canada . The Canadians found this acceptable . Howe and Mackenzie then travelled to London to finalise arrangements for the laboratory 's governance . It was agreed that it would be run by a Policy Committee consisting of Howe and MacDonald and be administered by and funded through the NRC , with research directed by a Technical Committee chaired by Halban . The Canadians decided that the new laboratory should be located in Montreal , where housing accommodation was easier to find than in wartime Ottawa . They hoped to have everything ready by 1 January 1943 , but negotiations for laboratory space fell through . A search then commenced for an alternative location . Bertrand Goldschmidt , a French scientist who was already in Canada , ran into Henri Laugier , a French biologist who had been president of the Centre national de la recherche scientifique before the Fall of France , when he had escaped to Canada . Laugier suggested that they acquire some unused wings of a new building at the Université de Montréal , where he was now teaching . These had been earmarked for a medical school , but had never been equipped due to a lack of funds . The 200 @-@ square @-@ metre ( 2 @,@ 200 sq ft ) space was acquired , but considerable work was required to convert it into a laboratory , and it could not be made ready before mid @-@ February 1943 . Ernest Cormier , the university architect , drew up the plans . The first eight staff arrived in Montreal at the end of 1942 . These were Goldschmidt and Pierre Auger from France , George Placzek from Czechoslovakia , S. G. Bauer from Switzerland , Friedrich Paneth and Halban from Austria , and R.E. Newell and F.R. Jackson from Britain . The Battle of the Atlantic was still raging , and men and equipment , which travelled separately , were at risk from German U @-@ boats . The scientists occupied a house at 3470 Simpson Street in downtown Montreal that belonged to McGill University . This soon became so crowded that bathrooms were used for offices , with the bath tubs used to store papers and books . They were relieved to move to the more spacious accommodation at the Université de Montréal in March . The laboratory grew to over 300 staff , about half of whom were Canadians recruited by Laurence . Placzek became head of the theoretical physics division . Kowarski was designated to be the head of the experimental physics division , but there was a personality clash with Halban , and Kowarski did not wish to accept what he saw as a subordinate position under Halban . At this point , many other scientists said that they would not go without Kowarski , but Sir Edward Appleton , the permanent secretary of the British Department of Scientific and Industrial Research , of which the Tube Alloys was a part , managed to persuade them to go . Kowarski remained at Cambridge , where he worked for James Chadwick . Auger assumed the position instead . Paneth became head of the chemistry division . Two other scientists that had escaped from France joined the laboratory : the French chemist Jules Guéron , who had been working for Free France at Cambridge , and Bruno Pontecorvo , an Italian scientist who had worked with Enrico Fermi in Italy before the war . For the Canadian contingent , Laurence and Mackenzie set out to recruit some top nuclear physicists , of whom there were few in Canada . The first was George Volkoff at the University of British Columbia , who had worked with Robert Oppenheimer on the physics of neutron stars . He also tried to recruit Harry Thode from McMaster University , but found that Harold Urey from the Manhattan Project 's SAM Laboratories was also interested in Thode 's expertise in testing heavy water with mass spectrography , and had made a more attractive offer . A compromise was reached whereby Thode did work for the Montreal Laboratory , but remained at McMaster University . Promising young Canadian scientists were also recruited , including J. Carson Mark , Phil Wallace and Leo Yaffe . = = Research = = The Montreal Laboratory investigated multiple avenues of reactor development . One was a homogeneous reactor , in which a uranium compound was dissolved in heavy water to form a slurry , or a " mayonnaise " as the Montreal team called it . This offered various advantages for cooling , control and the ability to draw off plutonium that was produced . Paneth , Goldschmidt and others experimented with methods of preparing such a uranium compound , but none could be found with the required density . They considered using enriched uranium , but it was unavailable . Attention then turned to a heterogeneous reactor , in which a lattice of uranium metal rods were immersed in heavy water . While much less heavy water would be required , there was a danger that the water would decompose into deuterium and oxygen — a potentially explosive combination . There was great interest in breeder reactors , which could breed plutonium from uranium or uranium @-@ 233 from thorium , as it was believed that uranium was scarce . A process was devised for separating the uranium from thorium . To build a working nuclear reactor , the Montreal Laboratory depended on the Americans for heavy water from Trail , which was under American contract , but this was not forthcoming . An American request for Halban to come to New York to discuss heavy water with Fermi and Urey was turned down by the British , and the Americans brought cooperation to a standstill . By June 1943 work at the Montreal Lab had come to a halt . Morale was low and the Canadian Government proposed cancelling the project . The British government seriously considered going it alone on developing nuclear weapons , despite the cost and the expected length of the project . In August 1943 , the Prime Minister of Canada , Mackenzie King , hosted the Quebec Conference , at which Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt came together , and agreed to resume cooperation . The Quebec Agreement , subsumed Tube Alloys into the Manhattan Project . It established the Combined Policy Committee to control the Manhattan Project , on which Canada was represented by Howe . While some aspects of cooperation resumed quickly , it took longer to finalize the details with respect to the Montreal Laboratory . Brigadier General Leslie R. Groves , Jr ( the director of the Manhattan Project ) , Chadwick ( now the head of the British Mission to the Manhattan Project ) , and Mackenzie negotiated recommendations , which were approved by the Combined Policy Committee on 13 April 1944 . A final agreement was spelt out on 20 May 1944 . Under it , the Americans would assist with the construction of a heavy water reactor in Canada , and would provide technical assistance with matters such as corrosion and the effects of radiation on materials . They would not provide details about plutonium or plutonium chemistry , although irradiated uranium slugs would be made available for the British to work it out for themselves . The Americans had already built their own heavy water reactor , Chicago Pile @-@ 3 , which went critical in May 1944 . The September 1944 Hyde Park Agreement extended both commercial and military cooperation into the post @-@ war period . Hans von Halban had proved to be an unfortunate choice as he was a poor administrator , and did not work well with Mackenzie or the NRC . The Americans saw him as a security risk , and objected to the French atomic patents claimed by the Paris Group ( in association with ICI ) . In April 1944 a Combined Policy Committee meeting at Washington agreed that Canada would build a heavy water reactor . Scientists who were not British subjects would leave , and Cockcroft became the new Director of the Montreal Laboratory in May 1944 . E.W.R. Steacie became Assistant Director and head of the Chemistry division when Paneth left . Volkoff eventually succeeded Placzek as head of the Theoretical Physics division . Halban remained as head of the nuclear physics division . After the Liberation of Paris in August 1944 , the French scientists wanted to go home . Auger had already returned to London to join the French Scientific Mission in April 1944 . Halban returned on a visit to London and Paris in November 1944 , where he saw Frédéric Joliot @-@ Curie for the first time since leaving France . While he maintained that he did not divulge any nuclear secrets to his previous boss ( although he had discussed patent rights ) , Halban was not allowed to work or to leave North America for a year , although he left the Montreal Laboratory in April 1945 . In 1946 he settled in England . B. W. Sargent then became Head of the nuclear physics division . Cockcroft arranged for Goldschmidt , Guéron and Kowarski to remain until June 1945 , later extended until the end of 1945 . Goldschmidt was willing to stay longer , and Cockcroft wanted to keep him , but Groves insisted that he should go , and , in the interest of Allied harmony , he did . All the French scientists had left by January 1946 . On 24 August 1944 , the decision was taken to build a small reactor in order to test the group 's calculations relating to such matters as lattice dimensions , sheathing materials , and control rods , before proceeding with the full @-@ scale NRX reactor . With Halban gone , Kowarski joined the Laboratory , and was given responsibility for the small reactor , which he named ZEEP , for Zero Energy Experimental Pile . He was assisted in the design by Charles Watson @-@ Munro from New Zealand , and George Klein and Don Nazzer from Canada . Building reactors in downtown Montreal was out of the question ; the Canadians selected , and Groves approved , a site at Chalk River , Ontario , on the south bank of the Ottawa River some 110 miles ( 180 km ) northwest of Ottawa . The Americans fully supported the reactor project with information and visits . Groves loaned the Montreal Laboratory 19 short tons ( 17 t ) of heavy water and 5 short tons ( 4 @.@ 5 t ) of pure uranium metal for the reactor , and samples of pure and irradiated uranium and thorium to develop the extraction process . The irradiated materials came from the Manhattan Project 's X @-@ 10 Graphite Reactor at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge , Tennessee . Some 10 short tons ( 9 @.@ 1 t ) of machined pure uranium rods was sold outright to Canada . He also supplied instruments , drawings and technical information , provided expertise from American scientists , and opened a liaison office in Montreal headed by Major H. S. Benbow . The American physicist William Weldon Watson from the Metallurgical Laboratory and chemist John R. Huffman from the SAM Laboratories were assigned to it . They were succeeded by George Weil in November 1945 . Benbow was succeeded by Major P. Firmin in December 1945 , who in turn was replaced by Colonel A. W. Nielson in February 1946 . The Chalk River Laboratories opened in 1944 , and the Montreal Laboratory was closed in July 1946 . ZEEP went critical on 5 September 1945 , becoming the first operating nuclear reactor outside the United States . Using 5 short tons ( 4 @.@ 5 t ) of heavy water and 3 @.@ 5 short tons ( 3 @.@ 2 t ) of uranium metal , it could operate continuously at 3 @.@ 5 W , or for brief periods at 30 to 50 W. The larger NRX followed on 21 July 1947 . With five times the neutron flux of any other reactor , it was the most powerful research reactor in the world . Originally designed in July 1944 with an output of 8 MW , the power was raised to 10 MW through design changes such as replacing uranium rods clad in stainless steel and cooled by heavy water with aluminium @-@ clad rods cooled by light water . By the end of 1946 , the Montreal Laboratory was estimated to have cost US $ 22 @,@ 232 @,@ 000 , excluding the cost of the heavy water . The NRX reactor provided Britain , the United States and Canada with a source of fissile plutonium and uranium @-@ 233 . It also provided a means of efficiently producing medical isotopes like phosphorus @-@ 32 , research facilities that for a time were superior to those in the United States , and a wealth of technical information related to reactor design and operation . With the passage of the Canadian Atomic Energy Act of 1946 , the responsibility for the Chalk River Laboratories passed to the Atomic Energy Control Board . = = Atomic spies = = On 5 September 1945 , Igor Gouzenko , a cypher clerk at the Soviet Union 's embassy in Ottawa , and his family defected to Canada . He brought with him copies of cables detailing Soviet intelligence ( GRU ) espionage activities in Canada . Agents included Alan Nunn May , who secretly supplied tiny samples of uranium @-@ 233 and uranium @-@ 235 to GRU agent Pavel Angelov in July 1945 ; Fred Rose , a member of parliament ; and NRC scientists Israel Halperin , Edward Mazerall and Durnford Smith . Pontecorvo , who defected to the Soviet Union in 1950 , has long been suspected of having been involved in espionage . No evidence that he was a Soviet agent has ever been established , but the GRU obtained samples of uranium and blueprints of the NRX , for which Nunn May could not have been the source , and Pontecorvo remains the prime suspect . When the spy ring became public knowledge in February 1946 , the Americans became more cautious about sharing information with Britain and Canada . = = Cooperation ends = = The Montreal Laboratory had been a fruitful and successful international venture , although the Canadians had on occasion been resentful of British actions that were perceived as high @-@ handed and insensitive . One such action came in November 1945 when the British suddenly announced that Cockcroft had been appointed the head of the new Atomic Energy Research Establishment without any prior consultation and at a time when the NRX reactor was still under construction . Cockcroft did not depart Canada until September 1946 , but it was a sure sign of waning British interest in collaboration with Canada . The British suggested he be replaced by the British physicist Bennett Lewis , who was eventually appointed , but only after the Canadian @-@ born Walter Zinn turned the job down . Anglo @-@ American cooperation did not long survive the war . Roosevelt died on 12 April 1945 , and the Hyde Park Agreement was not binding on subsequent administrations . The Special Relationship between Britain and the United States " became very much less special " . The British government had trusted that America would share nuclear technology , which the British saw as a joint discovery . On 9 November 1945 , Mackenzie King and the British Prime Minister , Clement Attlee , went to Washington , D.C. , to confer with President Harry Truman about future cooperation in nuclear weapons and nuclear power . The three leaders agreed that there would be full and effective cooperation , but British hopes for a resumption of cooperation on nuclear weapons were disappointed . The Americans soon made it clear that cooperation was restricted to basic scientific research . At the Combined Policy Committee meeting in February 1946 , without prior consultation with Canada , the British announced their intention to build a graphite @-@ moderated nuclear reactor in the United Kingdom . An outraged Howe told Lester B. Pearson to inform the Committee that nuclear cooperation between Britain and Canada was at an end . The Canadians had been given what they deemed assurances that the Chalk River Laboratories would be a joint enterprise , and regarded the British decision as a breach of faith . Anglo @-@ American cooperation largely ended in April 1946 when Truman declared that the United States would not assist Britain in the design , construction or operation of a plutonium production reactor . The Americans agreed that such a facility should be built in Canada , but the British were not willing to be dependent on Canada for the supply of fissile material .
= Tropical Storm Lidia ( 1981 ) = Tropical Storm Lidia was a deadly , destructive tropical cyclone that occurred during the 1981 Pacific hurricane season . It resulted in more casualties and caused greater damage than Hurricane Norma , which took place later that season . On October 6 , a tropical depression formed and strengthened into a tropical storm six hours later . Lidia brushed the Gulf of California coast of Baja California Sur and made landfall just south of Los Mochis in Sinaloa on October 8 . Tropical Storm Lidia rapidly weakened and dissipated the same day . Lidia killed at least 73 people and caused at least $ 80 million ( 1981 USD ) which is equivalent to $ 193 million ( 2010 USD ) in damage . It inflicted heavy rain and flooding throughout parts of northwestern Mexico , especially Sinaloa . = = Meteorological history = = A tropical depression formed on October 6 while located 210 mi ( 340 km ) south of Cabo San Lucas . Ahead of a southwesterly flow over Mexico and a front , the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Lidia at 0000 UTC October 7 . Lidia moved generally north , and reached its maximum windspeed of 50 mph ( 85 km / h ) . Despite encountering warm sea surface temperatures , which are generally favorable for intensification , Lidia slowly weakened as it moved towards southern Baja California . The tropical cyclone passed over the southern tip of the Baja California Peninsula on 1700 UTC October 7 ; at the time of the landfall Lidia was located about 67 mi ( 108 km ) northwest of Cabo San Lucas . Two hours later , Lidia entered the Gulf of California , and turned to the northeast . Lidia made landfall on the shores of Sinaloa about 23 mi ( 37 km ) south of Los Mochis on October 8 , with winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) . At 0600 UTC , the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center ended advisories as the tropical cyclone dissipated inland about 17 mi ( 27 km ) northeast of that same place . The remnants of Lidia continued their northeast track , moving over Mexico , and ultimately emerging into the Southern United States , spurring a new frontal wave . = = Impact and Aftermath = = Tropical Storm Lidia caused flash flooding , with highest point point maxima was 20 @.@ 59 inches ( 523 mm ) at El Varejona and Badiraguato in Sinaloa . Heavy rainfall sent water down a dry river bed in Pericos , killing 40 people , mostly children . In the village Bachiulato , ( or perhaps Pericos ) six soldiers died while attempting to save peasants from the flooding . In the northern part of Sinaloa , 42 were confirmed killed and 76 were missing . Around Los Mochis , four people were killed . About 800 houses were also destroyed in that town . In Culiacán , eleven people were killed . Losses to cattle , crops , and fishing vessels were more than $ 80 million ( 1981 USD ) , equivalent to $ 193 million ( 2010 USD ) . Electricity was cut off to two settlements , Guamúchil and Guasave . Telephone service was also cut off to Culiacán . Heavy rain caused flooding that cut off seven towns in Sinaloa from the outside world . It also contaminated the water supply in Culiacán , leaving many without clean drinking water . Almost a hundred villages were flooded , as were two dams . The Rio Fuerte burst its banks and flooded sixty settlements . It also forced evacuations , which were enforced by the Mexican Army . Mexican Federal Highway 15 was closed due to the storm , as was the Pacific Railroad . The highway was reopened shortly after the storm passed . The total death toll from Tropical Storm Lidia was determined to exceed 73 . This was enough to make it the deadliest tropical cyclone of its season , which mostly occurred in rural areas . A few days later , Hurricane Norma struck similar areas as Lidia , also causing devastation . The remnants of Lidia brought moisture to extreme southeastern Arizona . During the aftermath of the storm , food and clothing was brought to towns isolated by the storm . In Culiacán , churches , schools , and a baseball stadium served as temporary shelters for displaced persons . Rescue workers also searched for bodies of victims of both Lidia and the subsequent Hurricane Norma , which hit the same area a few days later . Due to the damage wrought by both Lidia and Norma , the Governor of Sinaloa , Antonio Toledo Corro , declared his state a disaster area . He also asked the Mexican Federal Government for aid .
= Federation of Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent = The federation of Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent was the 1910 amalgamation of the six Potteries towns of Burslem , Tunstall , Stoke @-@ upon @-@ Trent , Hanley , Fenton and Longton into the single county borough of Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent . An anomaly in the history of English local government , this was the first union of its type and the only such event to take place until the 1960s . The 1910 federation was the culmination of a process of urban growth and municipal change that started in the early 19th century . Little interaction between the separate settlements occurred until the 18th century when the pottery industry began to expand rapidly . By the early 19th century , initial steps had been made to ensure greater co @-@ operation between the Potteries towns over the issue of law and order . The county plan of 1888 made the first attempts to form the six towns into one county borough , following an act of Parliament that restructured the county system and created the administrative county of Staffordshire . Wishing to remain independent , the Potteries towns discussed uniting to form a separate county , the Staffordshire Potteries . When it became apparent that such a move would fail , the proposal was revised to one of uniting the six towns into one county borough . This plan failed after Hanley Corporation and Stoke Corporation could not agree on the location of the future administrative centre . Instead , only Hanley gained county borough status because the other towns did not meet the criteria for such designation . The first federation attempt was made in 1900 with a resurrection of the county plan . In 1902 , Hanley Council led attempts to form an expanded county borough , but disagreement over the complex financial issues of rates , assets and loans caused Fenton to pull out , quickly followed by Burslem and Stoke , and the proposal was abandoned in 1903 . The second and final federation process , between 1905 and 1910 , was instigated by Longton Town Council with support from Stoke and Hanley and opposition from Fenton , Tunstall and Burslem . Issues again arose over the financial settlement and discussions continued during the progress of the Federation Bill through Parliament . The bill was passed in the House of Commons and was still under debate in the House of Lords when the six towns announced that they had come to an agreement . Passed in December 1908 , the act came into force on 31 March 1910 . The new Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent was a county borough from then until 1974 . In addition , city status was granted to Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent by King George V on 1 July 1925 . = = Background = = By the early part of the 19th century the six towns that eventually became Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent — Burslem , Tunstall , Stoke @-@ upon @-@ Trent , Hanley , Fenton and Longton — were all established settlements . Despite occupying only a small geographic area and all based around the pottery industry , there was little political or social co @-@ operation between them . Prior to the 19th century , local government remained largely based on the parochial and manorial systems in use since the Middle Ages . In the Potteries towns this led to each of the townships having varying forms of government . Tunstall was parochially within Wolstanton and manorially part of Tunstall manor ; Burslem , although manorially a part of Tunstall manor , parochially was part of Burslem parish . It was through these failing regimes , such as the 1813 lapse of the manorial court of Tunstall , that the long process towards federation began . The earliest changes were seen in Hanley and Burslem when in 1813 the Hanley Market Act ( 53 Geo . 3 c.cxv ) gave statutory control of Hanley market to a board of trustees outside manorial control . In 1825 the Hanley and Shelton Improvement Act ( 6 Geo . 4 c.lxxiii ) and the Burslem Markets , Lighting and Police Act ( 6 Geo . 4 @.@ c.cxxxi ) , for Hanley and Burslem respectively , gave a board of commissioners control over policing and lighting along with the ability to levy rates for these purposes . Important steps as they were , none were directed towards any form of co @-@ operation between Burslem , Hanley or any other of the Potteries towns . = = Early proposals for co @-@ operation = = The first tentative step towards co @-@ operation was taken in 1817 , when a meeting in Hanley mooted " future joint public meetings called by the head constables of the various settlements to be held in Hanley " . This was the first instance of a call for greater law and order in the Potteries , although there seemed to be little interest in other forms of co @-@ operation . Apart from the establishment of the boards of commissioners in Hanley and Burslem , no further changes occurred until the 1830s when passing of the Reform Act 1832 ( 2 & 3 Will . IV. c.45 ) sparked renewed interest in incorporation . The act created the parliamentary borough of Stoke @-@ upon @-@ Trent , which would elect two members to Parliament . Together with Stoke @-@ upon @-@ Trent itself , the parliamentary borough also comprised Hanley , Shelton , Lane End , Fenton , Burslem , Tunstall , Rushton Grange , and the hamlet of Sneyd . The significance of the act was that for the first time and for one important reason only , through the election of Members of Parliament , the townships of the Potteries effectively became one . Shortly after the Reform Act came into effect , a Municipal Corporations Bill was introduced which proposed that the new parliamentary boroughs should be granted charters of incorporation . The bill failed with the prorogation of that Parliament , while the Potteries were excluded from the reforms of the later Municipal Corporations Act 1835 ( 5 & 6 Wm . IV. c.76 ) . Interest in incorporation was sufficient for several meetings on the subject to take place ; the Staffordshire Advertiser reported after one meeting in Burslem that incorporation would lead to one town having undue influence over the others , a theme that was to recur for many years . The same meeting revisited a topic raised pre – 1820 , the promotion of law and order in the Potteries , and called for the appointment of a stipendiary magistrate . Only two years later the people of Fenton voted in favour of incorporation of the borough , while further meetings in Stoke and Burslem came out against incorporation but reiterated calls for the appointment of a stipendiary magistrate . Later the same year , a further call for better policing was made at a meeting chaired by the Duke of Sutherland . These calls were heard and in 1839 two acts of Parliament were passed , the Staffordshire Potteries Stipendiary Justice Act ( 2 & 3 Vict. c.15 ) and the Staffordshire Potteries Improvement and Police Act ( 2 & 3 Vict. c.xliv ) . This legislation created boards of commissioners with the same powers given to Hanley and Burslem by the 1825 acts . Following these amendments to local policing and justice , the discussion of co @-@ operation and federation between the various townships was subdued for several decades . = = County plan of 1888 = = Changes in local government between 1840 and 1888 saw the end of the parochial and manorial systems . The townships of Stoke @-@ upon @-@ Trent , Penkhull and Boothen were formed into the borough of Stoke @-@ upon @-@ Trent in 1874 while Longton and Lane End became the borough of Longton in 1865 . Hanley and Shelton became the borough of Hanley in 1857 and Burslem became a borough in 1878 . In Tunstall ( 1855 ) and Fenton ( 1873 ) , the boards of commissioners were superseded by local boards of health . Introduction of the Local Government Bill in March 1888 caused much debate in the Potteries about the position of the towns under the proposed council structure . The bill proposed the creation of county councils across England and Wales and the granting of county borough status to towns with a population exceeding 100 @,@ 000 . County borough status would allow such places to govern themselves independently of the county council . Consensus in the Potteries was against coming under the control of Staffordshire County Council and the idea developed of the Potteries seeking to become a county in their own right . Accordingly , a proposal was submitted to the Local Government Board on 2 July 1888 for the creation of a county of the Staffordshire Potteries . However , on 9 July 1888 it was proposed to amend the bill to reduce the population requirement for county borough status from 100 @,@ 000 to only 50 @,@ 000 , which if adopted would allow Hanley to become a county borough in its own right , and the rest of the towns would come under the control of Staffordshire . On 13 July 1888 Captain Heathcote , MP for Staffordshire North West , moved an amendment to the bill that " [ t ] he district of the Staffordshire Potteries , comprising the municipal boroughs of Hanley , Stoke @-@ upon @-@ Trent , Longton , and Burslem , the urban sanitary district of the Fenton Local Board of Health , and the urban sanitary district of the Tunstall Local Board of Health , the six towns comprising the Pottery District should be formed into a county " . In response , the President of the Local Government Board , Charles Ritchie , proposed the matter be resolved by way of a provisional order bill in the next parliamentary session and that he would undertake to introduce such a bill . William Woodall , MP for Hanley , supported the amendment but accepted Ritchie 's assurance . However , he was also bound to protect Hanley 's interests and moved that Hanley be added to the proposed list of county boroughs under the Local Government bill , but would surrender that right if all of the Potteries were to become a county borough or county in their own right . Ritchie re @-@ iterated his hope that the matter could be resolved by way of provisional order bill and with that both amendments were withdrawn . The bill received Royal Assent on 13 August 1888 with Hanley listed among those places to be granted county borough status . The corporation of Hanley vacillated for several months as to how best to proceed , then in February 1889 opted for Hanley to take its county borough status , effectively killing both the county proposal and the county borough proposal . Why Hanley corporation made such a decision is not recorded , but it was reported in the Staffordshire Sentinel of 5 February 1901 that it was because Stoke Corporation insisted that the administrative centre of the new county be in Stoke , not Hanley , and this was something that Hanley could not agree too . The following year Longton Town Council proposed the formation of a county borough comprising Stoke , Fenton and Longton but the proposal came to nothing . = = First federation proposal 1900 – 1903 = = In December 1900 , Stoke Town Council proposed a meeting with " a view to federal action " and issued invitations to the boroughs of Hanley , Stoke , Newcastle @-@ under @-@ Lyme , Longton , and Burslem , the urban districts of Fenton , Tunstall , Audley , Kidsgrove , and Smallthorne , the rural districts of Stoke and Wolstanton . The parishes of Milton , Chell , Goldenhill , Chesterton , and Silverdale were also invited . The meeting took place in February 1901 and resolved " that it was desirable in the interests of North Staffordshire to form a federation of local authorities " , thereby indicating a preference for implementation the county plan . Legal opinion sought suggested that the county plan was unlikely to succeed and that a more viable proposition would be to expand the county borough of Hanley to include the other Potteries towns . Accordingly , in March 1902 , representatives of the four boroughs and two urban districts met and agreed unanimously that " the principle of federation of the Pottery towns by the constitution of a county borough should be adopted , subject to the resolutions passed by each authority for the preservation of their respective interests . " Hanley council made a formal proposal in 1902 to the Local Government Board for the expansion of the County Borough of Hanley to include not only Stoke , Burslem , Longton , Fenton and Tunstall but also Smallthorne Urban District , Wolstanton Rural District , and the parishes of Milton , Goldenhill , Chell , Trentham , Stoke Rural , Caverswall and Stone . Only Longton council supported the idea as concurrently , Sir Hugh Owen , a former secretary to the Local Government Board , presented the six towns committee with a scheme of financial adjustment . Under this proposal , the net assets of each town would be calculated by deducting outstanding debts and liabilities from the values of its various properties . The proportion each town needed to contribute to the overall value of the county borough was then to be calculated . If the value of the net assets to be contributed by a town was less than the proportion calculated as due from that town towards the overall sum , then that town would need to set a higher general rate to be paid by the ratepayers of that town . Conversely , towns contributing a value of net assets greater than their proportion of the overall sum would be able to set a lower general rate . While five of the towns awaited a report from Alderman Frederick Geen of Stoke on the implications of the Owen proposal , Fenton immediately decided that it would impose undue financial hardship on the ratepayers of the district as the net assets of the district would show a deficiency and therefore a higher rate would have to be set . Fenton district council could not accept such a move and withdrew from all discussions on federation forthwith . Geen 's July 1903 report increased opposition to the idea of federation while a poll of ratepayers in Burslem came out strongly against federation . Burslem council then withdrew from the scheme to be followed shortly afterwards by Stoke . Faced by such strong opposition , Hanley council felt compelled to withdraw its submission to the Local Government Board bringing the first attempt at federation in the twentieth century to an unsuccessful conclusion . = = Second federation proposal 1905 – 1910 = = At a conference of local authorities held in 1905 , delegates from Longton again raised the issue of confederation but their proposal was not well received . Undaunted , they amended their suggestion to : " On the grounds of sanitation , education , and other matters of common interest it is desirable that the parliamentary borough of Stoke @-@ upon @-@ Trent should be formed into one municipal borough on some equitable basis , and that the other authorities concerned be invited to take the subject into their consideration " At that time , the parliamentary borough of Stoke @-@ upon @-@ Trent meant Longton , Stoke and Fenton . While Stoke town council were in favour , the voters of Fenton were not and voted overwhelmingly against the proposal . Despite this setback , Longton and Stoke submitted their proposal to the Local Government Board in early 1907 . A local inquiry was held soon afterwards in Stoke , which reported back quickly and in April 1907 informed both Stoke and Longton councils that the proposed scheme was not sufficiently comprehensive and suggested holding another conference between the six towns to discuss a more complete proposal . The meeting took place in July and was addressed by John Burns , president of the Local Government Board , who called for a number of local conferences to agree a scheme for federation of all six towns . These were duly held everywhere except Tunstall , where the council refused to participate . Fenton council made it clear that it would not back any proposal that did not have the support of its electorate . In Burslem , a high turnout of 74 per cent of voters delivered a vote of 3 : 2 against federation . The Staffordshire Advertiser described the events surrounding this poll as " unprecedented " with both proponents and opponents — chiefly the Association for Promoting the Federation of the Pottery Towns and the Burslem Anti @-@ Federation League — making every effort to ensure their supporters voted . An indication of the strength of feeling and interest in the proposal is that the events surrounding the federation proposal were used as a background setting by the author Arnold Bennett in his contemporary ( 1908 ) novel The Old Wives ' Tale . With Fenton , Tunstall and Burslem all opposing federation it was left to Hanley , Stoke and Longton to submit proposals to the Local Government Board . The Local Government Board ruled that only the submission made by Longton met the statutory and other formal requirements and that it alone would form the basis of the subsequent local inquiry , held in January 1908 . Before the inquiry opened , a poll was conducted in Tunstall where ratepayers of the town showed themselves to be in favour of federation . As the council itself had voted against federation , it decided not to oppose or support federation but instead to achieve the best deal it could for the town . The three @-@ day inquiry opened on 8 January 1908 and was chaired by Major Norton , an officer of the Local Government Board . Norton 's appointment itself caused controversy with the delegation from Burslem walking out on the first day protesting that Norton had already declared himself in favour of federation . The walkout did not disrupt the hearing but left only Fenton and Staffordshire County Council opposed to the plan , with Tunstall neutral and Hanley , Stoke and Longton in favour . The bulk of the inquiry examined rating schemes based largely on the Owen or Geen proposals from the previous federation attempt . On 23 February 1908 , less than six weeks after the inquiry closed , the Local Government Board issued a draft provisional bill for the federation of the six towns . This was not unexpected but the rating scheme proposed differed from the schemes discussed during the inquiry and included a complicated valuation of the properties belonging to each municipality , something that none of the towns wished to carry out . Nevertheless , Hanley , Longton and Tunstall all supported the draft order while Stoke , Fenton and Burslem opposed it . Once the draft order had been issued , the locus of the process moved from the Potteries to London with the Local Government Provisional Order ( No. 3 ) Bill introduced in the House of Commons in July 1908 by the Select Committee on Private bills chaired by Sir George White . The bill received its third reading on 31 July 1908 but had undergone significant amendment during its passage through the House of Commons , most notably in the introduction of a complex , differential rating system for a period of 10 years . Few of the interested parties were pleased with the proposal and , although the differential system was welcomed , a period of 20 years was preferred with the complicated valuation required of all public assets proving unpopular . As a result , Tunstall withdrew its support for the order leaving only Hanley and Longton to promote the bill in the House of Lords . Neither council was particularly in favour of the financial settlement but felt honour bound to promote the bill , having been the initial instigators of the scheme . Petitions objecting to the bill were submitted to the House of Lords by Staffordshire County Council , Burslem , Fenton , Stoke , and Tunstall councils , the Longton Justices , the North Staffordshire Railway Company , and individual Tunstall ratepayers . The House of Lords Select Committee assigned to deal with the bill was chaired by Lord Cromer and sat during November and December 1908 . After several sessions , the committee declared several important decisions . It reaffirmed that federation would benefit of the people of the Potteries , that a differential rating system for a fixed period was required , that asset valuation in each town should be abandoned , and that the committee reserved the right to decide a course of action should the parties not be able to reach agreement . This last point was important because without it all disputes would have to be passed back either to the Local Government Board or the House of Commons . With prorogation of the current Parliament on the horizon , this would have led to delays that jeopardised the passage of the whole bill through Parliament during that parliamentary session . On 16 December 1908 , less than a week after the committee made its announcement , the six towns informed the committee that an agreement had been reached and that a differential rating system for the next 20 years had been settled on . No valuation of assets would be undertaken and that each town was responsible for discharging any outstanding loans as of 31 December 1907 . At this point the committee redrafted the bill according to the terms agreed by the towns and it was passed by the House of Lords on 19 December 1908 . Returned to the House of Commons the bill was passed by the Commons the same day , with Royal Assent being received on 21 December 1908 . The Local Government Provisional Order ( No. 3 ) Confirmation Act ( 8 Edw . 7 c.clxiv ) came into force on 31 March 1910 with the new council consisting of 78 councillors representing 26 wards . The new council as one of their first actions voted Cecil Wedgwood to be the first mayor of the county borough of Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent . Wedgwood had previously been appointed acting mayor ( primarily to act as returning officer for the first municipal elections ) by the Local Government Board . So as not to show bias towards any of the six town halls , the council held its inaugural meeting at the North Stafford Hotel . On 1 July 1925 the county borough of Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent became the City of Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent under letters patent from King George V dated 5 June 1925 . = = = Explanatory notes = = =
= Black @-@ shouldered kite = The black @-@ shouldered kite ( Elanus axillaris ) , Australian black @-@ shouldered kite , or simply Australian kite , is a small raptor found in open habitat throughout Australia . It resembles similar species found in Africa , Eurasia and North America , including the black @-@ winged kite , a species that has in the past also been called " black @-@ shouldered kite " . Measuring 35 – 38 cm ( 14 – 15 in ) in length with a wingspan of 80 – 95 cm ( 31 – 37 in ) , the adult black @-@ shouldered kite is a small and graceful raptor with red eyes . Their primary call is a clear whistle , uttered in flight and while hovering . Black @-@ shouldered kites form monogamous pairs , breeding between August and January . The birds engage in aerial courtship displays which involve high circling flight and ritualised feeding mid @-@ air . Three or four eggs are laid and incubated for around thirty days . Chicks are fully fledged within five weeks of hatching and can hunt for mice within a week of leaving the nest . Juveniles disperse widely from the home territory . = = Taxonomy = = The black @-@ shouldered kite was first described by English ornithologist John Latham in 1801 , as Falco axillaris . Its specific name is derived from the Latin axilla , meaning " armpit " . The name " black @-@ shouldered kite " was formerly used for a Eurasian and African species , Elanus caeruleus , with the Australian species , Elanus axillaris , and the North American species , the white @-@ tailed kite Elanus leucurus , treated as subspecies of this . These three Elanus species have comparable plumage patterns and sizes , however , they are now regarded as distinct , and the name black @-@ winged kite is used for E. caeruleus . Modern references to the black @-@ shouldered kite should therefore unambiguously mean the Australian species , E. axillaris . The Australian black @-@ shouldered kite was formerly called E. notatus , but it was not clear that the name applied to this species alone . In 1851 , British zoologist Edward Blyth described Elaninae , the " smooth clawed kites " as a formal subfamily of Accipitridae . However , they are also grouped in Accipitrinae , the broader subfamily of hawks and eagles described by French ornithologist Louis Jean Pierre Vieillot in 1816 . A taxonomic proposal based on DNA studies has recommended classifying Elanus kites as a separate family ( Elanidae ) . A 2004 molecular study of cytochrome @-@ b DNA sequences shows them to have split off from typical hawks and eagles at an earlier date than the Osprey , which has been classified in its own family . = = Description = = = = = Appearance = = = Black @-@ shouldered kites are around 35 to 38 cm ( 14 to 15 in ) in length and have a wingspan of between 80 and 95 cm ( 31 and 37 in ) and an average weight of 291 g ( 10 @.@ 3 oz ) . Adults are a pale grey with a white head and white underparts . The leading edge of the inner wing is black . When perched , this gives them their prominent black " shoulders " . Like related species they feature bright red eyes , set in a black comma @-@ shaped marking . They have a squared tail and a streamlined aerodynamic body . The bill is short with a sharp , hooked tip to the upper mandible . Their nostrils and the cere are bright yellow and the bill is black . The legs and feet are also yellow , and the feet have three toes facing forwards and one toe facing backwards . The sexes are similar , with females only just larger than males , although they can be up to 15 % heavier . The juveniles ’ markings follow a similar pattern to adult birds , but they are washed with a rusty brown on the head and upper breast , and the back and wings are mottled buff or brown with prominent white tips . The young birds ’ eyes are brown . The black @-@ shouldered kite is very similar to the related raptor species , the letter @-@ winged kite ( E. scriptus ) but has the black mark above and behind the eye , a white rather than grey crown , and shows all @-@ white underparts in flight except for the black patch at the shoulder and dark wingtips . = = = Vocalizations = = = Black @-@ shouldered kites are generally silent , except in the breeding season when their calls , though weak , can be persistent . They primarily utter clear whistled ' chee , chee , chee ' calls in flight and while hovering , or a hoarse wheezing ' skree @-@ ah ' when perched . The call has been confused with that of a silver gull . A short high whistle is the primary contact call between a pair , while a harsh scraping call is the most common call used by females and large young , and brooding females call to their young with a deep , soft , frog @-@ like croak . A variety of different calls have been recorded from captive birds , including harsh , harmonic , chatter and whistle vocalisations . Harsh calls were made when a bird was alarmed or agitated , whistle @-@ type calls were emitted in general contexts , sometimes monotonously , and shorter duration ' chatter ' calls were given when a bird sighted a human near the enclosure . = = Distribution and habitat = = Australian kites may be sedentary or nomadic , and generally occur in open grasslands or valleys where there are scattered clumps of trees . In urban areas they are found on the edge of towns on wasteland , irregularly mown areas , or grassy roadside verges . They also hunt over coastal dunes , drier marshland , and farmland . Their numbers fluctuate during drought and floods , and can be irruptive in response to sudden increases in mouse populations . The most distant banding recovery was from South Australia to eastern New South Wales , a distance of 1 @,@ 000 km ( 620 mi ) . Although reported throughout Australia , they are most common in the relatively fertile south @-@ east and south @-@ west corners of the mainland , and in south @-@ east Queensland . They are rare in the deep desert and are only occasional visitors to northern Tasmania and the Torres Strait islands . As the species has a large range and an increasing population , it has been listed as " Least Concern " on the IUCN Red List of Threatened species . In southwestern Australia , they are now one of the most commonly recorded raptors in the wheatbelt . European occupation of Australia has , on the whole , benefited black @-@ shouldered kites through land clearing and irrigation for agriculture and grain harvesting and storage practices which provide suitable conditions for much larger numbers of mice . According to raptor researcher Dr Stephen Debus , this species did not suffer from eggshell thinning during the period of DDT use in Australia , though he believes it is possible that secondary poisoning may occur from rodenticides used during mouse plagues or from pesticides used during locust plagues . Populations in areas with high sheep and rabbit numbers may decline , as these animals compact the soil and reduce the available habitat for mice . = = Behaviour = = = = = Sociality = = = Black @-@ shouldered kites usually hunt singly or in pairs , though where food is plentiful they occur in small family groups and can be loosely gregarious at times of irruptions , with up to 70 birds reported feeding together during a mouse plague . They roost communally , like other Elanus species . They are territorial when food is not abundant . The practice of " tail flicking " where , on landing , the tail is flicked up and lowered and the movement repeated persistently is thought to be a possible territorial display . Black @-@ shouldered kites have been observed in aerial combat at the margins of territories , locking talons in a behaviour described as " grappling " . = = = Food and hunting = = = Black @-@ shouldered kites live almost exclusively on mice , and have become a specialist predator of house mice , often following outbreaks of mouse plagues in rural areas . They take other suitably sized creatures when available , including grasshoppers , rats , small reptiles , birds , and even ( very rarely ) rabbits , but mice and other mouse @-@ sized mammals account for over 90 % of their diet . Their influence on mouse populations is probably significant : adults take two or three mice a day each if they can , around a thousand mice a year . On one occasion , a male was observed bringing no less than 14 mice to a nest of well @-@ advanced fledglings within an hour . In another study , a female kite was seen to struggle back to fledglings in the nest with a three @-@ quarters grown rabbit , a heavy load for such a small bird . Like other elanid kites , black @-@ shouldered kites hunt by quartering grasslands for small creatures . This can be from a perch , but more often by hovering in mid @-@ air . When hunting the kite hovers with its body hanging almost vertically , and its head into the wind . Unlike the Australian kestrel , the black @-@ winged kite shows no obvious sideways movement , even in a strong breeze . One study of a nesting pair noted that the male searched aerially for 82 % of the search time . Typically , a kite will hover 10 to 12 m ( 33 to 39 ft ) above a particular spot , peering down intently , sometimes for only a few seconds , often for a minute or more , then glide swiftly to a new vantage point and hover again . When hunting from a perch , a dead tree is the preferred platform . Like other Elanus kites , The black @-@ shouldered kite grips a vertical branch with a foot on either side , each one above the other and turned inwards , which enables them to maintain a secure footing on relatively small branches . Though hovering is the most common hunting method , the kites have been observed searching the ground beneath a vantage point for periods of up to an hour . When a mouse or other prey is spotted , the kite drops silently onto it , feet @-@ first with wings raised high ; sometimes in one long drop to ground level , more often in two or more stages , with hovering pauses at intermediate heights . Prey is seized in the talons and about 75 % of attacks are successful . Prey can either be eaten in flight or carried back to a perch . Birds will have a favoured feeding perch , beneath which accumulate piles of pellets or castings . They are diurnal , preferring to hunt during the day , particularly in the early morning and mid to late afternoon , and will occasionally hunt in pairs . Their hunting patterns , outside breeding periods and periods of abundant prey , have distinct crepuscular peaks , perhaps corresponding to mouse activity . = = = Flight = = = Black @-@ shouldered kites spiral into the wind like a kestrel . They soar with v @-@ shaped up @-@ curved wings , the primaries slightly spread and the tail widely fanned . In level flight progress is rather indirect . Their flight pattern has been described as ' winnowing ' with soft steady beats interspersed with long glides on angled wings . They can most often be seen hovering with wings curved and tail pointing down . = = Breeding = = Aerial courtship displays involve single and mutual high circling flight , and the male may fly around slowly with stiff exaggerated flaps , commonly known as butterfly @-@ flight . Courting males dive at the female , feeding her in mid @-@ flight . The female grabs food from the male 's talons with hers while flipping upside @-@ down . They may lock talons and tumble downwards in a ritualised version of grappling , but release just before landing . All courtship displays are accompanied by constant calling . Black @-@ shouldered kites form monogamous pairs . The breeding season is usually August to January , but is responsive to mice populations , and some pairs breed twice in a good season . Both sexes are involved in building the nest , which is a large untidy shallow cup of sticks usually in the foliage near the top of trees , taking about two weeks to complete the nest @-@ building . The flat nest is built of thin twigs and is around 28 to 38 cm ( 11 to 15 in ) across when newly built , but growing to around 78 cm ( 31 in ) across and 58 cm ( 23 in ) deep after repeated use . The nest is lined with green leaves and felted fur , though linings of grass and cow dung have also been reported . It is generally located in the canopy of an isolated or exposed tree in open country , elevated 5 to 20 m ( 16 to 66 ft ) or more above the ground . Black @-@ shouldered kites have been known to use old Australian magpie , crow or raven nests . Females perform most of the care of eggs and nestlings , though males take a minor share of incubation and brooding . The clutch consists of three to four dull white eggs of a tapered oval shape measuring 42 mm × 31 mm ( 1 @.@ 7 in × 1 @.@ 2 in ) and with red @-@ brown blotches that are often heavier around the larger end of the egg . The female incubates the eggs for 30 days and when the eggs hatch the chicks are helpless but have soft down covering their body . For the first two weeks or so the female broods the chicks constantly , both day and night . The female does no hunting at all for the first three weeks after hatching , but calls to the male from the nest , and he generally responds by bringing food . The female feeds the chicks with the mice brought back to the nest by the male , feeding them in tiny pieces for the first week or two , at which time the chicks are capable of swallowing a mouse whole . The nestling period lasts around 36 days , and the post @-@ fledging period at least 36 days with parental feeding for at least 22 days . When the chicks are older both parents take it in turns to feed them . Black feathers start to appear along the chicks ' wings when they are about a fortnight old , and they are fully fledged and are ready to fly in five weeks . Within a week of leaving the nest the young birds are capable of hunting for mice on their own . Juveniles disperse widely , taking up territory that can be as far as 1 @,@ 000 km ( 620 mi ) from the nest site .
= GISHWHES = The Greatest International Scavenger Hunt the World Has Ever Seen ( GISHWHES , pronounced gish @-@ wes ) is an annual week @-@ long competitive media scavenger hunt originally held each October or November , but more recently each August . Teams of 15 competitors earn points for submitting photos and videos of themselves completing prompts from a list they receive at the beginning of the week . Actor Misha Collins officially founded GISHWHES in 2011 after a publicity stunt to help the television series Supernatural ( on which Collins appears ) win a People 's Choice Award . The competition holds a world record for being the largest media scavenger hunt ever to take place , and several additional world records . = = History = = Actor Misha Collins , known for playing the angel Castiel on the American television series Supernatural , is the founder of GISHWHES . The competition began informally in 2010 when Holly Ollis , a publicist for Warner Bros. , asked Collins to engage his audience to help Supernatural move from second place to first in the People 's Choice Awards voting . Collins posted a message on Twitter , declaring that if the show won , Ollis had promised him a rhinoceros which he would share with everyone who helped by voting for the show . When Supernatural won the competition , Collins , partially inspired by his time at the University of Chicago as an undergraduate during which he participated in the school 's annual scavenger hunt , asked his followers to send him self @-@ addressed stamped envelopes into which he put scavenger hunt prompts written on the backs of jigsaw puzzle pieces from a puzzle depicting a rhino . Soon , participants began to respond to Collins 's " absurd " requests . One successful prompt , for example , challenged fans to photograph a group of firemen wearing nothing but kale . Collins enjoyed this exercise so much that he decided to create an official scavenger hunt in 2011 . He established the event 's website and gave it its name , the Greatest International Scavenger Hunt the World Has Ever Seen , calling its acronym , GISHWHES , " the ugliest acronym the world has ever seen " . According to Collins , the primary reason for developing the competition was that he " loved the idea of thousands of people from all over the world connecting to create incredible things " . He hoped to use GISHWHES to encourage participants " to do good in the world " . The inaugural event , categorized by Guinness World Records as a " media scavenger hunt " , broke the record for the largest scavenger hunt of its kind . In 2012 , it broke its own record with 14 @,@ 580 participants , representing 69 different countries . The contest broke two additional world records in 2013 : the longest safety pin chain , measuring 1 @,@ 901 @.@ 8 metres ( 6 @,@ 239 @.@ 5 ft ) , and the largest online photo album of hugs , totaling 108 @,@ 121 images . = = Contest = = On the first day of the week @-@ long competition , a list is posted on the GISHWHES website with over 150 different tasks for competitors to complete during the hunt , which Collins and his friends , including co @-@ coordinator Jean Louise Alexander , have devised prior to the beginning of the competition . Teams then submit photos or videos of themselves completing the prompts at the contest 's website , receiving points for each item completed . While literal interpretations of prompts are preferred , judges will sometimes award points for especially creative responses . Prizes for the team with the most points at the end of GISHWHES have included a trip to Scotland for a slumber party with Collins and a trip to Vancouver for a " Viking surprise " . Teams consist of 15 members who may come from different countries . Individuals may prearrange teams or sign up individually , in which case they are randomly grouped into appropriately sized teams . As of the 2013 contest , signup costs ran $ 19 per person with participation fees going towards Random Acts , a non @-@ profit run by Collins that aims to encourage random acts of kindness . = = = Challenges = = = GISHWHES challenges vary widely in focus and sometimes attract media attention . The Los Angeles @-@ focused OC Weekly reported on a local ice cream shop 's response to a GISHWHES team that asked them to create a custom ice cream flavor for the 2013 challenge " Get your team 's new ice cream flavor on sale in an ice cream parlor " . Another challenge involved participants using and spreading the word abnosome , Collins 's portmanteau of abnormal and awesome . During the 2013 hunt , competitors were asked to dress up as the DC Comics character Flash and have their pictures taken next to a functioning particle accelerator . As a result , the Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility and Fermilab received numerous emails from GISHWHES participants and set up special tours for the visitors . Dean Golembeski reported in Symmetry , the official magazine of Fermilab and the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , that the visits were welcomed and seen as an opportunity to educate a wider audience on the goals of and research done at national laboratories . Most GISHWHES challenges are completed successfully by at least one team , according to Collins . During the 2012 contest , for example , only one item saw no successes : coating a commercial blimp with fall leaves . Collins speculated it failed because of physical limitations . A 2013 challenge noted by Écrans , a French website run by Libération , challenged competitors to convince astronauts on the International Space Station to take a photo holding a sign with their team 's name . Efforts by participants were headed off by NASA , which posted that the astronauts were unable to participate on its official Twitter account . = = = = Gallery = = = = = = Reception = = Aspects of the contests have been well received by some media outlets . A writer for Nerdist.com called it an " avalanche of awesomeness " and compared the hunt 's acronym to " an apocryphal GWAR album or a lesser deity in H.P. Lovecraft 's consonant @-@ laden pantheon " . Reviewing the experience of participating in GISHWHES , a writer for Detroit 's WKBD @-@ TV described the contest as " a lot of fun " and recommended that others participate in the future . Shanghai Daily deemed several of GISHWHES 's challenges " outrageous " and " visually stunning " . Laura Prudom of The Huffington Post commended Collins 's " herculean " efforts in organizing the event . Not all reception has been positive . Todd VanDerWerff wrote for Vox that , " Quite a few of the items basically invite participants to pester — or even harass — the famous and semi @-@ famous on Twitter , Tumblr , and Facebook . " A 2014 challenge asked hunters to convince published science fiction authors to write a 140 @-@ character story for them and some , such as John Scalzi and Lauren DeStefano , complained that the task encouraged participants to harass them on social networks . In an article analyzing Collins 's relationship with his fanbase , Middlebury College Assistant Professor Louisa Ellen Stein argued that GISHWHES was a " co @-@ authored transmedia experience " that " play [ ed ] with [ the ] power , erotics , and emotional excess present in Collins ' fandom . " Citing participants ' independent efforts to coordinate teams using a variety of online platforms , Stein suggested that " GISHWHES may lack the overt language of industrial reconfiguration found in the Divine Kickstarter Project [ a webseries that Collins engaged his fans to help fund ] . But through its satire and dadaist play , it more fully models the potential for a congregation of authors , both official and unofficial , to direct fannish and creative investment into digital participation . " Stein further argued that " decentralized projects like Gishwhes , with creators who fully immerse themselves in the surrounding digital cultures , show us the potential for future transmedia creative authorship in millennial culture . " = = World Records = = GISHWHES has broken several Guinness World Records . • Largest Photo Scavenger Hunt ( 2011 ) • Largest Media Scavenger Hunt ( 2012 ) • Most Pledges for Campaign ( 2012 ) • Largest Online Photo Album of " Hugs " ( 2013 ) • Largest Chain of Safety Pins ( 2013 ) • Largest gathering of people dressed as French maids ( 2014 ) • Most people in a decorated hat competition ( 2014 ) • Longest human chain to pass through a hula hoop ( 2014 ) = = = Cited = = = Stein , Louisa Ellen ( 2013 ) . " # Bowdown to Your New God : Misha Collins and Decentered Authorship in the Digital Age " . In Gray , Jonathan ; Johnson , Derek . A Companion to Media Authorship . Hoboken , NJ : Wiley @-@ Blackwell . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 470 @-@ 67096 @-@ 5 . Stein , Louisa Ellen ( 2015 ) . Millennial Fandom : Television Audiences in the Transmedia Age . Iowa City , IA : University of Iowa Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 60938 @-@ 356 @-@ 5 .
= American automobile industry in the 1950s = The 1950s were pivotal for the American automobile industry . The post @-@ World War II era brought a wide range of new technologies to the automobile consumer , and a host of problems for the independent automobile manufacturers . The industry was maturing in an era of rapid technological change ; mass production and the benefits from economies of scale led to innovative designs and greater profits , but stiff competition between the automakers . By the end of the decade , the industry had reshaped itself into the Big Three and AMC , and the age of small independent automakers was over , as most of them either consolidated or went out of business . A number of innovations were either invented or improved sufficiently to allow for mass production during the decade : air conditioning , automatic transmission , power steering , power brakes , seat belts and arguably the most influential change in automotive history , the overhead @-@ valve V8 engine . The horsepower race had begun , laying the foundation for the muscle car era . Automobile manufacturing became the largest industry segment in the US , and the largest ever created ; the US auto industry was many times larger than the automotive industries of the rest of the world combined . By 1960 , one @-@ sixth of working Americans were employed directly or indirectly by the industry , but automation and imports eroded the need for such a large workforce within a couple of decades . The 1950s were the pinnacle of American automotive manufacturing and helped shape the United States into an economic superpower . = = Industry consolidation = = At least 100 automobile companies had begun operations in Detroit by the beginning of the 20th century , but by the 1920s , the decade that gave rise to the Big Three , Ford was the largest . In American automobile parlance , the Big Three refers to General Motors ( GM ) , Ford and Chrysler , each of which had bought out other companies to become conglomerates earlier in the 20th century . Together they accounted for 70 percent of auto sales . Their combined market share grew over the following decades , declining only slightly after World War II , but the Big Three soon came to dominate the industry , claiming 94 percent of all automobile sales in 1955 , 1956 and 1959 . The industry grew at a pace never before seen , and the broader industry soon employed one @-@ sixth of the entire American workforce . In 1954 , the smaller American Motors Corporation ( AMC ) was formed when Hudson merged with Nash @-@ Kelvinator Corporation in a deal worth almost USD $ 200 million ( $ 1735 million in 2013 dollars ) the largest corporate merger in U.S. history at that time . Other mergers with smaller independent manufacturers followed . Although AMC was moderately successful it was never sufficiently large to challenge any of the Big Three , and was eventually bought by Chrysler in 1987 . Studebaker had enjoyed earlier success and was the first independent automaker to produce a V8 engine , a 232 @.@ 6 cubic inch , 120 hp unit , the first low @-@ priced V8 . The company 's peak year was 1950 , when it produced and sold 329 @,@ 884 units . Studebaker struggled during the first half of the decade . The cars had styling ahead of their time but were overpriced when compared to the offerings of the Big Three . Low sales and financial difficulties led to a merger with Packard in 1954 , itself in financial trouble . The new company , Studebaker @-@ Packard Corporation , retired the Packard name in July 1958 , but continued marketing automobiles under the Studebaker name until 1966 . = = Industry sales = = This table shows the number of sales reported for each significant American automotive brand during the 1950s . Some numbers are based on some estimates . Total does not count the figures from smaller independent automakers . A total of almost 58 million cars were produced and sold during the 1950s by the American manufacturers . Compared to the total population of the United States by the end of the decade , 179 @,@ 323 @,@ 175 , that is almost one new vehicle for every three living persons of all ages . = = = Production by year = = = Production numbers are sometimes conflicting , depending on how they are calculated and how vehicles are classified , but according to Ward 's , the number of actual autos and duty trucks manufactured in North America for each year , including domestic production intended for export , are represented below : = = Innovations = = Many innovations were introduced or refined in the 1950s to make driving safer and more comfortable . Combined with lower prices and the growth of the suburbs , car ownership became ubiquitous and more people were driving longer distances . The new innovations fueled the automaker 's philosophy of " dynamic obsolescence " , forcing buyers to upgrade every few years and guaranteeing future sales . = = = Automatic transmission = = = The first automatic transmissions were developed by General Motors during the 1930s and introduced in the 1940 Oldsmobile as the " Hydra @-@ Matic " transmission . They were incorporated into GM @-@ built tanks during WW @-@ II and , after the war , GM marketed them as being " battle @-@ tested " . But it was not until the 1950s that they became dominant in American passenger cars . One of the most influential was the GM Powerglide , the first automatic transmission in a low @-@ cost automobile . It was a two @-@ speed automatic transmission that was in production from 1950 until 1973 ; variations are still used in drag racing owing to its simplicity and durability . Ford initially offered GM 's Powerglide for its Lincoln cars , as its own were not capable of handling the torque of the large V8s used in the vehicles , but soon after began production of its own inexpensive automatics . Before the end of the decade , more than half of new cars sold in America had automatic transmissions . = = = Power windows = = = The first automatic power windows were developed by Packard in 1940 . Each of the major American brands experimented with the technology , which was initially for luxury vehicles as a replacement for manually operated roll up windows . In the 1950s , these became widespread in American passenger cars . = = = Suspension design = = = As more roads were built and average travel speeds increased , the inherent limitations of the pre @-@ war suspension systems became obvious . Before the 1950s , most automobiles used a kingpin @-@ based front suspension , which limited the degree of free movement and ultimately the smoothness of the ride , particularly at higher speeds . The transition to a ball joint type of suspension allowed greater flexibility in adjustment and the use of a variety of methods to support the weight of the car : leaf springs , coil springs and torsion bars . In combination with a shock absorber , the newer suspension designs made cars safer and more controllable at highway speeds , although at the cost of being slightly less durable than kingpin @-@ based systems . As the 1950s approached , solid front axles had been generally replaced with front wheel independent suspension , smoothing the ride considerably and allowing for safer highway speeds . Along with others , the 1950 Studebaker Champion introduced independent front suspension into its product line , with Cadillac marketing its new " Knee @-@ Action " suspension in 1953 model year automobiles . The vast majority of American made vehicles continued to use simple Live rear axles into the 1980s , but Americans could access four wheel Independent suspension technology on imported cars , like the 1952 Volkswagen Beetle , 1961 Jaguar E @-@ Type , and 1968 Datsun 510 . In 1958 , Cadillac introduced self @-@ levelling air suspension as a $ 215 option , a first for an American manufacturer , and a quick response to the suspension advances of the 1955 Citroën DS . This replaced the coil springs with an air @-@ filled bladder , but the American version proved troublesome and was discontinued . Later that same year , Chevrolet , Buick , Oldsmobile , Ford , Mercury and Pontiac also introduced air suspension as an option for select models but it was unreliable and was soon dropped . For Buick , the unpopular " Air Poise Suspension " contributed to the division 's decline to fifth place in industry sales for 1958 . Decades later though it became a common and reliable method of suspension on luxury cars , buses , large transport trucks , and in some custom car applications . = = = Chassis design = = = Unibody construction first went into mass @-@ production in the 1934 Citroën Traction Avant , the 1936 Lincoln @-@ Zephyr , and the 1941 Nash 600 . It came into popular use until the 1950s . Unibody construction differs from the traditional " coachwork on chassis " design in that it integrates much of the framing into a single body using a number of pieces welded together into a single unit , thus distributing the load over the entire frame of the car . Chrysler claimed that unibody construction made its automobiles much stronger , more rigid , easy to handle , and quieter . = = = V8 engine = = = The more powerful V8 engine had been in mass production cars since the 1914 Cadillac , but it became more commonplace in the newer and heavier cars being built in the 1950s . Of particular significance was the American 's use of this technology in cars at a relatively modest price point . The Chevrolet small block 265 cubic inch engine was released in the 1955 model year and still the basis for the V8 engines in use by General Motors today . The original 265 cubic inch engine with a two @-@ barrel carburetor produced 162 hp , while the four @-@ barrel version in the 1955 Corvette produced 195 hp , an amazing amount of power at the time . By 1957 , the engine had been increased to 283 cubic inches , including a fuel @-@ injected version that produced 283 hp , the first engine to have a ratio of 1 : 1 horse power versus cubic inches . Ford used its V8 flathead engine in most of its line up through the beginning of the decade , even as it introduced the Ford Y @-@ block engine and the similar but larger Lincoln Y @-@ block V8 engine in 1952 for its luxury car lines . These were soon phased out with the Ford Windsor engine in 1962 , which still forms the basis for the current engine line . The Lincoln Y @-@ block 317 cubic inch motor was rated at 160 hp , only slightly higher than the 336 cubic inch " Invincible 8 " flathead design that it replaced . The Lincoln also came in 341 and 368 cubic inch displacement ( CID ) versions . Like the GM motor , it used an overhead @-@ valve design rather than the inblock @-@ valve design shared by all flathead engines . Studebaker began development of its overhead @-@ valve Commander V8 in 1947 . Despite later rumors that Studebaker had copied the Cadillac OHV V8 design , Cadillac OHV V8s were not available to the public until 1949 , and therefore , not available for Studebaker to copy until Studebaker 's own engine was well into development . The Studebaker engine also had features not found in the Cadillac design . Testing was well under way by early 1950 , and the first production units were installed in late 1950 model @-@ year Commanders , thereby becoming the first OHV V8 available in a low @-@ priced American sedan . The engine was officially available in 1951 model @-@ year Commanders and Commander Land Cruisers . The engine displaced 232 @.@ 6 cubic inches with a bore of 3 @.@ 375 inches and stroke of 3 @.@ 250 inches . It produced 120 hp at 4000 rpm , and 190 lb. ft. torque at 2000 rpm . Due to the stroke being smaller than the bore , the engine had excellent fuel economy and longevity . Since the engine was designed to be scalable , it appeared in various displacements throughout the 1950s , including 224 , 259 , and 289 cubic inch versions . It should be noted the Studebaker 289 was in production in 1956 , a full seven years before the Ford Windsor 289 was available in 1963 . They only had displacement in common . The Studebaker OHV V8 reached its zenith in the 1960s with the record @-@ breaking Avanti R @-@ series , with the R @-@ 3 having a maximum displacement of 304 @.@ 5 cubic inches , and the experimental R @-@ 5 having dual superchargers and producing 635 hp . Chrysler created its V @-@ 8 Firepower engine for the 1951 model year , using hemispherical combustion chambers . It featured 331 @.@ 1 CID and produced an impressive 180 hp at 4000 rpm While the name " Firepower " is no longer used , the name " Hemi " is still synonymous with Chrysler as a trademarked name for its engines , although they no longer use hemispherical combustion . The engines were larger and heavier than competing designs from GM and Ford owing to the larger cylinder heads required for hemispherical combustion . By 1959 Chrysler was producing a 375 hp , 413 CID engine for its Chrysler 300 , triple the average horsepower of just a decade earlier . AMC also developed its own overhead @-@ valve V8 engine called the Gen @-@ I , in 1956 . The original was a 250 CID design and within a few years , a 287 CID and a 255 hp 327 CID version was produced . = = = Seat belts = = = Nash offered optional seat belts in some models by 1949 , and in all models the following year . Ford followed suit in 1955 , but it was the Swedish company Saab who introduced seat belts as standard equipment , in the Saab GT 750 shown at the 1958 New York Motor Show . The first modern three @-@ point seat belt , the CIR @-@ Griswold restraint used in most consumer vehicles today , was patented in 1955 ( US patent 2 @,@ 710 @,@ 649 ) by the Americans Roger W. Griswold and Hugh DeHaven . It was developed into its modern form by Swedish inventor Nils Bohlin ( US patent 3 @,@ 043 @,@ 625 ) for Volvo , who introduced the three @-@ point safety device in 1959 as standard equipment . He demonstrated its effectiveness in a study of 28 @,@ 000 accidents in Sweden ; unbelted occupants sustained fatal injuries throughout the whole speed range , whereas none of the belted occupants were fatally injured at accident speeds below 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) , and no belted occupant was fatally injured if the passenger compartment remained intact . American manufacturers followed their lead , and most automobiles had three @-@ point front seat belts as standard equipment by 1964 and standard rear seat belts by 1968 . = = = Tires = = = Radial tires were invented by Michelin in 1948 , and quickly became standard equipment on Michelin 's auto making subsidiary Citroën . Use spread to 100 % of the US auto population by the 1980s , following Consumer Reports 1968 evaluation of competing technologies , noting the technology 's superiority in tread life , safety , handling and fuel economy . The 1968 Pontiac GTO offered optional OEM radial tires , but only for one year ; they became standard on all 1970 Lincoln Continental Mark IIIs . = = = Air conditioning = = = The 1953 Chrysler Imperial was the first production car in twelve years to offer air conditioning , following tentative experiments by Packard in 1940 and Cadillac in 1941 . In actually installing optional Airtemp air conditioning units to its Imperials in 1953 , Chrysler beat Cadillac , Buick and Oldsmobile , who added it as an option later that year . The Pontiac Star Chief offered the first modern " underhood " design in 1954 . By 1960 , air conditioning was a common dealer option and was installed in 20 percent of all automobiles on American roads . = = = Steering linkage = = = BMW began to use precise rack and pinion steering systems in the 1930s , and many other European manufacturers soon adopted the technology . American automakers adopted rack and pinion steering beginning with the 1974 Ford Pinto . = = = Steering power assistance = = = The first power @-@ assisted steering on any type of vehicle dates to 1876 , but little is recorded of the system . Other attempts were made to add power @-@ assisted steering to motorized vehicles such as in the 1903 Columbia 5 @-@ ton truck and other heavy vehicles , but it was not until 1928 that a practical hydraulic power system was invented by Francis W. Davis . It was used on some armored vehicles and heavy trucks during World War II , but it took more than decades before the system was commercialized in passenger automobiles . Chrysler introduced the first commercially available passenger car power @-@ steering system on the 1951 Chrysler Imperial , marketed under the name of Hydraguide . The option was available for less than $ 200 . General Motors followed suit the next year , offering it as an option for the 1952 Cadillac . Two years later , Cadillac was the first manufacturer to offer power @-@ assisted steering as standard equipment . = = = Brakes = = = By 1939 , all the major car makers were using unassisted hydraulic brakes ; Ford was the last to switch from cable @-@ manipulated systems . Power @-@ assisted Vacuum servo brakes had been invented in 1903 , but did not become generally available as an option until the 1950s . Self @-@ adjusting brakes initially were offered on the 1957 Mercury and 1958 Edsel , and other manufacturers soon followed suit . Buick offered power brakes as standard equipment on several of its vehicles by the 1954 model year . American vehicles used Drum brakes until the 1962 Studebaker Avanti - the first American production model to offer front wheel Disc brakes . These are less prone to fade and are the current standard of design . = = = Entertainment = = = Until mid @-@ decade , all radios in automobiles used vacuum tubes , but on April 28 , 1955 , Chrysler and Philco announced the development and production of the first all @-@ transistor radio for an automobile . Dubbed the Mopar model 914HR , it was jointly developed by Chrysler and Philco and offered as a $ 150 option for 1956 Imperial and Chrysler car models . Philco manufactured the radio exclusively for Chrysler at its Sandusky , Ohio plant . A few years earlier in 1952 , Blaupunkt had been the first company to offer FM radio for automobiles , although AM radio still dominated for years to come . Beginning in 1955 , Chrysler offered a small phonograph called the Highway Hi @-@ Fi in its luxury cars , which played proprietary seven @-@ inch records . It proved unpopular and was soon discontinued . = = Concept cars = = Auto design in the 1950s reflected the Atomic Age , the Jet Age and the Space Age . Several technologies were pioneered in these prototypes , but most never reached production owing to their impracticality or other market forces . The concept cars ranged from the insightful to the bizarre and were often uncomfortable or non @-@ functional . They were sometimes created to inspire the public 's imagination or simply to promote the image of the company or the product line as a whole . The Ford Nucleon was a concept car announced by Ford in 1958 . The design lacked the capacity to house an internal combustion engine and was instead designed to be powered by a then nonexistent small nuclear power plant in the rear of the vehicle , similar to a submarine 's . The Mercury XM @-@ 800 was one of many concept cars created by Ford . It was introduced at the 1954 Detroit Auto Show , and featured forward @-@ canted headlights , rear tailfins ( a first for Ford at that time ) , and power seats , brakes , steering and other advancements . Like many similar cars of the time it was not operational , except for the electrical components such as the motorized trunk and front hood , although some of its innovations appeared later in the Lincoln Premiere . Harley Earl helped develop the General Motors Firebird , a series of three concept cars shown at Motorama auto shows in the 1950s . The Firebird I , II and III were part of a research project to study the feasibility of gas turbine engines and featured radical , aircraft @-@ like styling . = = Notable failures = = Named after Henry Ford 's son , Edsel Ford , the Edsel made its debut as a separate car division on September 4 , 1957 , for the 1958 model year . The front grill was said by critics to look like " an Oldsmobile sucking on a lemon " . It ended up being a marketing blunder that not only cost Ford almost $ 250 million ( $ 2169 million in 2013 dollars ) , but also turned the word Edsel into an enduring metaphor for failure . The car sold poorly and production for the final 1960 model year had ceased by November 1959 . In 1956 , Ford tried to revive the Continental brand as a standalone line of ultra luxury automobiles , but abandoned the attempt after the 1957 model year , by which time around 3000 Mark II cars had been built . The failure was due in part to the price tag of $ 9695 , an extraordinary amount of money for the time . The Continental thereafter became a successful car model under Ford 's Lincoln brand . Kaiser , Allstate , Frazer and the economy / compact Henry J product lines all ceased production before the end of the 1955 model year run , partly owing to their failure to produce and market a viable V8 engine in a marketplace increasingly focused on the clout ( and horsepower ) associated with a V8 power plant . In particular , the Henry J ( named after Henry J Kaiser sold an initially strong 82 @,@ 000 units with its 68 hp , inline @-@ four power plant and optional 80 hp inline @-@ six , but starting at $ 1363 , the consumer could buy a full @-@ sized Chevrolet auto with an inline @-@ 6 for only $ 200 more than the Henry J inline @-@ 4 , making it economically unappealing , and all three lines underpowered when compared to the offerings of the Big Three . The Allstate is an example of badge engineering , being a rebranded Henry J. It was sold exclusively at Sears , Roebuck and Company in 1952 and 1953 . DeSoto died a slow death in the 1950s owing to decreasing popularity and the 1958 recession . Chrysler moved the DeSoto into the mainstream price range when it came out with the upper priced Imperial line , putting the Chrysler marque in direct competition with it . By the 1961 model year , the DeSoto was reduced to a single model and on November 18 , 1960 , Chrysler ended the DeSoto marque , just two weeks after the introduction of the 1961 models . Chrysler seemingly sudden announcement to discontinue the marque resulted in negative publicity as their advertising and press releases had given the impression the brand would be continued . It offered a $ 300 discount towards 1962 Chrysler vehicles to recent DeSoto purchasers as consolation . Added to the expense of changing signs at dealerships and other expenses , the estimated the cost of ending the marque was more than $ 2 @.@ 2 million . Hudson produced automobiles for 49 years , until 1957 . Hudson cars were very popular in NASCAR in the early 1950s , in particular the Hudson Hornet , now known as well for its prominence in the 2006 Pixar animated movie , Cars . Its early popularity was due to its sleek design , low center of gravity and excellent handling , but it failed to keep up with rest of the industry by mid @-@ decade . The 1955 Hudson was actually a rebadged Nash auto with different trim . It were offered with a V8 in 1955 , but it was too little to save the brand , which was discontinued two years later . Packard began the 1950s on a difficult note , as sales dropped from 116 @,@ 248 in 1949 to an underwhelming 42 @,@ 627 in 1950 . While its higher @-@ end products offered advanced features such as automatic transmission as standard equipment , its overall body designs were considered dated . Four years after the 1954 merger with Studebaker , production under the Packard marque ceased as the company was unable to keep up with the advances and sales of the Big Three . Crosley produced cars from 1939 to 1952 , including the only compact cars in an era of bigger and more powerful cars . They were unique in that they were sold through the Crosley 's network of appliance stores . Peak production was in 1948 , with almost 29 @,@ 000 vehicles produced , followed by a sharp drop off in demand , resulting in an unsustainable loss of more than $ 1 million that year . The automobiles sold for a maximum of $ 350 , could go as fast as 50 miles per hour ( 80 km / h ) , and achieved 50 miles per gallon . In 1952 , the company was sold to the General Tire and Rubber Company , which liquidated the assets and ended production of all Crosley automobiles . Muntz Car Company produced cars from 1950 through 1954 in Chicago . Muntz was assisted by Frank Kurtis , who had earlier attempted to produce a sports car under the Kurtis Kraft marque ( the Kurtis Kraft Sport , which sold just 36 units by 1950 ) . The company managed to produce only about 400 cars during 1951 – 1954 . It was estimated by Muntz himself that his company lost about $ 1000 on each car , leading to its collapse after just four years in business . = = Influential events = = A number of critical events changed the manufacturing environment during the decade , including two wars , cultural changes and economic difficulties , creating opportunity and challenges for the automobile industry . = = = War = = = World War II ended in September 1945 , which allowed for the conversion of the economy to a peacetime economy , with excess industrial capacity and a high demand for new consumer goods by returning soldiers . The Cold War began in after World War II and served to increase paranoia and concern over a nuclear war with the Soviet Union . Many Americans responded by escaping into a lifestyle of heavy consumerism , which benefited automakers . President Dwight D. Eisenhower launched the Interstate Highway System by signing the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 into law . Eisenhower gained an appreciation of the German Autobahn network as a necessary component of a national defense system while he was serving as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II . The Korean War officially began on June 25 , 1950 , and a cease fire was signed three years later in July 1953 , and no official ending . For automakers in the early 1950s , this meant US government control over raw materials such as steel . While not as strict as the rationing that was seen during World War II , the impact was obvious , with steel being rationed to the different manufacturers under government control , rather than by market forces . The National Production Authority ( NPA ) had the final say on what resources each company would be given . In 1952 , it limited the industry to 4 @,@ 342 @,@ 000 cars , with General Motors ( GM ) given a quota of 41 percent of that total . The company exceeded its quota in the first three quarters , forcing it to close some production lines in the fourth . These limitations continued until the NPA was shut down in October 1953 . = = = = Cultural changes = = = = The decade saw a shift in American culture due in part to suburbanization , the Interstate system , and the baby boom . The 1950s were centered in the post @-@ war baby boom , with an average of about 4 million births annually throughout the decade . From 1946 to 1964 , a total of about 77 million new " baby boomers " were born , dramatically increasing the demand for automobiles for the new families . The new Interstate Highway system facilitated the migration to the suburbs . Automobile ownership had once been considered a luxury but now had become a necessity , as well as a cultural symbol for independence and individuality . Ever @-@ larger families drove the demand for larger automobiles , and for the first time , many families owned more than one automobile . New suburbs such as Levittown , Pennsylvania were rapidly being developed , fueled by the promise of new Interstates and expanding families . = = = = 1952 steel strike = = = = Although it lasted for only 53 days , the 1952 steel strike caused the National Production Authority ( NPA ) to limit the amount of steel available to automakers , and had a broad effect before and after the strike . During the run up to the strike , unemployment in Detroit jumped to 8 @.@ 3 percent in December 1951 , auto employment dropped to 600 @,@ 000 a month later and soup kitchens were set up in Detroit . Auto employment dropped by another 100 @,@ 000 during the strike , which ended on June 2 , 1952 . While the strike was for better wages for steel workers , many auto workers blamed their unions for layoffs . The auto manufacturers were accused of speeding up work during these period of heavy layoffs , which resulted in a number of wildcat strikes . = = = = Recession of 1958 = = = = The Recession of 1958 was in part due to dramatic declines in the automotive industry during 1957 and early 1958 . It had been a record year for sales in 1955 with the industry selling almost 8 million automobiles , but this extraordinary surge in sales served to reduce demand in the following few years . Sales had declined to 6 @.@ 1 million in 1957 and just 4 @.@ 3 million by 1958 , making 1958 the worst year for auto sales since World War II . Manufacturing had declined 47 percent by the end of the recession , and Michigan experienced 11 percent unemployment , the highest of any state at that time . = = Labor union activity = = The 1950s mark the peak of union membership as a percentage of the total US workforce , with labor membership peaking at 35 percent of the nonagricultural workforce by mid @-@ decade . The United Auto Workers ( UAW ) was founded in 1935 and helped play a major role in reshaping the automotive industry after World War II . By 1954 , almost all UAW workers had health coverage and other benefits that didn 't exist in the automotive industry previously . Pension plans were established , as well as a Supplemental Unemployment Benefits fund , which supplemented employees unemployment insurance during periods of layoff . A series of pivotal strikes took place during the decade , including the 1950 Chrysler Strike which lasted 104 days between January and May and centered around the UAW 's demand that Chrysler pay a pension to retired workers , as well as other benefits . A first for the UAW , the union paid striking workers benefits during the strike , dangerously depleting its cash reserves . In the end , Chrysler capitulated on the main issue , but not before the strike had disastrous consequences for the automaker . Chrysler ended the year with an 8 percent gain in sales over the previous year , compared to GM and Ford 's gains of 38 percent and 47 percent respectively , costing Chrysler an estimated $ 1 billion in lost sales . = = Racial discrimination = = During the 1950s , racial discrimination was common throughout America and the auto industry was not immune . African @-@ Americans were typically offered only the lowest paying jobs or were outright denied employment as employers openly advertised for " white only " applicants . Workplace discrimination was not universal , but it was widespread and it was not until 1955 that listing racial preferences in job advertising became illegal under Michigan law . Still , hiring practices varied according to the individual plant managers , so some factories were relatively integrated while others had virtually no black employees . African @-@ Americans had made up 15 percent of the auto manufacturing workforce in 1945 increasing only slightly to 16 percent by 1960 , even while blacks outnumbered whites in the city of Detroit . Although unions fought for the end of racial discrimination , manufacturers were free to openly discriminate in their hiring until the passage of the 1964 Civil Rights Act . = = Enduring models = = A few automobiles introduced in the 1950s have had an impact that extends well beyond the decade . By being continuously recognized or reinvented , they have created a following of admirers that often spans multiple generations . The Studebaker Starliner hardtop was introduced in 1953 and is considered by many to be one of the most beautiful American @-@ made automobiles of the 1950s . It was designed by a team led by industrial designer Raymond Loewy and is sometimes called the " Loewy Coupe " . The Chevrolet Corvette was first introduced in 1953 , and as of the 2014 model year is still in production . It has gone through seven major generations , with minor changes yearly , and still features a fiberglass body , a tradition since the original model rolled off the assembly line . Originally , Chevrolet had expected to use fiberglass only for the concept car shown at Motorama and to use steel for production cars . It has come with V8 engine as standard equipment every year since 1955 but used the Blue Flame inline six @-@ cylinder engine for its first two years of production . In 2012 , Consumer Reports named it the best sportscar available in America . The Ford Thunderbird was introduced in 1955 and remained in production until 1997 . Production resumed in 2002 and continued through the 2005 model year . There were with eleven or twelve different generations during these time spans . Unlike the Corvette , it was not marketed as a sportscar , but rather as a personal luxury car . The car changed dramatically in size during these production periods , sometimes having a back seat and other times not . Chrysler produced the first of its 300 series automobiles for the 1955 model year , whereby they added a letter to the model name for each year . This lettering scheme was continued until 1965 , but at the same time they began producing the " non @-@ letter series " automobiles for the 1962 model year , so there are three years with overlapping model names of different vehicles . The non @-@ letter models were produced through the 1971 model year . It was not until 1979 that Chrysler began using the " 300 " name again , as a rebadged Cordoba for the latter half the model year . It would be 20 more years before they again used the name , this time for the Chrysler 300M , which was produced for the 1998 through 2004 model years . Finally in the 2005 model year , the Chrysler 300 was introduced and as of 2013 , is still in production .
= Al @-@ Kateb v Godwin = Al @-@ Kateb v Godwin was a decision of the High Court of Australia , which ruled on 6 August 2004 that the indefinite detention of a stateless person was lawful . The case concerned Ahmed Al @-@ Kateb , a Palestinian man born in Kuwait , who moved to Australia in 2000 and applied for a temporary protection visa . The Commonwealth Minister for Immigration 's decision to refuse the application was upheld by the Refugee Review Tribunal and the Federal Court . In 2002 Al @-@ Kateb declared that he wished to return to Kuwait or Gaza . However , since no country would accept Al @-@ Kateb he was declared stateless and detained under the policy of mandatory detention . The two main issues considered by the High Court were whether the Migration Act 1958 ( the legislation governing immigration to Australia ) permitted a person in Al @-@ Kateb 's situation to be detained indefinitely , and if so , whether this was permissible under the Constitution of Australia . A majority of the court decided that the Act did allow indefinite detention , and that the Act was not unconstitutional . The controversy surrounding the outcome of the case resulted in a review of the circumstances of twenty @-@ four stateless people in immigration detention . In 2007 , nine of these people , including Al @-@ Kateb , were granted bridging visas and allowed to enter the community . = = Background to the case = = Ahmed Al @-@ Kateb was born in Kuwait in 1976 , the son of Palestinian parents . Kuwait 's Nationality Law is based on jus sanguinis ( Article 2 ) and does not provide for jus soli except in the case of foundlings ( Article 3 ) . For this reason Al @-@ Kateb did not acquire Kuwaiti citizenship at birth , and was thus considered a stateless person . Al @-@ Kateb left his country of birth after Kuwaiti authorities pressured nearly 200 @,@ 000 Palestinians to leave Kuwait . In December 2000 , Al @-@ Kateb , travelling by boat , arrived in Australia without a visa or passport , and was taken into immigration detention under the provisions of the Migration Act 1958 . In January 2001 , Al @-@ Kateb applied for a protection visa , on the grounds that the United Nations 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons obliged Australia to protect him . His application was rejected , a decision upheld by the Refugee Review Tribunal and the Federal Court of Australia . In June 2002 , Al @-@ Kateb stated that he wished to voluntarily leave Australia and be sent to Kuwait or to Gaza . However attempts by the Government of Australia to remove Al @-@ Kateb to Egypt , Jordan , Kuwait , Syria , and the Palestinian territories ( which would have required the approval of Israel ) failed . Al @-@ Kateb then applied to the Federal Court for writs of habeas corpus and mandamus , demanding that immigration officials comply with section 198 of the Migration Act which required that Al @-@ Kateb , because his application for a visa had been rejected , be removed from the country " as soon as reasonably practicable " . However , those applications were dismissed . Al @-@ Kateb then sought writs of habeas corpus and mandamus on the basis that he was being unlawfully detained , and although the judge found that " removal from Australia is not reasonably practicable at the present time as there is no real likelihood or prospect of removal in the reasonably foreseeable future " , his application was dismissed . However , a case with substantially identical facts , decided twelve days later by a Full Court of the Federal Court , resulted in the release of another detainee , Akram Al Masri . Finally , Al @-@ Kateb appealed the decision against him to a Full Court of the Federal Court , hoping that the reasoning applied in the Al Masri case ( which was factually similar to his situation ) would be applied to him . The appeal was removed into the High Court at the request of the then Attorney @-@ General of Australia Daryl Williams , under provisions of the Judiciary Act 1903 . Pending the appeal , Al @-@ Kateb was released in April 2003 , by an interlocutory consent order of the Federal Court . The case was argued alongside two other cases which also concerned immigration detention and hearings were held on 12 November and 13 November 2003 . The respondents in the case were all members of the Government of Australia , including two officials in the Department of Immigration , Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs , and the then Minister for Immigration , Phillip Ruddock , and were represented by the Solicitor @-@ General of Australia , David Bennett . The first named respondent , Philippa Godwin , was Deputy Secretary of DIMIA . Al @-@ Kateb was represented by Claire O 'Connor , from the Legal Services Commission of South Australia . = = Arguments = = The question in the case was whether Al @-@ Kateb 's continued detention was lawful . That question involved several issues , namely whether the provisions of the Migration Act allow a person to be detained even if they have no prospect of being removed from Australia , and if they did , whether those provisions were then lawful under the Constitution of Australia . = = = Indefinite detention = = = Since Al @-@ Kateb 's application for a visa was rejected , he was classified as an unlawful non @-@ citizen . Section 196 of the Migration Act provides that unlawful non @-@ citizens can only be released from immigration detention if they are granted a visa , deported , or removed from Australia . Section 198 ( 6 ) of the Act requires immigration officials to " remove [ from Australia ] as soon as reasonably practicable an unlawful non @-@ citizen " . One possible interpretation of these provisions is that unlawful non @-@ citizens should be kept in detention for as long as necessary to remove them , and that if removing them never became practicable , that they would be detained until death . In contrast , Al @-@ Kateb argued that the provisions only allowed unlawful non @-@ citizens to be detained while removal was a practical possibility , and that if removal was not a practical possibility , then they should be released from detention , at least while it remained impractical . Much of the argument for Al @-@ Kateb centred on the fact that he was a stateless man . Kateb 's lawyer , O 'Connor , noted that the provisions in the Migration Act about refugees were based on the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees , both of which overlooked the situation of stateless persons . Several exchanges during the hearings illustrated the way in which the usual processes of the immigration system were not adapted well , if at all , to dealing with stateless people . In one such exchange , O 'Connor referred to Al @-@ Kateb both by his name and by the identifier used on the formal documents , " SHDB " ( in matters concerning asylum seekers , names are usually suppressed in order to prevent persecution should they return to their country of origin ) . After some debate about whether to suppress Al @-@ Kateb 's name , Justice Kirby said that " there often is a very good reason ... because people suffer great risks if their name goes on the Internet that that will become known to the country that they want to avoid , " to which Al @-@ Kateb 's lawyer replied , " That is correct , but , of course , with Mr Al @-@ Kateb there is no country . " The respondents argued that the provisions required that unlawful non @-@ citizens be detained until their removal , and that the purpose of removal , on which the detention was founded , did not cease to exist just because it was not practicable in the foreseeable future to carry out that purpose . They made what was referred to as " the ' never say never ' proposition " , that although securing a person 's removal or deportation from Australia may be difficult , and " often it takes years of diplomatic negotiation before a country is prepared to accept someone ... it is very hard to imagine a case where the purpose of removal or deportation is one that can never occur . " Although the respondents did not challenge the finding of fact in the Federal Court that there was no real possibility of Al @-@ Kateb 's removal in the foreseeable future , they argued that the test applied to reach that decision " fails to take into account ... the difficulties and the fact that things can change . " = = = Non @-@ judicial detention = = = The issue of whether the Act was constitutionally valid revolved around the fact that immigration detention is a form of administrative detention , or detention imposed by the executive branch of government . Detention generally is considered to be a judicial function , which can be exercised only by courts , pursuant to Chapter III of the Australian Constitution . However , there are certain exceptions which allow non @-@ judicial detention , such as detention in order to effect an arrest , or detention for quarantine purposes . Courts in Australia have also held that , generally , detention of non @-@ citizens for immigration purposes is also valid . In this situation , the court had decided in previous cases that immigration detention , for the purposes of processing and removal , did not infringe on Chapter III . Al @-@ Kateb argued that if indeed the provisions of the Migration Act extended as far as to allow the indefinite detention of people like him , then it would have gone beyond those valid purposes and would infringe Chapter III . That is , non @-@ judicial detention is permitted for the purposes of facilitating the removal of unlawful non @-@ citizens , and if the prospects of removal are remote or impracticable for the reasonably foreseeable future , then the detention can no longer be considered to be for the purpose of removal . Al @-@ Kateb 's argument in this respect relied on a decision of the Federal Court in another case , Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs v Al Masri , in which a Full Court of the Federal Court found that a person in a very similar situation to Al @-@ Kateb was entitled to be released . The respondents focused on the case in which this system of exceptions was first articulated , Chu Kheng Lim v Minister for Immigration , Local Government and Ethnic Affairs . The concept of detention as an exclusively judicial function was clearly articulated by only three judges out of seven , Brennan , Deane and Dawson , and although in later cases that central concept was generally agreed with , their list of exceptions was not . The respondents focused on Justice Gaudron 's decision in Chu , in which she said : " Detention in custody in circumstances not involving some breach of the criminal law and not coming within well @-@ accepted categories of the kind to which Brennan , Deane and Dawson JJ refer is offensive to ordinary notions of what is involved in a just society . But I am not presently persuaded that legislation authorizing detention in circumstances involving no breach of the criminal law and travelling beyond presently accepted categories is necessarily and inevitably offensive to Ch.III. " The respondents also noted that Gaudron made similar comments in the Stolen Generations case , which also considered non @-@ judicial detention in the context of Aboriginal children who were forcibly removed from their parents ' care . For this reason and others , they argued that the power to detain people for the purposes of criminal trial and punishment ( as opposed to detention generally ) was clearly a judicial function , but there is no general rule and other powers to detain may not offend Chapter III . = = Judgment = = The ultimate decision , reached by a majority of four judges to three , was that the Migration Act did permit indefinite detention . Each judge delivered a separate judgment with Justices McHugh , Hayne , Callinan and Heydon forming the majority , although Justice Heydon agreed entirely with Justice Hayne , and offered no extra reasoning . Chief Justice Gleeson and Justices Gummow and Kirby dissented , finding instead that the Migration Act should not be interpreted to permit indefinite detention . = = = Indefinite detention = = = Justice Hayne delivered the leading judgment for the majority . On the question of whether the Migration Act allowed people in Al @-@ Kateb 's situation to be detained indefinitely , he said : " ... the most that could ever be said in a particular case where it is not now , and has not been , reasonably practicable to effect removal , is that there is now no country which will receive a particular non @-@ citizen whom Australia seeks to remove , and it cannot now be predicted when that will happen . " He said that because the removal or deportation of people always involves some degree of uncertainty , then the interpretation of the relevant provisions in the Migration Act could not proceed on the assumption that removal is always possible . He concluded that : " ... even if , as in this case , it is found that ' there is no real likelihood or prospect of [ the non @-@ citizen 's ] removal in the reasonably foreseeable future ' , that does not mean that continued detention is not for the purpose of subsequent removal . " Justice McHugh stated simply that the language of the sections was not ambiguous , and clearly required the indefinite detention of Al @-@ Kateb . He said that the requirement that people be removed " as soon as reasonably practicable " was directed at limiting the duration of detention to as little as necessary , but it did " not mean that the detention ... is limited to a maximum period expiring when it is impracticable to remove or deport the person . " Chief Justice Gleeson , in dissent , said that in interpreting legislation , the courts " do not impute to the legislature an intention to abrogate or curtail certain human rights or freedoms ( of which personal liberty is the most basic ) unless such an intention is clearly manifested by unambiguous language " . He concluded that the provisions requiring that unlawful non @-@ citizens be detained were ambiguous in that in a situation such as Al @-@ Kateb 's , where it became impossible to fulfil the purpose for which he was detained , the law was not clear as to whether the result is that the detention should be suspended until the purpose becomes possible again , or that the detention should continue indefinitely . The Act did not deal with a situation like Al @-@ Kateb 's . Gleeson said : " In making that choice I am influenced by the general principle of interpretation stated above . I am also influenced by the consideration that the detention in question is mandatory , not discretionary . In a case of uncertainty , I would find it easier to discern a legislative intention to confer a power of indefinite administrative detention if the power were coupled with a discretion ... " Accordingly , he found that a proper construction of the provisions of the Act would not permit Al @-@ Kateb 's detention to continue indefinitely . Justice Callinan , who was in the majority , also discussed the purpose of detention , in obiter dicta . He said that detention of non @-@ citizens for the purposes of deportation may not be the only form of detention that would be within the federal parliament 's aliens power , rather " it may be the case that detention for the purpose of preventing aliens from entering the general community , working , or otherwise enjoying the benefits that Australian citizens enjoy is constitutionally acceptable . " = = = Non @-@ judicial detention = = = The second issue was whether indefinite detention for migration purposes infringed on Chapter III of the Australian Constitution . While every judge discussed this issue , only three judges , Justices McHugh , Hayne and Heydon , found it necessary to make a final decision on the issue . They all reached the same conclusion , that the detention scheme was constitutional . Justice Hayne concluded that the detention scheme in the Migration Act did not contravene Chapter III because , fundamentally , it was not punitive . The Act did not make being in Australia without a visa an offence ( although it had been in the past ) , and in reality he considered the mandatory detention scheme to be not that different from a system in which all people were prevented from entering Australia without permission at all . Justice McHugh also emphasised that immigration detention was not punitive , saying : " A law requiring the detention of the alien takes its character from the purpose of the detention . As long as the purpose of the detention is to make the alien available for deportation or to prevent the alien from entering Australia or the Australian community , the detention is non @-@ punitive . " McHugh suggested that detention for a non @-@ punitive purpose could still offend Chapter III if it prevented a court " from determining some matter that is a condition precedent to authorising detention . " However , that was not the case here . In dissent , Justice Gummow recognised that " the focusing of attention on whether detention is ' penal or punitive in character ' is apt to mislead " , and emphasised the purpose of detention as the fundamental criterion by which non @-@ judicial detention was allowed in previous cases . He said that " it cannot be for the executive government to determine the placing from time to time of that boundary line which marks off a category of deprivation of liberty from the reach of Ch III . " = = = Constitutional interpretation = = = In addition to the substantive issues in the case , there was also more general historical and theoretical issues involved . During Justice McHugh 's final years on the court , he and Justice Kirby expressed differing views on constitutional interpretation , and particularly on the role of international law and principles of human rights in that process . In this case , the two judges continued that debate . Justice McHugh drew analogies between the legislation at issue in the case , and previous legislation which had authorised indefinite administrative detention , such as the arrangements under the War Precautions Act 1914 . Regulations made under that and other acts allowed the internment of several thousand people , including German Australians during World War I and Japanese Australians during World War II . McHugh noted that those arrangements had been challenged , and upheld , in the High Court ( for example in the 1915 case of Lloyd v Wallach ) , and emphasised that at no time had anyone questioned that detention for protective purposes , as opposed to punitive purposes , would conflict with Chapter III . He concluded that although the situation at hand was " tragic " , the courts were not at liberty to question the propriety of decisions made by the Parliament of Australia on moral or human rights grounds , given the absence of a bill of rights in Australia . Justice Kirby retorted that " ' Tragic ' outcomes are best repaired before they become a settled rule of the Constitution . " He also drew a historical analogy , referring to the 1951 Communist Party case where the High Court rejected attempts by the Menzies government to outlaw the Australian Communist Party . After noting McHugh 's recent praise of the decision in a speech , Kirby said : " We should be no less vigilant than our predecessors were . As they did in the Communist Party Case , we also should reject Executive assertions of self @-@ defining and self @-@ fulfilling powers . We should deny such interpretations to federal law , including the Act ... This Court should be no less defensive of personal liberty in Australia than the courts of the United States , the United Kingdom and the Privy Council for Hong Kong have been , all of which have withheld from the Executive a power of unlimited detention . " Referring to the cases in which the High Court had upheld the wartime legislation allowing indefinite administrative detention , Kirby said that equivalent decisions in other countries had come to be regarded as embarrassing and incorrect , and should be likewise regarded in Australia . While conceding that the scope of the Parliament 's powers with respect to defence will be greater in wartime than in peacetime , Kirby said that they could not extend so far as to displace fundamental constitutional requirements such as those in Chapter III . Finally , Kirby also suggested that there was much scope for expanding the reach of the limitations on legislative and executive power imposed by Chapter III , and drawing on another paper by McHugh , argued that this ought to extend to the protection of due process rights as implicit constitutional rights , in the absence of an explicit bill of rights . = = Consequences = = As a result of the decision , Al @-@ Kateb had to return to immigration detention . Claire O 'Connor , Al @-@ Kateb 's lawyer , said that " The effect of this decision is that [ Al @-@ Kateb ] will be locked up until a state of Palestine is created or some other Middle Eastern state is willing to have him . It 's taken 51 years so far . I 'm not holding my breath . " The decision sparked much controversy about the scope of the mandatory detention laws . Along with the two other immigration detention decisions handed down on that day , the case prompted several political leaders , including the then Federal President of the Australian Labor Party Carmen Lawrence , and Australian Democrats leader Senator Andrew Bartlett , to call for an Australian bill of rights . The executive director of the Sydney Institute , Gerard Henderson , said that the case demonstrated " the need for empathy in public policy " . However , the case also aroused controversy about the court itself . David Marr described the four to three decision as indicating a new division in the composition of the court , the " liberty divide " , and noted that the result on the liberty question moved the court in the opposite direction to the contemporary trends of the Supreme Court of the United States and the House of Lords . Arthur Glass observed that the minority judges began their judgments from the position that indefinite non @-@ judicial detention and the curtailment of personal freedom were troubling consequences , and noted that " as is not uncommon in statutory construction , where you start from is critical to where you end up . " Marr accused the majority of deciding that " saving Australia from boat people counts for more than Al @-@ Kateb 's raw liberty . " The controversy resulted in pressure on the new Immigration Minister Amanda Vanstone , who agreed to review the cases of twenty @-@ four stateless people in immigration detention , and ultimately granted bridging visas to nine people including Al @-@ Kateb , allowing them to be released into the community . However , the conditions of the bridging visas did not permit holders to work , study , obtain social security benefits or receive healthcare from Medicare , and Al @-@ Kateb remained entirely dependent on donations from friends and supporters to survive . Al @-@ Kateb said of his situation , " We [ are ] just walking in a big detention . And we are all the time worried that they will send us back to detention again … It 's like a death punishment . " He was granted a permanent visa in October 2007 by immigration minister Kevin Andrews . In a 2005 speech to the Law Society of the University of Sydney , Justice McHugh reiterated his view of the case as a tragic situation , and said that it was necessary for " the informed and impassioned " to seek reforms to legislation to protect individual rights , since the absence of a bill of rights limited the ability of the courts to protect rights . McHugh said that cases in countries such as the United Kingdom , in which courts had found that indefinite administrative detention was not lawful , were based on bills of rights or other instruments such as the European Convention on Human Rights , and lamented that without such instruments , Australian courts are " not empowered to be as active as the Supreme Court of the United States or the House of Lords in the defence of the fundamental principles of human rights . " In response to McHugh 's speech , Chief Justice Gleeson said that the issue of whether or not Australia should have a bill of rights was a purely political one , and not a matter for the courts . Gleeson said that while he had personal political views on the matter , " It doesn 't serve the community for a serving Chief Justice to enter that arena . " = = = Academic response = = = In academic circles the case is generally seen as an example of the court taking two different approaches to statutory interpretation , with the legalistic approach of the majority judges in contrast with the purposive approach of the minority judges . Christopher Richter suggested that the majority 's legalistic approach , while yielding a workable construction of the provisions of the Migration Act , resulted in a dangerous situation in this case because the Act did not specifically address the situation of stateless persons , and the literal approach did not allow for gaps in the legislation to be filled . Matthew Zagor suggests that there are various assumptions about the constitutional relationship between the branches of government implicit in these two different approaches . He argues that the majority , particularly Justice Callinan , preferred the plain meaning of the Migration Act because for them " the key principle at play is simple : the Court should not frustrate Parliament 's purpose or obstruct the executive . " Zagor also comments on the irony that the supposedly legalistic conclusion reached by the majority is at odds with a prior High Court decision led by Australia 's most prominent legalist , Chief Justice Owen Dixon , in which he implied a temporal limit onto World War II era legislation which also included a scheme of executive detention . Some commentators , such as Juliet Curtin , have noted that both the majority and minority judgments , except for that of Justice Kirby , focused almost exclusively on Australian law and did not consider either international law or decisions from other common law countries . Curtin argues that this attitude to international jurisprudence , which included decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States and of the House of Lords , demonstrates an " insular disregard for the principles of international law " on the court 's part . Several commentators have expressed the view that the decision has produced confusion and uncertainty with respect to constitutional restrictions on executive power in this area . Matthew Zagor notes that while the three minority Justices in this case , and Justice Callinan in another case , have expressed their support for the existing test in Chu Kheng Lim ( that non @-@ punitive detention is constitutionally permissible where it is " reasonably capable of being seen as necessary " ) , the test was not in fact used by the majority in this case to conclude that the detention here was permissible . He also points out that in later cases , only Justice Kirby seemed to uphold the ' vibe ' of the Chu Kheng Lim test , with Chief Justice Gleeson and Justice Gummow attempting to separate the character of detention from its consequences ( suggesting that detention which is punitive in effect may not necessarily also be punitive in character ) . Finally , Zagor argues that of the Justices who questioned the Chu Kheng Lim test , none were able to provide a coherent alternative to substitute for it .
= Hurricane Hilary ( 1993 ) = Hurricane Hilary was a Category 3 hurricane that caused significant flooding in the Midwestern United States in August 1993 . A westward moving tropical depression gradually developed on August 17 south of the Mexican coast , attaining hurricane status two days later . The storm further intensified into a Category 3 hurricane , attaining peak winds of 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) . By August 23 , the hurricane nearly stalled while interacting with Tropical Storm Irwin . Executing a small counter @-@ clockwise loop , Hilary degraded to tropical storm intensity and took a northerly track for the remainder of its existence . The storm made two landfalls in Mexico , one in Baja California Sur on August 25 and one in Sonora the following day . Tropical cyclone warnings and watches were issued for much of the southern Mexican coastline ; however , they were later discontinued when the threat ended , but were issued again when the system posed a threat to the Baja California Peninsula . Hilary dropped in excess of 5 in ( 130 mm ) rain along its path in some areas , and flash flooding in California and Iowa . = = Meteorological history = = Several small areas of convection developed in association with a tropical wave on August 14 near Central America . Over the next two days , the convection migrated across Central America , and then entered the Gulf of Tehuantepec on August 16 . The next morning , Tropical Depression Nine @-@ E formed south of an upper @-@ level low that was located in the Gulf of Mexico . Banding features slowly increased in coverage , and on August 18 , the depression intensified , becoming Tropical Storm Hilary about 100 mi ( 160 km ) south of the Pacific coast of Mexico . Hilary steadily gained strength , but its outflow remained restricted . Moving northwest on a track parallel to the coast of Mexico at around 10 mi ( 16 km ) due to a complex steering pattern , Hilary was initially poorly organized and its low @-@ level circulation was tough to find . The storm failed to intensify further until August 19 , when the storm was upgraded into a hurricane after the cyclone developed very cold cloud tops . Even though most computer models expected Hilary to remain offshore , meteorologists suggested there was a possibility of making landfall near Manzanillo . The next day , an eye formed ; subsequently , Hilary reached Category 2 intensity on the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . By the time , the hurricane had grown into a large cyclone with gale @-@ force winds extending out 130 mi ( 210 km ) from the center . Under weak steering currents , Hilary became a major hurricane , a cyclone with winds of 111 mph ( 190 km / h ) or higher , early on August 21 . Shortly thereafter , Hilary reached its peak intensity with winds of 120 mph ( 155 km / h ) . Around this time , Hurricane Hilary developed a 15 mi ( 24 km ) eye . Later that day , however , the eye had shrunk to about 9 mi ( 14 km ) in diameter . The eye , which was very well @-@ defined , was surrounded by a central dense overcast , a large mass of deep convection . Shortly after its peak , Hurricane Hilary 's motion became unsteady . After nearly stalling , the hurricane turned to the west on August 22 , only to become nearly stationary again the next day . Slowly executing a small counter @-@ clockwise loop , Hilary underwent a Fujiwhara interaction with Tropical Storm Irwin which was several hundred miles southeast . Meanwhile , Hilary began to weaken , by early on August 22 , the eye became poorly defined and convection diminished . The eye dissipated within 12 hours , and the winds quickly diminished to 85 mph ( 130 km / h ) . Later that day , the thunderstorm activity became partially exposed from the center , and on August 23 , Hilary was downgraded to a tropical storm due to lack of organization . The interaction continued to weaken Hilary , leaving it with little thunderstorm activity and winds of just 40 mph ( 60 km / h ) on August 24 , before resuming a northerly motion . Around this time , Hilary finally absorbed Irwin . While Hilary began to traverse cooler waters , the environment became more favorable . Upon developing a 200 mb anticyclone , Hilary began to revive based on data from satellite imagery and ship reports . Tropical Storm Hilary made landfall in Baja California Sur on two separate occasions as a strong tropical storm on August 25 . Weakening over land , the cyclone regenerated deep convection over the Gulf of California . As a tropical depression , Hilary made its final landfall on August 26 just west of Hermosillo in Sonora . While most of the mid to upper level moisture associated with the storm got pulled inland by a shortwave trough , the low level center dissipated in the northern Gulf on August 27 . = = Preparations and impact = = Due to Hilary 's proximity to Mexico on August 20 , hurricane watches were issued for much of the southern coastline ; however , they were later discontinued . Once the system began its northward track , further watches and warnings were issued for the Baja California Peninsula and the Gulf of California coastline . Heavy rains , with a maximum recorded amount of 11 @.@ 35 in ( 288 mm ) in Derivorda Jale , Colima , were accompanied the storm . Along the Baja California Peninsula , a statewide rainfall total of 4 @.@ 33 in ( 110 mm ) fell in Huerta Vieja . However , no damage or loss of life took place . Winds along the peninsula were strong , though not as strong as Hurricane Calvin , a hurricane which struck the peninsula during July 1993 . The outer bands of Hurricane Hilary also brought localized downpours to parts of California , resulting in flash floods . In Arizona , 3 @.@ 75 inches ( 95 mm ) of rain fell on Green Valley , and 3 @.@ 50 inches ( 89 mm ) of precipitation was recorded at Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument , resulting in flash flooding . Hilary produced a surge of moisture that dropped over 25 % of the summer rainfall in portions of New Mexico . The remains of Hilary combined with a cold front to produce widespread flooding across the Midwestern United States . About 10 in ( 250 mm ) fell in some areas of Iowa , forcing rivers and streams to overflow its banks . Hundreds of people evacuated their homes .
= Hurricane Erika ( 2003 ) = Hurricane Erika was a weak hurricane that struck extreme northeastern Mexico near the Texas @-@ Tamaulipas border in mid @-@ August of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season . Erika was the eighth tropical cyclone , fifth tropical storm , and third hurricane of the season . At first , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) operationally did not designate it as a hurricane because initial data suggested winds of 70 mph ( 115 km / h ) at Erika 's peak intensity . It was not until later data was analyzed that the NHC revised it to Category 1 intensity in the Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Scale . The storm developed from a non @-@ tropical area of low pressure that was tracked for five days before developing in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on August 14 . Under the influence of a high pressure system , Erika moved quickly westward and strengthened under favorable conditions . It made landfall as a hurricane on northeastern Mexico on August 16 and rapidly dissipated inland . While Erika 's precursor disturbance was moving across Florida , it dropped heavy rainfall . In south Texas , Erika produced moderate winds of 50 to 60 mph ( 80 to 95 km / h ) along with light rain , causing minor and isolated wind damage in the state . In northeastern Mexico , Erika produced moderate amounts of rainfall , resulting in mudslides and flooding . There , two people were killed when their vehicle was swept away by floodwaters . = = Meteorological history = = A weak surface area of low pressure detached from a frontal system on August 8 while 1 @,@ 150 miles ( 1 @,@ 850 km ) to the east of Bermuda . It moved southwestward , and on August 9 , it generated convection as it passed beneath a cold @-@ core upper @-@ level low . The surface low and the upper @-@ level low turned westward as it revolved around a common center , and by August 11 , the surface low developed into a trough while 440 miles ( 700 km ) south of Bermuda . As the system rapidly continued westward , much of the convection remained near the center of the upper @-@ level low , preventing development of a closed surface circulation . On August 13 , while located near the northwestern Bahamas , a substantial increase in convection resulted in the upper @-@ level low building downwards to the middle levels of the troposphere , coinciding with the development of an upper level anticyclone . A closed low @-@ level circulation nearly developed on August 14 to the east of Key Largo , Florida , but it weakened due to the deep convection remaining to the north over the mid @-@ level center . The mid @-@ level storm continued westward and moved across Florida . After crossing Florida , Hurricane Hunters indicated a poorly defined circulation , but with winds exceeding tropical storm strength , and the system was designated as Tropical Storm Erika late on August 14 while located 85 miles ( 135 km ) west of Fort Myers . With well @-@ established outflow and low levels of wind shear , Erika strengthened as the circulation became better defined . A high pressure system persisted over the south @-@ central United States , forcing the storm to move just south of due west at 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) . On August 15 , convection organized into bands , and as its winds approached hurricane strength , an eye developed within the storm . Erika turned to the west @-@ southwest on August 16 , and attained hurricane status just prior to making landfall near Boca San Rafael , Tamaulipas in northeastern Mexico , or about 40 miles ( 70 km ) south of the United States – Mexico border . The storm rapidly weakened over the mountainous Sierra Madre Oriental , and Erika dissipated early on August 17 . The mid @-@ level circulation maintained integrity as it crossed Mexico , and led to the formation of a tropical disturbance after entering the Gulf of California on August 18 . It turned to the northwest and weakened on August 20 . Operationally Erika was never upgraded to hurricane status . Based on a persistent eye feature on radar and Doppler weather radar @-@ estimated surface winds of 75 mph ( 120 km / h ) , the National Hurricane Center posthumously upgraded Erika to a hurricane . = = Preparations = = The threat of Erika 's onslaught prompted the evacuation of 51 oil platforms and 3 oil rigs in the western Gulf of Mexico . The lack of production led to a loss of production of 8 @,@ 708 barrels ( 1 @,@ 384 @.@ 5 m3 ) of oil per day and 173 @.@ 14 million cubic feet ( 4 @,@ 903 @,@ 000 m3 ) of natural gas per day . On the day of its landfall , the lack of production led to 1 @,@ 979 less barrels of oil for the day , or about 0 @.@ 12 % of the total daily production for the Gulf of Mexico , while the loss of 32 million cubic feet ( 910 @,@ 000 m3 ) of gas for the day was equivalent to 0 @.@ 23 % of the total production . However , due to its rapid motion , the passage of the storm resulted in minimal effects on operations . While the storm was located in the eastern Gulf of Mexico on August 15 , the National Hurricane Center issued a Hurricane Watch and Tropical Storm Warning from Brownsville to Baffin Bay , Texas . The center also recommended a Hurricane Watch spanning from Soto la Marina , Tamaulipas to the international border . Late that same day , when strengthening was underway , a Hurricane Warning was either issued or recommended from La Pesca , Mexico to Baffin Bay , Texas , though the warnings for south Texas were dropped when a more southward motion occurred . Just one month after Hurricane Claudette caused millions in damage in south Texas , the fast movement of Erika caught citizens by surprise as it was forecast to make landfall near Brownsville . Citizens and business owners boarded up for the storm . About 10 @,@ 000 were evacuated from northeastern Mexico due to the threat for flooding , including 2 @,@ 000 in Matamoros . = = Impact = = The precursor disturbance was expected to bring heavy , yet needed rainfall to the Bahamas . The precursor disturbance dropped heavy precipitation while moving across Florida , including in Indian River County , and also produced 6 – 8 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 – 2 @.@ 4 m ) waves with moderate wind gusts . Erika produced light rainfall across southern Texas , peaking at 3 @.@ 83 inches ( 97 mm ) in Sabinal , though most locations reported less than two inches ( 50 mm ) of precipitation . In addition , weather radar estimated isolated accumulations of 4 to 6 inches ( 100 to 150 mm ) of precipitation in Kenedy and Brooks Counties . Sustained winds from Erika in south Texas peaked at 39 mph ( 62 km / h ) in Brownsville , where a gust of 47 mph ( 75 km / h ) was also recorded . Strong waves were reported northwards to Corpus Christi . The storm caused minor flooding and beach erosion along South Padre Island . Strong wind gusts of up to 60 mph ( 95 km / h ) caused isolated , minor wind damage in south Texas , including in South Padre Island , where the winds damaged the roof of a business . The winds also uprooted a large tree and caused limb damage to several small- to medium @-@ sized trees in Brownsville . In Texas , damage totaled to $ 10 @,@ 000 ( 2003 USD , $ 12 @.@ 9 thousand 2016 USD ) . In Mexico , Hurricane Erika primarily affected the states of Tamaulipas and Nuevo León , but also had effects on Coahuila as well . Rainfall peaked at 6 @.@ 71 inches ( 170 @.@ 5 mm ) in Magueyes in Tamaulipas . Several other locations reported over 3 inches ( 76 mm ) , including 4 @.@ 02 inches ( 102 mm ) in Cerro Prieto , which was the maximum amount in the state of Nuevo León , and 3 @.@ 42 inches ( 86 @.@ 8 mm ) in Monterrey , where 30 people were injured . Sustained winds peaked at 40 mph ( 65 km / h ) in San Fernando , where a gust of 65 mph ( 105 km / h ) was also reported . The heavy rainfall resulted in severe flooding and mudslides , blocking several highways in northeastern Mexico . In Matamoros , the storm damaged roofs and cars . Moderate winds snapped tree branches and spread debris across roads , though locals considered the storm minor . In the Nuevo León city of Montemorelos , two people died when they were swept away after they drove their truck across a partially flooded bridge . Throughout Mexico , 20 @,@ 000 people were left without power due to the storm . The remnant circulation produced heavy amounts of precipitation in western Mexico and Baja California .
= Fuji @-@ class battleship = The Fuji class ( 富士型戦艦 , Fuji @-@ gata senkan ) was a two @-@ ship class of pre @-@ dreadnought battleships built for the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) in the mid @-@ 1890s . They were the first battleships in the IJN , and were constructed in the UK as Japan lacked the industrial facilities needed to build them . Their design was based on the battleships being built for the Royal Navy at that time . The ships participated in the Russo @-@ Japanese War of 1904 – 1905 , including the Battle of Port Arthur in February 1904 and two bombardments of Port Arthur during the following month . Yashima struck a mine off Port Arthur in May and capsized while under tow several hours later . Fuji fought in the Battles of the Yellow Sea and Tsushima and was lightly damaged in the latter action . She was reclassified as a coast defence ship in 1910 and served as a training ship for the rest of her active career . The ship was hulked in 1922 and converted into a barracks ship fitted with classrooms . Fuji was finally broken up for scrap in 1948 . = = Background = = In the late 19th century , the strategy of the Imperial Japanese Navy was based on the radical Jeune Ecole naval philosophy , as promoted by French military advisor and naval architect Emile Bertin . This emphasised cheap torpedo boats and commerce raiding to offset expensive , heavily armoured ships . The acquisition of two German @-@ built Dingyuan @-@ class ironclads by the Imperial Chinese Beiyang Fleet in 1885 threatened Japan 's interests in Korea . A visit by the Chinese warships to Japan in early 1891 forced the Japanese government to acknowledge that the IJN required similarly armed and armoured ships of its own to counter the ironclads ; the three lightly armoured Matsushima @-@ class cruisers ordered from France would not suffice , despite their powerful guns . The IJN decided to order a pair of the latest battleships from the United Kingdom as Japan lacked the technology and capability to construct its own battleships . Obtaining funding for the battleships was a struggle for the Japanese government . The initial request was submitted in the budget of Prime Minister Matsukata Masayoshi in 1891 , but was deleted by the Diet of Japan due to political infighting . Matsukata submitted the request again and , when again denied , was forced to dissolve his cabinet . His successor , Prime Minister Itō Hirobumi , attempted to pass the funding measure in 1892 , but he also failed . This led to an extraordinary personal intervention by Emperor Meiji in a statement dated 10 February 1893 , wherein the emperor offered to fund the construction of the two battleships himself , through an annual reduction in the expenses of the Imperial Household , and asked that all government officials likewise agree to a reduction in their salaries by ten percent . The funding measure for the Fuji @-@ class battleships was passed by the Japanese Diet soon after . Completion of the ships was originally scheduled for 1899 , but the start of the First Sino @-@ Japanese War shortly before they were laid down in 1894 caused the government to accelerate the schedule by two years . = = Design and description = = The design of the Fuji class was derived from that of the British Royal Sovereign @-@ class battleships , albeit about 2 @,@ 000 long tons ( 2 @,@ 000 t ) smaller . The Fuji @-@ class ships improved on the Royal Sovereigns in several ways ; they were about 1 knot ( 1 @.@ 9 km / h ; 1 @.@ 2 mph ) faster , they incorporated superior Harvey armour , and their guns , although smaller and lighter , were the same as those of the later Majestic @-@ class and were protected by armoured hoods ( gun turrets ) . The two ships of the class were almost identical even though they were designed by two different naval architects , Yashima by Philip Watts and Fuji by George C. Mackrow . The primary difference was that Yashima had her deadwood cut away aft and was fitted with a balanced rudder . This made her almost a knot faster than her sister and gave her a smaller turning circle at the cost of a weaker stern that required careful attention when drydocked lest it sag . The Fuji @-@ class ships had an overall length of 412 feet ( 125 @.@ 6 m ) , a beam of 73 @.@ 25 – 73 @.@ 75 feet ( 22 @.@ 3 – 22 @.@ 5 m ) , and a normal draught of 26 @.@ 25 – 26 @.@ 5 feet ( 8 @.@ 0 – 8 @.@ 1 m ) . They displaced 12 @,@ 230 – 12 @,@ 533 long tons ( 12 @,@ 426 – 12 @,@ 734 t ) at normal load . The ships had double bottoms and were subdivided into a total of 181 watertight compartments . The crew numbered about 650 officers and enlisted men . Yashima was fitted as a flagship with accommodation for an admiral and his staff . = = = Propulsion = = = The Fuji @-@ class ships were powered by two Humphrys Tennant 3 @-@ cylinder vertical triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving one 17 @-@ foot ( 5 @.@ 18 m ) propeller , using steam generated by ten cylindrical boilers with a working pressure of 10 @.@ 898 kg / cm2 ( 1 @,@ 069 kPa ; 155 psi ) . The engines were rated at 13 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 10 @,@ 100 kW ) , using forced draught , and designed to reach a top speed of 18 @.@ 25 knots ( 33 @.@ 80 km / h ; 21 @.@ 00 mph ) although the ships proved to be faster during their sea trials , reaching top speeds of 18 @.@ 66 to 19 @.@ 46 knots ( 34 @.@ 56 to 36 @.@ 04 km / h ; 21 @.@ 47 to 22 @.@ 39 mph ) . A watertight centreline bulkhead separated the two engine rooms as well as the four boiler rooms . The boiler rooms were further separated by a transverse bulkhead . Unlike both the Royal Sovereigns and Majestics , the Fuji class had their funnels on the centreline . The ships carried a maximum of 1 @,@ 620 tonnes ( 1 @,@ 590 long tons ) of coal which allowed them to steam for 4 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 400 km ; 4 @,@ 600 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . They were fitted with three electric dynamos , each rated at 32 kilowatts ( 43 hp ) . = = = Armament = = = The main battery of the Fuji class consisted of four hydraulically operated Elswick Ordnance Company 40 @-@ calibre Type 41 twelve @-@ inch guns mounted in pear @-@ shaped twin @-@ gun barbettes fore and aft of the superstructure . The barbettes had a firing arc of 240 ° and the guns had a maximum elevation of + 15 ° and could depress to − 5 ° . These barbettes had armoured hoods , or turrets , to protect the guns . The mountings were virtually identical to those used in the first Majestic @-@ class battleships , which could only hoist ammunition from the below @-@ decks magazines in one position . However , 18 shells were stowed in each turret that allowed a limited amount of firing at any angle before their ammunition supply needed to be replenished . The guns were loaded at a fixed angle of 1 ° and fired 850 @-@ pound ( 386 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 400 ft / s ( 730 m / s ) . This gave them an approximate range of 16 @,@ 000 yards ( 15 @,@ 000 m ) . Secondary armament of the Fuji class consisted of ten 40 @-@ calibre Type 41 six @-@ inch quick @-@ firing guns , four on the main deck in casemates and six guns on the upper deck protected by gun shields . They fired 100 @-@ pound ( 45 kg ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 300 ft / s ( 700 m / s ) . Protection from torpedo boat attacks was provided by fourteen 47 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) three @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns and ten 47 @-@ millimetre 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder Hotchkiss guns . The three @-@ pounder gun fired 3 @.@ 2 @-@ pound ( 1 @.@ 5 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 927 ft / s ( 587 m / s ) while the 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pounder fired 2 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 1 @.@ 1 kg ) shells at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 420 ft / s ( 430 m / s ) . The ships were also equipped with five 18 @-@ inch torpedo tubes , one in the bow above water and four submerged tubes , two on each broadside . In 1901 , both ships exchanged 16 of their 47 mm guns for an equal number of QF 12 @-@ pounder 12 cwt guns . They fired 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) , 12 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 5 @.@ 7 kg ) projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 359 ft / s ( 719 m / s ) . This raised the number of crewmen to 652 and later to 741 . = = = Armour = = = The armour scheme of the Fuji @-@ class ships was similar to that used by the Royal Sovereigns except that the Japanese ships used superior Harvey armour of the same thickness instead of compound armour . The waterline main belt was 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) high , 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 9 m ) of which was above the waterline at normal load , and had a maximum thickness of 18 inches ( 457 mm ) . It reduced to 16 inches ( 406 mm ) then 14 inches ( 356 mm ) at the ends past the two barbettes ; above it was a 4 @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) strake of armour that ran between the barbettes . They were 14 inches thick outside the upper armour belt and reduced to 9 inches ( 229 mm ) behind the upper belt . Diagonal bulkheads connected the barbettes to the side armour ; the forward bulkhead was 14 inches thick while the rear bulkhead was 12 inches ( 305 mm ) thick . The armour of the casemates and the barbette hoods had a maximum thickness of 6 inches while the conning tower was protected by 14 inches of armour . The deck armour was 2 @.@ 5 inches ( 64 mm ) thick and met the sides of the ship at the top of the main armour belt . = = Ships = = = = Service = = Both ships had reached Japan by February 1898 . At the start of the Russo @-@ Japanese War in 1904 , Fuji and Yashima were assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Fleet . They participated in the Battle of Port Arthur on 9 February , when Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō led the 1st Fleet in an attack on the Russian ships of the Pacific Squadron anchored just outside Port Arthur . Tōgō chose to attack the Russian coastal defences with his main armament and engage the Russian ships with his secondary guns . Splitting his fire proved to be a poor decision as his eight @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) and six @-@ inch guns inflicted very little damage on the Russian vessels , which concentrated all their fire on the Japanese ships . Yashima was not struck during the battle , but Fuji was hit twice , two men being killed and 10 wounded . On 10 March , the two ships blindly bombarded the harbour of Port Arthur from Pigeon Bay , on the southwest side of the Liaodong Peninsula , at a range of 9 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 9 mi ) , but did little damage . When they tried again on 22 March , they were attacked by Russian coastal defence guns that had been transferred there , and also from several Russian ships in Port Arthur using observers overlooking Pigeon Bay . The Japanese ships disengaged after Fuji was hit by a 12 @-@ inch shell . Fuji and Yashima participated in the action of 13 April when Tōgō successfully lured out two battleships of the Pacific Squadron . When the Russians spotted the five battleships of the 1st Division , they turned back for Port Arthur and the battleship Petropavlovsk struck a minefield laid by the Japanese the previous night . The ship sank in less than two minutes after one of her magazines exploded . Emboldened by his success , Tōgō resumed long @-@ range bombardment missions , which prompted the Russians to lay more minefields . On 14 May 1904 , the battleships Hatsuse , Shikishima , and Yashima , the protected cruiser Kasagi , and the dispatch boat Tatsuta put to sea to relieve the Japanese blockading force off Port Arthur . The following morning , the squadron encountered a Russian minefield . Hatsuse struck one mine that disabled her steering and Yashima struck two others when moving to assist Hatsuse . Yashima was towed away from the minefield , but she was still taking on water at an uncontrollable rate and the crew abandoned ship some five hours later . Kasagi took Yashima in tow , but the battleship 's list continued to increase and she capsized about three hours later . During the Battle of the Yellow Sea in August 1904 , Fuji was not damaged because the Russian ships concentrated their fire on Tōgō 's flagship , the battleship Mikasa , which was leading the column . In May the following year , during the Battle of Tsushima , Fuji was hit a dozen times , the most serious of which penetrated the hood of the rear barbette , ignited some exposed propellant charges , killed eight men and wounded nine . After the ammunition fire was put out , the left gun in the barbette resumed firing and apparently delivered the coup de grâce that sank the battleship Borodino . On 23 October 1908 , Fuji hosted a dinner for the American Ambassador , Thomas J. O 'Brien , and the senior officers of the Great White Fleet during its circumnavigation of the world . In 1910 , her cylindrical boilers were replaced by Miyabara water @-@ tube boilers and her main armament was replaced by Japanese @-@ built guns . Fuji was reclassified as a first @-@ class coast defence ship the same year , and undertook training duties in various capacities until disarmed in 1922 . Her hulk continued to be used as a floating barracks and training centre at Yokosuka until 1945 . Fuji was damaged by American carrier aircraft during their 18 July 1945 attack on Yokosuka and capsized after the end of the war . The ship was scrapped in 1948 .
= Wet ( Nicole Scherzinger song ) = " Wet " is a song by American recording artist Nicole Scherzinger , taken from her debut solo studio album Killer Love ( 2011 ) . The song was written by Ester Dean and Traci Hale , co @-@ written and produced by Norwegian duo StarGate ( Tor E. Hermansen and Mikkel S. Eriksen ) and Sandy Vee . The song was serviced as the fourth single from the album to British radio stations on August 28 , 2011 , by Polydor Records , while in Australia it was released in the following month . The dance @-@ pop and pop song speak of Scherzinger singing that " her body is aching for a man 's touch " . It received generally positive reviews from music critics . The song received moderate commercial success where it peaked at number twenty @-@ one on the UK Singles Chart , in addition to peaking at number ten on the Irish Singles Chart , where it also became one of her highest charting releases . The accompanying music video for " Wet " was directed by Justin Francis . It was generally received by critics which favored Scherzinger 's intricate choreography . = = Background and composition = = " Wet " was recorded in 2010 at Roc the Mic Studios in New York City , Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles and The Bunker Studios in Paris . Scherzinger 's vocals were recorded by Eriksen and Miles Walker at Roc the Mic Studios and Westlake Recording Studios and by Vee at The Bunker Studios . " Wet " was mixed by Vee at The Bunker Studios and by Phil Tan at The Ninja Beat Club in Atlanta , Georgia . Additional and assistant engineering was carried out by Damien Lewis . All instrumentation was completed by Eriksen , Hermansen and Vee . " Wet " was not given a traditional release . In the UK , it was given an impact date of August 28 , 2011 ; sometimes record labels will choose a date for a song to impact as a single and for promotion but not give the song a separate listing from the album in digital download stores . Just less than a month later , it was serviced to radio in Australia on September 26 , 2011 . " Wet " is an uptempo track , containing a thumping disco beat , a throbbing bass , and electronic beats . The song was written by Ester Dean and Traci Hale , and co @-@ written and produced by Norwegian duo StarGate and Sandy Vee . Scherzinger is said to confesses that her body is " aching for a man 's touch " , stating " This beat is filthy dirty / I feel it all over me " . Described as a " dance @-@ ready club banger " by Idolator , the song chronicles " many sexy ways " Scherzinger gets wet ; sweating , a shower , a swim , and drowning . Scherzinger continues the whole " drenched " theme within the songs ' chorus : " Well Imma take my clothes off / Take a leap and surf through the crowd / Dripping down my neck / Soaking wet , sink or swim or you drown / Let 's get a little wet . " In the song , Scherzinger sings about running around naked , stating " I feel like whatever I do tonight would be the talk of the town . " = = Critical reception = = " Wet " garnered generally positive reviews from critics . Awarding the song with three out of five stars , Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave the song a mixed review , stating that although Scherzinger purrs with conviction , the song sounds ultimately similar to Rihanna 's " Only Girl ( In The World ) " . While reviewing the album , the same website reviewed " Wet " as a highlight of the album , and named it a possible future single . Idolator stated that Scherzinger is " positively dripping with sex appeal in her ode to getting doused " , later adding that the Stargate @-@ produced " dance jam is the musical equivalent of a run through the sprinkler " . Idolator finished its review by stating that after an addition of a well @-@ known rapper , the song could hit the domestic Top 40 . While reviewing the album , Becky Bain of Idolator stated that " Wet " along with " Club Banger Nation " would strike a chord with clubgoers . David Griffiths of 4Music named " Wet " an essential addition to anybody 's party playlist . In another interview by Griffiths , he named " Wet " a " cracking pop tune " , stating that the " hits keep coming " for Scherzinger . Kim Dawson of Daily Star complimented the song as a " saucy tune " . Describing the song as a " surefire smash " for Scherzinger , Pip Ellwood of Entertainment @-@ Focus complimented the song as the best track on the album , stating that its beat is better than that of lead single " Poison " due to the fact that it is " impossible not to move to . " = = Chart performance = = " Wet " debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number 189 . On the week of August 20 , 2011 , it went to its peak of number 21 . " Wet " debuted on the Irish Singles Chart at number forty @-@ eight on the week ending August 11 , 2011 . The following week , August 18 , 2011 , " Wet " climbed to number ten on the Irish Singles Chart . The song also peaked at number thirteen on the Scottish Singles Chart . = = Music video = = The music video for " Wet " was shot in a single day to accommodate her schedule as a judge on the X Factor . It was shot on a Los Angeles car park – it was the only suitable location due to its proximity to the X Factor studios . The video was directed by Justin Francis . On August 2 , 2011 , Scherzinger released behind the scenes photos of the songs music video with Scherzinger wearing a two @-@ piece attire and clutching a net around her body as she stands behind a wall of water . The video makes use of product placement of Carrera 's " Champion " . The music video premiered through MSN Music UK on August 3 , 2011 . = = = Synopsis = = = The video begins with Scherzinger hiding out from police , evading capture and disguising herself with some aviator shades and a studded hoodie . As she is being surveyed by security camera , Scherzinger begins to dance athletically and acrobatically . Jenna Hally Rubenstein of MTV Buzzworthy believed that part of Scherzinger 's dance contained old Navajo rain dance moves . Scherzinger than alternates outfits to a black leather - corset top , high @-@ waisted shorts and thigh @-@ high boots , as scenes of Scherzinger singing behind a window pane while it ’ s raining are interlaced into the clip . Scherzinger , accompanied by a group of female dancers , than enter an indoor swimming pool were men are seen spraying graffiti into the wall . Scherzinger and her back @-@ up dancers than begin to dance in the emptied concrete pool , as the men begin to soak Scherzinger with hoses . As the police enter the building , Scherzinger is warned by a man acting as a lookout . Scherzinger and all her companions escape , only to leave the police discovering a spray @-@ painted message of " Wet " . = = = Critical reception = = = Critics generally favored the songs accompanying music video , in particular Scherzinger 's intricate choreography . On the day the video premiered , a reviewer from Rap @-@ Up wrote " It ’ s getting hot in here , " referencing Scherzinger 's " smokin ’ body " and " steamy visuals " . Staff of Idolator spoke favorably of Scherzinger 's choreography , stating that it " would make the other Pussycat Dolls blush " . Amy Sciarretto of PopCrush gave the video a positive review stating that she was impressed of Scherzinger 's athletic and acrobatic methods of dancing . She continued , " she doesn ’ t even have to try and be sexy ; she just is " . Jenna Hally Rubenstein of MTV Buzzworthy appreciated Scherzinger 's writhing around on the floor in " somewhat compromising positions " and added that Scherzinger is wet for about 50 percent of the video , so " we 're guessing guys across the country aren 't going to be writing complaint letters anytime soon . " Sophie Forbes of Daily Mail positively stated " Clutching a net round her body , she looked sensational in her taupe two piece as she stared wistfully off into the distance . " David Griffiths of 4Music positively reviewed the song 's music video stating it " featur [ ed ] some jaw @-@ droppingly good dancing , a hair flick or two and some serious thrusting , it gets a big thumbs up from us . " " Wet " ranked at number 70 on MTV 's most watched music videos of 2011 . = = Live performances = = Scherzinger performed the song for the first time in Stratford , London at Westfield Stratford City on September 13 , 2011 . The performance was included in a set of multiple songs off of Killer Love , and was sung in order to celebrate the shopping centre 's opening . Scherzinger began her performance with a fringed leather coat in red and black , the colours of the Westfield logo , a cutaway black bodycon dress and purple platform heels which she whipped off to reveal an even racier outfit underneath . She than wore a black leather number covered in tassels and chains . Scherzinger 's performance was accompanied onstage by several dancers , whom were wearing shiny metallic trousers , as she performed in front of thousands of fans . The song was also performed in 2012 on her first solo tour , the Killer Love Tour . = = Track listing = = Album version " Wet " – 3 : 37 = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Recorded at Roc the Mic Studios , New York ; Westlake Recording Studios , Los Angeles , California ; The Bunker Studios , Paris . Mixed at The Bunker Studios , Paris ; Ninja Club Studios , Atlanta , Georgia . Personnel Songwriting – Mikkel S. Eriksen , Tor Erik Hermansen , Sandy Wilhelm , Ester Dean , Traci Hale Production – Stargate , Sandy Vee Mixing – Sandy Vee , Phil Tan Additional engineering – Damien Lewis Instruments – Mikkel S. Eriksen , Tor Erik Hermansen , Sandy Vee Background vocals – Ester Dean Credits adapted from Killer Love booklet liner notes . = = Charts = = = = Radio and release history = =
= Cyclone Lam = Cyclone Lam in 2015 was the strongest storm to strike Australia 's Northern Territory since Cyclone Monica in 2006 . It formed from the monsoon trough on February 12 in the Coral Sea . For much of its duration , the system moved westward due to a ridge to the south . The system crossed over the Cape York Peninsula and moved into the Gulf of Carpentaria , whereupon it gradually organized due to warm waters and favorable outflow . On February 16 , the Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) classified it as a Category 1 on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale and gave it the name Lam . The storm intensified further while drifting toward the Wessel Islands , developing an eye and strengthening to the equivalence of a minimal hurricane on February 18 . It strengthened to reach maximum sustained winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) early on February 19 before turning to the southwest , making it a Category 4 cyclone . That day , it made landfall on Northern Territory between Milingimbi and Elcho Island at peak intensity , and it rapidly weakened over land . About six hours after Lam moved ashore , Cyclone Marcia struck Queensland as a Category 5 cyclone , marking the first time on record that two storms of Category 4 intensity struck Australia on the same day . In its formative stages , Lam produced heavy rainfall and flooding in Far North Queensland . Later , the cyclone 's rainfall set daily precipitation records in Northern Territory . However , the winds caused the most damage , with gusts estimated as high as 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) . The highest gust was 170 km / h ( 110 mph ) at Cape Wessel on Rimbija Island . Lam caused considerable destruction , particularly affecting local aboriginal communities . Total damage in the Northern Territory reached at least A $ 82 @.@ 4 million ( US $ 64 @.@ 4 million ) . = = Meteorological history = = On February 12 , the monsoon trough extended through the Coral Sea , developing a weak tropical low in the northern portion of the sea , according to the Australian Bureau of Meteorology ( BoM ) . The system had a persistent area of convection , or thunderstorms , around a consolidating circulation . Conditions were moderately favorable for further development , including the presence of some wind shear and favorable outflow to the south . The system moved slowly westward into the Cape York Peninsula without much development , entering the Gulf of Carpentaria on February 15 , as it was steered by a ridge to the south . Thereafter , the convection consolidated and organized while the mid- and low @-@ level circulations aligned . As a result , the BoM began classifying it as Tropical Low 13U at 06 : 00 UTC on February 16 while the system was about 235 km ( 145 mi ) northwest of Weipa , Queensland . On the same day , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) issued a tropical cyclone formation alert , noting the decreasing wind shear and warm water temperatures of over 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) . Within six hours of its classification as Tropical Low 13U , the system developed a central dense overcast , which is an organized area of convection around the center . At 18 : 00 UTC on February 16 , the BoM upgraded the low to a Category 1 on the Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale , naming it Lam . At that time , the BoM anticipated the cyclone would intensify to peak 10 minute sustained winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) within 72 hours , which proved very accurate . Also at 18 : 00 UTC on February 16 , the JTWC began classifying the system as Tropical Cyclone 12P . Early on February 17 , an eye feature began forming within the convection . That day , Lam moved quicker to the west @-@ northwest and slowed its rate of strengthening as it approached the Wessel Islands . Early on February 18 , the eye became better defined , moving over Cape Wessel . At 06 : 00 UTC that day , the BoM upgraded Lam to a Category 3 Severe Tropical Cyclone with 10 minute winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) , equivalent to a minimal hurricane . When Lam was passing near Cape Wessel , the lower and middle level circulations were slightly displaced , although the center was embedded within the deepest convection . The eyewall became smaller and more defined over time as the outflow strengthened , indicating that the cyclone was undergoing rapid deepening late on February 18 . Around the same time , Lam turned to the southwest as the ridge to the south weakened . At 12 : 00 UTC on February 19 , the BoM upgraded Lam to a Category 4 cyclone , estimating peak 10 minute winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) ; this was based on the well @-@ defined eye and rainbands on satellite imagery . At the same time , the JTWC estimated the same intensity , only in 1 minute winds . At around 16 : 30 UTC ( 2 : 00 a.m. local time ) on February 19 , Lam made landfall – moved ashore – along Northern Territory between Milingimbi Island and Elcho Island at peak intensity . The eye quickly deteriorated as the cyclone moved through the Top End . The storm weakened rapidly over land , deteriorating into a tropical low about 12 hours after landfall . The JTWC continued tracking Lam until February 22 , when the weak circulation was located in the northeastern portion of Western Australia . About six hours after Lam moved ashore , Cyclone Marcia made landfall along Queensland , making it the first time on record that two storms of at least Category 4 intensity struck Australia on the same day . Lam was the first severe tropical cyclone to strike Northern Territory since Cyclone Monica in April 2006 . In addition , Lam 's landfall on February 19 marked the third latest date for Australia to receive its first landfall , and the latest since 1988 . = = Preparations and impact = = When the BoM first classiifed Lam as Tropical Low 13U , the agency also issued a cyclone watch for the Cape York Peninsula and Arnhem Land . Before the storm struck , officials transported residents in Lam 's path by air to the capital city Darwin . All 426 people living in Warruwi were airlifted , and the storm caused many schools in the region to be closed ; students from Warruwi continued classes after they evacuated to Darwin . Residents anticipated Lam 's intensity to be lower at landfall , which left some off guard . The origins of Lam brought heavy rainfall and flooding to Far North Queensland . Upon striking Northern Territory , Cyclone Lam produced estimated wind gusts of 230 km / h ( 145 mph ) , which knocked down many trees and power lines . The highest observed wind gust was 170 km / h ( 110 mph ) at Cape Wessel on Rimbija Island . The winds were strong enough to cause two anemometers to fail , with peak recordings of 150 km / h ( 93 mph ) on Elcho Island and 93 km / h ( 58 mph ) on Milingimbi Island . Offshore Northern Territory , Lam destroyed several houses along Elcho Island and left residents without water or electricity . In the town of Galiwinku on the island , two @-@ thirds of the houses were affected , with 130 having roof damage , ten seriously damaged , and six destroyed . By a week after the storm , 250 residents were still displaced . However , water and power were restored to Galinwinku by February 25 . Damage on Elcho Island totaled $ 47 million ( AUD , $ 37 million USD ) . Total damage in the Northern Territory reached at least A $ 82 @.@ 4 million ( US $ 64 @.@ 4 million ) . In Ramingining , the winds damaged a court house and police offices , and killed one dog . " Thousands " of people were homeless or displaced due to the storm , many residing in shelters . Farther inland , Lam dropped heavy rainfall that caused flooding , peaking at 258 @.@ 5 mm ( 10 @.@ 18 in ) at Diljin Hill along the Waterhouse River . The rains set daily precipitation records at three Northern Territory locations . A girl required medical treatment after steeping on a downed power line . There were no deaths or other serious injuries due to the storm , and damage was less than expected despite the intensity ; this was possibly due to the storm moving ashore at low tide . Following the storm , the Northern Territory government declared a state of emergency for the hardest hit areas . It provided financial assistance to families affected by the storm , totaling $ 1 @,@ 245 ( AUD ) for each family . The government sent a Royal Australian Air Force plane with emergency supplies to Darwin after a request from the Northern Territory . Officials sent crews to Elcho Island to help clear debris and restore power . Residents in Ramingining were under a boil @-@ water advisory following the storm . A crew of 15 volunteers flew from Alice Springs and Maningrida to help emergency workers . An online crowdfunding group raised over $ 12 @,@ 000 ( AUD ) within one day to provide emergency supplies . Emergency officials also advised residents not to drive around disaster areas for " sightseeing " due to the potential to disrupt repairs . A water and power worker estimated the power lines would be restored within one week , although that was dependent on internal building damage or tree removal . Following the storm , many residents returned to their damaged homes and lived instead in tents . The Northern Territory government established a tent city on the offshore Elcho Island , which was dismantled on March 20 due to the threat of approaching Cyclone Nathan .
= Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting = Tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting involves using scientific models and other tools to predict the precipitation expected in tropical cyclones such as hurricanes and typhoons . Knowledge of tropical cyclone rainfall climatology is helpful in the determination of a tropical cyclone rainfall forecast . More rainfall falls in advance of the center of the cyclone than in its wake . The heaviest rainfall falls within its central dense overcast and eyewall . Slow moving tropical cyclones , like Hurricane Danny and Hurricane Wilma , can lead to the highest rainfall amounts due to prolonged heavy rains over a specific location . However , vertical wind shear leads to decreased rainfall amounts , as rainfall is favored downshear and slightly left of the center and the upshear side is left devoid of rainfall . The presence of hills or mountains near the coast , as is the case across much of Mexico , Haiti , the Dominican Republic , much of Central America , Madagascar , Réunion , China , and Japan act to magnify amounts on their windward side due to forced ascent causing heavy rainfall in the mountains . A strong system moving through the mid latitudes , such as a cold front , can lead to high amounts from tropical systems , occurring well in advance of its center . Movement of a tropical cyclone over cool water will also limit its rainfall potential . A combination of factors can lead to exceptionally high rainfall amounts , as was seen during Hurricane Mitch in Central America . Use of forecast models can help determine the magnitude and pattern of the rainfall expected . Climatology and persistence models , such as r @-@ CLIPER , can create a baseline for tropical cyclone rainfall forecast skill . Simplified forecast models , such as the Kraft technique and the eight and sixteen @-@ inch rules , can create quick and simple rainfall forecasts , but come with a variety of assumptions which may not be true , such as assuming average forward motion , average storm size , and a knowledge of the rainfall observing network the tropical cyclone is moving towards . The forecast method of TRaP assumes that the rainfall structure the tropical cyclone currently has changes little over the next 24 hours . The global forecast model which shows the most skill in forecasting tropical cyclone @-@ related rainfall in the United States is the GFS ( Global Forecasting System ) . = = Rainfall distribution around a tropical cyclone = = A larger proportion of rainfall falls in advance of the center ( or eye ) than after the center 's passage , with the highest percentage falling in the right @-@ front quadrant . A tropical cyclone 's highest rainfall rates can lie in the right rear quadrant within a training ( non @-@ moving ) inflow band . Rainfall is found to be strongest in their inner core , within a degree of latitude of the center , with lesser amounts farther away from the center . Most of the rainfall in hurricanes is concentrated within its radius of gale @-@ force winds . Larger tropical cyclones have larger rain shields , which can lead to higher rainfall amounts farther from the cyclone 's center . Storms which have moved slowly , or loop , lead to the highest rainfall amounts . Riehl calculated that 33 @.@ 97 inches ( 863 mm ) of rainfall per day can be expected within one @-@ half degree , or 35 miles ( 56 km ) , of the center of a mature tropical cyclone . Many tropical cyclones progress at a forward motion of 10 knots , which would limit the duration of this excessive rainfall to around one @-@ quarter of a day , which would yield about 8 @.@ 50 inches ( 216 mm ) of rainfall . This would be true over water , within 100 miles ( 160 km ) of the coastline , and outside topographic features . As a cyclone moves farther inland and is cut off from its supply of warmth and moisture ( the ocean ) , rainfall amounts from tropical cyclones and their remains decrease quickly . = = = Vertical wind shear = = = Vertical wind shear forces the rainfall pattern around a tropical cyclone to become highly asymmetric , with most of the precipitation falling to the left and downwind of the shear vector , or downshear left . In other words , southwesterly shear forces the bulk of the rainfall north @-@ northeast of the center . If the wind shear is strong enough , the bulk of the rainfall will move away from the center leading to what is known as an exposed circulation center . When this occurs , the potential magnitude of rainfall with the tropical cyclone will be significantly reduced . = = = Interaction with frontal boundaries and upper level troughs = = = As a tropical cyclone interacts with an upper @-@ level trough and the related surface front , a distinct northern area of precipitation is seen along the front ahead of the axis of the upper level trough . Surface fronts with precipitable water amounts of 1 @.@ 46 inches ( 37 mm ) or more and upper level divergence overhead east of an upper level trough can lead to significant rainfall . This type of interaction can lead to the appearance of the heaviest rainfall falling along and to the left of the tropical cyclone track , with the precipitation streaking hundreds of miles or kilometers downwind from the tropical cyclone . = = = Mountains = = = Moist air forced up the slopes of coastal hills and mountain chains can lead to much heavier rainfall than in the coastal plain . This heavy rainfall can lead to landslides , which still cause significant loss of life such as seen during Hurricane Mitch in Central America , where several thousand perished . = = Tools used in preparation of forecast = = = = = Climatology and persistence = = = The Hurricane Research Division of the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory created the r @-@ CLIPER ( rainfall climatology and persistence ) model to act as a baseline for all verification regarding tropical cyclone rainfall . The theory is , if the global forecast models cannot beat predictions based on climatology , then there is no skill in their use . There is a definite advantage to using the forecast track with r @-@ CLIPER because it could be run out 120 hours / 5 days with the forecast track of any tropical cyclone globally within a short amount of time . The short range variation which uses persistence is the Tropical Rainfall Potential technique ( TRaP ) technique , which uses satellite @-@ derived rainfall amounts from microwave imaging satellites and extrapolates the current rainfall configuration forward for 24 hours along the current forecast track . This technique 's main flaw is that it assumes a steady state tropical cyclone which undergoes little structural change with time , which is why it is only run forward for 24 hours into the future . = = = Numerical weather prediction = = = Computer models can be used to diagnose the magnitude of tropical cyclone rainfall . Since forecast models output their information on a grid , they only give a general idea as to the areal coverage of moderate to heavy rainfall . No current forecast models run at a small enough grid scale ( 1 km or smaller ) to be able to detect the absolute maxima measured within tropical cyclones . Of the United States forecasting models , the best performing model for tropical cyclone rainfall forecasting is known as the GFS , or Global Forecasting System . The GFDL model has been shown to have a high bias concerning the magnitude of heavier core rains within tropical cyclones . Beginning in 2007 , the NCEP Hurricane @-@ WRF became available to help predict rainfall from tropical cyclones . Recent verification shows that both the European ECMWF forecast model and North American Mesoscale Model ( NAM ) show a low bias with heavier rainfall amounts within tropical cyclones . = = = Kraft rule = = = During the late 1950s , this rule of thumb came into being , developed by R. H. Kraft . It was noted from rainfall amounts ( in imperial units ) reported by the first order rainfall network in the United States that the storm total rainfall fit a simple equation : 100 divided by the speed of motion in knots . This rule works , even in other countries , as long as a tropical cyclone is moving and only the first order or synoptic station network ( with observations spaced about 60 miles ( 97 km ) apart ) are used to derive storm totals . Canada uses a modified version of the Kraft rule which divides the results by a factor of two , which takes into account the lower sea surface temperatures seen around Atlantic Canada and the prevalence of systems undergoing vertical wind shear at their northerly latitudes . The main problem with this rule is that the rainfall observing network is denser than either the synoptic reporting network or the first order station networks , which means the absolute maximum is likely to be underestimated . Another problem is that it does not take the size of the tropical cyclone or topography into account .
= Partition ( song ) = " Partition " is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé for her self @-@ titled fifth studio album released in 2013 . Beyoncé co @-@ wrote and co @-@ produced the song with Justin Timberlake , Timbaland , Jerome " J @-@ Roc " Harmon , Dwane " Key Wane " Weir , and Mike Dean , with extra writing from The @-@ Dream and extra production from Jordy " Boots " Asher . The song was sent to urban contemporary on February 25 , 2014 as the third single from Beyoncé by Columbia Records . The song consists of two parts , individually titled " Yoncé " and " Partition " . " Partition " has been described as " electro @-@ R & B " also known as PBR & B that moves " from a sweet , girl @-@ group pop sound to Dirty South hip @-@ hop " . Its production musically consists of a sparse synthesized arrangement , a thrusting bassline and a heavy drumbeat giving it elements of electro @-@ R & B. Exploring the deep , sexual nature of Beyoncé , " Partition " depicts sexual intercourse in the back of a limousine . The closing minute of the song features a French word interpolation similar to a quote by actress Julianne Moore in the 1998 film The Big Lebowski . " Partition " was widely acclaimed by contemporary music critics , who commended Beyoncé 's advocacy for freedom and confidence in the expression of female sexuality . They also praised the catchy lyrics ; the Monica Lewinsky reference in the second part of " Partition " became known as one of the most memorable lines within the album . Beyoncé was complimented for her half @-@ rapped vocal delivery and received comparisons to British recording artist M.I.A. Following the album 's release , " Partition " picked up airplay on United States urban contemporary radio stations . It has since peaked at number 23 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , number nine on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart and number one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart . Accompanying music videos for " Yoncé " and " Partition " were released on December 13 , 2013 , on Beyoncé . The former clip was directed by Ricky Saiz and filmed on the streets of Brooklyn , New York , while the latter was directed by Jake Nava and shot at the Parisian cabaret club , Crazy Horse . Both " Yoncé " and " Partition " were added to the setlist and performed live during the second European leg of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour ( 2013 – 14 ) and later during the On the Run Tour ( 2014 ) and The Formation World Tour ( 2016 ) . Both of the songs were performed at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards as part of a medley of the singer 's eponymous album . = = Conception and release = = " Partition " was written by Terius Nash , Justin Timberlake , Timothy Mosley , Beyoncé , Jerome Harmon , Dwane Weir , Charisse Hill and Mike Dean . The production was handled by Timberlake , Beyoncé , Dean , Jordy " Boots " Asher as well as Mosley , Harmon and Wane under their stage names Timbaland , J @-@ Roc and Key Wane respectively . " Partition " was conceived as a two @-@ part song , the first part of which is called " Yoncé " . The latter 's original drumbeat was created by Timberlake on a bucket . Mike Dean then added the dropping 808 's lead synths , claps and strings . Beyoncé described the sound that he created as " organic " and said , " It reminded me of being in middle school during the lunch breaks , when you just start free @-@ styling . " The trio decided to keep the buckets as Beyoncé wanted an organic production . Then The @-@ Dream started writing some of the lyrics including , " Yoncé all on his mouth like liquor " . Beyoncé found it awkward at the beginning but she soon loved the phrase , which lead to the birth of her new alter ego , Yoncé . The singer revealed that she was " embarrassed " after she recorded " Partition " because of its overtly sexual lyrics . Speaking about how the other part of the song materialized , Beyoncé said : It takes me back to being in my car as a teenager . It takes me back to when me and my husband first meet , and he tries to scoop me and he thinks I 'm the hottest thing in the world . I kinda had this whole fantasy of being in the car , and this whole movie played in my head . I didn 't have a pen and paper . I got to the mic , I 'm like , ' Oh , press Record.' The song was produced at the Jungle City Studios and Oven Studios in New York City . Once the musical arrangements were done by the production team , the music was recorded by Stuart White , Chris Godbey , Ann Mincieli and Bart Schoudel . White and Tony Maserati mixed the track while the audio engineering was carried out by James Krausse and Matt Weber with assistance from Justin Hergett , Chris Tabron and Matt Wiggers ; the second engineer was Ramon Rivas . The audio mastering was done by Tom Coyne and Aya Merrill . Timberlake and Timbaland served as backing vocalists and recorded the vocals of Beyoncé . The spoken section towards the end of " Partition " was recorded by Hajiba Fahmy , one of Beyoncé 's dancers . " Partition " officially impacted US urban contemporary radio on February 25 , 2014 as the third single from Beyoncé . " Partition " also officially impacted radio stations in Italy on March 28 , 2014 . = = Composition = = " Partition " has been described as " electro @-@ R & B " that moves " from a sweet , girl @-@ group pop sound to Dirty South hip @-@ hop " . It builds on a slinky Caribbean groove and spacey heavy beats provided by Roland TR @-@ 808 toms and bass drums . The track also musically consists of sparse synthesizer pulses , little swoops and finger snaps . The lyrics are candidly sexual ; Melissa Locker of Time magazine wrote that " Partition " leaves no sexual innuendo unturned . Commenting on Beyoncé 's vocal styles and experimentation on the track , Annie Zaleski of Las Vegas Weekly noted that she displays much attitude through her lines and ornaments her singing with trills — rapid alternations between two adjacent notes , usually a semitone or tone apart . Zaleski further wrote that Beyoncé adopts a doo @-@ wop vocal @-@ based style to sing some of the lyrics and even utters occasional purrs — murmuring sounds expressive of pleasure . The song begins with a short call @-@ and @-@ response audio clip from The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour as Beyoncé asks the crowd " Lemme [ sic ] hear you say ' Hayyy [ sic ] Ms. Carter ! ' " . It then transitions into what Andrew Hampp of Billboard magazine called the " lady thug anthem " of " Yoncé " . Beyoncé delivers half @-@ rapped verses on the first half of the song , in which the female protagonist teases male subjects in a club as she turns heads . In the first verse , she warns the other women in the club , " Every girl on here gotta look me up and down / All on Instagram cake by the pound " . The singer adds on the second verse , " I sneezed on the beat and the beat got sicker . " " Yoncé " closes with the bridge as Beyoncé sings repeatedly , " Yoncé all on his mouth like liquor " , while an ascending siren echoes over a staccato bass that hits heavily and uniformly in the background . The second part , titled " Partition " , is preceded by the sound of paparazzi camera clicks and a window whirring up , which separates it from the first part " Yoncé " . " Partition " has a fractured production and is lyrically about the female protagonist having sex with her romantic interest in the backseat of a limousine . Caitlin White , writing for The 405 , highlighted that the song details a romantic relationship in which women do not act as sexual objects during sexual intercourse but rather use " the physical act of love as a form of agency " , from which they derive pleasure . " Partition " gained significant attention for its explicit lyrics , with frequent references made to the opening lines of the first verse in which Beyoncé asks her driver to put up the partition . On the hook lines , Beyoncé adopts whispery vocals , singing that she wants to please her man , " Take all of me / I just wanna be the girl you like , girl you like " . The closing minute of the song features a French spoken word interpolation , which translates roughly as : " Do you like sex ? Sex . I mean , the physical activity . Coitus . Do you like it ? You 're not interested in sex ? Men think that feminists hate sex , but it 's a very stimulating and natural activity that women love " . David Haglund and Forrest Wickman of Slate magazine noted similarities between this spoken section and a similar quote by actress Julianne Moore in 1998 film The Big Lebowski . In May 2014 , during an interview with Vanity Fair , Lewinsky addressed the lyrics of the song mentioning her , saying , " Thanks , Beyoncé , but if we 're verbing , I think you meant ' Bill Clinton 'd all on my gown ' " . = = Critical reception = = " Partition " received universal acclaim from contemporary critics , who commended its experimental production and sexual yet catchy lyrics . The line , " He Monica Lewinsky @-@ ed all on my gown " , was covered in several reviews and pointed out as one of the most memorable from the album . Glenn Gamboa of Newsday wrote that Beyoncé " channels her inner Prince , moving from a sweet , girl @-@ group pop sound to Dirty South hip @-@ hop " . Michael Cragg of The Guardian highlighted that Beyoncé gives the best explanation of the album 's raison d 'être through the line , " Radio say speed it up / I just go slower " . He further commended the way Beyoncé half @-@ raps " with a delicious snarl " in the first part of the song . Many critics , including Una Mullalay of The Irish Times and Greg Kot of the Chicago Tribune welcomed Beyoncé 's rapping on " Partition " and compared it to the work of British recording artist M.I.A. Andrew Barker of Variety magazine highlighted that among the songs that discuss sexuality on Beyoncé , " none hold a candle to the absolutely scorching ' Partition ' " . He also praised how Beyoncé " toss [ es ] off a few old @-@ school battle rhymes " with the line , " I sneezed on the beat , and the beat got sicker " , being a standout . Similarly , Miles Marshall Lewis of Ebony magazine noted that lines like , " I sneezed on the beat and the beat got sicker / Yoncé all on his mouth like liquor " , would make listeners smile . He praised how Beyoncé " spills lyrics ... in a confident flow " and concluded , " As a singing rapper , she 's still way more precious than ferocious . " Andrew Hampp of Billboard magazine commended the memorability of the lyrics and wrote that " ' Partition ' is yet another ' gettin ’ freaky with my baby ' jam , with some of Bey 's most frankly sexual lines yet . " Similarly , Eliana Dockterman of Time magazine hailed the lyrical content of " Partition " ; she noted that it suitably exemplifies " embodiment of modern feminism for a generation that has been reluctant to claim the word " and further praised how Beyoncé " express [ es ] her desire to please [ her partner ] while still projecting a fierce , independent persona " . Melissa Locker , also writing for Time magazine , suggested that Beyoncé should work with Timbaland more often as " his sultry beats paired with her R @-@ rated lyrics and the catchy chorus ' It took 45 minutes to get all dressed up / And we ain ’ t even gonna make it to this club ' , make a captivating combination " . Chris Bosman of the same publication wrote an extensive review of the song : But Beyoncé is far from being all sentiment . Because a large part of being Beyoncé in America in 2013 is being a sexual creature and not only being unafraid of that fact , but reveling — and reveling confidently — in it . The amorphous , shifting Houston @-@ trap @-@ meets @-@ Noah Shebib trunk rattler ' Partition ' exemplifies this particular sentiment . On the track , the Queen Bey tells her driver to put the partition up because ' I don ’ t need you seeing ' Yoncé on her knees ' ; uses Monica Lewinsky as a euphemism for her man finishing on her clothing ; reveals that ' he like to call me Peaches when we get this nasty ' ; and repeats that it took her ' 45 minutes to get all dressed up / and we ain ’ t even gonna make it to this club ' . And in maybe the wildest moment in an album full of bold moves , Beyoncé actually slips in the French translation of Julianne Moore 's ' Feminists love sex ' monologue from The Big Lebowski . Ryan B. Patrick of Exclaim ! noted that songs in the vein of " Partition " effectively display genre diversity , Beyoncé 's vocal range and " a penchant of musical experimentation " . Matthew Perpetua of BuzzFeed praised the French spoken section on " Partition " , comparing it to the Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie sample on " Flawless " as she added : " It 's good that these ideas aren 't directly expressed by Beyoncé herself – in context , these bits are like reblogged quotes that frame her artistic intentions – because she knows she doesn ’ t need to be so didactic when she 's actually singing about sex , and to do so would defeat her point about owning her pleasures . " Caitlin White of The 405 wrote extensively of " Partition " as a song that effectively shows that Beyoncé " catapults herself out of her very femininity into personhood by positioning female sexuality as a powerful , amorphous construct--one that transcends the female body even while uplifting it . " White concluded that the singer does not exalt herself to become " the highest sex object or an egotistical pop princess " but anoints herself " as sexual goddess , she is at once desiring and desired , fulfilled and fulfilling " . Mikael Wood of Los Angeles Times wrote that " the spooky , almost perversely stripped @-@ down ' Partition ' reflect [ s ] [ Beyoncé 's ] determination , rare among superstars , to keep pushing creatively " . = = = Recognition = = = In the annual Pazz and Jop mass critics poll of the year 's best in music in 2013 , " Partition " was ranked at number 124 . In July the following year , the writers of Spin magazine placed it at number four on the list of the 57 best songs so farmagazine placed it at number four on the list of the 57 best songs so far , with a writer of the publication noting something " intensely gratifying about all the raunchiness on the strip @-@ tease , booty @-@ dropping banger " and added that it " oozes stunty swag and immediately became a coy anthem for pop @-@ loving women ; a song to flash and strut and snap to , and not only because the beat does too " . Pitchfork Media listed the song 26th on its year @-@ end list for 2014 . Cosmopolitan editor Eliza Thompson ranked " Partition " as the Best Song of 2014 on her year @-@ end list . = = Chart performance = = On the US Billboard Hot 100 , " Partition " debuted at number 86 for the week ending January 25 , 2014 without being released as a single . Following several weeks of spending different positions on the chart , it moved from 97 to its peak position of 23 for the week ending March 15 , 2014 in its eighth week of charting . The song spent a total of 21 weeks on the chart and it was last seen at the position of 44 . " Partition " became Beyoncé 's tenth number @-@ one on the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Airplay chart , extending her record for the most leaders among women . It also became Beyoncé 's twentieth number @-@ one on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart for the issue dated May 17 , 2014 , making her the third artist with the most number @-@ ones on the chart , behind Madonna ( 43 ) and Rihanna ( 22 ) . In January 2015 , it was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) denoting shipment of 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 copies in that country . In the United Kingdom , " Partition " entered the UK Singles Chart and the UK R & B Chart , at numbers 90 and 15 respectively on March 8 , 2014 . The following week , it moved to 74 and 12 on the charts respectively , which eventually became its peak positions . In Ireland , the single entered the Irish Singles Chart at its peak position of number 57 for the week ending March 13 , 2014 . The next week , which also marked its last , it fell to the position of 83 spending a total of two weeks on the chart . Elswhere , " Partition " charted on the Ultratip charts in both regions of Belgium , ( Wallonia and Flanders ) , in France and in South Korea . = = Music videos = = Music videos for " Yoncé " and " Partition " were released on December 13 , 2013 on Beyoncé through the iTunes Store . The video for " Partition " was uploaded to Beyoncé 's official Vevo account on February 25 , 2014 while the one for " Yoncé " was uploaded on November 24 , 2014 to coincide with the release of Beyoncé : Platinum Edition . = = = " Yoncé " = = = = = = = Background and concept = = = = The video for " Yoncé " was directed by Ricky Saiz , and features fashion and video models Chanel Iman , Jourdan Dunn and Joan Smalls . Filming took place on the streets of Brooklyn , New York . The director wanted to add " a raw , kind of lo @-@ fi , very New York kind of grimy , dark aesthetic " to the video . Through the clip , Beyoncé introduces viewers to her new alter ego Yoncé , whose preferences include Brooklyn , her grill , and " being the hottest girl in the club " . Beyoncé was inspired by the visuals of the 1990 David Fincher @-@ directed video for George Michael 's " Freedom " and she conceptualized of a " contemporary , street version " of the clip for " Yoncé " . " Freedom " similarly featured the lip @-@ sync performance of several contemporary supermodels . Saiz wanted to keep the video mostly in the moment without much narrative ; he said , " [ I ] wanted it to be more about the girls , doing the performance with Beyoncé taking a backseat as a kind of madam character " ; in order to convey that idea , the singer does not sing the song 's lyrics in the video . He envisioned the clip as being " sexy and provocative , but not so overt " , leaning to more sophisticated visuals . In an interview with New York magazine , Saiz affirmed that there are many references to 1990s eroticism and the 1995 video for " Human Nature " by American singer Madonna in the clip for " Yoncé " . Elaborating further on the video shoot , Saiz told BuzzFeed , " The girls were incredible . Everyone kind of checked whatever ego at the door and we were all there to make something fun and special . " He described the cast as being " spontaneous and not at all contrived " . Joan Smalls revealed during an interview that the crew did not follow a certain script while filming and added it was " up for interpretation " - she mentioned the scene where she licks Beyoncé 's breast as her own idea , getting inspiration from the song 's lyrics . = = = = Synopsis and reception = = = = The video for " Yoncé " opens with a close @-@ up shot of a woman 's mouth . Beyoncé and the models are dressed by Karen Langley in leather , fishnets , and straps as they pose against a brick wall , with cameras showing flashes of skin , close @-@ ups of lips , and erotic tongue flicks . During one point in the video , Smalls is seen licking the singer 's chest . In one scene , Beyoncé sports a molded bodysuit by Yves Saint Laurent with pierced nipples . During another scene , she is seen with denim shorts , a leather jacket with leopard @-@ print sleeves and a necklace by All Saints Valtari . She is also seen wearing a cut @-@ out orange bodysuit by Hervé Leger with a coat and heels . The clip ends with the singer walking on a runway with photographers taking pictures of her and shouting her name . The final scene was meant to be in line with the lyrics " Welcome to Paris " and help it transition to the song 's second part , " Partition " . Allison Davis of New York magazine described the video for " Yoncé " as a " contemporary , gritty and voyeuristic " with " nineties @-@ era eroticism and subtle sexuality " , before summarizing the visual as " two minutes and four seconds of fashion and sex " . Michael Zelenko of The Fader found a " hyper @-@ sexualized vision of ruby @-@ red lips , tongues , booty shorts and fish @-@ net body suits " being presented in the clip . Conor Behan of The Independent dubbed " Yoncé " as a " street @-@ wise update " of George Michael 's " Freedom ! ' 90 " . Entertainment Weekly writer Hillary Busis described the video as " super sexy " further praising the singer 's showcased persona . Joanna Nikas from The New York Times described the look of the character Beyoncé portrayed in the video for the song as " [ f ] ierce " . Whitney Phaneuf of the website HitFix noted its concept to be a street styled runway and concluded " The four women pose in gritty back alleys and against brick walls , projecting a tough and seductive image that matches the song . " Nicole James of the website Fuse called the clip very " sexy " . Erin Donnelly of the website Refinery29 deemed the clip one of the " sexiest offerings " by the singer yet . Lindsey Weber writing for Vulture noted that Beyoncé was hardly outshined by the models in the visual . Vanity Fair editor Michelle Collins praised the fact that the singer was brave enough to " surround herself with three of the world 's most beautiful supermodels " . A more mixed review came from Brent DiCrescenzo from Time Out magazine who remarked that the shooting for the video lasted only several hours . = = = " Partition " = = = = = = = Background and concept = = = = The video for " Partition " was directed by Jake Nava and was shot at the Parisian cabaret club , Crazy Horse . It was filmed quickly as Jay @-@ Z had to travel to London for a concert after the shooting . In a video commentary to the album , Beyoncé said : " The day that I got engaged was my husband 's birthday and I took him to Crazy Horse . And I remember thinking , ' Damn , these girls are fly . ' I just thought it was the ultimate sexy show I 've ever seen . And I was like , ' I wish I was up there , I wish I could perform that for my man ... ' So that 's what I did for the video . " Talking about the video , Nava noted that for the shooting Beyoncé was trying to be " even more risque than she 's been in the past " . While filming , he further tried to " create and capture a bit of genuine intimacy " between the singer and her husband . During a commentary about the video for the song , Beyoncé revealed her motivation to film it by saying , " I was 195 pounds when I gave birth ... I worked crazily to get my body back . I wanted to show my body . I wanted to show that you can have a child and you can work hard and you can get your body back . I know that there 's so many women that feel the same thing after they give birth . You can have your child and you can still have fun and still be sexy and still have dreams and still live for yourself . I 'm not embarrassed about it , and I don 't feel like I have to protect that side of me because I do believe that sexuality is a power we all have . " = = = = Synopsis = = = = The story of the video was meant to illustrate the lyrics of the song . It depicts the sexual fantasies of a rich and bored housewife played by Beyoncé who tries to seduce her man while having breakfast at her house wearing a white robe . The video opens with various shots of a big mansion in which the singer is seen in one of the rooms . She tries to get her man 's attention while he reads a newspaper . As he does not notice her , she throws a napkin on the floor and her female servant comes to lift it . The clip transitions to scenes of Beyoncé dressed in a Victorian jeweled outfit with a mask in her hands , lip @-@ syncing the lyrics and dancing to the rhythm of the song . Afterwards , she is seen entering a limousine in which Jay @-@ Z is already inside . Scenes of Beyoncé with a black coat and lingerie walking in front of the car are also intertwined throughout . The car stops in front of the club Crazy Horse . The following scenes show the singer emerging in a different set with a black background , as well as dancing atop a grand piano . Later , she is seen with female hands on her body as she dances seductively . Other scenes show her wearing lingerie and performing a pole dance with several other female dancers . Shortly afterwards , Beyoncé performs a choreographed chair dance across a purple background as Jay @-@ Z is seen in the audience watching her while smoking a cigar . The end of the video shows the singer dancing with another woman next to her to a projected cheetah print . The last seconds cut to the breakfast table where Beyoncé is seen . For the video , the singer wears an archival corset by Christian Lacroix , lace gloves by Chanel , and a crystal mask by Atelier Swarovski . = = = = Reception = = = = In a video review , Jon Blistein from Rolling Stone described it as " extravagant , scintillating " , further praising the dance moves . He concluded that the ending was in a classic " it @-@ was @-@ all @-@ a @-@ dream fashion " when the scenes cut back to the beginning . Melinda Newman , writing for HitFix described it as NSFW , highly stylized and a reclaim of the singer 's sexuality . Whitney Phanuef of the same website praised the clip as the best on Beyoncé , further highlighting its " unforgettable song / video combination " accompanied with eroticism and Beyoncé 's post @-@ child sexuality . Melissa Locker , writing for Time stated that the singer went " properly XXX " for the " hot " clip and added that it would make viewers think differently about the word " peaches " . Edwin Ortiz of Complex felt that during the various wardrobe changes , each outfit was better than the previous . Ashley Lee from The Hollywood Reporter classified the visual as " ornate " and opined that Beyoncé portrayed an aristocrat daydreaming about affection . Similarly , Michael Zelenko of The Fader described her character as an aristocrat " in desperate need of physical attention " and noted similarities with the film True Lies in the strip scene . John Boone from E ! Online praised the overall sexiness of the video and the singer 's look in various scenes . Hailing the video " steamy " , Dan Reilly of Spin noted the variety of revealing outfits worn by Beyoncé and concluded " [ t ] here 's no nudity , but the video certainly comes close " . Writing on behalf of Vanity Fair , Michelle Collins stated in her review , " If you 're a fan of gorgeously choreographed burlesque routines , as well as women in their thirties who defy the logic of cellulite , ' Partition ' is a good starting off point in your journey through Beyoncé 's ' Beyoncé . ' " Alice Newbold of The Daily Telegraph hailed the explicit nature of the video stating how it showed Beyoncé as " one sassy lady on a mission to show she 's back in the game " . Conor Behan of The Independent qualified the clip as being " effortlessly sexy " . Jon Dolan of Rolling Stone described the video for the song as the most NSFW from the album . Brent DiCrescenzo of Time Out referred to the clip for " Partition " as a classic MTV video . A more negative review came from The Verge 's Trent Wolbe who panned Nava 's contribution to the album as uninteresting . The Daily Telegraph writer Sarah Crompton stated that the video looked suitable for a porn website and described its imagery as " strip club dressed up as a Busby Berkeley musical " . Crompton went on to call the message the video sent " peculiar " and added that the singer should try to become a better role model for young girls . Vivienne Pattison of Mediawatch @-@ uk commented that such visuals showed that Beyoncé had " sold out " and undermined her position as a " role model " and previous " powerful messages that empowered women and girls " . In early March 2014 , Bill O 'Reilly criticized the video for " Partition " during his show The O 'Reilly Factor broadcast on Fox News . He said that it represented glorification of sex in the back of a limousine and offered critique that teenage girls are influenced by the singer , adding , " Why would she do it when she knows the devastation that unwanted pregnancies ... and fractured families [ ... ] I think Beyoncé , what she has done here , is inexplicable " . In response to these claims , Rutger University 's Kevin Allred argues that " Beyonce isn ’ t sensationalizing her own body and putting it on display for viewers to gawk at . Rather , she performs the historical objectification of black female bodies and replays that objectification in order to point out that , stereotypically , black women have had few means of garnering attention beyond sexual performances . She goes so far as forcing the viewer to be complicit in this objectification by positioning them as the direct viewer of the show she is enacting . " The video was nominated in the category for Video of the Year at the 2014 BET Awards . At the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards it was nominated in the categories for Best Choreography and Best Female Video . = = Live performances = = Both " Yoncé " and " Partition " were part of the setlist of the second European leg of The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour with the first performance of both tracks taking place in Glasgow at the SSE Hydro arena on February 20 , 2014 . During the performance of the songs , Beyoncé performed similar choreographies to the ones seen in the music videos of the songs with her background dancers . The end of " Partition " saw Beyoncé appearing with a silhouette , dancing on a couch . While reviewing one of the concerts of the tour , Robert Copsey from Digital Spy noted that the chair dance performed during " Partition " was the dancing highlight of the show . Graeme Virtue of The Guardian felt that " Partition " along with " Blow " and " Naughty Girl " , " make [ s ] a persuasive case for Mrs Carter , the unstoppable sex machine " . BBC News ' Mark Savage felt that " her new material [ from Beyoncé ] showcases an unparalleled variety of vocal styles , ranges and phrasing " during the concert , something he noticed in the " urban swagger " of " Yoncé " . " Partition " and " Yoncé " were part of the setlist of Beyoncé and Jay @-@ Z 's co @-@ headlining On the Run Tour ( 2014 ) where both of the songs were performed separately . The performance of " Partition " opened with a new half @-@ minute explicit rap verse sang by Jay @-@ Z seated as crimson light illuminated him . After he finished his part , Beyoncé appeared on stage in front of a digital screen dancing along with her female dancers on stripper poles . Consequence of Sound 's Alex Young chose the song as one of the particular highlights of the show . A pre @-@ recorded performance from that tour was broadcast at the 2014 BET Awards on June 29 , 2014 . Lily Harrison of E ! Online felt that the pair " certainly brought the house down with their sexy performance " while praising Beyoncé 's look and accurately performed choreography . Maurice Bobb on behalf of MTV News felt that the BET Awards " saved the best for last " and described the performance as " exciting " despite being pre @-@ recorded . Adam Fleischer of the same publication felt that the rapper was " sprinkling his classic Jay flair all over " in his verse during the performance . Spin editor Colin Joyce found the duo 's delivery of the song to be " stunning " . In 2016 , " Partition " and " Yoncé " were part of the setlist during The Formation World Tour . " Parition " and " Yoncé " were both performed by Beyoncé at the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards on August 25 as part of a medley consisting of songs from her fifth studio album ; she appeared wearing a bejeweled bodysuit and performed a dance choreography on a pole for the former song ; " Yoncé " was performed later during her set . HitFix writer Melinda Newman noted that the performance of " Partition " emulated looks and poses from its clip . Nadeska Alexis from MTV News felt that the singer kept the audience " lifted " with the performance of " Yoncé " . In a review of her performance , Hilary Hughes of Fuse noted the performance " elicited nothing but chills and rapturous screams " . = = Cover versions = = On January 9 , 2014 , Azealia Banks posted an unofficial remix of the song to her Soundcloud account , featuring Busta Rhymes . Their remix of the song has an extended intro lasting 90 seconds with the rappers singing " dirty " bars . Reviewers were critical of Rhymes ' contribution to the remix , with Spin 's Marc Hogan calling it " conventionally porny " , and Hayden Manders of Refinery29 suggesting it " take [ s ] the tease of the original 's writing and turn [ s ] it into sleaze . " Banks ' effort was contrastingly hailed for " delivering the ratatat wordplay that brought her to acclaim while wisely avoiding trying to beat either of the track 's other artists for sheer bawdiness " by Hogan and " working perfectly with the deep , subdued beat of Beyoncé 's original " by Carolyn Menyes from the website Music Times . Upon the release of the album and " Partition " , the song has been covered by multiple dance crews on YouTube . Writing for Billboard , William Gruger and Jason Lipshutz thought that the dance videos uploaded to YouTube helped " Partition " to appear on charts such as the Hot 100 , although there were no official videos released as well as the audio was not available via digital retailers such as Spotify or Pandora . They further compared " Partition " to " Harlem Shake " , which performed well on charts due to viral videos , later created the meme with the same name . However they also noted the differences that " Partition " was mostly covered by professional choreographers , unlike " Harlem Shake " . On March 13 , 2014 , Vanessa Hudgens posted a video where she performed a choreography for " Yoncé " by Michelle " Jersey " Maniscalco , along with four female dancers . = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from Beyoncé 's website . Video credits = = Charts = = = = Certifications = =
= Millwall F.C. = Millwall Football Club ( / ˈmɪlwɔːl / or locally [ ˈmɪɤɔo ] ) is a professional association football club based in Bermondsey , South East London , England . The team play in League One , the third tier of English football . Founded as Millwall Rovers in 1885 , the club has retained its name despite having last played in the Millwall area of the Isle of Dogs in 1910 . From then until 1993 the club played at The Den , a now @-@ demolished stadium in New Cross , before moving to its current home stadium nearby , also called The Den . The traditional club crest is a lion rampant , referred to in the team 's nickname " The Lions " . Millwall 's traditional kit consists of blue shirts , white shorts and blue socks . Millwall have a long @-@ standing rivalry with West Ham United . The local derby between the two sides has been contested almost 100 times since 1899 . In the media , Millwall 's supporters have often been associated with hooliganism , with numerous films having been made fictionalising their notoriety . The fans are renowned for their chant " No one likes us , we don 't care " which is sung to the tune of Sailing by Rod Stewart . In 2004 , the team reached the final of the FA Cup and , in doing so , qualified for the UEFA Cup the following season , playing in Europe for the first time in their history . The club has also reached FA Cup semi @-@ finals on another four occasions , in 1900 , 1903 , 1937 and 2013 . Millwall have spent the majority of their existence competing in the second or third tier of the Football League . The team spent two seasons in the top flight between 1988 – 90 , in which the club achieved its highest ever finish of tenth place in the First Division . Based on all results during the club 's 89 seasons in the Football League from 1920 – 21 to 2015 – 16 , Millwall are ranked as the 39th most successful club in English football . = = History = = = = = Beginnings and relocation : 1885 – 1919 = = = Millwall Rovers were formed by the workers of J.T. Morton 's canning and preserve factory in the Millwall area of the Isle of Dogs in London 's East End in 1885 . Founded in Aberdeen in 1849 to supply sailing ships with food , the company opened their first English cannery and food processing plant at Millwall dock in 1872 and attracted a workforce from across the country , including the east coast of Scotland , primarily Dundee . The club secretary was 17 @-@ year @-@ old Jasper Sexton , the son of the landlord of The Islander pub in Tooke Street where Millwall held their club meetings . Millwall Rovers ' first fixture was held on a piece of waste ground on Glengall Road , on 3 October 1885 against Fillebrook , a team that played in Leytonstone . The newly formed team were beaten 5 – 0 . Rovers found a better playing surface for the 1886 – 87 season , at the rear of the Lord Nelson pub and it became known as the Lord Nelson Ground . In November 1886 , the East End Football Association was formed , along with the Senior Cup Competition . Millwall made it to the final against London Caledonians , which was played at Leyton Cricket Ground . The match finished 2 – 2 and the teams shared the cup for six months each . Millwall won the East London Senior Cup at the first attempt . The club also won it the following two years , and the trophy became their property . In April 1889 , a resolution was passed for Millwall to drop ' Rovers ' from their name and they were now playing under the name Millwall Athletic , inspired by their move to their new home The Athletic Grounds . They were founding members of the Southern Football League which they won for the first two years of its existence , and were runners @-@ up in its third . They were forced to move to a new ground North Greenwich in 1901 , as the Millwall Dock Company wanted to use their land as a timberyard . Millwall Athletic reached the FA Cup semi @-@ finals in 1900 and 1903 , and were also champions of the Western Football League in 1908 and 1909 . Millwall moved to a new stadium , named The Den , in New Cross , South London in 1910 . The club had previously occupied four different grounds in the 25 years since their formation in East London ; limited expansion space on the Isle of Dogs meant The Lions had to move to boost support and attendances . The estimated cost of The Den was £ 10 @,@ 000 . The first match played at the new ground was on 22 October 1910 against reigning Southern League champions Brighton & Hove Albion , who won 1 – 0 . = = = Entering the Football League : 1920 – 1939 = = = Millwall , who had now also dropped ' Athletic ' from its name , were invited to join the Football League in 1920 for the 1920 – 21 season , along with 22 other clubs , through the creation of the new Football League Third Division . The Southern League was shorn of its status , with almost all its clubs deciding to leave — Millwall followed suit . Millwall 's first Football League match was on 28 August 1920 at The Den , and they were 2 – 0 winners against Bristol Rovers . In the 1925 – 26 season Millwall had 11 consecutive clean sheets , a Football League record , which they hold jointly with York City and Reading . Millwall became known as a hard @-@ fighting Cup team and competed in various memorable matches , notably defeating three @-@ time league winners and reigning champions Huddersfield Town 3 – 1 in the third round of the 1926 – 27 FA Cup . In the 1927 – 28 season Millwall won the Third Division South title and scored 87 goals at home in the league , an English record which still stands . Matches against Sunderland and Derby County saw packed crowds of 48 @,@ 000 @-@ plus in the 1930s and 1940s . Their 1937 FA Cup run saw Millwall reach the semi @-@ finals for the third time , and a fifth round game against Derby still stands as Millwall 's record attendance of 48 @,@ 762 . Millwall were the 11th best supported team in England in 1939 , despite being in the Second Division . Millwall were one of the most financially wealthy clubs in England . The club proposed plans to improve the Den and signed international players . Winger Reg ' JR ' Smith was capped twice , scoring two goals for England in 1938 . The Lions were pushing for promotion to the First Division toward the end of the decade , but one week into the 1939 – 40 season , World War II broke out and Millwall were robbed of their aim . = = = Wartime doldrums , wounded Lions : 1940 – 1965 = = = On 7 April 1945 , Millwall appeared in a Football League War Cup final at Wembley Stadium against Chelsea , but because it was a wartime cup final it is not acknowledged in the record books . With the war in Europe in its last days , the number of spectators allowed to attend games was relaxed . The attendance was 90 @,@ 000 , the largest crowd Millwall have ever played in front of , which included King George VI , whom the team were introduced to before kick @-@ off . The loss of so many young men during the Second World War made it difficult for clubs to retain their former status . This was especially true for Millwall , who appeared to suffer more than most . From being one of the country 's biggest clubs before the war , Millwall were reduced to one of its smallest afterward . The Den sustained severe bomb damage on 19 April 1943 , and one week later a fire , determined to have been caused by a discarded cigarette , also destroyed an entire stand . The club accepted offers from neighbours Charlton Athletic , Crystal Palace and West Ham United to stage games at their grounds . On 24 February 1944 , Millwall returned to The Den , to play in an all @-@ standing stadium . This was achieved with considerable volunteer labour by Lions fans . One of the biggest Cup upsets came in the fourth round of the 1956 – 57 FA Cup on 26 January 1957 , when Millwall beat Newcastle United 2 – 1 in front of a crowd of 45 @,@ 646 . At the time the club was fighting for Third Division survival . During the late 1950s and early 1960s Millwall 's form was poor , and they were relegated into ( and became a founding member of ) Division Four . The first time in their history they had competed in the fourth tier of English football , which they remained in for four seasons until 1962 . They returned for the 1964 – 65 season , but were immediately promoted . This is the last time Millwall played in the fourth tier . = = = Unbeaten records and the class of ' 71 : 1966 – 1987 = = = Later in the decade , Millwall established a record of 59 home games without defeat ( 43 wins and 16 draws ) from 22 August 1964 to 14 January 1967 . During this spell , Millwall played 55 different teams , kept 35 clean sheets , scored 112 goals and conceded 33 . This was thanks largely to managers Billy Gray , who laid the foundations , and Benny Fenton , a former player who continued to build on Gray 's side . All the players , which included winger Barry Rowan , goalkeeper Alex Stepney and strikers Hugh Curran and Len Julians , were presented with a commemorative gold cigarette lighter by the Football Association . The record was eventually broken by Liverpool , who were unbeaten for 63 games at home between 1978 and 1981 . In the early 1970s , the Millwall team included many notable and memorable players , now remembered by some fans as " The Class of ' 71 " . This was a team that included ; goalkeeper Bryan King , defender Harry Cripps , goalscoring midfielder Derek Possee , Millwall 's most capped international player to date , Eamon Dunphy and the club 's longest serving player , Barry Kitchener . They missed out on promotion to Division One by one point . By remaining unbeaten at home in Division Two for the 1971 – 72 season , Millwall became the only club to go through an entire season without losing a match at home in four different divisions 1927 – 28 Division Three South , 1964 – 65 Division Four , 1965 – 66 Division Three and 1971 – 72 Division Two . In 1974 , Millwall hosted the first game to be played on a Sunday against Fulham . The Lions reached the quarter @-@ finals of the League Cup in 1974 , and again in 1977 . George Graham managed Millwall from 1983 to 1986 , and during that time he guided the club to a Football League Group Cup win , beating Lincoln City 3 – 2 in the final in the 1982 – 83 season . The 1984 – 85 season was particularly successful , Millwall reached the FA Cup quarter @-@ finals and gained promotion to the Second Division , going unbeaten at home again in Division Three , winning 18 games and drawing five . In the FA Cup they were beaten 1 – 0 by First Division Luton Town at Kenilworth Road . The match is remembered for all the wrong reasons , after hooligans rioted at the game . 81 people ( including 31 police officers ) were injured in the disturbances . = = = The top flight and new stadium : 1988 – 1996 = = = Graham 's replacement was Glaswegian John Docherty . In his second season as manager , Millwall won the Second Division championship and gained promotion to the top flight of English football for the first time in the club 's history . Starting the 1988 – 89 season strongly , Millwall topped the league on 1 October 1988 having played six games ( winning four and drawing two ) and rarely slipped out of the top five before Christmas . This was mainly due to Tony Cascarino and Teddy Sheringham , who scored 99 goals between them in three seasons playing together . Millwall 's first top division season ended with a tenth @-@ place finish , which was the lowest place occupied by the club all season . The following season , they briefly led the league for one night in September 1989 after beating Coventry City 4 – 1 , but won only two more games all season and were relegated in 20th place at the end of the 1989 – 90 season . Just before relegation was confirmed , Docherty was sacked and replaced by ex @-@ Middlesbrough manager Bruce Rioch . Striker Teddy Sheringham , who later played for England and was the highest @-@ scoring player throughout the Football League in the 1990 – 91 season , was sold to Nottingham Forest for £ 2 million after Millwall 's 6 – 2 defeat to Brighton & Hove Albion in the Second Division play @-@ offs . Rioch left Millwall in 1992 to be succeeded by Irish defender Mick McCarthy . McCarthy guided Millwall to third place in the new Division One at the end of the 1993 – 94 season . This was their first season at a new ground , at first known as The New Den ( to distinguish it from its predecessor ) but now called simply The Den , which was opened by the Labour party leader John Smith on 4 August 1993 . The new ground was the first all @-@ seater stadium to be built in England after the Taylor report on the Hillsborough disaster . The Lions knocked Arsenal out of the 1994 – 95 FA Cup in a third @-@ round replay , beating them 2 – 0 at Highbury . They also reached the quarter @-@ finals of the League Cup in 1995 . Millwall lost 5 – 1 on aggregate to Derby County in the play @-@ off semi @-@ finals that same 1994 – 95 season , in a tie blighted by crowd trouble . McCarthy resigned to take charge of the Republic of Ireland national team on 5 February 1996 , shortly after Millwall had been knocked off the top of the Division One table by Sunderland , following a 6 – 0 defeat . = = = Relegation and administration : 1997 – 2000 = = = Jimmy Nicholl of Raith Rovers was appointed as McCarthy 's replacement , but could not reverse the slump in form which saw Millwall relegated at the end of the 1995 – 96 season in 22nd place . Just five months earlier they had been top of Division One , but now Millwall found themselves in the third tier for the 1996 – 97 season . The club experienced severe financial difficulties that resulted in them being placed in financial administration for a short time . Nicholl was relieved of his duties and John Docherty returned on a short @-@ term basis to stabilise the club . Millwall came out of administration , and new chairman Theo Paphitis appointed ex @-@ West Ham United manager Billy Bonds as manager . The 1997 – 98 season was not a successful one , with the club hovering close to relegation to the fourth tier . Bonds was sacked and replaced by Keith " Rhino " Stevens , with Alan McLeary as his assistant . McLeary was later promoted to the role of joint @-@ manager alongside Stevens . Stevens and McLeary led Millwall to their first ever official appearance at Wembley Stadium . The Lions reached the 1999 Football League Trophy Final with a golden goal win against Gillingham in the semi @-@ finals , and a 2 – 1 aggregate victory over Walsall in the regional final . They faced Wigan Athletic in the final but , while playing in front of 49 @,@ 000 of their own fans , lost 1 – 0 to an injury @-@ time goal . Millwall also lost 1 – 0 on aggregate to Wigan in the Second Division play @-@ off semi @-@ finals the 1999 – 2000 season . = = = Promotion , FA Cup Final and Europe : 2001 – 2004 = = = Mark McGhee was named as Millwall 's new manager in September 2000 , and eight months later the club won promotion as Division Two champions , with the team built by Keith Stevens , after five years in the third tier of the league . They finished with 93 points , a club record . Winning the first match of the 2001 – 02 season 4 – 0 at home to Norwich City set the team up well for a good year , in which Millwall qualified for the Division One play @-@ offs , but lost to eventual winners Birmingham City 2 – 1 in the semi @-@ finals . Millwall finished mid @-@ table in the 2002 – 03 season and McGhee was sacked soon after the start of the 2003 – 04 season . In 2003 , Dennis Wise , ex @-@ Chelsea and England player , became caretaker , and subsequently permanent player @-@ manager , of the club . In his first season in charge Wise led the club to the first FA Cup Final in their history . When Millwall took to the field at the Millennium Stadium in Cardiff they were only the second team from outside the top flight to play in the Cup final since 1982 , and were the first team from outside the Premier League to reach the final since the foundation of the top tier in 1992 . The club was missing 16 players from their squad due to suspension or injury . They played the Cup final on 22 May 2004 , losing 3 – 0 to Manchester United . As United had already qualified for the UEFA Champions League , Millwall were assured of playing in the UEFA Cup . Midfielder Curtis Weston , substituted for Wise with one minute of normal time remaining , became the youngest Cup final player in history at 17 years 119 days , beating the 125 @-@ year @-@ old record of James F. M. Prinsep . In the 2004 – 05 UEFA Cup , Millwall lost 4 – 2 on aggregate in the first round proper to Hungarian champions Ferencváros , with Wise scoring both Millwall 's goals . = = = Six managers in two years of upheaval : 2005 – 2006 = = = In 2005 , Theo Paphitis announced that he was stepping down as chairman of the club with Jeff Burnige to replace him from May 2005 . At the end of the 2004 – 05 season , manager Dennis Wise announced that he was leaving as he was unable to form a working relationship with the new chairman . Former Millwall striker Steve Claridge was announced as the new player @-@ manager of Millwall . However , when Burnige then stepped down just two months after taking up the post , it was announced on 27 July that Claridge had been sacked after just 36 days , without ever taking charge of the team in a competitive match . Former Wolverhampton Wanderers manager Colin Lee replaced him but lasted only five months in charge of the club . On 21 December , with the club bottom of the Championship , he became the club 's Director of Football and was replaced as manager by 32 @-@ year @-@ old player Dave Tuttle , on a short @-@ term contract until the end of the 2005 – 06 season . Tuttle had no prior experience in football management . In February 2006 , Lee left the club altogether . Millwall experienced a difficult season , having had four managers in 2005 . Their 13 goals scored at home was the second worst in Football League history . Their relegation to League One was confirmed on 17 April 2006 with a 2 – 0 loss against Southampton . In the closed season Nigel Spackman was appointed as the new manager , but he lasted only four months after a string of bad results . In September 2006 , Theo Paphitis ( chairman from 1997 to 2005 ) ended his nine @-@ year association with the club after a year @-@ long spell as a non @-@ executive director . On 19 March 2007 , Willie Donachie signed a two @-@ year contract following some progress which had seen the club climb to 11th place in the league . Before Donachie took charge , Millwall had taken only six points from their first ten games . In the 2007 – 08 season Millwall sat bottom of the table at the beginning of October . Donachie was sacked on 8 October , with Richard Shaw and Colin West becoming caretaker managers . = = = Stability and play @-@ off success : 2007 – 2013 = = = In March 2007 , Chestnut Hill Ventures , led by American John Berylson , which have interests in business and financial services , retail , property and sport , invested £ 5 million into the club . The continued investment of Berylson , who has since become the club 's major shareholder and chairman , has steered The Lions on a better course on and off the pitch . The appointment of Kenny Jackett as manager on 6 November 2007 , proving crucial . Over the course of the next two seasons Jackett led Millwall to two top six finishes in League One , in fifth and third place respectively . He won the League One Manager of the Month award three times while in charge of the club . Several of his key signings helped propel Millwall toward the play @-@ offs , and eventual promotion . After a play @-@ off final defeat in the 2008 – 09 season against Scunthorpe United and losing out on automatic promotion on the last day of the 2009 – 10 season to Leeds United by one point , Millwall made it back to Wembley , finally breaking the play @-@ off hoodoo run of five successive failures in 1991 , 1994 , 2000 , 2002 and 2009 , with a 1 – 0 win in the 2010 League One play @-@ off final against Swindon Town , securing a return to the Football League Championship after a four @-@ year absence . Millwall 's first game back in the Championship was a 3 – 0 away win at Bristol City . The game had been much hyped due to City 's signing of then @-@ England goalkeeper David James . Only days after the defeat , Steve Coppell resigned as City manager . The Lions celebrated the 125th anniversary of the club on 2 October 2010 , which was the closest home game date to the first fixture Millwall ever played against Fillebrook on 3 October 1885 . Millwall drew 1 – 1 with Burnley and wore a special one @-@ off kit for the game , made by manufacturers Macron , which bore the names of every footballer who had played for the club . Kenny Jackett celebrated five years in charge of the club in November 2012 , with a 4 – 1 victory away at Nottingham Forest . After a strong start to the 2012 – 13 season , including a 13 @-@ game unbeaten run and flirting with the play @-@ offs , Millwall finished poorly , with only five wins in the last 23 games , narrowly avoiding relegation on the last day of the season . Their poor league form coincided with reaching the semi @-@ final of the FA Cup for the fifth time in their history . They played Wigan Athletic at Wembley Stadium on 14 April 2013 , losing 2 – 0 to the eventual cup winners . Kenny Jackett resigned on 7 May 2013 . He was Millwall 's fourth @-@ longest serving manager . = = = Relegation and fourth trip to Wembley in seven years : 2013 – present = = = After a month of searching , Millwall appointed St Johnstone boss Steve Lomas as their new manager on 6 June 2013 . His appointment provoked mixed emotions among some supporters , due to him being a former captain of West Ham United , their biggest rival . Club record goalscorer Neil Harris returned to Millwall as a coach on 23 June 2013 after retiring as a footballer through injury . Millwall sacked Lomas on 26 December 2013 , after winning only five of his first 22 games in charge . Harris and youth team coach Scott Fitzgerald took over as joint caretaker @-@ managers . On 4 January 2014 Millwall lost 4 – 1 at Southend United in the FA Cup , a team 31 places below them in the football pyramid . Harris described the performance as a " shambles . " The club appointed Ian Holloway as their new manager on 6 January 2014 , with the club sitting 21st in the table . He was given the priority of maintaining their Football League Championship status , which he achieved . Millwall went unbeaten in the last eight games of the 2013 – 14 season and finished in 19th place , four points above the relegation zone . Holloway was sacked on 10 March 2015 with the team second from bottom in the Championship , Neil Harris being reinstated as caretaker manager until the end of the season . He was unable to ensure survival , however , as Millwall 's relegation to League One was confirmed on 28 April with one game of the 2014 – 15 season still to play . Harris was confirmed permanent manager of Millwall the next day . In his first full season in charge , Harris led Millwall to a fourth @-@ place finish in League One and a play @-@ off final at Wembley , which the Lions lost 3 – 1 to Barnsley . = = Colours , crest and nickname = = = = = Kit = = = Millwall 's traditional kit has predominantly consisted of blue shirts , white shorts and blue socks throughout their 125 @-@ year history . For the first 50 years , up until 1936 , they played in a traditional navy blue , similar to the colours of Scotland national team . This colour was chosen because it paid homage to the Scottish roots of the club , with the nucleus of the first Millwall Rovers squad being from Dundee . In 1936 , newly appointed Millwall manager Charlie Hewitt opted to change the kit colour from navy blue to a lighter royal blue , and the team have played in this colour for the best part of 74 years , with the exception of 1968 – 75 and 1999 – 2001 , in which the team played in an all @-@ white strip . Their kit for the 2010 – 11 season celebrated the 125th anniversary of the club , with Millwall adopting the darker navy blue of their first strip . The club has retained this colour since . As for change colours , yellow or white has been a frequent choice . The club had a grey away kit for the 2002 – 03 season , and also a green and white striped away kit for the 2003 – 04 season . Millwall wore a special one @-@ off camouflage kit to commemorate the centenary of the First World War against Brentford on 8 November 2014 . It went on sale to fans , with proceeds going to Headley Court , a rehabilitation centre for injured members of the British Armed Forces . = = = Badge = = = The club crest has been a rampant lion since 1936 , which was also introduced by Charlie Hewitt . There have been many variations of the lion ; the first was a single red lion , often mistakenly said to be chosen because of the club 's Scottish roots . The lion bore a striking resemblance to signs used by pubs named The Red Lion . From 1956 to 1974 Millwall 's crest was two leaping red lions facing each other . Former chairman Theo Paphitis brought back the badge in 1999 , where it was used for a further eight years . The current crest is a leaping lion , which first appeared on a Millwall kit in 1979 . It remained until 1999 and was re @-@ introduced again in 2007 . The club mascot is a giant lion called Zampa , so named after Zampa Road , the postal address of The Den . = = = The Lions = = = The team nickname is The Lions , previously The Dockers . The original Dockers name arose from the job of many of the club 's supporters in the early 1900s . The club did not like the moniker and changed the nickname after press headlined Millwall as ' Lions of the South ' , after knocking Football League leaders Aston Villa out of the 1899 – 1900 FA Cup . Millwall , then a Southern League side , went on to reach the semi @-@ final . The club adopted the motto : We Fear No Foe Where E 'er We Go . In the 2000s the club started to recognise its unique link with London 's docks by introducing Dockers ' Days , and archiving the club 's dock roots in the Millwall FC Museum . Dockers ' Days bring together past successful Millwall teams who parade on the pitch at half @-@ time . Supporters who were dockers are allowed to attend the game for free . In 2011 , Millwall officially named the east stand of The Den as the ' Dockers Stand ' in honour of the club 's former nickname . = = = Kit sponsors and manufacturers = = = For the 2013 – 14 season , Millwall chose the charity Prostate Cancer UK to sponsor their shirt for free . = = Stadia = = Main articles : The Den ( 1993 – present ) , The Den ( 1910 – 1993 ) , North Greenwich and The Athletic Grounds . Millwall began life on the Isle of Dogs and inhabited four different grounds in the club 's first 25 years . Their first home was a piece of waste ground called Glengall Road , where they only stayed for one year . From 1886 to 1890 they played behind The Lord Nelson pub on East Ferry Road , which was known as the Lord Nelson Ground , before being forced to leave by the landlady , who received a better offer for its use . They moved to their third home , The Athletic Grounds , on 6 September 1890 . This was their first purpose @-@ built ground , with a grandstand that seated 600 people and an overall capacity of between 10 @,@ 000 and 15 @,@ 000 . The club was forced to move on again though , this time by the Millwall Dock Company who wanted to use it as a timberyard . They relocated in 1901 to a location near their second home , which became known as North Greenwich . They remained an east London club for a further nine years , with the last game played on the Isle of Dogs on 8 October 1910 against Portsmouth , which Millwall won 3 – 1 . On 22 October 1910 , Millwall crossed the river to South London , moving to Cold Blow Lane in New Cross . The fifth ground was called The Den , built at a cost of £ 10 @,@ 000 by noted football ground architect Archibald Leitch . The first game played there was against Brighton & Hove Albion , which Brighton won 1 – 0 . Millwall remained there for 83 years , until moving to their sixth and current ground , at first known as The New Den but now called simply The Den , on 4 August 1993 . The ground has an all @-@ seated capacity of 20 @,@ 146 . A Sporting Lisbon team , managed by Bobby Robson helped open the ground by playing a friendly , which The Lions lost 2 – 1 . = = = Traditional songs = = = A tradition at The Den is the playing of the official club song " Let ' em Come " , by Roy Green , as Millwall and the opposing team walk onto the pitch . It was specifically written for the club and the lyrics represent old London culture , such as eating jellied eels and having a glass of beer before going to the game . The song ends with all home fans standing , arms raised singing the last line , " Let ' em all ... come down .... to The Den ! " A television drama about a Millwall supporter and ex @-@ docker , starring David Jason , featured a lyric from the song in its title , Come Rain Come Shine . The song was played on repeat at Wembley Stadium after Millwall gained promotion to the Championship in 2010 . The song " Shoeshine Boy " by the Mills Blue Rhythm Band was played as the entrance song prior to " Let ' em Come " . Other songs that have been regularly played at The Den over the years in the build @-@ up to a game include " London Calling " by The Clash , " No Surrender " by Bruce Springsteen , " Town Called Malice " by The Jam and " House of Fun " by Madness , which features the lyric " welcome to the lion 's den ... " . Status Quo 's cover version of " Rockin ' All Over the World " is played after every home win . = = Rivalries = = Millwall were listed eighth out of a list of 92 Football League clubs with the most rivals , with West Ham United , Crystal Palace , Charlton Athletic , Leeds United , Portsmouth and Gillingham considering them a major rival . = = = Major rival = = = Millwall 's fiercest rival is West Ham United . It is one of the most passionately contested local derbies in football . The two clubs have rarely met in recent years due to them playing in different leagues ; the majority of their meetings happened before the First World War , with some 60 meetings between 1899 – 1915 . The clubs have played 99 times since the first contest in 1899 . Millwall have won 38 , drawn 27 and lost 34 . Despite violence between the two sets of supporters and calls for future games between the clubs to be played behind closed doors , they last met in the Football League Championship in 2011 – 12 with no outright ban on either set of fans , and no repeat of crowd trouble . The rivalry between the sides , specifically the clubs ' two hooligan firms has been depicted on the big screen several times , in films such as Green Street . = = = South London derbies = = = Millwall are closest in proximity to Charlton Athletic , with The Den and The Valley being less than four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) apart . They last met in 2015 , where Millwall won 2 – 1 at The Den . Since their first competitive game in 1921 , Millwall have won 33 , drawn 25 and lost 12 . The Lions are unbeaten in their last eight games against Charlton , stretching over 19 years , where they 've won four and drawn four . The Addicks last win came in March 1996 at The Valley . The Lions last played against fellow South London club Crystal Palace in the 2012 – 13 season when both teams were in the Football League Championship . They drew 0 – 0 at The Den and 2 – 2 at Selhurst Park . In almost 100 competitive games between the two clubs since 1906 , Millwall have won 39 , drawn 29 and lost 29 . As of the 2015 – 16 season , the three South London teams compete in different tiers . Crystal Palace play in the Premier League , Charlton in the Championship and Millwall in League One after they were relegated in 2015 . = = Players = = = = = Current squad = = = As of 26 July 2016 . Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = = Reserve squad and youth academy = = = As of 30 November 2015 . Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = = Player of the year = = = As voted by Millwall Supporters Club members and season ticket holders . = = = Personnel honours = = = = = = = English Football Hall of Fame = = = = Millwall players inducted into the English Football Hall of Fame : See Millwall Lionesses for two female inductees . = = = = PFA Fans ' Player of the Year = = = = = = = = PFA Team of the Year = = = = = = = Notable former players = = = The following is a list of notable footballers who have played for Millwall , including players who have been honoured in Millwall 's Hall of Fame and have significantly contributed to the club 's history be it through being founder member players , having been given a testimonial for 10 years of service at the club , making over 100 appearances , scoring over 50 goals or having received recognition by their country in the form of international caps while playing for the club . = = Managers = = There have been 33 permanent and 14 caretaker managers since the appointment of the club 's first professional manager , Bert Lipsham on 4 May 1911 . From 1890 to 1910 , Millwall directors Kidd , Stopher and Saunders were honorary managers , also working under the title of club secretary . Bob Hunter is Millwall 's longest serving manager , having stayed at the helm for 15 years . Prior to becoming manager , he was the club 's trainer for 21 years . He died in office in 1933 , having served at the club for a total of 36 years . Steve Claridge holds the shortest tenure at the club , having been in charge for a period of 36 days without ever taking charge of a first @-@ team game . Every Millwall manager has come from the United Kingdom or Ireland . ( s )
= secretary ( c ) = caretaker = = Club officials = = As of 14 September 2015 . = = = Board = = = Chairman : John Berylson Chief executive : Andy Ambler Directors : James T. Berylson , Constantine Gonticas , Trevor Keyse , Demos Kouvaris , Richard Press and Peter Garston = = = Coaching staff = = = Head Coach : Neil Harris Assistant Head Coach : David Livermore First Team Coach : Andy Frampton Goalkeeping coach : Kevin Pressman Academy director : Scott Fitzgerald Elite development squad manager : Justin Skinner Chief scout : Terry Bullivant = = Honours = = Based on all results during the club 's 89 seasons in the Football League from 1920 – 21 to 2015 – 16 , Millwall are ranked as the 39th most successful club in English football . The following table details the club 's major achievements : = = Records and statistics = = Barry Kitchener holds the record for Millwall appearances , having played 596 matches between 1966 and 1982 . The goalscoring record is held by Neil Harris , with 138 in all competitions . He broke the previous record of 111 goals , held by Teddy Sheringham on 13 January 2009 , during a 3 – 2 away win at Crewe Alexandra . The club 's widest victory margin in the league is 9 – 1 , a scoreline which they achieved twice in their Football League Third Division South championship @-@ winning year of 1927 . They beat both Torquay United and Coventry City by this score at The Den . Millwall 's heaviest league defeat was 8 – 1 away to Plymouth Argyle in 1932 . The club 's heaviest loss in all competitions was a 9 – 1 defeat at Aston Villa in an FA Cup fourth @-@ round second @-@ leg in 1946 . Millwall 's largest Cup win was 7 – 0 over Gateshead in 1936 . Their highest scoring aggregate game was a 12 @-@ goal thriller at home to Preston North End in 1930 when Millwall lost 7 – 5 . = = = Player records = = = As of 8 May 2015 See List of Millwall F.C. seasons for Millwall 's top goalscorer each year since 1895 . = = Millwall in European football = = On 22 May 2004 Millwall played Manchester United in the FA Cup Final , losing 3 – 0 . As United had already qualified for the UEFA Champions League , Millwall were assured of playing in the UEFA Cup . Millwall played in the first round proper and lost 4 – 2 on aggregate to Ferencváros . = = = European record = = = = = Supporters and hooliganism = = Millwall have averaged a gate close to 12 @,@ 000 per home game over their 86 seasons in the Football League , while the club have spent the majority of that time yo @-@ yoing back and forth between the second and third tiers of English football . Originally based in the East End of London , the club moved across the River Thames in 1910 to south east London and support is drawn from the surrounding areas . The club and fans have a historic association with football hooliganism , which came to prevalence in the 1970s and 1980s with a firm known originally as F @-@ Troop , eventually becoming more widely known as the Millwall Bushwackers , who were one of the most notorious hooligan gangs in England . On five occasions The Den was closed by The FA and the club has received numerous fines for crowd disorder . The BBC documentary Panorama was invited into the club by Millwall in 1977 to show the hooligan reputation was a myth and being blown out of proportion by reporting . Instead the BBC portrayed hooliganism as being deeply rooted in Millwall , and attempted to link them to the far @-@ right political party National Front . The show was extremely damaging for the club . Former club chairman Reg Burr once commented : " Millwall are a convenient coat peg for football to hang its social ills on " , an example being the reporting of convicted murderer Gavin Grant . Although he had played for eight different clubs , playing his fewest number of games ( four ) for Millwall , and was signed to Bradford City at the time , the BBC used the headline , " Former Millwall striker Gavin Grant guilty of murder " . The stigma of violence attached to Millwall can be traced back over 100 years . Millwall played local rivals West Ham United away at Upton Park on 17 September 1906 in a Western League game . Both sets of supporters were primarily made up of dockers , who lived and worked in the same locality in east London . Many were rivals working for opposing firms and vying for the same business . A local newspaper , East Ham Echo , reported that , " From the very first kick of the ball it was seen likely to be some trouble , but the storm burst when Dean and Jarvis came into collision ( Millwall had two players sent off during the match ) . This aroused considerable excitement among the spectators . The crowds on the bank having caught the fever , free fights were plentiful . " In the 1920s Millwall 's ground was closed for two weeks after a Newport County goalkeeper , who had been struck by missiles , jumped into the crowd to confront some of the home supporters and was knocked unconscious . The ground was again closed for two weeks in 1934 following crowd disturbances after the visit of Bradford ( Park Avenue ) . Pitch invasions resulted in another closure in 1947 and in 1950 the club was fined after a referee and linesman were ambushed outside the ground . In the 1960s , hooliganism in England became more widely reported . On 6 November 1965 Millwall beat west London club Brentford 2 – 1 away at Griffin Park and during the game a hand grenade was thrown onto the pitch from the Millwall end . Brentford 's goalkeeper Chic Brodie picked it up , inspected it and threw it into his goal . It was later retrieved by police and determined to be a harmless dummy . There was fighting inside and outside the ground during the game between both sets of supporters , with one Millwall fan sustaining a broken jaw . The Sun newspaper ran the sensationalist grenade @-@ related headline " Soccer Marches to War ! " Trouble was reported at Loftus Road on 26 March 1966 during a match between Queens Park Rangers and Millwall , at a time when both sides were near the top of the league table pushing for promotion to Division Two , but the London derby was won 6 – 1 by the west London based team , QPR . In the second @-@ half , a coin was thrown from the terraces , which struck Millwall player Len Julians on the head , drawing blood . The stadium announcer warned that the game would be abandoned if there were any more disturbances from the crowd , prompting some Millwall fans to invade the pitch in an unsuccessful attempt to get the game abandoned . When Millwall 's unbeaten home record of 59 games came to an end against Plymouth Argyle in 1967 , the windows of the away team 's coach were smashed . In the same year , a referee was attacked and the FA ordered the club to erect fences around The Den 's terracing . On 11 March 1978 a riot broke out at The Den during an FA Cup quarter @-@ final between Millwall and Ipswich Town , with the home team losing 6 – 1 . Fighting began on the terraces and spilled onto the pitch ; dozens of fans were injured , with some hooligans turning on their own team 's supporters leaving some innocent fans bloodied . Bobby Robson , then manager of Ipswich , said of Millwall fans afterward , " They [ the police ] should have turned the flamethrowers on them " . In 1982 Millwall club chairman Alan Thorne threatened to close the club because of violence sparked by losing in the FA Cup to non @-@ league side Slough Town . The 1985 Kenilworth Road riot , after an FA Cup sixth @-@ round match between Luton Town and Millwall on 13 March 1985 , became one of the worst and widely reported incidents of football hooliganism to date . On that night , approximately 20 @,@ 000 people packed into a ground that usually only held half that number to watch Luton beat Millwall 1 – 0 . Numerous pitch invasions , fighting in the stands and missile @-@ throwing occurred , of which one such object hit Luton 's goalkeeper Les Sealey . It led to a ban on away supporters by Luton from their Kenilworth Road ground for four years . Luton were asked by Millwall to make the Wednesday night match all @-@ ticket , but this was ignored . As a result , rival hooligan firms gained access to the stadium . As well as the Millwall hooligans and those belonging to Luton 's firm the MIGs , many of the 31 fans arrested after the violence were identified as being from Chelsea 's Headhunters firm and West Ham United 's Inter City Firm . The FA commissioned an inquiry which concluded that it was " not satisfied that Millwall F.C. took all reasonable precautions in accordance with the requirements of FA Rule 31 ( A ) ( II ) . " A £ 7 @,@ 500 fine was levied against Millwall , though this was later withdrawn on appeal . The penalty that Millwall faced was perhaps that the club 's name was now " synonymous with everything that was bad in football and society " . In May 2002 , hundreds of hooligans attaching themselves to Millwall were involved in disorder around the ground , after the team lost a play @-@ off game to Birmingham City . It was described by the BBC as one of the worst cases of civil disorder seen in Britain in recent times . A police spokeswoman said that 47 police officers and 24 police horses were injured , and the Metropolitan Police considered suing the club after the events . The then chairman Theo Paphitis responded that Millwall could not be blamed for the actions of a mindless minority who attach themselves to the club . " The problem of mob violence is not solely a Millwall problem , it is not a football problem , it is a problem which plagues the whole of our society " , he said . Paphitis later introduced a membership scheme whereby only fans who would be prepared to join and carry membership cards would be allowed into The Den . Scotland Yard withdrew its threat to sue , stating : " In light of the efforts made and a donation to a charity helping injured police officers , the Metropolitan Police Service has decided not to pursue legal action against Millwall F.C. in relation to the disorder " . Some legal experts said it would have been difficult to hold a football club responsible for something that occurred away from its ground and involved people who did not attend the match . The scheme introduced by Paphitis now only applies to perceived high @-@ risk away games . Many fans blame the scheme for diminishing Millwall 's away support , such as at Leeds United where fans are issued with vouchers which are then exchanged for tickets at a designated point of West Yorkshire Police 's choosing on the day of the game . Also , early kick @-@ off times arranged by the police often result in only a few hundred fans making the trip . In January 2009 , hundreds of Millwall fans perceived as " high risk " individuals gained access to an FA Cup fourth @-@ round match away at Hull City . The game , won 2 – 0 by Hull , was overshadowed when seats , coins and plastic bottles were thrown by some away supporters . There were conflicting reports in the media as to whether missiles were initially thrown by Hull supporters following chanting and jeering by Millwall fans of Jimmy Bullard ( an ex @-@ West Ham player ) just prior to the fixture . On 25 August 2009 , Millwall played away at West Ham United in the Football League Cup , losing 3 – 1 after extra time . One Millwall supporter was stabbed during clashes between the two sets of fans outside the ground . The game saw hundreds of West Ham fans invade the pitch on three occasions , forcing the game to be temporarily suspended once . The police later said the violence , because of its scale , was organised beforehand . In the aftermath of the disorder , Millwall were handed three charges by the FA and later cleared of all of them ; West Ham received four charges and were found guilty on two counts : violent , threatening , obscene and provocative behaviour , and entering the field of play . West Ham were fined £ 115 @,@ 000 , an amount seen as an insult by Millwall , which staunchly defended the actions of its own fans and the club 's inability to do any more than it had for a match at a rival 's ground . After a game against Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road in September 2010 , manager Kenny Jackett said Millwall 's hooligan problems are to a certain extent exaggerated by media sensationalism . " I see it as unjust . We are an easy club to criticise and in my time [ at the club ] , the way we have been reported is unfair " , he said . Other examples of this include archive footage of their hooligan element 's past bad behaviour being shown , when disorder has occurred at other grounds , not involving them . During a game between Millwall and Huddersfield Town , The Observer reported that a Huddersfield Town fan had thrown a coin at a linesman , and that some Millwall fans had intervened , and handed the culprit over to police . The News of the World , however , bore the headline : " Millwall Thugs Deck Linesman With Concrete " . This has led to a siege mentality among supporters of the club , which gave rise to the Millwall fans ' famous terrace chant , No one likes us , we don 't care , being sung in defiant defence of themselves and their team . In April 2013 , Millwall met Wigan Athletic in a semi @-@ final of the FA Cup . Millwall lost the game 2 – 0 . Towards the end of the match , violence broke out in part of the stand allocated to Millwall , with individuals fighting amongst themselves and then against police , resulting in 14 arrests , of which two were Wigan supporters . In January 2014 , a Millwall fan ripped a linesman 's flag after a corner was not given to his side during a game against Leicester City ; Millwall lost 1 – 3 . = = In the community = = In 1985 , the club founded the Millwall Community Scheme ( MCS ) , which offers sporting , educational and charitable projects . The scheme is based next door to The Den , in the Lions Centre . Working with local children from the surrounding boroughs of Lewisham and Southwark , Millwall aim " to teach life lessons wrapped in football " , helping with social inclusion . The club help promote anti @-@ knife and anti @-@ gun crime . In a match against Charlton Athletic in 2009 , both teams wore special kits for the match in honour of murdered local teenagers and supporters Jimmy Mizen and Rob Knox . The logos of both clubs ' shirt sponsors were replaced by the text , " Street violence ruins lives " . The club has also helped raise over £ 10 @,@ 000 for the charity Help for Heroes . = = In popular culture = = Millwall have been depicted in films several times , specifically highlighting the club 's hooliganism firm the Bushwackers and the rivalry with West Ham United . Often glorifying football violence in the beginning , each film typically ends in loss of life , showing the futility of hooliganism . The Firm ( 1989 ) – Real life Millwall supporter Gary Oldman plays Bex , leader of football firm the Inter City Crew , a fictional representation of West Ham 's Inter City Firm and their violent exploits . Millwall 's Bushwackers firm are called The Buccaneers in the film . Arrivederci Millwall ( 1990 ) – A group of Millwall supporters travel to the 1982 World Cup in Spain , just after the Falklands War breaks out , intent on avenging a personal loss . Black Books ( 2000 ) – In the first episode " Cooking the Books " , Bernard Black ( Dylan Moran ) attempts to antagonise some Millwall hooligans into injuring him severely enough so that he may avoid doing his taxes . Upon remarking , " How does the song go ? Millwall , Millwall , we 're really dreadful and all of our girlfriends are unfulfilled and alienated , " he succeeds . The Football Factory ( 2004 ) – Primarily about the Chelsea Headhunters , who fight numerous other firms on away days , culminating in a big fight against Millwall 's Bushwackers . Green Street ( 2005 ) – Elijah Wood plays an American student who gets involved with West Ham 's firm . The film builds up to a big clash with Millwall 's firm at the climax , after the two teams are drawn against each other in the Cup , foreshadowing similarities to the 2009 Upton Park riot . Rise of the Footsoldier ( 2007 ) – The rise of a football hooligan is chronicled from his beginnings on the terraces to becoming a member of a notorious gang of criminals . The rivalry between West Ham and Millwall is portrayed during the opening scenes of the film . Dhan Dhana Dhan Goal ( 2007 ) – The main protagonist Sunny Bhasin ( John Abraham ) initially agrees to leave Southhall United Football Club and signs a lucrative offer to play for Millwall F.C. He later decides not to play for Millwall though . Green Street 2 : Stand Your Ground ( 2009 ) – A direct @-@ to @-@ video sequel to Green Street . It follows on directly from the original 's climax , with several members of West Ham 's and Millwall 's firms ending up in prison together and arranging a football match . The Firm ( 2009 ) – A remake by Nick Love , director of The Football Factory and himself a Millwall supporter . Set in the 1980s , the film focuses on the music , fashion and culture surrounding football at the time . It was generally well received by critics . In October 2009 , the Metropolitan Police released still photos from the film in relation to a search for hooligans from the Upton Park riot . The mistake led to an apology from Scotland Yard . St George 's Day ( 2012 ) – A British gangster film which featured cameos from Millwall players Liam Trotter , Alan Dunne , David Forde , Darren Ward and Scott Barron . The film also included several Millwall references such as ' No One Likes Us ' and ' We Fear No Foe ' . The club 's ground The Den doubled as The Dragons Lair , home ground of fictional team Harchester United in the television series Dream Team . It also appeared in episodes of the shows The Bill and Primeval . In literature , books such as " No One Likes Us , We Don 't Care : True Stories from Millwall , Britain 's Most Notorious Football Hooligans " by Andrew Woods focuses on the hooligan element of Millwall . Sunday Mirror columnist Michael Calvin spent the 2009 – 10 season covering Millwall , writing the book Family : Life , Death and Football . The book looks at the rivalry with West Ham United , the stabbing of a Millwall supporter and the Lions play @-@ off success and promotion to The Championship under Kenny Jackett . = = = Notable supporters = = = = = = Official = = = Official website Official Twitter Official Facebook = = = News = = = Millwall F.C. on BBC Sport : Club news – Recent results – Upcoming fixtures Millwall news from Sky Sports News at Den Millwall at Football League = = = General = = = Millwall History Files Millwall FC – The Millwall Year ( s ) Millwall Supporters Club Past Millwall kits ( 1885 – present )
= Leave It to Beaver ( Veronica Mars ) = " Leave It to Beaver " is the twenty @-@ second and final episode of the first season of the American television series Veronica Mars . Series creator Rob Thomas wrote the story , and collaborated with Diane Ruggiero to write the teleplay . The season finale was directed by Michael Fields , and was first aired on May 10 , 2005 in the United States on UPN . The finale concludes the storyline of Lilly Kane 's murder , as Veronica Mars ( Kristen Bell ) finally discovers the identity of the murderer after investigating the mystery with her father Keith Mars ( Enrico Colantoni ) throughout the season . Thomas said that the finale was more ambitious than the average episode , requiring a larger budget and more filming than usual . " Leave It to Beaver " was watched by 2 @.@ 99 million American viewers on its original airing . Critical reaction to the episode was generally positive , and several critics praised Thomas ' use of red herrings . = = Background = = The first season revolves around Veronica 's investigation of her best friend Lilly 's murder . Prior to the murder , Veronica was dumped by her boyfriend , Duncan Kane ( Teddy Dunn ) , who was also Lilly 's brother . After Lilly was killed , Veronica 's father , County Sheriff Keith Mars , accused Lilly 's father , popular software billionaire Jake Kane ( Kyle Secor ) , of being involved in the murder . This provoked Neptune 's wrath and Keith 's ousting as sheriff in a recall election . Veronica 's mother , Lianne Mars ( Corinne Bohrer ) , developed a drinking problem and left town . Veronica 's " 09er " friends — wealthy students from the fictional 90909 ZIP code — forced her to choose between them and her father ; Veronica chose her father . After being voted out as sheriff , Keith opens a private investigation agency , Mars Investigations , where Veronica works part @-@ time . Veronica helps her father solve cases and conducts her own investigations on behalf of friends and acquaintances at school . Veronica discovers new evidence which suggests that Abel Koontz ( Christian Clemenson ) , the man imprisoned after confessing to Lilly 's murder , is innocent . As Veronica delves deeper into the murder case , she also works on other investigations , seeks her mother 's whereabouts and deals with the aftermath of being drugged and raped during an " 09er " party . Things get more complicated when Veronica falls into a relationship with Lilly 's ex @-@ boyfriend Logan Echolls ( Jason Dohring ) , who for a time held Veronica partly responsible for Lilly 's death and went out of his way to harass her . In the previous episode , Keith proves the innocence of convicted murderer Koontz , who had falsely confessed to murdering Lilly . Veronica , who believed that she had been raped the previous year at a party , discovers that she and Duncan had sex while under the influence of GHB ; Duncan left that next morning because he believed Veronica was his sister . Veronica spends time with her boyfriend Logan in his pool house , but discovers a hidden video system linking to cameras focused on the bed . Veronica is shocked and goes home , only to find her mother Lianne has returned from rehab . = = Plot = = When a reporter writes an article about Koontz 's innocence , Duncan demands the truth from his parents , Jake and Celeste Kane ( Lisa Thornhill ) , who tell him that they arrived home one night to find Duncan covered in blood and holding Lilly 's body . Cassidy Casablancas ( Kyle Gallner ) tells Veronica that on the weekend of Lilly 's murder , he had gone surfing in Mexico with Logan and Dick Casablancas ( Ryan Hansen ) ; however , Logan had driven back to Neptune to see Lilly . Veronica and Keith discover that a shot glass Logan bought is on the evidence record of Lilly 's bedroom and car . Talking to Keith on the phone , Veronica suggests that Logan is the murderer , and their conversation is overheard by the leader of the Latino biker gang PCHers , Eli " Weevil " Navarro ( Francis Capra ) , who had a relationship with Lilly . Keith ends his relationship with Wallace 's mother Alicia Fennel ( Erica Gimpel ) to give Lianne a second chance . Because Celeste refused to pay the $ 50 @,@ 000 reward for finding Duncan , Keith sues the Kanes , who agree to pay if Veronica signs away any future claim to their estate . Once Veronica signs , Keith shows her the DNA test that proves he is her father , meaning Veronica never had a claim of the estate . Logan is arrested , and once released he angrily breaks up with Veronica for providing the evidence against him . Logan then explains that when he saw Lilly after returning from Mexico , he knew their relationship was over and wrote a letter which he left in her car . Veronica realizes that Logan 's letter was never found , and searches Lilly 's room during a dinner party at the Kane 's household . Duncan enters the room and they discover several videotapes which show Lilly having an affair with Logan 's father , Aaron Echolls ( Harry Hamlin ) . Veronica believes that Lilly found the tapes and refused to return them , which angered Aaron and he killed her ; Duncan arrived home to find Lilly dead and had an epileptic fit , at which time Jake and Celeste returned home . While an unseen person watches them from a closet , Veronica calls Keith and tells him that she will bring home the tapes , noting that Aaron is at the party . Before she leaves , Veronica tells Duncan that they are not related . Meanwhile , Logan is drunk and stands on a bridge railing . Weevil and the PCHers arrive and they initiate a fight . While driving home , Veronica discovers Aaron in the back seat of her car and crashes into a power pole . Although both are knocked unconscious , Veronica awakens first and distributes the tapes around a nearby house . Aaron traps Veronica in a fridge , and when Keith arrives , he lights it on fire . Keith is burnt freeing Veronica , and Aaron is hit by a truck while trying to escape . The police arrive and Keith and Aaron are taken away on stretchers as Aaron is read his rights . Jake vows to see Aaron fry for his actions and is also arrested . Keith wakes up in hospital to find Alicia by his side . Veronica arrives home and tells her mother to leave before Keith comes home ; she knows that Lianne is still drinking and did not finish her rehab . Lianne packs her bags and steals the $ 50 @,@ 000 settlement check from the Kanes before she leaves . Veronica dreams about her and Lilly floating on a pool raft in a pool full of flowers , and they say their final goodbyes . Veronica wakes up and answers the door , and tells the unseen person , " I was hoping it would be you " . = = Production = = The first season of Veronica Mars features a different " case of the week " each episode , and the season @-@ long mystery of Lilly Kane 's murder . In addition to developing a separate mystery for each episode , the writers also had to provide clues that would lead to the murder 's resolution in the season finale . The murder mystery plot was planned from the beginning of the season and the killer 's identity remained the same throughout production . Thomas said that at the beginning of the season , " I know the broad strokes , I know who did it , I know how it was done , I know the big arcs , but we 're always filling in the details . Those are week to week . It 's a week to week challenge in the writers room figuring out how much information we want to dole out to the audience . " Although series creator Rob Thomas always planned on Harry Hamlin 's character Aaron Echolls as the murderer , this reveal almost didn 't happen because Hamlin was almost unavailable to shoot the season finale due to a movie he had booked in Australia . However , he decided to continue on Veronica Mars instead . Although the season 's plan was changed very little , Thomas said that Logan became a much bigger character than anticipated . Thomas attributed this to Jason Dohring being an engaging performer , and the crew wanting to write scenes for him . While the budget for each episode was around $ 1 @.@ 7 million , an extra $ 400 @,@ 000 was spent for the finale . Filming was extended by one full day with the first unit and an extra three days of filming with the second unit . Thomas promised that there would be " more action than you 've ever seen on Veronica Mars . " Speaking about the episode 's filming , Thomas said , " our final Lilly moment is just beautiful . I think Veronica and Lilly saying goodbye to each other is what people want to see . As much as who killed Lilly Kane . " For the finale , Thomas promised " 80 percent total satisfaction . People will know who killed Lilly Kane . And there won 't be that twist at the end that ' perhaps they didn 't do it . ' I 'm not going to be leaving people like that . However , at the end of the episode , it gives us a pretty big cliffhanger question as well . " = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Leave It to Beaver " was watched by 2 @.@ 99 million American viewers on its original airing , ranking number 98 out of 112 in the weekly charts . This was an increase over the pilot , which was viewed by 2 @.@ 49 million American viewers . The first season averaged 2 @.@ 5 million viewers per episode . = = = Reviews = = = Jesse Hassenger of PopMatters found the finale to be " breathlessly paced " . However , the writer was also dissatisfied with the cliffhanger , and hoped that the second season would not increase the series ' focus on Veronica 's relationships . Hassenger wrote , " so far , the series has eschewed the relationship angst so common in other teen @-@ centric shows ; Neptune hearts get broken , yes , but the show never stoops to that will @-@ they @-@ or @-@ won 't @-@ they dynamic . Veronica is that rare television character who 's too interesting for love triangles . " Filip Vukcevic of IGN thought that while the resolution of the murder was satisfying , it could have been better ; " I liked the way everything played out , but I didn 't get the Sixth Sense moment I was hoping for . I wanted the season finale to blow my mind , instead all it got out of me was , ' Ah , I see . That 's cool . ' " Vukcevic wrote that the pace of the season increased exponentially , and was at its best during the final episode . Both reviewers praised Rob Thomas 's use of red herrings . Vukcevic felt that " as the finale approaches you are led to believe that the murderer could be any one of several different people - not any easy thing to pull off convincingly . What makes good TV is audience participation . If you feel for a character or are puzzling out a mystery , you 're involved . And when you 're involved , you 're having a good time . " Hassenger cited Lianne , Duncan and Logan as the main red herrings . Mike Duffy of the Detroit Free Press included the episode on his list of " 12 season finales you won 't want to miss " , citing " great writing , a merrily dark sense of humor and Bell 's self @-@ assured smart @-@ girl charm " as the main reasons to watch . Screenwriter and director Kevin Smith praised the " seat @-@ of @-@ your @-@ pants " season finale , writing that it managed to " thread the needle with the Lilly Kane murder so well , it never feels marginalized or played out over 22 episodes " . Smith compared the year @-@ long murder mystery to that of Twin Peaks , stating that " unlike Peaks , when the murderer is revealed and the storyline wrapped up in the final [ episode ] , it doesn 't feel like the show 's outlived its relevance ; thanks to the crisp writing , the deft fleshing @-@ out of the Mars universe and the endearing cast , you ’ re left wanting Veronica 's story to continue . " Price Peterson , writing for TV.com , gave the episode an extremely positive review , writing that it was " stellar … just a perfect hour of television and a fantastic end to the season . I still can 't believe how well they pulled off the mystery . I did NOT see Aaron Echolls as the killer . " Rowan Kaiser of The A.V. Club gave a glowing review , praising the Keith @-@ Veronica dynamic , the conclusions to the story arcs , and the final sequence after it is revealed that Aaron is the murderer . " It ’ s also an interesting choice to have the reveal come about two @-@ thirds of the way through the episode , and have the episode end with a dramatic chase and fight scene . Veronica has so rarely been in direct personal danger that having Aaron Echolls chase and capture her , and having Keith show up for a brutal fight and rescue , is jarring . And I think it is effective . " Television Without Pity gave the episode an " A " . Give Me My Remote listed the episode as the third best episode of Veronica Mars , writing " everything about this episode is superb , from the plotlines , to the stunts , and the performances . Kristen Bell , in particular , churned out gut- wrenching , Emmy- worthy scenes . " IGN ranked the episode as the best episode of Veronica Mars , writing " Once you realize Aaron is the one , you 're glued to your seat for the rest of the episode , possibly hiding behind a blanket . Getting to this reveal was worth the season @-@ long wait . " BuzzFeed listed the episode as the second best episode of the series , calling it " one of the most intense , thrilling , and emotional episodes of the show . " On a similar list , TV Line ranked the episode as the fourth best episode of the show .
= Kenneth Nichols = Major General Kenneth David " Nick " Nichols ( 13 November 1907 – 21 February 2000 ) was a United States Army officer and an engineer . He worked on the Manhattan Project , which developed the Atomic Bomb during World War II , as Deputy District Engineer to James C. Marshall , and from 13 August 1943 as the District Engineer of the Manhattan Engineer District . He was responsible for both the uranium production facility at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge , Tennessee and the plutonium production facility at Hanford Engineer Works in Washington state . Nichols remained with the Manhattan Project after the war until it was taken over by the Atomic Energy Commission in 1947 . He was the military liaison officer with the Atomic Energy Commission from 1946 to 1947 . After briefly teaching at the United States Military Academy at West Point , he was promoted to major general and became chief of the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project , responsible for the military aspects of atomic weapons , including logistics , handling and training . He was Deputy Director for the Atomic Energy Matters , Plans and Operations Division of the Army 's general staff , and was the senior Army member of the military liaison committee that worked with the Atomic Energy Commission . In 1950 , General Nichols became Deputy Director of the Guided Missiles Division of the Department of Defense . He was appointed chief of research and development when it was reorganized in 1952 . In 1953 , he became the general manager of the Atomic Energy Commission , where he promoted the construction of nuclear power plants . He played a key role in the proceedings brought against J. Robert Oppenheimer that resulted in Oppenheimer 's security clearance being revoked . In later life , Nichols became an engineering consultant on private nuclear power plants . = = Early life = = Kenneth David Nichols was born on 13 November 1907 in West Park , Ohio , which later became part of Cleveland , Ohio , one of four children of Wilbur L. Nichols and his wife May née Colbrumn . He graduated fifth in his class at the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1929 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the United States Army Corps of Engineers . In 1929 , Nichols went to Nicaragua as part of an expedition led by Lieutenant Colonel Daniel I. Sultan whose purpose was to conduct a survey for the Inter @-@ Oceanic Nicaragua Canal . A fellow officer in the expedition , who would later figure prominently in Nichols ' career , was First Lieutenant Leslie Groves . For his service on the expedition , Nichols was awarded the Nicaraguan Medal of Merit " for exceptional service rendered [ to ] the Republic of Nicaragua . " Nichols returned to the United States in 1931 and went to Cornell University , where he received a bachelor 's degree in civil engineering . He became assistant to the Director of the Waterways Experiment Station in Vicksburg , Mississippi , in June 1932 . In August he continued his studies at Cornell , where he completed his master 's degree in civil engineering on 10 June 1933 . While at Cornell he married Jacqueline Darrieulat . Their marriage produced a daughter and a son . He returned to the Waterways Experiment Station in 1933 . The next year he received a fellowship awarded by the Institute of International Education to study European Hydraulic Research Methods for a year at the Technische Hochschule in Berlin . While there he was promoted to first lieutenant on 1 October 1934 . The thesis he wrote won an American Society of Civil Engineers award . On returning to the United States he received another one year posting to the Waterways Experiment Station . From September 1936 to June 1937 he was a student officer at Fort Belvoir , Virginia . He then became a student again , using his Technische Hochschule thesis as the basis for a Doctor of Philosophy degree from the State University of Iowa . He became an instructor at West Point in August 1937 , where he was promoted to captain on 13 June 1939 . = = World War II = = In June 1941 , Colonel James C. Marshall summoned Nichols to the Syracuse Engineer District to become area engineer in charge of construction of the Rome Air Depot . He was promoted to major on 10 October 1941 and lieutenant colonel on 1 February 1942 , when Marshall asked him to take on additional responsibility as area engineer in charge of construction of a new TNT plant , the Pennsylvania Ordnance Works , in Williamsport , Pennsylvania . On this project , Nichols worked with DuPont and Stone & Webster as major contractors , and dealt with Leslie Groves , now the colonel in charge of military construction . In June 1942 , Nichols was again summoned by Marshall , this time to Washington , D.C. Marshall had recently been appointed as district engineer of the new Manhattan Engineer District ( MED ) , and had received authorization to staff it by drawing on officers and civilians working for the Syracuse Engineer District , which was now winding down as the major part of its construction program was nearing completion . Marshall started by designating Nichols as his Deputy District Engineer , which became effective when the Manhattan District was officially formed on 16 August 1942 . The first major decision confronting the new district , which unlike other engineer districts had no geographic limits , was the choice of construction site . On 30 June Nichols and Marshall set out for Tennessee , where they met with officials of the Tennessee Valley Authority and looked over prospective sites in the foothills of the Cumberland Mountains that had been identified ( by scouts from the Office of Scientific Research and Development ) as possessing the desirable attributes of abundant electric power , water and transportation with sparse population . A site at Oak Ridge , Tennessee was chosen , but Marshall delayed purchase while he awaited scientific results that justified a full @-@ scale plant . Afterwards , Nichols visited the Metallurgical Laboratory , or " Met Lab " , at the University of Chicago , where he met with Arthur Compton . Seeing the problems of overcrowding there , Nichols , on his own authority , arranged for a new experimental site to be established in the Argonne Forest which would eventually become the Argonne National Laboratory . Nichols took charge of ore procurement . He arranged with the State Department for export controls to be placed on uranium oxide and negotiated with Edgar Sengier for the purchase of 1 @,@ 200 tons of ore from the Belgian Congo that was being stored in a warehouse on Staten Island . Nichols arranged with the Eldorado Mining and Refining Company for the purchase of ore from its mine in Port Hope , Ontario , and its shipment in 100 @-@ ton lots . Nichols met with Undersecretary of the Treasury Daniel W. Bell and arranged for the transfer of 14 @,@ 700 tons of silver from the West Point Depository for use in the Y @-@ 12 National Security Complex in place of copper , which was in desperately short supply in wartime . In September 1942 , Groves , now a brigadier general , became director of the Manhattan Project . Groves immediately moved on the most urgent issues . He promptly approved the purchase of the site at Oak Ridge and negotiated for the project to be given a AAA priority rating . Groves soon decided to establish his project headquarters on the fifth floor of the New War Department Building in Washington , D.C. , where Marshall had maintained a liaison office . Nichols , who concentrated his attention on ore procurement , feed materials and the plutonium project , was promoted to colonel on 22 May 1943 . On 13 August , he replaced Marshall as District Engineer of the Manhattan Engineer District . As District Engineer , Nichols was responsible for both the uranium production facility at the Clinton Engineer Works at Oak Ridge and the plutonium production facility at the Hanford site . One of his first tasks as district engineer was to move the district headquarters to Oak Ridge , although its name did not change . For his wartime work on the Manhattan Project , Nichols was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal by the United States Secretary of War , Robert P. Patterson . = = Post war = = Nichols was promoted to brigadier general on 22 January 1946 . Following the departure of Major General Thomas Farrell , Nichols became Groves ' deputy , although he also continued as district engineer . Asked to spend more time on weapons production and storage , Nichols established a new underground assembly plant at the Mound Laboratories in Miamisburg , Ohio , and recommended that Sandia Base be transferred from the United States Army Air Corps to the Manhattan District . In December , Nichols recommended the closing down of the alpha tracks of the Y @-@ 12 plant , thereby cutting the payroll from 8 @,@ 600 to 1 @,@ 500 and saving $ 2 million a month . Henceforth , uranium enrichment would be performed by the gaseous diffusion plants , the wartime K @-@ 25 and the new K @-@ 27 , which had commenced operation in January 1946 . Nichols kept the national laboratories operating with $ 60 million worth of research grants for fiscal year 1947 . He helped Captain Hyman G. Rickover train a team of naval engineers at Oak Ridge in nuclear propulsion . In June 1946 , Nichols went to Bikini Atoll to represent the Manhattan Project at Operation Crossroads , a series of nuclear weapons tests conducted to investigate their effects on warships . Like many of his contemporaries in an Army that was dramatically reduced in size as it rapidly demobilized , Nichols was reduced in rank , reverting to his substantive rank of lieutenant colonel on 30 June 1946 . On return from Bikini , he found that he had been made an honorary Commander of the Order of the British Empire . The Atomic Energy Act of 1946 created the Atomic Energy Commission ( AEC ) to take over the functions and assets of the Manhattan Project . President Harry S. Truman appointed its five commissioners on 28 October 1946 , and Groves appointed Nichols as the military liaison officer to the AEC . Nichols ' main responsibility was to help organize an orderly transfer of assets and responsibilities from the MED to the AEC . Military aspects were taken over by the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project ( AFSWP ) . It was generally assumed that Nichols would become the AEC 's Director of Military Application , but while Nichol 's relationship with the AEC was cordial and the commissioners were impressed with his administrative skills , it also became clear that Nichols did not agree with the commissioners ' concept of the Director of Military Application as a staff rather than a line function . In February 1947 Nichols was appointed Professor of Mechanics at West Point , but in April 1948 , he was recalled to command the AFSWP , with the rank of major general , becoming the youngest major general in the Army at the time . Although his rank entitled him to quarters at Fort Myer , Virginia , the Chief of Staff of the United States Army , General Omar Bradley advised him not to ask for them as there had been criticism from some senior colonels . Nichols also became Senior Army Member of the Military Liaison Committee to the AEC , and Deputy Assistant Chief of Staff of the Army ( G @-@ 3 ) for Atomic Energy . In his new role Nichols clashed with the AEC over the issue of whether it or the Department of Defense should have custody of nuclear weapons . The administration 's policy remained firmly in favor of AEC control . This was tested during the Berlin Blockade , when Truman ordered B @-@ 29 bombers to Europe . For a time there was talk of calling off the Operation Sandstone nuclear weapons tests , but Nichols successfully argued for their continuation . In 1950 , he became Deputy Director of the Guided Missiles Division of the Department of Defense , overseeing the Nike Project . He was appointed Chief of Research and Development when it was reorganized in 1952 . Nichols retired from the Army on 31 October 1953 . For his services from 1948 to 1953 , he was belatedly awarded a second Distinguished Service Medal in 1956 . Nichols became General Manager of the AEC on 2 November 1953 . In this capacity he initiated the AEC Personnel Security Board hearing on the loyalty and trustworthiness of atomic scientist J. Robert Oppenheimer . In a harshly worded memorandum to the AEC on 12 June 1954 , subsequent to the hearing , Nichols recommended that Oppenheimer 's security clearance not be reinstated . In five " security findings , " Nichols said that Oppenheimer was " a Communist in every sense except that he did not carry a party card , " and that he " is not reliable or trustworthy . " The commission agreed , and Oppenheimer was stripped of his security clearance . A second scandal was the Dixon @-@ Yates contract , a political controversy that became a major issue in the 1954 elections , resulting in Nichols appearing before a United States Senate subcommittee . = = Later life = = Nichols left the Atomic Energy Commission in 1955 and opened a consulting firm on K Street , specializing in commercial atomic energy research and development . His clients included Alcoa , Gulf Oil , Westinghouse Electric Corporation and the Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Station . Nichols was involved with the construction of the Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Station , the first privately owned pressurized @-@ water plant , and the Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant , which commenced operation in 1961 and 1968 respectively . They were both experimental and not expected to be competitive with coal and oil , but later became more so due to inflation and large increases in coal and oil prices . He was critical of over @-@ regulation and protracted hearings , which meant that by the 1980s similar boiling @-@ water or pressurized @-@ water plants took almost twice as long to build in the United States as in France , Japan , Taiwan or South Korea . Nichols died of respiratory failure on 21 February 2000 at the Brighton Gardens retirement home in Bethesda , Maryland . He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery . = = External Links = =
= Fisher ( animal ) = The fisher ( Martes pennanti ) is a small carnivorous mammal native to North America . It is a member of the mustelid family ( commonly referred to as the weasel family ) and a part of the marten genus . The fisher is closely related to but larger than the American marten ( Martes americana ) . The fisher is a forest @-@ dwelling creature whose range covers much of the boreal forest in Canada to the northern United States . Names derived from aboriginal languages include pekan , pequam , wejack , and woolang . It is also called a fisher cat , although it is not a feline . Males and females look similar . Adult males are 90 to 120 cm ( 35 – 47 in ) long and weigh 3 @.@ 5 to 6 kilograms ( 8 – 13 lb ) . Adult females are 75 to 95 cm ( 30 – 37 in ) long and weigh 2 to 2 @.@ 5 kg ( 4 – 6 lb ) . The fur of the fisher varies seasonally , being denser and glossier in the winter . During the summer , the color becomes more mottled , as the fur goes through a moulting cycle . The fisher prefers to hunt in full forest . Though an agile climber , it spends most of its time on the forest floor , where it prefers to forage around fallen trees . An omnivore , the fisher feeds on a wide variety of small animals and occasionally on fruits and mushrooms . It prefers the snowshoe hare and is one of the few animals able to prey successfully on porcupines . Despite its common name , the fisher seldom eats fish . The reproductive cycle of the fisher lasts almost a year . Female fishers give birth to a litter of three or four kits in the spring . They nurse and care for their kits until late summer , when they are old enough to set out on their own . Females enter estrus shortly after giving birth and leave the den to find a mate . Implantation of the blastocyst is delayed until the following spring , when they give birth and the cycle is renewed . Fishers have few predators besides humans . They have been trapped since the 18th century for their fur . Their pelts were in such demand that they were extirpated from several parts of the United States in the early part of the 20th century . Conservation and protection measures have allowed the species to rebound , but their current range is still reduced from its historic limits . In the 1920s , when pelt prices were high , some fur farmers attempted to raise fishers . However , their unusual delayed reproduction made breeding difficult . When pelt prices fell in the late 1940s , most fisher farming ended . While fishers usually avoid human contact , encroachments into forest habitats have resulted in some conflicts . There are anecdotal reports of fishers attacking pets and , in a 2009 case in Rhode Island , a 6 @-@ year @-@ old boy . In 2014 , a 12 @-@ year @-@ old boy was attacked by what was believed to be a fisher in Massachusetts . = = Etymology = = Despite the name fisher , the animal is not known to eat fish . The name comes from colonial Dutch fisse or visse due to its resemblance to the European polecat ( Mustela putorius ) . In the French language , the pelt of a polecat is also called fiche or fichet . In some regions , the fisher is known as a pekan , derived from its name in the Abenaki language . Wejack is an Algonquian word ( cf . Cree wuchak , otchock , Ojibwa ojiig ) borrowed by fur traders . Other American Indian names for the fisher are Chipewyan thacho and Carrier chunihcho , both meaning " big marten " , and Wabanaki uskool . = = Taxonomy = = The Latin specific name pennanti is named for Thomas Pennant , who described the fisher in 1771 . Buffon had first described the creature in 1765 , calling it a pekan . Pennant examined the same specimen but called it a fisher , unaware of Buffon 's earlier description . Other 18th @-@ century scientists gave it similar names , such as Schreber , who named it Mustela canadensis , and Boddaert , who named it Mustela melanorhyncha . The fisher was eventually placed in the genus Martes by Smith in 1843 . Members of the genus Martes are distinguished by their four premolar teeth on the upper and lower jaws . Its close relative Mustela has just three . The fisher has 38 teeth . The dentition formula is : 3 @.@ 1 @.@ 4 @.@ 12 @.@ 1 @.@ 4 @.@ 2 = = = Evolution = = = There is evidence that ancestors of the fisher migrated to North America during the Pliocene era between 2 @.@ 5 and 5 million years ago . Two extinct mustelids , M. palaeosinensis and M. anderssoni , have been found in eastern Asia . The first true fisher , M. divuliana , has only been found in North America . There are strong indications that M. divuliana is related to the Asian finds , which suggests a migration . M. pennanti has been found as early as the Late Pleistocene era , about 125 @,@ 000 years ago . There are no major differences between the Pleistocene fisher and the modern fisher . Fossil evidence indicates that the fisher 's range extended farther south than it does today . Three subspecies were identified by Goldman in 1935 , M.p. columbiana , M.p. pacifica , and M.p. pennanti . Later research has debated whether these subspecies could be positively identified . In 1959 , E.M. Hagmeier concluded that the subspecies are not separable based on either fur or skull characteristics . Although some debate still exists , in general it is recognized that the fisher is a monotypic species with no extant subspecies . = = Biology and behavior = = = = = Physical characteristics = = = Fishers are a medium @-@ sized mammal , comparable in size to the domestic cat , and the largest species in the marten genus . Their bodies are long , thin , and low to the ground . The sexes have similar physical features but they are sexually dimorphic in size , with the male being much larger than the female . Males are 90 to 120 cm ( 35 – 47 in ) in length and weigh 3 @.@ 5 to 6 kg ( 8 – 13 lb ) . Females measure 75 to 95 cm ( 30 – 37 in ) and weigh 2 to 2 @.@ 5 kg ( 4 – 6 lb ) . The largest male fisher ever recorded weighed 9 kg ( 20 lb ) . The fisher 's fur changes with the season and differs slightly between sexes . Males have coarser coats than females . In the early winter , the coats are dense and glossy , ranging from 30 mm ( 1 in ) on the chest to 70 mm ( 3 in ) on the back . The color ranges from deep brown to black , although it appears to be much blacker in the winter when contrasted with white snow . From the face to the shoulders , fur can be hoary @-@ gold or silver due to tricolored guard hairs . The underside of a fisher is almost completely brown except for randomly placed patches of white or cream @-@ colored fur . In the summer , the fur color is more variable and may lighten considerably . Fishers undergo moulting starting in late summer and finishing by November or December . Fishers have five toes on each foot , with unsheathed , retractable claws . Their feet are disproportionately large for their legs , making it easier for them to move on top of snow packs . In addition to the toes , there are four central pads on each foot . On the hind paws there are coarse hairs that grow between the pads and the toes , giving them added traction when walking on a variety of surfaces . Fishers have highly mobile ankle joints that can rotate their hind paws almost 180 degrees , allowing them to maneuver well in trees and climb down head @-@ first . The fisher is one of relatively few mammalian species with the ability to descend trees head @-@ first . A circular patch of hair on the central pad of their hind paws marks plantar glands that give off a distinctive odor . Since these patches become enlarged during breeding season , they are likely used to make a scent trail to allow fishers to find each other so that they can mate . = = = Hunting and diet = = = Fishers are generalist predators . Although their primary prey is snowshoe hare and porcupine , they are also known to supplement their diet with insects , nuts , berries , and mushrooms . Since they are solitary hunters , their choice of prey is limited by their size . Analyses of stomach contents and scat have found evidence of birds , small mammals , and even moose and deer . The latter food sources shows that they are not averse to eating carrion . Fishers have been observed to feed on the carcasses of deer left by hunters . While uncommon , fishers have been found to kill larger animals , such as wild turkey , bobcat and lynx . Fishers are one of the few predators that seek out and kill porcupines . There are stories in popular literature that fishers can flip a porcupine onto its back and " scoop out its belly like a ripe melon " . This was identified as an exaggerated misconception as early as 1966 . Observational studies show that fishers will make repeated biting attacks on the face of a porcupine and kill it after about 25 – 30 minutes . = = = Reproduction = = = The female fisher begins to breed at about one year of age and her reproductive cycle is an almost year @-@ long event . Mating takes place in late March to early April . Blastocyst implantation is then delayed for 10 months until mid @-@ February of the following year when active pregnancy begins . After gestating for about 50 days , the female gives birth to one to four kits . The female then enters estrus 7 – 10 days later and the breeding cycle begins again . Females den in hollow trees . Kits are born blind and helpless . They are partially covered with fine hair . Kits begin to crawl after about 3 weeks . After about 7 weeks they open their eyes . They start to climb after 8 weeks . Kits are completely dependent on their mother 's milk for the first 8 – 10 weeks , after which they begin to switch to a solid diet . After 4 months , kits become intolerant of their litter mates , and at 5 months , the mother pushes them out on their own . After one year , juveniles will have established their own range . = = = Social structure and home range = = = Fishers are generally crepuscular , being most active at dawn and dusk . They are active year @-@ round . Fishers are solitary , associating with other fishers only for mating purposes . Males become more active during mating season . Females are least active during pregnancy and gradually increase activity after birth of their kits . A fisher 's hunting range varies from 6 @.@ 6 km2 ( 3 sq mi ) in the summer to 14 @.@ 1 km2 ( 5 sq mi ) in the winter . Ranges of up to 20 @.@ 0 km2 ( 8 sq mi ) in the winter are possible depending on the quality of the habitat . Male and female fishers have overlapping territories . This behavior is imposed on females by males due to dominance in size and a male desire to increase mating success . = = = Parasites = = = Parasites of fishers include Baylisascaris devosi , Taenia sibirica , nematode Physaloptera sp . , Alaria mustelae , trematode Metorchis conjunctus , nematode Trichinella spiralis and Molineus sp . = = Habitat = = Although fishers are competent tree climbers , they spend most of their time on the forest floor and prefer continuous forest to other habitats . Fishers have been found in extensive conifer forests typical of the boreal forest but are also common in mixed hardwood and conifer forests . Fishers prefer areas with continuous overhead cover with greater than 80 % coverage and will avoid areas with less than 50 % coverage . Fishers are more likely to be found in old @-@ growth forests . Since female fishers require moderately large trees for denning , forests that have been heavily logged and have extensive second growth appears to be unsuitable for their needs . Another factor that fishers select for are forest floors that have large amounts of coarse woody debris . In western forests , where fire regularly removes understorey debris , fishers show a preference for riparian woodland habitat . Fishers tend to avoid areas with deep snow . Habitat is also affected by snow compaction and moisture content . = = Distribution = = Fishers are widespread throughout the northern forests of North America . They are found from Nova Scotia in the east to the Pacific shore of British Columbia and Alaska . They can be found as far north as Great Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories and as far south as the mountains of Oregon . There are isolated populations in the Sierra Nevada of California and the Appalachian Mountains of Pennsylvania and West Virginia . In the late 19th century and early 20th century , fishers were virtually eliminated from the southern and eastern parts of their range including most American states and eastern Canada including Nova Scotia . Over @-@ trapping and loss of forest habitat were the reasons for the decline . Most states had placed restrictions on fisher trapping by the 1930s , coincidental with the end of the logging boom . A combination of forest regrowth in abandoned farmlands and improved forest management practices increased available habitat and allowed remnant populations to recover . Populations have since recovered sufficiently that the species is no longer endangered . Increasing forest cover in eastern North America means that fisher populations will remain sufficiently robust for the near future . Between 1955 and 1985 , some states had allowed limited trapping to resume . In areas where fishers were eliminated , porcupine populations subsequently increased . Areas with a high density of porcupines were found to have extensive damage to timber crops . In these cases , fishers were reintroduced by releasing adults relocated from other places into the forest . Once the fisher populations became reestablished , porcupine numbers returned to natural levels . In Washington State , fisher sightings were reported into the 1980s , but an extensive survey in the 1990s did not locate any . Scattered fisher populations now exist in the Pacific Northwest . In 1961 , fishers from British Columbia and Minnesota were re @-@ introduced in Oregon to the southern Cascades near Klamath Falls and also to the Wallowa Mountains near La Grande . From 1977 @-@ 1980 , fishers were introduced to the region around Crater Lake . Starting in January 2008 , fishers were reintroduced into Washington State . The initial reintroduction was on the Olympic peninsula ( 90 animals ) , with subsequent reintroductions into the south Cascade mountains . The reintroduced animals are monitored by radio collars and remote cameras , and have been shown to be reproducing . From 2008 to 2011 , about 40 fishers were re @-@ introduced in the northern Sierra Nevada near Stirling City , complementing fisher populations in Yosemite National Park and along California 's northern boundary between the Pacific Coast Ranges and the Klamath Mountains . Fishers are a protected species in Oregon , Washington , and Wyoming . In Idaho and California , fishers are protected through a closed trapping season , but they are not afforded any specific protection ; however , it is expected that in California the fisher will probably be granted listing under the Endangered Species Act in 2014 . In June 2011 , the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recommended that fishers be removed from the endangered list in Idaho , Montana , and Wyoming . It also recommended further study to ensure that current populations are managed properly . Recent studies , as well as anecdotal evidence , show that fishers have begun making inroads into suburban backyards , farmland , and periurban areas in several US states and eastern Canada , as far south as most of northern Massachusetts , New York , Connecticut , and even rural New Jersey . Some reports have shown that populations have begun even on Cape Cod , although the populations are likely smaller than the populations in the western part of New England . = = Fishers and people = = Fishers have had a long history of contact with humans , but most of it has been to the detriment of fisher populations . Unprovoked attacks on humans are extremely rare , but fishers will attack if they feel threatened or cornered . In one case , a fisher was blamed for an attack on a six @-@ year @-@ old boy . In another case , a fisher is believed to be responsible for an attack on a twelve @-@ year @-@ old boy . In 2003 , a new minor league baseball team based in Manchester , New Hampshire held a " Name The Team " contest ; the name New Hampshire Fisher Cats was chosen by the public from a list of suggestions reflecting the local culture and environment . = = = Fur trade and conservation = = = Fishers have been trapped since the 18th century . They have been popular with trappers due to the value of their fur , which has been used for scarves and neck pieces . The best pelts are from winter trapping with secondary quality pelts from spring trapping . The lowest @-@ quality furs come from out @-@ of @-@ season trapping when fishers are moulting . They are easily trapped , and the value of their fur was a particular incentive for catching this species . Prices for pelts have varied considerably over the past 100 years . They were highest in the 1920s and 1930s , when average prices were about $ 100 US . In 1936 , pelts were being offered for sale in New York City for $ 450 – 750 per pelt . Prices declined through the 1960s but picked up again in the late 1970s . In 1979 , the Hudson 's Bay Company paid $ 410 for one female pelt . In 1999 , 16 @,@ 638 pelts were sold in Canada for $ 449 @,@ 307 ( CAN ) at an average price of $ 27 . Between 1900 and 1940 , fishers were threatened with near @-@ extinction in the southern part of their range due to overtrapping and alterations to their habitat . In New England , fishers , along with most other furbearers , were nearly exterminated due to unregulated trapping . Fishers became extirpated in many northern U.S. states after 1930 , but were still abundant enough in Canada to maintain a harvest of over 3 @,@ 000 fishers per year ( see figure ) . Limited protection was afforded in the early 20th century , but it was not until 1934 that total protection was finally given to the few remaining fishers . Closed seasons , habitat recovery , and reintroductions have restored fishers to much of their original range . Trapping resumed in the U.S. after 1962 once numbers had recovered to sufficient numbers . During the early 1970s , the value of fisher pelts soared , leading to another population crash in 1976 . After a couple of years of closed seasons , fisher trapping re @-@ opened in 1979 with a shortened season and restricted bag limits . The population has steadily increased since then , with steadily increasing numbers of trapped animals , despite a much lower pelt value . = = = Captivity = = = Fishers have been captured live for fur farming , zoo specimens , and scientific research . From 1920 – 1946 , pelt prices averaged about $ 137 CAN . Since pelts were relatively valuable , attempts were made to raise fishers on farms . Fur farming was popular with other species such as mink and ermine , so it was thought that the same techniques could be applied to fishers . However , farmers found it difficult to raise fishers due to their unusual reproductive cycle . In general , knowledge of delayed implantation in fishers was unknown at the time . Farmers noted that females mated in the spring but did not give birth . Due to declining pelt prices , most fisher farms closed operations by the late 1940s . Fishers have also been captured and bred by zoos , but they are not a common zoo species . Fishers are poor animals to exhibit because , in general , they hide from visitors all day . Some zoos have had difficulty keeping fishers alive since they are susceptible to many diseases in captivity . Yet there is at least one example of a fisher kept in captivity that lived to be ten years old , well beyond its natural lifespan of 7 years . In 1974 , R.A. Powell raised two fisher kits for the purpose of performing scientific research . His primary interest was an attempt to measure the activity of fishers in order to determine how much food the animals required to function . He did this by running them through treadmill exercises that simulated activity in the wild . He compared this to their food intake and used the data to estimate daily food requirements . The research lasted for two years . After one year , one of the fishers died due to unknown causes . The second was released back into the wilderness of Michigan 's Upper Peninsula . = = = Interactions with domestic animals = = = In some areas , fishers can become pests to farmers when they raid chicken coops . There have been a few instances of fishers preying on cats and small dogs ; but in general , the evidence suggests these attacks are rare . A 1979 study examined the stomach contents of all fishers trapped in the state of New Hampshire ; cat hairs were found in only 1 of over 1 @,@ 000 stomachs . More recent studies in suburban upstate New York and Massachusetts found no cat remains in 24 and 226 fisher diet samples ( scat and stomach contents ) respectively . While there is popular belief for more frequent attacks on pets , zoologists suggest bobcats or coyotes are more likely to prey upon domestic cats and chickens . = = = Poisoning = = = In 2012 , a study conducted by Integral Ecology Research Center , UC Davis , US Forest Service , and the Hoopa Tribe showed that fishers in California were exposed to and killed by anticoagulant rodenticides associated with marijuana cultivation . In this study , 79 % of fishers that were tested in California were exposed to an average of 1 @.@ 61 different anticoagulant rodenticides and four fishers died directly attributed to these toxicants . A 2015 follow @-@ up study building on this data determined that the trend of exposure and mortality from these toxicants increased to 85 % , that California fishers were now exposed to an average of 1 @.@ 73 different anticoagulant rodenticides , and that nine more fishers died , bringing the total to 13 . The extent of marijuana cultivation within fishers ' home ranges was highlighted in a 2013 study focusing on fisher survival and impacts from marijuana cultivation within the Sierra National Forest . Research showed that fishers had an average of 5 @.@ 3 individual grow sites within their home range . One fisher had 16 individual grow sites within its territory . = = = Literature = = = One of the first mentions of fishers in literature occurred in The Audubon Book of True Nature Stories . Robert Snyder relates a tale of his encounter with fishers in the woods of the Adirondack Mountains of New York . He recounts three sightings , including one where he witnessed a fisher attacking a porcupine . In Winter of the Fisher , Cameron Langford relates a fictional encounter between a fisher and an aging recluse living in the forest . The recluse frees the fisher from a trap and nurses it back to health . The fisher tolerates the attention , but being a wild animal , returns to the forest when well enough . Langford uses the ecology and known habits of the fisher to weave a tale of survival and tolerance in the northern woods of Canada . Fishers are mentioned in several other books including The Blood Jaguar ( an animal shaman ) , Ereth 's Birthday ( a porcupine hunter ) and in The Sign of the Beaver , where a fisher is thought to have been caught in a trap .
= Hans Bethe = Hans Albrecht Bethe ( German : [ ˈhans ˈalbʁɛçt ˈbeːtə ] ; July 2 , 1906 – March 6 , 2005 ) was a German and American nuclear physicist who , in addition to making important contributions to astrophysics , quantum electrodynamics and solid @-@ state physics , won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis . For most of his career , Bethe was a professor at Cornell University . During World War II , he was head of the Theoretical Division at the secret Los Alamos laboratory which developed the first atomic bombs . There he played a key role in calculating the critical mass of the weapons and developing the theory behind the implosion method used in both the Trinity test and the " Fat Man " weapon dropped on Nagasaki in August 1945 . After the war , Bethe also played an important role in the development of the hydrogen bomb , though he had originally joined the project with the hope of proving it could not be made . Bethe later campaigned with Albert Einstein and the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists against nuclear testing and the nuclear arms race . He helped persuade the Kennedy and Nixon administrations to sign , respectively , the 1963 Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and 1972 Anti @-@ Ballistic Missile Treaty ( SALT I ) . His scientific research never ceased and he was publishing papers well into his nineties , making him one of the few scientists to have published at least one major paper in his field during every decade of his career – which , in Bethe 's case , spanned nearly seventy years . Freeman Dyson , once one of his students , called him the " supreme problem @-@ solver of the 20th century " . = = Early years = = Bethe was born in Strasbourg , which was then part of Germany , on July 2 , 1906 , the only child of Anna ( née Kuhn ) and Albrecht Bethe , a privatdozent of physiology at the University of Strasbourg . Although his mother , the daughter of a professor at the University of Strasbourg , was Jewish , he was raised a Protestant like his father . Despite having a religious background , he was not religious in later life , and described himself as an atheist . His father accepted a position as professor and director of the Institute of Physiology at the University of Kiel in 1912 , and the family moved into the director 's apartment at the Institute . He was initially schooled privately by a professional teacher as part of a group of eight girls and boys . The family moved again in 1915 when his father became the head of the new Institute of Physiology at the University of Frankfurt am Main . Bethe attended the Goethe @-@ Gymnasium in Frankfurt , Germany . His education was interrupted in 1916 , when he contracted tuberculosis , and he was sent to Bad Kreuznach to recuperate . By 1917 , he had recovered sufficiently to attend the local realschule , and the following year he was sent to the Odenwaldschule , a private , coeducational boarding school . He attended the Goethe @-@ Gymnasium again for his final three years of secondary schooling , from 1922 to 1924 . Having passed his abitur , Bethe entered the University of Frankfurt in 1924 . He decided to major in chemistry . The instruction in physics was poor , and while there were distinguished mathematicians in Frankfurt like Carl Ludwig Siegel and Otto Szász , Bethe disliked their approaches , which presented mathematics without reference to the other sciences . Bethe found that he was a poor experimentalist who destroyed his lab coat by spilling sulfuric acid on it , but he found the advanced physics taught by the associate professor , Walter Gerlach , more interesting . Gerlach left in 1925 , and was replaced by Karl Meissner , who advised Bethe that he should go to a university with a better school of theoretical physics , specifically the University of Munich , where he could study under Arnold Sommerfeld . Bethe entered the University of Munich in April 1926 , where Sommerfeld took him on as a student on Meissner 's recommendation . Sommerfeld taught an advanced course on differential equations in physics , which Bethe enjoyed . Because he was such a renowned scholar , Sommerfeld frequently received advance copies of scientific papers , which he put up for discussion at weekly evening seminars . When Bethe arrived , Sommerfeld had just received Erwin Schrödinger 's papers on wave mechanics . For his PhD thesis , Sommerfeld suggested that Bethe examine electron diffraction in crystals . As a starting point , Sommerfeld suggested Paul Ewald 's 1914 paper on X @-@ ray diffraction in crystals . Bethe later recalled that he became too ambitious , and , in pursuit of greater accuracy , his calculations became unnecessarily complicated . When he met Wolfgang Pauli for the first time , Pauli told him : " After Sommerfeld 's tales about you , I had expected much better from you than your thesis . " " I guess from Pauli , " Bethe later recalled , " that was a compliment . " = = Early work = = After Bethe received his doctorate , Erwin Madelung offered him an assistantship in Frankfurt , and in September 1928 Bethe moved in with his father , who had recently divorced his mother . His father met Vera Congehl earlier that year , and married her in 1929 . They had two children , Doris , born in 1933 , and Klaus , born in 1934 . Bethe did not find the work in Frankfurt very stimulating , and in 1929 he accepted an offer from Ewald at the Technische Hochschule in Stuttgart . While there , he wrote what he considered to be his greatest paper , Zur Theorie des Durchgangs schneller Korpuskularstrahlen durch Materie ( " The Theory of the Passage of Fast Corpuscular Rays Through Matter " ) . Starting from Max Born 's interpretation of the Schrödinger equation , Bethe produced a simplified formula for collision problems using a Fourier transform , which is known today as the Bethe formula . He submitted this paper for his habilitation in 1930 . Sommerfeld recommended Bethe for a Rockefeller Foundation Travelling Scholarship in 1929 . This provided $ 150 a month ( about $ 2 @,@ 000 in 2015 dollars ) to study abroad . In 1930 , Bethe chose to do postdoctoral work at the Cavendish Laboratory at the University of Cambridge in England , where he worked under the supervision of Ralph Fowler . At the request of Patrick Blackett , who was working with cloud chambers , Bethe created a relativistic version of the Bethe formula . Bethe was also known for his sense of humor , and with Guido Beck and Wolfgang Riezler , two other postdoctoral research fellows , created a hoax paper On the Quantum Theory of the Temperature of Absolute Zero where he calculated the fine structure constant from the absolute zero temperature in Celsius units , causing a scandal in the scientific world . The paper poked fun at a certain class of papers in theoretical physics of the day , which were purely speculative and based on spurious numerical arguments such as Arthur Eddington 's attempts to explain the value of the fine structure constant from fundamental quantities in an earlier paper . They were forced to issue an apology . For the second half of his scholarship , Bethe chose to go to Enrico Fermi 's laboratory in Rome in February 1931 . He was greatly impressed by Fermi and regretted that he had not gone to Rome first . Bethe developed the Bethe ansatz , a method for finding the exact solutions for the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of certain one @-@ dimensional quantum many @-@ body models . He was influenced by Fermi 's simplicity and Sommerfeld 's rigor in approaching problems , and these qualities influenced his own later research . The Rockefeller Foundation offered an extension of Bethe 's fellowship , allowing him to return to Italy in 1932 . In the meantime , Bethe worked for Sommerfeld in Munich as a privatdozent . Since Bethe was fluent in English , Sommerfeld had Bethe supervise all his English @-@ speaking postdoctoral fellows , including Lloyd P. Smith from Cornell University . Bethe accepted a request from Karl Scheel to write an article for the Handbuch der Physik on the quantum mechanics of hydrogen and helium . Reviewing the article decades later , Robert Bacher and Victor Weisskopf noted that it was unusual in the depth and breadth of its treatment of the subject , yet required very little updating for the 1959 edition . Bethe was then asked by Sommerfeld to help him with the handbuch article on electrons in metals . The article covered the basis of what is now called solid state physics . Bethe took a very new field and provided a clear , coherent and complete coverage of it . His work on the handbuch articles occupied most of his time in Rome , but he also co @-@ wrote a paper with Fermi on another new field , quantum electrodynamics , describing the relativistic interactions of charged particles . In 1932 , Bethe accepted an appointment as an assistant professor at the University of Tübingen , where Hans Geiger was the professor of experimental physics . One of the first laws passed by the new National Socialist government was the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service . Due to his Jewish background , Bethe was dismissed from his job at the University , which was a government post . Geiger refused to help , but Sommerfeld immediately gave Bethe back his fellowship at Munich . Sommerfeld spent much of the summer term of 1933 finding places for Jewish students and colleagues . Bethe left Germany in 1933 , moving to England after receiving an offer for a position as lecturer at the University of Manchester for a year through Sommerfeld 's connection to William Lawrence Bragg . He moved in with his friend Rudolf Peierls and Peierls ' wife Genia . Peierls was a fellow German physicist who had also been barred from academic positions in Germany because his parents were Jewish . This meant that Bethe had someone to speak to in German , and did not have to eat English food . Their relationship was professional as well as personal . Peierls aroused Bethe 's interest in nuclear physics . After James Chadwick and Maurice Goldhaber discovered the photodisintegration of deuterium , Chadwick challenged Bethe and Peierls to come up with a theoretical explanation of this phenomenon . This they did on the four @-@ hour train ride from Cambridge back to Manchester . Bethe would investigate further in the years ahead . In 1933 , the physics department at Cornell was looking for a new theoretical physicist , and Lloyd Smith strongly recommended Bethe . This was supported by Bragg , who was visiting Cornell at the time . In August 1934 , Cornell offered Bethe a position as an acting assistant professor . Bethe had already accepted a fellowship for a year to work with Nevill Mott at the University of Bristol for a semester , but Cornell agreed to let him start in the spring of 1935 . Before leaving for the United States , he visited the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen in September 1934 , where he proposed to Hilde Levi , who accepted . However , the match was opposed by Bethe 's mother , who did not want him marrying a Jewish girl , and Bethe broke off their engagement a few days before their wedding date in December . = = United States = = Bethe arrived in the United States in February 1935 , and joined the faculty at Cornell University on a salary of $ 3 @,@ 000 . Bethe 's appointment was part of a deliberate effort on the part of the new head of its physics department , Roswell Clifton Gibbs , to move into nuclear physics . Gibbs had hired Stanley Livingston , who had worked with Ernest Lawrence , to build a cyclotron at Cornell . To complete the team , Cornell needed an experimentalist , and , on the advice of Bethe and Livingston , recruited Robert Bacher . Bethe received requests to visit Columbia University from Isidor Isaac Rabi , Princeton University from Edward Condon , University of Rochester from Lee DuBridge , Purdue University from Karl Lark @-@ Horovitz , the University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign from Francis Wheeler Loomis , and Harvard University from John Hasbrouck Van Vleck . Gibbs moved to prevent Bethe from being poached by having him appointed as a regular assistant professor in 1936 , with an assurance that promotion to professor would soon follow . Together with Bacher and Livingston , Bethe published a series of three articles , which summarized most of what was known on the subject of nuclear physics until that time , an account that became informally known as " Bethe 's Bible " , and remained the standard work on the subject for many years . In this account , he also continued where others left off , filling in gaps in the older literature . Loomis offered Bethe a full professorship at the University of Illinois at Urbana – Champaign , but Cornell matched the offer , and the salary of $ 6 @,@ 000 . He wrote to his mother : I am about the leading theoretician in America . That does not mean the best . Wigner is certainly better and Oppenheimer and Teller probably just as good . But I do more and talk more and that counts too . On March 17 , 1938 , Bethe attended the Carnegie Institute and George Washington University 's fourth annual Washington Conference of Theoretical Physics . There were only 34 invited attendees , but they included Gregory Breit , Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar , George Gamow , Donald Menzel , John von Neumann , Bengt Strömgren , Edward Teller and Merle Tuve . Bethe initially declined the invitation to attend , because the conference 's topic , stellar energy generation , did not interest him , but Teller persuaded him to come . At the conference , Strömgren detailed what was known about the temperature , density and chemical composition of the Sun , and challenged the physicists to come up with an explanation . Gamow and Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker had proposed in a 1937 paper that the Sun 's energy was the result of a proton – proton chain reaction : But this did not account for the observation of elements heavier than helium . By the end of the conference , Bethe , working in collaboration with Charles Critchfield , had come up with a series of subsequent nuclear reactions that explained how the Sun shines : That this did not explain the processes in heavier stars was not overlooked . At the time there were doubts about whether the proton – proton cycle described the processes in the Sun , but more recent measurements of the Sun 's core temperature and luminosity show that it does . When he returned to Cornell , Bethe studied the relevant nuclear reactions and reaction cross sections , leading to his discovery of the carbon @-@ nitrogen @-@ oxygen cycle ( CNO cycle ) : The two papers , one on the proton – proton cycle , co @-@ authored with Critchfield , and the other on the carbon @-@ oxygen @-@ nitrogen ( CNO ) cycle , were sent to the Physical Review for publication . After Kristallnacht , Bethe 's mother had become afraid to remain in Germany . Taking advantage of her Strasbourg origin , she was able to emigrate to the United States in June 1939 on the French quota , rather than the German one , which was full . Bethe 's graduate student Robert Marshak noted that the New York Academy of Sciences was offering a $ 500 prize for the best unpublished paper on the topic of solar and stellar energy . So Bethe , in need of $ 250 to release his mother 's furniture , withdrew the CNO cycle paper and sent it in to the New York Academy of Sciences . It won the prize , and Bethe gave Marshak $ 50 finder 's fee and used $ 250 to release his mother 's furniture . The paper was subsequently published in the Physical Review in March . It was a breakthrough in the understanding of the stars , and would win Bethe the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967 . In 2002 , at age 96 , Bethe sent a handwritten note to John N. Bahcall congratulating him on the use of solar neutrino observations to show that the CNO cycle accounts for about 7 % of the Sun 's energy ; the neutrino observations had started with Raymond Davis , whose experiment was based on Bahcall 's calculations and encouragement , and led to Davis 's receiving a share of the 2002 Nobel Prize . Bethe married Rose Ewald , the daughter of Paul Ewald , on September 13 , 1939 , in a simple civil ceremony . They had two children , Henry and Monica . ( Henry was a contract bridge expert and former husband of Kitty Munson Cooper . ) He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in March 1941 . Writing to Sommerfeld in 1947 , Bethe confided that " I am much more at home in America than I ever was in Germany . As if I was born in Germany only by mistake , and only came to my true homeland at 28 . " = = Manhattan Project = = When the Second World War began , Bethe wanted to contribute to the war effort , but was unable to work on classified projects until he became a citizen . Following the advice of the Caltech aerodynamicist Theodore von Kármán , Bethe collaborated with his friend Teller on a theory of shock waves which are generated by the passage of a projectile through a gas . Bethe considered it one of their most influential papers . He also worked on a theory of armor penetration , which was immediately classified by the Army , making it inaccessible to Bethe , who was not an American citizen at the time . After receiving security clearance in December 1941 , Bethe joined the MIT Radiation Laboratory , where he invented the Bethe @-@ hole directional coupler , which is used in microwave waveguides such as those used in radar sets . In Chicago in June 1942 , and then at the University of California , Berkeley , in July , he participated in a series of meetings at the invitation of Robert Oppenheimer , which discussed the first designs for the atomic bomb . They went over the preliminary calculations by Robert Serber , Stan Frankel , and others , and discussed the possibilities of using uranium @-@ 235 and plutonium . Teller then raised the prospect of a thermonuclear device , Teller 's " Super " bomb . At one point Teller asked if the nitrogen in the atmosphere could be set alight . It fell to Bethe and Emil Konopinski to perform the calculations to prove that this could not occur . " The fission bomb had to be done , " he later recalled , " because the Germans were presumably doing it . " When Oppenheimer was put in charge of forming a secret weapons design laboratory , Los Alamos , he appointed Bethe director of the T ( Theoretical ) Division , the laboratory 's smallest but most prestigious division . This move irked the equally qualified but more difficult to manage Teller and Felix Bloch , who had coveted the job . A series of disagreements between Bethe and Teller between February and June 1944 over the relative priority of Super research led to Teller 's group being removed from T Division and placed directly under Oppenheimer . In September it became part of Fermi 's new F Division . Bethe 's work at Los Alamos included calculating the critical mass and efficiency of uranium @-@ 235 and the multiplication of nuclear fission in an exploding atomic bomb . Along with Richard Feynman , he developed a formula for calculating the bomb 's explosive yield . After August 1944 , when the laboratory was reorganized and reoriented to solve the problem of the implosion of the plutonium bomb , Bethe spent much of his time studying the hydrodynamic aspects of implosion , a job which he continued into 1944 . In 1945 , he worked on the neutron initiator , and later on radiation propagation from an exploding atomic bomb . The Trinity nuclear test validated the accuracy of T Division 's results . When it was detonated in the New Mexico desert on July 16 , 1945 , Bethe 's immediate concern was for its efficient operation , and not its moral implications . He is reported to have commented : " I am not a philosopher . " = = Hydrogen bomb = = After the war , Bethe argued that a crash project for the hydrogen bomb should not be attempted , though after President Harry Truman announced the beginning of such a project , and the outbreak of the Korean War , Bethe signed up and played a key role in the weapon 's development . Though he would see the project through to its end , Bethe hoped that it would be impossible to create the hydrogen bomb . He would later remark in 1968 on the apparent contradiction in his stance , having first opposed the development of the weapon and later helping to create it : Just a few months before , the Korean war had broken out , and for the first time I saw direct confrontation with the communists . It was too disturbing . The cold war looked as if it were about to get hot . I knew then I had to reverse my earlier position . If I did not work on the bomb , somebody else would — and I had thought if I were around Los Alamos I might still be a force for disarmament . So I agreed to join in developing the H @-@ bomb . It seemed quite logical . But sometimes I wish I were a more consistent idealist . As for his own role in the project , and its relation to the dispute over who was responsible for the design , Bethe later said that : After the H @-@ bomb was made , reporters started to call Teller the father of the H @-@ bomb . For the sake of history , I think it is more precise to say that Ulam is the father , because he provided the seed , and Teller is the mother , because he remained with the child . As for me , I guess I am the midwife . In 1954 , Bethe testified on behalf of J. Robert Oppenheimer during the Oppenheimer security hearing . Specifically , Bethe argued that Oppenheimer 's stances against developing the hydrogen bomb in the late 1940s had not hindered its actual development , a topic which was seen as a key motivating factor behind the hearing . Bethe contended that the developments which led to the successful Teller – Ulam design were a matter of serendipity and not a question of manpower or logical development of previously existing ideas . During the hearing , Bethe and his wife also tried hard to convince Edward Teller against testifying . However , Teller did not agree , and his testimony played a major role in the revocation of Oppenheimer 's security clearance . While Bethe and Teller had been on very good terms during the prewar years , the conflict between them during the Manhattan Project , and especially during the Oppenheimer episode , permanently marred their relationship . = = Later work = = = = = Lamb shift = = = After the war ended , Bethe returned to Cornell . In June 1947 , he participated in the Shelter Island Conference . Sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences and held at Shelter Island , New York , the conference on the " Foundations of Quantum Mechanics " was the first major physics conference held since the war . It was a chance for American physicists to come to together , pick up where they had left off before the war , and establish the direction of post @-@ war research . A major talking point at the conference was the discovery by Willis Lamb and his graduate student Robert Retherford shortly before the conference began that one of the two possible quantum states of hydrogen atoms had slightly more energy than predicted by the Paul Dirac 's theory ; this became known as the Lamb shift . Oppenheimer and Weisskopf suggested that this was a result of quantum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field . Pre @-@ war quantum electrodynamics ( QED ) gave absurd , infinite values for this ; but the Lamb shift showed that it was both real and finite . Hans Kramers proposed renormalization as a solution , but no one knew how to do the calculation . Bethe managed to work it out on the train from New York to Schenectady . He arrived at a value of 1040 MHz , extremely close to that obtained experimentally by Lamb and Retherford . He did so by realising that it was a non @-@ relativistic process , which greatly simplified the calculations . His paper , published in the Physical Review in August 1947 was only two pages long and contained just 12 mathematical equations , but was enormously influential . Hitherto , it had been assumed that the infinities meant that QED was fundamentally flawed , and that a new , radical theory was required . Bethe demonstrated that this was not necessary . One of Bethe 's most famous papers is one he never wrote : the 1948 Alpher – Bethe – Gamow paper . George Gamow added Bethe 's name ( in absentia ) without consulting him , knowing that Bethe would not mind , and against Ralph Alpher 's wishes . This was apparently a reflection of Gamow 's sense of humor , wanting to have a paper title that would sound like the first three letters of the Greek alphabet . As one of the Physical Review 's reviewers , Bethe saw the manuscript and struck out the words " in absentia " . = = = Astrophysics = = = Bethe believed that the atomic nucleus was like a quantum liquid drop . He investigated the nuclear matter problem by considering the work done by Keith Brueckner on perturbation theory . Working with Jeffrey Goldstone , he produced a solution for the case where there was an infinite hard @-@ core potential . Then , working with Baird Brandow and Albert Petschek , he came up with an approximation that converted the scattering equation into an easily solved differential equation . This then led him to the Bethe @-@ Faddeev equation , a generalisation of Ludvig Faddeev 's approach to three @-@ body scattering . He then used these techniques to examine the neutron stars , which have densities similar to those of nuclei . Bethe continued to do research on supernovae , neutron stars , black holes , and other problems in theoretical astrophysics into his late nineties . In doing this , he collaborated with Gerald E. Brown of Stony Brook University . In 1978 , Brown proposed that that they collaborate on supernovae . These were reasonably well understood by this time , but the calculations were still a problem . Using techniques honed from decades of working with nuclear physics , and some experience with calculations involving nuclear explosions , Bethe tackled the problems involved in stellar gravitational collapse , and the way in which various factors affected a supernova explosion . Once again , he was able to reduce the problem to a set of differential equations , and solve them . At age 85 , Bethe wrote an important article about the solar neutrino problem , in which he helped establish the conversion mechanism for electron neutrinos into muon neutrinos proposed by Stanislav Mikheyev , Alexei Smirnov and Lincoln Wolfenstein to explain a vexing discrepancy between theory and experiment . Bethe argued that physics beyond the Standard Model was required to understand the solar neutrino problem , because it assumed that neutrinos have no mass , and therefore cannot metamorphosize into each other ; whereas the MSW effect required this to occur . Bethe hoped that corroborating evidence would be found by the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory ( SNO ) in Ontario , Canada , by his 90th birthday , but he did not get the call from SNO until June 2001 , when he was nearly 95 . In 1996 , Kip Thorne approached Bethe and Brown about LIGO , the Laser Interferometer Gravitational @-@ Wave Observatory , designed to detect the gravitational waves from merging neutron stars and black holes . Since Bethe and Brown were good at calculating things that could not be seen , could they look at the mergers ? The 90 @-@ year @-@ old Bethe quickly became enthused , and soon began the required calculations . The result was a 1998 paper on the " Evolution of Binary Compact Objects Which Merge " , which Brown regarded as the best that the two produced together . = = Political stances = = In 1968 , Bethe , along with IBM physicist Richard Garwin , published an article criticising in detail the anti @-@ ICBM defense system proposed by the Department of Defense . The two physicists described in the article that nearly any measure taken by the US would be easily thwarted with the deployment of relatively simple decoys . Bethe was one of the primary voices in the scientific community behind the signing of the 1963 Partial Test Ban Treaty prohibiting further atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons . During the 1980s and 1990s , Bethe campaigned for the peaceful use of nuclear energy . After the Chernobyl disaster , Bethe was part of a committee of experts that analysed the incident . They concluded that the reactor suffered from a fundamentally faulty design and human error also had significantly contributed to the accident . " My colleagues and I established , " he explained " that the Chernobyl disaster tells us about the deficiencies of the Soviet political and administrative system rather than about problems with nuclear power . " Throughout his life Bethe remained a strong advocate for electricity from nuclear energy , which he described in 1977 as " a necessity , not merely an option . " In the 1980s he and other physicists opposed the Strategic Defense Initiative missile system conceived by the Ronald Reagan administration . In 1995 , at the age of 88 , Bethe wrote an open letter calling on all scientists to " cease and desist " from working on any aspect of nuclear weapons development and manufacture . In 2004 , he joined 47 other Nobel laureates in signing a letter endorsing John Kerry for President of the United States as someone who would " restore science to its appropriate place in government " . Historian Gregg Herken wrote : When Oppenheimer died , Oppie 's long @-@ time friend , Hans Bethe , assumed the mantle of the scientist of conscience in this country . Like Jefferson and Adams , Teller and Bethe would live on into the new century which they and their colleagues had done so much to shape . = = Personal life = = Bethe 's hobbies included a passion for stamp @-@ collecting . He loved the outdoors , and was an enthusiastic hiker all his life , exploring the Alps and the Rockies . He died in his home in Ithaca , New York on March 6 , 2005 of congestive heart failure . He was survived by his wife Rose and two children . At the time of his death , he was the John Wendell Anderson Emeritus Professor of Physics Emeritus at Cornell University . = = Honors and awards = = Bethe received numerous honors and awards in his lifetime and afterwards . He became a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1947 , and that year was received the National Academy of Sciences 's Henry Draper Medal . He was awarded the Max Planck Medal in 1955 , the Franklin Medal in 1959 , the Royal Astronomical Society 's Eddington Medal and the United States Atomic Energy Commission 's Enrico Fermi Award in 1961 , the Rumford Prize in 1963 , the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967 , the National Medal of Science in 1975 , Oersted Medal in 1993 , the Bruce Medal in 2001 , and the Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Achievement in the Sciences by the American Philosophical Society posthumously in 2005 . Bethe was elected Foreign Member of the Royal Society ( ForMemRS ) in 1957 , and he gave the 1993 Bakerian Lecture at the Royal Society on the Mechanism of Supernovae . Cornell named the third of five new residential colleges , each of which is named after a distinguished former member of the Cornell faculty , Hans Bethe House after him , as was the Hans Bethe Center , 322 4th St. NE , Washington , DC , home to the Council for a Livable World , where Bethe was a longtime board member , and the Bethe Center for Theoretical Physics at University of Bonn in Germany . He also has an asteroid , 30828 Bethe , that was discovered in 1990 named after him , as was the American Physical Society 's Hans Bethe Prize . = = Selected publications = = Bethe , H. A. " Theory of High Frequency Rectification by Silicon Crystals " , Massachusetts Institute of Technology ( MIT ) Radiation Laboratory , United States Department of Energy ( through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission ) , ( October 29 , 1942 ) . Bethe , H. A. " Theoretical Estimate of Maximum Possible Nuclear Explosion " , Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory @-@ Schenectady , N.Y. , United States Department of Energy ( through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission ) , ( January 31 , 1950 ) . Bethe , H. A. ; Rajaraman , R. " Three @-@ body Problem in Nuclear Matter " , University of Southern California @-@ Los Angeles , United States Department of Energy ( through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission ) , ( 1967 ) . Bethe , H. A. " Note on Inverse Bremsstrahlung in a Strong Electromagnetic Field " , Los Alamos National Laboratory ( LANL ) , United States Department of Energy ( through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission ) , ( September 1972 ) . Bethe , H. A. " Pauli Principle and Pion Scattering " , Los Alamos National Laboratory ( LANL ) , United States Department of Energy ( through predecessor agency the Atomic Energy Commission ) , ( October 1972 ) . Bethe , H. A. " Fusion Hybrid Reactor " , Sandia National Laboratories , United States Department of Energy , ( August 1981 ) .
= Hypothyroidism = Hypothyroidism , also called underactive thyroid or low thyroid , is a common disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone . It can cause a number of symptoms , such as poor ability to tolerate cold , a feeling of tiredness , constipation , depression , and weight gain . Occasionally there may be swelling of the front part of the neck due to goiter . Untreated hypothyroidism during pregnancy can lead to delays in growth and intellectual development in the baby , which is called cretinism . Worldwide , too little iodine in the diet is the most common cause of hypothyroidism . In countries with enough iodine in the diet , the most common cause of hypothyroidism is the autoimmune condition Hashimoto 's thyroiditis . Less common causes include : previous treatment with radioactive iodine , injury to the hypothalamus or the anterior pituitary gland , certain medications , a lack of a functioning thyroid at birth , or previous thyroid surgery . The diagnosis of hypothyroidism , when suspected , can be confirmed with blood tests measuring thyroid @-@ stimulating hormone ( TSH ) and thyroxine levels . Prevention at the population level has been with the universal salt iodization . Hypothyroidism can be treated with levothyroxine . The dose is adjusted according to symptoms and normalization of the thyroxine and TSH levels . Thyroid medication is safe in pregnancy . While a certain amount of dietary iodine is important , excessive amounts can worsen certain types of hypothyroidism . Worldwide about one billion people are estimated to be iodine deficient ; however , it is unknown how often this results in hypothyroidism . In the United States , hypothyroidism occurs in 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 4 % of people . Subclinical hypothyroidism , a milder form of hypothyroidism characterized by normal thyroxine levels and an elevated TSH level , is thought to occur in 4 @.@ 3 – 8 @.@ 5 % of people in the United States . Hypothyroidism is more common in women than men . People over the age of 60 are more commonly affected . Dogs are also known to develop hypothyroidism and in rare cases cats and horses can also have the disorder . The word " hypothyroidism " is from Greek hypo- meaning " reduced " , thyreos for " shield " , and eidos for " form . " = = Signs and symptoms = = People with hypothyroidism often have no or only mild symptoms . Numerous symptoms and signs are associated with hypothyroidism , and can be related to the underlying cause , or a direct effect of having not enough thyroid hormones . Hashimoto 's thyroiditis may present with the mass effect of a goiter ( enlarged thyroid gland ) . Delayed relaxation after testing the ankle jerk reflex is a characteristic sign of hypothyroidism and is associated with the severity of the hormone deficit . = = = Myxedema coma = = = Myxedema coma is a rare but life @-@ threatening state of extreme hypothyroidism . It may occur in those who are known to have hypothyroidism when they develop another illness , but it can be the first presentation of hypothyroidism . The illness is characterized by very low body temperature without shivering , confusion , a slow heart rate and reduced breathing effort . There may be physical signs suggestive of hypothyroidism , such as skin changes or enlargement of the tongue . = = = Pregnancy = = = Even mild or subclinical hypothyroidism has been associated with impaired fertility and an increased risk of miscarriage . Hypothyroidism in early pregnancy , even with limited or no symptoms , may increase the risk of pre @-@ eclampsia , offspring with lower intelligence , and the risk of infant death around the time of birth . Women are affected by hypothyroidism in 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 5 % of pregnancies . Subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy has also been associated with gestational diabetes and birth of the baby before 37 weeks of pregnancy . = = = Children = = = Newborn children with hypothyroidism may have normal birth weight and height ( although the head may be larger than expected and the posterior fontanelle may be open ) . Some may have drowsiness , decreased muscle tone , a hoarse @-@ sounding cry , feeding difficulties , constipation , an enlarged tongue , umbilical hernia , dry skin , a decreased body temperature and jaundice . A goiter is rare , although it may develop later in children who have a thyroid gland that does not produce functioning thyroid hormone . A goiter may also develop in children growing up in areas with iodine deficiency . Normal growth and development may be delayed , and not treating infants may lead to an intellectual impairment ( IQ 6 – 15 points lower in severe cases ) . Other problems include the following : large scale and fine motor skills and coordination , reduced muscle tone , squinting , decreased attention span , and delayed speaking . Tooth eruption may be delayed . In older children and adolescents , the symptoms of hypothyroidism may include fatigue , cold intolerance , sleepiness , muscle weakness , constipation , a delay in growth , overweight for height , pallor , coarse and thick skin , increased body hair , irregular menstrual cycles in girls , and delayed puberty . Signs may include delayed relaxation of the ankle reflex and a slow heart beat . A goiter may be present with a completely enlarged thyroid gland ; sometimes only part of the thyroid is enlarged and it can be knobby in character . = = Causes = = Hypothyroidism is caused by inadequate function of the gland itself ( primary hypothyroidism ) or by not enough stimulation by thyroid @-@ stimulating hormone ( central hypothyroidism ) . Primary hypothyroidism is about a thousandfold more common than central hypothyroidism . Iodine deficiency is the most common cause of primary hypothyroidism and endemic goiter worldwide . In areas of the world with sufficient dietary iodine , hypothyroidism is most commonly caused by the autoimmune disease Hashimoto 's thyroiditis ( chronic autoimmune thyroiditis ) . Hashimoto 's may be associated with a goiter . It is characterized by infiltration of the thyroid gland with T lymphocytes and autoantibodies against specific thyroid antigens such as thyroid peroxidase , thyroglobulin and the TSH receptor . After women give birth , about 5 % develop postpartum thyroiditis which can occur up to nine months afterwards . This is characterized by a short period of hyperthyroidism followed by a period of hypothyroidism ; 20 – 40 % remain permanently hypothyroid . Autoimmune thyroiditis is associated with other immune @-@ mediated diseases such as diabetes mellitus type 1 , pernicious anemia , myasthenia gravis , celiac disease , rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus . It may occur as part of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome ( type 1 and type 2 ) . = = Pathophysiology = = Thyroid hormone is required for the normal functioning of numerous tissues in the body . In health , the thyroid gland predominantly secretes thyroxine ( T4 ) , which is converted into triiodothyronine ( T3 ) in other organs by the selenium @-@ dependent enzyme iodothyronine deiodinase . Triiodothyronine binds to the thyroid hormone receptor in the nucleus of cells , where it stimulates the turning on of particular genes and the production of specific proteins . Additionally , the hormone binds to integrin αvβ3 on the cell membrane , thereby stimulating the sodium – hydrogen antiporter and processes such as formation of blood vessels and cell growth . In blood , almost all thyroid hormone ( 99 @.@ 97 % ) is bound to plasma proteins such as thyroxine @-@ binding globulin ; only the free unbound thyroid hormone is biologically active . The thyroid gland is the only source of thyroid hormone in the body ; the process requires iodine and the amino acid tyrosine . Iodine in the bloodstream is taken up by the gland and incorporated into thyroglobulin molecules . The process is controlled by the thyroid @-@ stimulating hormone ( TSH , thyrotropin ) , which is secreted by the pituitary . Not enough iodine , or not enough TSH , can result in decreased production of thyroid hormones . The hypothalamic – pituitary – thyroid axis plays a key role in maintaining thyroid hormone levels within normal limits . Production of TSH by the anterior pituitary gland is stimulated in turn by thyrotropin @-@ releasing hormone ( TRH ) , released from the hypothalamus . Production of TSH and TRH is decreased by thyroxine by a negative feedback process . Not enough TRH , which is uncommon , can lead to not enough TSH and thereby to not enough thyroid hormone production . Pregnancy leads to marked changes in thyroid hormone physiology . The gland is increased in size by 10 % , thyroxine production is increased by 50 % , and iodine requirements are increased . Many women have normal thyroid function but have immunological evidence of thyroid autoimmunity ( as evidenced by autoantibodies ) or are iodine deficient , and develop evidence of hypothyroidism before or after giving birth . = = Diagnosis = = Laboratory testing of thyroid stimulating hormone levels in the blood is considered the best initial test for hypothyroidism ; a second TSH level is often obtained several weeks later for confirmation . Levels may be abnormal in the context of other illnesses , and TSH testing in hospitalized people is discouraged unless thyroid dysfunction is strongly suspected . An elevated TSH level indicates that the thyroid gland is not producing enough thyroid hormone , and free T4 levels are then often obtained . Measuring T3 is discouraged in the assessment for hypothyroidism . There are a number of symptom rating scales for hypothyroidism ; they provide a degree of objectivity but have limited use for diagnosis . Many cases of hypothyroidism are associated with mild elevations in creatine kinase and liver enzymes in the blood . They typically return to normal when hypothyroidism has been fully treated . Levels of cholesterol , low @-@ density lipoprotein and lipoprotein ( a ) can be elevated ; the impact of subclinical hypothyroidism on lipid parameters is less well @-@ defined . Very severe hypothyroidism and myxedema coma are characteristically associated with low sodium levels in the blood together with elevations in antidiuretic hormone , as well as acute worsening of kidney function due to a number of causes . A diagnosis of hypothyroidism without any lumps or masses felt within the thyroid gland does not require thyroid imaging ; however , if the thyroid feels abnormal , diagnostic imaging is then recommended . The presence of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase ( TPO ) makes it more likely that thyroid nodules are caused by autoimmune thyroiditis , but if there is any doubt , a needle biopsy may be required . If the TSH level is normal or low and serum free T4 levels are low , this is suggestive of central hypothyroidism ( not enough TSH or TRH secretion by the pituitary gland or hypothalamus ) . There may be other features of hypopituitarism , such as menstrual cycle abnormalities and adrenal insufficiency . There might also be evidence of a pituitary mass such as headaches and vision changes . Central hypothyroidism should be investigated further to determine the underlying cause . = = = Overt = = = In overt primary hypothyroidism , TSH levels are high and T4 and T3 levels are low . Overt hypothyroidism may also be diagnosed in those who have a TSH on multiple occasions of greater than 5mIU / L , appropriate symptoms , and only a borderline low T4 . It may also be diagnosed in those with a TSH of greater than 10mIU / L. = = = Subclinical = = = Subclinical hypothyroidism is a milder form of hypothyroidism characterized by an elevated serum TSH level , but with a normal serum free thyroxine level . This milder form of hypothyroidism is most commonly caused by Hashimoto 's thyroiditis . In adults it is diagnosed when TSH levels are greater than 5 mIU / L and less than 10mIU / L. The presentation of subclinical hypothyroidism is variable and classic signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism may not be observed . Of people with subclinical hypothyroidism , a proportion will develop overt hypothyroidism each year . In those with detectable antibodies against thyroid peroxidase ( TPO ) , this occurs in 4 @.@ 3 % , while in those with no detectable antibodies , this occurs in 2 @.@ 6 % . Those with subclinical hypothyroidism and detectable anti @-@ TPO antibodies who do not require treatment should have repeat thyroid function tests more frequently ( e.g. yearly ) compared with those who do not have antibodies . = = = Pregnancy = = = During pregnancy , the thyroid gland must produce 50 % more thyroid hormone to provide enough thyroid hormone for the developing fetus and the expectant mother . In pregnancy , free thyroxine levels may be lower than anticipated due to increased binding to thyroid binding globulin and decreased binding to albumin . They should either be corrected for the stage of pregnancy , or total thyroxine levels should be used instead for diagnosis . TSH values may also be lower than normal ( particularly in the first trimester ) and the normal range should be adjusted for the stage of pregnancy . In pregnancy , subclinical hypothyroidism is defined as a TSH between 2 @.@ 5 and 10 mIU / l with a normal thyroxine level , while those with TSH above 10 mIU / l are considered to be overtly hypothyroid even if the thyroxine level is normal . Antibodies against TPO may be important in making decisions about treatment , and should , therefore , be determined in women with abnormal thyroid function tests . Determination of TPO antibodies may be considered as part of the assessment of recurrent miscarriage , as subtle thyroid dysfunction can be associated with pregnancy loss , but this recommendation is not universal , and presence of thyroid antibodies may not predict future outcome . = = Prevention = = Hypothyroidism may be prevented in a population by adding iodine to commonly used foods . This public health measure has eliminated endemic childhood hypothyroidism in countries where it was once common . In addition to promoting the consumption of iodine @-@ rich foods such as dairy and fish , many countries with moderate iodine deficiency have implemented universal salt iodization ( USI ) . Encouraged by the World Health Organization , 130 countries now have USI , and 70 % of the world 's population are receiving iodized salt . In some countries , iodized salt is added to bread . Despite this , iodine deficiency has reappeared in some Western countries as a result of attempts to reduce salt intake . Pregnant and breastfeeding women , who require 66 % more daily iodine requirement than non @-@ pregnant women , may still not be getting enough iodine . The World Health Organization recommends a daily intake of 250 µg for pregnant and breastfeeding women . As many women will not achieve this from dietary sources alone , the American Thyroid Association recommends a 150 µg daily supplement by mouth . = = Screening = = Screening for hypothyroidism is performed in the newborn period in many countries , generally using TSH . This has led to the early identification of many cases and thus the prevention of developmental delay . It is the most widely used newborn screening test worldwide . While TSH @-@ based screening will identify the most common causes , the addition of T4 testing is required to pick up the rarer central causes of neonatal hypothyroidism . If T4 determination is included in the screening done at birth , this will identify cases of congenital hypothyroidism of central origin in 1 : 16 @,@ 000 to 1 : 160 @,@ 000 children . Considering that these children usually have other pituitary hormone deficiencies , early identification of these cases may prevent complications . In adults , widespread screening of the general population is a matter of debate . Some organizations ( such as the United States Preventive Services Task Force ) state that evidence is insufficient to support routine screening , while others ( such as the American Thyroid Association ) recommend either intermittent testing above a certain age in both sexes or only in women . Targeted screening may be appropriate in a number of situations where hypothyroidism is common : other autoimmune diseases , a strong family history of thyroid disease , those who have received radioiodine or other radiation therapy to the neck , those who have previously undergone thyroid surgery , those with an abnormal thyroid examination , those with psychiatric disorders , people taking amiodarone or lithium , and those with a number of health conditions ( such as certain heart and skin conditions ) . Yearly thyroid function tests are recommended in people with Down syndrome , as they are at higher risk of thyroid disease . = = Management = = = = = Hormone replacement = = = Most people with hypothyroidism symptoms and confirmed thyroxine deficiency are treated with a synthetic long @-@ acting form of thyroxine , known as levothyroxine ( L @-@ thyroxine ) . In young and otherwise healthy people with overt hypothyroidism , a full replacement dose ( adjusted by weight ) can be started immediately ; in the elderly and people with heart disease a lower starting dose is recommended to prevent over supplementation and risk of complications . Lower doses may be sufficient in those with subclinical hypothyroidism , while people with central hypothyroidism may require a higher than average dose . Blood free thyroxine and TSH levels are monitored to help determine whether the dose is adequate . This is done 4 – 8 weeks after the start of treatment or a change in levothyroxine dose . Once the adequate replacement dose has been established , the tests can be repeated after 6 and then 12 months , unless there is a change in symptoms . In people with central / secondary hypothyroidism , TSH is not a reliable marker of hormone replacement and decisions are based mainly on the free T4 level . Levothyroxine is best taken 30 – 60 minutes before breakfast , or four hours after food , as certain substances such as food and calcium can inhibit the absorption of levothyroxine . There is no direct way of increasing thyroid hormone secretion by the thyroid gland . = = = = Liothyronine = = = = Adding liothyronine ( synthetic T3 ) to levothyroxine has been suggested as a measure to provide better symptom control , but this has not been confirmed by studies . In 2007 , the British Thyroid Association stated that combined T4 and T3 therapy carried a higher rate of side effects and no benefit over T4 alone . Similarly , American guidelines discourage combination therapy due to a lack of evidence , although they acknowledge that some people feel better when receiving combination treatment . Treatment with liothyronine alone has not received enough study to make a recommendation as to its use ; due to its shorter half @-@ life it needs to be taken more often . People with hypothyroidism who do not feel well despite optimal levothyroxine dosing may request adjunctive treatment with liothyronine . A 2012 guideline from the European Thyroid Association recommends that support should be offered with regards to the chronic nature of the disease and that other causes of the symptoms should be excluded . Addition of liothyronine should be regarded as experimental , initially only for a trial period of 3 months , and in a set ratio to the current dose of levothyroxine . The guideline explicitly aims to enhance the safety of this approach and to counter its indiscriminate use . = = = = Desiccated animal thyroid = = = = Desiccated thyroid extract is an animal @-@ based thyroid gland extract , most commonly from pigs . It is a combination therapy , containing forms of T4 and T3 . It also contains calcitonin ( a hormone produced in the thyroid gland involved in the regulation of calcium levels ) , T1 and T2 ; these are not present in synthetic hormone medication . This extract was once a mainstream hypothyroidism treatment , but its use today is unsupported by evidence ; British Thyroid Association and American professional guidelines discourage its use . = = = Subclinical hypothyroidism = = = There is little evidence whether there is a benefit from treating subclinical hypothyroidism , and whether this offsets the risks of overtreatment . Untreated subclinical hypothyroidism may be associated with a modest increase in the risk of coronary artery disease . A 2007 review found no benefit of thyroid hormone replacement except for " some parameters of lipid profiles and left ventricular function " . There is no association between subclinical hypothyroidism and an increased risk of bone fractures . Since 2008 , consensus American and British opinion has been that in general people with TSH under 10 mIU / l do not require treatment . American guidelines recommend that treatment should be considered if the TSH is elevated but below 10 mIU / l in people with symptoms of hypothyroidism , detectable antibodies against thyroid peroxidase , a history of heart disease or are at an increased risk for heart disease . = = = Myxedema coma = = = Myxedema coma or severe decompensated hypothyroidism usually requires admission to the intensive care , close observation and treatment of abnormalities in breathing , temperature control , blood pressure , and sodium levels . Mechanical ventilation may be required , as well as fluid replacement , vasopressor agents , careful rewarming , and corticosteroids ( for possible adrenal insufficiency which can occur together with hypothyroidism ) . Careful correction of low sodium levels may be achieved with hypertonic saline solutions or vasopressin receptor antagonists . For rapid treatment of the hypothyroidism , levothyroxine or liothyronine may be administered intravenously , particularly if the level of consciousness is too low to be able to safely swallow medication . = = = Pregnancy = = = In women with known hypothyroidism who become pregnant , it is recommended that serum TSH levels are closely monitored . Levothyroxine should be used to keep TSH levels within the normal range for that trimester . The first trimester normal range is below 2 @.@ 5 mIU / L and the second and third trimesters normal range is below 3 @.@ 0 mIU / L. Treatment should be guided by total ( rather than free ) thyroxine or by the free T4 index . Similarly to TSH , the thyroxine results should be interpreted according to the appropriate reference range for that stage of pregnancy . The levothyroxine dose often needs to be increased after pregnancy is confirmed , although this is based on limited evidence and some recommend that it is not always required ; decisions may need to based on TSH levels . Women with anti @-@ TPO antibodies who are trying to become pregnant ( naturally or by assisted means ) may require thyroid hormone supplementation even if the TSH level is normal . This is particularly true if they have had previous miscarriages or have been hypothyroid in the past . Supplementary levothyroxine may reduce the risk of preterm birth and possibly miscarriage . The recommendation is stronger in pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism ( defined as TSH 2 @.@ 5 – 10 mIU / l ) who are anti @-@ TPO positive , in view of the risk of overt hypothyroidism . If a decision is made not to treat , close monitoring of the thyroid function ( every 4 weeks in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy ) is recommended . If anti @-@ TPO is not positive , treatment for subclinical hypothyroidism is not currently recommended . It has been suggested that many of the aforementioned recommendations could lead to unnecessary treatment , in the sense that the TSH cutoff levels may be too restrictive in some ethnic groups ; there may be little benefit from treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism in certain cases . = = Epidemiology = = Worldwide about one billion people are estimated to be iodine deficient ; however , it is unknown how often this results in hypothyroidism . In large population @-@ based studies in Western countries with sufficient dietary iodine , 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 4 % of the population have overt hypothyroidism . A larger proportion , 4 @.@ 3 – 8 @.@ 5 % , have subclinical hypothyroidism . Of people with subclinical hypothyroidism , 80 % have a TSH level below the 10 mIU / l mark regarded as the threshold for treatment . Children with subclinical hypothyroidism often return to normal thyroid function , and a small proportion develops overt hypothyroidism ( as predicted by evolving antibody and TSH levels , the presence of celiac disease , and the presence of a goiter ) . Women are more likely to develop hypothyroidism than men . In population @-@ based studies , women were seven times more likely than men to have TSH levels above 10 mU / l . 2 – 4 % of people with subclinical hypothyroidism will progress to overt hypothyroidism each year . The risk is higher in those with antibodies against thyroid peroxidase . Subclinical hypothyroidism is estimated to affect approximately 2 % of children ; in adults , subclinical hypothyroidism is more common in the elderly , and in Caucasians . There is a much higher rate of thyroid disorders , the most common of which is hypothyroidism , in individuals with Down syndrome and Turner syndrome . Very severe hypothyroidism and myxedema coma are rare , with it estimated to occur in 0 @.@ 22 per million people a year . The majority of cases occur in women over 60 years of age , although it may happen in all age groups . Most hypothyroidism is primary in nature . Central / secondary hypothyroidism affects 1 : 20 @,@ 000 to 1 : 80 @,@ 000 of the population , or about one out of every thousand people with hypothyroidism . = = History = = In 1811 , Bernard Courtois discovered iodine was present in seaweed , and iodine intake was linked with goiter size in 1820 by Jean @-@ Francois Coindet . Gaspard Adolphe Chatin proposed in 1852 that endemic goiter was the result of not enough iodine intake , and Eugen Baumann demonstrated iodine in thyroid tissue in 1896 . The first cases of myxedema were recognized in the mid @-@ 19th century ( the 1870s ) , but its connection to the thyroid was not discovered until the 1880s when myxedema was observed in people following the removal of the thyroid gland ( thyroidectomy ) . The link was further confirmed in the late 19th century when people and animals who had had their thyroid removed showed improvement in symptoms with transplantation of animal thyroid tissue . The severity of myxedema , and its associated risk of mortality and complications , created interest in discovering effective treatments for hypothyroidism . Transplantation of thyroid tissue demonstrated some efficacy , but recurrences of hypothyroidism was relatively common , and sometimes required multiple repeat transplantations of thyroid tissue . In 1891 , the English physician George Redmayne Murray introduced subcutaneously injected sheep thyroid extract , followed shortly after by an oral formulation . Purified thyroxine was introduced in 1914 and in the 1930s synthetic thyroxine became available , although desiccated animal thyroid extract remained widely used . Liothyronine was identified in 1952 . Early attempts at titrating therapy for hypothyroidism proved difficult . After hypothyroidism was found to cause a lower basal metabolic rate , this was used as a marker to guide adjustments in therapy in the early 20th century ( around 1915 ) . However , a low basal metabolic rate was known to be non @-@ specific , also present in malnutrition . The first laboratory test to be helpful in assessing thyroid status was the serum protein @-@ bound iodine , which came into use around the 1950s . In 1971 , the thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH ) radioimmunoassay was developed , which was the most specific marker for assessing thyroid states in patients . Many people who were being treated based on basal metabolic rate , minimizing hypothyroid symptoms , or based on serum protein @-@ bound iodine , were found to have excessive thyroid hormone . The following year , in 1972 , a T3 radioimmunoassay was developed , and in 1974 , a T4 radioimmunoassay was developed . = = Other animals = = In veterinary practice , dogs are the species most commonly affected by hypothyroidism . The majority of cases occur as a result of primary hypothyroidism , of which two types are recognized : lymphocytic thyroiditis , which is probably immune @-@ driven and leads to destruction and fibrosis of the thyroid gland , and idiopathic atrophy , which leads to the gradual replacement of the gland by fatty tissue . There is often lethargy , cold intolerance , exercise intolerance , and weight gain . Furthermore , skin changes and fertility problems are seen in dogs with hypothyroidism , as well as a number of other symptoms . The signs of myxedema can be seen in dogs , with prominence of skin folds on the forehead , and cases of myxedema coma are encountered . The diagnosis can be confirmed by blood test , as the clinical impression alone may lead to overdiagnosis . Lymphocytic thyroiditis is associated with detectable antibodies against thyroglobulin , although they typically become undetectable in advanced disease . Treatment is with thyroid hormone replacement . Other species that are less commonly affected include cats and horses , as well as other large domestic animals . In cats , hypothyroidism is usually the result of other medical treatment such as surgery or radiation . In young horses , congenital hypothyroidism has been reported predominantly in Western Canada and has been linked with the mother 's diet .

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